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■Hate 1 



^eo^apbtcai Mety, 



Political Ma}80£ 




Hate 1 



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uffl 



HISTORICAL RECORDS OF 
SURVEY OF INDIA 
1800 to 1815 



THE 



■Hate 1 



VA. 



■ 



VOLUME I 18th Cent"!? H*«*«l »«• 
VOLUME 111 1315-30 I" Press. 

VOLUME IV 1830-43 Under preparstio 









PRINTED IN INDIA 



Plate 2 






SOUTH ASIA 



The map overleaf is a reconstruction embodying the 
Ptolemy's maps as shewn in A,D. 1410. 



particulars of 



Ptolemy's atlas of the spheri'.ial world, containing maps dra 
projection, was completed about A..TJ. 160, and Greek MS. 



tions and addition* 



o brouir-n from Constantinople to Floi 



id a crude globular 
with many altera - 
about A.D. 1400. 



a set -f 



rsiun, containing a map of the world and 26 map- of noun trios, was translated 
l. and redrawn about 1406, Numerous MS. copies were made, and in 1477 
engraved and published at Bologna. 



Subsequent editions, of which there are at least fifty, differ greatly in style, but 
one of the clearest anil most pleasing is that published at "Rome in 1508. In this there 
are several additional maps, and all are drawn on a pseudo-c,i;;ici; projeefciofl with two 
standard parallels. A. copy of this is in the British Museum (Maps-O.l.d.6). 

Ptolemy covered the whole of Asia, as then known, in 12 Tabulae or maps. The 
greater part of India is covered by the sheet entitled Seeima Tabula Aeiae, which 
measures about 13s inches north to south, by 19 inches east to west along parallel 11° 
and 14 along parallel 39". 

These early niavjs are surprismsr i;; the suggestions they give of the face of the land, 
and are of the utmost interest to students of comparative (teography. Though giving 
but a poor idea of the wealth and interest of Ptolemy's atlas, this rough compilation by 
Constable & Co. of Edinburgh, 1820, may .stimulate interest. 



HISTORICAL RECORDS OF 
THE SURVEY OF INDIA 



Volume II 
1800 to 1815 



Collected and compiled by 
Colonel R. H. PHILLIMORE, C.I.E., D.S.O., 
(late Royal Engineers and Survey of India) 




PRINTED AT THE OFFICES OF THE 
SURVEY OF INDIA, DEHRA DUN (U.P. ), INDIA 



Price: Rs. 20 or £1. Its 

( Copyright reserved) 



TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY 

A concatenated series of Triangles...™ to bo preferred to 
eyery other mode, not only as the most eiact of any, but as a 
method wMch...absolu.oly precludes the necessity of oyer, 
Other beilw founded upon Geometrical coiUmiy and truth. 

Were these Triangles carried threnghont India, tho Geo- 
grapiiy of tho Company's Territories might soon be rendered 
ESpleat. ... One „3 ft»*« suryey «f . Proym e^ or 
line of coast, is sufficient, whereas after ie« 6ad o»es the worn, 
requires to be gone °™^^ ma _ 26 th Dec. 1791. 

What I am most anions for at present is that this suryey 
should precoed all others, that data may be ready prepared, 
and X work become the legitimate foinid.tion of «J*> 
suryey whether geographical, mi! it iry , or sta! li.ieal | 245 J. 
suryey, wner,. B .^^ LA MBTON. 28th Jan. 1811. 



I ooncoiye that the -union of the Suryey Departments under 
tho controul and management of some able and scientific 
officer would produce an unity of system, and dimmu.tmn of 
eioence math' to the beiK.nl oi is" s race [ 290 J. 
rapence, groa j GE0 RGE HEWETT. 27th Aug. 1810. 

I hope that I may bo still of some use if I can be in any 
way instrumental hi bringing those intended woks to on. 
uniform system [4*4^ MACKENZIB . 19 ft Oct. 1810. 



SI also a groat need in the Department for a f«U and 
clear chronological history of topographical, and of reyonne 
surye,,, proyiice by proyinoe. The only extent wk. w. 
hayo or, the subject...are mere outhncs, and only deal witn fae 
Sect fa a general and perfunctory way, and are of yery 
Ette practical nse...as hoots of reference, -ft they are 
deficient of ^formation of yital importance, I 
think that had such a history been ayailable, too laoours 
oftho present Committee would haye been considerably 
facilitated. ^ r HOBDAY. Offg. Surveyor General. 

S.lwt,d Evident; Mir... ,*»■«:/»"...■>'.««. »"« 
Fart II ; Sec. III. p. So. 



Addenda & Cokrigenda to Vol. I 

Supplementary to lists on pp. vi and 305 of that voliu 



The districts of BERAR, Jafferabad to Omrautty, 
ahoulii be tinted green. Thoy «ere ceded to 
the Ni™m by Nagpur in 1S04. 
:;".,iu-t p'r:!e xx omit this entry 

73 2nd line, /or I read 6. 
„ 194 omit s a( end of Montogomcries 

„ 22S line 4, uiuii- J.itfe Ben. Civ. 

line 11 from bottom, for Lives read Lisl. 
Mnei, for OF read TO. 
against Addiscombe, for Heroes read fferos. 
above Ben- Hel. insect 

Senior. -1 A'"!7^'f" »/ -tf«I><*-°/ !fte Bengal 
Pr:,id.enci/. Survey Committee. 2 vols. 
Calcutta. 1838. 
/or BlochmarL remf Bloehmann in two places. 
above, Bowring insert: — 
Bolls. Goneid-r-ti ;■•.'.',■■! on to::" Affair*. Wro. 

Bolts. London. 1772. 
«a.T'M-'-M .';i r-r ■«•,!■. line !!, e. loy- (W.-.'v.k in-. ■!■ l.L IL 
tt^liil-it 0:« Oain-itleU, for H.I.B.O. rnvl II. E. 1. 0. 
against Gon-,»nts Markham, after Bogle, /or of 

reiii to. 
f,v/«!jj.!f C-ottori, liri-ji, <;.-/:;r<j Coiion J.wjrt J . ,J. 
't'jaill'l Crinvr u r,S : s Li>i tVir ti-s.' :;t Officer.: read 

Ko:7 and after n/S. insert tSIo-1930. _ 
against Crawfurd, lint; 2, &s/<"'S London insert 2 

below Grawfiird in-sert : — 

CroftonI £';<■ ></ /iim'ii!i'.i!i..i' r-Af. Centred 
Province.* & Berar, 0. S. Crofton. 
Nag pur. 1032. 
Crofton II ii't </ Iv./xri-plhn-s...in H. if. lie 
Nizam's Dominions, 0. S. Croitou. 
Hyderabad. 1941. 
i i.feue Fav, Jjwert 

I'awcett " &V/.'iV( F-w!"'-:: ■'■ in Indi'i-, I.G'i'J-Ti. 
Sir Charles Fn.wcett. Oxford. 1939. 
tefuip Foster insert:— 

Foster II j;,- --.■::■■,■ Kii> '" ■--■:■■-'£..-.-,.■=■:■: -.:/".'.'■-. r/ Jiyor... 

in tfte 7«din Oflice. Wm. Foster. 
6th e&u. 1924. 
&ff/riu : Fu'hirton insert: — 

67 JL ffenifi' .'.'i-.-r ■■'■'- <tfc-™;:;.';e i pr-riodical i. 

aiainsi fiurvrood, line 2, ,v/>re Gurwoud iiwrl 
Lt Col. Join; and after Gorwood add 12 vols. 
& index. London. 1840. 
Hob-on -Ir.livm : iu-rrt hyphen between these 

words. 
below H.odsoil insert : — 

Holwell Interest ir.,/ llMovi-yA ,'■.'«: lis... J. '£. 
Holwell. 1763. 2nd edn. 1766. 
London. 
Hasina t Imn 'hit. lor Oah/otta read Oxford rind 
'a\i-r 10O7-9 insert 21 vols. 

- ''-e 2, for 177:; re<yl 1S73. 



leNoti 



■ Terr 



EaHiy European Travellers 



record;. Nagpur. 1930. 
oioi.-eO'ifalloTinaer*!— 
Oldham H 

GKazee-pO'ir District- <v Beiv.trc-1 Pro- 
vince., .to 17.15. Wilton Oldham. 
Allahabad. 1876. 
agaimt O'.^-'lv, ii'ij-: 2, ,'"''■' W. ff'-tJ Wm. 
xx a-i7.-i.m-s( M«v".vi. /''if 2, ftf/ors Pnr"). IVaju., 


/or Svveta 


iham, in torn .do.--.:. SsrettenJlslB. 




1749 re 
15 lino 18, fo 


m bottom, /or with read after, jjs ;"sr 
d 1742. 
r 000 read 1 256. 



at end of note 8 add Ritchie's maps, MRIO. 
100 ( 27, 31 ); 101 ( 19, 20, 35-7 ). 

line 16 from bottom, Cor ComiU read Comilla. 
note 7, ■ after Hindus insert cf. Imp Qaz. XV 
(21). 

note 7, for 17 77 r».;i 1777. 

after 29213 iusert copy DDn. 1S3, M243; ol 

end of note, ri fit r 3>:'j ,-;ii ran;c catered by hand 
1 MRIO. 94 ( IS ], Thos. Jeffetys' engraved 



map [an]. 

34 at end of line '.) from bottoi 

[269], 

35 at end of note S add ; Oldbatn, I ( 
3!t line 24, after Farquh; ' 



after others in, 

'-17 ). 



b. 2S-2-55 ; ana of Roht. f;ir.|':har, and bro. to 
Si.- W.iltsr. a London i> h y.< id an ; uncle to 
Itobt. '.L\)wriK?iJiL Fiirqiili;;:-, liirt., a director 
of EIC. 1826 -S. Croftoa, 1 ( 109-10). 

line 2 from bottom, between 'Six. and White 
insert J. 

note 3. alter "1 IS ( :, ) imi.rt. Misc. 4-0-1779, 

at <nad .jC'imti.' S :«.,-.! toil,.,!,, t ( 112). 

note 9. /or 1785 raiif 1783-6. 

note 12, before ne:ir SIranyarh inserl at 
Remra, nnJ rJ'.n- i ; arqahi'.r d. imeri at Mohra. 
40 note 1, /or 1870 read 1930 ; cf. 

note 3, before E;a'.vah insert MRIO. 81 

[22-4]; 

42 under Por.i'ri'.:At. Missions, at end of line 10, 
after Cossids inser! [ 286 ]. 

45 To section heading, coftSIs or TEK baS 

cf. liH.'f sumr.ri t:v l'r'.,ii:. ol Indian lii^inrical 
Records Goinn., 2XIV ( 52 ). 

46 note 8, for Sirete[-.R.iiu re-id Hwctfcenham and 

at end of n:,te add i.igiit. 'i.rni India 1783 in 
comd. 01 HLake ; .Uiiiksy, III ( 50 ). 

47 line 14, after Dom^satefl insert ref. to new 

note, to read MRIO. 101 < 30 1 ; Plrm of 
P'iri of th". I.'lmidof 1'e.to I'r.n/in-/, with so-jvid- 
inji3. I.J in. (.0 ;i.a iticIi ; may i.ie Kvti : s map, or 
that of Topping, 1790[3Oo]. 

48 line 3 from bottom, after Island insert ref. to 

new note, to read — ■ 
Mup, XicoI>ar is. Ja.a. 1790, longitude by Cole- 

broolte and Kyd, MRIO. 106 13), 
nt end of note 4, insert Iliekey, til ( 301-2 ). 
at end of note J inssrl ; .vtups, M.BIO. 100 

( 5-6 ). 

49 notes, line 5, after 11(1 (31), iit-Krt ; MRIO. 

102 ( 1-3); 104 ( 18-23,44-5). 

50 at end of otli para iVorn ioottom, after of the 

river, add In 17S5 he published engraved 
charts of Hooghly and B a Lis ore rivers 
and, about the -:arr.c tirao. oi'risr atiiivts of the 
northern sb<-,n-"S nl" tlip lia.y ol' I'.en^al IV.im 
sarveys by Piiisted and Rit"hie. »Uk ref. in 
:■:■■■ 11: note ro re.a.l. Hen- iieqr. iilr, i So ■ 6 i ; onO 

B-fore pwi [:e.p n'i:.w; l/voia 1779, -i-ft-wi the 
sec'y'id vara on p. 52, There js ,i.t Cakntt,!.,. 
Parrott's death in 1772. 

51 at end of line 12, rtfisr charts change stop to 

comma, and add and in ].■■>■' J3 ^r:in!.ed pension 

equal to fii:l pay, Ks. 120 pm. 
at end of note 7 insert; VM. exbt. 1786, a 

copy. 
nntaS, before MS. cor,;- in-.r.ri MRIO. 43 (1); 
at end of into 12, lor Bio. Notes so. Martin 

-read p. 353. 



71866 



■Hat. 



Addenda & Cokbiqbnda, Vol. I 



52(H)- 

u, vi.i. J . 



. p„, % There i .« 0.1mtt....i« tm* h ~rf 

to 1) 50 as inatcaifid aOore. 

nntp all.. If) jlJSSrt, 10. 

, 5,, iii.. n «*** .«.- »y "»■ *""* "" 

para., type 11 ; . .„ hHw 

stm pl ««,..i ■:,. i»; .< . -i-i« i-r; 

at l„*. olYiovralj IJJ Wool .oOtW !«»« 
oarriedtromtm Baal m the ;u.««; ";';•»; 
.iit'-eiaatlairt-ufiia 

tt. Marr.toe l>i-~» S -Mr Water Lak, m the 
year, 1783 * 17*1". They -■" "J™" 
to "garden." balonilln, to Mr »".» t„ 
Col. Hampton. T.W.. 8 and 9 »<r. «ta» 
»v ma h.,,.il tar Moaia- ot Jol, S. Sjptr. 
1774". will nf. '• "" «* '» ""' MMa 
43 (4) read 43 1 4, 5 ) ; original 
3 insert new para., type 111 
I„" 'tfTThonr.. OH prepared a general mn of 

Calcutta and .«— * '?'>', "L^ila. 

Ipeneato. milt. e«c„J.,.g • »«« «™ rrul» 
to north and a..., en.i Fro." 10 to 14 »,1» 
eonth and ,..1 of fori . '■ .»"«?■ »"* Tt ™ 
,,..„. ...... 6 lo .e'J'I C T>y MKIO. 43 (71, 

original to TO. in 1924; eooiea printed at 

S6 .t S ,n2'o,not'.8i~rtlHl.e.l-OJ'»»-. . „ 

H .tend of not. 13 »-' «T f °« "lEpI 

vicinity, Shewing in heart of eity Honae 

where the oi,..r.at„» .pre made", with 
di, UJ-170O : Mil 10. 187 130,21). 
at end of. ^™' 

MRIO. 187 ( 22. 23 ). eairyeya 

68 "A. S,lV77r,!-Wifnny dra£ 
50 under Cum- ago w IV-OVn;.;., 1 (EM iws 4 V-> 
ChitUr-oiia. fisttt., '.'.riiloi- uiitruotiona...com- 
raa ,„|-,i», .,...■: ..it <...■..'.!'''.• -vitl'. il.e ,01™ =e.lttO 
deal wl m Arakan " 

60 note 9, for Martin read Malm. 

no'-f I i, far «)0 rani 29- . . 

62 at end of line 1 1 from bote oru, nto mforniat on 
insert fef.to ** ^^Jjf^^ 
MRIO. M 264 ; maps, ib. 2u ( o3-bS ). 

note 5, for espence read expense. 
66 note 5, after MRIO. iV*..! I'.UI.S, 9); 
71 note 5, .for gh-orge ran J fwrge ; for iiiKiEea 
rearf llikhikesh. , 

note 8, after Mogul" insert, Jehmg.r from 
court of .Tallies I; first ^lidisnce at Aimer, 
Jan. 1616. 

73 note 4, for Ivksimv !-«■:'! (.da-gow. 

74 /or Km 1(7 /r™ &#-»-, Stewart *■*«>?«*• 

read An interesting account [fj^ by John 

wotTl - I L ! )■ 

75 under Nepal, lines LI mid 12, .V ilr.ui ol <■' 

read Gurkhas, addiirj re/. l'i nr.;i> '"■'« (0 
Zmjj 0m. XTX i. 33)- , ,_ . . , 

line 15 from bottom, r.r"..;. G-.iri.-hss in-sen, ^vh 
had now betomo m^i-i-. of ilio '.vl.ole connt^ 
for war .f-ii'iv lib;;, rcc.i . i \:--; :vlt ■ ; '-'.iili (.tuna. 
77 at en 1 f I rr s II ( 385-91 ' 






lit,' end of line 5, afi'ir -ioi"«.ittd insert ref. to 
*a°m >,-::> to rwd 'MR10. Misc. 1-0-1794, a 
■jpauliS'ii! li'.i-lft skcfrS'i shoeing defence of 
Gauhati, Nov.-Dec. 1792, 



line 20 from 1 

propurtional- 



m, for propor-t 






^nd'oTno'te 11 iwrt; MRIO. 156 (18); 
" °™176 (18), Capt. Palairet survd. Tafoy R., 

92 at end' of note 5, insert ; Maps MRIO. 146 

at end of n^i"l2, i^rt ,; ,ee MBIO. 140 ( 21 , 

93 at end o c note '■■■ "^'•■' ; ■' see aHo MRU), 
at end of note i- in-ert ; «.■','. ./r/«™d. LVIII (5). 

94 note 12, after .MSS. ■"n.-t.i-; ! A VIII ; 

:,,,.■,„- 1793(25). 
at end of line 1». ',.''«' Bourzet'a map insert 

M'ttoureeMsi/] arrd. Pondieherry & 1767, 
---^-na. ^ri-AiueJ 



100 



Mil 



30-7 ). 



"hafi'tr "teccih vn'wrt ref. 3, tind in note 2, 
;.,rfj,.." IIDn. 24(i , 1-12 1 iit-.fr! i'','- re.;-i!.o-:r 3. 

103 at eid of note 9 insert ; MRIO. 101 ( 17 ). 

104 note 2, lor Mmi II :m)raid\l (3). 

110 note 13,/orMiUU.™ ;( iOBO Lib Aa-42 

at end of note 14 insert ; MEIO. 133 (51 | 
shows Tipu's camp on Bhai-am R., north ot 
Coimbatore. , ra >j. _t 

111 line 2 from bo t tor... fev Elli.wk.ri read Eidmgton. 
note 5, for l;lSM0^:n:iSi 19,50). 

112 at end of. 1 I 1 ">•»): , 
note 12 d'hu 134 <iiM. »/f*r etc. insert 

; GBO. Lib. Aa-45. M 134. 
note 13 for ( 3 ) etc. rs«d ( 3^1 ) ; sheet 29 

iifii-rici 'ii;.!.-iif.u-:'.it pen ,u ii I ink title-piece. 
114 at iind of note- ! ''».s''r( ; Map, scale 5 m. to 

inch. 146 ( 2, 3 ), with ref. to Goldingham-S 

letter of 30-3-1800. 
117 at end of note T. zdd ; Mnckeii/ie-4 eojleutmn 

of routed "n Deccan, 1782-8, MRIO. 64, A,B,C. 
123 under Marine Subvey9, at end of 3rd para., 

Tfa^feT^oh m»P ° f Mah ^ J ak ™ *? " Mr - 
le fevre. Ensmgne, ... pur ordre de Mens.-. 
Lt"ii-omb«. .Miireshid ..U- Cj.nip, ... fiouvornour 
ire/. ( » e «. note, to read 
MRIO. Miso. 1-0-1778. 
ate-id ol'noto 13 insfrt Tobi-. Ki^ro-.c, bapt. 
Hombav 1757 ; son of Tb.nh. & Julian Kitig- 
" Voir, 1772; 1st Lient. 1784; 1791, 
omitted. „ . , „, 

m in front of note 1, in-sert 1— rti r.wii msen ; Han 
of Harbour, MRIO. 101 (25). 
at end oi" -mle 3 .■!■■<•.« Snrvev ol !-i""iH« 
Is. by John Wedaborou-h, 1795; MRIO. 
102 ( 30 } ; Markham ( 5-6 ). 
127 note 2, for ib. re<rf Bo S & Pol. 

131 note 11 for 14+ read 146. 

«t ™1 nf not- 14 (';'■"''■ ; M:i.rt drawn by Chaa. 
Hemnel I ' lPI ° !«<«>■ 

132 a t enTof noti 2? insert ; MRIO. 146(35), 

SketeL of Mi-di.bi'.r, Mo.H-.ncH, 1793, _S rn. to 
inch. .!,. 131 (»,, Onr.oirit, « m. to ,neh, by 
e to 
^, T r,,.a.i:,tan 1 , nrobi.hly 17R9-1800. 

133 note3,/c,rr.!o<:lin.«Ti wi Bl.-.cbmaun. _ 

iojf i;„- -?^ rtt- .or ,i -,, par;.., 'il'.er uics c.^j.r; rti/. 
W Smyth; cf. Hoi well 



( 217-8 j. 

143 at end of note 8, insert ; port- 
Ill 2 - 

145 fl.tend of note 1. insert; Map, 
revenues, MRIO. 149(4). 

147 under BoMBAV, line 2, for i 
Blake, read Herman Hat 
adventurer. 



•it, VM. esbt. 



Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. I 






. for 



Mndin 



several months I 






., _...i( which illness. ..completing, 
lines o and. 6, for but nothing. .followed read — 
That of" 1710 was carrier.! out by Captain Euclid 

Baker, with the- assistance of Ensign John 

Eurnell. with ref. to note 4. 
lines 6 Mild 1 from holism. frr assitance read 

assistance, cirtfi fw Cadis! Whiteman reoii 

I II 1 uittm*nn. 
for last 3 lines from is possible. ..connection 

[ I2o], rsiJ was probably or/'nplcled by Major 

David Spcath. one :>i the Gorman officers 

l>ro\i:;hr out about 1769. loiffi re/, (o new note. 

Bom. Dist Gaz. XXVI, part II ( 420 n. | ; Speath 
d. of wounds revived at storming of Ahmad- 
aliru-1. Ana. 1780. 
note 3, delete elsewhere... Hake, and afterl(20) 

insert : Fawcett (77-110). 
at end of note ■(, insert F.onJiay in tin: days 
of Queen Anne ( xxvi n.23 ) ; Halduyt Soc 
II. vol. berfi. 
148 line 4, />r left real com oiled. 
152 note l,/»r ib. rentJ La Tooohe. 
103 line 20, for Burrrow read Burrow. 

165 note 1,— line 2, for & reod and— line 3, after 

RMO. e?ifar Harlow, 
note 2, after Yorkshire; fewer* PES. and 

Copley medal ; 
at end of note 2, insert: another pub. us pi. 

iii, p. 228, i'hirp. Sq,. B:a>- 52. VII. Aoril 1944; 

pec also pp. 9 to 15, Handbook of AVien' ■VJ'i 

la.-trnnu tit M:\nnfadureis' Asscei^licn ■■>/ Hreil 

166 para. 5 from bottom, line 1, for A Large read 

The large mid !o' E.T.O. read E.I. Company, 
note 4, /or ( 20 ] read ( 20-1 ]. 
171 line 15. after Stand ific vaj..>rt re/, (o new note, 

(0 rend Jolin Staneliffo. Foreman to Jease 

Ramsdcn [ 165 n.2 ]. 
173 at end of note 4, insert ; Sandes, II ( 190 >. 

180 at end of para t from iiol.t.om. after Calcutta, 
insert ref. to nevi note io read B Pol C. 
I i33/l SCO (39.1 13.1), 10-7-1800. 
at end of note 3, add ; on return to Prance, 
Lc Gentil found i. ti.it. ho had been adjudged 
lc~allv dc;-;.i, and Ids nroiicrtv distributed r.o 
next-of-kin; Nature 153 1 !S"> I, 12-3-1944. 

193 lines 7 and S. for las! sentiMi.ee It is a great- 
early life, rea-i It would :."; interesting to Loam 
something of his early education, 
at end of note 5 insert ; map, 2 geo. m. to 
inch, MRO. 116. 

197 note 1,/t.r MMO. read HMC. 

199 note 1, for Syrath read Smyth.. 

201 under TheouoUTes, line 7, after maker insert 

b. 1753; coo .it 'jir.n ■['rr.nr-ht.on ( d. 1784); 
PRS. and Copley tte&l.; d. I B35 ; iWS. 
204 in para 8, line 7. after E. E. Pote insert re/. (0 
iKie iiofe, to read— 

fiu. Eton 1705, UCi; ; son of Joseph .Pote, Eton 
booksedor ; bought part of Poller's collection 
of mss., which he presented to Eton Cell, and 
King's Coll., Oxon. 

at end of note 3, insert ; an orrery is a form 
of planetarium run hv clockwork, named 
after Charles Koylc { 10)70 1.731 }, 4th Earl of 
Orrery \D.\ : Bi, for whom suob instrument 
waa made. 



216 at end of lino 12 from bottom, after has been 
compiled insert ref. to nev: note to read. 
MRIO. S-i ( 47 ) ; Index, scale 2C.KJ m. to inoh, taken 
from Renneii's smali ma.o of 1788 [ pis. I, 21 ], 
she win;; lay-out of J 2 sheets of Call's atlas, 
with list of authorities, which inoludos ; 
Gwolior to Jaipur, Rev. Mr. Mac Id n nor. — 
Poona to Raiahmundry, Col. Macpherson-- 
.eT:i;;par to Hyderabad, J. Laird, in company 
wii.ii R. Johnson, Esq. — routes communicated 
by J. Grant Esq. 

217, 219 ; Section Heading, for Reynold's read 
Reynolds'. 

221 at end of note 3, insert MRIO. 52 ( 42, 42a ). 

223 note 10, after [v., Its ; 'wed 01 Dutch birth. 

224 lines 7 and 8 from bottom, for an index reod 

indexes and after sheets delete comma and 
substitute and 

225 at end of note add; There are now several 

copies of ms. o-iuile maps by Rennell amongst 
MRIO. colic: tion and folios ".13. 59 ( 41-7 >. 

227 at end of note 4, insert ; MRIO. 96 ( 19 ), 

original compilation of Ondll— Delhi map, 
24 m. to inch, dated 1775. apparently in 
Etu[iBl! : » own hand, 
at end of note S, insert ; MBIO. 52 ( 26, 27 I- 
Miw. 13-O-30. 

228 at end of footnote 3, insert ; 'it RIO. folio 54. 

229 line 5 from bottom, after ulieo insert- they wore 

superseded by and for bsgail to appear. 
Thesti read which, 
at end of nota 1, insert ; itai. Thos. jS.lams 
( 1730 1-Cvi ). 1 1 VI. 37th foot. ■ Ena. 1747 ; BNB. 

230 at beginning ot note 5, insert MRIO. 94 ( 10), 

232 note 2,/or( 6) read (6, 7). 

at end of note 4. insert; Murray, II ( 183-202 |. 

233 note 7, delete 4 ; 535 ) and far etc. read, 31. 

at end of note 1.3, insert : Murray, II ( 438-10 ). 

234 note2,/or(ll) read { II, 12 ). 

244 at end of note 7, insert; Other map;; oi' tins 

period; M1UO. 134 ( 11 ), Coromandel Coaat, 

20 m. to inch ; shows military stal ions ; very 
va?ue west of Olaroaric ; -aroualuy a.Oir.it. ]71!3. 
ib, 134 (12), Caroaf.ic, "purallcla 10° to 13°; 
9 inches to dogree ; shows Si'ort Defiance near 

245 at end of note 10, add ; reduced to 40 m. to 

inch, 1795, MRIO. 67 ( 18 ). 

note 11, /or 65 read 66. 
25f> note 2, after IV, read 1S40, 

267 at end of note 1, insert ; cf. Williams ( 4-5, 

268 3rd para from bottom, line 1 . after man of the 

sea-, insert son of the s'-,ipwi'i ; ;:jt ori'r.ni-t of 
Rotherbithe, 

line 4 and 5 from bottom, ■.!■■:■■■:■■ almost in sljtI.I,.,. 
shore and read but a few days short ol" his 

271 5th para, line 3 from bottom, for Ujohn ?'eod 

Tip John. 
275 nr.is 3, hefurs 11-2-1300 insert 574, 
277 line 12 from bottom, after Colebrooke delete 

2S2 line 1, after 1795, insert and continued late as 

Surveyor Genera!, 
line 3, for 1570 read I57S. 
line ■+, ailthaul inset. 
line 5. for The allowance included read The extra 

allowance of. 
line fi. delete stop at end of line. 
line 7. for On his recall. .this smn read coulci not 

bo drawn on his return to Bombay. 



Addenda & Cobeigesda, Vol. I 



P.™ 282 So* ■* &»* bottom, after [ 2 88] change stop to 
Page 282 ^^^^^^don^pletionofh^^p 

he was granted a substantial gratuity. 
delete, final pu^.: CKorjind ,,hove...R3. 70... 
qhift note 6 to find of note 1. 

„ bottom, against John Robinson, /or 



284 



lli 



id 13. 



IlEVESUE SURVEYORS, MiDBlS, 

line 1 2, o/fer inspection insert fidl slop, and for 

lint 20, delete TnLs m"*"**^ w*^ 
The and after Revenue delete comma and aM 

linTa'tonf bottom, <M* Board o£ B«« 

wrote to and for ilic m.d The. 
lino 8 from boti.om, "-to -^ <"*<* ™ *°1-* that 
line 4 from bottom, *Is!s !■■> the districts. 
iRfi delete Botes 8 and 9. 
~>S7 «!.'.■" :i. »fV- I'-M-"^'' Addl.MS. 
"Of, not.' 1 fiirib. reodM-PC. ... 

M4 Cpai line 2, /or possibly read possxblc. 
!i:ic:i h /or£!ctr.™dgot. 
liner,, /flrpiiwiimg^dpersmiig. 

303 hne 20 after 256 n.6 ™*«fe iraefeii <*M> 

30 5 .sJSSSt *- 3. #erCoc k Match fcg- 

insert with 1 ; t y cad--Copies 

306 col. 2, delete GM. Gentleman's Magazine ( ^nodi- 

cal). 
30S under ADAMS, lirn 

toft "for Mother... Devonshire «*( 
Son of Joseph Adams, of Aahburton. 
Devon, and KU-!l:lo.- *>V?J* ,,; ' f " 
Un S 7,^ e rHo<Uon ddI(S); ^(W,!,. 
ool 2 la-it li«f=. '"' )r retimd '' '"' returned. 

note 10 I ""- 1 ! ""'/& 

,,,-,, fcmcfeefa round J^S 

ond odd ■ several of l,is .vat.cr- colour sket,ene„ 
atVM. and ID. ; KosU-r-I HI)- m 

309 onderAireURE^bn, |!.^ V P.^;M^ 
Tine 8, a/ler Hodson add, I (^B), IU. , '"J. 

Crofton, I ( 08-9 )• ,,,«,,„» »_■*, 

note 6, for <20-la); read (20-la); 10* 
II ( 35,' U4 ) ; 
last Hne., wU '"■'/■ '■■'■> 

cxbts. 103CH7. „ 

310 col. 2, under BAILLIE, line 3, /or 1753 r 

line 75 ! 13 ^/"™ R°sd. ^ ( ** wifch ° ut 

3 years from April 17BS. 
line "8, after Hodson insert; 1(74); 111(716. 

737); 

all Insert at h-.v.L:! of coi. )., „__ 

J tUki.. |].-.,im G.n-mai: aa'cnturor. d. 1677. 

Engr. & SG. Bombay, 1071, ' 

'"fit ft™ w i» s™?«r. 16 "^_^ 

appd. Epar. & WC:., the Doctors P 

-i„ h.-.i io-.r.a him o. very "!«™ 

Saba" "Th. «'-.a eh'™*' J°" f™ of 
5apt,.i» H.toa.n Bate make. .. kop. he - 

bee serviceable to us . 

Survd. defence works and land; o 
delayed by sickness. 



Eh 1W1) ; Wit IRIHB- 
pnder BARKER, at epd of line 6 *W acd 

HaapaahWhitaaeadlaaaOa 
lipp 10, njW Hodsou »7W«rt 1192), IU I™/, 

ool 3, Up. 7 lorn bottom, o/l» [ I,o. I03l »g 
i78»,m.do ,totoiot<J.pi.mtowp odd.W "/. 
lo ».°not.. Io iJ MBIO. 140 ( 9 ). 

313 oo! s,«S,r ,. , -..:«&3 Port Blm [49 l-'»" rt 

s afs? P ='»s-.g aooj -.o. rt P . s 

updi BLUNT. Im- 1. ./( • 'Cylon' «« «'« 

dan. of Jolm Bilstow t 1750-1802 ), B^b. 

if *» Hrf«« to* t ( HO) I m ( '« > i 

IVl631 t rerfit, 
o^L fefsa, aflw [5t, 63], o^»S e c 5i0 * '? 



i.jcead 13 v 



1 -1.7; 



after 



... a jmier BRUCE, penultimate I 
Gvkor, for cwma read tent-coton, and in tax 

UneYtom^ottom of col., / r Gla^w ^ 

„( WU 16 «B pl-> 2 inobe, to furlong, 

6 J2OTJK '^- Ens ; ^ d., QOcottJ. 
March 1793— 6eio«> Ens. Wmsrt m. Elizabetn 

a/^Hodson^^HSSO); in (751). 

"'nitdil .1 Ni.W B«l ">1 aloutto. ««S » 

1, D.,id Bor... , i;«S, .,th oopyof lot— 
,ddx„..d to Wra fct-f Dm ? ' " 6 *f 
1814) wo. BfS.i I'„!lr. l'..-.-p» t »'• ' 

Fleming { 1760-1818 ), Bon. Eogr~ 

U8 COI. ^, at onl ut para 5, a/'ar 77 a. 

>21 updor CALDWELL. — ■ '»" »• Jf_,J 
iaaar! B" a;.a - . •' ; ■.-■ ■ aa aaa Lap- -■' 

iiTiS E,.h„ *.„. . ? ...--«*» -I 

imerf she d London, 30-12-16." , 
After Hodson ail. IU ( '32-3 ). 

ii I ,,-, . ..,:■■- iniiv ru"l'l'- ■■'■"0 ■■" ■:■'■■-" 

S..",3,ll i 1 tip.pbotdm.tiop 

nr Saraa a -a SO. iavaorad 'iL-a-81. 

323 poll.llp.!./.- '■V' B ";';'; , ,*, b £\. m|753) 

line 11, ait" Sodeon a aL I -70), 1UI . /o»J 

324 PPder CAMAC laa. 7, -S Eod.oia, I ( 278 ) , 



a, 161 and 



111(7 



))■ 



if hTaC'Sp-of 177. [»1 <M , iPoWo. 
"-Srt of tb.^o-^d^o™ by »«- 

i-al-aiL taat.a, II ( 3S-9 . 
325 end., CAMPBELL, Hne 8. Mr 230 oto.a <»J 

to semi-'io'on and .;■/■: CroUon, 1 ( l* a )• 



Addenda. & Corrigenda, Vol. I 



325 line 17, after Farbniiiir in.if.rt [ 39 n.g ]. 

note 13, delete A Eob.-.-l. Farquhai and /c 

jsirvEcl read Served, 
line 6, oft 111 III ( 758 ]. 

326 col. 1, under CASTE ii. lino 1, ■j/'sr Bodson inser 

1(314); 111(719). 
col. 2, <rnuV OiUJ.'iKlUiOIVE, lints 6, afti 

UorUoi,, iiui-rt, 1 (381) ; (7S8). 
line 12, o/ta- Maiden insert semi-coZon.. 
line 13 and 14, iwrtii and "became the Ii 

Bart, and after 



after* 






i and after EIC. for and 
i (30-41). 



Manv i.^-booka do»;-ov.: i i-v n-:. </ ;! le!;i.i?. lSfi5, 

10. I860; imp -5is.lv (481). 
col. 1, under DAVTOSO.V. ;>;■■«■.'-.! nsw ii-».(j J Son 

of James Davidson, merch.. of Dyjart, NB. 

<sW ■>/,'■'.- K.-j.I'.'.ki r. : :/^ ■:.-,■" ..'•■i .'(■ comyra und 

aM, II ( 17 ) ; ID ( 764 ). 
UNrffi-'DAVfS. line 2, /or b. 1756-7 read bapt., 

Sontlnvark. 23-1-35. 
line 3, for 4-2-30 mul 12-8-79 
line* a and ;!, (W c-jnuls:. Ro-dtV, o.acort in Nepal, 

1817, read ( 1787-1,-33 j, Ben. Art. 
line Li, for DN.B. r«u* FRS. ; 
col. 2, at end of Inst p-.r:i of Davis, aj'isr Astro- 

iioitiy f.'omga. .ii'-'/J .'.'J v'i'i ■■■ !■■'.■' ■■.'.' !'■■ ' wot 

onjo^r :.,:, i „';:lL at VM.. uxbts. 1657, i «:">!:■, 220ii. 

nnd at 10. : .Vo.^t.or, II i ii). 

nntS U, for :UPC. iOiUlMMC. 

at aid of note [ii «iW ; Ili.ikev. IV i 215-6). 

at end of note 4, add cf. BE. Journal I'.VlII. 

March 1944 ( 7, S ). 
under DELAl'TEi.D. line 1, i"«- Ben. >-e«d Mad. 

Hue 3, o/iB-Ein [.■,■ ■:.-.■■.■' Mod. "Eat, 10-7-63; to 



,-j/Vei- iloda.ii: 



; III ( 766. ). 

Identity by no 

!u.(e 

M sent by Col. 

umraon James 

■'":■■:/■::-, '■■: 

n and after jlap 
[RIO. 30(43), 

s 4, change atop 



rGhazipur; "had 



337 atendofoote ii, ;":■!«.-; ; ilurrnv, II ( 208-20). 

338 col. 1, line !>, /or Misa A. Boxier rsiiri Miss Anne 

339 ool. 1, und-.r KOABBj li ■■■ t. trijter Hodeon add 

I, ( 456 ) ; III ( 798 ). 

340 col. 1, Wilder 1.1 Uii.Pil RAYS, at end of line 5, 

after Montgomery add And iiargaret Bright 

his wife 
line 6, after SB ir.s.'rt -nsf. to ;i?;c noie, (o read 

Hitkev, ill (146), IV (490) gives date 

16-2-86, from register, St. John's ofa. 
at end of line 7, insert sem.i-rolor,.. arid hence 

hroin-law to Henry Watson [ 394 ], 
li-ie, S, after Hodson add I ( 501 ) ; III ( 801 ( ev. 

1 HFYTES line 9, for Mareschal read 

Maris chal. 
under HYDE, line 1, after Inf. insert b. 8-5-53 

— line 4, bi-fivt Mft-ry in'fn David and 
abor-f IIod.a-.-ji insert fid. 'Jerebant Taylors', 

1762-5. ■aid, ej'.er Ij.o-dsoii c.'!t.:r\<je slop to 

s*>:ui-cdon, and add II ( 519-20 ) ; III 

341 ool. 1. under TRONSfDT:, add new line 5 

m., Calcutta, 13 5 .li.1, I.oetitia, dau. of Rev. 

R;;U. Roberts, and s;su-r of ii, ii. Roberts 

( 1753/4-1H31) Ben. Inf. 
after Hodson add II ( 528 ) ; III ( 303 ). 
col. 2, under J0RNS0N, line li from bottom, 

,fie.r Mvsore '-v;, r :.vert nf, t„ ne-.o note, tn raid 

assisted by Vv'ra. &™r ( .1774-1-25 1 ; Bom. 

Bagts.;EIMC. 111(195). 
344 00!. 1, at. end of 3rd narn from bottom, after 









d iii Madrfis. a (jlisr-nc 
heart of Ge, raetovr 








-■! -.nib.itUe". 








KICK, line 7, nfUrDlH 








ton H ( 13 ). 




li ■■ II. 




«.;■<: ii:-<e Vil. fixnt. 1*3 


por 


rail, by Tlio 


. H 


key; lb. 1438-'.), ;o ? ic, 


1. ! 


ono'cr ivjii, 


S, 1 


ne 3, after MI. add Civil 




rt .yirvvKHind 


Pat 




ider 


KYi). Alex 


nde 


. line 12 after II; ..iso, 




rf II I S!3) 


111(730,810); for portrait 


by John Smart, 




vol. II., pi. 19. 


1. 1 






:■ l-.i!o-::7 i-ibssr 


'■cf 




read 


AiJUii. .10(2,3). 






■.-u;a 


botkiis. "..'r.?r London 




P.i-oba-Llv 




IcAaudcr Kyd, ed. at 


YV: 


tmi-niHitor, L 


idyd 


ay 1SU to 1314; Oil" 



eoi '2,'onder Llobert KTD, helyre Uncleim line 5, 

inter! Son 0! Tiioo...^ Kyd, rnsroii. "of an old 

^^.rfarshire family". 
Jke 7, iifer E-, dp: ;o "ft. -id. II i fi!3 ) : in ( 810 ). 
col. I, i.J)ove LAW de LAURISTDN, insert 

LACAJl, Benjamsii. JlErinc Survr. 
b. -20-5 -3G. oL 2.1-12-1813. 
and. India as mdpn. 1760. 
Of Froocji eri;ra;::.!'n ; son of John i :-J'enrietta 

Liicam ; bt:o. of iMv.iscia ( L. 1733 ), itii odieer 

of Fxc-cke, E. Iridi/.u/.i.in, 1763. 
■n., CalcLittn, 2o-:i-7K, ilia Kittv Siatv.am, who 

d. in BnsUind 1830. 
>i.il.-;. K-6 (59 etseq). 
Dsun. & ^isat. under CD. Ft. W-illiam ; from 

1770 vi-od-ed on achenif- lor ne'.i' "H.orbour on 

J.Loualily, nifdiinj :»eve(al svys. of the riier, 

find pi: bir. i:ia;j.-j of iioo^niy and X. no«st5 

of Bay [ 50 ]. 
Sel.tleil in f v ;:ii St., St-aii:.!, i.iviiioii, v^here he 



Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. I 



under LAW, Bne 7, ftp Jaques mi &vm | Pa S e 352 

,;< <;■■; r/ jins 12- liiV-r /":■■■■■'■■.'. '■■:■■ a d-iu^i stop I 
to semi-colon «..-=...■ .i.-frtil-RUitiM-os of his nephew i 
Jacques, etc-, at 10. ; foster, J 1 ( 34 ■). 
ool 2, under I.EXOEUM, al end ol line 7 add ] 
DDn. 278 ( 197 ). 3v-y. of Carrnija, Elephant*, 
and Iloci Is. Bombay, 
col 1 ifcM MACKENZIE, insert 
MACDONALD, John. Boo. Engn>. 

b. 30-10-59, I. of Skye. d. 16-8-1831, 
MI. at Exeter Cuth. 

Ena. Bom. Engrs., 6-4-31 ; to l^n l^.s- 
Sept. 1782 : ... furl, on mo. 1796 ; Capt. 
8-1-98 ; ret. 30-7-1800. 
Son of All™ II 

84th Foot, and Ids wife Mora Macdonald, the 
Jjimbite heroine (MB.). 

of Geo. Salmon, cm! -.vidow >'i -i'' 1 - 1 ;""- 
Bogle, See. at Ft. Marlbro'; she d. Bencoolen, 

as^iit-se, .iR<i<.t ^■>. , . . r o; , 

m 2nd 2-1 10-tfy. Ei'iimds Maria, dau. ol orr 

Robt. CIuujj hers, Kt,, CJ. of Bengal. 

PES. 1800 iiJ.VB.; ttodso,,, 111(122-3 5. 

Arrd. India 1780 :i w « let tor Boni Inf. j tat 

tr. to Eujrrs.; leave '-> Calcutta IrSJ, and 

appd. to Boo. Engra. ; to Be-.cooLen, Sumatra, 

1783, and employed on avy. 

1787, directed by GG in O. to avy. lad. and 

Elarbour of PWL; on arrival at Penan* " 

1 had iWy 

n r led to Calcutta, 

where he reported on his Sumatra svy9. to 

178s! returned to Beneoolen aa Mil. and Civ. 

Ensrmthl I 1 ■• 1^9-93. made 

iarLsoalc *vvs. of several harbour*, with 

undine and sailers biroo-ions, and Hiagm- 



S:i.ilii!J ■. L i v ■.: ■ ' V i ■ ■ " i - : ioN 

but his svy. of Tape. 



ily harbour may havo 
ion with Capt. More- 
, thart of harbour is 
Id's, dated 17S9J. 
I, ecu ideal i>nar- works, 
'reach and German. 

17-8-87 ( 30 ). 

oiM-l-v. bv M„.':l.'a: : .il 
; i I). I 3S ':. M- -i •l | i- ,: .'. 
-<>' HoadsAPoolo Bay, 



6ow(3«alpa™Sold ... situated. i*»erl MRIO. 

73 ( 54 ), original route sketch Jubbulpore to 
Maiioia, not dated. 
rl ,l 2 ui^cr MAtiSAOIv, line ii, change stoo to 

«.», i-coio'i, end «•/■; itvd:,:-. en ( 227 ). 

col 1, under MARTIN, line 9, "ft^r Prison, 
■- i-coion, iiiiti rufn Hudson, LL 



(2 






aid of" note 12, add illUO. 52 ( 5-S i are 
rb-mal and copies of Martin, svy. cb of 
,. i ,,| . - ii, ([-Mi- unbobU' al-.o JL;iM;iu 5 
„oVk'. U^w/i... to inch, from Caic„ ; l.a. 
..„ c ;.i, f „ r.aiiers, boundo-b or, W. ::v Hoognly 
:,., , ,:,., ocb'.iir rivers, and exteudim; :.rtl m. 
-co E. ; s Beimell's index [ -24 ]■ 
col. 2. lines aad ".for , lt l.h^ . J: ,d o' .l.ebnnvy 
m! / m March n^jV^s^ip^eekedlnj.^ 
of t ,r.i. r<nd lauded at Dravcseml 0-9-180-. 
h„t was dro-.vue,l oil th« Eiv-di: 
,,. ,,,. ,.-..,,,. six mouth.s l;uef [^,. «-.tA 
r»r (o .')SHJ no!e, to reoi.i Aberdf.sn Journal, 
■A ri-lS0tt; 10 Legs. ■Isio. . 

under McLUEB. U.r I" fc- 20-8-90 «** 

cor'i'lim::;. f,,- ,>i'- M«v l-l-T-vr. road Mar-. 
;,-l'er oi" IVl.-'- T.mriKi, iiCS. 1770. niui add 
Wf <o nsu! ,ioktcr M dOW. II ( 024 ) ; Hickey. 

ni(222}- ,. , .. , M «„, 

atendoVline Hi, «/fe,- ! ;i»- 39 ] »'!•'/■ '» " f,i 

stored A'-.,.;jK,r V (J - f ;„-,.-:.■. ( 2j )• 
at end of para 4 iro.n boi.toiii oi ><.,) I. I "■ "-M r 
"October 3rd, n-M From bavin!; been ^™^ 

dependBulTon™" eharitT of" hia' friends; 

coft^lVfrom'-bottom of 1IOUAT, c^r* 

bd^viuiu- jft-serf iyjjften '■■"''■' , , 

j col 1, under NICOU between lines o and b 
' ^^(^cli^.Hod.ou, ill i 390-1). 
col 2 boo 3 from hoitom, nft.r.r pi. 18 "rid r«;. 

(O ™ «rfe to rt^ Fluster bast, 1774, at IO. ; 

Foster (78). 
note S, ■if'tr Bolts i.iwl, aups. xxsu. , 

1 col l,a-.'endof l>ri.,:ira., "/:.-;. year. mlr. li^.un- 

,lpi r rU,a ,^ S - 

unde/0RPES, line k /or olicrcin read Sheriff. 

2 col. 1, 5th para., line 4 from bottom, for eo-h as 

fi'li •> H-' Y'\'V- - ■<!'•''!' think ■ ■'■■■ i' 1 '' <:o-»t'"« 



from bis oriental 
o/ ifte Oricnlai 



M r-...,ii,,..i;li.. !9'i+- 



after 1.71 



:;,-:pv 






spelled Johnston 
,5l,/orMatenaie 



■ ol » liti'-- 17 '"'' r . v i'o;'.i- ■'■■i'e;( u.t. '■> 'a.:'. 
■■.;..:',;. ;;..,., ■-.,.. .)- x \ w ^ ■.]-.-, ■. : .bau.ia Liny ior 

;■■,...' ' ■■-■■■-. «Ufr.lM.(2). 

3 ol. l.laat para oi MACiiENZl.S, hue S from 
„,l | :..-,,t..,- Ji^ii^OD. line a iroin bottom 

=f 1( ; Agra (Mrf r./. to M> A »> «* 

iiiltn. 31 ( "29.31, 32). 



j, George, John, ; 



Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. I 



Page 382 under 1 10 BIN SOX, line 4. after [ 54 ] /or and read 
beautifullv drawn, with bold ban i.!-pr biting ; 
col 2, under" KUSSJ.il.:,, line 5, /or David K.lliott 
read Daniel Elliot. 
383 col. 2, under SCOTT, Andrew, lino II, after Ml. 
change atop to comma, and add St. George's 
Oath. KM. 
udil iinat para. (■; ■•■.■"■; IT.;.:. 1-VoK. senior ;n%c. in 
Madras ; ISO!-, gave Lambtnu his warm 
support ; 1822, unemployed. 
under SHOWERS', lino 5 from bottom, /or who 
had been drowned at sea rsuJ, bur, Calcutta, 
25-U-76. 
3S4 col. 1, line 12, after O'Halloran insert «/. 
(0 an K"( t 'r; «■'■:■ became \1 Gen. Sir Joseph 
D'H^lloi-an (J.7..S-1S.M); Kt.iGCB.; D»B. 
under SMITH, dehie. 1st para. .11 as not been... of 

bis surv-ey, and suhstitst? 
fiirlli, parentage, nnd Male of death unknown. 
31-10-65 to 7-1-70, Asst. Curate, Thoruey 
Abbey, nr. Peterborough ; 11-2- 67, wrote to 
RS. regarding "sah-inmuder's wool"*. 
CM. 31-1 -70, "pcrmii.r.od :n proceed to India 
asamarmcr": 10 Log, 3o6 D., Win. Smith, 
passenger in E.IC. ship Ijct.ea, left Plymouth 
6-1-71 ; arrd. Madras 14-8-71. 
dekte note 6. from eg. Rev. ... (0 11-2-67. 
note. 7, before Jourmd tas-.rl Orii-inr.'] and after 

29211! ■i.-W(f i iirc...)v, Mm. 162; M 243. 
note 10, o.-f.-.r^ records inters the Society and 
after records i/ t Jtit of RS.- n /ter ERS. deWe 
re.Hfrmtoo/nole. 
385 col. 1, 2nd p'-ira., lines I and 2 after Balasore insert 
via .Bid ar, Hyderabad, L'ilore, Kir.i.simcoUah, 

I 1 '.1 111. 1 ii:i'ii. < :|n ■! ■ ■■!'■, I'll. ■■ "■■ 

Puri and CuUack ; then for and r(ad ho and 






omit again. 

- ■ end of 2nd para, after the a-ppt. change 
;nd arid ami settled in Tcwks- 



1 Kothing further.. .d. 1787 



bury, but 1 

delete next para, fn 
avA -v.t'> stitute — ■ 

18-8-87, wrote to KS. from Tewksb'.;ry. discus- 
sing "two exotics. ..gathered in November 
17 75. ..between Ser'iuge and Brum pore. ..in 
the country of the 11 iihrattas", which he sent 
with the letter. 

Here insert referee to r.rn: note, to read- BM. Addl. 
MS. 33977 (138). in same handwriting as 
i.he letter from Thorncy Abbey, and the 
.Journal I" 31 n.ci, 38., n-7"|. 

no'e 2. after 03 d'4:Je Man 10 aral 11: f.na '■} ra.;e. 
insert 'Map, MIUO. 03 (20), scale 18 m. to 
inch, with no dates. 
380 col. -j-.underWilU.'oi STri WART, insert neu:linc9 
Ilodson, IV! rgVKOroi-ton, 1.1(1 ). 

under STOKO.K, line. 5 fur, reduc.ed...Snrat read 
map of GodikvdV; m. .robes, scale 12 m. to inch. 
»87 eol. 1, under KYDENIiAli.. Benjamin, line 14. 
offer Hyderabad, insert rcf. to new note, to 
,-,.,„; Dfm. 44 M 132. FdV,. Kllora 2b-l-0-! to 
Ildbd. 26-5-08; theodolite traverse; neat 
daily si- etc lies. 

under SYDENHAM, Thomas, at end of line 
8, chance stop to semi-colon, and add ML, 
Crofton, II ( 2 ). 

at end of line 9 change srop to semi-colon, and 

add portrait, VM. exbt. 1441. 
ool. 2, under TAViJ.RrTIER, at end of line 13 



after 






Murray, II ( 202-7 ) ; portrai 






VM. 



cbt. 



Page 389 under TOPPJ NO. line 2, far c. 1747 read 4-7-47. 
delete line!: 3 and -1 ■■:•:; to hij sound.. .and substitute 
Son of Michael Topping { 1701-811), shipwright 
of Poplar, and Rcbecei-i his wifo. Michael sr. 
settled in R.otherliil.h^ before 1744, and was 
appd. organist at St. Mnrv's ch. from 17- 12 65 
on salary £ 30 p.a. In will dated 10-1-88, 
he bequeathed "my ckimbcr Orpin in the 
dr.ss cr.se in back parloar. and ah my drawings 
and prints, and all my b^oks and piotsu'os, at 
'.he deeease of my dear wife, nnto iny son 
Michael Topping to his use if he shall tnen he 
itvir.ii'. and ii' not to hi.-; law in', issue". Of his 
other ions. .Frederick 11756 S7 1, architect, 
E. Greenwich, exbui. design for organ at Soc. 
of Artists. 1774, and TLor.-.as was appn'TUked, 
1772, t 



By ITSo Michi'.el jr. had a sound 1 then r.fi-nlinue 

line 2 of 1st para. ). 
ateridofi.hislh'st para., f'.-rl-'.-'-i'ig Vvi'.rrcn Hastings 

He inherited his father's love for ahips, for 
sketch-ins. and for the organ [392]. GM. 
vol. S4,"lSi-± (433) aiie-.va a i.iru-.vl:!,; of the 
OreBl, CUnrch at Calais Ln.ken by him in 1770, 
"when sailing in his en Iter... from Depvlord 
round the Xor'lh l'oreIand"t. 

Williamson's Hislw,/ of i'ortmit Miniatures J 
records portrait siivi,:'-- 1 . of Miok.iel jr. uiaoe in 
.Nov. 17'J8, obviously at Madras, "by John 
Smart jr. , from an original diawing". 

As purser, sailed from l , :,r:..t:v"n!.k. ir. Elf!, ship 
AUas, 7 3 70. which iirrd. Aindrr.s IS-i-MOand 
returned to England by Oct. 1181. 

No corroboration has been found "f Markham's 
s 11 '.'lie s I. ion lli.it he had been a ship'a ca(itain§ 

Add notes— 

* Memorial*.. .6/. Mar.,. l;,.,l.hi r/i ithe , by E. J. 
Beck. Oamuridse, 11307- 1'cf. 0M. 1S1B; 
vol. SO, part ii (220). % pub. i^eo. Hell. 
vol. n, «.. John Smart jr. (DEB.). 
§Markham(6). 

at end of note 10, insert ; chart, MKIO. 100 
(29). 
■ note 3, for ib., read "Chart of the True!; of... 
cutter Mary. 17:10-1791," MEIO. 100(29). 

col. 2, line S from bottom, for convenanted read 
covenanted. 
: col. 2, 5th para., from bottom, fur Topping bad 
other interests besides bis work, read His 
lather's lessons on llie organ were not lost; 

ddf.te. .'ird par-:, from U>i'.in.-i, It would be interest 
ing...left I'lnghmd, and substitute, running 
r.njj ;.'..«.■■) u« with pre.cirus para., after Coro- 
mandel. — Hodg.'s was in IndiiL iVoin 1778-84, 
' nay have met Topping as purser in the 



Atlas 






The only other Topping... 
under TURNER, for c. 1759 ret 



col. 2 under WATSON, line 7, after Ben. Inf. 

insert [ 340 ]. 
at end of line 10, add Sandes, II ( 175). 
lines 8 and 9 from bottom, afier eight years 

c.'ia.a;,"; cmnnia to stop and delete and in 1788... 

ahove line S front bottom, insert nt.v.i -para, small 
type, to read Hiekey telts iss thai, "Colonel 
Watson wics .so greatly atlached to ISenjral 
that he would ncvi:: 1 iiave quitted it had run 
his health failed. ... He was coiiatanvly out 
from morning to night, ... am! though he had 



Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. I 



i 
J 



394 several fevers in eonsequence would never 

allow that Uiey were brougbr- on by the sun. 
At last, however, his original vigo'oiis coii.il i- 
tution iva.s so seriou-ilv impaired that he waa 
driven to the necessity .if trying the effect of 

•i cl L't: iilclimnlc ". []:.■ mii'viced r.hc voyage 

homo only to die i.vvo dnvs after Uiii.ling at 
Di.-v.-r. v-[ih ,;:f. to new not'. /.:> read H i-.:'kcy. 
111(369). 

395 col. 2, delete \VHfTE\L\Xor ^/nrWIT/TMAN 

rarfWITTMANN ,iiirf/V^- ll-oray read Henry, 
line 5, for Obviously <>\ G'.rman origin read 
IVobaolv one 'it til. 1 (l' , i , :il:':l o:'i:-:-> b". 1 1 1 ■_- : : : 
out in 1769. 
at end of line '■>, after | T47 ] cn'tnge. M.op to 
semi-colon «nd "Ad MIUO. 124 (25), Sketch 
of island of Salsette, ad. C. H. Wittmann ; 
fb. (26), also of Salsette 1781. 
for last para. 1777-8. ..etc. ]. Substitute 
1777, to Europe to recruit Herman artificers 
for Art. Company, end rrtnrned 1779 with 
25 men [GIL -^'-0-78, si ™; ] ; Bam,. Dist. 
Gaz.XXVl part ii ( 424-30). 
1780-1 on mil. service in Konkac, and 1783, 

under Torriono „1. ,U-r,.n,;, of Onore [ 393 ]. 
co). 2, «»(/(■(■ WILFORD. jV Isi para. Ko 

record... 111 ale side substitute 
It is recorded in Kmburkation Rolls, IO., that 
Francis Edmund Wilford, clerk, native of 
Germany, nged 30, sailed as a soldier in the 
Ceres for Bengal, 28-2-77. Identity may be 
presumed, but even if born in Germany his 
names and subsequent writings indicate 
English parents"!: raid education.* 
No trace of name found in Hanover State 

Archives. 
Insert note, "Father Hostcn's suggestion of Hano- 
verian or Swiss origin { Cemim-t-i'tarius 52" n. ) 
may have its source in the entry above quoted. 

396 00!. 1, 3rd para., line 4, after Benares. Insert 

new para, small type,, to read — 

Oldham, TI C 87 1 records l-jl-1-.er from Jonathan 
Duncan, IS)- 3 S!l, asking Wilford to make full 
report for '"each ric'-irl n; soparat.ii district... 
under tiie Foil 1. living lieails - — Soil— -Produce - 
...Zoology — Natural History — ... Curiosities, 
Ruins, etc.", and pn«LresU l.hat "the influence 
of Mr. Duncan may imvp sliiuulul.e;!, if it i:id 
not lir.it avv.ikc. I- no antiquarian ;'.f.'nl of Oiptain 
Wilford". Duncan (17r)6-l!iin v.u; ResiSt. 
iSeriiivcs L7S7-!!a; C.ovr. Ttombay 1735-13!) ; 
DNB. 

3rd para, line o, for lie read Wilford. 

397 under Mark WOOD, m -.,:•! of 1st para, in large 

type. 1770...Engrs. mid 1774, ran lines of level 
tlirougn Oaloutra, which he extended miring 
1783^ [53). 

398 col. 2, under Thomas WOOD, line 0, delete 

1st.. .2nd. 

399 col. 2, line 10, after Calcutta insert, assisting 

Oolebrooke in drawing map of the Upper 
[Provinces [ a3 »]. 



Adams after Maj. Thomas for ( d. 1764) r 

( c 1730-64 ) DNB. ; 
Anderson after Hodson insert, III ( 71S-6 ). 

Andrade after 1634 insert ; SJ. ; 

Bake after Bake delete or Blake. 

Bird line 2, for 50 read 76. 

Bolts after 1S0H! ) in-art ; ECS., factor 1759 ; 

Bourohier for Governor read Governor — line 2, a 

60 insert ; Foster II ( 38-9 ) ; 



Bourdonnais 

Gboee Burhanpi 

Campbell 
Caasini 



engu 

for 



lartographer read Bourcet, de, 

li-nder of entry read see La Bour- 



Hallyv 

Lii'-ikifTi 

Elliot 



l.'ulh-r 

(l:.:.ll!.m 



donnais. 

insert Bruges, David I 1754-1814 ), 

BCS. 3! 6. 
after ( 1739-91 ) ; insert KCB. 1785 ; 
line 3, after (1677-1706) insert assumed 

sums de Thury ; for Francois read 

Francois. 
after ( 1744-1824 ) insert, mathematician., 
after i Hiupuiyte i insert ; SJ. ; 
before 1778 for d. read 1754/5 and after 

Ben. Civ. insert 1771. 
line 4, after 1658— insert 1707. 
for d. 1778 read 1755 78 and after Iraehil 

erd'-r Croitou, I ( 109-10). 
after 1767 insert -84 ; after Hodson insert, 

II ( 169 ) ; III ( 776 ). 
alter- Encv. Brit, insert Hodson, II ( 203 ) : 

111(779). 
after Hodson insert, II ( 209 ) ; III ( 723, 

777). 
before Ren. lot. insert. OW, I ( 349 ). 
after Fathor insert ; SJ. 
after Hodson insert, II ( 232 ) ; III ( 781 ). 
delete, d of apprenticed. 

line 2, after DIB. ; insert. Off., I ( 428-9 ) ; 
line 1, after Warren :— insert MCS. 1750. 
line 2, after 1773-85 insert DNB.; OW., 

1(435-6); 
after Win. insert (1749- c. 1830 ) ; OW., 

1(456); 
for ( 1711-98 ) read ( 1751/2-1834 ) ; DNB.; 

DIB. : 
aperl ].7oS ^3 }, inee.rt DNB. ,• 
after { 1737-1823 ) inst-.i-t ; uiiit-heriiat-ician ; 
after DIB. ; insert ; OW., I ( 601 ) ; 
for Johnston, Alosander senr., read 

Johns(t)on, Samuel and after ( b. 1750 ) 

insert lIC'S. 1781 ; ilism. 1792; 



LaCaille 


after Abbe insert Nicholas 


Lacam 


delete whole entry. 


Laivrcncc 


before Miii Ccn. tn-wrt colon- and -ia-'h 




line •>, for Madras read Niigiri Hills. 


Mii^Li-l vii- 


before Nevil insert Rev. and before FRS. 




insert AK, 1765-1811 ; D"D. ; ami is/or 




155 insert OW., 11 (629); 


M:dlir:v.;-i 


cie(e(e Sir. 


Monson 


6e/are George /or Colonel read The Hon.— 




(iefo™ DNB. insert Ens. HM. 1st FtGds 




1750; LtGen. 1771.— after DIB.; inser 




OW.. .11. (653-4). 


Morgan 


ci/ier Charles ; BMerf Ens. HM. 1st Foot 




guards, 1750; and after 1765; inset 




LtGen. 1777. 


Napier 


after (1550-1617); insert inventor 




logarithms ; 


Kicburh 


after Carsten insert ( 1733-1815 ) ; Germa 




traveller ; Ency. Brit. 


O'Halloran 


before .fosoph iawt M Gen. Sir. 


above Ordnanc 


insert Opie, John ( 1761-1S07 ), RA. 




DNB. ; Ency. Brit. ; 378. 


after Ovinglon 


insert Ovington, Rev. John ; ohpn, Surat 



1690-3, 120. 
before Bsron insert ; MCS. 1737 ; cr.— after 

Baron in..tert 1766. 
a/ier battle of, inMrt 23-6-57 ; 
■irhrne :\ne to italics, 
before UMB. i..l,-»rt KRS.; 



Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. I 



,(-i,r.M- 



t(b 



ifter Dr. insert We, and bej 

insert FLS. ; FRAS. ; 
in italics. 

o/InWm. insert ( 1564-1616 j. 



Willi 

ii/ff..' 1 Main-ntfe 



30. 



Upton 

Walker 



for Colon,.-! ,-,.„,( Lt-O.l. ««d n/fer 
in-wrf d., c _.--: :■ ri i - =l L, jti-bip-.irc, ITS'). 

lino 1,/or Ja.mes read John. 

after i>:\'I>'. : insert .J il\. II ( 972 j. 
before.™ insert DNB.; 
lino 3, is/Ws 347 insert 264 n.6, 3( 
a/ier 847 (Me(e 371. 



u«ff.;;- I-iTAJVfcN.'S .'/'.'..? / : i, «/!fc works. c./iti)!;is );t;i'i( 
<!> comirur ait'J add wit-It soly i-haigii of erecting 
the fort. 



Page 386 col. I, after liiiu lit iiiBt-rl, neii' tiara before ,'ir.ti para. 
W reafi 10 Miss. 17-4-S3, >f 8=1 C. 17-12-78, 
Tlio* li.umh-.-jld, ("lovr., hears t-liist Si.evena left 
to EIC. "all Finns, Charts, and mat-hemr,! iral 
instruments ". Estate only 2000 pa. 



Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. II 



e 21 note 4, for ll;-.-i ir-.g's rend .1.1 listings.' 

91 Section Headings, line 1, for Season, February 

read Period, January 
93, 95 Section Headings, for F-is.-isfiN fail PEr.if.n-. 
95 Delate note 4, and substitute 4 Lt Col. John 
Muntresor ( 17tis-l Sn.-j j. eonnle. HM. 77th Ft. 
152, 163 Section Headings, far Establishment read 

Establishments 
195 under Madras Ouhkiivatoki., ai end of 3rd para, 

o//er I, 1S0-1 intart inside hmchet, II, 451 
197 Section Headings, line 3, before Traverse Tables 

233 Section Headings, for Extension Northwards read 

y-vrtltivard Extension. 



264 



■ lSOo 



Section Heading, Maps FOR th 

DlRKOTORS omit TEE 

I ';.-i: I!c-i'lir ig, d. U;e ; SltrjaiB 
Heel-ion. Heading, .mokM rend SrEVE": 
Bombay 



324, J 



IV, /<-;- II. \ 
lli.-.iilii.--.-. 



read Lambtos's Surveyo" 

338 note 1, /or ib. read Bo MC. 

339 note 1, for ib. r.wrf Bo RC. 
365 line 7, for usuel read usual 

460 under UAKiSTi.N, lino 7 anil beginning of line 8 
should read had another, probably elder, son, 
Ki-.lwai'ii, who ra, Mary — and d. 1779, having 
p oath unions son. 

403 under GRTNDLAY. l>ctv.-e,-ii line 6 and 7 ireserl 
new para to read 1808-9, with mission to Sind 
I L6S-q I. milking sketch of ,; Sindree on the 
I ■: ii.; fern Branch of tho J.rifb.s, since submerged 
by the esurthquaiio of 1S1SS". Print, of this 
.4; etch faces p. 308 oi" vol. T of iir.rn.c's Bokhara. 
, p. 312, and by Griadlay 



421 



pp. 6 



6, for ( 115 ) read ( 73 ), 
d ( 3-4 ). 
. .line 3. for oarrer re/id care 



ind itfttr 



-7-03 



PREFACE 

When I first started to collect material for these records I cheerfully bundled 
together everything earlier than 1830 for the first volume, as being of little serious 
professional interest, and now the first volume has only brought us to 1800 and the 
second is confined to the next fifteen years. Can there really be anything of suffi- 
cient interest in these little known years to waste a whole volume over 1 Well — I 
have personally found plenty to interest me, and much important survey history 
to record. 

In the south there were considerable territories acquired from Tipu Sultan to be 
surveyed and settled, and in the north the Company'!- troops now advanced beyond 
Delhi, even to the Sutlej. There was a great deal of geography to be learnt. 

The task was becoming too much for individual surveyors, each working along 
his particular road, and wondering how it would fit into the Surveyor General's 
latest jigsaw map. True, the Bengal surveyors had perforce to struggle along in 
this blindfold way for many years yet, but down in the south the way to better 
things was pointed by two great surveyors. Colin Mackenzie insisted that surveyors 
should be grouped into sensible parties, tackling eaeh district or province in turn, 
and not turning aside until that area was completely surveyed on a definite system, 
and all information collected that would serve civil arid military purposes. William 
Lambton had still wider views, and insisted that his general survey should bo so 
based on the highest scientific principles that it should cover the peninsula from 
coast to coast, from sea to mountain, fixing the true position of a multitude of key 
points with unassailable accuracy. Nay more— his work should contribute to a 
determination of the true form of the great globe itself. The first conceptions, 
and the first labours, of these two great surveyors occupy a large .share of this volume. 

It was down south, likewise, and during this period, that the Austrian officer, 
Anthony Trover, introduced the plauetable to military officers. It was down south 
that the country -bom assistant surveyors were trained at the school foundod by 
Michael Topping, and were now to prove their worth, and provide the nucleus from 
which sprang the civil establishments of the future. 

During the early years of the century there was much marching and counter- 
marching of the Company's troops through central and north-west India. Military 
columns, accompanied by surveyors, engaged elusive enemies. The country was 
unhealthy, the beat exb austing. Geography was vague, and beyond the main roads 
commanders were entirely in tin: dark. Large areas were yet to be explored for the 
first time. 

England was still at war with France. Napoleon was dreaming of the invasion 
of India, and surveyors were thrust out westward, even beyond the Indus, and 
across the waters and deserts to "Persia. 

This was still the age when maps had to be copied by hand, and each copy jeal- 
ously guarded. Geographical information was of such great value that it had to 
be kept secret from all possible adversaries, and even the art of survey was not to 
be taught except to the Company's own trusted servants. The secrets of the face 
of the land were as jealously guarded as those of the atom bomb in these days. 
The district officer wtis expected to work without a map. 

But we are not confined to professional matters. The surveyors were mostly 
young men new to the country, who were thrilled with the strange things they saw, 
and did not hesitate to record what they met in the villages or in the wilds of jungles 
and hills. Their journals and private letters contain much picturesque detail, 
refreshing pages hidden in dry -as- dust government archives. 

Then, for the proper understanding of map making, it is not sufficient to study 
reports, correspondence, or even journals. The maps themselves are the substance 
of the work, and must be examined in detail to appreciate the toil and devotion of 



■an* upon thousands. "> • « J itya „» ing l e , original or. copy, one or other 
copies of one map ; but tl..= po .it m..j. iu> condition— 



ssa^rM^^ " »- tto ugM of pitot - But ** " 

^S'ltS that the untrammelled skilled and artistic surveyor often repre- 

was allowed for these ™rly surveys, J™ * ^ authorized, after serious 

**£. 8 STJm/STl™ wouid have liked a Mler aeeoun. of the hMo* 
HHe^HoiS^rSi^dS^ 

ShB^cxr^s^Sn,:^ fe^s 

far between. amendments and additions that are duo to fresh 

own researches in the map »-*»^»*S to have discovered 
Srt™ P«ehtri B and fdlath, have yet to be disentangled from those of hrs many 



namesakes who had entered the church in the days of George III. I have rejoiced 
to discover the existence of portraits of Alexander Kyd and Robert Colebrooke. 

I call attention to the writings of great men that axe quoted on an earlier 
page. I was particularly pleased to meet Colonel Hobday's evidence to justify 
my pursuit of these records. The work of our pioneers should not be for- 
gotten. Our geodesists of the 20th century have great, advantages, but I am 
pleased to remind them that William Larnbton did not neglect to correct his tri- 
angles for spherical excess, and had a shrowd suspicion of the influences of under- 
ground variations of density. 

My thanks are due to Dr. Sen, Director of Archives, and to his staff at New 
Delhi, for their unfailing assistance, and for their cheerful readiness to assume 
charge of the old Survey correspondence of the ISth and 19th centuries, which 
passed to their safe keeping early in 1947 — to Major Hodson, whose third and 
fourth volumes of the; List of Offlcen: of the. Banijal Army have now been issued — ■ 
and to Lt. Colonel Percy -Smith, librarian of the Society of Genealogists in London, 
both of whom have taken great trouble in providing me with biographical 
information about all sorts and conditions of men. 

I have also to express thanks to Sir Oliver' Wheeler for the interest and help he 
has given in the successful issue of the first volume, and to Mr. Williams and the 
staff of the Survey Printing Office at l.iehra linn, and to the staff of the Map Publi- 
cation Office, and of the Map Uncord .and iss-ue Offi™, at H athi barkala, for excel- 
lent professional work. 



Seinagak. 
April 1948. 



R. H. Phtllimoke. 






I 



. 



CONTEXTS 



Preface 

Contents ... .... 

References to MS. Records & Other Abbreviations 
References to Publications 

ClIAPTER I 

General Narrative 

Historical Summary, 1800-15 

Southern India ; Topographical Surveys 

Lambton's Survey 
Upper India 
"Bombay 

Revenue Surveys 
Conclusion 

Chaftib II 
Bengal & Ortssa 

Marine Surveys, 1802-5 ■ . . 

Calcutta to Cnittagong, 1801-4 
The Sundarbans, 1811-5 " 
Calcutta 

District Surveys, 1812-5 
Ganges-Hooghly Passage, 1801-12 . . 
The Ganges Highway, 1801-7 
Orissa, 1803-13 



Chapter III 



UftPBB Provinces & Oudh 
Frontiers of Oudh, 1802-3 
Route Surveys, 1803-10. . 
Colebrooke's Survey, 1807-8 
Oudh & Gorakhpur, 1808-14 
-Jumna doab, 1811-4 
I War, 1814-6 



South -Western Marches 

Chota Nagpur & Mirzapur 
TiiuuMkhand 

Nagpur 

Mahva & Rfijputana 



Ch- 



PTBR V 



North-West Frontier 
Delhi & Agra, 1803-6 
Delhi Districts, 1805-10 
Advance to the Sutlej, 1809-10 

I'jlpb in stone's Mission to Peshawar, 1808-9 
Jumna Canals, 1807-10 . . 



Himalaya Mountains 
Nepal, L802-4 

Source of the Ganges, 1808-15 
Lake Manasarowar 
The Don, Garhwal, & Sirnxur 
The Snowy Range 
War in the Hills 



CliFTEE VII 

Sttrvey of Mysore, 1800-5 

Preparations, 1799 to January 1800 

First Period, February to October 1800 

Sonda, 1800-1 

Second Period. October 1800 to January 1802 

Third Period, January 1802 to October 1803 . 

Fourth Period, October 1803 to December 1805 

Chapter VIII 
Mysore & Kahara 

Survey of Kanara, and close of Mysore Survey 1806-7 
Natural History & Botany 
Relations with Lambton 



Chapter IX 



Madras Military Surveys 
Route Surveys, 1799-1804 
Military Institution, 1805-15 
Travancore, 1805-11 
Hyderabad & Berar, 1805-11 
Java, 1811-16 



Chapter 
Carttatic Districts 
Revenue Surveyors 
TJindigul & Madura 
Tinnevelly . . 
Tanjore, 1805-10 
Pudukkottai, 1813 
Trichinopoly, 1803-10 
Coimljatore & Xilgiri Hills, 1806-13 
Nelloie & other Districts 
General Maps, 1812-6 .. 



Chapter XI 



Other Madras Sdbveys 
Ceded Districts, 1809-13 
Goa, 1810-18 

Sonda, or North Kanara, 1813-5 
Northern Circars 
Mackenzie's Review, 1810 
Establishments, 1811 



Chapter XII 



Bombay & Persia 

Military Routes, Maratha Doccan 

Forest Surveys 

Sind, 1809 . . 

Kathiawar & Cutch, 1807-10 

North-West Gujarat, 1809-10 

Missions to Persia 



Pages 



Chapter XIII 



Revenue Surveys 

Bengal ; The Lower Provinces 
The Upper Provinces 
Madras ; Thomas Munro 

District Settlements 
Assistant Revenue S 
; Bombay & Salsette Islands 
Broach 



Chapter XIV 



Astronomical Control 
Bengal 
Madras ; Surveyors 

Observatory . 



Chapter. XV 
Professional Methods of Survey 



jM.uiLH.iy ivuulc ourveys . 
Bengal Surveyors 










Levelling 






Mysore ; Base-lines 






Triangulation 






Detailed & Sta-tistical Survey 






Madras Mihtary Institution 






Java 






Traverse Tables 






Field books & Journals ... 






Chapter XVI 


CRUMENTS 

Supply of Instruments ; Bengal 


Madras . 








Drawing Material 








Perambulators 










Plan eta bles . . 










Sextants 










Chronometers 










Telescopes . . 










Theodolites . . 










Prismatic Compasses 











Chapter XVII 



Lambton's Trigonometrical Survey 
The Plan 
Mysore, 1800-2 
Coromandel Coast, 1802-3 
Across the Peninsula, 1803-6 
South Peninsula, 1807-10 . . 
Northward Extension, 1811-5 

Chapte: 

Lambton's Propessionai. Details 
Mathematical Princ ' 
Instruments 

Triangulation 
Geodotic Results 
Computations & 
Appreciations 



. XVIII 



Chapter XIX 



Maps 

Lower Bengal 
Upper Provinces 
Punjab & Afghanistan . . 
Calcutta Drawing Office 
Madras ; ■ ■ 

District Maps.. 
Drawing Office 
The Deccan 
Persia 



Chapter XX 



Maps ( Continued ) 

General Maps of India; Colebiooke 



Arrow smith 
Co-operation between Presidencies 

Mops for Court of Directors 
Cu-todv & Distribution ; Bengal 
Madras 



APTER XXI 



Administration 



Benpil : 



Madras 



Surveyor Generals 
Marine Surveyor . . ■ • 

Assistant Surveyor General, Calcutta 
Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta . . 

Surveyor General 

Inspector of Revenue Surveys 

Quartermaster General 

Reorganization, 1810-5 . . 



233 
234 
236 



258 
200 
262 
264 



270 
271 
274 
277 
278 
279 
280 



281 
282 
285 
286 
287 
287 
290 



295 

296 
296 
297 
297 
299 
300 
302 



xxiii 



Chapter XXP— ( Conoid. ) 
Administration — ( Concld. ) 

Surveyor General's Office 
Lambton's Survey- 
Bombay ; Surveyor General 
Surveyor General of India 



SURVEYORS 

Education 



Chapter XXII 



t',i.:ri(:tH-it)n 
Bengal 


309 


Madras ; . . 


312 


Military Institution 


314 


Quartern! ;t.uer General's Department 


321 


Lambton's General Survey 


.. 322 


Java 


.. 323 


Bombay 


.. 323 


Chapter XXIII 




Allowances & Expenditure 




Surveyor Generals 


324 


Bengal Surveyors 


.. 326 


Mysore Survey 


.. 329 


Military Institution 


331 


Madras Surveyors, 1807-15 


.. 331 


Lambton's Surveyors 


.. 333 


LiimbUjii's ±]siLy.bIis.l.i.Tiif'nt &■ I Expenditure 


333 


Survey Expenditure, Madras, 1810-5 


.. 336 


Bombay Surveyors 


337 


Chapter XXIV 




Civil Assistants 




Bengal 


340 


Madras ; Surveying School 


341 


Mackenzie's Sub Assistants 


343 


Lambton's Sub -Assistants 


346 


Assistant Revenue Surveyors 


346 


Pay & Allowances 


348 


Nominal Boll 


350 



Chapt 
People & Country of Indla 
Indian Surveyors & Explorers 
Writers & Interpreters . . 
Lascars & Followers 



Care of Health 

Men & Manners ; Upper India 

Mysore 

Lambton's Survey 

Addenda & Corrigenda : Vol. I ... 
Vol. n .. 

Purthkr Abbreviations 
Biographical Notes- 
Index 



PLATES 

Front Cover 

1. Political Map, 1809 .. ■•,, 1! facing Title Page 

2 South Asia, reconstructed' from Ptolemy • ■ • 1 

■ 3. Prom Map of Hindust-aun; 1808 . . ■ ■ !' ?■ 10 

4. Coast of Orissa •■' ■• " n 26 

5. A Military Route . - ' ■ ■ " ^ „ 27 

6. Eastern Boundary of Oudh . -. " ^ »g 

7. Upper Ghats of the Jumna - ■ ■ ■ " _ 7 o 

8. Nepaul ... ■■ *;. '.*. '•"• „ „ 78 
■ 9. The Upper Ganges . . ■ - '.'.. - >t „ 88 

10 Sehaninponv frontier .".' •■;„ "■ ' „ ' 106 

11 Mysore & Ceded Districts ■ ■ • ■ ' ,130 
12' Madia* Military Institution . . ■ ■ • • " " ^ U0 
13. Part of Dindigul District ■ ■ 158 

14 Portucuoze Territory at (.oa . ■' • ■ ' ,172 
15" Eastern Frontier of Goojerat . . - • " 248 

16. Lainhton's Northern Triangles . . ■ • . " „ „ 266 

17. South Peninsula ■• . . •■; " " 372 

15 Part of the Ganges River • ■ 390 
19. Robert Colehrooke & Alexander Kyct ■ • ■ ■ ^ ^ 386 
19a. ChOornee River .V ■■ ■■ * ^ 391 

a 20. John Garstin - ■ ■;. „ .> 41 ° 

•d 21. Henry Kater ■"■ •;, .. „ ,. 426 

- J 22. Colin Mackenzie ■- ■■ / : j 411 

23. John Warren ■ ■ • • ' Back Cover 

24. Index to Surveys, I 800 - 15 

K bii »o« b™ po»M. to »«.» PM« » <° ■ ta "»■»'" ° ld6r tol P "°'"* i - 



"References to MS. Records & other Abbreviations 



Appendix 

Bengal Letter to Court of "Din 

Beiiiiil General Order 

Bengal Judicial Consultation s 

Brifisa Museum 

British Museum, Additional J] 

Be.nsid Miliary Consultations 

Bengal Public Consultations 



Bo. 

Bo to CD. 
Bo GO. 
Bo 11" 0. 
Bo PC. 
Bo P:j: C. 
BoRC. 
BoSC. 

Bo Sur. 



Fdbk. 

GBOLib. 
GG/inC. 
0.- 



TO/Ub. 
10 Miips 

1 Mist.:. 

I P. D Lib. 



Jengal 



jraltatira 



Bengal Secwt&Pi 

Bengal Secret and Separate Correspondence 

Bengal Secret Letter to Court of Directors 

ISoii.yd Teriik'-rid Consultations 

Board 

Boniial 

Bombay 

Bombay lad-tors to Couri. of 'Directors 

Bombay General Orders 

Bombay .Military Consultations, or Diary 

Barnbay Puhl-i' Consultations 

liombay Political <":oi:sul!ati:;ns 

lioiribay 'Revenue (.'.'■■ m :■ u it atiia;s 

Bomb:'.',- Secret Consultations 

Bombay Secret ,v, Politic-ill Consultations 

'Bombay Survey Correspondence 

Commander -in. -Chief 

Court of Directors 

Court Despatch i.n Bengal 

Court .Despatch to Bombay 

Court Despatch to Madras 

Court Minutes, India House 

Commonwealth Relations Office ( formerly 

I O. ) Whitehall 
Public Archives of Canada, Ontario ; 

Search Reference 

Committee of Corn-spiuidenfa;, .hniin. House 
Survey of India Hr-cords, trail'-. 1 '- rn-d IV v.: 

Dchra Dun to SAL, New Delhi, 1947 
Director of Land Records, Benrjrd 
Iknartment/al 
East 

East India Company 
and following 
Pieldbook 

Survey of India Library, .Oehra Dun 
Governor General/in Council 
General Order 
Government 
Home Miscellaneous Series, 10. / Hie 

Majestv's Ship 
India Office ■; nov, CllO j/Liiim-ry 
"India Office Map Boom 
'Miscellaneous letters received, I 0. 
Library, In: ;);:•■ ial i',::< u:fl Department, j -nyx 

NAT". ) New Delhi 



Dates : 22nd Aiiiin.it. LSli »v 22 & 12. "Editorial Lisr:.-t.i-:m 
Number of -)..iv-. fob". .":-r-s! t.,i i,,n : or p;,ra;;rapli : ( 2Sb ). 
Reference io pa^e..' plate fit '.bis volume voiume I of this sr 
Reference to Survey of India- Map ; 72 L/12 : v. Key, pi. 2 



J Cor. 


. Ja-~va Correspondence, NAI. 


JGO 


Java General Orders 


JMC. 


. Java Military Consultations, or Preceorl- 


JMiscO. 


. Java Miscellaneous Consultations, or 
. Java Public Consultations 


J PC. 


M, 


. Mndras/M.ri?:uirs and .Journals, Survey of 






M to CD. 


. Mndra- Letters to Court of Directors 


MGO. 


. Madras General Orders 


M I 0. 


. 5 


MJC. 


Madras Jodieia! (' ■ risu IriiT ions 


IMC. 


Madras Mibl-.o". (..'nr.su It a 'dons 


MFC. 


. Madras Public CousulNai-ioii.s 


MEO. 


. Madras Revenue Consultations 


MRI 0. 


. Mop .Record J; Issue Oilier:, .Survey of India 


MRO. 


. Madras Record Office 


M Rev Bd. 


. Proceeding ■ ■(' Madras llnaru ■ >■'' Ruv-j.-iue 


MS. 


M anus: -rip! /Military Secretary 


Ma.cb MSS. 


. Mackenzie Manuscripts, 10. 


Mad. 


. Madras 


Misc. 


Miscellaneous 


N. 


. North 




. . Footnote 


NAI. 


. National Archives of India, formerly TR.D., 




Now Delhi 


NWP. 


. . North Wort- Prnvfiici.'s ■:.:'" .Ijorsral 




. . hero & there 


Pol. 


. . Political 




. . Proceedings 

. . P.iblio/Pu'blkh/cd 


I'uiv'il; 


Q VI G. 


tj a L ;1 1 tr - 1' ] 1 ' - 1 .- ! - - : ■ ' -i-ni-ML 




which/ whom/see 


Rev. 


. . Bevennc-'Ivev-.-r'.ri-;; 


S. 


. . South 


SG. 


. . Surveyor General 


SCO. 


Surveyor General's Olliee 


Sofl. 


. . Survey of India. 


sd. 


. . signed 


See. 


. . Secret/Secretary 


[<*;] 


. . thus, as printcd 






TS. 


.. Trhronometrif.nl Survey Mi'-, li-ecovd Volume 


"UP. 


. . United Provinces of Agra &■ Oudh 


VM/Exbt. 


. . Victoria Memorial Hall, Calcutta/Exhibit 

No. 
. . Vice Prudent/in Council 


V P/in C. 






W. 


.. West 


WO. 


. . War Office, 1 ' Re cords of 


Wills 


. . Wills preserved at 10., now CRO. 



[286] [pi.8] [I, 



FURTHER ABBREVIATIONS : Pages 373, 374 



Rbjebehcbs to Potiicattom 

in volume II- 



_4(W ;«■■.«/' ^ 
Aitohison 



Arbuthnot 

B jtffiefls. 
Begbie 

Bell 

Ben Jfl03 

Ben Dir. 
Sen Ob. 
Sen P &P- 

BenRegr. 
Ben Set. 



Black 

Blagden 

Ji'.u'njs'.oii 
Bo Geo Sac. 
Bo Sel. 

li-jkharu 

Bradsliaw 

B-,ii;:-.miulh 
liu-ucs 






Addiscombe. Its Heroes and Men of Note. 

H \1 Vibart. 2 veils., London, 1-M. 
icau,!,,* ,/ Tr^.S. V • ****£• 
Tvol^O.l^it,,.]-^-.-.;'.^-^-- ■ '"•; 

7V« ! v.;.H,^ f w , ^n-'''-'^f/'«; i 7;- i,i - '■■■ '''■';; 
' ' > l 1 I 1 

late H.M.'aLt. Dragoons. London 1 
Army and Navy Magazine { P»ta-1) 
IWs in f/jiper /wiia. - Major AK 
2 vols-, London, 1833. 

....Arbuth- 
not 2 vols., London, 1881. 
Asiatio Annual Register { periodical ] . 

^^; c .feearefi^ I periodical pubd. by 
AQestd the Bengal Military Regulations. 

2 -vols. GlU-.H.U ; I si y«pt, 18V7. 
p J Be-bm. a vols., .Madras. LS-ii ... 
tf e „ 10 ,> of Lt. General Jwn HWr/tfs. Kvans 
Bell London. 1885. 
1770- 2nd 1761 ; 3rd. 1783; repr. Cal- 
cutta, 1914. 
Bengal Directory { perineal . 

B^oi Pa-J * !'««*' ( pcruwiwl pubd. 
bvCal. Historical Woe). „ , _ . 

dZy- fliww Com. 183S. 2 vol*.; 

Calcutta. 1S3S. 
Stle^ow /rem f/if Jisffirfs q/ ifte bout, oj 
Bur.wtl i occasional). . 

H Bevan. 2 vols., London, lWa. 
Z^slmmCTis. Bion. 1723. tr. from French 

A M^on the Indian Surveys, U75-M0. 
O.E.D. Black. London, 1891. •. Mark- 

The^Macke.nzK Collections- 0. O. Blagden. 

London, 1916. , , , _ - 

Twelve Years of Military J* W »tare...Johr. 

Blakiston. 2 vols., London, ISiM. 
Transactors o/ the Bombay Geographical 

s£! /ram'Sfiiords of the Government 

of l',.-iv-Ua-!i i occasional ). 
2Vasefe *»&> Bokhara, ...also...a Voyage on 

the Indus. Ales. Burnes. 3 vols., 

London, 1834. __ 

Sir TfcomrM JKwW». **» Bradshaw. 

Oxford. 1894. . 

ll ' , 

Court of Persia...l807-ll. Harford Jones 

Bi-vdses. 1834. 

1 Jfii-r-i'-v :>rj!it Mi'drni 1lirv\<-ali-M:l*Jre, 
Int.a.r. li'rancia Buchanan. 

3vob., 1807. . , 

Narrative of a visit to the Court of Sinde... 

History of Gutch. James Burnes. Bom- 

•„ ; .;MS29:Kfiuibnreb 1831. 
GTS Vol. XII. app*- Operatums...undcr 

ColoZlLambton. %. G.Burrard. Debra 

Drm. June 1888. 



K'.-,iTard & 



Cai. Rev. 
Onnli:v. 



Close 

Col.-1'iookL' 
C-Miiiii.-.niiir- 

Cor'.olly 



,1 Sketch of the Geography and Geology of 

the Uimalnm Mountains & Tibet. Col. 

S G. Burrard & H.H. Hayder. 1st edn. 

1908 ; 2nd edn., to which reft, are made, 

Dolhi. 1933. 
r a >--,..i'/! G:-..:;k i ^nodical } 
ff;,,',„,. of i/i-> Jiymfr^ --l™y. Patrick 

CadV London. 1938. 
Cu'cuiK. Jjmaal testes { pei'iodicd ). 
CoicrfW Almanac * Bengal Directory 

( periodical ). 
CaloiMa fl^if H! (pfT,odical). 
Tfte WI» Mutiny. Alex. Cardew 1929^ 

Company, 1600-1858. W.H.Carey. 3 
vols., Simla, 1882. 
iMfaci 0/ General Orders <k Regions... 

on the K'noal r!,'tabtish'iienl. 1HI_. 

1S58. Duncan Campbell. J^onaon. 

Native of the Mission of George Bogle to 

Tibet. C. R. Markham. London. 187b. 

Markhain. 



«_«iajn. 

Tl-.f V-'i<i y^i-rs to! the- Omianee. 
C.P'. Close. 1926. 






Cong 



st of 



Cotton 

Crawford 
Oraivf'.ird 

Crofton, I 

C'L'i.'ftOI!.. 1 

Cnrzon 
D&M. 

DIS. 
DNB. 



:io=e. L3-v. 

Notices of the Life of Henry 'I'kiMai Cole- 
brooke. J T.E.Cdebrooke 1873. 

Father Monserrate's Mongolica Legations 
Commentary. «d. by H. Hortefc v 
Memoirs of As. Soc. of Bengal, III, No . 9 

Roll\To$ic*rs of the Corps of Boml En- 
gineers from 1060 to 1898. ed. by R. V , 
Edwards. Chatham. 1898 
Java Memoirs of the Conquest of Java. W. 
Thorn. London, 1815. 
List of JtotrfffiiMW on Tom&s mi JMolros. 

T T Oot.ton 1D05. 

History of the Indian Medical Service. 

D G Crawford. 1 vols., London, 1914. 

Journal of an Embassy to the Court of Ava, 

1827. John Crawford. 2 vols., London, 

Lisf of Inscriptions onTombs...in .the- Central 
Provinces d, Serar. 0. S.Crofton. Wag- 
pur 1932. , n . . 

/nfcrijj^nn.s on Tohi!w....;\ -('■«■ ■' />J". »«■■«■- 
O. S. Croftori, Hyderabad, Deooaii. 

Persia ' and the Persian Question. Hon. 

G N Cnrzon. 2 vols., London, 1892. 
Alphabetical List of the Officers...of iht Army 
A ftf HEIC]. 1760-1834. Dodwell & 

Miles. London. 1838. 
Bklionnrif of Indian Biography. C. Ji. 

Buckland. London, 1S06 
r>^;;<™«™ of -V"' ■'■■'■ !->^'J"--V h V- , ' li - 

Geo Smith 6M vols. ]SS5-iai>0- 

indec * £yt(onie. ed. Sidney Leo. 

T^G^ 1 ^ in ^* (M^J^). 
H W.C.Davis. The Raldgh Lcctuve 
on History ; British Academy. 1918. 



13a stern 

Navigation 
BUinbunjl: 

Gdou!>rd de 
Warren 

EfspSeyller. 



Grihblb 



Harford June- 

ll.isT lust's ■/■■; 

■BlJBBtTTQl 

Hickey 



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Hook 



Ike Delhi lie-'id'sr-'l. Lahore. 1911. 
Bandbodk of Engl'i-ii Pre-Mutiny Records... 

U.P. DouglaB Dewar, Allahabad. 

nd. (c. 1920). 
The Nabobs of Madras. H. Dodwell. 

London, 1926. 
Bombay A: Western India. Douglas. 1893. 
Selection of Papers front the Records -at the. 



ind, a Ho, 






Qdinb^h Phih^nphlrnl Journal— Eden - 

!„ ir „; .: ., -.-.-..,-Mp^o.Kca!). 

Ulnde JnffJniK r* lS4.t Edouard de 

Empire Surrey Eecisir ( periodical }, London. 

British Eno/etopaedia. I lth edn. 1915; 
Uthedn. 1929. 

A Series of Letters addressed to H.R.H. the 
Duke, of Sussex. Geo. Everest, Lon- 
don, 1839. 



Disfri 



Jlf.rira 



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,' r,f' ir Journey to the iViiWcf-s o/ !/i« 
Jumna i- Bhagirailii Rivers. As R. 
XIII, 1820(171-250). 

,>(KJ!«f ( various ). 

G'-nlleiean's Mmntzi'ie ( periodical }. 

jlccoiraf of (Ac Operations of the Gnat Tri- 
gonometrical Surrey- of India. Dehra 
Dun. 19 vols., lSrO-1910. 
4,1 Account of the Measurement of a Section- 
of Arc. Geo. Everoat. London, 1830. 






.ical pnhd. ay ASB. Calcutta 
,■ JB«nro. G.P*. GH : 



' 18*0-32. 
£#, of Sir The 
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Geodesy- J. Bowbiu Gore. London, 1891. 

Gareriiwiit Gazette. Calcutta- ( periodic! ). 
' J. D. B, Grib- 



H.B. 



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i, i sin. 

Hi'.H'oril ,Ioi. 



The Denary of ihe. _ 

Bj-ydges. London l*iS3. c nryages. 
v: 1 1 The' I'rieuie Joiirr.al of the M-e.".:--' ■ ■ ■■■;' 

Hasting-', ed. bv his dan. the M.-ir.-kio- 

ncss of Bute, "repr. from 2nd edn. 

Allahab-L<i, 1907. 
Tours through India. Tracts Historical d.- 

Statistical. 'Si. Hc-yne. 1814. 
Memoirs of William Hiekey. ed. by 

A. Spencer. 4 vols. 1749-82. 
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1758-1SU. Maj. V. C. P. Hodson. 4 

■vols. London, vol. I, 1922; vol. IV, 

1947. 



InipLibM&P. 



10 Cat. 



J.Ii.AsSoc. 

J. H. Cotton 



Kayo 

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K I ■■:■■ - ■ 



LudJ-.'-j-.na 
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Life of Sir David- Baird. Theodore Hook. 

2 vols. London, 1832. 
Political .£■ 31-ilitan/ Events in British India., 

1156-1H9. Wjb. Hough. 2 Tola, 

London. 1853. 
Imperial Gazetteer of India. 26 vols. 

Oxford, 1007-9. 
Catalogue of Map & Plans. ..liuperia 

Lihmm. Calcutta 1010. 
History & Antiquities of North Allerton 

C. J. D. Iagledi 



C.A.l 



Mulao, 



;. 190H. 



& Anjeil 



yes, Madras 

jrfKS'. and, 'Printed Reports. 

-, <fc Maps, ...at the India " 



fuUished Trad, India Oific: { occasioi 

Tmeses in C'fjifrn/ .-).s."a 6 a ifcer /r 

Oota.ft, ... ISiS-H. tr. by P. D. 1 



1872. 

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 

( periodical ). 
Journal of the Madras Literary Society 

( periodical ). 
Journal of the. Royal Astronomical Society 

( periodical ). 
Journal of the Royal Asia-tic Society, London 

(periodical). 
Mountstaarl Elphinslime. J. S. Cotton. 

Rulers of India. Scries. Oxford, 1801. 

J'tB'i Government Gazette { periodical ). 

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Life .1; Correspondence of Sir Juhn Muleihn, 

J. W. Kavs-. London, 1856. 
Kistna Di'st:ict Manual. Gordon Mack- 
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Account of Koonawur. ASex. Gerai'd. 

ed. by Geo. Lloyd. Loudon, 1341. 
bv Burke ( periodical ). 

Narrative of a Joumeu from Caunpoor to 
the Boomnd.ro Pass. Lloyd & Gerard, 
ed. Geo. Lloyd. 2 vols. 1S40 ; 2nd. edn. 
in one book. London. 1346. 
Maraud of the Malabar District. Win. 
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.06. 
of Old Madras. H. D. Love. 
v.-ilJi index. London, 1913. 
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Lug, in 






.. ISIS 



Ison 2 vols. London, 1841, 
Historical Account of Diseovt.rie.-i <fc Travels 
in Asia. Hugh Murray. 3 vols., Edin- 
burgh, 1820. 
Papers rtspe-etiiif,' Hi". Xepaid War. General 
SuiL Piujla, 1924. 



HfiFEitEisCJss to Publications 



Ni0Jiul 3 UlL 

S'ertk Area: 



Oriental Ctnb 
Oriental Ob. 
Orroh 



Prinsep 
Puissant 



liubbins 
Roy, I. 



TreiilfdcTopograpkie. Col. Louis Puissant. 

Q>fir;r.r/ii Ihri'-'r i. periodical}. 

Mnntk.it Notes of the. Royal Astronomical 

Socii !•■! ( periodical ') v. J R A S. 
Journal, of the. Hoyal Enyinecr-i ( periodical ). 
I'rcfessional Papers ■:■■/ the Royal Enqineers 

< occasional ). 
Royal Military Calendar. Sir John Phil- 

lippart. 3rd. edn. 5 vols., London, 

The. Histon, of -Jam. Stamford Baffles. 
2 vols., 1817. 

f!emin.>sceii.res of main/ Years. Lord 
Teigmuouth. 2 vols;., 'feiinburjrli, 187S. 

.1 lt;tdioor'!p}>',-:..:,l li;iirna}...ir: ih: Una of 
Bengal. John Ritchie j 1770 and 1771. 
pubd. Ales. Dalrymple. London. 2nd 

Lord Macartney. Our first Ambassador to 
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.-in Account of the mode proposed... deter niin 



I Relat\ 



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of Ore, 



of the 



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also of the. Trigl. operations carried on in 
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Serampore Letters., .of IF™. Carey and 



others. ..ISOd-U 



L. & 



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The Ganges Delta. W.S, Sherwjll. Cal. 

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Welsh 
Wilks 



Wills 



WiililLTIll, 



t, H. II. 



Window l'apers 












Mh 


















} 

L 



CHAPTEE I 



CEXKRA.L XARRATIVE 



Historical Summary, 1800-15 — Southern India; Topographical Surveys — - 
Lambton's Survey — Upper India -■■ Borti.bo.ij Rewn'ie Surreys — Conclusion. 

J HHE close of the 18th century had brought the final defeat and death of Tipu 
I Sultan, son of Haidar All, who had between them dominated the greater part 
of south India for nearly forty years, and swallowed up one small neighbour after 
another.' From the time of the spectacular .British victory at Seringapatam in 
May 1799, Mysore was hereafter wisely and peacefully governed by descendants 
of its ancient Hindu dynasty, and protected by the strong arm of British power, 
whilst, with the exception of Coorg, the bordering territories passed gradually fr> 
the regular administration of the Company. 

The unwholesome rule of the Nawab of the Carnatic was brought to an .end 
in 1801, and these thickly populated districts were freed from the worst exactions 
of the tax collectors. The Nizam of Hyderabad, who had staunchly supported the 
British challenge to the tyrant of Mysore, sealed his friendship with treaties that 
guaranteed protection against the restless Marathas. who now became the greatest 
danger to the peace of the continent. In 1795 they had attacked and defeated 
the Nizam in battle, and during the final struggle with Tipu they had shewn their 
distrust of the British by standing aside from the fight. 

The wide extension of the Company's frontiers now made them vulnerable to 
Maratha intrigue in every direction, for Maratha territories stretched from the 
frontiers of Kanara and Mysore through the western Deccan to the Jumna, and 
from Malwa through Nagpur to Orissa. It was from Bombay and Poona that 
trouble came to a head, and broke out in 1803 into a great conflagration of war, 
which, in spite of the brilliant victories of the Madras army under Arthur Wellesle\\ 
and of the Bengal army under Lake, dragged on into 1808, when hostilities were' 
brought to a close under peremptory orders from England. 

By the end of this weary struggle the Company's territories in the north had 
extended to include the whole of Orissa, a considerable part of Bundelkhand, the 
districts of the uppeY Ganges-Jumna daab northward to Saharanpur, and the 
districts beyond the Jumna from Agra to Kama] and Hissar. In the west, the 
rich districts of Gujarat were added to the Company's narrow territories of Bombay, 
Salsette, and Surat. Geographical knowledge of these extensive areas w-as as yet 
vague, but surveyors either accompanied or followed closely behind the armies 
and regular surveys were put in hand as soon as possible, though often cramped 
by military precautions. 

Between 1808 and 1810 the scare of Napoleon's threat to invade India led to 
several political missions beyond the western frontiers, and drew surveyors to Sind 
and Persia, Peshawar and Lahore, whilst a treaty with Ran jit Singh extended the 
Company's control westward to the Sutlej. 

Along the northern frontier which followed the foot of the Himalaya Mountains 
continued encroachments into the Company's districts brought on war with Nepal 
at the end of 1814, and as a result of the peace treaty signed early in 1816 a new 
frontier line was defined, which the Gurkhas have loyally respected to this day. 
The Company- surrendered most of the tarai lands coveted' bv Nenii 1, but gained in 
exehange the Himalayan districts King between the Kali and the Hutlej the regular 
survey of which was started by Hodgson in 1815. 



' 



;2 General Nakrative 

Southern India ; Topo&eaphical Surveys 

In contrast to the surveys of Upper India, those of the south proceeded smoothly 
under peaceful conditions" but, before the appointment of Goto Mackenzie as 
Surveyor General at the end of 1810, there was no single authority to direct them. 
Mackenzie had direct charge of the topographical surveys of Mysore and the Ceded 
Districts. The Revenue Board controlled the district surveys which were under 
the professional charge of the Inspector of Revenue Surveys, or of the Superinten- 
dent of Tank Repairs. The Quartering tor General held charge of various military 
surveys, including those of the Military Institution, and William Lambton conduc- 
ted his General, or Trigonometrical, survey quite independently. 

4fter the overthrow of Tipu in 1799, Mackenzie was given charge of the survey 
of Mysore and Kanara, and commencing in 1800 he completed the field work by the 
■■middle of lftOT and the maps and memoirs twelve months later. He started with 
: three European assistants but, the last being withdrawn in 1806, lie was thereafter 
•left with country-born lads from the observatory surveying school. In 1809 six 

■ of these young surveyors were sent up to survey the Ceded Districts of Be 11a ry, 
.-■Anantapur, Kurnool,- and Cuddapah, and completed them in 1814. 

.Both these surveys were carried through on a regular system carefully thought 
'out- and tested bv Mackenzie. Base-lines were measured at suitable intervals, 
and the whole country covered with triangulation. Detail was filled in by theo- 
dolite bearings and traverses, and protracted on either the one-inch or: half-inch 
scale, particular attention being paid to administrative boundaries and villages. 
^ Comprehensive statistical memoirs on the resources of the country were compiled for 

■ each district. 

-Though Mackenzie himself took a large share in the boundary survey and mam 
•triangulation of Mysore, and personally supervised the compilation of . the maps 
:.and memoirs, he took no active share in the survey of the Ceded Districts, though 
by the agency of a number of intelligent Indian interpreters he made a collection 

■ -of historical and archaeological records which he afterwards extended to other parts 
of India and- Java, and which is; almost better known than his surveys. 

The district surveys were carried out by country -bred Assistant Revenue 
Surveyors, trained at the surveying school which Michael Topping founded in 
1794. The boys were sent out, genorally in pairs, to work under the immediate 
. orders of the collectors of districts, first making a general topographical survey, 
. and then surveying the tanks, watercourses and cultivated areas. The Company's 
Astronomer combined the duties of Superintendent of the Surveying School and 
'Inspector of Revenue Surveys, offices held by John Goldingham until he went on 
furlough in 1805, and then by John Warren until 1810 when all these district 
surveys passed to the control of the Surveyor General. As the average age of these 
; boys when they were first sent out to the districts^was about fifteen years, it is not 
surprising that much of their early work was of very poor quality, but as time 
-went on, and as Lambton's triangulation became available, their work steadily 
improved. 

The Military Institution was founded at the end of 1804 by Lord William 
Beutinck, then" Governor of Madras, for the education of selected military cadets 
■in -mathematics, drawing, survey, and military fortification, It was placed under 
'Anthony Troyer. formerly an officer of the Austrian army, a member of Bentinek s 
staff, who had learnt the use of the plane-table at the military academy near Vienna, 
and now introduced it to the Madras Army. The students of the Institution spent 
several months each year on field survey, triangulating and planetabling a fresh 
; area every year. By 1816, when -the Institution was closed down, they had com- 
pleted nearly 15,000 square miles, covering the greater part, of North and South 
-Arcot, and Chitfcoor. In 1810 Gariing, one of the most successful of the students, 
took a party across to survey the Portuguese territories of Goa and, when all the 
military officers were withdrawn, he completed the survey and extended it to 
North Kanara with the help of assistant surveyors transferred from the district 



Southern India; Topographical Surveys 3' 

surveys._ Lambkin thought so highly of Garling's triangulation that he embodied 
it into his general trigonometrical survey. 

During various military expeditions route surveys had been carried on some 
of them by the Corps of Guides. In 1806 this corps was merged into the Quarter- 
master-General's department, and at the same time the Quartermaster-General 
was given control of aU maps and surreys other than the district surveys and those 
under Mackenzie and Lambton. The most imp on. ant of t&ese military surveys 
were those of Travaneore and the Nizam's Dominions ; in each case supervision 
was entrusted to the &ngfei£8E officer in addition to his other duties, and he was 
given assistant surveyors from the Military Institution. Work proceeded in a 
sketchy and fragmentary manner, till all military officers were recalled to then- 
units early in 1811. 

The Madras Army was much shaken by the officers' mutiny of 1809 and in 1810' 
General Hewett, Commander-in-Chief of Bengal, was brought down to reorganize 
the army and its staff. On his recommendation. Mackenzie was appointed Surveyor 
General of Madras from 1st December 1810, and given control of all surveys except 
that of Lambton, those under the Tank- Department, and purely military surveys, 
required by the army. In April 1S11 he was called away to be Chief Engineer on 
the Java expedition, and William Morison, Commissary General acted for him 
Mackenzie did not resume his duties at Madras till 1815 and, being then appointed 
Surveyor General of India, he remained at Madras for the next two years making 
a complete reorganization of the survey department before moving to Calcutta 



Lambton's Survey 

At the end of November 1799, after Mackenzie had received orders for his 
detailed survey of Mysore, William Lambton, of His Majesty's 33rd Foot who had 
only reached India two years earlier, put forward proposals for a " Mathematical 
and Geographical Survey" that should extend right across the peninsula from sea 
to sea. It was to serve as foundation for a general survey of the whole country 
and, being controlled by astronomical observations and carried out on scientific 
principles, it was to be capable of extension in any direction and to any distance 
These proposals were warmly supported by Arthur Welleslev under whom Lambton 
was then serving, and also :>y Mackenzie. 

Government approval was given in February 1800 and, after the purchase of 
instruments from Dr. Dinwiidie in Calcutta and the ordering of others from England 
Lambton set out for Mysore in September. He measured a base-line near Bangalore' 
and during the next 18 months carried out a preliminary triangulation of Mysore 
which, though connecting at many points with "Mackenzie's work, came too late to 
be of practical value except as check and confirmation, and, in fact, was superseded 
two years later. 

Returning to Madras early in 1802, Lambton measured a base-line at St 
Thomas' Mount as a start both for his triangles north and south through the 
Carnatic, and also for his east and west scries aeross the peninsula This base line 
carried out during April and May 1802, was the first operation „f hh general trieo- 
nometrical survey. b 

His great 36-inch theodolite, and other instruments, arrived from England in 
time for him to start, triangulation at the end of September and, joined now by 
Warren as assistant, he completed a meridional arc from Cuddalore to Madras and 
by observations of latitude at both ends obtained a value for the length of a degree 
that was essential for his scientific work. 

Twelve months later, having secured the services of Kater as second assistant 
he set out westwards across Mysore and brought his triangles to the Malabar coast 
: i -05, a new base-line being measured by Warren near Bangalore. During 1805-6 

1 through Bangalore that 



! observed the first section of the great meridional 



4 General Narrative 

was WM.to.lly to stretch up the centre of India from Capo Comorin to the Himalaya 
""wE Lambton kept the main triangle, and agronomical observation, in his 
own hands Warren and Kater reconnoitred the country m advance, and extended 
secondary triangnlation along the Santa, fixing prcurnnent points and sketchmg 
n the main features of the country Both these officers had, however, wrthdrawn 
Som the Srvey Sri L.nibtor, returned to Madras, and in 1807, when he started 
on his survmto the south, he took four officers from the M.htary Institution who 
on '™ s "™y ,,™ ' , •„■■■ ,,f the South Peninsula by lines of secondary 
tSSe: ; fined inStXork of minor triangles and the main features of the 

° OU T^bton himself extended his main triangles down the coast from Cuddalore to 
, ta ™,S, ^line which ho measured at T.njore, and in 1808 he extended 

Teto and dutg Tslt? spent molt of the year at Pondicherry, working on Ins 

'^t^ZStS^iSS^SSS^^t extend the ,-t arc nort^ 
tarty m «" »= , f , ; , mlit arv assistants. Ho halted at 

?"t to mc^L a nefha™e fine and take astronoMcal observation, whilst Eiddell 
Gooty to » asure an ^ ^ main ^ B(Mth of p „ al , el 

1 B° eastwards ™hfsca ano another series southwards through Nellore to connect 
with "S that" Garling had brought up from Madras. Lambton himself moved 
XL to Ma»Kpatam and measured a base-line and took the necessary observa- 
rST neaf the month of the Guntur, and then spent some months over eomputa- 
t ons 3 reporte At the end of 1811 he lost the last of his m.htary officers, and 
w^H tSfhe must manage with Ins to .£££*™^*E* 
SEfSfiTK :Sttw°» giS^orand earlier fkangnlation in 

in m?De PennSg started triangnlation down to the west coast, closing on a tog. 

SSSdcal observations. 1= March 1815 he then moved mto Hyderabad to 

"BrtweTlSz and 1815 Lambton had covered the whole peninsula south of the 
Between ™" . . u j m „ tll( , \\ ,,, v vn Ghats, with a net- 

w^w'triange ^SS ^ ^inTro^erts. L had fixed the geographical 
posSion rfsTvcra thousand prominent points, and had compiled a general map of 
tS scTthern peninsula, south of Mysore. He had observed an arc of the meridian 
statS ftom Cape Comorin to parallel 1S°, the longest geodetic arc ever measured 
sc ckS to the equator ; he had computed his results, and published them with such 
.Sanations ana discussions that proclaimed to the whole scientific world *£, . 
survey was proceeding in India that would yield goodetro results of the very h.ghe.t 
importance to science. 

Uppeb India 

Thanks to Bennell'. survey, of the Company's settled districts there was so 
Kttlo call for new surveys in Bengal and Bihar that the Surveyor General's small 
staff of regular assistants at Calcutta had been diverted to other work, and m 1801 
wafaboShed altogether. The Surveyor General, Kobert Colebrooke, was occupied 
taX familiar task of compiling a new map of India, and m producing manuscript 



Upper India 5 

copies of any particular area that might be called for ; he had one officer surveying 
the immediate neighbourhood of Calcutta for police purposes, and another surveying 
the eastern .Sundarbans ou behalf n!.' th" .-alt department. 

At the end of 1801 the new settlement with Oudh, under which Rohilkhand, 
Gorakhpur, and other districts, were surrendered to the Company in return for 
military protection, entailed a survey of new boundaries; before this was com- 
pleted the whole energies of the Presidency were diverted to the war against the 
Marathas. Till the close of the war in 1806, the Surveyor General was loft, single- 
handed, except for a few draughtsmen, to cope with the constant demand for maps 
of the fighting areas, and the stream of route surveys which flowed into the office, 
mostly from inexperienced regimental officers attracted by the nionth.lv survey 
allowance. 

Amongst the useful surveyors of the war was James Blunt, who had won renown 
by his survey from Chunar to Rajahmundry in 1795, and, as engineer with. 
Harcourt's force in Orissa., now produced a valuable map of Cut tack district. New- 
comers included Frederick Sackville who did good work in Bundelkhand between 
1805 and 1809, and Francis White, whose work round Delhi and to the west broke 
entirely new ground. In 1806 both 8aekville and White were appointed to full survey 
allowances under Ihe professional orders of the Surveyor General and 'the local 
control of the civil commissioners. Further afield, Lloyd and Tod. with Residents' 
escorts at Nagpur.and with Sindhia. were both encouraged to collect all the geogra- 
phical information they could. 

The enormous expense of the war had crippled the finances of the Company ■ 
the pay of the army was five months in arrears : and it is no wonder that the marine 
survey of the Orissa coast had to be closed down, and that Government was loth to 
appoint other surveyors. The only way that Colebrooke could get Rohilkhand 
surveyed was by obtaining Government permission to go up country and take the 
field himself, which he did in 1807. He started by surveying, as far as his boats 
could reach, the great rivers of Oudh and Gorakhpur, the Gogra, the Sarju, and the 
Rapti. He then went up the Ganges to Cawnpore where he left his boats, and 
proceeded by land through Lucknow to Bareilly, whence he worked up to the gorge 
where the Sarju breaks out of the. mountains, and then on through Rohilkhand to 
Meerat and Delhi, which he reached in March 1808. 

He had long cherished a, scheme for exploring the Ganges above Hardwar, but 
his health broke down, and it fell to Webb, commanding his escort, who' had 
already proved himself a capable surveyor, to carry out this expedition. Webh 
led a small party up the Bhagfratbi to within a few marchers of Oangotri, but was 
prevented from proceeding further by the difficult nature of the road, though an 
Indian mumlti of his party succeeded in pushing on to some three miles beyond 
the sacred source. Webb then aweended the Alaknanda, reached the temple of Badrl- 
nath, but on his return was arrested by the Nepalese, and had the greatest difficulty 
in getting his party safely back to join Colebrooke at Bareilly on June 30th\ 
Colebrooke was now very ill, and set out for Calcutta by river, but his strength 
was rapidly slipping away, and he died when his boats reached Bhagalpur. 

Garstin succeeded as Surveyor General, and more money gradually became 
available for survey of the Company's new territories and long frontiers. Webb 
was appointed to survey Oudh and Gorakhpur, but early in 1812 had to take leave 
to England on medical certificate. Early in 1813 a 'special commissioner was 
appointed to investigate encroachments by the Nepalese into British lands along 
the northern frontiers, and at his request i'ickcrsgill was appointed to survey the 
disputed areas. PickersgilTs party had many exciting adventurer and narrowly 
escaped being cut up by Nepalese gangs on more than one occasion. He continued 
survey till the close of the war in 1816. and distinguished himself for leadership 
and enterprise. 

By 1809 Saekville had completed the survey of as much of Bundelkhand a* 
political considerations would allow, and was then brought- down to survey Orissa 
or rather the area covered by Balasore, Cuttack. and Puri, for he was not expected 



( ti; nigral N.\iu:ative 



to enter the hills. Opportunity was taken to attach several young engineer officers 
to him for training. After completing the survey in 1812 he took over construc- 
tion of the road to Puri, the location of which bad indeed been one the main 
objects of the survey. 

Early in 1812, in response to a military demand for maps of the southern 
frontiers of Chota Nagpur and Mirzapur to provide against possible incursions by 
restless pinddri marauders, the Surveyor General obtained the appointment of 
Smyth and Crawford, each of whom was allowed an assistant. Both were called 
away during 1813, and their places taken by Raper and Robert Smith, who in 
their turn were withdrawn at the outbreak of the Sepal war. 

After the withdrawal of Sackville from Etmdelkhand, William Morrieson was 
employed for a short time on the survey of Colonel Martindell's marches, and in 
1813 the Commander-in-Chief asked for a regular survey of the southern borders 
which James Franklin took more than five years to complete. 

In 1811 White, whose survey of the Sikh country had been suspended since an 
assault by Sikh marauders near Bhatinda, was appointed to survey the upper 
dodb from Eatehgarh to Meerut and Saharanpur. On his withdrawal on account 
of ill-health, the work was taken over by Hodgson, a most enthusiastic and cap- 
able surveyor, who took his survey into the Dehra Dun and surrounding foot-hills, 
which were still under Gurkha occupation. 

Hodgson was then called down to Calcutta to prepare for an extensive survey 
from Hardwar to Bengal with the special object of sketching in the mountains and 
their rivers, and fixing the exact positions of the snowy peaks visible from the plains. 
Crawford, who succeeded as Surveyor General early in 181.'!. had first observed peaks 
of the Himalayan range when with the mission to Nepal in 1801-2, and had 
continued his observations during a survey from Bihar to Rohilkhand in 1804-5. 
Colebrooke, the Surveyor General, had been intensely interested in the height 
of these peaks, and both he and Webb had taken observations during their 
surveys of 1807-8. Webb, and then Blake, had taken more observations from 
the plains of Gorakhpur, and Henry Colebrooke, the civilian, wrote up an interesting 
paper on the subject, that was published in Asiatic Researches and attracted much 
attention in England. The outbreak of the Nepal war prevented Hodgson's 
survey from being carried out, and he was attached to the Dinapore column on 
the Nepal frontier without, however, having much opportunity of useful survey. 
At the close of the war he was appointed to survey the Himalayan districts of 
Sirmur and Garhwal that had been released from the Gurkhas. 

The most important survey in Lower Bengal was that of the Sundarbana by 
the Morrieson brothers between 1811 and 1814. The major creeks and the sea-face 
had been surveyed some 40 years before by John Ritchie, and the, area towards the 
Meghna and across to the Chittagong coast by Thomas Robertson during 1802-4. 
In 1811 William Morrieson was deputed to survey the area between the Hooghly 
and Raymangal rivers, where the villagers had cleared wide stretches of jungle 
and had extended cultivation for which they paid no revenues ; the creeks, moreover, 
gave shelter to smugglers and dacoits. Morrieson was joined by his brother Hugh 
in 1813, and was himself called away to other duty the following year. The survey 
was suspended by the Nepal war, but taken up again later by Hugh Morrieson. 
In contrast to the Madras surveys of this period, it may he noticed that there 
regular plan of survey ' operations in Bengal. They were taken up 
s the need Tor any particular area- became necessary. As a rule it 
was considered sufficient to send a single surveyor to each task, though occasionally 
he was given an assistant who was often completely untrained. When a surveyor 
went sick, or was called away to other duties, the survey was either completely 
abandoned, or another surveyor had to be found. There was no co-ordination 
between the different surveyors, and no regular junction between their work, though 
copies of earlier surveys were sometimes provided. Each area was surveyed as a 
separate entity, and was incorporated into the general map after reaching the 
Surveyor General's office. 



Upper India i 

The normal method of survey was by theodolite traverse, though in hilly areas 
the more experienced surveyors strengthened their work by bearings to distant 
points. Crawford had observed a few triangles whilst in Nepal to assist his obser- 
vations of the snowy peaks, bill the only other attempt at regular triangulation was- 
hy Franklin in Buudelkhand, and even then he sent in no chart or computations, 
and was probably content with a graphic protraction. It was only in the southern 
peninsula, thai; trianguilation had been found generally practicable. 



Charles Reynolds continued as Surveyor General, Bombay, till his retirement 
in 1807, and was wholly occupied with the completion of his great map for which, 
during the last five or six years, ho had three officers to assist h im. The revision and 
extension of this map was continued by his successor Williams for many years after 

The first important field survey to be undertaken was that of the frontiers of" 
Gujarat, which was urged by John Malcolm as a precaution against possible invasion 
by Napoleon. Williams and three other officers spent the greater part of 1809 and 
1810 in surveying and compiling a respectable map. They were not allowed into 
Cutch, and the greater part of Kathiawar had been surveyed during military expe- 
ditions of 1807-9. Their survey was brought to an earlv close by the passing of the 
scare, and by the extreme reluctance of the Bombay Government to spend a rupee 
more than was necessary. ' 

Malcolm's chief responsibility was to conduct a mission of friendship and 
exploration to Persia, in pursuit of which he despatched a number of intrepid young 
officers on various hazardous journeys. Grant had an adventurous time in Makran 
whilst Christie and Pot linger travelled further north through Seistan and Herat- 
all in disguise. Later on, Grant and Fotheringham were murdered hv Kurd tribes- 
men in the hills between Iraq and Persia. 

Malcolm himself started from Bombay in January 1810, but had been preceded 
by Harford Jones, sent out from England, with whose mission went James 
Sutherland, the Surveyor General's senior assistant. Sutherland spent nearly 
two years in Persia, and carried out a lot of useful survey without having to make 
any effort at concealment. 

For the next sixty years the maps of Baluchistan and Persia rested entirely on 
the work of these few surveyors. 

Revenue Surveys 

An account was given in our first volume of the attempts made in Bengal to 
use indigenous methods for land measurement and assessment of revenues, and 
of the decision made in 1793 to accept the assessment of that period as permanent 
for all time. It was pointed out that difficulties followed from the lack of precise 
knowledge of the exact areas covered by this permanent settlement, and 
provision had to be made for the assessment, of waste lands newly reclaimed.' This 
problem became particularly important, in the Sunda.rbans and, after Morrieson had 
made some progress in his general survey, it was arranged in 1814 to start a 
detailed survey for revenue purposes under the control of the civil authorities. 

There was much discussion as to whether to introduce a permanent settlement 
into the upper provinces which had been acquired, some by cession from Oudh, and 
some by conquest from the Marathas. It was successfully argued that the know- 
ledge of revenue conditions in those provinces was utterly inadequate to form any 
basis for such settlement, and local officers were left to make such short-term settle- 
ments as appeared suitable. The first attempt at professional survey" was made in 
the upper dodlh where- Gerard was employed from 1814 in making a detailed 
survey of the cultivated lands of Sabaranpur. 



Ok-nekal Narrative 



In Madras the first tendency was to form a permanent, settlement with the 
leading zainmdars, though in many areas there were no such landholders to deal 
with. Alexander .Read had already shewn in Salem and Ba.ra.nialia.i what successful 
results could be obtained by a detailed settlement made direct with the ryots for a 
period of years, the measurement., of the fields being carried out by amlns, working 
tinder Indian supervisors and European revenue officers. 

Thomas Munro, who had been one of .Read's assistants, carried this system still 
further during his charge of the Ceded Districts between 1801 and 1807. His survey 
and settlement was a masterpiece of organization, and the regulations which he 
drew up long remained the standard guide for Madras revenue surveys, and were 
eventually introduced into Bombay with but little change. 

It was on the Bombay side that (.ho first successful revenue surveys were carried 
out by European methods. In 1810 a survey of fruit, plantations was put in hand, 
which was taken over in 1812 by Dickinson as Revenue Surveyor. During the 
next eight years he completed an accurate land survey of the whole of Bombay and 
Salsette islands. Besides the exact measurements, some of which was carried out 
by Indian measurers, Dickinson and his assistant. s, all military officers, compiled a 
complete register of land tenures, and a classification and valuation of crops. His 
survey was based on sound triangulafion and traverse, and his maps and records 
remained the standard authority for very many years. 

In 1810 the Directors asked for a complete revenue survey of Broach District. 
An experimental survey of one village; was first aiado by Williams in 1811, and he 
and the Collector were then commissioned to continue the survey over the whole 
district, which they completed with military and civil assistants early in 1816. 
The final records, besides showing ail topographical features, contained plans of the 
lands and boundaries of every village, with the position and measurement of every 
field and full particulars of every land-holder. 



Conclusion 

We have now followed the surveys of India through another stage. In our 
first volume we began by sketching the early efforts of navigators, travellers, 
and missionaries, up to the start of surveys of precision, which began in 1761 with 
Plaisted's survey of the coasts of Chittagong and Cameron's survey of the Twenty- ' 
four Parganas. Then followed Rcnnell's appointment, first in 1764 to survey the 
Ganges River, then in 1765 to survey the whole of Bengal and finally in 1767 to be 
Surveyor General of Bengal. We watched hiiu complete his great survey of Bengal 
and Bihar, and then return to England to compile his Map of Tlindoostan. 

We have seen one Surveyor Central follow another in Bengal, and the enterprise 
and devotion of the surveyors of the three Presidencies, eagerly pushing into the 
unknown ulterior, gathering all the geographical knowledge they could ; some urged 
by the spirit of adventure and zeal for investigating the unknown, a few with a 
feeling for order and precision. We have followed the unwearied efforts of Reynolds, 
the pioneer explorer of the Maratha country, labouring for year* at a map which was 
never published. There was the succession of devoted men hi Madras ; Robert 
Kelly with his orderly series of degree sheets ; Michael Topping, founder of the 
Madras observatory and surveying school, and first advocate of a continuous series of 
triangles that should spread " th rough out India " ; and now Colin Mackenzie, with 
his disciplined mind., striving after a uniform system of survey that should furnish 
maps and statistics to meet the needs of both soldier and civilian. 

We have seen the baffling problem of laud revenue survey made the subject of 
futile experiments in Bengal, but brought to a practical solution in Madras by Read 
and Munro, by a system which proved in the long run. to be subject to human 
frailty, and entirely dependent on the standard of supervision. We have seen, on 
the other hand, the excellent results of detailed land survey carried out in Bombay 



Conclusion 9 

under a staff of European officers, burdened, however, with the fatal defect of 

enormous expense. 

In all these surveys the only signs of co-ordinated action appear in Bennett's 
survey of Bengal, Mackenzie's topographical surveys, and the surveys of the Military 
Institution m Madras. For the rest, we find no scheme ever put into action for a 
continuous progressive survey of the whole country, till we turn to Lambton 
Surveys were put in hand, either to meet some urgent call, or as ancillary to some 
political or military expedition. No Presidency was Interested in making a single 
planforco-ordliial.uigt.lR^eatl-.oredsiirvev-ftorsohugea^iofitinentasTudia ° Reuben 
Burrow's astronomical survey was the only effort made in this direction during the 
18th century, but though originally intended to include the whole coast-line of 
India, it only ran through the Ganges valley and up the Brahmaputra to the 
Assam, frontier. 

The debt that Indian geography owes to William Lambton can hardly be 
adequately expressed, for without him it is difficult to see how the boon of a 
great trigonometrical survey would have reached India. Officers of the East 
India Company's service, who came to India before they were twenty years of age 
were hardly likely to have had the necessary knowledge and training, let alone the 
conviction and force of purpose, to cany through so great an innovation The 
presence in India of a man of Lambton's genius anil character, knowledge of 
mathematics, and interest in geodesy, was entirely fortuitous. So also was his 
service in Mysore with the Grand Army, which impressed on him the vastness of 
an area that was practically unknown to geography, and the futility of trying 
to survey it without the aid of geodetic science. Though he was fortunate to find 
men of position, Arthur Wellesley, William Petrie, and Andrew Scott who could 
appreciate his purpose, it was Ins own mastery of the subject, and the ability with 
which he earned it. into execution and discussed its results, that convinced the 
Governments, both of Madras and Fort William, and also the Directors in 
London, that his plan was essential for the correct survey and mapping of India 
Lambton was geographer as well as geodesist, and from the commencement of 
his work tried to combine his geodetic work with a general survey of the country 
Right up to 1818, when his survey was first official] y designated the Great Trigono- 
metrical Survey of India, he was oftloiailv addressed, and always signed himself 
as "on General Survey". ' ' 

And now to close this stage in our narrative we come to the decision made 
by the Directors that it was wasteful to maintain three separate and independent 
Surveyor Generals, each with his own department. Mackenzie was appointed 
Surveyor General of India from 1st May 1815, with the special task of controlling 
the surveys of all three presidencies, and compiling all the general maps that 
might bo required, but without authority over Lambton's survey. 

As it turned out, the change did not at once produce the good results that were 
anticipated, though it certainly effected some economy of expenditure Whilst 
surveys of the south peninsula progressed in an. orderly manner on the secure founda- 
tion of Lambton's survey, those of Upper India continued to be spasmodic and 
disconnected until the Creai Trigonometrical Survev was brouglit to the Himalaya 
Mountains by the labour a.iid genius of George Everest. 



CHAPTER. II 



BENGAL & ORISSA 



1801-4 ■ - The Ruv.dari.iari.::. 
passage, 1801-12 



Marina Survey*.. 180-2-5 — Calcutta to CM 
1811—5 — Calcutta — District Survey*, 1812-5 
— The Ganges Highway, 1801-7 — Orissa, 1803-13. 

WE closed the narrative of the Bengal surveys of the 18th century with an 
account of Upjohn's survey of the Chittagong coast, and Government's 
orders that further surveys required by the Marine Board should receive 
special authority [ I, 65^ ]* 

The Surveyor General was at this time equally responsible for murine as for land 
surveys, andi'u I.K02 was collecting coastal charts of ■'Cambodia and Cochin China" 
and other eastern lands, making copies for Government and the Directors, and 
asking that they should be engraved in England 1 . He further suggested 
that a survey of the Coasts of Araean, Pegu, MMitaban, and M.eniui, with tin: Inlands bordering 
thereon, might, easily be perferaawl ia the fair season by means of the two Gun Vessels at 
present stationed on the Coast of Chittagong. ... 

Should Government approve, ... T would. ..recoinmen.il that; the Survey be ordered to com- 
mence about the middle of October; that art officer properly qualiiied for the service be 
ti.ppoint.ofl to perform it, and that two European Ass.istaiit.-fi he ordered t,o attend him 2 . 

His proposal was approved and, not being able to secure the services of McCarthy 
who had assisted Upjohn [1,65,394], he recommended another sailor, Robert 
Knox ; 

I have examined Mr. Knox respecting bis ability to undertake tin: Survey of the Coast of 
Aracan, and... I think him sufficiently qualified to be employed upon that, or any other, Marine 
Survey. As however he is hitherto totally unprovidod with the necessary Instruments and 
Books, and the Season proper for performing a Survey so extensive., .would be far advanced 
before the vessels could be ready for sea, ... it might be expedient for the present to employ 
Mr. Knox in surveying the Outlets of the Ganges and Sand orb uiids, in which &lso...Siiri- 
deepa 3 , hitherto but imperfectly known, might be included, and to defer that of the Aracan 
Coasl until next year. ... 

Such a survey would lit; usel'm towards coinplelie." that winch bas been already ordered of 
the Svrnderbunds ant I Salt Agency .Districts [ 13 ], as it could otherwise hardly he expected 
that a single Engineer Officer would be able to finish a work- so extensive, and upon such a 
scale, as would render it sufficiently minute a.nd descriptive under a period of several years. ... 

I take the liberty of proposing Mr. A. McKay, who is well grounded in Mathematical 
knowledge, and Mr. Chas. Geo. Nicholls, an expert Draftsman, to accompany Mr. Knox as 
Assistants, ... and 1 further beg leave to suggest the under mentioned salaries ; ... Mr. Krtc-3, 
S. Ks. 350 ; Mr. McKay, 250 : Mr. Xicholls, 200. 

A further sum of about one thousand Rupees may be necessary for the purchase of three 
sextants, and other Instruments as are not procurable from the Marine or Military stores 1 . 

Early in January 1803. Knox set out in command of "the Honorable Com- 
pany's Gun Vessel Scourge'' to survey the islands at the mouth of the Ganges 5 ,- and 
the Surveyor General heard from him two months later, reporting 
the success of the expedition this far, and stating that he supposed it would require about 
fifteen weeks to finish the Survey. ... 

Mr. Jeremiah McCarthy, who formedy assisted the late Mr. I pjolin in surveying the Coast 
of Chittagong, is returned to the Presidency. Being desirous of engaging once more in that Line 

iDDn 67 1100) -'.9-3-02, etc. *ib. ( 110 ). 30-5-02; marine ehnrts. MEK.I. folios 100-f.. =Sand- 
wip. TSX/fi. ' *il>. (15,-.). 13-11-02. spabks.DDii.4S ft 77; chart, MEIO. 101(7). 



COAST OF ORISSA 




«- ' '-4 



• ' 



4h-- ■ .:■■■ 



v ^ *■ -■■ ,"7>-'r- .-■"'■.- . "'.■ ■ ..'V- 




i^ 



' -*-*-^* 






:^f^ "$ 






«/ J J 




V 


■-■«*■" ■'■■■■■■■/ ~ : 'v 

. \ 


V'- 





Marine Sttbveys 



11 



o protect him from 

ever been determined but by. 
re accurate ascertainment of 
. The season is now favour.-, 
e supplied with a Telescope 
s of the Satellites of Jupiter 



the Natives of thai Coast woo are extremely savage 

With respect to the Longitude of Point Palmyras it having n 
Lunar Observations Ulcer) at. a distance from the shore the mo 
it by Eclipses of Jupiter's SatelEfea would be very desirable 3 
able for making these Observations, ar,d...Mr. lUoCarthy could \ 
from this Olhce (or that, purpose. As ™,T^po,,,.k,ni: oi;,,,.,,,.;,,,,, „ f .7 „ 

oec.p.tion of Orisaa [ 23 ], it was Lggested S C2d K,t '' " ft8r **" 

would ™ be very useful » olplorins lfl , w „, m * "« 

Jnggomattf, and aur.eytog Pol», Palmyr.s„..nd a, Momta „ f SlSSSto^?. ~ 

■ss&saKKsr off to Mmo ™ to tK ° *-« wMst k °« « d 

Mr. McCarthy is tha oldest Surveyor, but Mr Knox was the fi™t , a ^ , , 
m»d of a Guar Boa.. Tb.y „e both « present «aSlyTn a p" Jh "'Tf S* C ™- 
having eaob the Command of one of Hie Gun Vessel." P P * y ' * nd 

ofCorZtt^oS^etr^^riir^V'r t** «»' «» *-*» 
W.llesl.y [ in favo" of Knox]" ^ "* '<« 0th »'. h «= b~> decid.d by Lord 

McCarthy now visited Point Palmyras, made a survey observed its lontdtud 
^tdSSySSn i^T- ~" --- ,1' "St; 

servo as mi Harbour for largo Shirs [I ioi '11 iz j g hereafter 

objeo, „„w, .„ ..pta if, iforta, and W«t=rn Shore,, a, web L tbe nurne,™! ^TS.-"t 






1 u'lf 1 '- " Html had „otl. 

^..^,. E/M ,,,th.„„athU aaal™ano I d'l; 3lr .. i a . 



it Kittiae 3 proposals for saea a lighthouse 



]2 Bengal & Orissa 

Knox followed later and reported on December i 3th that 
the Tiger,, with two Store vessels, arrival safe in Ivannaka 11 Lver 1 on the 1st ius-t., and proceeded 
up it about 30 miles, wliere all the stores was delivered... to proceed to Cuttaek. Tho Kannaka 
Rajah is very mni'li displeased at our passage through his Dominions ; the maimer and hostile 
appearance of the Natives is quite diiiereni:- since last May a . 

Whilst survey was being extended southwards towards the Chilka Lake after 
the monsoon of 1805, it was closed down as a measure of retrenchment [ 5, 112 ] ; 
the surveyors were diseharged, except McCarthy who was sent to Prince of Wales 
Island to survey PoTisitie Harbour 3 . The : gun vessels' were " delivered over to the 
Master Attendant to be laid up 4 " and the Surveyor General records that, 
the Marine Surveys having been discontinued by order of Government, a few of the lower- 
branches of the Main-muddy, and the Chilka. Lake, remain yet to be explored, but these may bo 
surveyed at any future period as conveniently by an Engineer officer, by land or in boats, as 
they could have been done by the Marine Surveyors 6 . 
A survey of the lake was made by Charles Weston 6 in 1812. 

In addition to Knox's Held books 7 , there- are still preserved at Calcutta a number 
of charts by him and McCarthy, mostly on scales of one or four inches to amile 8 ; 
[pi. 4] the scale of Ritchie's surveys had been 12 inches to a degree, or 5 miles to 
an inch [ T, 16-7, 224]. There is also preserved a large scale survey of the Sand- 
heads at the mouth of the Hooghly hy McCarthy 8 , which ten years later was 
" from the alterations in the Channels... of no use, except as a curious record " 10 . 

Surveys of the Hooghly were normally carried out by tho pilots : 

A .Survey of the "River Hooghly, from Calcutta to the Heads, is ramie twice a year by one 
of the Master Attendant's Deputies, and three ov four of the Branch Pilots, and Mr-. Wade, one 
of the Branch Pilots, has Lately made a very particular Survey of the River". ... 

So plan, however accural. civ taken, of tin- Navigation in and about the entrance of this 
River, should !>(: depended upon for any period, by reason of the very frequent alterations in 
the various Channels and. i,he SamJs shifting 12 . 

For his surveys of 1798 [I, 51] Wade was given a reward of Bs. 3,000, 
whereas for those of 1801 and 1802 he received Hts. 2,000 only; "the plans now 
presented being a work of less labour and skill than the set of Charts before 
submitted " 13 . 

In 1809 a marine survey department was established in Bengal with John 
Wales as Marine Surveyor [ 296 ]. 

Calcutta to Chittagong, 1801-4 

On the death of Upjohn in 1800, the only survey left in progress was that of 
Thomas Wood with the army in Oudh [ I, 5S ]. It was not long, however, before 
fresh demands came hi, and at. the end of the year the Surveyor General submitted 

a Map of the Country round Calcutta-, winch I .have prepared for the use off-he Superintendent 
General of Police [ 5, 368 ] 14 . I lament that the Materials which I employed for this purpose 
have not enabled ivie to render the- Map mure complete ; and... as the Country round Calcutta, 
particularly to the Eastward. & Westward, docs not appear from any Plans in this Office 
to have ever been very minutely surveyed, a. new Topographical Survey of such parts as are 
least, known might enable juo to furnish a more ample and. perfect 10:151 for the use of the Chief 
Magistrate of Police, or any other pat pose lor which Government might want it. Such a 
Survey could be performed in short excursions from the Presidency by any Officer properly 



He was given George Fleming, of the Engineers, and gave him detailed 
directions [ 199 ] ; 

■ or-BralraiamR. ! BPC. 3-1-05 ( 12 ). *ib. 13-3-06 ( 14 ). Mb. 6-2-06 ( 32 ). "DDn. 67, 
1-1-3-06 6C!iar'r<Th<.tna-<;ii-tiviis Vt'.'stuii. Lirk lti-a. \'L. Kns. LS07 ; d. 27-5-28; Map. MRIO. 172 
(21 *I>Dn. 4S. 76. 77. "MRIO. 42 ( 27-1) ) : 57 (25): 100(17. 21); H.U (3*); 1.02 ( 26 ) : 104(3-12): 
105 (S) 161 (23): 160 (14) etc. 'MRIO. 1(15 [ 18-21. ) ; DDii. 67 ( 207 ). "DDn. 12S ( 16 ). 12-4-11; 
r t,nrr \iliI0 KM (43-4): 105 (1,2). "i'rotn lUrinc Board. PPC. 21-4-03. '-From the Master 
\ttL-udanl, UPC. 12-5-03 (21). "ib. 26-5-03 (16). "Map, MRIO. ,12 (2,3). "DDii. 67 (25-6), 

26-12-1 son. 



Calcutta to Chittagokg 13 

This Survey being intended to-be performed by Excursions from the Presidency, ... 
I should from time to time direct you in the Track yon are to follow, and point out the 
particular objects to be attended to on each excursion. 

On the first of feha enduing .Month, or so soon as you are ready, you will commence the 
Survey from Chitpoor Bridge at the Northern extremity of the Town of Calcutta, and proceed 
along the high Military Road to BaiTackpour Cantonment, noting the Villages, Tante, Nullahs, 
Bridges, Topes 1 , Milestones, and every other requisite to a Topographical Survey. From 
Barrackpour you will proceed in an Easterly direction to Neelgunge 2 , when the same degree 
of attention to all the minutiae of the Route will be requisite. 

It will be necessary here to observe the limit between the Calcutta and Anorpour Pur- 
gunnahs, and the same must afterwards be done in crossing alt the divisions of Purgunnahs or 
Districts as yon proceed. 

From Xeelgunge your Route will lay through the following Places ; ... Bungaong on the 
Issamutty River 3 j ... thence S. Easterly to Badooriah on the Jaboona River, where a salt 
Choky 4 is stationed. From this place you will return in a Westerly direction, through Gopal- 
pour ( where Salt Golahs 5 are situated ) to... Calcutta 8 . 

Fleming's first excursion, surveying about a, mile on each side of his route, was 
completed in a few weeks. At the end of the rains he was sent out again,' and 
by January 1802 had covered a wide area, both west and east of the Hooghly. well 
controlled by "celestial observations" 7 , the Surveyor General reporting 
that the routes already surveyed by Captain Iteming, in addition to such as he may be ordered 
to survey before the ensuing rainy season, will... be sufficient to complete the Maps { as far as 
may be wanted for any common Geographical purpose ) of the Country round Calcutta, to the 
extent of forty or fifty Miles 8 . 

Should it be the intention of Government . after that period, to order the survey to be 
extended to the Salt districts and jjundorbmids. which are yet but very i tu perfectly known, I 
would beg leave to propose that an able assistant be appohi ted to aeeomoany Captain Fleming 
for that purpose 8 . 

Fleming extended his survey eastward, but fell ill and was relieved by Thomas 
Robertson [ I, 382 ] who was given fresh instructions ; 

The Bunderbunds being at present, but imperfectly known, and the several Salt Chokies 
and Golahs, or places where salt is made, not beini; hitherto laid down in any general plan, it 
will be necessary that you should be particularly careful to mark all such places, and to distin- 
guish to which of the Hti-lr. Agencies they .respectively belong. 

You will... commence by surveying the Salt-water Lakes to the Eastward of Calcutta 
[ I, 12 ], and. ..by the way of Tardah to the Sunderbunds. You will then examine all the 
Creeks or Inlets on your left as far as it may bo practicable to go, and.. day down all the villages, 
salt works, golahs, and cholrees, which may be found on their banks. ... The principal of 
these rivers and Greeks are the, Ooriaparah creeks, the... Callagatch.ee and Nowye Rivers, none 
of which have ever been laid down accurately in our maps. 

Having surveyed these, be pleased to pursue your journey to the east ward... and, having 
entered the Jaboona liiver, to proceed by the new cut. made by Mr. GoorHad 10 to Teecha. From 
thence. ..you will continue, the survey to llakergutige, l.tickipoor 11 , and Chittagong. 

Having surveyed the rtuit A.^encj District- ofChitta.^ong so far down the coast as to connect 
the survey with that which you formerly took of a part of that coast [ I, 59 ], you will 
return to the Presidency by such routes as I may hereafter point out. 

In conducting this survey it will be necessary that you should occasionally ioave your boats 
and travel by land, particularly in the Comiilah 1 - and Chittagong Districts 13 . 

Some time later the 8 tirveyor General wrote again ; 

The Inland Parts of (he Chittagong District a.i-e sufficiently well known, os far as the Hills 
at least, so you need not make any Land Trips, which at this time of the year would prove 
extremely disagreable, but if you can get.. .any tolerable, information as to the situations of the 
principal. ..S;di, works... it will answer our purpose. 

The Chittagong River and Coast as far as the S. end of Mascal Island has been very well 
surveyed already [ I, 65-6 ], so you need not trouble yourself with that part, but if on your 
return (which on account of the approaching Heats; and Nbrwosters, as well as strong S> " 



•Groves of Trees. =70 I'/a. ■ Barbae n, 79 A- 16: Ichamrdi II. t-.hoh or outpost s „$# or 

round store stud. « DD11. i57 ( 37), -! -1-4-01. ; it>. ( 7.1 ), 28-10-01. ^Ori-ina! survrvs 2 inches to a 
mill'-; JIRIO. aO ( 4-I0o ); compilation, 2 ra. to irmh, MRIO, .18 ( 2 ) ■ printed co->v. :j.I.-.::i. rsijn IRO r;i, 
•DDn. 67 (68), 27-1-02. ^Ri.iiar.i Goodlad. BOS. 1771; Salt A.vut! ' - l-Car-a-e- ' I7<)0 -IHIliV 

"Bakarganj, 70 J/6; Lakehmipur, 70 J/13. " 79M/3. "DDn. 67 ( 168},6-UW)2; BMC, II-12-4J2 (57). 



u 



Bengal & Obissa 



winds, you should, not delay ), you can improve the 0:iur;. of the Coa-d, between ( -hittagong and 
Luekypoor, it will be useful. 

Any navigable Inlets that you. could explore would also contribute to the perfection of the 
intended Map, particularly as some of tho principal bait W<irks etc. arc probably c.i be met with 
on tho Banks of Buch Rivers or Inlets. ... 

At any rate it is desirable to have as complete a Chart of Inland Navigation as possible, 
connected with the Chart of the Salt Agencies, so you nc-ed not., hesitate about performing this 
part of you find the weather will permit you. You could then return by the .Teiiinghy 1 and 
Hooghly to Calcutta for the rainy Season 2 [ 20, 22 ]. 

The Surveyor General reported at the same time that Robertson 

has surveyed and del (vered to me Ins Mans of sevens,! new Channels und Kive.rs of the Sunder - 
bunds which had not previously been explored 3 , but that from the extreme heat and incle- 
mency of the weather during a considerable portion of the time he has boon employed, this 
work has not advanced so rapidly as "X could have wished, and much remains yet to be done to 
complete it 4 . 

He later repotted that Robertson 
was on Survey up to 27th Juno [ 1804 ], ... but was employed protractim; and finishing li is 
Plans until 3rd of October, which time ho renewed Orders to join the Army in the Field 
[ 57 I s - •■■ Enough, however, had been done by him previous to his departure, to enable me 
to commence upon the construction of a very large Chart of the Sunderbunds, but which 
for want of an Assistant possessing the requisite seiontifie knowledge 1 have not been able 



The Sundaebans, 1811-15 



The Sundarbaris cover an area lying between the Hooghly on the west and the 
Meghna on the east, a distance of about 200 miles, and extend from the sea face to 
about 60 miles inland. They have been formed by the continual deposit of ailt at 
the mouths of the Ganges, and are cut up by a network of tidal creeks between the 
main outlets. The whole unreclaimed area is reached by the highest tides, and 
covered by dense forest growth, the principal tree being the sundra. 

Reclamation is carried out by the construction of embankments round small plots 
of land, and good crops are obtained about five years after exclusion of tidal water. 
Under peaceful and settled conditions cultivation was extending steadily, and at 
the end of 1810 the Surveyor General sent to Government 

two copies of the Survey ordered for the Magistrates of Nuddea ;■ nd -.le.ssore. It is to be greatiy 
regretted that there are 110 materials to carry them lower into a part of the country which is 
hourly becoming of importance ; it has never been surveyed, having been always considered as 
inaccessible on account of the Tigers, but- I have reason to believe that it is now well inhabi- 
ted, the Banks of tho Rivers only being skreenod by a Bolt of Jungle, to deceive & prevent 
the inhabitants from paying rent to Government 7 . ... 

There is reason to consider that several considerable tracts of Land between the Large 
Rivers are under cultivation tooujih surrounded with Bolts of Jungle, the haunt of Wild 
Beasts. Within these Woods are fertile Plains that pay no Revenue to Government, hut 
which serve as refuge to many smugglers of salt, and of Dacoits fled from justice. Of the 
certainty of the fact .1. sueak with diffidence, never having been into that part of the Country, 
but it appears to me to be a point well Worthy been; carefully investigated. ... 

I would recommend that Lieut. W. hi. ZMorrios on... should be directed to make a correct 
Survey of the Principal pa-'-; age-', a? far as prs-tet-ieahlo. for which purpose, as He must unavoid- 
ably live in the Boats end cannot, make the observations required without them,, he be Styled 
Surveyor of Rivers in the .Sunder bun ds s [ 1. 277 ; II, 6,327 ]. 

He directed Morrieson 

to proceed on the Survey of part of the Sunderbunds agreab!e to the General Orders of the 
2nd Instant. ... You will be furnished... with copies of a protraction, of the Southern boundary 
of the Country to be surveyed. ... This drawing is partly taken from the original of Major Thoa. 

'Jalangi R., 7SD/12 to 79 A/7. 5 DDn. 67 (301), 5-3-04. "MS. Survey of tU Stinderbtinds, 
8 sheets, one-inch sc;dc iMlvlU. .12 I 8-17); 11I1IO. l()4 (17). ' DDr,. til (305), I-l-K-04. Mb. (364), 
18-2-05. s ib. (366), 12-3-05. 'DDn. 1 26 ( 71 j. 22-12-10. The banks would be too soaked with sea, 
water to he fit for cultivation. >ih. ( 78 ), 28-1-11. 



The Sundarbans 



15 



Robertson [13]; - to it is added a survey by the late Lieut. Colonel Colebrooke, compre- 
hending part of the- Jabunah 1 [ 1, 63 ] ; fcKese lines will point out the extent of your labour 
T.r> the East and the .North. ... 

It.is desirable that all the Blank spaces in this Map should he carefully filled up on the same 
Scale, viz. Two miles to one inch. ... The Task allotted to you for this Season does not require 
so much skill as il exacts industry and attention. ... 

You will then proceed by the Koolia River to Henklo Gunge-, thence np the Jabuna.h. 
and along the Jabunah Creek to the Hooghly, Oiling up those spaces not before surveyed as 
, you pass, for which purpose a light, tent will bo very useful. By measuring the distance across 
the Isthmus in three or four places, and never returning the samo road...you went, you will 
save yourself much labour, and judge which Country should be surveyed from the Eastern 
River, or from the Hooghly. ... 

When the Field Work of the short season before you is ended, and you come in for the 
Rains, it will be desirable to have a protraction of the .Survey laid down on a projection of the 
. tlonenil J tap that, shall he furnished. 

It must be evident, that, those Gentlemen who are employed to survey the Country, whilst 

■ flii the Spot, must judge more correctly of the particular Places to be laid down, and of what 
.ought to be omitted in the General Map, than any other person 11 . ... All the information given 
will be inserted in the name of the Surveyor supplying it, whose fair fame depends on its being 

1 uccurate. ... 

Several objects are to be held in view ; one to have it clearly determined what parts of the 
Country are now actually under cultivation, anil what remains waste. Secondly to show as 
far as practicable, what, has lately been hrougl.t under Tillage or gained from the Wilderness. 
To have the Jungles carefully described, and. ..to ouuuire and note on the Map the Species of 
Wood that is produced, and whether it is large or small. On the Borders of the Woodlands, 

■when you come to a Village, send for the Head Man, and enquire when the Place was first 

■ established, and what number of families it contains ; if He can write ask for a list. 

On the Spot this requires little Trouble, but may be greatly useful, and is easily expressed 
:-in a map. ... Without the appearance of design, enquiry may be made whether the Place is 
■notorious, or not, for Dacoits, and if so a mark will express it, but it would be wrong to gives* 
Place, any more than an Individual, a bad name on slight Grounds. ... The Jabunah was lately 
infested with Dacoits ; Colonel Colebrooke's accurate Survey [in 1795, I, 63-4; 31, pi. 10 ] 
,- greatly assisted the .Magistrate to dissolve the association, shewing the utility of correct Maps. 
The general produce of the Country, whether fruitful or not, should be mentioned, and if 
. .large Herds of Cattle are bred, they may be noticed ; whether the country abounds with Game, 
the Rivera with Fish ; and every Indigo factory may be written in blue, so as to convey in 
• 'the- most concise terms possible useful information*. 

' At the same time, George Blane was sent down the Hooghly to survey Sagar Island ■ 
A most favourable opportunity of causing the Island of Savigor'to be Surveyed now offers,' 

■ -there being a large Party of Birkundasses and of" Wood-Cutters employed in clearing away 
the Jungles to make preparations for the building the Light House ; ... Lieutenant George 

■Rodney Blane of the Engineers is every way well qualified for this Duty. ... He should be 
considered as a Surveyor of Rivers, and be directed to draw, the allowances as such [I, 276 
n.i ],_ as he must entirely live upon the water, the danger of Sleeping on Shore being too 
. great 5 . ... 

It will be absolutely necessary for him to have Two Vessels of sufficient draught of Water 
to be Sea Worthy, and Two Bauleahs to attend during the Survey of that Island. ... Their 
Hire.. .will not be less than Three Hundred Rupees per month each, and Two attendant Boats 

■ ..sixty, in all 720 Rs. ... The recommendation is reasonable, it being impossible for any one to 
sleep on Shore, and the Sea runs so high that none but Stout Boats, well manned, can live 
in it. These Vessels to he independent of the Otheer's accommodation, which must be moored 
in a Creek, or some Place of Safety, to return to when the labour of the Day is over, and to 
secure a lodging for the night in case of accidents. 

I suppose that one month from the time they reach Saugor will be sufficient to complete 
the Survey 8 . 

To Blane the Surveyor General writes ; 

You will be pleased., .to proceed to Saugor Island at the mouth of the River Hooghly, 
and make a very careful and Correct Survey of the whole Island, particularly delineating it, 

' J«mn»tt. 79 B/9 to U. 'Hing U I«, an j, 79 B/1S [I, 159 1. 'A sentiment that might well a pp Par 
■™oi« modern hanJbooks. * DDn. 126 ( 87 ), Ttl-4-11. ' from the. SG. ; DDn. 128 (5), 8-3-11. 'ib. 






16 Bengal & Obissa 

laying down the Facts of the Country, noting (he courses of all (..'reeky and Wat or ways, disting- 
uishing Marshes, raided Ground, the -Jungles etc.. to enable Government to judge of the 
quantity of Land that may he brought into cultivation ; whenever there may he fresh Water 
it should bo carefully remarked, the size of the Tanks shewn, the nature of the Trees, whether 
large or small ; as far as in your power to discover this Speck* they should he mentioned in 
your Field Book, and in those parts where the Soil eait be seen, enquiry should be made ast 
to its qualities and fertility. ... All the Surrou tiding Waters, their breadth and depth must be 
shown, as well as every Creek or Channel leading into them. ... 

The various species of Wild Beasts seen, & the number, should he mentioned, to enable 
those who may iierenfiei- hi; employed t f. guard :.u;.uii-t nceidenfcs 1 . 

The same day, he writes to the Adjutant Genera! ; 

Government having ordered Lietiteuiint- H/irriesori...ti> survey purr, of the !> underbuilds. 
and Lieutenant Blane the island of Waugor, I request... the necessity there is for both of these 
Officers being furnisher! with a Guard of Sepoys. Lieutenant Morrieson will require protection, 
not only against Wild Beasts, but also to be defended from any attu-ek of the Dneoits and the 
savage inhabitants of the Waste he is directed to esplotv, who may tie jealous of any enquiry 
as to the nature of the Country they have for many years been in quiet possession of ; and on 
Saugor, Lieutenant. Blane ought not to advance without a party to drive away Tigers etc., 
which may make their appearance 2 . 

Blane completed his survey during May and June 1811, on the scale of 2 inches 
to a mile, and his plan is preserved at Calcutta, shewing all the creeks in detail, 
and the division of the islands into "lots", with the name of each lot-holder': 

Two years later the Surveyor General was called on for a survey "of the shores 
of the Islands that run parallel to Saugor Island", aiK l reported that Blane, 

who lias had more experience than any Other Person, ... says it well be impossible- at this Season 
[ April ] to make anything like a-u accurate Survey ■■>( those Parts, on account of the heavv sea 
that: runs there during the present' Uonsoon*. 

The survey was therefore postponed till October 1S13 5 , and on his way down 
Blane was commissioned to report on the river embankments near Diamond 
Harbour, whiuh the Mus<isU;>U' of (.hi: 2 4 -P tug anus considered 

to have 'been constructed on a very erroneous principle, and that the great unhealthiness, 
which ordinarily prevails among the Shipping at Diamond Harbour, is in a great measiue to 
be ascribed to that eause 6 . 

Blane submitted his map in April 1S14 7 , having had the assistance of Colvin, 
and reported that it ; 

includes also the Survey of 8augor made in the summer of 181.1, ... The Latitudes of its North 
and South extremities, which serve as a check r;> cue wnoie. Inn e been likewise determined. ... 

A table exhibiting the area ( in beghas | of the whole tract lately .surveyed, and of Bangor 
Island, deduced front a careful calculation, has been added to the Map, on which also the 
observed Latitudes are recorded [ 177-8 ] s . 

In the meantime Morrieson not only carried on his survey, but obtained an 
allotment of Rs. 3,000 to cut a channel 

to join "the Ka Hindi anil Ban.-ab Kooliati Mb ei's, ... 1 8 ["(■. deep &■ .30 ft. wide, ... and not half 
a mile ; and if opened would save two tides, or 12 hours : at the same time do away with the 
ChotaKoolia entirely, which is the most dangerous on/ ; diilieub parted' the whole navigation. ... 
The whole of the bait n emu fact u red in rile Kaymangak..wil! run much less risk in the 



In May 1S13 he was joined by his brother Hugh, who had been on survey with 
Crawford [45]. The surveyors had to live and work in boats, which added 
greatly to expense and anxiety. In .November, after 

a very severe gale of wind, two of the hoats furnished by Government were swamped ; ... were 
floated again after the storm, and sent. ..to be refitted. The boats after remaining 3 months 
in the Sunder bunds are tit for no other employment until they have undergone a repair 10 . 

The maintenance of the boats was a serious problem and Monies oil's reports 
the difficulty there is in procuring boats anil people to accompany mo on the survey of the 

'DDn. lilj (S3). S-4-11. "ib. (85], S-t-ll; 100 years Inter surveyors still required guards " to 

protect against wild hea.-:is. the' the inhabitants ifiw nor 5c savage : sec narratives of = bn;:al Revcnurt 
Siirvc-vs 1912. at'd of Sinvey of India I'lio. - 1 MKlO. 51 (.10). 'Drill. ii!S ( 1;!5 }, 2-4-13. "BGO. 
33-10-13. s DDn. I'bl (Sr, ), 30-10-1;!. "MRIO. S-Pl'-W; ii uirlon-s to inch. "TiMC. 80-1-14 
(92-3). »ih. II— I— li? (rt3-4); 20-2-13 ( 102). "ib- 6-U-18 ( 00 ). 



The Stjndabbaxs 



17 



Sunderbuiids. In consequence of several attacks from Tigers, and in the course of the last 
three months, two men having been actually lake,, li'oin the hosts and killed this difficulty 
much increased ; so much so indeed, that I am now detained m town bv the difficulty 
ed by the I'oinns-s.n'i; i I n pai'tinenS in ptoeuiing people to so avsin there 
g the three years I have carried on the survey, it has been found absolutely necessary 
,ats every three months, as the destructive powers of the worms are so great, 
>ats cannot remain longer than that time with any safety. The Boats now employed" 
be swamped in strong winds, three hosts having gone down since I have had the 

strongly recommend that boats should is, built on purpose, and coppered 
up at the same time to keep off an attack from Tigers, and capable of keeping 
the open rivers a: hlowing weather 1 . 

On 1st July 1814, William Momeson was transferred, handing oyer charge to 
Hugh, who earned on tUl T)ecember a when survey wets closed down on account of 
the Nepal War ; by this time 

William Morrioson..,had completed that portion laying between the Hooghly on the West 
and the .Jaboonah and Eoymangal llivers on the East. ... Hugh. ..had made considerable 
progress m the second porUon ( or from the Kovmaogal Hives Eastward to the Cubberdsk > 
when his Services with his corps heoamo necessary 3 . 

The surveys and fieklbook, of the two brothers are preserved at Calcutta* the 
fielrlbooks heme- full of interesting details and adventures, such as ■ 

' ~. the .theodolite was recified and we were about to talis I he firsl angle, atiger made 
,g from somewhere into a bush about sis yards from us. and there we lost sight 

. shore to take a latitude and, ,. th« b.nk .,,« very muddy, the dandies pulled 

to the jungle, close to the only dry spot where we were obscrvnv the on, 

= much annoyed by the trembling of the mercury, and abused the people arotmd 

mg and shaking the ground, but they said they were perleotlc ,.«!. Hiving Bu- 

i observation,, on, of the sepoys sail there was a tiger do., a,„„,,«lo that had been 

rd, „., and tor the Inst minnte he and the animal had sal, looking at each 

.tie new bean, a slight n .„ the jungle; the two sepoy, fired, and out sprang a 

3 r",f ! ,7'7 "," iy ","" y "" h from "■• ,,e on °™ "» | " "' ■ i»"i< wbu.si ;,. 

on the other. Had the musket saapped. or the fire been delayed, be would have been 



Or. their return from surveying the mouth of the Meghna in 1803 r 10 1 Knox 
arulNicholl, were put -to survey the Balli.gant Road and the Skirts of Cain™ 
till two Engmeer officer^ apparently James Robertson and James Hyde, took over 
the work m August". The following year Robertson and Hyde were 

TowTof Cak'no!"''' '■' "",■"',"" '""""'; '"' "" f "" , ™™ J C "»»l««> '" «» improvement of the 
low,, of Calcutta, and of the Special Committee appointed to consider the beat means of 
dramrng the Town, an accurate Table of Level, for the Town ofC.doou.d I „ , 
In submrttmg their results Robertson asked for reimbursement of Es 1600 "the 
payment of people whom I found it indispensably necessary to employ-' 

ren; 1 ;. 1 r.°„I r0P0 ,' ialS l?l 11 ""' 6 b ' T Wi ° h0lls - ■""' hei " 1 tougiteman at the Surveyor 

General s orhoe, to publish a new map of Calcutta ' 

The Survey will be cavricd .„. In a ivonti, nvsimer to he ,i.„„ , i o , , 

Ho. P *lv ,S tt"? 'T ??*°7- *° T °" y ' a Cml ' " "» E " rt * W «« .SeTft St 

llooghlj , with the Sand and Soundmg, In fathom, and feet at low water 

Humbly b,g ,.ave t„ notice to your Lordship that when that industrious individual the 
imu^^'^r^a'LJ%^ yK S!' r ,"i""'^\ b ° mm - 0M "'' 'MEL**-!., 



18 Bengal & Orissa 

late Mr. Upjohn published Ins Plan of Calcutta, Government were pleased to subscribe for 
Fifty Copies of the Work [ I, 54 l 1 . 

Garstin retailed his experiences, on the survey of the city 25 years before [I, 53], 
and advised Government 

that such a work as trie iuii; proposed oa.Lm:>l ho completed by any individual under six years 
hard labour, and that, 110 publication, unless done at the expense of Government, will ever 
defray the necessary A unavoidable charge of ex mm ting it 2 . 

The scheme was not sanctioned, but, was still cherished by McKay, who had also 
, been one of Knox's assistants, and the following advertise mem appeared six years 

later, though nothing is known of any map resulting ; 

Proposals. New and extended map of Calcutta. 2 inches to 1000 feet ; by Mr. McKay, 
Marine & Land Surveyor, who hits obtained permission %o survey. To include the opposite 
i Side of the River Ifooghly, bounded by the new Seivmipore Road ; all laud inside the Mahrai.Lu, 

Ditch, from South of Tolly's Nullah to a little North of Chitpore Bridge. Will show latest 
Improvements, and is the first map since Lipiohu's of 1794. The work will be Commenced 
as soon as a sufficient number of subscribers arc obtained. ... It, Is hoped the map may be ready 
about commencement of 1816. 
' Subscriptions Rs. 100 eaclA 
There was obviously good reason for a new map but no financial support. An 
official survey of the suburban area was, however, sanctioned at the request of 
the District Magistrate ; 

In the research for the various old Water Courses of the suburbs, said to have been made 
for "vents of the Town, the want of a map for my guid»nee_..ha.s been the ea.nRo of infinite 
) difficulty and loss of time. This defect... has been a general encouragement to Individuals 

' j.(j( to' encroach upon all the Water courses ami Heads ol" die Suburbs in every direction, to the 

6 ' great injury of the Town and [Suburbs. ... It becomes a- subject of serious consideration to 

t I ' have a regular survey made 4 . 

Starting in April 1813, John Hyde completed the survey of Entally on the large 
scale of 90 feet to an inch 5 , the Surveyor General reporting that the Magistrate 

requiring the suburbs of Calcutta upon mi large a scale, and insisting upon such minut-iai in 
the measurements, renders tins survey... extremely tedious, but when finished must prove 
very satisfactory 6 . 

After Hyde's transfer to charge of the Surveyor General's office Erancis White 
was appointed 

to collate and correct the Survey of the Hubu rbs of Calcutta I bat nia.y be made by the Native 
Establishment which the Magistrate of the ^-'Porgunnalis has been authorized l.o entertain 7 . 

White himself completed "A Sketch of the Roads in the Suburbs of Calcutta, 
from Garden Reach to Chitpoor", scale of 6 inches to a mile, outside Circular Road. 
Each of the original .four sections of his survey forms a complete survey, indepen- 
dently orientated, the last being dated November 1815 8 . 

The survey of cantonments was a regular function of Engineer officers, and we 
have record of the survey of Dacca and ("'inttagona by George SteeJP : Bairaekpore 
by James Robertson in 1804 : and Dum Bum by C. J. Davidson in 1815. 

Between 1812 and 1814 George Fleming, with the assistance of John Schalch, 
carried out- an elaborate survey of the city of Mucshidabad and Bern am pore canton- 
ments 10 "to enable the Committee of Embankments to effect, improvements with 
success" 11 . He tells the Surveyor General that, 

unless { amongst all your utber duties in the Surveyi:ig line ) you have been employ \1 as I am 
( Surveying a dirty and populous Town with narrow str<«;f,s ), you u»» hardly form an Idea of 
the tediousness of the Work, from the innumerable Questions and Stops we arc- liable to. from 
the crowded streets, and from the- immense number of Angles {■■ ■ be taken, which at times J am 
; . sorry to say | entail 1 the necessity of going over the day's Work more than once. Never, 

theless I trust- .1 shall be able ultimately to give hi a satisfactory Plan of the Straggling City 1 -. 
During 1811 and 1812, Blane surveyed the line for a new road from Calcutta 
to Diamond Harbour that the Postmaster General had asked for in I808 13 . 

1 DDa. 82 ( 44 ), 3-11-08. s iT>. 81 (47), 25-11-08. S CG. 16-6-14. "DDn. 129 (1) 26-2-13 
'Original MS. MEIu. 4a (27); printed ,:n,,v, IRD. I.e.. »[>l)n.- 1-11, 23-M-I4. ' it.. (II), 30-4-14. 
"Originals sit bv U'jiitc, MRI0. -hi j ^--i ) ; virimcd ■ ■(. I iius, IRIX Lib. '■'Pro;;?. C(> hi (.: ir. tl-i"> 
">MRI0. M 278-9. "BMC. 26-9-12 ( 123). «.ni>ii. 130,15-7-13. '- 1 I5PC. :>s-PVk ( .;■■ .;; r mif 
2-5-12 ( 39 ) etc 



Dl.STlilCT jStjryeys 19 

District Stjevets, 1812-5 

In 1S12 the Surveyor General wrote that a 
survey is also required for the Eastern frontier of Chittagong, :i* there is not the vestige of 
information concerning the greater part of it to lis found in the Kecorrls of this Office, nor do 
I believe that, except for a small part of the Sen Coast [I, 51), 65-6], ... this extensive 
Frontier Province ever was explored, st-ii! ies.s properly surveyed 1 . 

No officer could be spared (.ill July i S 11. when the Surveyor General was informed 

Ensign Harry Nisbct of the Engineer Corps has been diluted... to Survey the whole of the 
cultivated Tracts of t.iic District of Ohitta.'iong. which io-o not inniuded in former Surveys, 
and to commence on this duly as soon a:; possible after the expiration of the present Rainy 



As Nisbet was transferred to civil the following month, John Cheape was ap- 
pointed in his place, with William Garden as assistant, and directed, to commence 
the Work in tho.-s parts which may be indicated by the Collector.. .of Chitt»gon<: T with a view 
to ills'! promotion of Public obi.oeis in Use Revenue T.ioTiartment 3 . 

Garden was called off for field service against Zs~cpal, ljut Cheape, the only surveyor 
allowed t.o continue work through the war, completed the survey by 1817. 

Early in ISM -James .Jackson was deputed to survey about 600 square miles south 
and south-east of Bu.hnup^r 3 lofacilLKiv.cadjiistme.ntr-; in t,he boundaries of the Jungle 
Mehals ( now Bankura ), JBurdwan, fiooglily, and Midna.pore districts, and also to 
lay out the line for a new road 5 . The following extracts are taken from his letters to 
the, Surveyor General ; 

I shall most readily attend to your wishes, particularly as I am but a young surveyor, 
and many things may not strike me, which in the eye of a more experienced person are ab- 
solutely requisite. ... 

From Bishenpoor it is i.ny intention to proceed towards Gurh SiiinUipoI, & as the route I 
shall take is but little known, I shall ho* hurry over it, but try to visit every village in the 
Jungle, for the whole route, I understand, is nothing but a woody .Tousle 6 . Since I left 
Bfehenpoor ) have been through nothing hut thick wood .Jungle. & parts of it composed of 
very fine saui trees. 

From Gurh Simlapol I havo followed the course of the Selu River, marching in its bed. 
I have adopted that method with a view of eonvt.ly. aseertLjiniiis: f.-iio windings of the river ; 
I trust this pUut will be approved of by you - X foltowed it from t.ho idea of its being the only 
method by which I could well get the true direction of the river, for it is impossible to travel 
along its banks owing to the thickness of the Jungle 7 . 

Jackson was called away to military service in January 181i>, but resumed the 
survey after the war 8 . 

In Bihar we have only two surveys of interest tonote. During 1811-2 James 
Peckett surveyed a line for a road between Patnaand Gaya y , and in 1S15 William 
iVaneklin, a student of historical geography, surveyed a large part of the Santa! 
Parganas in order to locate the course of the Ghanchm River, reputed to have 
been the Knumobons of Greek historians 10 . 



Gakges-Hooghi.y Passage, 1801-12 

In 1801, in .spite of the discouragement which he had met five years earlier 
[1,64], Colebrooke re-opened the question of a passage from the Ganges to the 
Hooghly, 

having frequently reflected on the possibility of improving t-ho Inland Navigation of Bengal, 
by keeping open during the dry season the Cossimbaznr or J-j!lin&:hy "River 11 . ... 

iDDn. 12s ( 114), 8-9-12; but aee first sentence ofSG's. letter of 5-3-04 [ 13-4]; meanwhile Sheet 

S) of RunncH's ')-iric]-, l.Wincial mans iv:is 1 villi.' for^cll.^ri :;t Lulls Tlixise r 'f, 225 ]. ! I>Dn 141 ( 53 ] 
15-7-14. ^ib. (79 I, 11-11-14. '73 M/S. "Listm-silous. D'Dsi. 130 { i;i5 )- ihv ho followed in detaii 
on Ben. Atkt*, vii. «Di)-i. 1.30 ( i,-,;j ), 24-2-11. "lb. ! 1 ii!t ), 9-3-14. » Map ;i":iout 1" to a mile 

MRIO. 40(20]. 'DDr,. 1.20 (102). 8-S-ll ; and 12S ( ? 10 ). 2H-3-I2. "]Jl)n. '41 ( 09 ), 31-10-14- 
maps, MRIO. 164 (10). "Break from Caries 7S [!.'3 and D/12 rospectivelv. 



20 Bengal & Orissa 

The Machine X would use, two model* of which I have the honour to transmit, should be 
about the size of a Gun Carriage, with very broad wheels or Tracks, the latter of which might 
be armed with spikes. A large rake with Iron Clawe might be suspended over the Axle-tree, 
with a long Lever in front, by which it could at any lime be extricated from the sand. These 

Machines would require; several yoke of Oxen to drag them, instead of Horses which are used 
in Europe. ... 

I would propose: th;;t an adequate number of Bildars' and Coolies be employed to excavate 
a part of the channel to a depth of two feet, ... after which there might ho reason to hope 
that with the help of the dragging Machines, the current of the "River would deepen it still 

The whole process of the experiment would probtibJj jast bur. a few days, aid I should hope 
that if it were successful there would be no occasion for a repetition of it during tire remainder 

I could not pretend to form an estimate of the total expense of the scheme previous to 
surveying the Jellinghy and Culculia, taking the necessary levels, and sounding these Rivers 
throughout^. 

Ill August 1802 he submitted an estimate of Be. 10,000 for carrying out the 
work 3 , but money was not fortkooming, and in 1804 he wrote to Robertson who 
was returning from survey of the salt agencies [ 14 ] ; 

You could on the first rise of the rivers return by the Jellinghy, ... and you could also 
examine the Inlet of that River, with a view to clearing and rendering it navigable in -the dry 
Season, a project which you know I have long had in view, hut which it is not probable I shall 
ever have time to execute, as the labours of 1111 Office are 1 laily increasing. ... 

The usual entrance to the Jellinghy for some years past has been through the Culculia 4 
I believo, but the old Inlet was repotted a- year ago to have opened again. It would be well 
worth while to explore both passages just at the commencement of the rains, and you could 
he in Calcutta by the middle or end of June 5 . 

Five years later Garstin took up the attack again ; 

In reply to your letter... directing me to recommenda Proper Person to survey this Issamutty 
River 6 and Ilurdum Nullah', ...we have not a single officer in the Engineer Department, who 
is quali I :■:.■!.! for this task, that can he _«■ ■■'.red | 510 j. ... 

I therefore propose. ..as the River will now soon be at its greatest Height, to proceed up the 
Nullah, and direct Pointed fins to be driven at proper distances to ascertain 1 he exact rise of 
the Water at the next Spring Tides, ... and the level will be correctly ascertained. The expence 
of the Work will be very inconsiderable ; my Boat Allowance for the time I am absent [ 324 ], 
and certainly not more than one Hundred Rupees for contingencies, ... ■ 

A Guard of Sepoys is requisite, as that part of the River is infested with IJaeoits, who will 
view any Person euipioj ed to measure the Nullah with ureat jealousy 8 . 

Garstin made his survey during March. 1810, measuring a distance of 265 miles 
up the Churni into the Ichamati 9 ; and also 

paid Deen Mahomed, -Native Surveyor, sent to investiga i.o the course of various channels that 
fall into the tssmutty and, if possible:, to discover a practicable communication with the Ganges • 
his expenses, Rs. 72-8-0 10 . 

Reviewing a proposal to cut a channel above Murshidabad, Garstin ^ave a 
history of earlier schemes, and pointed out grave reasons against, success ; 

In the year 17S0, when. .Major McGowwri attempted to open this river [ I, 63, 356 ], I went 
up and carefully examined the Baugrutty, from Sooty, upwards to the bank of the Ganges 
near Furruckabad 11 , and el own wards... to the Mouth of the Jellinghy ; this Tract is now totailv 
changed, and has within this period been altered many times. ... The Ganges now runs within ' 
Five Milo of Jioorshedabad. The old bod can be easily traced. This River will nevei- remain 
at rest. ... 

Is Government prepared to run the risk of having the Course of the Ganges turned into the 
Eaugrettey, and half of the City of Moors! icdabad swept away ? This is possible if the Cut is 
made, tho' by no means a probable: event. ... The labours of my Predecessors, Major Kennel! 
and Lt Col. Colebrooke, shew the extraordinary and constant change the Causes has made 
It would be a little rash to venture on such an experiment, before the present state of the Ganges 
has been accurately surveyed, and its effects on the Banks carefully noted 'luring the highest 

'Professional diggers. =DDn. 67 (43-7), 13-5-01. Mb. (119), 17-S-02. iCnlcrdlv R • Ben 

J A,, ,i iDDn. iiT CiOl ). :>-:>-01. * \\v~.\\ls i-mi!,:- <;,.a<;;-s 75 .D/Hi. ■ Also , ;l ;Vd Cr-'„ m ;' y r 7 

'■■ ■ » • Map, MEIO. 163(1). DDn. \m ( 21 i l! ;iv [S10 »jb 



Ga> t ges-Hooghly Passage 



21 



upon which may do;>oud the welfare of 
submitted to my report, a rri fling consideration 



Floods. ... It is a. weighty eiiilI n 
Thousands, and not, as it appears 
of a few Rupees*. 

The survey was made by George Wilton in September, ami. Cars tin, after making 
a personal examination of the various channels affected, modified his original 
opinion and recommended that the proposed cut might be made with every 
prospect of success ; 

As it is certain that for some Year,-; post the Ganges lias been seeking a new Passage lower 
down, and has actually opened one through the Hov-,'leah...at fciibnibas 2 , into, the Choornie and 
Hoogley, ... it is poswiblo thar- the Oorjsimba^ar P.i-.ci- may bo left <h-y,t>r ncariy so ; wliLoli aovious 
mischief will probably be prevented by tho proposed Cut 3 . 

The work was duly sanctioned, and eighteen months later was inspected by the 
Governor General, Lord Moira ; 

July 15th [ 1814 ]. Beached the cut between the Baushs'olt-y and the Ganges, near Sooty, 
early in the aftevnocn, but a* the curren t was so strong...! wal l;o; I to the cut to examine it. ... 
Tho obstruction to isavie;alion experienced for roui.o months every year, on account of the 
shoals at the natural junction of the Raughrel.ty with the Ganges, induced our Government to 
try whether, making a canal... across a narrow sandy strip, a permanent communication might 
not be effected. The cut wis accordingly undertaken. As soon as the water of the river was 
led into it the force of the stream achieved what whs tar beyond expectation. It has ploughed 
a channel of considerable depth, about or 10 hundred, and fifty 1 ards ia bread;,:'. ; iirni the flow of 
water through is such as gi\ es reason to believe that the junction is secure for every season 4 . 

Garstin himself went through shortly after, and reports that he found it 
so clear and spacious a stream, that to the best, of my Judgement and belief there Is no ehance 
of it-s being a„ r ain closed, for many years, which will bo of inestimable advaoLa^o to the general 
Commerce of I- ho Country, a ud ui/mo'ilitr!y to the City of Moors hod abad 5 . 

The temporary success of this experiment does not, however, prove that 
Roiinell was wrong in advising great caution before tampering with the natural 
flow of great rivers [I, 64]. 

There is an int. trusting lir.pori tm tin?. Ziivers uf Bengal* by W. S. Sherwill, Revenue 
Surveyor, on the investigations of a committee which sat in 1853 regarding the 
deterioration of the Hooghly. It is shown that at one time the whole waters of 
the Ganges had passed down the .Bhaglrathi into the Hnoghly and so to the sea. 
Before the advent of the English, the Hooghly was named Bhaglrathi from Suti to 
the sea, though the name now only applies to that part above the junction with 
the Jalangi at Nadia, which is also known as the Cossimbazar River ; tho portion 
below this junction having acquired the name Hooghly comparatively recently 
from the once- important town of that name. 

Sherwill supports Wilford's historical conclusions [I, 63] that Raj mahal once 
stood on the shores of the ocean, and that Nadia was once an island. He concludes 
that the Bhaglrathi in its present state could never be relied upon to flush the 
Hongiily, which in 1857 was shallower than it had been 100 years before. 






The Ganges Highway, 1801-7 

We have already recorded many of Colebrooke's journeys up and down tho 
Ganges, and his great, interest in its changing channels [ I, 64-5 ]. He had another 
opportunity of surveying the great highway when, he accompanied Lord Wellesley 
on his visit to Oudh in 1801' [26 ] ; 

During my late excursion to the T.'iiper Province while in attendance upon Hj 3 Excellency 
the Most Noble tho Governor Genera!, 1" had an opportunity of making some ufeful observations 
on the state of the Ganges dur.og the high. Floods, a; id as seen as the river hud subsided within 
its banks I earned on a cursor;' Survey of it from near Colgong* to Patna. ... Availing myself 

iDDn. 128 (64-7), 4-5-12. 2 79 A/ 11. >DDn. 128. ( 117-22 ), 14-12-12. * HaaWa Journal 
(48). * BMC. 19-11-1-4 ( 102). "B'in. Sd. X. 19-3-57. "OC. ieLt Cul:-;:.t.f:i lath. Ail-.; Ltrrd" r.-.tai 6tU 
Or*.; l.ne:.non- :ird. Kch. ; Paiaa.. 33rd. March 1802. »72 0/7. 



22 Bengal & Okissa 

of the permission which His Excellency was pleased to give me to quit the Fleet for that purpose, 
I surveyed the River Ganges from Patna to Allahabad throughout :J00 miles of its course 1 . 
This survey, as it connects with Captain Wood's at Allahabad* will... furnish a new set of 
Charts of the Gauges from Hard war to Pa.tna. till' ongh out more than R00 miles of its course, 
and, should an opportunity be afforded me of completing the Survey of that River as far as 
Patna, and connecting that, with the Survey I took in lTv.Ki from Cof.gonjr to Hurri souker [ I, 64 ], 
the Government would soon be in possession of an entirely new and connected survey of the 
Ganges throughout more than eleven hundred miles, which I could, in one or more excursions 
of about four months, not only complete as above stated, but also continue to its confluence 
with the Megna. ... 

These Surveys are laid down on a scale of one Inch to a Statute Mile, which is Ave times 
larger than the' Charts published hi Major Rermell's Atlas [I, 229 ] s . ... Since, the former 
Surveys from which those charts are taken were made, the River has undergone very con- 
siderable alterations in many parts by the encroachment of the stream or. its banks, and the 
forming of Islands and Sands ; also by the entire desertion of its bed in some places. ... 

These Survet'3 of the Ganges are more particular and, I trust, correct, than any which have 
hitherto been taken ; ... in many parts they include a number of Towns and Villages which are 
situated at a considerable distance from its banks, many of which had not ever been inserted in 
our maps, and.. .in showing all or mostj of the Ferries, and in the Upper parts of the country 
the Fords', as well as in giving a truer orthography to the names of places, they are superior*. 
In 1821, the Legal Remembrancer asked for a copy of this survey ; 
An appeal is now depending... in which the Collector of Sbahabad, on the part of Govern- 
ment, claims a large tract of Diarah land, which, by the river changing its course, has become 
annexed to Shaliabad ; and my object in wishing to see Colonel Colebrooke's survey is to 
ascertain the exact course of the main stream at that time 5 . 

Robertson was not able to survey the lower Ganges as Colebrooks suggested ; 
If you could possibly keep to your Boats during the Hot Months, much might be done 
before the rains towards completing the Work, and you could survey the Ganges from its 
junction with the Mej^na, up to where my Survey of it terminated in 1797, viz. at Hurrisonkor, 
a few miles below the .Head of the Jellinghy. This is not so immediately connected with the 
Survey of the Suit Agencies as the rest [14], but would nevertheless be highly bcneficiiil 
to Geography, as no Survey of that part of the Ganges has been taken these 40 years 6 . 
InlSOSColebrooke asked that he might go out again himself ; 

It remains only now to continue the Survey between I'at'ia and Coljrong in order to complete 
a new and correct set of Charts of the Ganges from tho "Head of the .Tolhngby to Hardwar. ... 

The Ganges in its progress through fiahar and ileiigal has within these 30 years very 
materially altered its Course. a.nd...the Charts of that River which have been published in 
Major Rennell's UoEi^al ..Atlas have boon in consequence rendered almost useless. ... 

A survey of the Dewah, or Ghoggra., liiver is likewise) very desirable, both with a view to 
obtain a more correct, Chart of tl.at river, which is at all times navigable, and to complete the 
Surveys of Oude and the Ceded Provinces [ 26 n.i ] through which it flows. ... 

I now beg leave to request that His Excellency would be pleased to depute me on the 
Surveys above propose':!, the whole of which. ..could be performed between the 1st of June 
£uid tho latter end of November ensuing, and I could in returning survey the Jellmghy with a 
view to ascertain how that River is likely ever to be rendered navigable in the dry Season'. 

It was not until 1807 that he could get up country on this survey. He left 
Calcutta by boat travelling by way of the Sundarbans and Dacca [ 29 ], 
with a view partly to Purvey a Xeiv Channel which. ..had opened irseit between the Gang— 
and the Brahmapootra Rivers, as well as to make such other observations or "'-- 
Rivers to the Eastward as the proposed deviation from the usual t 
might enable me to perform 8 . 
He writes from Dacca ; 

I have found very considerable deviation* from Major Kennell's M.aps, and in some no 
resemblance whatever could be traced, owing chiefly, I apprehend, to the alterations which 
in a series of years have taken place in the beds of these Rivers, in a loose and Sandy soil. 
In some parts whole villages... have been either swept away, or removed by the inhabitants 
to the opposite side of the stream, or r.o some safer' spotw where the River was not so likely to 
encroach on its banks. ... I am persuaded that Major "Eeime!.! ! s Maps of this part of the Country, 

• Original maps MKIO. 161 ( 11 et teg. ) I 165 ( 4-8 ) ; 167 (11-2); 168 (7-9); Ifdhks. OLE. M. 407, 

.175 -Surviiye.'] bv Wfwl, MVuTh-Apdi iSOJ 1 .:(> ]. s Hen. A'.h.i, plntcs \jv to wii. dlDn. i,i (' ->2 ), 
4-3^02. 'ib. 191 (97), 15-3-21. a ib. 67 ( 301 ), 5-3-04. 7 ib. ( 369 ), 9^H35. *BMC. 2hL-Q7 ( 106 ). 



The Ganges Highway s&. 

or any others which are in the Surveyor General's Office, can be of little or no viae to theMagia- 

trates and Collectors, or for Military purposes. 

1 purpose resting a few Days at this plans, after which I shall pursue ray voyage to tho 

westward by a different route to that which I eaine from the Uang <.:.■=, continuing my observations 
as I go, hi order to render this .Survey as extensive and useful towards correcting some of the 
inaccuracies oi" the Main as possible 1 . 

Again from Patna in July ; 

Having surveyed the Ganges botwiM.ni Hajygunge and Henrys sinker 2 , I came to that part 
of the river which I had surveyed with so much [wins and minuteness ten years ago, but I was 
soiry to find that from thence to Colgong, where my former Survey terminated, little resem- 
blance could be trueed befwesai the iiiver and my Charts the whole way ; many villages and 
considerable tracts of land having been swept away, while other Lands or Islands whioh had 
been thrown up by alluvion, though mostly in a wild and hitherto uncultivated state, appeared 
in other parts which had fcnierlt' been occupied by the stream. 

I hope to be able to leave this place, or Dinapoor, by the 7th, and to commence the Survey 
of the Goggra River, which is more immediate] v connected with the object of my deputation 
by the 10th of this month 3 . 

Copies of these river surveys were supplied as a matter of course to the Governor 
General and the Conim an der-in- Chief whenever these great men travelled up 
country 4 , and a complete set. specially prepared by Garstin for Sir George Nugent'a 
trip in 1812 6 , is still preserved. There is also a beautifully drawn map of the 
Ganges between the mouths of the Gumti and Gogra. surveyed bv Stephen in 
1812 [36, pi. 18 f. 

Orissa, 1803-13 

Though the thwart i of Orissa wan granted to the Company by the exiled Emperor of 
Delhi in 1765. the only portion of the province then occupied was Mldnapore, which 
had become part of Bengal so early as 1706, whereas the remainder of Orissa had 
been granted to the Manitha Raja of'Xagpur (or -Raj a of Berar) in 1751 [I, 2411.8] 7 . 

When, in 1 SO:! . the Company became involved in a general war against the con- 
federated Maratha powers [ 57 ]. a. Madras force under Lt. Colonel Hareourt 
captured Pr.ri and Cuttack'" and. under a. separate peace concluded with Nagpur in 
December, the whole of Orissa passed to the Company. 

James Blunt was attached to Harcourt's force as Engineer and Surveyor, 
remaining in the province till 1805. He made route surveys from Balasore to 
Ganjam, a detailed survey of the neighbourhood of Cuttack, and compiled a 
general map 9 from his own work and from surveys by Charles Collins 10 , Knox, and 
McCarthy [5, 11-12 ]. 

At various times. Scaly [ 44 ]. Patriekson, and others 11 , surveyed routes from 
Cuttack to Sambalpur, and in 180fi the Surveyor General proposed a survey of the 
teak forests along t'i.e M'ahanadi ; 

From the conversation I had with Rear Admiral Drury 1 * on the subject of Timber in the 
Forests, I am induced to represent the great benefit that would arise... from sending a Surveyor 
into the Teak Forests on the Banks of the Mnhanuddj and Taillee Rivers in Cuttaek, as from 
the Report of Captain .^ealv... largo quantities may be drawn from those Woods 13 . 

As a detailed survey of the province- was desirable for other purposes also, 
Sackville was transferred from Btmdeikhand at the end of 1809, and, withBlane as 
assistant, given the following instruction* by the Surveyor General ; 

To save time and, ..the expends.; of again surveying any part.. -that has hecn already laid 
down, I have furnished yon with Copies of a!! the l 3 a;>ers in the Office. ... 

This Province being very low towards the Sea, and the Morales at the Foot of the Hills 
unwholesome, I would recommend your first verifying the Survey of the Center part "from 1 

'DDa. 81 (75), 13-5-07. = 79 B/4 to 78 D/16 : see Bin. Adas, L a DDn. 81 (SI), 3-7-07. *ft 
(29). 4-8-07. OlillO. 163 ( IP- 8) ; 165 ( 104 .-.< .,«,)■ Acsjeant- of trip. Nugent. «ib. 168 ( 32-3 ) 

' Wills. ( 27 11 ). MS/Oand lil/lO. ISO;:. 'Fdl^s.. lihiat. MRiO. M. 2,17. M.'27l. -".Maps, BM AsMI 
MM.S. .13903 (b. c d}; UlilO. 55 ( -Hi-y ) :<>?,( 27): Misc. 4-l!-0:i. " Isibk. Patrick. -..a. 1806. MIUO. M. 331 
Sketch, ainij!.. MRIO. 16.1 ( 1 ). '= V. Adia. V.";.i. O'lkivn Drurv. C-iii-i.'. EI. Siimui™ at .Leal.h in March 

1311. ia BMC. 28-n-os ( eg ). 



34 Bengal & Obissa 

ZtTS let SS oTZ „I," ^.r^r^. of <*»»- f- . Public EMd 

myestigate * toJ» down ™ « b> ,„,.,„ ^^ , ho Boats used by the 

where a landing » be =a~ted ■;,,., bl . 1a ,,„, „. obtain Mormation concerning the 
■*■ J" "•*■• *"" Ti'cS II. — that «. considered » the most sioaly 
P °^ta"ot£d -"eh- ft ".« o, it, being unhealthy, if it .„ be discovered. 
°° E yo™"y atagThor. *«« be «W=d „ fee » Kedgeree, to being »o correct 

"J, S.TL HnJ Coun^!^- —1. i « •»> »» W™*? * £»"- £ 

,, „ 1 rf the Hill. w,th a view to lav down the Kauge. oo,re-tiy, and to determine en the 

^ri£ra?sr^.^^r£H*T^nhr E ?i^ 

SJjTlSlSl. — ™l»bl. of .11 Indian Timber, a. .eon „ yon discover* „ any 

nii^t™,^ 

, .ifl a. to the practicability of conveying Heavy Artillery and marching an army 
fa A tlnf- ai S oirenmitmee, should he detailed in yonr Field Bo* fox it 
*„„? Jg?i.i of the Country that i. W«i»d, but it is fit Government should hav. the 
fullest and rao.t correct iulelUgoneo t— [ *' Ifrfl 

SackTillo found Blane a useful assistant, ana reported , 

will afford at the same time a specimen of Mr. Hs..i stall. . 

Wo are now ...Kn- the Tear of «K- Western Frontier ,,1 the Date, ... .«d on the „r,l 
of IT-—, to ,eaeh...th. right bank of the M.hanuddy The oountr, wo hate 

,ed tteorih See w. quitted G.nj.m ha. exhibited little else but Jungle, ... which i we 
passed ttnongu anae H j nrpu qil ;,. our 'I'lavels te trace the Northers 

nave every reason to suppose will continue to prevail m out 

""wfhav. already observed th.t these forest, abound with Teak , the general dimension. 
„, Z SZ ™ have .l~dy sen have been very large. ... The season I am happy to say 
i vow favourable for our present trip through this barbarous Tract, and eveatytrnng -F™ 
to render it as pleasant as possible 3 . 
^ISgiXnf »d m^lf -re employed Surveying the M.hanuddy and otho, Rive,, from 



iDDn. 81 ( 167-71 ), 1 4-12-0 



>MRIO. 47 ( S-13 ). >DDn. S2 ( 13S), 1-3-10. 



OiUSH-A 



25 



the 27th of Match inclusive to the 1st June, ... and a Plan of these Rivers is now preparing 
and will be forwarded to yon as soon as possible 1 . ... 

Agreably to the Regulation;?, I have availed myself or' the Indulgence granted to Surveyors 
of returning to cantonments on the 16th June, the official commencement of the Rainy Season. 
Ensign Blane...left me on the 1st of June, and I hope by this time has arrived safe at the 
Presidency ; I have already reported to you the assistance which I have derived from the 
Talents and assitluty which that officer imifomily displayed 3 . 

Other young officers, Stephen and Peckett, were sent out "to learn the art of 
surveying" and in September 1812 the Surveyor General reported 
that the survey of the Province of Cut-tack in Orissa is now completed by Captain F. Sackville, 
who has delivered to me his general map, laid down on a scale of two miles to one inch 3 . ... 

I understand that it is the intention of Government to employ Captain Saokville in the 
construction of the Road to .Taggemaut 4 , an important occupation that will. ..leave no leisure 
for surveying. Tho' this Officer has been very diligent, and done a great deal towards the 
completion of the Map of the Province of CutUck. Yet there is still a full year's employment 
for a. Surveyor on the Western and North Western boundaries of it ; they isms only sketched in 
by Captain S. and pass thro' Countries which, from bring nearly Debris under the oppressions 
of the Mahratta Government, are now making rapid strides towards improvement, and then- 
population visibly increasing. In these parts there are many Passes of importance leading 
into Berrar and Goundwannah [ 45, 134 f, that in a Military point of view ought to be care- 
fully surveyed and laid down. I therefore request... that this Harvey may be completed and 
not, as formerly frequently lias happened, he left unfinished*. 

The NepLll War prevented the Surveyor General's, advice being followed, and 
the only available surveyor. Henry Sandys, who was deputed in May 1813 "to 
survey the Embankments" 7 , was recalled to military duty in January 1815. 

iMIlIO. 161 12). - HMO. ( 188, ^04 |, 16-6-10. *ifc 55 ( 32 et sea ) ; Maps include Angul and 
Eastern Oris?* States. 'or Pari, 74 E/1S. "Gomlwana, MuiuinaJy i'.ie counuy of_ the Kfaonda, 
esponds faiviv --vith 'die fa.tm.ira PlatPa.ii " ; Imp >n~. 1. 55 ; It, N ; 04 A, F 
r m. 130 ( 17), 3-0-13. 



'DDn. 128(11.!). 






CHAPTER III 



UPPER PROVINCES & OUDH 

Frontiers of Oudh, 1802-3 — Route Surveys, 1803-19 — Gokbrooke's Survey 
1807-8 — Oudh <fc Gorak-hpur. 1808-74 — Oanyes-Jmn-na Doab. 1811-4 — NevZl 
War, 18U-6- 

ON 10th November 1S01 a treaty was signed with the Wazir of Oudh under 
which he eeded Gorakhpur, the lower Doab, and jKohilkhand 5 . in return for 
the Company's protect ion against the JIarathas [5, 27, pi. 1]. On Lord Welles- 
ley's visit to Oudh shortly after [21-2], Thomas Wood was detailed to survey 
the new boundaries, and the Surveyor General acknowledged 

letters... acquainting me that you had been ordered by His Excellency the Most Noble the 
Governor General to commence immediately a Survey of the Western Boundary of the Nabob 
of Oude's Territory. ... Likewise that you had completed the Survey of the River Ganges 
from Allahabad in Caunpoor [22]. ... 

From whatever spot the Boundary between the Ceded District* and the Nabob's Territory 
may commence at tin; Omgm near Jj'aLtohj;huT-2, you will be pleased to follow its direction, and 
survey it up to the Hills, or as near to the Hills as it may be pivietieable to penetrate 3 . 

As in doing this you will cross the Route which you surveyed. ..to Pileebeat 4 in the year 
1800, you will be able to connect your prOHout with your former Survey [ I, 58 ; II, pi. g ], and 
should an opportunity offer of visiting the spot where the Sarjou or Goggra River descends in 
cascades from the Mountain.-;. ! would recommend to you l>v all means to do So. 

The place, whieh in Major Bennett's Map of Hindoostan is called the Cataract of Kanar 
[ I. pi. ] is laid down by him under t he [jmvdlcl of 29 '. ami al>out 40 miles North of the Town 
of Bartapoor. In the old General Map it appears to be nearly in the same Latitude, but as in 
tracing the Boundary i ownrd* the Hills you will probably draw much nearer to it..., it would 
be well worth your while, and of groat use to Geography, to visit and fix the position of that 
curious spot 5 [ 353 ]- - 

After you have surveyed the Boundary and visited, if practicable, the Falls of the Goggra 
you will be pleased to return to your station at, Caunpoor by the way of Pileebeat, Shahjihan- 
poor, Mohomdy..., carefully noting and observing every tiling that can be useful or interesting " 
in a Geographical and Military survey. 

As the total Distance in this Survey will scarcely exceed 300 Miles, I trust you will be able 
to complete it before the ensuing Rainy Season 6 . 

Colebrooke reported at the same time that Wood had 
completed the Survey of the River Ganges 7 from Allahabad to Cawnpore which now forms 
the South Western Boundary of the Nawah of Oude's Territory. Th is... connects with his 
Survey of the Ganges from Hiirdwar to Cawnpore [ I, 58 j, and which now throughout a 
considerable part of its course is become the Boundary betwixt the Countries lately ceded 
to the Hon'ble Company and the Mahrattas 8 . 
Iii September lie report ed that Wood, 

now at Caunpoor, who was lately deputed on the .Survey of the Nabob of Oude's Western 
Boundary 9 , ... had... finished the protraction of that part of his Surveys but, having on hia 
return by way of...Baraiteh ami Fyzabad to Lnoknow continued his Survey through a part 
of the Country little i're((iieined , and u-liieh would require time to lav down and finish 18 , he 
requested on that account, but chiefly on the plea of his Health having been injured by his 
late Surveys, to be relieved from any further duty of that sort [ I, 399-400 ]. 

'Known hereafte r l,- iiio Ceded Districts, or Provinces. ' 5411/11. a Wood included svv of E Si S 
ImutfKlLiiiriffiieJiii: »;]:-.}: illm. iiiiS ( 204 }. 21 -<j .111; v. Imp Cnz. X V (270). 'Pltlbhit. 53 P/14. * Visited 
later iiy Colebrooke himtelf [ 31 2]; Wood did not *:ieoeed La L-ettmir so far. 'DDn. 07 ( 7" ) lO-'MP 
'Uaiif(L-s&omUsn! upiiMrd fi Cj»w:ij>ore, Jan. Wr> : 1" to I111. : SfftTO. 1157 (0.5). ' BMC. 0-3-02(44) 
'Surveys, Marc!., April- 1*02 ; .uRiO. 29 [ 41 ). 31) ( 5. 22). 'nYood's tMirv.;v of K. frontier of Oudh. MRIO. 
Misc. 3-0-02, referred in !>y Colebrooke later [30]. 



'''^&y 


















A MILITARY ROUTE 



[I, 58; 11, ioj- 






""""■'■■■!fe' ;t . 













,, ■ 7 *" , *" J >" w ".-/- i ';' | HifilLm[ioor 
y / jffi* rj X'»""ip'>'" 



fe; 

to 












■- 

- 






I 



-.. 



' . ■■ • 



t 



(* ussojiraJi. 
x l > 't/r/>/'/.&tA. JctJ 



, 



■ ... . ,-.r /tt/ifortraA. 

/!/' A ah i f*A /ett/nirrifirA 






Frontiers op Oudh 



27 



I take the liberty, in consequence, of propositi..; that... Ensign .Smyth, of the Engineers, 
now at Allahabad, who acted as his Assistant (hiring his lasa u^ovusion. might be directed to 
commence the Survey of the Kastorn Hc-imd.uy of the N'aboh's Territory. ... 

Survey of the Catnip cor District, required for the mo of... the Colleetor, n^ght at the same 
time be commenced by Kji-nig^ MacDouga] of trie tiujinesrs, v.ho i:-. pitalif.vn.ed at Caunpoor 1 
[ *99 11.3 ]- 

Smyth surveyed the eastern boundary of Oudh between November 1802 and 
June 1803, fixing many places "mentioned in the treaty with the Nawab, but... 
never inserted in any of our maps" 3 [pi. 6]. He was told that, north of the Gogra, 

the limits of tho Coded .District:? arc cxt-rosnoly luicorbaiti ; it will be necessary that you should 
procure new guides to show you the whole of t!.ie remaining Boeiiihiries as far as the Hill s 
and. ..to endeavour to penetrate to, or at least to ascertOia the position of, Eutool 3 , whose 
li'ijiih lis now tributary to t. lie rion'bie Company*. 

Before he could finish off hla maps 5 , he was called away to join Lake's army, now 
moving against the Marat-has [57 ]. 

MacDougal's was told 
to furnish the Collector of C-.urupoor with an neem-ate ina.p of his District, and to complete the 
Geography of a considerable portion of the Dooab. ... You sl'ionliil request Mr. Welland to 
give you a list of all the principal Towns and Pergnni ians v.dtliin the circuit of his Collectc-rship, 
and to send guides with yon to shew the several Boundaries 6 . 

He was to make one of his stations at "the Magazine Ghaut, where Mr. Reuben 
Burrow observed the Latitude" [I, 160], but, after less than three months work 
was called away to Calcutta [ 269 ]. 



Route Surveys, 1803-10 

The treaty with Oudh in 1801 provided for the establishment of several 
military stations scattered over Oudh and the ceded districts [26 ] and, with the 
Maratha War of 1803-6, gave many opportunities for the survey of military routes 
[ I, 5 ], of which (.lie following may be noted. 

William Wilson's "march of the flank companies of H. M.'s 22nd Regt. from 
Fort William to the Grand Army"' at the end of 1803 was "very useful" 7 . 

Nathaniel Grant, who surveyed the route of Ids battalion from Muttra to Benares 
in .February l^Oij, and from (Sec-role to Ba.mi.ekpore in LSOS'h was afterwards one of 
iiuicoim's explorers in Persia [ 174-5 ]- 

During 1805 and 1808 William Welsh surveyed routes from Muttra to the 
Hiwaliks that were "drawn with considerable neatness" and were "excellent 
models" 9 [pi. 7]. 

Henry White surveyed the routes of his unit, during 1S0S ''during the period 
that Corps was on Escort Duty with ills Excellency the Nawab Vizier" 10 , whilst. 
Nathaniel Bucke kept a survey of the "Route of the 2nd Bat 11. Hith Regt. thro' the 
District of Bar aitch... January 31st to May 20th 1S0S", and again "thro' part of the 
reserved Territory of the Nawab Vizier, in pursuit of the Imposter Vizier Ally, ... 
July 22nd to August 1st" 11 . 

A valuable survey of a different, character was rim by Charles Crawford during 
the cold weather 1801-5 from Purnea to Hard war, a zigzag i me that took il months 
to survey 15 [35 ]. This was originally suggested by Crawford as complementary 
to his surveys of Nepal, in order to survey the northern frontier of Bengal, the 
coarse of the great rivers issuing from the mountains, and the positions of the 
snowy peaks [71, 85-6]. Colebrooke had abo suggested ids tracing the Ganges to 
its source, but by the time Crawford reached Ro'niikh.and. further survey was 
prevented by a. Mara! ha invasion. 

'Rita. (57 ( L2fi). 18-9-OS. »$8V letter 9-10-02 : B S & Pol. 21-10-02 ( 111 |. »Bntwal, 63 M/6 
[33]. 'BS&Pol. 21-10-02 (10 11. vM.lli.0. 18 (1-3): 30 (20.33^); Mi*c. 215-0-02; 2-0-03 
rpl.6]. «BS4 Pol. 21-10-02. 'DDn. 67(314), 18-4-01. 'Fdi.k. TiffiiO. 54:5; DDn. SI (3,4]. 
'F.Uik. MEIO. M54:! : limp. ib. 1'! I hi j ■ DD:i. i.iV ( 4:7.471, 177 1 War A to Jun« 1.S03; 3-1 (71 ), March 1S07. 
"DDn. 126( 111 j. i3-l!j-ll : I2S( 111 ) bMbh 1)0:1- UiJ. ".'DDn. •.! ( 23 j : 12 ( 31 ) 2-9 -OS. "Haps, 
MRIO. 30(32, 91-9). 



28 Upper Provinces & Otjdh 

After resuming command of his battalion, Crawford made a practice of surveying 
the various cantonments at which he was stationed. Ho spent " ten months in lay- 
ing down the City of Benares, including the Town of Ramnagar", and describes a 
"trigonometrical survey" of Etawah 1 which 

embraces an extent of Country of a I) out- eight miles by six. ... My reason for this extent 
was that it might take- in, bosid.es tho Cantonments, the City &■ Now Town of Etawah, the Old 
Fort on the banks of the River, two Omits above the City Gauts, A- as many below. As it is a 
Frontier Station I conceived a knowledge of the different, roads thai; load to the Maharatee 
States wtnild be acceptable. ... 

But what constitutes the strength of the I'ost are the numberless Ravines nn both sides 
of the Jumna, as well as on the Chmnhnl, whose depths |" increase from ] 2 or 3 feet at their 
commencement to 80 or !){> as they approach tlio River ; this was tho most laborious and dry- 
part of the Survey, as from their nature neither Horse or Elephant could be made use of; 
I was therefore forced to do the whole on foot. 

In the Cantonments I have laid down all the Bungalows with their several Gardens & 
Wells, & have accurately marked the boundary lino as laid down by the first Commandg. 
Officer-. ..& tho Collector 2 . 

Orders had recently been issued for the survey of all cantonments [ 34, 61 ] ; in 
January 1810 Peter Lawtie, of the Engineers, started a survey of the cantonments 
at Cawnpore s , and during 1811 Parley, of the Horse Artillery,, surveyed Meerut 
cantonments 4 . 

COLEBBOOXB'S SUBVEY, 1807-8 

As the affairs of Oudh wore attracting much attention in 1801. and a large 
proportion of the Bengal army was stationed in that country [ 26 ], it is not sur- 
prising to iind tho Surveyor General writing to the Commander-in-Chief; 

It appears on an inspection of the best Maps wo have of the "Provinces of Ondc and Kohilcunrl, 
and the country included botwccii tho i-fivevc- Cmige:> nod J'nmim ( called Doottb ), that much 
remains to be done towards perfecting l.lie Geography of these Countries. 

The Surveys procured, within these few years, of several routes through the Nabob's terri- 
tory, of the Jumna asi Ihtrh up as Delhy, and of tlie Cangces from Hardwar down to Caunpoor 
and Futtohghur, will however greatly facilitate the construction of a new and more perfect 
Map of these Countries than lias hitherto been laid down [ I, 58, 232 ]. 

The late arrangement uith. tho Xahob of Oud.o, in consequence of which onr Troops have 
been distributes! over tho greatest part of bis Domiuiouw, lo supply lire place of his own dis- 
banded irregulars, seem to suggest the propriety of procuring a moro exact survey of all the 
roads between the several Military stations than has yet boon taken [ 37 ]. Indeed there are 
few of these roads which have ever been .-.urvoyed. and sew have not even been laid down in 
the Maps at all. 

A survey upon u large scale that -diould oxiiibh tho sexoia! "i.loiids and >lil;tary stations 
in question would be highly usofi.il in a Military poult of view, and when reduced to the scale 
of an ordinary Map would supply what is wanting to complete The Geography of those 

Parts 5 . 

No officer was availablo for a general survey of tliis nature, and Colefarooke 
wrote again three years later ; 

The conquests which have recently been achieved by the British Arms in Hindoostan having 
Opened a new Field .for geographical Inquiry, and as it is desirable- to procure a more correct 
Survey of tlie newly Conquered and Ceded. Countries than hud. hitherto been obtained, Lt. 
Colonel Oolt.brofikt begs leave accordingly to offer iiim-s'if for condor- ting a new Geographical 
Survey, the Objects of which would be (ho following ; 

First — To Survey or, where that might not be practicable, to ascertain from correct local 
information and by detacln.ng occasionally two Native Assistants, who should be properly 
instructed [ 29, 30 ], the Extent and Boundaries of the several Provinces acquired for the 
Hon'ble Company since the commencement of the Ahmmtiu War [ 268 ]. 

2ndly. — To Survey such routei throughout, the (' 'onqnored and Ceded Httyv inces as have 
not hitherto been surveyed. ... 

'54 N/1. »DDii. S2 ( 120 ), 6-2-10. 3 ib. ( 91 ), 31-1-10. ' Ben Be-gr. 282 ( 8S ). -DPn. 67 



CoLRjiKOOKE'a Stjkvky 



29 



3rdly. — To Survey or the same scale such Rivers as nave been but i 
hitherto, surveyed. ... 

■4thly. — To ascertain by Astronomical Observations the Latitudes and Longitudes of the 
Principal Cities, Forts, and Towns, in the Compered miu Ceded Provinces, inelueltng the Cnttaek 
Province, the results of which being published in tbo Asiutk- ifese arches ui.iyht be useful to 
future Surveyors am] Geographers 1 . 

Nothing could be done owing to the order for rigid economy [5], but Cole- 

broohe was persistent, and in 1S07 again offered 

to proceed myself upon the. j ivoposeei Sm-vey. ... T wordd engage to. perform all that is most 
desirable for completine - the C-eograp-hv of Ih.e C'eeleel sir Conquered Provinces within the space 
of Eighteen Months, including a Survey of the jhiiinghy River aud of a considerable portion 
of the Ganges, which would lie iis ;v:y way, a no' also a ~bi.vvi.-y ■ ■■ part of i.ho pru vines of Cuttaek, 
which I would propose to visit- on my return 5 . 
This time it was resolved that, 

as the Service of Lieut. Colonel Golobrookc...ean be dispense:.! with ut the I' residency at present, 
it id highly advisable- that t.iio whole of the Surveys referred to should tic- completed by that 
Officer as soon as may he- practicable 5 [ 5 'J, 

He left Calcutta on 14th April 1807, and travelled through the Sundarbaus to 
Dacca. Keeping surveys of the water highway all the time [ 22-3 ], he reached 
Patna early in July, writing front there to the Resident at Lucknow ; 

Having been deputed... on a General Survey of tiit> Upper Provinces, and considering that 
a new Survey of the Goggra River will be highly useful, ...it is my intention to proceed up that 
l-t.iver as high as I can go. 

I request therefore that you will.. .obtain His Highness' permission, ...and likewise... 
his sanction for my marchm;; by Land tln'ougb Kis Country after I. ho rainy season is over, 
and for detaching two or three Native Assistants in different directions to Survey some Cross 
Reads which have not hitherto boon explored*. 

The following extracts, arc taken from his letters and journals ; 

July 14th. I act ?uii o-nd proceeded '■< miles up llio Goggra. ... 

21st. Entering the; month of I he Rapti 4 , sailed abot.it 4 miles up that river. ... 
22nd. Proceeded up the Rapti 6 . 

Goruckpoor, 26th July. I have the honour to acquaint you with my arrival at Goruckpoor, 
having surveyed the Goggra River from its confluence with the Gauges to the Mouth of the 
Lap-,!, ond the Rapti to this place. 

I have reason to believe, from the great disagreements '! hteve found with our best Maps, 
that no good Survey of t.ho Goggra had over boots marie before, and that, with respect to- the 
navigable part of the Rapti, u-o Survey of it. I) ad. he;-'i Jit-tempted before. 

I propose to Survey this River a few miles higher up, after v/liioh J. shall resume the Survey 
of the Goggra, and continue it as far as I can linel water for my locals, which I expect will be 
to the Latitude of 29 degrees, and if I do not meet with opposition from the Nepaul people 
[.31 ] prpbably to the foot of the Hills. ... 

After this I intend, should it not be too late it; the Season, to Survey she Goomty River 
from Lucknow to its outlet below iienares, which 1 have reason to believe has never been 
sat-isf-t.eteiriiy done before 7 . 

August. ... On the Rapti. ... [Theodolite bearings to snowy Peak;;, with veiled profiles] ['h81. 

August .10th. Arrived at Rajpoor ax the mouth of the ltapt i at S o'clock. There I was 
obliged to wait some time to gel- the rudder head of my pinnace repaired, and to make some 
other arrangements preparatory to my proceeding up the Gognt. At 2 o'clock we left Rajpoor 
and st i.!ed up the Gogra. ... 

August I3tb. Tltis morning I wanted to take the breadth of the river by trigonometry, 
as in this part I wished to be very particular and minute, it being the -Ghaut or ferry 
between Benares ond Goradqieor. 1 then sent- one of my native assistants to Gopalpoor. ... 
As the man did not return until 11 o'clock I waited until he ain.l c-ho men who drove the peram- 
bulator Ira! refreshed themselves before I went on a . ... 

Fyaabad, 23rd August. I arrived yesterday at r'y:<sbad, having surveyed the Rapti River 
to about 2o mi leu above Goruckpoor. a Lid coil! limed the Sitn oy of the Goggra ft) this pla.ee. ... 

From the difficulty I find in navigating this River, which is full of Rapids & Shoals, I 
apprehend that more time will be required to accomplish the Survey of it, than I first imagined. 



30 UPPER PROVINCES & OUDH 

... I have already, by the help of my native assistants procured Surveys of the Roads from 
Benares to Gorackpoor, and from Gomckpoor to Banaey 1 , ...which had not previously, 

at least not satisfactorily, bwn Said down*. ... 

September 2nd. Near this place is a- large town called Havxatpoor. the capital of a district, 
but which has unaccountably been left out of the maps. This omission is the more extra- 
ordinary as this part of the' country lias been long frequented by our countrymen in their 
waj- to Luekuow 3 - ... 

Byramghaut 4 , 5th September. I purpose to proceed from bene-' ontheTfii Instant, and to 
continue the Survey as high at least a? where Captain Wood. ..surveyed a part of the Goggra 
River...while survejiog the Nawaub's boundary in the year 1.902 [ 3& ], but shaU carry it up 
higher if practicable. 

The difficulties of proceeding bevond where he went [ understand, however, to be very 
great owing to the thick entangled forests, infested by -.risers and wild Elephants, through 
which the Goggra flows soon after its descent from the Mountains, as well as the unwhole- 
s.imoness of riic .lunches at this Season of the year 5 . ... 

10th. Sailed up the ...Branch of the Goggra which we entered yesterday evening, and 
which I understand communicates with the Goggra at a distance of 10 or 12 miles above. 
This branch is not laid down in Major Henri ell's maps., nor indeed does the Goggra River appear 
to have been surveyed at all above Byramghaut. I except, however, a part of the river which 
was surveyed bv Captain Wood 6 . ... 

Sicrora 7 , 24th September. Bavins left Byramghaut on the 7th instant, 1 proceeded up 
the Gogra about sixty miles beyond that place when, (hiding the river extremely difficult to 
navigate on account of the extensive grass jungles infested by Tiger,;, which cover the Islands 
and line both sides of the River, ). was compelled against my inclination to return, completing 
however, as I dropped down with the stream, the Survey of that part of the Gogra which 
lies between MullahpOOT 8 and Byramghaut, and which I have reason to believe, from the 
eager curiosity which the Natives expressed to see me and my Boats, no European has ever 
navigated before. 

It was my particular wish and intention to have ascended the Gogra a few miles higher 
up. so as to ha-vo reached Mahturu ghaut" where Captain Wood. ..crowed that River, ...but the 
Boatmen were so alarmed by the numerous prints of Tigers of eleven feet, in the sand, some 
of which I saw, and by the smell which occasionally c( ,. Tne from, those parts of the Jungle where 
the Tigers then were, or had recently been, that I determined no longer to risk the lives of my 
people. ... 

Had the season proved more favourable with respect to ram and Easterly Wind, I could 
easily have sailed past the Tiger Jungles, and probably penetrated 1.00 miles higher up tho 
Gogra, almost to the foot of the Hills. As it was, I surveyed that River 300 miles from its 
confluence with the Ganges. . . . 

After staying two days at Byramghaut on my way down, 1 left that place on the 21st, 
and, entering the mouth of the Sun on River 16 . Surveyed it to within two miles of this station, 
there not being Water sufficient for my Boats to proceed further. ... 

From Mullahpoor .1 despatched one of my Native Assistants to Survey a. Route to Mohamdy, 
... Lucknow, ... Furtabgarh, and Benares : at which latter place 1 hope myself to arrive by 
the middle of ( ictober 11 . 

September 24th. Rode out on an elephant to reconnoitre the cantonments and town 
of Secrora and environs. This Is a considerable place, which appears to have acquired im- 
portance only from its becoming a station for our troops which it has been for about four 

This evening about four o'clock I saw a comet very distinctly bearing about west, and 
at the elevation of about 15° from the horizon. 

25th. Went out again on the elephant, and drew a geographical sketch of the village of 
Seerora, the cantonment, and part of the river Sarjoo. Observed the latitude by a meridian 
altitude of the sun which was 2iV 5' 30". ... 

28th. Reach the city of Oude 12 . [ long description ] ... 

10th. October. Rejoined the Gauges 13 . ... 

15th. Arrived at Buxar, once a fort of some importance, but is now garrisoned by 



'Bar*) < ( S h'Ui -To Mil. Dept,. DDn. Ml (91). s Journal, DTtai. 75. ■'63E/8. ' To Mil. Dent., 
DPn SI (B). -Journal. ll.Dn. 75. ■no',.- Culo'ielpmj. OS E/12. s MfdUeminY*. »J ii/4. 'Mahra, 
62H/4 "orChsnika E.. 63 E/T. "To .Mil. Dqjt., BMC:., 12-10-07 ( 60 ). ■- Apdhy.i, 03 J/1 ; *. Imp 
Oaz. U. P. IT I 3HS ). « below Chopra, 72C/14. 



COLKBROOKE'S iSlTRV KY 



31 



I8th. Keach Ghazipoor. It was here that Lord Cornwall is (.lied on his wily up the' country 
in October I805 1 . ... 

On October 25th he reported his arrival at Benares ; " ' ' 

After leaving Secrora on the 2fith ultimo, I fell down the Gogra, making such additional 
observations mi my way. as. ..would be usofi.il for eonujletittg a New Chart of that River. 

At Oude on. the 29th &■ JiOth September, I was detained by a Violent Stomi, and my boats 
were in imminent danger of being Stove- lo pieces upon a flea Shore. Leaving Oude, I con- 
tinued my voyage to the II. ou t-h of the Gogra where, utter escaping some additional Dangers 
from tho Quick Sands with which that River abound!;, and upon which my Pinnace" frequently 
ran, I had the satisfaction to re-untor the Ganges; on tho lOtli instant. 

On the 23rd I arrived at this place, from whence I. intend, proi. ■ceding on the 30th by tile 
Goomfcy 2 to Lucknow. ... It is not my wish. ..to stay longer at Lucknow than will be 
absolutely necessary for: procuring an Escort of fl n hluropcan Officer 3 and. fifty Sepoys from 

Cawnpore, wit h some (".' :> lh iiiip;e;e :ii, I Carriage Cuttle to join ire ai. i hat place previous to 

ft. in in mucin g my Survey by Land 4 . ... 

November 18th. Allahabad. ... 

30th. Cawnpoor. The Country as you approach to Cawnpoor, and immediately about this 
extensive Military Cantonment, is the most arid, pare! led, urn! bare of vegetation, of any I 
ever saw. ... The Cantonment is now of prodigious extent. ... 

' December 16tll. After remaining a fortnight at Cawnpoor, during which time I was 
busily engaged m preparations for my .March, I crossed the Ganges. ... 

21st. Rode into I .tie know, and arrived at. ..the liritish Resident's House. ... The road, 
considering it is leading to the Metropolis of Oude, is but indifferent 5 . 

January 6th 1S0.S. Khyrnbud' 5 , having left Cawnpore on the 17:. ii ultimo, and Lucknow on 
the 2inl instant. 

From Cawnpore I deputed one of my native assistants lo survey a. New Route to Muttta, 
with instructions to proceed from thence direct to. ..two forts. ..not hitherto... inserted in any of 
our Maps. He will proceed horn thence to I iareill.y...wliere .1. expect- t" meet, him about the end 
of this month. 

Another of my native assistants has lately Surveyed a Route from Benares through' Juan- 
poor", and along I lie North side of the Coornti to Lucknow, ... Ktuwub, and Cawnpore 8 . The 
same man has also Surveyed a Route from Lucknow. ..and I am about to send him, with a 
Naick and seven Sepoys for his protection, across the Gogra. ..throi igh the Keyr-eegur District 9 
to...Bunbussa Chant, where .i Jin myself proceeding in the hope of penetrating to the Spot 
where the Gogra issues from the Mountains 10 [26]. 

January 17th. On my arrival at Baroilly I was received with groat politeness and .hospital- 
ity by Mr. Crisp, t"ie Magistrate of t.lic I "li strict 11 . ... 

23rd. At Pilliheet. ... 

■ Sunrise and. attempted to proceed in a Xortb- Westerly direc- 
oii brought up by a Swamp in a high grass jungle which baffled 
that direction. The Elephants began to sink in the mud, and 
rae to avoid the danger of losing some of our Elephants and 
the South, and skirting the edge of the Forest soon caiiie to a 



fever and sere throat. I was obliged to halt this 
me out of curiosity gave the following route- to 



February 7th. Marched 
tion to- the Hills, but we were 
all our endeavours to get on 
I was obliged to alter my a 
Camels. ... We then turned i 

P.lci'ublc road ; ... wo rouchod the viUilgi 

lith. Having caught 
day. ... Some Hill people win 
Ahnora 12 . ... 

Mora: [abaci 111 . February 17th. I have the honouT to acquaint you with myarrival at 
Moradiiba.d, having surveyed a new Route frovn /ihoetapoor 14 ...to Rareily, from which place... 
I proceeded in a N. Ely, direction, through Pilliheet to discover the places whore the Goggra, 
River breaks through die Mountains. ... 

From Pilliheet the Road to it is easy, and the country tolerably free from Jungle as far as 
Beelaree, a distance of 26 miios. ... Near this place the ,\epa; C ov eminent have a post, tho 
Sirdar of which... levies a Tax upon all articles which are brought down from the Hills. I 
conceived that the previous consent of this mini to my passing his post would he necessary, i o 
enable me to proceed to the h'al's of the Goggra ; 1 therefore sent him a message to that- effect, 
to whkih he returned a Civil answer, ace-uiescing in my proposal. 

Having visited Bunbnssa Ghaut, a ford of the Goggra, ... I proceeded next day ( 28th 

1 Journal, Di>n. 79. bird OouPPilliH returned for scwjikl tour :\-; QG. with policy of peal* and 
eeoitomy, but died within a few months of kudiiiL'. - Join? flanges ii;j 0, ; 3. n W. S. Webb 1 27]. »ToMil. 
I>™;. BW!. 2-11-07 ( BS). "Journal, DDn.SO. 'I33A/14. 'Jiuinpur, 63 N/8. 6 MR!0. 32 (74-7). 

"Khcri, 63 A/13. "To Mi], Df.iL, BMC. IS- J -OS { 7S ). " Bintish r. r y v , ; |7(>l-dSIl ) ; JiCS. 177S ; father 
uiJ.H. Crisp ( 17SS-1S70). Had. Inf. S o'urvr. [j2i'|. '-Journal. Dlin. S(V "53 L,']3. "Sitapur, 
63 A/10. 



;;2 



Upper Provinces & Oubh 



Ultimo). ... Jewanuitd met me within a- Short distance of His Post, and presented me with a 
Nazur of a pod of Musk. His Beha\ iour was courteous it Civil, though somewhat constrained, 
which might have been owing to the consciousness lie felt of being within the Company's 
Boundary. ... After a few minutes conversation !u: took his leave, when I. presented him with 
a piece of Scarlet Cloth, and a Spying Glass, with wliich hi: saimpil well pleased. 

Pursuing our route. ..we encamped in the forest, on the liunL' of ('■he Goggra. which here 
rushes over a bed of Stones i pebbles with considerable velocity and some noise. The Scenery 
here is very wild, and i,he forest, portion Lsiriy on the Hast or opposite side of the River, is said 
to bo full of Tygers ,v Wild iLlephuius. We wove now within 4 miles of Burrumdeo 1 , the place 
where the Goggra- issues from the Mountains. & ne\t. morning we succeeded in getting there 
& ascertained il.s geographical situation. The Scenery in approaching it was very grand, but 
a heavy Shower of Rain, which continued nearly the whole time we were out, prevented my 



On our return to On tip the ruin increased and lasted all night, which made me anxious, 
having accomplished tin: main object of my journey through the forest, to get out of so un- 
comfortable a situation. After drying the Tents the next morning ice accordingly returned 
to Belaree. 

The party now marohed. wc-st wards, keeping a« close to tUe hills as possible, and, 
at the village of Peepurhatt.y, we suddenly met- a party of Mawatties who, probably thinking 
that we were in pursuit of them, ran oft" into the Jungles. J did not learn that they had re- 
cently committed any particular linhberies, but. I understood that they levy undue exactions 
from the Hill people who graze their tattle in this part of the Country, and lay a tax upon all 
the Timbers which are cut in the Forests. 

A very thick forest abounding, in very large Wait Trees hhmiv.' between I'eepurhuttee & 
Ktickutpoor & here also Wild Elephants are frequently caught. 

From Suckutpoor my route was continued... to Kutbie, ... beyond which I found it im- 
practicable to proceed in the. direction of the "Hills owing to a swamp, which, as it was said to 
be two or three ivos in length, there would have been a risk of losing some of our Elephants or 
Camels. I determined then to proceed by a more circuitous route, ...keeping the forest at 
some distance on my right, ... when, basing been al lacked by an intermittent fever, I returned 
to Kasheopoor 2 with a small part of my Escort, leaving Lieut. Webb [ 31 11.3 j to follow me 
by way of Sherkoli 1 to Moradabad. ... which, lie readily undertook to survey in my absence. 

I proceeded in throe easy inarches from Oossipoor to this place and, my kver having left 
me, I was finable to Survey the road the whole way 4 . ... 

23rd February. liode into Moradabad to visit the I'uins oi Pooriiain Khan's Fort, of 
which but few vestiges now' remain. It stood on the Bank- of the River, commanding a fine 
prospect of the River & country around. 

There the late Mr. Reuben Burrow, about 20 years ago made his obscrvat ions for the Lati- 
tude & Longitude [ I, tot J and 1 endeavoured to ascertain from some of the oldest inhabitants, 
who I thought might remember him, the ideniieal spot whore he observed, but they could not 
inform me. ... 

28th. Alter observing the bearings of the snowy mountains, manj of which were visible 
this morning [86 7 [. we marched to... .Tail era bud ( i limit, where we crossed the Ganges''. ... 

Meerut, 2nd March. ... I left Moradabad on the 24th ulto. and have continued my Survey... 
to this place. 

In my last Letter I informed you that an attack of the jungle fever had induced mo to 
proceed to Moradabad sooner and. by a more direct road than I had. intended, but that Lieut. 
Webb would continue the Survey. ..by a route more circuit-ons to that place. . 

He arrived (here accordingly on the 21st ulto.. having performed that part- of his .Survey 
entirely to my satisfaction. From the time indeed of his joining me, Lieut. Webb has carried 
011 a Survey with 11. perambulator ai.nl eomouss, he-ides frounce' Obscrs at ions; for the Latitude 
which, had 1 not been \i it b him a ad engaged in the Krone oceiieai iocs, might- have been perfectlv 
sufficient for any Geographical purpose. ... 

My trail health being, since the fever. ..which iias been followed by a severe Bowel com- 
plaint, but indifferent-, I begin seriously to apprehend that I shall not only bo obliged to relin- 
quish the proposed Journey to Gungout.ri [ 7;; j. but that i may likewise lie compelled to give 
over surveying altogether, at least, by land, sooner than T intended 6 . 

March 3rd. The city of Meerut is large and populous & is surrounded by a Wall, aa ore 
most Towns and villages in this part of the country. The reason of it, T suppose, is that thoy 

1 jJara.mrico,62C/4. 3 53E/16. S 53K/1]. 'ToMil.Dept,, DDn. SI ( 113). 6 Journal. Ti'tin. SO 
"To Mil. Dept,, TIDn. SI j UM ) * TVJIC 21-8-08 (79). 



C'OIjE'B R-UO K E ' S StTKY K V 



:j:i 



had formerly been mu bjeet- t<> tin'' incursions of the Seeks and Mabratias Ion;; before the latter 
had got possession of the Dooab, but even thou the numerous Tribes of Jauts, Goojers, and 
Mawattee plunderers kepi, them in perpetual alarm. The Country is now comparatively 
very quiet, and the miki influence tempered with justice of the British Government has Spread 
universal peace iti these provinces. ... 

11th. Reached Delhi 1 . ... 

Delhi. March 26th. Since I last, had the honour in address ymi from Meerut, which place 
I left on the 9th instant, 1 have surveyed the Route from thence to Delhi, but owing to th« 
continuance of my ccmplsiipil winch hns been aocompimied with a. soreness in iny eyes, I have 
not been able, since the 12th instant, r-o resume the Survey*. 

Whilst at Delhi Colebrooke received permission for Webb to explore the 
sources of the Ganges [ 74 ] ; 

Whenever the .suite of your health, or otnor circumstances, may render it necessary for 
you to relinquish the prosecution of the SSurvei iii which, you are at- present engaged, ...the 
Survey of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces, and eventually of performing the journey 
to Gangoutri, shall be asslgaed 10 Lieutenant Webb 3 . 

From Delhi he travelled via Anupshahr to Barf silly, and halted there to await 
Webb's return from Oangotri ; 

May 20th. ... Since my arrival at l.Weiliy on the 17th Ulto. 1 have been busily ernployed 
in arranging and construct. ins some of the numerous Routes which I have either sur- 
veyed myself or procured through my Native Assistants since my arrival in the Upper 
Provinces 4 . 

These when al! carefully laid down and combined with the materials whieh had formerly 
been collected will, ..furnish a very extensive and valuable \Ia.p, but- which will necessarily 
require a considerable time, and much laborious application, to complete 5 . 

June J 8th. ...Having now nearly completed, as far as was practicable within the time 
proposed, the Survey of the Ceded & Conquei.'eii Provinces- in Upper liiudoostan, it is my 
wish. ..to return by water to the Presidency, for the purpose of compiling a new General Map 
of the whole, and to construct n set. of Maps more detailed of such Provinces or Ziila.hs as have 
been best surveyed*. 

Having welcomed Webb back to Bareilly on June 30th. Colebrooke set out once 
more by river on August 1st, keeping up a continuous survey down the Kamganga 
to its junction with the Ganges, besides working some distance up its tributary the 
Dewah 7 . He wrote on August 30th reporting his 

arrival at Cawnpore, being thus far on my return to the Presidency, though I am sorry to 
add in an indifferent state of health, owing to an attack of the Dysentery, with whieh I have- 
now been troubled two months 8 . 

This was the end of Colebrooke : s life work as a surveyor ; his illneas grew worse, 
and he died at Bhagalpur on September 21st 1808 [5 ]. 

The surveys which he had so conscientiously carried out during his last twelve 
months were in due course embodied in the maps of the Upper Provinces, and 
copies wore sent home to the Directors in 1 812. 



OUDH & GOBAKHFTTB, 1808-14 

Before his death Col.ehroo'kc had arranged Cor Webb's appointment as ''Surveyor 
in the Upper Provinces" 9 , with orders to finish off certain main routes in Oudh, and 
take up the survey of Gorakhpur District. Webb had remained at Bareilly to 
work np his reports and maps of the Cangotri-Badrmath expedition [76], and 
Colebrooke wrote to him from Cawnpore ; 

With regard to Instructions, I. can transmit them to you from Benares, or even from 
Calcutta, aa you will most likely not be able to commence your operations for six weeks or 
two months to come. 

1 tu-iu suggest, bowovoi', ... one route to beaiii « 1th, whieh is the bi;;b Kou.il from Luc-know 
to Juanpoor ;' 2nd. - from Jttanpoor through A/imjmr 1 o ("1 cruel: poor : 3rd.— from Goruckpoor 
by way of Oapta!u£;uuso :w & Sierora I 30 ] to Lucknow, 

ijoumala, DBn, 73 &. 80. *BM0. 25-4-08 (67). »ib. 21-3-08 (80). ^Original maps and 

compilations : :MR10. -jr, < o7 <J4) 20 I 311, 40, 4S ) ; :«) ( 4--J-.-J ! . (57 -S7 }: 31 (K--2I. ! : :-U ('32 ) etc. 'ToMil. 
Dept., DT>n. SI ( 139 ), "lb. ( 144 ). ' Journal, DD11. 73. B BMC. 6-9-03 ( 54 ). a BGO. 4-7-08. » 63 J/10. 



34 Upper Provinces & Oudh 

Of this Track sonm parts have been surveyed, though, indlfferent-iy ; ...it 
indeed, in surveying, to avoid going over some tracks which have been surveyed before ; hut 
in such cases the Surveyor should not relax, or omit anything, as it is probable that his 
Survey might furnish corrections which would always be of use. 

The Latitudes of nil the principal places in this Route will bo useful.', indeed sonic are much 
wanted 1 . 

Webb surveyed this route during October and November 3 and then, at the 
request of the Resident at Lucknow 3 , took up the general survoy of the eastern 
frontier of Oudh that had been Left incomplete by Smyth [ 27 ], receiving instruc- 
tions from the Surveyor General with 

a sketch of the Surveys made in, and on, the boundaries of Coraekpoor by Captain Wood 
and Lieutenant Smyth, ...to prevent your going over the Ground already surveyed by those 
Officers ; all the other parts of this Province a.ppear to have been laid down from reports, 
not from actual Surveys. It will be proper to have the Si u-jno surveyed as high up as possible, 
and the Places en belli sides of the River noted, particularly where other streams fall into it, 
and where it changes ita name to the GograhA Aleo...the distance it ie navigable, and for 
what size Boats. 

It is a desideratum to know what, quantity ami species of Timbers grow oji its Banks, 
whether they are easily procurable, and to be transported, or not 5 , 

Webb spent two years on these surveys, completing a map of "The Gnrra River 6 
from the Mountains to its confluence with the ilumganfra Tiiver", and also one of 
the "Gogra from near Fyzabad eastward to Sultanpur", besides many routes 7 . 
One of Ms earner maps shows " Forests where Elephants are caught 1 ', along the 
belt of tarai a [ 40 n.3 ]. 

He completed most of the blanks along lite eastern boundary of Oudh, and the 
main routes between Jaunpur, Fyzabad, and Lucknow, and the country ttf the 
north 9 . During 1810 he surveyed the cantonments of Lucknow, Secrora, Sitapur, 
and Bahranighat, "being much interrupted by heavy falls of rain 10 "' [28, 61]. 

Towards the end of 1811 his health broke down, and he obtained leave to Europe, 
the Surveyor General writing ; 

I was in hopes from His former eormuuui cations that lie would have completely finished 
the whole of these boundaries, but there is often a wide difference between the Estimates 
of what Men can do and. what, they actually Survey, even when mark: by the most industrious 
Surveyors, amongst which class l.-ieutenurif Webb artist in justice be reckoned. ... His surveys 
appear to be accurately laid down ; bjs drawings are neat. Mud shew that great pains has always 
been taken l.o give satisfaction 11 . ... 

The continuation of Lieutenant VV. ri. Webb's Surveys! in Oudc.are very valuable for the 
-accuracy and neatness with which tbey appear to have been eompiled, and is very creditable- 
to that officer 12 . 

Webb had done but little work in Gorakhpur district, and Gars tin sent in, 
a rough drawing, ... to shew the Lines that have been measured. ... In the original surveys 
on each side of these Lines, for the rlistance of four or live Miles, the villages in sight have 
been inserted, but nothing more has been effected. There are many passes into the Hills, 
from which in case of disturbance the Inhabitants of the Mountains might make excursions 
into the Plains, carrying destruction in their Trs.in, and return with impunity, from our want 
of Knowledge of the Roads leading to their fastnesses. These appear to ma to call for 
examination, and the purposes of the Revenue and "Police will be considerably advanced 
by having an accurate Survey of this valuable Province completed 13 . 

Benjamin Blake had already been surveying routes m Gorakhpur 14 , and from 
April 1812 was appointed to survey the whole district, with the following instruc- 
tions [ 366 ] ; 

When you arrive... near the junction of the little U.unduek and the Dewiih' 5 , about Ten 
miles beyond Lhurowly 16 , you will proceed up that- River. ..carefully noticing all its windings, 
... and determine the boundary of the Province where- it joins Sircar Sarun". ... Having 

'DDu. 82 ( 50 ), 26-S-OS. a ib. (46), 23-11-08. °B Pol C. 10-1-09 ( 86 ). 'noted by Colebrooke 

IS months earKsT [ 30 ]. s DDn. SI ( 76), 11-3-09. 6 Ciirv.T, R. joins Smd;., i>3 E.-'S, tin- combined rivers 

hecoimng the «n K r.i, -.MltiO. [f>> ( 1. 2fi-S ) ; 3!)( IS. 20 ). "ill. 25 (33 i). <• ih 17 ( lit. 30). '"Fdbks. 
MRIO M 352-:.i. 387. "DDo. 1118 [ ~ ), 7-3-13. >-ii>. < .-y > S-!!-l2. "ib. {57), 7-3-12. "BMC 
4-4-12(106). "orthe Gogra, 16 72 B/4, v. Ben. Atlas x.. "Saran Diet,, 72 B. 



OlJDH & GOKAKHPUR 35- 

correctly laid down the Eastern Boundary, the next object will be the exploration of the- 
Range of Mountains forming the Northern Limits, and si most careful im rt correct Survey 
must he taken of the whole border, 

Not contenting yourself with seeing that there are passes, you must go thro' them, and 
carefully remark their Breadth, also note whether Cavalry and Guns ™ either ascend or' 
descend thro' them ; if the roads can be made passable or not ; ami endeavour' to obtain some' 
correct information of the X at lire of ihe Oountrv above the Gauts 1 . 

Blake never reached these northern borders, and two years later Crawford 
oo.mrjla.inod of his slow progress [ 201 , 219-20 ] ; 

As you have now been a very considerable time employed upon the Survey of the Goruck- 
poor Province, ... you will report to me when you wiE be able to forward your labours to this 
Ofiice, as the survey cannot be extended beyond the approaching- rains. 

I have looked in vain among your PieCd Books" for a Latitude, an Azimuth, or Amplitude ;: 
I hope and trust, Iiuu-ckt, you have regularly taken them. 

I see no remarks either of the nature of the Country you pass thro', with the exception 
only of onee or twice, "Very Woody "nor do i see any notice taken of the interior divisions 
of the Provinces. ... Having surveyed through the District in a zig/.ag Direction myself [ 27 ] 
and having receive,! Lieutenant Pickersgilbs late .Survey [ 38-40 ], I have a tolerable 'idea of the 
( Wte du pays 3 . 

I rind to my surprise that you are on the Benares side of the Gogra. ... In my letter of 
the 16th of March I mentioned the Survey could not be prolonged beyond the setting in of 
the Rains, and must confess J was not ,l little surprised to find in your answer that von required 
a whole year beyond that ; bid. if you survey at the rate of 4 Miles a day, and go into other 
Provinces, it is impossible to .nay when there would be an end to such surveying. 

I do not think Government will allow another year beyond the approaching Rains, as 
it would be paying more for a map of Goruckpore than it is worth, particularly as we have a 
tolerable idea of it in the Office already 4 . 

I surveyed from Purneah to Hurdwar in 4J Months, a distance of 1000 miles [ 27 ], and 
during that I never took less than l.o observations a day. and often 20 to 25. and on the days 
of halting more. As I surveyed a considerable track through the Province of Gortickpoor,. 
I am very anxious to see if your latitudes and mine agree 3 . 

At the end of 1814 Blake was called off to rejoin his unit. In spite of Craw- 
ford's strictures his map was a valuable one, crowded with place-names 6 . 






.Gangjss-Jumna Doab, 1811-4 

In submitting a map for the use of the Commissioners of the Ceded and Con- 
quered Provinces in 1810, the Surveyor General called 

the attention of Government to the Map of the Northern part of the Zemindary of Benares 
... of which we scarcely have the smallest knowledge ; it remains almost a Blank space in 
our Maps and, although I base carefully searched the records of the office, I can find no 
materials to cftnstruct a better. The late Colonel Colebrooke had made a fruitless search for 
the same purpose. It has been in these unexplored parts thai, several troublesome Persons 
such as Jaggernaut »Sing raised the Standards of revolt, and our want of knowledge of the 
Country enabled him for a. considerable time to avoid the search made after him 7 . 

A year later William Stephen. [ 25 ] was sent up to Ghazipur with a "Sketch, 
of Major Wilford's Map of the Northern part of the Zemindar v of Benares 8 " ; 

Y0.1 will by the Dawk Bangey receive Two SkeUeton Maps of that part of the Province 
of Benares which, fs first required. The large one will shew the different Pergunnahs whose 
boundaries should !;e as carefully ascertaietu! as possible. 

I think the best mode of conducting this Survey will be to measure a Base from Ghaaipoore 
by Mow to Doory Chard 8 on (he Oograh or' Dewah River, and then to survey the space to the 
southward comprehended between the line oft.be before-mentioned River' and the Cannes™ 
carefully laviriL' down Ihe several. ..Nullahs . s..s w„ll ;,» t.l,- m^a* t ir.-u 



; the Roads, Towns, Vil 



carefully laying down the several... Nullahs, ... as well 
... t.i a scale the some size as the Map transmitted, 

iDDn. 126 (146 ), 25-4-12. *MBI0. M 354-6,515. »DDn. 131 { 37), 18-3-H, -.jb (57 1 

11-5-14. Mb. I 106), 14-10-H. . JUU0. 23 (30 ). 4 m.. i ?,\ 2 ). 2 m. to an m,n 'DDn 128 35 ' 

^r M ^S^^S: an * BalllKl45n ' 21 - BQh -P-.e3 ; O/10 ; Mau,6 S O/ 9; Dehrigh a t, 



36 Upper Provinces & Out>h 

You will almost make a reduced copy of your survey to the Size of I he lesser Projection 
sent in the same Bamboo, ...so as to omit no place of importance, fit the same time that 
Places of no note art: not to be introd i irtn ! in L-bfi rtinal L raup, to avoid confusion. 1 . 

When submitting plans for Sir George Nugent's tour up country the following 
year [ 23 ], the Surveyor General reported that, 

the plan of the Cadges between the month of the Goomtee and Gogra taken by Ensign 
W. G. Stephen, Engineer, is a very neat specimen of that oilieers work [23, pi. iS] and has 
enabled nie to carry on the Plans, by connecting it, with the other Purveys; in this office ordered 
for His Excellency the Commander in Chief in his tour to the Tipper Provinces 2 . 

Stephen was eventually called away to the Nepal War. leaving his work un- 
finished ; 

I have connected into 0110 map everything lying 1.0 the eastwards of the iloritiian of Ghazi- 
poor, but all the rest of my survey is on separate papers, just as protracted 3 . ... T propose 
...to leave the whole of my proti ■actions... at Benares. Tn case of accident to myself they can 
then he sent down to your office just as i.hoy are, or made over to the officer who finishes the 
Survey. ... I should also wish to finish what I have begun and am interested in, and should be 
sorry were it found necessary lo order am a her oiliccr to i.ioroplele jivy Survey 4 . 

His wish was granted, for he came safely through the war, and went back to finish 
his survey. 

In addition to the route surveys already mentioned [ 27 ], there are several by 
Blake, including the inarch of hh unit from Ilewari to Sanaranpur 5 in November 
1809, with an entry "being officer of the day prevents my getting Bearings of the 
villages in the neighbourhood" 6 . In submitting a "Map.. .of the Upper part of the 
Dooab, comprising the Northern Division of Seharunpoor & part of the Thibet 
Mountains", he writes that, 

In 1809 tlie...Ma.g-istrate of the Northern llivjsion of Seharunpoor was particularly anxious 
to have a correct Map of his District, chiefly with a view to.. .some arrangements connected 
with the police of the Country. About this period having leisure, I uecompaniod [ him] during 
a circuit he mode of his filial, for the purpose t) f visiting 1.1ns several Thanahs, &- of this favorable 
opportunity 1 availed myself to make a sketch of the Country 7 . 

During the next two yeaTs he made various 
surveys in the upper part of the Do'ab, with the passes in to, and a small part of, the Thibet 
Mountains, including some Rivers therein, which disembogue into the Jumna. ... November 
1809 to March 1811 s . 

He visited Kalsi 9 , where the Jumna breaks out of the hijls, and recorded informa- 
tion about the route to Nahan, capital of Sirmiir, then occupied by the Gurkhas; 
"from this return to Cantonments by Dawk, the Leave of absence being out". His 
map 10 gives views of (.lie Sivvaliks, and a vague representation of the Dun, with 
Dehra and Kalanga Hill [ 90 ], and routes reported by Gurkhas travelling through 
the Dun to Nahan. He also made a six -inch plan of Saharanpur cantonment 11 . 

In October 1811, after Blake's move to Gorakhpur [ 34 ], the Survevor General 
recommended the appointment of Francis White [ 64 ] to 

survey the "Upper portion of the Dooab from Futtyghm- 1 -, including Shaharunpoor & Meerut, 
of which-. .our knowledge i* miserably deficient, excepting oi.t the Banks of the Ganges that 
have been accurately surveyed by Major Wood [1,581 11,22,26], and the Upper part of 
the Jumna, from the Hills to Delhi by Lieutenant Tod [ 26 ]. The other materialH in the 
office do not furnish, requisite information, either for military purposes, or for those of 
Police, still less for the Revenue, &. considerable loss is sustained by the Public for want 
of an a.cemate Survey 13 . 

He sent "White a map with Blake's recent surveys inserted, and asked him to 
fill up the Blanks as accurately as possible, correct in Li it. where erroneous. If the corrections 
are marked in red, I shall lie able to appreciate the vah.ee of the Materials from which it was 
composed. The River Jumna from Agra to Kalpy 1 * requires particular attention, and you 
will be pleasod to lay down those reaches woere the Channel is obstructed on a large scale, so 
ms to show the obstructions clearly, that, mPKHures may be taken to remove them 15 . 

'DDn. 126 (105), 14-9-11 (117), 14-12-11. «lb. 128 (84), 8-9-12. ^dbk. MRIO. M. 324 
Maps, ib. 28 (38 et seq). *DDn. 136 (120-1) 7-10-14. *53 D/12 to 53 G-/9. 'Mhb M. oil- 

'BMG. 4-fl-li (9i). e Iullik. MRTO, M". 'At. =j:U\ll- -"HltlO. 18 ( 3 ) : 17 (47-8) "ib 185(9 ) 
"54M/11. la DDn. 126 (108), 2-10-11. "54 N/12. ^DDii. 126 ( 129 ), 25-3-12. 



?* £ 




Ganges-Jumna Doab 37 

I wish...you would proceed np the Banks of, and survey, the Jumna, to the spot where it 
enters the Plains [pi. 7], and afterwards... measure a line as near the foot of the mountains as 

can bo Hiiivoueiu I y done, from the Jumna to the Ganges at the Hardwar 1 . 

In October 1813 White had to resign on account of 01 health, and the Surveyor 
General noted that his surreys 2 had been "executed with his accustomed 
accuracy "». John Hodgson, who had been While's assist .atit for some months was 
appointed to continue the survey 4 , and extracts from his letters follow. 

Camp Anoopsheer*. Oct. 5th. ... I am about to set out immediately to continue the 
Mirvey above the. parcllo! of Mcomt & to the IIMls, till I am favoured with your orders 

During May and -Time last, Lieut. White & myself s.srveved as much of the Tract in question 
as the Time would allow, ft chleily to the Wert of the High Road from Meen.it to Seharanpour. 
To the East of that Road ft between it ft the Causes several lines remain to be surveyed as 
well as. to connect the p.rinoipat places with each other as with the Fords ft Ferries of the Ganges ; 
on this duty 1 will employ myself, ... & hope to be able to make a. very full & complete Map of 
the Upper part of the Doab 6 . ... 

Arid now, my dear Sir, allow me to request your kind Support ft assistance, with which I 
hope I may be nominated to succeed to the Survey now vacant ; ... should you be so good as 
to recommend me, I will be extremely obliged. ft endeavour to do rav duty as well as possible 7 

Camp Seharanpour. Nov. I4th. ... Last Month, soon after I began. I was taken ill & 
reluctantly obliged to go to Meonit for Medical Advice ; on reeoverm:: a little I . am going by 
Traverses from the Ganges to the High Road from Meeruf to Seharanpour. connecting- by- 
direct ft. Oblique routes all the principal ph-ices on that road with the Ferries of the Ganges by 
which means I shall sweep up all the larger Villas ft most of ttie smaller ones. 

I should hope that as I am so far to the Forth, when this part of the Doab'is surveyed 
there might be no objection to my running over such parts of Kobileund as have not been 
surveyed, before hi';;; no. ins.' in the loner part of the Doab 8 . 

Camp Jaalapoor. Dec. 2nd. I find more employment in this District than I expected 
as the villages m the Kad,r...aro very numerous ft small for the most part, & the bad Roads ft 
thick fogs 111 the lowlands make the Work tedious, ft I wish to lav down as many of the Villages 
as I can, as...lbo Commissioner for settling Rajah Ramrlial's Fstates. ft who is kire has written 
to Government to he furnished with a IVlap of the Northern Division of the Seharanpour 
province, thro' all parts of which llamdiaPs Villages ar-e scattered. ... I am going again to the 
Kudir "With.-.the Magistrate to select proper places for placing our Thaimahs hi. ft. to visit some 
places -which I could not before. ... In about a week I shall came round to Munglour, & then 
commence with the places lying between the Ilnrdwar and Seliarunpoor Roads ft the Hills 
The Commissi oners for settling the Ceded ft Conquered Pro-vinces [35 ] are very desirous 
of having Purgmiiiah Surveys of Rohticund ft other parts, ft have frequently ap, ,Iied to Govern- 
menfconthesubjoel: without aoy satisfactory Answer. I fancy they willrepeat the application. 
Three Compam.es which wore sent here drove the Insurgents into iho Forosl, ft all is now 
quiet. Ramdial paid us one Lack ft 1,200 Es. yearly ft I understand a hght assessment will 
yield us 7 Lacks. I.I 10 sow grounds boinsz fertile". 

Regarding the survey of Rohilkhand, Crawford replied : 

vSince Reunell's maps were published, Rohilcund and the country between the Ganges and 
Kamgonga has been well, surveyed : Col. Colehrooke. Major Wood, and mvself have carried 
many tracks across it 10 . 

Hodgson wrote again ; 

Seharanpour. Dee. 5th. ... As I am surveying by Circuits, it is necessary to have the 
Western Side, i.e. the H igh Road from Meerut to this plaee...laid down hv myself, tho' I know 
it has often been surveyed ( or measured at least ), so I have come up here from Miizafarnaggur 
< tho to say the Truth i was obhged to come thus, ... my Horses not being able to travel for 
want of Shoes ]. 

I shall now work down to the S.E., & take up my Circuits in the Districts lately held bv 
the great Goojer'i- Rapdi Kaoidial Sins: who is dead, ft- the Count rv- having reverted is qow 
settling by \fr. Chamberlayne^ at Munglore, who has beer, in some jeopardv from rhe Insurrec- 
tion of the Goojers. who had killed one of tho Canungos ft 2 of the Corps of aurvevors ( Jureebs) ■ 
what military assistance could lie spared from this place has heen sent to Munglour, & 3 Com- 

mm TJJfJWPA -"""'- sp ' li »^.-MRTO.M346 ; Itfapa, ib. 16 (4, 16-7) : SB (2, IB) ; lffl) (14) 

Mirvey by U hit,: ,y lloc^.,,,. <-nw<-d, 4m. to an inn!,, li, „ L(»,, r . Uhs initj. ; te KC - in ,-, nrj'f H'i \ 

(ITsl^j.BCS. 1 ' ll "^ 13 ' (8) - IWM11 " a «W *■** M ^wi| 



;;■• 



Upper Provinces & Oudh 



i hastening up from Merat, but I think it likely that a much larger force may ht> 
ere a Settlement can he made with these Corners, who are a desperate Tribe. ... The 

~! trust his experkiiiue iruiv set. matter.* to right*, or o.y sntveyi.ii.ii 
among those Vi!la;, r c> ; nay prove not- very pleasant 1 . 

The Commissioner wrote shortly after ; 

The map of this district in the office of the Board of Commissioners beiag exceedingly- 
defective, Laving been formed hefore ike conquest?, and the limits of the Teh seel daree Juris- 
dictions having, in (lOn-snri'.uMioe of the want of duo local information, bfiieii in --erne oases injudi- 
ciously arranged. I take the liberty to. ..request to be furnished with a, correct map from the 
office of the Surveyor General [ 36, 1S0 ] 3 . 

The extension of Hodgson's survey into the Dun and the lower foothiljs is 
described in a later chapter [ 82-4 ]. 



Nepal War, 1814-6 

During the early years of the 19th century the Gurkha nation had been expand- 
ing vigorously towards the west, and had overrun the hill districts of Western 
Nepal, Kumaun, Ga-rhwal, the "Dun. Sinrmr, and the Simla, Hills., besides encroaching 
southwards into the plains of Eutwal, Champaran, and Gorakhpur [i, 5, 39-40]. 
The Governor General's Agent at Bareilly wrote in 1811 ; 

The encroachments of the Kepalie/.e on our frontier appear, from the ".Magistrate's reports, 
to be of more considerable extent, and of inueh longer standing, than I was at first aware. ... 

The local situation of Pergunnah Khyree Ghur 3 , which occupies a considerable tract of 
unexplored country, ... will account for the period which has elapsed without the magistrates 
having obtained an earlier notice ' )f these encroachments. ... 

From the inconvenience which results in a discussion of boundaries without a map to 
refer to, permit me to solicit the favour of being furnished with one of the Ceded and Conquered 
Provinces from the Surveyor General's office, including the corrections A-, discoveries made by 
the late Colonel < -oleim 10 ko and the engineer officers employed under hia authority 4 . 

In January 1813 Major Paris Brads haw 5 was deputed to investigate these en- 
croachments, and Government directed that, 

as it is... desirable to obtain some accurate Geographical information respecting the disputed 
lands, an Officer who may possess some knowledge of Surveying will, if possible, be selected 
for the Command of your Escort 6 . 
Joshua i'iekersgill was st-lecl-ed, lSiadsliaw reporting that, 

Altho' Lieutenant l-uekersgill professes no particular talents for Surveying, yet, as he has 
been accustom cd to keep routes and make surveys on any movement of his Hattaiion, and being 
the only officer, either at Goruekporo or Kiorole, who appears to have any knowledge of the 
nature required, he has considered him best calculated to meet the wishes of Government 7 . 

Nepalese Commissioners were- appointed to meet Bradshaw and, whilst com- 
paratively friendly, but entirely fruitless, discussions were carried on for several 
months, jPickersgill surveyed the areas of Butwal and Sheoraj 8 that were in debate, 
working right through hot weather and rains. 

The Field Book which I kept last year [ 1813 ] was commenced 011 marching from Siccole, 
and kept with proper correctness, but the objects to the Hi. & Left were shewn at computed 
distances. It was impossible for me to do it ti'i yon oneiric ally while marching 12 and 14 miles 
a day. The Survey of the disputed lands was made in the same style. The total Distance 
travelled on that occasion was; Hi miles 3J Flits., which v-;is performed in 14 days at an avorag-o 
of 10 in. 2} !■'. per day ; this was in the month of April. 

The compass was scarcely out of my hand the whole time. A copy of the Survey.. .was 
finished in 7 days, an. I forwarded by Major Bradshaw to Government. ... In making out these 
Plans it was necessary to sacrilioe em hellish merit to dispatch, but accuracy was never lost 
sight of. ... I was therefore careful to separate the Soon from the Unseen, not that the latter 
should be undervalue' 1, for it was the result of much laborious inquiry 8 . 

Ill December the Commander-in-Chief urged 

'DDn. 130 (117 ), 5-12-13. Mb. 129 (137), 28-12-13. 3 62 D/15. *B PoIC. 3-5-11 (47). 
'Ben. Inf. Ens. 1781 ; J.t. Col. 16 12-11 ; d. Bunkiporc, 9-S--21. Ml Pol U 15-1-13 (46). Mb. 20-2-13 
(43). 'Butwal, 63 -M/'i. tf-fifri to Xopii', 18 hi : Shoor.o, no-.v ;l tn!,iil of Xeiiil. (13 1/14. ' Pjekeisgill to 
SG. 17-3-14, DDn. 130 [ 175 ) ; B Pol C. 21-5-13 ( 19 ). 



Nepal War 



the necessity of having a regular and continued Survey taken of the British frontier between 
...the North Western limits of the lands (if .Bootwal and Shooraj to the [ Coosah "I river 1 . ... The 
traet...raust...inelude all the principal routes and avenues loading into the territories of Nqwml, 
and would probably form the immediate scene of operations, in the event of a rupture with 
that restless and encroaching i.l.iv eminent 2 . 

Piekersgill was accordingly relieved of command of the escort and appointed 
Surveyor under the professional orders of the Surveyor General, who thus defined 
his first task : 

In extent it is to include the Road from BuLwiil to ( : !omok]]r>nr...to the Eastward, and to 
extend to the Boorah [liver 8 Lo the West. 

As this Map is expressly wanted for Military purposes the scale ought to be a large one, 
1 mile to the inch, as it would by this means enable you to include every local information 
requisite for troops to he in possession of. 

The best way for you to proceed would be to lay down all your former survey on that scale, 
as a, ground work to act upon. ... Every Road thai- leads from the "Hills into the Province of 
Goruckpoor ought fco be carefully examined and laid clown, ... but tho most material part of 
your survey will be to accurately lay down and define the Xepaul Bovmdarj' from the Neigh- 
bourhood of the Paiee : > to the Boorah River. 

As the Nepauleze have neither Artillery or Cavalry, their inroads are always made by 
Infantry unincumbered with heavy baggage, and of course can make their approaches by every 
footpath ; it will therefore he particularly desirable that you make inquiry after every track 
that such troops can come in by . 

The following notes and extracts are taken from Piekersgill "s firklhooks and letters - 

[Survey opens Hc-ember 22nd IS] 3. from Biteea ; follows along the border, pointing out 
encroachments ]. 

Jan. 2nd, 1814. An encroachment on the part of the Nipalese of about 6 years standing 
being one of the objects of examination in-fore Major Bradshaw, I was directed 'by that officer 
to trace the Boundary as it stood before the term specified above. ... 

[ March 27th. Does a short length of triangulation up the bed of the Gandak. to fix the 
pojnt where it. ifwues horn the hills ]". 

Camp Khujjorah, April 4th 1814. ... The accompanying public letter will acquaint you 
with the difficulties .1 have experienced in the outset of the Survey of the Boundary. 

Arnar Sing honored the Kseort attending my Survey so highly as to recal two companies 
to Bootwal on my arrival at Nichlowl 7 . The Survey is tending towards the former place at 
the very moment that both sides appear determined to unmask. There, with Twenty sepoys 
I shall Stand in the face of the Nepal Army. SO miles from succor. As the Survey is a~ Military 
one, you may depend upon it being conducted with a Military Spirit, but should it be sud- 
denly diverted into any lateral route, I hope you will believe that I am actuated by motives 
of Prudence 8 . 

During April a detachment of the Company's sepoys established police posts 
in Sheoraj and Butwal. and withdrew during May. On the 29th May the police 
posts -were attacked by the Nepaleae and their garrisons murdered. Piekersgill 
wa.s in considerable danger ; 

May 31st. Nngra, on the Ballooa River- Here the further progress of the Survey was 
interrupted by the arrival of the Thanadar, ...who had survived the general attack by the 
Xipiil esc on the Frontier '(iiio.uahs of the 29th. 

He had quitted ray camp.. .in the afternoon on his way back to Lotuu 8 , but n 
back with intelligence that he had fallen in with a party of 60 or 80 Nipalese in 
beyond that village. 

As he insisted on the truth of this, and the probability of it was increased by the reports 
which I had received for the last two days, that a body of 600 were expressly in pursuit of mj 
Survey, I assembled my escort, which only consisted of 20 Sepoys, and retired 'to the Camp 
of the detachment called in from Simmwaree, which was some miles nearer Goruckpoor. 

I sent intelligence to the Military and Civil Authorities and while investigations were 
made into the particulars of the Thannahdar's report, the Survey entered Goruckpoor. 

Camp Ekuman, June 5th. ... The Nepalese have not profited by our esrample in taking 
n of the disputed lands. Instead of merely displacing the Taunabs. they have moss' 

d them. 



v galloped 



"Kosi K.. 37" 
Sf/4. <PalrJ, now 
'Nichlaul, 63M/11. 



'BPol C. 31-12-13; BOB. 12S £K2}. "Boorah Rapti, joins R aptl 63 
.ii fvepal. B3 M'10. *:rjp,i. 131 (17). 20-1-14. »Fdbk. A1IU0. M 3"S 
!..ffi ■! 15 i. toSC-i. »6:t M/3. 



40 



Upper Provinces & Oudh 



Today we quitted Goriiepoor to resume tin; Survey wlioi'fi broken off by the T 
intellig6n.ee -which, after our investigation, is grunted to be undeserving of entire credit. The 
news of the destruction of tin- Ta-uua-lt at Ruikuriiil. has this "lumml reached me, and on lay 
-way to this place I find the road fall of Burkandaaes coming in from the advanced 
Tannahs. 

While at Goruepoor wo have gained what may be regarded as an undoubted proof, of 
orders having boon issued at Calhmaudo. to surprise my party before it- had set foot in the 
disputed lands 1 . 

Resuming survey on June 6th, he closed it on the 8th in the city of Gorakh- 
pur. War was now inevitable, but. operations were postponed til] after the rains, 
and Pickersgill carried on work [5]. On the 141 b July be received orders from the 
Commander-in-Chief, 

that a sketch .shield bo prepared of the Pros it ier from SI 10 ) poor on tin: (.Jtindtiok to Noutpoor 

on the Cosee a . 

In obedience to tbis- order, I quitted OorLickpoor and arrived, in Major Bradshaw's camp 
...011 or about the 28th of that, month. After making preparations n.t, a very oon.sidora.blep, 
expense, which included the pure! rise of clc plaints us the only i.-;i.rria.ge tit for [.be rainy season, 
this set in with such uncommon severity, that the whole country was flooded, and the rivers 
...became entirely impassable from rapidity of current. 

Actual survey having become utterly impossible, I had no other means... than what 
arose from the information of tho Natives of the Turaiee 3 and of the mountains. This I 
collected with great labour and expen.ee. T now enclose it- as well a.s the Field Bool; of a 

Military Sketch. 

la making this sketch, I.. .was under tho necessity of reducing to half an inch to a mile. 
Even then tho -keieh embraeed 12- cherts of large drawing paper, on which was delineated 
a frontier of 150 Horizon tai miles, the west extremity of which rested on the Kotee river in 
the Goruckpoor Turaiee. and thai, to tho oast, on tho I iaugmutt.y river 4 . ... 

Colonel Kirkpai.rick 's itinerary [" 1, 75- 6 j was used as the authority for the roads into 
Nepal proper 5 . 

Mihtary operations commenced in November with the advance of four separate 
columns ; the first under Ma-rley from Dinapore towards Katmandu ; the second 
under Wood 3 from Benares through Gorakhpur to reoccupy the usurped lands of 
Butwal and Sheoraj 7 ; the third under Gillespie through the Dun towards Garhwal ; 
whilst the fourth under Ochterlony advaneed through Sirmur. 

Information was collected about all possible routes into Mepfii and the hills to 
the west. Crawford and Buchanan had both kept up interest in the country since 
the mission of 1802 [70], and were able to provide useful maps and reports 8 
[7 2 -3]. whilst Hearsey. Moorcroft, and Rutherford [ 82 ] contributed descriptions 
of routes and passes collected by local agents and inhabitants 9 {90 ]. 

In his journey down the river Hodgson hud met the Commander-in-Chief 10 , and 
handed hi a copy of bis maps of the Dun [ 84 ] with a description of the Gurkha 
frontier north of SahSranpur. Ho writes, to the .Surveyor General ; 

On tho River.. .Aug. 9th. ... On my arrival at .\lon.ghyr 4 days ago I was surprized to 
find. ..that I are directed hy the Governor t.leneral 1 ■:■ proceed up the Oossy River to endeavour 
to ascertain what route 'lure may be from our (Yonder towards Katmandu. ... 

My maps of the Doom Valley are considered as important & indeed are, for the possession 
of that Valley cuts off regular communication of large bodies of men from the Sutlee/ 11 Posts 
of the Gorkas to Nepal. ... T hope we shall get Lhe Coorkaw driven back across the Gogra & 
have a clear road to the Snowy Mountains in future. 

Near Pafcna, Aug. 11th. I have had an opportunity of consulting your valuable map 
of Nepaul, also Col. Kirkpatriek's notifies respecting the Consy River within the Hills, which 
he says is reported navigable as far up as Delol Ghaut. ... 

I have people in my Service, one is a iSrinuggur Mountaineer 1 -, who T think will be prevailed 
on to go up the Coosy to Delal Ghat, or h'atmundu, and T will collect all the Information I 

1 DDn. 13ti (65). 2 Nathpur Arazi, 72 N/3; Ben. Atlas, iv. 'Tared ; forest Sands at foot of the 
hills. 4 Biighuiati R. 85° 15' E. 5 DDn. 147 (57), 1-11-14. 'John Sullivan Wood. 'MRIO. 31 (50), 

"Plan of the dilforen.'. r'nim '■:■: Major Chiiier/al J.S-. Wood's Division of the Aimv, thro' the Gori:k'n[iur 
Terai". *Ne-pmd /'apers (37, eta.). TIMS, (i-l-l ( 10). 21-7-1-1: DDn. I SI '(*)), 3-8-14; B Bco to 
CD. 27-12-14. "J The GG., Lord Meira, had conn- out with oillue ..if C-in-C, and when touring up-eonil- 
try left. Sir G. Nugent in Oakiiiiii as Viei.-Pr«id™i. Hastings' .loimai (38). "SutlejR. "from Garhwal. 



can from t 



Dig 



it-'n that 



■ Din 



k A- Memoir a- 



, Aug. 
respecting the passes, &c. ( receive 
manded, & as soon as the J 

In Calcutta. ... 

CoJ. Pagan's 1 Zeal & Intelligence prompt him to offer every facility to our Department, 
& I am greatly obliged to him, &, I am glad to find that my trips into the Boon be turned to 
so good account : they would have been more replete with Military Information, but... I durst 
not be more particular in my Inquiries [ 82-3 ] 2 . 

After reporting in Calcutta Hodgson was appointed surveyor to Mauley's column, 
and returned to Dinapore withiiLstrnmeiits, stores, and assi slants, and 
three Maps for the use of the General Officer of the Dhiapoor Division, viz. a topographical 
Map of the Valley of Xepaul [ pi. 8 ], one of the Route from Srogauly 3 to Catmandoo, and one 
of that part of the Nopaulese Terri lories laying between our boundary and Lho Snow Mountains, 
and bounded on the ilast and West by the Toeatah and (iim.duck 4 | 71 ]. - 

He wrote Crawford 011 November 24th ; 

I got up to the General's last Night, having run on ahead & delivered the Maps, which 
are highly prized. ... All is hurry, Bustle, and Confusion, & carriage most difficult to 
procure 6 . 

In the meantime J.'ickersgdl iutd. beet! appointed d.a.q.m.g. ;' 

I. am commanded to ascertain the principal mutes and parses into Nepal. In prosecuting 
the enquiries...it was my good fortune to meet with an old man, formerly in the service of 
Pirlhi Narain, the conqueror of Nepal, who had qnce travelled from the Tuxaiee to the valley 
by the course of the Baugmutty river 6 ; this report was supported by the evidence of a sepoy 
of the- Champa-ran bight In fan try, who had accompanied Ibsu iiahadur in his flight from 
Lulit Patau to Benares by the same track about eleven years ago. ... I have now two native 
surveyors abroad'. 

In the course of his surveys and reconnaissance, i'iekcrsgili probably had as 
many encounters with the enemy as anyone with the eastern columns. He writes on 
Jan. 26th 1815. While taking these observations a spy on the part of the enemy was appre- 
hended by my people. The smallness of my guard ( 2 Sowars and 8 Sepoys ) making it in- 
advisable to expose the Survey to any risk, I returned to Camp. The total distance- of today's 
movement has therefore been 39 m. 6$ f., which did not allow an interval of above one hour 
for rest between J past 7 in the morning and 12 p.m. midnight, at which time the Survey reached 

The following adventure has been described more than once ; 

Th« interval between the departure of General Marley and his relief General Wood 9 was 
distinguished by an affair of some brilliancy, which tended in no inconsiderable degree to 
abate the presumptions eonikioneo of the Goorkhas, and revive the exhausted hopes of the 
British force. [ On Feb. 20th ] Lien tenant Piel.-ersgiil, while reconnoitring, discovered at no 
great distance from the camp a party of the. enemy about 500 strong. ... [He withdrew quietly 
to a favourable position and scut information to camp. ] 

The Goorkhas, encouraged by the small number of Lieutenant 'Pickersgih'fs force resolved 
to attack him ; but, oh emerging from a hollow where they were posted, they perceived 
the force that was advancing to his assistance : ... they made an immodiated and precipitate 
retreat pursued by Lieutenant Pickersgi 1 1 . ... The entire detachment was cut to pieces, and 
so great was the terror inspired by this encounter, that the Goorkhas hastily retreated 
into the bills, abandoning even' position which they had established in the forest and 
Terai 10 - 

Hodgson and his assistants, Barton, Paton, and Edward Garstin ieft Dinapore 
on November 30th with Mavley's division, and according to the following extracts 
from Hodgson's heldbooks and letters had a less interesting time than Pickersgill. 
As is well known, the operations of both the Benares and Dinapore columns were 
conducted in. spiritless fashion, and completely faded in their objects. 



'the Adjutant General. *DDn. 136 ( lOt-o, 107, 111-2). a Sagauli, 

i:il i 109 5,29-10 14; .\..,,v;il'>tr,«r*\?<. l l ■>MRiO. M. f>75. < (:■, ■../:, - , .: J ! 
'])'),,. 147 (SI ). 1-11 -It. "JMbfc. MRIO. if. 44n. 'Sir Ociiw '.V.-i.-i 
see also Hough, II ( 21-2 } & Fraaer ( 22 ). 



72 BjgE-C, 

f:;vii KJitmimdi 



DDn. 

In. 11(21-21. 



[•I 



Upper Provinces & Ottdh 



Clamp Lowtun, Dec. 30th. ... .1 meant indeed to have gone out for some days during this 

long Halt, but I can't go in front as the Forest 2 miles distant is occupied by the Enemy, & 

in the rear there is notlims; of Interest- to (;nriipcii;=ate fur tlie probability of bsiing loft behind. ... 

■ Barton desires 1 lis best regards : the young men are now pretty good at taking the Latitudes, 

& I will find tlieiu plenty of Kmploymetit when we "ill elbow room. ... 

Dec. 31st. Most of" the month has been spent taking Astronomical observations for 
Lonsiibude, etc. 1 , 

Bettiah*, Jan. 23rd, 1815. [Various alarms and excursions; lunar obser vat-ions for 
Longitude]. ... This is a vile Campaign ; the Troops with the General can't stir either way. 
... Wo can, 1 think, do notliing this year. ... 

March 1st. During the .first week of February there was heavy rail] with storms of thunder 
and lightning, & the country was so laid under water tliat nothing could be done out of camp ; 
a,nd afterwards the circumstances of the service were such that 1 could not with propriety- 
go long distances to the rear to survey, nor could I go far in front with surveying appa- 
ratus as the affair of the 20th 3 will show; the enemy's prists being sometimes very near 

After the affair of the 30th, Uapt. Barton & myself with some difficulty got sanction to 
proeeod to Segauly [43 n.i, 70, 71], & I left Messi-s. Garstin & Paton in oatop to proceed 
wiSh the Army 4 . ... 

Traverse survey from March 1st to 28th. I was proceeding by tins route to Jerickpour 
to join the General, but received informatiun of his having returned... to wards Baraghurry ; 
so I returned to that place, & joined the Army, & there received the General's permission to 
make a survey to Mateong & Segouly, A up the Sikrana. towards Kumnaggur 15 . that being the 
fine on which the troops are expected to canton 6 . ... 

Camp, Simourie. March 31st. I trust. that you will make allowances for the Kmbarass- 
ments a Surveyor is placed in with an Army, for, however desirous 1 was to go out, that did 
not depend on myself. & it was not. without difficulty T could get Sanction to be absent for 
a, few days 7 . 

During April Hodgson carried on surveys nlonu; the frontier between the Gandak 
and Kosi rivors ; up to Ramnagar. and to the highest, point, of the Sameswar range 3 , 
returning to Bettiah early in May 9 . He writes from 

Camp Ramnugstar, April \9i.ti. The General with part of the 'troops arrived here yesterday ; 
this is a shabby place, but a fine Country, full of Topes & Villages. ... 

As soon as it clears up I will set up the Circle- & get the Meridian, & .1 hope the Snowy Peaks 
[ 89 ]. I am anxious for Instructions from yon ; in the Interim it seems to me best to make 
as long a Frontier Lino as passible, i.e. from the Gogra to the Teesta ; so I mean to send off 
BartOU to go to .Tunickpore 10 , ... Bo then to go to the Coossy 8b cross it & go along the Frontier 
to the Teesta, all which I think may he done before the Rains s young Garstin is on that side, 
and seems to have a very good Notion. ... lie is not so well acquainted with the Starrs as Barton ; 
by the latter being there we shall be more assured of good Latitudes 11 . 

The campaign was brought to a standstill by the rains, and Hodgson withdrew, 
with his health badly shaken ; 

I was taken seriously ill with the Jungle Fever & Ague, and as the fits came on in the 
evenings, & with great violence, 1 could not attend to the stars for Latitude : but the weather 
also was thick &, rainy. ... 

I was taken to Mr. Glegg's house sit Piporah 1 -. A- there confined by sickness till late in the 
month [May ] : during the remainder of it I arranged & copied the map of the Bettiah Frontier, 
& sont it as ordered by the Commander in Chief to Headquarters 1!1 . 

In June he traversed to MuzR,fharpur u : and signed Ids field book on July 7th ; 

The rains have been so heavy since my arrival that I have not been able to take 
any sort of observation 15 , but am preparing to observe Latitudes & Longitudes by the moon's 
transits when the wea-ttior becomes clear 16 . 

An account of Ochterlony's advance through Sirmur and the hills to the west, 
and the work of his surveyors, is given in another chapter [89-90]. After his final 

■DDii 130 ( 13 1 - *S9. 14 1)- - 72 B/5- 'Presumably PfekeragHBi affair [41}. 'Fdbk. Garatin 
A "rii.-i Vi';Lrcb IS 1.1. MRU). -M. a44. " Kifcraua i'... Tl Hi:)-. Eiunruia;::-. 1- A/S. a J:'(.lbk. M 440. 'To 
KG DDn. 13B (161). s 2887 ftg. 72 A/7. »Fribk. MRIO. M. 146. ln 72 F/14. "To S6., DDn. 
136 '( 169-70 ). ■"Alyvui'.lsr (Jl/j:;;., indigo iketnr : iirivl. hitiin 1 7yy ; .lur.ipur lSI/i-li'. Pipra, 10m, S. of 
Motiliari 7 ,J B'I4 < 3 \>pd Fri^tia- ,C T'p;t./i? t,riv:?rn il.e Riv.r.i G'.iv.ditl .(- Ho'im-iiHi;. with route to 
Patna MRIO. 60 {U). "72 F/8. "Fdbk. MRIO. 11.446: also M. 330. "Maps, MRIO. fit [ 10), 
(i'2(tS). 89 (10). 



Nepal Wab 43 

success at Malaun in May, there followed protracted and unsuccessful negotiations 
with Katmandu over the draft treaty, by which the Gurkhas were to surrender the 
hill districts west of the Kali, but take over most of the coveted tarai. 

Military operations were resumed in February 1816. Ochterlony was given 
command of a force which advanced through Bettiah to Mukwanpur, and was 
successful in a few sharp encounters. When the Gurkha rulers saw that the threat 
to Katmandu was serious thoy accepted defeat and signed the trcatv 1 , which they 
have scrupulously and cheerfully observed ever since [ I ]. 

During this final advance Pickersgill again did valiant work in reconnaissance 2 
and whilst George Lindcnay surveyed the main line of advance 3 Paterson surveyed 
the route of the brigade on the right*. 

Lindesay says that he was employed on defence works during halts, and on 
survey during the advance ; he recorded his paces and reduced the distances to 
allow for the winding of the track. ""When paying a visit to the Goorkah Chief" 
his sepoys paced Hie distances, "while I was comparing my sketches, as well as I 
could without being observed, with what I had drawn in at a distance " s . 

1 Treaty of Sagauli, 4-3-1 

IHli : fi U-I.i. MKIO. Si) ( 2\ ). 
J M32T & M447. '11447. 



■ . ■ . 
CHAPTER IV 



THE SOUTH-WESTERN MARCHES 
Ghota- Nagpur & Mirmpu-r — Biinddklmnd — Nagpur — Matwa & Rajputana. 

AFTER the work of Charles Ranken in 17S1 [ I, 3S, 368 ] we find no surveys in 
the uplands of Chota Nagpur before the various routes surveyed from 1801 
onwards, mostly by officers of the Raingarh Battalion [ I, pi. 14 ]. 

Between November'l801 and June 1802, William Cart-wright surveyed a route 
of 689 miles from Hazaribagh through Palamau and Surguja and back to Chatra 1 , 
whilst another officer surveyed the route of his battalion from Dinapore through 
Gaya, Singraula [ I, 60 n.7 ] and Surguja. to Burwa Nagar, or Jashpur 2 . 

When the Maratha War of 1803 led to the occupation of Sambalpur 3 , it was. 
Cartwright again who surveyed the route of the Raingarh Battalion from Hazaribagh 
to Sambalpur and back between October 1803 and June 1S04. but the surveyor 
who covered most ground was John Sealy [ 23 ] who., writes the Surveyor General 
in 1805, 

was appointed Surveyor to Lieut. Colonel Broughton's Detachment in March last, having 
transmitted to this Office his Survey of the Routes of that Detacliinciit between Ramgur & 
Sumbhilpoor, which are extremely satisfactory 4 . He is now desirous of resuming his Surveys 
in any other direction which Government, should be pleased to order. 

Lieutenant Sealy having fit- the same time suggested that a Survey from his present station, 
Haaareebiiug. through Singboom and Chula iKagpoijr, skirting along the Western Frontier of 
Bengal, and along the Course of the Sunk and Bameny Rivera' to Cuttaek [24], might 
easily be accomplished during the present dry Season. ... The Survey he recommends would be 
highly beneficial to Geography, inasmuch as the Country he proposes to traverse has mostly 
never been surveyed 6 . 

It was not every- surveyor who won the Surveyor General's approval ; 

With respect to Lieutenant iVIenzies, I am very sorry that I cannot- at present grunt him a 
certificate for the following reasons ; first, thai his route was not kept agreably to the established 
form L I, 196], and that it is also very deficient in respect to the hearings of the road, and of 
towns and other objects which he passed ; and secondly that, as he has entirely omitted the 
dates in the copy which ho has sent, i cannoi possibly specif', the tune he was employed 7 . 

Later on, a son of Charles B.anken followed his father's footsteps, and 
furnished a Survey of a Route through a Country hitherto very little known, viz. Patcoom 
and Tamar 6 etc.. marched by the Kamearh Battalion ; it appears to be accurately laid down, 
and docs Him credit*. 

In 1812 a body of -pindari* from Re wall, raided Mirziipur and Shahabad, and 
aroused concern for the safety of the frontiers 10 [6,47], and in reply to the 
Commander-in-Chief's request for maps the Surveyor General reported that, 
after materially re fleeting on the great want of information relative To the Geography of our 
Southern Frontier, and carefully searching all the records of our Surveyor General's Office, 
I am compelled to state that very little satisfactory intelligence is there to be obtained. This 
is the third time similar enquiries have been instituted, hut when the era-uses which occasioned 
them had passed away, no further steps or notice were taken, and the requisite knowledge still 
remains a desideratum. 

I therefore respectfully submit... the Propriety of having a correct Survey to be made of nil 
our Southern Frontier, from the Mouth of the Halasore River, by Mohurbunge 11 . Singboom, 
Gangpoor, Jashpoor. Sirgoojah...to Lotas Char 1 -, to include those parts of Midnapoor, Clioota 
Nacipour and Paiamow that are very i in perfectly known. 

172D/16; JIRIO. Moll. lib. IT 344. * Restored tr. tile Rlija of Xiigjmr, 18«1. 'MRIO. 60 
[I!! 11 17); til! (4.2S-4K). ^Sankh. 73 ]'. ; Brfuimmi. 73 B to L. "DDn. (17 (411). 30-10-05. ' ib. 
(461,474), 20:5 nnd 20 6-06. »73 E/12. 'MEIO. 62 ( 4? } ■ Dim. SI (05). 13-3-fJEi. i«Minfo (59); 
PrinsepI ( 32 ) ; Sticah State G"z. (17). " Jlaynrbhanj, 73 X. ! -From 73 K to 63 P. 



Chota Nagpttk & MrBZAPtrE 43 

This Survey should be made principally with a view to afford Topographical Knowledge 
Officers employed nt directing Military operations ; at the g*™ rime it wilt -reutly ■t-i-i 
in establishing the Police, as well as the Collectors and Board of Revenue in the 
their duties. 



able Officer should also be deputed not only to 
8 purpose of obtaining correct information "and 
into the Territories of the Honorable Company. 
i, that when on the spot the Place should be 
every information to enable tho Officer 



execution 

To render this Survey eminently useful, 
survey the Tract of Country, but for the expret 
making accurate plans of all the Passes leading 
These drawings ought to be clearly descriptiv 
known at the first glance of the views, and convi 
commanding.. .to counteract and repel any attempt made against chose Farts 1 . 

Charles Crawford [ 70 ] was accordingly appointed to sun ey Mirzapur- and riven 
a rough sketch of that part of the district, which has been only Surveyed in a very iSrfcial 
manner by Captain Browne, when you whs his Assistant; 

This sketch was entitled "A Map of the Southern part of the Zemindary of 
Benares ; being a reduced copy of Captain Brown's Surveys " 3 , and was probably by 
Thomas Crockat Brown, of Engineer's, who had surveyed Benares city between 
1784 and 1786 [ I, 38, 315 ]. Crawford had served as engineer at the capture of 
Bijaigarh in the Kaimur Hills 4 in 1 /SI during the campaign against diet Singh 

The Surveyor General continues : 

It is the wish of Government to have a very accurate Topographical Survey of the Borders 
of this Province, with a view to Military operations on ihe h>on!,iers : to extend this work to 
the Province of Bundeicund, and to have it* Boundary „,, the possesions of the Ro-aileund' 
or Bewah, Rajah, earetnlly ascertained. ... " ' 

The upper parts of the Carammassa 5 will also demand attention. It is almost sufficient 
to render it indispensable to be wet in crossing it, to prevent Hindoos from doing so from the 
strong religion* prejudice they have to the waters of this, hy them named The accursed Stiver" 
( I., -..: 1 n.- J, which forms the Boundary of ;,ho valuable province of Shawabad? ■ the hack 
part of that district...;* almost unknown U, ns, the' if. has been ho ions under our ilominien 

Both hanks of this River [Son], its Fords, and the places where it can be passed will 
demand your particular attention, as will the little I'enn.tmahs called Chaudaii and Sinsrowia 
! 44 J, known almost only by name 8 . 

With Hugh Morrieson as assistant, Crawford surveyed from Mirzapur to Mau 6 in 
Bundelkhand during May, and then liatl to withdraw to Benares on accorrnt of ill 
health, resuming two months later. The Surveyor General theu asked for a second 
surveyor to work east wards along tin- south frontier of Chota Nagpur ■ 

It is in the Deserts of Goundwanuah [ 25 n.5 ], formerly a populous Country, but at pre- 
sent thinly inhabited, and m many parts nearly desolate, that .Hordes of Pindaries meet and 
plan then- Depredatory oxcnesions, wherever they consider tkev mavventure with impunity 
and there arc Hundreds of Passes loading into it with which we are little acquainted ' Y" 
recommend that some able officers should be directed to survey the whole Tract and make 
particular Hans of even pass, at the same time furnishing a to, , OK ki pineal inscription of each 
for record m this office 10 . 

Carmichael Smyth was thereupon appointed 
to continue &. extend the Survey- of the Southern &. North Western Frontier of the British 
Territories 0,1 winch Lieut. Colonel Crawford is at present en^cd, commencing from the 
.North Western extremity oi Palamou...atid torn-, in at i 11;:.. 00 the Province of Cut tack 11 

He was soon in trouble ; 

Captain Smyth. ..is employed upon a very tedious as well as difficult Survey, as it leads him 
through mtnoat.-! uninhabited £ unhealthy tracts; by latest advices from him, lie had not 
advanced far 011 the Choota Xagpoor Borders, before the most part of his Servants Guards 
& Establishment, were thrown down in fevers, & as they were not. able to move it was with 
the greatest difficulty he was onabted to K et them transported to Cbittra. on which he was 
■obliged 1.0 fall buck till they could recover 13 . 

Smyth's own account is worthy of record : 

January 22nd, 1813. ... It would be as well perhaps to begin the Survey at Hazareebaus 
3 iu-veymg thro Palamow until I get upon the Boundy. near the village of BMofcafc 18 . ... 

raw (WW ^JL^J.'.S! "",' '' JGia »ff B; »W ^en port of Benares District, but Wil&rd's survey of 
1789-94 had nut ....-;,■:„.;■:,,. H>o*lwm a«» £ I, 4 j 5.11,3511.11 . Mil-.-,- [SB) 23 3-12 «BjW2 



46 



The South-Western Marches 



-j you that I find myself, very much against 
f immedly. falling back Irani Clioota Xagpoor on account 
3 tljioughoi.it my small party, the greater part of whom 



April 24th. I am very sorry t 
my inclination, under the necessity 
of (lie drcudful sickness that prei ; 
are down wh. raging fevers. 

I yesterday sent in more men to Nbwaghar, not able to crawl, in hopes of being enabled 
to get on, but sin Co Ilia I uioit than ureh e men huve been is tracked in t-j n_- same violent manner. 
and the nmiilifr increasing hourly. ... Only the total impraeticabilii\- of ca Irving on the Survey 
...wd. have induced me- to st(i]i at the present juncture. 

My Havildar's Guard is reduced to four Sepahces, avid .1. have not above two servants fit 
for any duty. 

The Survey I comoienced fVoic i'hasaheea ... I" surveyed down to the Bank of the Kumin 
Rr. as far down as Bungm which is the SAY. point of Unit District. The liouody. is afterwards 
formed by difft. ranges of Mountains, and what ( have accurately ascertained as far as this 
place, where the Sank Kr. divides rhoota Xagpoov from Snrgoojah. ... 

On the other side I give you a statement of the poor fellows who are ill with raging fever ; 
it appears more like a- pestilence than any fever I have yet seen, four Sepahees, 2 Classics, 
and a Moolyee sent in to JS'owaghur. Yesterday, Xaik & HYnn- Sepahees ; Two Kydmudghars ; 
Bheestie, Dobee ; Syce ; & Cook ; Five Bearers ; Two Classies ; Two Smnnahas ; wh. serious 
fever in Camp. Aiu\ amongst these there is not one man but who must be carried in a litter. 

July 10th. ... It will not bo in my power to forward you any field Book beyond the 24th 
of April, as after that period I commenced my retreat towards Chittra, more than three fourths 
of my people being in one sense completely hors de combat, and totally unfit for any kind of 

The whole of the Konte from Hazareebaug, thro' Chiltra to Gurwah, I have ready to send 
to your office, and. ..the rest of the Survey is in a state of great forwardness. Unless you 
particularly wish for it however, T am unwilling to trust its fate during this very inclement 
season to a conveyance so precarious <t uncertain as the Dawk liaugy 1 [47,221 n.5 ]. 

Smyth had completed the survey of a strip about :■! miles wide along the western 
frontier of Chota Nagpnr, or the present districts of Palamau and Ranchi 2 , when 
in October 1813 he was called away to military duty, and Baper was appointed 
in his place. 

The following notes are taken from Raper's fieldoook which covers the period 
from December 1813 to March 1814 s ; 

Feb. 9th. The whole of the march today was thrcv the Mahratta Province of Gangpoor 4 , 
there being no road near i.o the boundary within I. lie 'Xagpoor Frontier. ... 

15th. Surveying along the Boundary between Xagpoor and Singboom 5 . ... 

17th. The Koel River forms the boundary, till the line is continued to the North along 
the high range which skirts the left bank. This range divides Xagpoor to the East from the 
district of Gunga, a Mahratta Province.. .inhabited by a tribe of Banditti, who pay 110 revenue 
& subsist chiefly by plunder. They annually make incursions into Xagpoor, & lay waste the 
country & are such troublesome neighbours that the parts of Xagpoor bordering on the fron- 
tier are totally uninhabited. ... 

March 15th. ... At this place information was received that the Zemindar to whom this 
pergannah belongs was detormi tied to impede the progress of the survey, for which purpose he 
had assembled the inhabitants of the different villages, & had taken possession of the Ghats & 
strongholds with which this part of the country abounds, and which lay in the line of the 
frontier. ... 

To proceed without his concurrence was impracticable, independent of the opposition 
which might have been expected, as neither supplies could be procured for the camp followers, 
nor guides to direct the route of the Survey. After a delay of 5 days, the Zemindar, on receiving 
every assurance that his personal safety was not- endangered, deputed an agent into Camp, & 
by his assistance guides were furnished, and the necessary arrangements 5 nude for the continua- 
tion of the survey. 

Raper then suggested closing Ins survey over the Chota Nagpnr plateau to 
fill np blanks within the Company's territories, and. Ronghsedge, the political 
officer, agreed ; 

I.. .entirely concur with you in thinking that, so favourable an opportunity for gaining a 
better knowdedge of the central parts of Chota Nagpore should by no means be neglected ; 

1 to Crawford DD11. ISO (1,13, 29); map. MBIO. C 
(2-10), senile 2000 viN. :r, an iiu.h ). 1SHC. !r, 10-1:5 ■ 10 ) ■ IH"!0. yfJ-ll-lS. 
south. "73 F. 






CHOTA NaGPITE & MlRZAPUE 47 

of this, because I could not without Inconvenience augment your Guard 

^uTr° f ko~; z J °° *° " p '°" w "' M °* "" «""-• * «»-»» -*•"»«> 

into ^ 1 * " PPO,i "™ th *' J ™ "° "' »~ Patooom-, I beg to srugge.t the following Zigzag, 
into Choi. Juagpore; ...thence to th. South Eastern Extremity of Pat.oom, after whicE 
rdiould there be tune, you may conclude the kto of tin, «e=,o,a by tracing the boundary of 
BmTaboom' The Pergmm.h, which the Trip, I have described will enable yon t„Z™„wn 
are cither Blank*, or moorrectly placed in the alaos [I, pi. i 4 ] * 

wl,i„1fT e ,h th r " ,'"* T y ° U T ™"~ y,>Ur S "™? of ths C ~»i~ * other di,triot,, 
which I think will require three or four months for completing 

Three years later Roughscdge asked for fresh maps to replace those he had 

furnished to Lieutenant Bobert Smith [ ,, ! /]...and which were spoiled i„ ,l,c I lawk Bangy last 

r,,n, when .ha. officer returned thorn to me. ... Captain Eap.r who surveyed the So"hVS, 

and Southern Frontier of Chota .Magpoor, w„ khid enough to prepare for me a Ztf£ 

to mo, the labors of Captain Smyih, etc., will also prove acceptable 5 

Besides these regain r de-liberal e sun eye, further routes of the Ramgarh Battalion 
were surveyed during 1812 and 1813 by Roughsedge, Rogers, Ferguson, and others' 

To retarnloilirzapur. t'rawfnrdeoetiip.ed his survey of the Son and the country 
betweenMauaiid RohtSs until the middle of March 1813', when on relief by Robert 
Smith he went down to the Presidency to become Surveyor ( ; eneral f ,q, l' Smith 
oontmued survey till the end of May 1814, and produced a magnincent map of 
the whole district. »,th large scale plans of Bohta.garh and other forts'. Rewrites 
from Ha/aribagh on July 3rd 1813, a t the end of Ids first season ■ 

I have gone ever an immense Tract of Ground .V altogether node, Circumstances in many 
Bespects very unfavorable- the Kxtrom, Hon. of ih, Season | iho 1 hermomeior in our Tent, 
beaig .scarcely eve, less than MS', running generally to W, i r.,« 8 then ll 2 -)- T he lo ,' 
"whShTiassS '" "" D< *" 1,m "" * >-««»ly-tt. difficult it u„f„,ue„tea BomS 

These reasons, added to the ill prepared State in the way of Instruments in which I left 
Din.pore leave en on me no opp„„.„„itj of „,aki„e such astronomical observation, „ I would 
have wished. 1 he. most [ particular ] attention has been , ,„i,| lo aecuiacy of Survey a, well ,, 
to obtaining snail information ,f materials as I hope wall givo a full i aormete fn.raht Into 
the [ nature ] Ji Geography of the Country on tho right & left of mv BouTe " 

a,,i«i,t. H "'° W "" n ''"" h " """ *"* ™ a ™" S ' > "" * "™— — -"e [-full 
At the end of 1813 a force was sent into Rewah, or Bagh.lkhand, to ensure the 
safety of the frontier againsl piMSH raids, and George Limiesav surveyed the 
routes from Mirzapur to Rewah, and with the help of local mfnrim.tiou made a use 
tul map of a large part of the State 10 . 



BUXDELKHAXD 

Bmidelfchand, home of the Bundelas, lies south of the Jumna, bounded by 
MirzapuronthoeastandtheOhainbal River on the west, and extending southwards 
to the territories of Nagpur". Most of the Buiulcia A,;/;,,,,,, or pelts chiefs were 
at this time under the domination of the, Marathas. One of the first moves of 
the British on the outbreak of the Maratha War in 1S93 was to occupy Bundei- 
khand, and at the close of the war the districts lying along the Jumna we 
in the Company's possession" [ i ]. 



i Kininti ( ? ) 73 E/8. i SW. cm 
1/4. iDDn. 131 (40), 28-3 11 Ra P ™',. 
slons tl:,, S. lYonticr of Raashi riistric 
URIO. ■! 1 ( 27-10 ). sDDa.142 (141), 9-S-17. 
MR10. 1 S ( 2 ) , see also SI ( 48 ). " 
97 ( 12). »DJJn. 130(47)1 " 
S3 ( 23 ) : 34(39, til) soak 31 -n. to a, 
ilf*?" *'"*• M "». »«■>-■ B—fur. and Blade, soafhTth. J„Z,, ,&"'" ' "^ 



,r of Reach! District, 73 E/12 ; Sea Atlas, ei. = Barabhuni 73 
maps cover „,,,,„ k,sa K.noo.nsi, via Lobardaga to the Sanllh E,, 
a si- X f..,niata:m.o back to Rama-art. ■ 

ir;.i«k,^1Lck M S.e I i 

1-7-13. i.DDn. 27o , ;» , , p,r„ t . „ ,, ,, , ,,, ,-<„ , ^iw& fs,4 > 
ntoaamcll- " t! otoo, at aoaoanl, P ,. :■-,,;„ 11% , (,,30, ro.'os I and 



tl 



Proi ■'.-■■ ■-. 



;1 ih,-; Cnn/jimi 



48 



The South-Western Marches 



The Surveyor General could produce no maps to assist, the troops : 

There is not hi this Office any Map of Buiidleeund. n-s it is a Conn try which had until lately 
been unexplored by Europeans, and of which our Geographical knowledge is extremely limited ; 
I have not had it in my power to commence on the Construction of any neiv Map of that 
Province. 

The Communication of any routes or materials which might have been obtained by the 
Officers who have, since the commencement of the War, been on service in fSundlecund, would 
greatly have facilitated such an undertaking, but of these I am sorry to say that I have not 
received one, ... which circumstance I request you will report to Colonel Martindaleh 

He pressed for Government action, 
suggesting that it would be desirable to have -Surveys taken of the newly acquired Countries 
in Hindoostan, and to the Westward of Orissa. ... 

Among the few Officers possessing sufficient qualifications; in that bine, and whose oppor- 
tunities might, if encouraged, enable diem t.o perform Surveys of [tarts of the Country hitherto 
but imperfectly known, I beg leave to mention Lieutenant Frederick Saekville, now serving 
with the Detachment in liundlecimd, ... having communicated to me a Rout* of the March 
of Lt Colonel Martin! tale's Detachment from Kalpy 3 . 

Saekville had been assistant surveyor to Marti ndell's force since .September 
1804, and was now appointed Surveyor under the professional orders of the Surveyor 
General, who asked him 

to survey the Eastern rather than the Western part of Bundeteimd, the termer being least 
known, and we are even in the dark with respect to the true position of Banda where the 
Commissioners reside. ... The most valuable acquisition in Geography that can now be made to 
the West of the -Tumna will be a map of the Country lying between the Western boundary of 
the Allahabad District ( south of the Jumna ) and Kalingcr. Chatterpour, Dutteh, Jlmnsi...and 
Kalpy. The only measured Lines which have been procured throughout, all this Track have 
been Coll. Goddanhs "March from Kalpy [I, 38-9]; ...Lieutt. Anhurey's & Bhrnfs Survey when 
returning from the Duckun in 1792 [ I, 43 ]. ... The rest is all a Blank, or nearly so, in my 

Whilst you are encamped at J liansy during the Rains, 1 apprehend that, little can bo done 
for Geography, but if you could procure for me a few good Hareara Routes, with stages at 
short intervals, and mentioning the Rivers and Nullahs to be crossed, they would prove very 
useful for filling up some Blanks in my General Map 4 . 

I was very sorry to learn that you had been indisposed with a fever. 

I was glao to find by your last letter that you were preparing to set out on a new excursion 
from Jansey. The Track you have pointed out will be useful, though I could have wished it 
had been less over the beaten Tracks of our Troops during the late campaigns, ... but the 
country between Kooneh 5 in a northerly direction to the Jumna, at tlie Embouchures of the 
Chumbut and Sind", is yet unexplored, as well as the roads which lead from Banda direct to 
Allahabad ; these two routes, if well surveyed, would enable us to fix the position of Banda in 
the most satisfactory manner, as well as to fill up some blanks. ... 

A few bearings of the Hill Fort of Kalinjer are likewise much wanted. A route from Jansy 
to Chatter poor 7 , if it could, have been surveyed, would hn.ve been very desirable indeed ; but 
if Colonel Mart hid ale. your immediate Commanding Officer, has no power to separate you from 
the Detachment, much less can I attempt to do so s . 

The following year the Surveyor General suggested that Saekville should work 
entirely under civil control ; 

Of the several Surveyors who were employed last year, only one now remains in employ, 
viz.. Lieu-tenant Frederick Saekville, Surveyor with the 1'Jund.elc.vmd Detachment : but as in 
consequence of his remaining with the Troops under the command of LtOoll. Martindale, he 
has not had the free use of Ins time, and his Operations have hitherto been much cramped, 
I would beg leave to propose that he be removed from the Detachment, ... and directed to 
join the Commissioner at ffanda, under whose Orders, aided by the Instruments that I should 
occasionally send him, lie could Survey all that remains of the unexplored Parts of Bundelcund, 
as might be found practicable 9 . 

This proposal was sanctioned and Colohrnoke wrote to Saekville ; 

iJ)Dn 67[3-ti'l;MtiTtoRii!i. .Ta-mr;lb-de. Eiifirx. 5-12 04. 2 MfttO. 31 (SSI; 81 ( lo, 10, 20,21 ]; 
DJlu 6T(Sfi7) V :t-!)5. ''\TRI0. :U ( 51-(» } : K 1 { +3-~. ;u HI ) : -3 f :>'i-i>, :J-!-N! TJUn. 79, 10-4-05. 
M)Dn 5'i (»!. 10-S-05. =Kimch. 54 0/1. « Both join ,fiimnj in e4M;'2 & 3. '54P/9. s DDn. 
70 Letters from Sll. hi ^arUUU;, March k, Oct. l.SOf,: *!«. journal of a column eomm under in BiuideMjand 
July 1803 to .him- IMS. »ib. (438), 12-3-06. 



BlJNDELKHArTD 



19 



You will now have it in your power, I t-rust, to survey all fciic remaining ['arts of Bundeleund 

with which wo are hitherto tin acquainted A few good observations for the Latitude are 

rvmori wanted, ... and T trust that you will eer long he able to ma!<e them. 

It is very desirable that you should include; Chatterpoor in your Survov, which I under- 
stand is now in our Possesion, and if practicable a Hoi.il:! from thence to Ohanderee 1 ..^ a very 
large City lying about W. -VS. — S6 Miles from Chatterpoor — belonging to She Peshwa 2 ), would 
bo- a very valuable audition to your Map. ... 

From Banda- you could .survey the high road 1.0 Allahabad. From the latter station a 
route in a South direction would enable yuti. to fix the positions of.. .places which belong to us, 
ond of eomo consequence, but which aro not mehidod in Major ReanelPa Slaps ; you could 
then return to Uanda by a diLTcsriuil road, or proceed direct to Kaliir.gor, should that Fort by 
that time be in our possession* 1 . 

The country remained in a disturbed condition for many years yet-, and Sack ville 
had many adventures. In April 180ti, with escort of a company, he went 

to ascertain & lay down the confluence of the Chuiubul. Siude. ami Pohoodge .Rivers* with the 
Jumna. Great difficulties and obstacles were opposed to this survey, in consequence of the 
jealousy and barbarism of the feudal tribes inhabiting the banks of the Ohumbul &. Sinde 
rivers ; the company was ultimately threatened wit)', attacks I'roiu parties of irregular troops ; 
it was fired upon by the forts with which this country is covered, and experienced every opposi- 
tion to the obtaining of supplies. 

In June 1800. ..returned to liirn dab... for the rainy season, having succeeded in his 



In March 1S07, ...proceeded, wjtii a small detachment of 35) men, to penetrate and recon- 
noitre the country on the iioghela 5 Frontier, and to bring into his survey the Soane river ; 
he found every place in arms fit his approach, and v.a.s pursued by a large collected force for a 
considora.ble distance. 

In order to save his party. Lieutenant Saekviin:. galloped singly into the midst of them, 
at the moment I hey were aiming [heir pieces to lire, took them by surprise, and succeeded in 
gaining protection and supplies for the night. Similar proceedings occurred on the following 
night ; ...the Rebel Copal Smidi f =,i 1 was.. .in pursuit of the little party. Lieutenant Saek- 
ville inarched immediately towards the Headquarters, 60 .mile.s distant, passed the night within 
hearing of the enemy, and arrived safely in camp on the f. >1 lowing day 6 . 

Sa-ekville had completed all accessible parts of Bvinrteikhatid early in 1809, and 
was then called down to Cnttaok \ 24 ], the Surveyor General reporting that he had 
transmitted the last Field Hook. This Officer is proceeding iti Cut tack, and may shortly be 
expected at the Presidency : he is at present usefully employed in :.iio,k- in;.; a fair Copy of all his 
labours ; from the. drawings produced by him, I am led to think i.bai. lioudlecund has been 
more accurately surveyed than any other Province under this Government'. ... 

Lieutenant Sa.ckvi.Ue is a.rrived in Calcutta ; it wilt require the whole of the Rainy Season 
to complete His M;ip s , and raider it. as perfect as possible-, as well a.s to mark in several Portions 
of Land that have been assigned to various Persons by order of Government, as particularly 
required by the Court of Directors 11 . 

His surveys were later extended by William Morrieson ; 

Some small snki.it.ions have been made to the Geography ill' the Province of ihmdleeuud bv 
Ensign Morrieson, who was attached as Surveyor to Lieutenant Colonel Mar tin dale's Detach- 
ment. ... His labours wore greatly impeded by the number of Pindarics [ 6, 44 ] who occupied 
the country near the Army, and the OITieor Commanding did not judge it prudent that Mr. 
Morrieson should go beyond Mis outposts 10 . 

Amongst the operations undertaken by Martin dell was an expedition made 
between January and March 1810 "to expel the Marauder iiopaul Singh from 
the Province of Bund elk hand " n , and to co-operate with Madras troops under Barry 
Close 1 - to dislodge naiouicr gang under Mir Khan from Sironj j_S6, 134]. Morrieson's 
survey was carried front Chhatarpur to the neighbourhood, of Sironj. not far from 
Close's camp, and back to Chhatarpur. The following extracts are taken from 
his letters and fieidbooks ; 



L 54L/2. a The Maratha ruicr 
( 527 ), aO-t-Ofi. 'Pahuj R., rises nea 
etseq.). >PI>n. SI (9a), 13 5 09. 
»DDn. 81 (12S), 15-6-09. "Erom 
Mysore, 1799-1801 ; Rcsdt. Poona 1801 



at Peona. = Kalin.iar Port, was cot oaptor&l till ]>il*. PDtl. 67 
].Uti.i. al f\:T,. M5.iflu:lkli:.ac, or R.ewab. [47]. « JS'/JfC. I i":t72 
-4 m. to an inch S3 ( IS-iilj; fi mi](« truui irvd. ; .'.IR10. 1.1 ( 'l5 1 
G., D.Dm 1.2(i (HI, 24-3-10. nliPol C. 2-1-Ki ( 12 :. ^Kcah 
■11; M Gen. ; Bart,; d. 18-4-13 [91]. 



:|| 



50 



The South- WLS r j.\KKK ALvrchus 



Route of Col. .Miu.'tuideU's Detachment frenn Ghatterpoor to Keitah in Bundelcund, from 
Jan. 12th to May 20th 18 10 1 . ... Camp Dureeah. ... Jan. 2 9th. ... IXiringmystayatChatterpoor 
I was as fully employed as I have been since, in renewing the Map of Bundlecimd for Colonel 
Murtindell which wa-s in a very shattered state. ... 

Report says that Meer Khan is on this side of ciirouje, within four days easy march of us, 
and that we are now waiting for orders from Colonel Close 2 , ... 

Feb. Hth. The D.Q.M.G. [ Blacker 1 with 4 assistant Surveyor.-! arrived in Camp from the 
Madras Army [ 134 ], which lias arrived ai Reroute*. By order of Col. Martindell I furnished 
them with a rough copy of my rout*; upon erudition of having theirs =.<ei:t in return 4 . ... 

13th. The Madi-a* Goveroniiiril, li.-ive long paid particular [attention] to this Branch, 
and spare no (Upraise towards procuring the best possible- 1 huites and Information. 

I make these observations tout- thi'.re may be some escuse for my Route when they come 
to be compared. Although I have not seen theirs, I conceive it must he Infinitely superior 
to mine, the whole heiog is per in to tided by the ( Joist term aster General, who has four Instructed 
Junior Officers under him 5 , with a large establishment' of Guide.*, Harkaras, and people who 
have long been accustomed and Taught the business, beside* hehig fur 11 'tilled, with every assist- 
ance from the Command im; O.i'iiocr. whereas, on the contrary, T have n-ouo of those advantages 
to boast of. Another tiling which adds considerably to my eJisadvant;i™e. is the want of those 
Instruments which are so necessary, and which are so liberally furnished by the Madras- 
Government. 

After leaving Deeneeah, ... we marched in a Westerly direction to a- place called Bharda, 
near Rampoor, 12 miles, al which place the Madras .Army was eueatnped. The day before 
yesterday, the D.Q.M.G. with his four Assistants arrived in our Camp, and took a copy of our 
Route. This morning we ma-robed brick again*. ... 

14th. Wrote to the fii.'i.rvo\ or General mforrrihisi or' my havim.; fiivesi a copy of my route 
to the Madras Surveyors. ... 

Took the following observations for a la-ti tueie, but fear little dopondanoe can be placed 
Upon the accuracy, from the variation of the error of my sextant. ... 

liith, 16th, 17th. Employed protracting from my field book & made daily applications 
for leave to survey in the neighbourhood, but without effect. 

18th. Doubts being entertained respecting the correctness of my distance. ..to camp, 
having tritxl my perambulator, sei mil |" to re-measure]. ... 

27th. A detachment of 5 companies being ordered oaf. I applied for leave to accompany 
it, as the country, in what ever direction the detachment might Take, was equally unknown, ... 
March 2nd. To my old spot near the Biuiealows of ( hat tor pore 1 'an I cements. Here we 
were ohligex! to halt; the 3rd Match. 

4th. Left dial t.erpore Cantonments to Mow'. 

March 14th. Jhansi. ... Since my return from Chatterpour, ...laid up with the effects 
of the Sun, which now begins to gel very warm, and to which I was unavoidably exposed 
during our long marches there. ... 

I have the pleasure of announcing the arrival of the 'Madras Route; ; it is however a new 

Route, Major Blacker making press of time his excuse for not sending Field Book with it s . 

March 2;lrd. Keitah Cantonments. Heated there the --ill., nod attempic:} air observation 

withray old sextant, which however f oamioi depend upon. The latitude I made: was 25" 28'4o". 

The cantonment- here lie? about si mile lo the North of l.ho smalt village Keiitah. ... 

April 8-th to 30th. ... From the St h to the 12th employed protracting the unfinished part of thin 
survey. Brora the 12th to the :{(i'tb .April employers us making a. gen em I map from all my field 
books upon the scale miles to an inch, and joining it to the Soane. which it does very well. ... 
May 16th Man. Here I fotm.il the' detachment on tin: evening of the ISfch. The different 
corps marched off to their destinations. 1 returned to Keitah by a new route to trace the 
eourso of the bakery A.-, check the situation of Torreefnrteepeiur 9 . 

17th. At 'rorre:ef"utte>cpoiir. The Iiajah here is a relation of the Theree man. Ex- 
perienced the greatest insolence from his soepnys. who appeared ven jealous of my observations. 
20th. Keitah Cantonments. Here I found ordevrs to proceed to Benares, and left Keitah 
on the morning of the 21st 111 . 

The Surveyor General writes la-tor that- Morrieson, 

» This eur vnv o'fseriiK-a (.■lsinvhere' as Ko-i'c nj the Huuiul An>,y from- Sri 'nugijur /<> Aete; DDn. 12S 
( 16), 13-4-11. Krcitlui, 11 m. W. orCliiirkliSvj', a-i 0,\K>. She rack; ,-ar.tMim:critsm:o-ki:d an map of 1935. 
-te.SG DDn K2 ( 129 }. ! 54H;i2. « Fdbli. MKIO. M. 334. "prohiddy khiraei.t, .Tr ;urd an. Hanson, & 
O'fionnOL'hu* [ 16a \ 6 To SGh DDn. S2 ( 12fi-g ). "'.Mow. 30 in. K. of O.vaiior, 54 J/11; not same 
a? on p. 45 n. it. IMIilt. -MKIO. M". HS4. sfoSf!. D'Dn. H2 I 13a 1. »Teri Farnhjiur. 54 (Ki ; mentioned 
bvAabnrpyrn 1793 [I.43 ]. "MRI0- M. 344. 



BU.N'OELKHA-NT) 



into the further isiite of Bundlecimd, has sent in some useful informs Lioa- 
concerning those ■ districts not visited by Lieiuenant S;-i-ckvi.[!.e. which will render the Survey 
of that Province, as far as oiir knowledge extends, very complete : His dm wings do Him j>reat 
credit 1 . 

At the end of 1S11 Government sanctioned a survey of the western frontier 
along the ChamTbal, after obtaining the acquiescence of Bowkt Bad Sindhia. The 
Surveyor General had reported that 

Lieutenant Sackville's survey includes only a small space of about Ten or Twelve Miles upon 
its Bunks, where it falls into the Jumna-, which is hardly worth noticing, and ill none of the 
other Maps is this stream even tolerably well laid down. According to the best authority, 
which however is very dubious, the Chumbul takes its rise near Peplowda 3 hi the Malwa 
Country, and forms thv Northern Frontier- of tlbod 3 . ... It is certain that an accurate Map of 
its course would be very useful in ease of a War, and most probably to the Ci vil Magistrate in 
time i if peace*. 

The surveywas carried out by James Tod in 1813, 

along the Chumbul River, forming the British Frontier and that, of their Ally, Khauah Keerut 
Singh, from the Kerowty demarcation In the Junction of that river with the .Tiunna, and along 
tin; [fitter stream to Kalpee 3 . 

Biindelkhand remained the scene of disorder and trouble for several years vet, 
and whilst British columns were continually pasting south and west to protect 
the frontiers Cornet James Franklin extended the survey and added to Sackville's 
map. His first surveys were of the routes of Lt Colonel Brown's detachment which 
spent from May to December lis 11 in pursuit of Gopa I Smtih [ 49 ], and in forward- 
ing his map Brown comments that ; 

The tract of Country which the accomi'ianying nap delineates was so imperfectly known 
when I passed over it that it was seldom I could find a- known jilace near enough to point out 
in my public despatches the position of my camp. It is the constant haunt of marauders 
and the disaffected of the frontier, and a knowledge of its Geography and localities is 
absolutely required to put iis on an equality in carrying on active operations for their 
suppression. 

No officer would be found better .acquainted with the features of the country, or better 
qualified in point of !;m gouge and gcncriil uoquimitauee with the Native Chiefs, than Mr. 
Franklin, and I may safely affirm also that in the Scientific port of the profession few would 
prove his superior". 

Franklin himself writes that he 

had no other aid in arranging the enclosed sketch thai) a small pocket compass and a case 
of mathematical instruments, mid our marches being unusually long, and chiefly by night, 
I am persuaded. ..that accuracy such as you require is not to be expected from it. My assiduity 
indeed was increased in proportion to my want of aid, and much local information was accord- 
ingly obtained, very useful for military purposes, but T consider it- in no other light, and have 
therefore termed it a sketch. 

I have moreover refrained from embellishment- in the execution, under a conviction that 
your known penetration would not be deceived by appearances, and I hope you will not measure 
my capacity for completing an efficient Survey by the hasty and imperfect production herewith 
transmitted". 

At the end of 1813 the Commander-in-Chief asked that Franklin might be 
formally appointed fo survey :: the Southern Frontier of Bundleeund" ; 

Lieutenant- Sackville's map of Bundleeund doe* not include its fiouthevn boundary, nor 
any of the great route* and passes leading into the province from .Uahiab, and there are besides 
considerable blank spaces. ..in Lieutenant Sackville's map, which eircum=ianei;s did not admit 
of being rendered .-o extensive ami 1 leri'eei as it ir.it'b; now be made 8 . 

In sanctioning the appointment Government ordered (hat "Comet Franklin 
should be cautioned not to attract particular notice in the performance of the 
duty", and the Political Agent advised him to extend his Surveys 

into the Territories of those Chiefs not immedl-itely dependant onus, such as the Berar Rajah 
or other Mahratta States. ... Tour most ndvisoable course of proeeeriing.. .would be to obtain 



i-DDn. 
1780 [ E, 40 ]. 

.May to Nov. 1*11. "DIVi. lfi-J i 
(84). 



8 (11), 12-i-ll. -Piplauda,,tliM/7. » Gelnui. f,-i J. sieved Ijv IV. _\. Piuueivn in 

DD11. f2H {48). I!) -1 1-11. 5 51KJO. 33 (31, 32). *DDii. 130 I 53 i, (>-!> 13- Jcu-ial 

(57), 6-8-13: maps, MRIO. 81(8-10). »BHC. 16 19-IB 



52 The South- Western Marches 

correctly the boundary of our immediate frontier, aiic.l the Ranges of Hills, noticing parti- 
cularly the different passes which they contain, and leaving the Southern boundary of the 
.Tiitfierri, that is their Kilo of I'Yontier with llie Miilui.ttii. Coimt.ry, to ji. future oppovl.uilitj . 

Passing this to the Snrveyor General, Franklin comments ; 

The examination of the passes will retard me much, but I hope nevertheless to convince 
you that idleness or negligence forms m. part of my dia.iMirt.oi-, as T am by this time fully assured 
that they ought, not to encumhor a Surveyor 1 . ... 

The Tract of Country .1 have already survey & I comprises about 80 B. miles of Lat. and 40 
of Longitude, and in oh ides... tin; passes, of which T have marked with care and examined all 
such as are of any notoriety. 

1 also jmisri over every yard of the boian lary, a-n.' ! mark it", with purlieu I ur eare and '.ittentson, 
and make a point also of protracting and proving my day 's umk before I rise from my table, 
and nover defer the bullions ofono day to another. ... 

The country above the hills for a short distance is til most on impenetrable Jungle, compared 
with which ilie coneiry below is absolutely a paradise 2 . 

He continued survey through 181+ to March 1815, and bis maps 3 proved invalu- 
able in the subsequent campaigns against the pinddris. 



Knowledge of the centra] regions of India had been largely- obtained through 
journeys of political missions, from tilt' directions of Orissa, Choia Xagpnr, Bihar, 
and farther west, [I, 39, 42, etc.]. The Nngpur Rajas 1 had always been on 
friendly terms with the British until the Marat ha- Confederacy of 1803 [57], after 
which they had to accept a British Resident at Xagpnr, the first, being Mountstuart 
Elphinstone [ 65-6 j. 

The Resident's escort of two companies, left Hazaribagh on February 25th 
I HOG, under the command of Wilham Lloyd, who kept a survey of the route, 
through "Coondra, Siunbnlpore. Saumgur, Rnttimpoor, Kliyragnr. and the Laujee 
Ghaut" 6 . 

Tn submitting this to (Government .Klpnio.stoue proposed the extension of surveys 
through the Niigpur dominions ; 

On my arrival tit this place. ..I was naturally desirous of obtaining information regarding 
the Geography of this country, at present so U.tfclcJ Itnown. I was however for a "long time 
deterred by the fear of exciting the Hajii's suspicions by any atiempl to explore his Territories. 

[laving lately discovered that Ceusra-pliltid enquiries mijrhf bo easily conducted so as to 
give no offence, I have for- these months employed some l-lirctvrrahs to collect information 
regarding the parts of the country which art! worst filled up in the Maps. The result was such 
as to satisfy mo that the latest Maps tire not. only deficient but incorrect in some of the leading 
features of the countries laid down. ... 

It is trniieces-iiiy 1.0 ■jive any instances, of tin; ilei'irienees of i,ho best Map of t-ho Booali'i's 
dominions, as they are evident from mere inspection. The only method, of remedying this 
inconvenience is by means of enquiries carried on at Xsigpore. .1 should think it my duty to 
attend to the subject myself, but my official business would prevent my giving sufficient time 
to it, even if I were otherwise qualified. 

It appears to me that, in the attainment of this desirable object, particular advantage 
might be derived from the employment of Lieutenant Lloyd, with whose military duty it 
would not interfere. 

Government warmly approved, and suctioned " : a small increase in the number of 
Hi reams maintained, for this purpose" 6 . 

At the end of 1806 another route to Nagpur was surveyed by Henry Roberts 
commanding the escort of Richard Jenkins who was proceeding to relieve Elphin- 
stone. In sending instructions for this survey the Surveyor Genera] wrote ; 

Any Route by which Mr. Jenkins could pvoneed to Nagpoor, might, if properly surveyed, 

prove beneficial to Geography. As the road by which ho is to proceed, ... from Mirzapoor, 

»BDn. 130 (141), 1S-1-U. = ib. ( 171), 3-3-14. >MRIO,83 (30-2); 9« ( 13 |. * also termed 

■Bhuslsi. Rajas, or Ribas of Beta:- [ -3 ]. *BPolC. 23-10 Ob (TA). TMbks. MRIfl. M '2-22, 221; Maps, 
ib. 73 (1-12). 6BP0IG. 8-1-07 (89-91). 



jNagpitii 



53 



through Gurra-Mundilla 1 [ I, 29 ], has been repeatedly travelled by our Embassies with their 

Escorts, and has been twice, though hut i.mper.eetly, surveyed, little benefit can be expected 
to result from Lira tenant Roberts' proposed Survey unless ho be careful to rectify the omissions 
of former Surveyors, or should have it i:i his power to deviate... from the beaten track 2 . 
He pointed out various diversions that would provide new information, but. as 
it happened, Roberts's survey started from Hazaribagh 3 , and coincided in some 
parts with Lloyd's ; he returned by the same route four months later, the 
Surveyor General conn nesting That hi.* (ieldbook had been exceedingly well kept" 4 . 
During Lloyd's long stay at ^Nilgpur, which continued till 1S20, he collected a 
vast amount of geographical knowledge, mostly from routes measured by himself 
or by his harkaras [ 5, 353-4 ], of whom two named Mahadeo and Kistna appear 
most frequently 5 . He was most industrious also in patting together maps that 
proved their value during later operations against the -p-vndaris. His work was 
encouraged and greatly appreciated by the Surveyor General ; 

I have... recommended... you an increase of allowance ; I hope it -will be attended with the 
desired effect. One thin-; is certain, your labours will benefit. yoursolf, for no officer can employ 
His time to better purpose. Surveying makes him :i ji.r.ige of Ground and of distances; it 
promotes Science, and gives imputation, and is far preferable to being idle. The recommenda- 
tion of your labours is recorded, sont Home, and will be useful at a time when you do not expect 
it ; at any rate it can do no harm 6 . 

I have further to request of you to fill up such blanks as may remain with all your latter 
Routes, accompanied, with ovo.vy other information that may afford a better knowledge of a 
part Of Country which has hitherto been bat imperfectly ( and in some parts not at all ) 
surveyed; particularly Mast of Nagpoor, towards the Province of Cuttack 7 . 

Lloyd's surveys 8 were not of a high order of accuracy, but he took constant 
observations for latitude to tie them together ; 

My time is employed in bringing into one point of view in the form of ft Map, all the Surveys 
made by my H.ircarrahs ; but in this work i. am a good deal perplexed, as some of the positions 
have been fixed by Astronomica] observations, and from the imperfection of the Instruments 
used in these Surveys { a common pocket, compass and Perambulator >, they of course cannot 
be expected to be very exact. ... 

Most of the great Heads have boon measured e.v.'e:>tir!g those South of Xa,ipoor. ... If any 
particular work is required from me, my utmost, endeavours shall be exerted to merit your 
approbation 9 . 

In 1814, Blacker, Quartermaster General at Madras, suggested that James 
Bayley, who was at that time in Bengal, should survey a line from Allahabad 
through Rewah to Nagpur ; 

The operation!; of the Troops under the Command of Colonol Close on the Nurbudda in 
1809 and 1810 [ 133-4 1 afforded the means of Connecting the Geography of the Bengal Presidency 
on the Bundlecund side with that of Madras on the side of Borar. It remains however still a 
Desideratum to have a Military and Topographical .Memoir of the Country between Nagpore 
and Benares. ... 

Lieutenant Bayley of the Quarter Master General's Office is at present in the Upper Pro- 
vinces of Bengal on duty with Major General Gillespie [ 135-6], and will he shortly on his return 
to the Coast. He possesses all the requisite qualifications for collecting t lie desired information 10 . 

The Resident, at Nagpur pointed out that 
Lieutenant Bayiey's operations would be liable to frequent interruptions from the Pindaries, 
and it would be necessary for him to have such a gu;;rd....of at least thirty firelocks, and it would 
be necessary that he should have a passport, from this Government. The liajah does not 
object to grant passports for the Hirkarahs sent by Captain Lloyd with the pin-ambulator to 
Survey any part- of His Highnesses territories, and.. .would, I fancy, grant a passport for 
Lieutenant Bayley. 

The tract in question has been traversed and Surveyed in. various directions by the Hir- 
carrahs of Captain Lloyd. ... It might be considered v/bethor the Urals pro posed... might nob 
bo answered by allowing Lieiildiiant 1 lav-Icy to copy parts of Captain Lloyd's Survey as relate 
to the tract 11 . 



'Manila, 64 B/fj. 'DDn. 81 (38), 21-11-06. '27-11-06. * DDn. 126 ( 22-3 ), 17-5-10 

■■MP.IO. 71 (S, Sit, 05, tik.) : 72 ( SO, etc.). « DDu. 81 ( 104], 15-5-09. 'ib. 126 I 104) "6-9-11 

Gdiiik. MRIO. M 222 5; Ma;)., i;,. 71 (2 U ), 72 (2 06), 7S (2S--.10). dlllti. t:H) ( 9 ) 10-5-13 
'-MM0. 2S-6-14. ^B Pol C. 27-9-14 ( 49 ]. 



The South-Westekn Map.ches 

^„y carried out this survey during November J814, and rejoined bis Madras 
duties at Jalna in Berar. 

MSlwa & BajputIjja 

An important line in quite a new direction, from Gujarat through MaJwa to 
northern Bajputana, was surveyed by Scaly and Byeru of the Bombay Infantry, 
who accompanied a division of the. Bombay Army' operating with Colon ul Monson 
against Holkar in 180<i-5 [57 J- The Allowing notes are taken from their 
journals and fieldbooks 2 ; . 

The march lay from "Capparwanji to i)ho]id, ami tiisu trough .L>hande J , 
a Town on the confines of Mahva and Guzerat belonging to Scindia" to reach the 
Anas River 4 on 24th June 1804. Crossing the Chambal they reached Ujjain 5 on 

July 8th ; ,_.*.* 

The road to the City is by a gomle descent, the Country quite open, <v- t.iie scene in trout 
highly interesting. Some thousands of the inhabitants, prompted by curium t,y, eame out of 
the Town to Witness the arrival of the Army, a Sight apparently novel to them, for a more 
astonished multitude were never seen- ... 

They baited for the rains near tJj^is till October HUh, when they started 
occasional skirmishes with enemy cavalry. Marching ttorthwaids in February 1805, 
they reached the headquarter camp before Bhamumr on April 1st, after the siege 
had been abandoned 6 [ 57 }. Marching from Bharatpur on April 21st they moved 
to Dholpur 7 , and eventually cantoned for the monsoon at Tonk, on the Banas 8 , 
" and have found it a dry healthy situation". They marched northward to Jaipur 
in October 1805; 

Jeyepore. ... None of the Troops or (Wow of our Army are permitted to enter the 
Town & the inhabitants seem notorious for their insolence ;«..! avci-.iju K. Europeans. It is 
the first Commercial & manufacturing Town in Hindoostan, and is visited by Caravans from 
every part of Asia. 

The most northerly point reached was Xamanl 9 , which 
appears formerly to have been a magnificent Town, from the numerous remaining edifices. 
It is now sadly in ruins. ... Holkar retreated from the place only on ouc advancing &G*n Jyepora. 
... It is an open town and formerly belonged to the celebrated George Thomas [ 57-8 ], & is 
several miles further North than laid down by Major Rcmiell. 

On the return journey to Baroda 10 , the army reached Tonk on December 4th, 
and the surveyors conclude their journal ; 

It seems necessary that an Explanatory Memorandum should accompany the Field Book 
and Sketch, in order to account for some deficiences in point of information which occasionally 

Wo woro expected to march with our Companies, indeed never could quit them without 
■laying ourselves open to reprimand, which prevented our getting the names of many Villages 
the Army past, whose situation we have otherwise remarked ; besides the great quantity of 
dust risen by the men and baggage generally prevented our making any observations ou the 
reverse flank, and even at times prevented our seeing any objects in that quarter, and we 
often found it a Serious impediment to our remarks on the Pivot flank. 

The Army, until it reached Rutlam 11 on its return, invariably matched in two Columns, 
baggage in the Centre, the Right wing ( to which we were attached ) generally being on the 
Right In this order of March, it is evident, only one of the Columns could be on the high 
road, which most frequently fell to our lot. The road given by us is that followed by our 
Column, and which may occasionally deviate a mile or so from the high, road ; consequently 
the V illaacM given by us are not to be invariably considered as standing on it. 

The Country was in general so level as to admit the Army going direct to its destination 
without any regard whatever to the roads. 

Besides the roads noticed in the Field Book, there are others laid down in the Sketch... 
■which have heeu followed by such Detachments or Foraging Parties as neither of us have 

i commanded tiv Col. Murray. *BPolC. H-7-08 ( ie I- 'Dohad, 46 J/1. '46I/SW., J/NW. 

BifiVNfi iit|'.\ ■[■)-vi,:, : ,i 1 ;;,.,i,i!iii,]f:: l>v lien. Junes 'iiiul rwii-iuJ fih/LOv: p-.jr ID-2-05 [ 165 ]. '54 

Jj\4 !« 45 N/16. »53D/4,30m.E. of BmJlri, Imp Gaz, XVIII ( 380-1). "46IP/3. !1 46 M/3. 



JIa.I.WA & 'KA.mrTANA 



accompanied. The result of the in form at. ion gained on these a 
Field Rook, and (lie names of the towns or Villages wilt appear o: 

After the close of the war, valuable information was collected by James Tod. 
commanding the escort of the Resident with Sindhia, and in 180(5 the Surveyor 
General submitted a 

Map which was lately eommemcoated ; ... a truly valuable addition to our stock of Geographical 
information, ... descriptive of a part of the Country hitherto little known to Europeans, and 
fixes the position:- of Cheitore, Oodepoor ! ...and «u:id other places of great strength and import- 
ance on -the Western side of llmdoostan, of whose situations wes were almost entirely ignorant 
before 3 . 

Two years later lie reported that Tod 
has occasionally employed himself with considerable success in exploring the Countries through, 
which the Mahratta Array directed their March, and lately, while Dowlut Rao Scindhia was 
laying siege to Raatgur, Ins proceeded with l,he Resident's permission by- a new and circuitous 
Route through the d islricts of Chandery, ... Kirowly. to Agra-"'. From Agra... by another route. 
...through apartof the Jaypoor Rajah's Territory to rojoln tho Escort 4 . 

The following year Tod forwarded 
a Map of my Boute from Agra to fiagnr^. ... It is the fourth I have had the satisfaction of 
sending to the Surveyor General's Office. ... I shall shortly have sufficient, materials for another 
sheet, with which, 8s what I have already furnished, all the Blanks in our general Map of this 
Country may he .filled up. 

For a long time past I have been employed in collecting Information regarding the North 
West States & the Tract of Country between tlie Latitude of Oujehci, lil.iopal 6 , etc., the 
Xurbuddah River, ami have succeeded very well. 

Another subject has likewise occupied a good deal of my attention. I mean the Country 
to the West of Udipoor ,fc Joudpoor 7 as far as the Indus, ami particularly the Countrv on its 
E. Border. ... 

1 mean to construct a Map to contain in a. collected view all my routes, with the other 
Materials I have ; in short, of the Country between the Jumna &, Nurboddah Rivers, marking 
out the boundaries of the different, States ; rise, course, & termination of the different Rivers 6 . 
Tho Surveyor General, Garstin. replied that 

the information you are now in pursuit of, even if only tolerably correct, will be a valuable 
acquisition, and greatly assist in correcting tin; Geography of those parts, which at present is 
very defective. ... At present f am young in office, and I have much to learn but, as far as 
my judgement reaches, 1 am of opinion that your labours in the Field of Science cannot be- 
more advantageously ilijet-.tcd. than they appear to have been from your own judgement". 

In other tetters Tod writes ; 

Whether marching or not, I am never unemployed, having gained almost as much informa- 
tion from Herea rails as from my surveying in person 10 . 



The people whom C rat 

Ritynor, and .le-sebriab' 1 ■ countries returned soiu, 
bi'i ■ugl't fiii: the fruits of I heir I v;:\ An v. hich will or 
ill Soppor. the\ proceeded by Sljupt'..nil]. Kisbni^i 
they collected sevei'al routes to several pi.ic :- of <■ ,• 
returned by .loeedpoor, ... also collecting routes hci 
the Indus last year returned to camp a few days a; 

i-esterly to Hyderabad'-, the Capital of the Sine lies 



red in collecting routes in the Marwar, 
ime ago ; they joined me at Agra, and 
i highly useful. On quilling camp, then 
l ^, Ajmer, ... to Jesse linair : at rhis place 
c] uen.ee- between it and the Indus. Thev 
o various points. ... The party I sent to 
... after quitting IJdipnr, they travelled 
from thence to -fessehnair ; on their route 



from thif. place to romp they e.v| ^rieneeb liianv diilieultie 
formation will prove valuable, c'OTl.inuly there will be much n 

In 1S10 Tod was employed on the surrey of the Jumna canal in the Ganges- 
Jnmna doab [ 67-8 ] and the following year in Bundelkhand [ yi ]. Tn .1812 he 
resumed command of the Sindhia escort, and continued his explorations, suhmit- 
ting a map of his "route from Agra to Kerowli 18 , Indargarh...Bahadurpnr,Kemlasa 
and Sagar le ". He has left tiio following account of all these surveys : 

'Oritur, *S b/y ; Udiripur, 4SH/M-. "BMC 2-10-06 (102) & DDu. SI ( 2S ). 24-0-06 man 
Hi in- loan inch, VUUO. M ( 31 ), sd. Jamts 'iud. id -S-»<>. :< Clumrk-ri. :3t b/12: Karmli, 5-1 F;3 4J>]>n 
S3. (130), 20 aUS, '-MH10. 20 ( 17 ) ; S^asar, ."o I/O. «3a E/7. - Joiliija.r or M.^-a,-,' 40 Fast & 
45/West. *DD a .S2 (70), 0-1-OSI. . ib . si ( tir. ). s 2 09. iu ib . S o (la)). N -1-03. njawilWr 
■■■' "400/7. "TJDii.S2(212).7-S-00. «54F/3.. 



50 



The South-Westkkr Marches 



1806... after tin? termination of the 
rveyed. by Dr. Hunter. ..as far as Tonk Rampoora, 



In accompanying Mr. Mercer 3 
Mahralta War. our route had b( 

r I 56-7 ] and as wo were to move in a. country ht.tte known... 1 venture! r.o commence survey 
U it with the most inadequate means, solely tor »j own gratil'icauon- fla.a.g joined Sindiah 

at Oodopoor, and subsequently-passed Cheetore and many other pt s ol note, forming a 

Survey completely new, of about 500 miles in extent, I had the satisfaction afforded, m 
crossing. Dr. Hunter's line about a degree north of Oogein, that my error did not exceed « or 7 
miles, and which I have been subsequently able to correct. ... 

The Surveyor General reported on it to Government ; ... his liberal encomiums and the 
gratification I delved in 111. pursuit, soon made m. present .moll,.,- so,,,, of near IllO sides 
rnore These wore throned ilcvwar . Malwali, to she lioondela lionticr, m tracts most im- 
perfectly and in some parts totally, unknown. The Marches of Smdiah's army, though 
perplexhigly devious, were advantageous, a, the, carried us to most places of consequence. 

AfteTtH. last Survey, Sindiah, having commenced the Siege of Ruhrgurh, . T prevailed 
on the Resident lo permit me to indulge my wish for accumulation Ceogmphical knowledge, 
and in 1807, with a Slender guard ( 10 men ). Surveyed a tract oi upwards of 1 ,000 miles, besides 
obtaining collateral information. ... This rout, waa Ihu, , C»n,,Joroo...d,r.ct W..t, crosaing .11 
the Rivers in succession, till I approached eloso to Kotah ; thence Northward through Shapoor 
to the Junction of the lurge Seut.l.crn .River, with the Chaumbul ; ... to Agra, from whence... 
Westwards by ■ new and intricate road through Hhartpoor ami llutoliorry' States to Jsipoor, 
from whence it was inv intention to have prosecuted my Journey Westward to Survey the 
Sambur Lake, and continue to Jodhpoor, but Political circumsl iniees would uotadmit of this. ... 
I continued my route by Tonk Rampoora, ... and.. joined the Camp at fagur. . 

I have had inanv parties who have travelled up both banks of the Indus, and sailed down 
its streams, and who have crossed the desert in every possible tract from Ivajpoolana to the 
Sinde valley. No State [ is ] contained in my Map, indeed no town of consequence in amy of 
-these States, which has not been visited by people whom I have instructed to obtain mferma- 

*™To prevent imposition to which I was necessarily .abject in the ontsett, I have had the 
same ground travelled over by different pauses, and their inloii nation coin rested and con- 
firmed by the natives of each traet, rmtill I became so intimately aequahited with every portion 
of ground within my limits, as ' 

ins resources, and adherents 4 . 



o know the character of almost every individual. feudal Chief, 



iGneme Mercer (17S4-18I1I; Ivrsdt. with Sitidina, 1807-10. 'oiUdaipni 
25-5-10 ( 10 ) ; Mne, dated liivnlior, 18-8-15, MRIO. 94 ( II, 12). 



3 Alwai, 54 A. 



CHAPTER V 



THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER 



10 



Delhi & Ayra, 1803-6 Delhi hi-ilndi, .1.805-10 Advance to the Xntlej, 1800 
— HI.ph;in,:tnn!>'.i ,1/ iisimi. to Pexknuw, 1808-9 — .fun ma Canah , 1807-10. 






IN 180;} war broke out between the Company and the Marat Ira Confederacy, 
which comprised Sindhia. Holkar 1 , the Raja, of Nagpur. and the Peshwa, the 
latter of whom had only just signed a treaty with the British 2 . 

A Madras army under Arthur Wellesley marched northwards to Poona, and 
defeated Sindhla's troops at Ali.madnagar, Assa.ye. and Asirgarh 3 , whilst the Bengal 
army under Lake captured Allgarh and Delhi in September, .Agra in October 4 , and 
won the decisive battle of Laswari 5 , about 30 miles west of Dig, on November 1st. 

On 30th December 1803 Sindhia signed a treaty ceding to the Company his 
possessions between the -Jumna and Ganges f the Epper doab ) and the district of 
Broach, north of Surat. Hostilities against other chiefs continued throughout 1804 
in Bundelkhand, Biiaratjmr, and further west against Holkar ; the fortress of Dig 
was captured on December 4th, but the siege of Bharatpur" had to he abandoned 
in February 1805. Operations against Holkar culminated in his relreat to Amritaar, 
and his surrender to General Lake, who had pursued him to the banks of the Beas 
[61-2 ]. Under the treaty concluded on 7th January 1S06, Holkar renounced all 
claim to districts north of i he Ohambal. 

During the progress of the war little survey was done beyond that of marches of 
various columns, but our interest is not so much in the work carried out, as in 
the opening up of wide areas over which deliberate surveys could thereafter be 
extended, and of which the earlier maps gave but scanty information [ I ]. 

Amongst the officers who surveyed routes of the ''Grand Army " was Carmichael 
Smyth, who during 1803 4 surveyed the marches from Aliga.rh to Delhi and Agra, 
and on through Fatehpur Kikri to haswari : each halting-place marked by the 
symbol of a double- poled icnt and union-jack, with date 7 . Surveyors who know 
Delhi and Agra in June will sympathise with entries in his iieldbook — April 22nd 
"Perceiving one of the screws of the Perambulator Lose, sent to the Tents 
immediately for my other" — -June iith "The wind was so high, and the clouds of 
dusfc so thick, that I was obliged to give over surveying at this station" 8 . 

Thomas Robertson, "Surveyor to the Army in the Field" from January to May 
1805, made 

a Survey of the Routes of the Army containing about 170 measured Miles on a large Scale, 
on which the Face of the Country, with its Ports, Towns, Villages, Ac. are distinctly and 
correctly laid down 9 . ... A Book of Osmerval ions for the Laliuules and Lon^ii'jrles of several 
Places on the road From Camipim t« Agrati, Bhurtpoor and Dlinlpoor, ...very correct and 
satisfactory 111 . 

Amongst the meagre maps available before General Lake's advance were 
contributions from the. adventurers George Thomas" ami .Michel Gacorn. 

The main feature of Thomas's very rough map, as compiled by William 
Francklin 13 , was " The Country of George Thomas", covering Han si and Hissar, 

'Mafesrajas of Gwalior & Indore. >»t Bassein, 47 A/15, 31-12-02. '47 1/12, S-9-03 ; 46 P/16, 
23-9-03; 35C/7, 21-10-03. '4-9-03; 11-9-03; 1S-10-03. "54 A/14. "o-TB/S. * BIS PP. 1SS2. 
Appx.III; & map, pi. viii ; MltlO. 29 {22-5), K0 (2,7-10). 'Fdbk. DDa. 78. »DDn. 67 (399), 

26-9-05; M:i[M, UltlO. SO j 2<.i. :w |. •"mm. t>7 ( Ml }, 21 :<-<«. " I To(i-lS'.l> ■ DXIJ. ; TUB.; Memoir 
by Franc klin, ISO:!: Comiuon's Enropvin IWit'ini A'.he'i'iirtfS : J'boni I 4SU ) ; >'Me.«»;B, 31-7-1940. 
la'viKIO. 7-1 10): UMAfldl MS. 13S0 3(e). 



58 



The Xokth-West Rbgntiek 



that had boen grunted to him by the Marat-has. Lie was corn pletely uneducated, 
but Gacoin had a fair knowledge of survey, and could observe astronomical 
latitudes, arid Oolebrooko writes that, 

Mr. Michel Pierre Ga-eoio, a native of France, who was, some time since, in the service of 
the Rajah of Jaipoor and others til the country powers in that- quarter, and who, on his coming 
to Cawnpoor in November 1S0O. wia marie prisoner by tlie order of the General Officer Com- 
manding, has lately... communicated to me a map of his travels in Upper Hindustan. 

The map showed routes travelled between 1784 and ISOCh running from Surat 
via. Baroda to Jodhpur, from Talner on the Tapety { Ta.pt i ) via Eugene ( Ujjahi ). 
to Jeypour. Delhi), Agra, Atiyarh, Labn.aax (Lucknow); also to Lakor, Jamtm 
( Jammu ). Longitudes were shown both wo.it, from Ca le.utt a. and east from Grenege 
(Greenwich). It was covered with remarks in French and notes on astronomical 
positions, "le tout Do Die a Monsieur Ooibe-ronk, Surveyor General" 1 . C'olebrooke 
continues ; 

As Mr. Gacoin I.lsis emitted she Bearings of the road, and the names of Places, owing to the 
French orthography he he:; used, arc not always intelligible, tlic.se papers cannot be of any 
very considerable utility or importance to the Ceog.rnp.tiy of the Country. Yet, as they" are 
better than any other routes or information which have hitherto been procured, ...and will 
enable me to insert in a new General Map of India [ 281 j several Forts and places nob hitherto 
laid down, ... his geo^ra-f ihii-al. communications are worthy of so me... Reward*. ... 

Mr. Gacoin being about to return to .Delhy...has offered his services to survey any part of 
his route which might he thought useful. As he proceeds by wat-ei', ami im:ends to navigate 
the J iimna. river iu his Budjerow as far as Dehlv, an opportunity will be afforded him of adding 
some valuable materials to the Survey which was taken by the late Captain Iloare [I, 57 ], 
and he proposes after that to transmit such other routes and information as his... travels into 
different, parts of the Country may enable him to acquire. 

He has at the same; time represented to me that, having iu tiiis part of the Country little 
or no means of subsistence, a Sum of money ( to the amount of one thousand rupees ) would 
enable him to return to Dehly with ease, and would also furnish him with the means of purchas- 
ing a few Instruments. ... At Dehly he informs me he has some little property consisting in a 
house, and is well known at that place, as well as at other Cities arid Places beyond the Hon'ble 
Company's Territory, having resided many yoar^ in that part of the Country 3 . 

Though Government expressed their dislike of outside help of this sort 4 , 
Colebrooke found the Jumna survey justified a claim for further reward ; 

Mr. Gacoin, ... who in consideration of a Map and some Geographical Papers.. .has received 
a remuneration, has since his return from tut- Upper 'Provinces. ..delivered to me a Survev of 
the Jumna River in four sheets, which extends from Allahabad to beyond Boria Ghaut 5 . 

This Survey, which is upon a largo scale, besides representing the .Tumna River with all 
its Fords and Ferries, contains also alt the Towns. Forts, and Villages 011 its Banks. ..to about 
HID miles above Pehly. which pan. of the .Tumna had never before been Sui'veved. From the 
Place where the navigation was slopped by the Rocks and Stones in it's Bed, Mr. Gacoin 
travelled along the Banks of the River, about :i0 miles by land to beyond the first Range of 
l-IiM-s 6 , until he deemed it unsafe to proceed further. ... 

Mr. Gacoin had the -misfortune to be plundered of ail the I usimriieiirs and effects he was 
possessed of whilst at Agra, previous to (lie Capture of that Place [ 57 ], and was enabled 
only to procure other* and to proceed on his Journey by the liberality of the Officers who 
afterwards served at. the sie^e of that Place. He has not, received any Donation nor Allowance 
from the Government since he left Calcutta 7 . 



The Delhi Districts, 1805-10 

By treaties signed at the elose of the war, the Marathas withdrew from the area 
north-west of Delhi, Surrendering tlie districts of Gurgacm. Karnal, Roll tali, and 
Hissar. The old blind Emperor, Shah Alam f I, 24 11.6 ] was granted a pension 
and allowed to .govern the city of Delhi and a small area round it. 

'Maps. MRIO. B4 (19): 85(5). =440/12, 16. >DDn. 67 ( 108 ), 16-8-02. Routes, MK-IO. M 

22!>( 57-73 h^itli ano.noihi.r r.t.u-. mil., l.-v S.G. 'UDn. 67 ( 15] ). 21- II-Hi'. -ill. (HIM). 27->-.(l4- Map 
MTUO. 9* ( 18 }, "Sfcealfts, 63 F/ll. 'Dim. 67 ( 352 ), 11-12-04. 



The Delhi Districts 59 

The survey of these new districts beyoiid the Jumna was entrusted to JFrancis 
White, who had been surveying the marches of Colonel .Ball's brigade beyond 
.Rewa-ri 1 from October 1805 to March ISOti [inf], and had prepared a"map of 
the country lying within tin: Triangle of DOhee, H.ansee, & -jypoor, but the part surveyed by 
me is confined tcit.be districts of Don dree, ... Rewaroe, ... and Vadsbahpoor 2 . ... The remainder 
of the map is laid down from the best information that 1 have been able to procure from the 
Natives ; and, fully aware how much they are liable to err, I have corrected them by procuring 
a number of routes to the someplace by different people [65], and formed their geographical 
positions by their relative situations to pilosis known 3 . 

From July 1806 White was put under the orders of the Eesident at Delhi, with 
■professional instructions from the Surveyor General. [5 ] ; 

It was only a few days ago that I was made acquainted by the Quarter Master General 
with your appointment of Surveyor to Colonel Ball's Dotachrnont, sineo which 1. have received... 
an extract of General Orders... appointing you to continue on that duty, and to conform to all 
such instruction Hi as you To. ; ;y receive from me*. 

As Government have distributed ah, or most, of the Conquered Countries to the West of 
the Jumna among a number of Native Chiefs, a | lartioular .Map shewing their respective 
Boundaries, as well as the British Boundary, Is particularly wanted. ... Your General Map 
should also include the Boundaries of the Koik Territories, and of fho Bi.kaueer and Jaipur 
Rajahs, the Countries of the Malcheree- and Bhuvtpoor Rajahs [56], ... and the little District 
of P.cm ishopiioy belonging to Simiroo Begum". 

The least known of these is the country of Alwar, or of the Matcheree Rajah. With respect 
to the Bhurtjioor Country, little more is wanted now than to survey the Northern part of it, ... 
as our Army during the late war traversed the Southern parts of it hi various directions, and to 
ascertain the Boundary Line between it and the British Territory. ... 

You need not Survey the high Road from Dehly to Agra as it has been already vorv 
accurately surveyed by Lieutenant Smyth [ 57 ]. ... Tn like manner the Road from Dehly to 
Paniput 7 has been surveyed by Captain Blunt [ I, 55, 314 ], and T suppose recently by Ensign 
Tickell [62] from thence to Thaneisur 8 , but some cross Routes are nevertheless much 



request thai you will as soon ;ts possible extend your Survey in a South and South 
y direction from Bewarce, so as to include and ascertain i'oe positions of Tejarah, Noh, 
Kisheugur 10 , ...and many other Places of consequence which arc situated partly in the newly 
Conquered Territories, but of which we know little more at present ihan the names 11 . 

After surveying the district of Kumaneh ls .,.you should survey the Boundary of the Seeks' 
country as far aa Kurncui, and to where it terminates at the Jurnnah". 

White wa.s par tic iila Hy i tit ores ted in hi* survey to Hilnsi ; 

November 14th. 1806. The foregoing survey was directed with the view of retracing the 
route taken by the Guns of Iloikar in the months of October and November 1805. 

I have been able to trace them as far as Ituwalch 11 of B aiiscc. ! ara inclined to think that 
Col. Ball's detachment would have been able to overtake them at Hansee ; the guns must 
have been retarted in cutting down tho jungle to make a road and in getting through the heavy 
sand. ... Unfortunately the rlirnetkni of Kanoon -was taken.. .and g.ivcs tho puis an ndvautagn 
that could never be regained 15 . 

He then describes his survey of the hills whieh run south-west from Delhi 
through Alwar, and of ths passe* across them, and continues ; 

With respect to the other Ghauts, ... it was my intention to have visited these, but the 
Rajah, when I had been in his country a few days, was so suspicions of my proceedings as 
abruptly to order me to quit his country. ... I determined to overrun his country as speedily 
as possible, for had T attempted to have surveyed it in the regular maimer, i would hazard 
a thousand rupees 1 should haw; boon directed to leave his country the third clay. 

This Rajah is possessed of a number o!" very strong fer-s, the principal of which is Alwar. 
When I approached within two miles of any of the Forts or Principal Towns, the Waked 
generally took me a circuitous route to the opposite side of the fori, during which I did not 

*Notein fdbk., MRIO.H 3 



'63D/I2. a 53n,'<.i:i40/16;f.3l.!.. ; 3. 

IGinouii. .MS 10. ,' 2-, 31 ). iDIta. 67 ( -151 ), 

Rumru [I, 345 n. 8 ]. '53 CU5. «33C/13. 

" DOn. SI ,' 19 ), S -fl-OB. "Covering j. ' 

h:\-p C'!Z. Punjab, I ( '122-% ). " DDn. $ 

tinguisbhig countries; W. of Jumna assumed' to local eiders -::b?orbec! bv EiC. ~ "Brawala, 44 0/15 

i"H'dbk. M 344. Ilolkur had f:]u..k:d tilt ;.'ol'.in:i:s led !;y .kuj.ii [m.-j j ii-irt Kill [6i:p] find ;d-ci the Grand 

Army under Lake [ 61-2 ]. 



; I'ough sketches P-cwuri to 

»DDn. 67 (464),' 27-5-06.' w 54 A/13 ; 53 H/4 ; 54A/St 
s of Hissar & Rohtafc "Disr.rbfe. c.nr; of Jinil ,t ?atiiUa Stat^ ■ 
4), 17-9-06: MJUO.Sf 1); U-'.vk lisap by t'olebvooke &Z 



\ 




1 

j •' 

'1 

■ ■ 

i 

1 








The North- Wa-: st "Froxltkr 



think it prudent to use the theodolite : and therefore laboured under much difficulty to correct 
my horizontal distance; tills was cli ie.fi. y odected by the observed altitudes of the Sun for 
Latitude. 

Rear Laswaree [ 57 L December 2nd. The Wakeel who attended me 011 the part of the 
Rao Rajah had fixed upon tliis renin! o spot for my eneampmg ground, with a view of preventing 
my approaching near the Town ; but, since lie had not expressed his munition to me, I took 
the advantage of an early march, <fc arrive;! at the gates of the Town before lie could overtake 

3rd. This day I was of course extremely desirous to ascertain the exivr: positions of the 
several villages in the vicinity of Laswaree ; and I hoped I should have been able to have 
obtained sonio interest; m; particulars: relating to ti'i;.it glorious victory ; but which in the eon- 
fusion & hurry of action, had been passed over unnoticed. The Wnkeel however positively 
prohibited my going to Laswaree, i- .1 am well convinced gave secret directions to the zumnaen- 
dars, &c. of the villages near which I passed to give false answers to my enquiries. ... 

5th. At night I received a visit from the "YVi.ikcel who mentioned that the Rajah was 
averse to my surveying in that, direction, or to niv remaining any longer in his country, & had 
therefore given directions for a Riss.kd to accompany me to the British Frontier. 

In reply I expressed ;ny astonishment at the midden ehauae in the disposition of the Rajah, 
who had been acquainted with my iril,e,uded route three days back. That I was not in the 
least desirous of remaining longer in the Country than was agi'e.eahle to him, and should there- 
fore in the morning take the direction of Hewn-ree ; at. the same time I beggod to forward him 
rny best acknowledgements for the attention 1 bad received from the Qi lledars and AmeeLs of 
tho several Forts A' Tmnr; ravif which T had encamped. 

6th. ... The Rajah bad beeome so extremely suspicious of the Survey, ... that I was fearful 
lest my deviating from the direct route to l.-tewuree should occasion some disagreahle occur- 
rence ; on the other ham I '[ was very desirous to ascertain whet her there was any other Ghaut 
besides that of Kishetigivvli... through which Cans, a-c. could proceed ; I therefore determined 
to direct my march. ..by Tijaree 2 , by which route I should never be at a greater distance than 
five miles from the hills. ... 

7th. During this march I was iiecoo LpLmiod by ,1 fta.Wki of the Hue Rajah. I did noli 
therefore ui.iompt to Lal-a"; bearing of the few villages that were Lo be seen 3 . 

The Surveyor General appreciated his enterprise raid discretion; 

I am happy 1 learn that you have succeeded so well in carrying- your Survey through the 
Mateheree Rajah's country. ... I apprehend from the difficulties and impediments you have 
lately met with, that it will not be practicable for you to make any fur 'her attempts to complete 
the Survey of the '.Mateheree Rajah's eouutrv . indeed enough has been done for the purpose 
of general Geography in that quarter 4 . 

I have been favored with your latter from Surindee, along with the Map of Part of the 
Ra.o Rajah's and Bhurtpoor Countries, which I have reduced and inserted. ..into my General 
Map. ... There is little hope that you will over be able to penetrate further to the West in that 
direction, hut I hope you will be more successful in surveying the Country to the N.W. of 
Dehly between the two high roads leading to H.anseo &-, Paniput. ... 

It is a curious circumstance that all the Rivers in that Country appear to have a Northerly 
Course, in a direei ion contrary to that, of the -I urnna, and that some appear to lose themselves 
in the Sands- of Hureana-li & 13ickaneer 5 . 

At the same time he reported to Government that Willi e had 
made great progress in si irveying the Country to the Westward of tire Jumna, between Paniput, 
Dehly, and Agra but, as the difficulties he meets with in consequence of the jealousy and 
■suspicions of the people in those remote parts of the Country are very great, it is probable that 
he will soon have completed ail that is likely to he prea; tic-able, for some time, in that quarter''. 

Government welcomed the possibility of saving money, and ordered White's 
recall, as a set-off against the expenditure to be incurred by Colobrooke's survey in 
the Upper Provinces [ 29, 112 ]. A further dispensation was, however, granted on 

the Surveyor General's request 

that, as permission has been obtained by the Resident at Dehly from the Sick Chief, Bhang 
Sing [64], for surveying certain parts of ids Territory, it would be desirable that Ins Survey 
should be prolonged for a period of two Months. ... I am actuated only by a wish to promote 
the acquisition of Topographical knowledge in a part of the Country which, in a Military point 
of view,is certainly of great importance, and 1 am convinced, from the yea! and ability which 



'Cavalry party. -n4A;'l3. ! I'Yibk. M 344 ratios;, MP.J.O. S (17); 12 ( 10); 94 (6). 
{ 51 ), 19-1-07. Mb. ( 59 ), 20-2-07. «ib. ( 61 ), 12-3-07. 



',L>].lti. HI 



The Delhi .Distutcts 



til 



Lieutenant WhLlts has displayed in conducting the Survey of tin- Countries on the Dehly 
Frontier, that he is actuated solely by the same line motives 1 . 

This survey took White away to the west, and bis ficldljook shows that he was 
at Bhatiuda on June 13th, and returned to Delhi towards the end of the month. 
At the Resident/ s request his appointment as "Surveyor on the North-West 
Frontier" was extended indefinitely. 

In the interval of working up his maps 2 , he was employed tor several months 
on a survey of the old Jumna Canal between Karnal and Delhi [ 67 ], and he 
started a survey of Kamal cMitomncnt 1 |" ii/j"\ before resuming his survey of the 
frontier to the south, which he reported complete by July 1808 ; 

the British Boundary f'nuii the River near Kurnaul as the as the Ziliti.ii Ayriui. ascertained. 
and. a general .Knowledge of the Country included bet.-woeii KarnauF, Patialah. Ilissar, Rohtnk, 
Rewarree, and Agvj-iTt acquired. A Map comprehending the whole of my Survey on the North 
of Agrah, on a scale of four miles to an inch, will I trust by tao expiration of this month be 

in readiness fur transmission 10 Government 4 . 

His next task was a detailed survey of the immediate neighbourhood of 
Delhi, completed between August and December, which the Surveyor General 
described aa 

A Plan of the City of Delhi, and a .Map of the Country for near Ton Miles round it, which 

would be very useful in ease of another attack oil the Capital. I [■ is a Survey principally raker: 
with .1 Plain Table [229], ... but the qiiantily ■"if" la.hour required t-o complete this work shows 
that this Orhce:' has been fultv cii][tf^vcd duriaj; I In' liv inouthe 5 . 

He closed this survey in Jaimary 1809 with 

a- particular survey te the Itiid.lo Seraee. the gate of which can be seen at a considerable dis- 
tance ; ... part of a measured haws from I. he -I in slum Masjkt. for 1 he oaroose of inking a Trigono- 
metrical surve\ of the- Environs of Delhi 6 . 

Amongst other large-scale maps of Delhi i.s a very neat plan of the interior of 
the fort "reduced from a large Hindust-anny Map of that- City" 7 . There is an 
excellent coloured sketch entitled '■ A view of the Eastern Face of the Palace of 
Dihlee", shewing the Jumna- flowing rnoso up 10 the eastern wall, with two sailing 
craft in the foreground, and pointers in Persian character.,. Tim may have been 
the work of Robertson. Smyth, or some other artist surveyor of the period 8 . 

There is a most interesting plan of the city, 500 yards to an inch, signed by 
Peter Lawtie 1 3th December I8!2, which shows the old city gates, Including the 
Kwikiuwn- (Jain, and also the Kuwi-nuh B'jyh. and the road oulside i.-ln- city wall 5 . 

Surveys of cities and important, cantonments became a. matter of special concern 
at this time, and in January 1810, the Commander-in-Chief ordered 
Correct Surveys to be made of a-1 Military Ca-u.t em i rents, the want, of which is Constantly 
Experienced : But ov.'injr. to the Scarcity of Engineer officers the object- is not likely to be 
accomplished within any reasonable lime. His Excellency therefor;:: deems it advisable to 
employ Infantry or other oi'lieers whenever any Possessing Suitable qi sal ill cations can be 
Spared. ... 

Captain l-taper [ .[0 ], ... a very intelligent Officer, nud. who is particularly qualified for the 
duty in question, has been directed lo make the roquisiie Surveys o!" all the Cantonments c.ppier - 
taining to the Dolhv and Kewary Command 10 . ... 

finsiirn Rllis | 69 ], having completed a correct Survey of Kurnaul Cantonments [67], 
i to Suharuupoor to survey that Post, which when mushed, he will 
snd take a Survey of those Cantonments". 



AJIVANCE TO THE SlJTLEJ, 1809-10 

Between .November I8O0 and February 180b Lake marched his Grand Army 
up to the Boas River beyond Julliutdur in pursuit of Hofkar [5911.15 ] 13 . Friendly 
relations were maintained with the independent Sikh chieftains of the country, and 

!DDn. 81 ( 79 >, 14-5-07. a MEIO. 8 ( 2-8 ) ; 9 ( 25-6 ) ; MRO. Map S*S. »Fdbk. MRIO. M 34J. 
' P. Pol C. o-tMVS [ ! )-.iU Yl . 111110. a I (IS). S .I»I(I. 6 5-0<» < l«2 i ; -.M-fiT), JIRJ.O. 1*3 121). «Fdbfr. 
ib. u ;:-i::. "it. \S>, (22). »ih. 7 (8, il). s ib. 183 (33). "BMC. 16-1-10 ( 43 |. "ib: 3-4-10 ( S ). 
"Thorn (479-512 1. 



62 ■ The North- Wjist Frontier 

also with -Hairjit Singh, who had at. this time laid no claim to territory east of the 
Sutlej. 

A route survey was kept hy Richard T'iekeil 1 , showing the march up through 
Patiala and Nabha, and the return through Sirhind and Am bate,, but, much to the 
disappointment of the Surveyor General, no astronomical observations were taken 
for lack of instruments : 

An opportunity may perhaps never occur again of carrying a survey through the Punjab, 
where certainly nothing of the kind, had ever' been done in a, satisfactory rammer before. 

A single observation for the latitude correctly taken at any one of the places where the 
Array encamped in that remote country, or on the banks of the Beyali River, would be of the : 
utmost value to Geography- as- we have not upon record any celestial observation made in the 
Punjab,, except one which is quoted hy Captain YVilfoi'd as taken at Cala-nbre by a Padre who 
accompanied the Emperor Akbar in his Expedition to Kabul in 1581 2 , but which, from the 
imperfection ofinstrurnents in those days, cannot be relied upon wit Inn probably half a degree 3 . ■ 

I need hardly mention that, as Mr. Ticke-lfs survey .must have been made in rather a 
cursory maimer, owing to the rapidity of the movements of the Army, it, is not likely that his 
route will make up for the deficiency of Astronomical observations, or that at the remotest 
point of it he should not have fallen into considerable error with respect to latitude and longi- 

The march of the Army into the .Punjab lias appeared of such importance in a geographical 
point of "view, that I. have already Jiad an application... from Colonel Reynolds [ z86 ] for a 
copy of the 'Survey-, and one also from Captain Wilford. who bis constructed a map of the 
Punjab from the' information of Natives, but which for want of actual measurement and 
celestial observations must be liable to considerable errors [ T, 334 ] 4 . 

In 1808 it was rumoured that- Napoleou was planning the invasion of India., and 
British envoys were despatched to Persia. Sirid. Kabul, and Lahore, to counter 
these designs [ I, 65, 168, 173 ], Charles Metcalfe 5 led the mission to Lahore where 
he found Ranjlt Singh" ambitious acid difficult ; 1 be small Sikh states east of the 
Sutlej had already appealed lor British pm Lection against him. 

Metcalfe left Delhi in August, and in November the Governor General decided 
to support liim by sending British troops [onvard to the Sutlej, to emphasize tire 
easterward limits of Kanjil Singlr's dominions. To elFecf this object Ochterlony's 
force occupied Ludhiana on 17th February 1809. and on 25th April Metcalfe success- 
f-ullT concluded a treaty which KaujTt Singh faithfully observed till his death over 
30 years later 7 . 

' Metcalfe's route to Lahore was surveyed by Benjamin Blafee 8 , and White, was 
appointed surveyor to Ochterlony's force ; 

The course of events and transactions having rendered it expedient, to advance a detachment 
of the British Troops at, some position on this side of the Sutledge, and not far distant from 
that river, and Lire Right "Honorable the Governor General in Council., being anxious to take 
advantage of the march of thai, detachment to obtain a complete survey of the Country between 
tlieiNbrth West frontier of our Territory and ii:n? Sutledge. hus neon induced by the experience 
of your ability in the art of surveying, and by a consideration of the progress you have already 
made in the Survey of the Country of the Sikh Chiefs, to appoint you to that service. 

The March of the detachment.. .will remove most of those obstacles which impeded your 
former Survey. ... You will accordingly be pleased to bo pro pa-rod to accompany the detach- 
ment, which will proceed from Mutt-rail, in (he capacity of a Surveyor. ... 

The Governor General in Council is particularly solicitous that no paib of your proceedings 
should furnish ground of jealousy or apprehension to the Chiefs and Inhabitants of the Country, 
and you will keep this object eoo.stiiritK in view. If any obstacle should arise of this descrip- 
tion, you will apply to the Officer in Command of the detachment, who will probably be able 
to remove it by proper r- -presentation. ... 

P.S. Yon will be pleased to observe strict sei-recy regarding the measure of forming the 
detachment and the point of its destination". 

! MRIO. Fdbk. 51 .",41 ; Map, U! ( 33-6). a Father MoBBMTate, with wlioscMap & GammwHariva 
[I, II, 209, pi. 10 1 Colelir. icke- .1;,-: ..in iyuslv iirsauquainh-fl. " Hi.i UaiUnli-s iiad ,1 a.ejii error of about 
it anautcp frorr- the Irul-h. [I. I4<3 I *DDn. GT ! -US -SI;. 3-5-1*. s 0hiiTlw Tiieophihis Jlutualfe 

I 17Sr>-ISi6); Wmer. TiCS. ISOO: Bead I. .Delhi. 1S11 :'.0: tb-i:; rat-ad. ISliO-T: Lt. Oovr. \"VVP. 1S36-8; or. 
Iv.roa I S+r> ; DNIl. ■ O'P.. ^Succeeded to rale ;n Lahore ] Ti) J : d. 1S3B. ■ Accoaat- of mission, HMS. 

511 (33). »T)Pn. 81 {SI ). 12-10-00. »B8 & Sep. : DDn. H2 ( 58). 14-11 -OB. 



Advance to the Stjtlej 



White's fieldbook opens ; 

In Jam jury ISOSf, Accompany Uonl. Oehterlony 's brigade 
i route survey. 

i Sotir. 



nareh tcj Ludhiana-, carrying 



Patiala Feb. ^rd ; ... Ludhlar 

Ochterlonv reports that, 
having through the intervention of tin- Krivoy of Lahore procured a protective passport 
from the Rajah, am! a confidential person from the Diwan, ... Lieut. White left this post on 
27th ult. on his survey of tun Sm.ii.li \\V;;I "District, escorted by a guard of a Jemadar and 30 
Regulars, and a few of the Horsemen belonging to the Mulavi Pa tans, and furnished with 
letters to all the Thaunadars. ... 

Lieut. White proceeds by,..Fari;tkoto. ... Be.tindab to Sivhind and. skirting the eastern 

hills by Nahan and Naruin Olmr, will direct bis course to lioopar- on the Banks of the Sutlege, 
and down the Ba-nks of that river.. .to this Posr, embracing a General Survey of the Country 
. occupied by the Southern Chiefs, and reserving for more leisure and future Excursions a more 
minute examination of Lhe iaierio" Tuwrw and Villages 3 . 

The trip was not without adventure ; 

May 1st, On my arrival msir I Jurmuko ;.■<?', several shot:-- wore fired a.t me, though for- 
tunately without effect ; ... the Thamiadar with a body of iHieks of about 40 horse and the same 
number of matchlock men dime towards me, and begm] to act in. a very hostile and imperious 
manner. I attempted to explain to him tiiafc i. had tho Permission of Kim] it to proceed through 
the country, and was accompanied by one; of bin Chobdars, but thus was so far from a 
tlie purpose I eat tho Sicks laid hold of the unfortunate Chobdur, and ga\ o him such a 
that I thought t hoy would have murdered him : they were not sparing in their abuse to me, and 
from their conduct I. evidently saw I must be plundered of a'i my effects. Resistance from so 
small a party would have been unavailing, and must have occasioned our total destruction, 
for besides this body there couki n.i.it have been less r.h.in 200 armed men in Lhe town, and on 
every side were largo villages belonging to Itaujeet Hiogh which made a retroat impossible. ... 

The ten Horsemen were so much intimidated that they were of no use to me. ... I accord- 
mo Sikhs that were within two or three yards of me that they wero welcome 
.. but if they attempted to molest us we had of course nothing to do except 
defending ourselves to the last; the muskets were all loaded, and the sepoys determined. 
This conduct of mine an-ueured. to surprise them. ... After some consultation they permitted 
the baggage to proceed, but, insisted upon my returning from I.iuiij eel's Territory, and a party 
of them accompanied me to near Sirnclch, where I am at present, encamped 9 . 

May 3rd. Hal ted... from severe i.u disposition. ... 

May 15th. Survey to Sir-hind and "Civiballah 6 . ... 

Since my return from Diiriinikot '!. have surveyed the high road to Ambaiia, and from 
thenee intended to have procoetied to N'aban and return along the fool, of the iiills to Ludhiana. 
By this route I should have become acquainted with the position of Nahan, which has for a 
iong time been a- googi-amiieu' ile.--iileiii.tLir.j-i, and a pi. ant which Colonel Ooiebrooke was parti- 
cularly anxious to ascertain, ...but unfortunately a letter from Colonel Oehterlony directing 
my return reached me Jit ArnbaMa and. ami-posing some arrangeruonLs might have been made 
for my proceeding to the westward, .1. was forced to relinquish all my plans. ... 

By the little do. iatirai from the tiiirii road (. luive become j,'cncr,j.!iy ncquointod with all 
the prineipii! places lyinf' between that road and the first range of Hills. ... In so extensive 
& survey" as mine, that of tire high road is of the .Treat est importance, on account of it's Serving 
as a base of the whole of the survey, from which tiro several offsets are made. ... It was upon 
this account I proceeded direst from Ludhia.nu to Arabella, though it had been already surveyed 
by Lieut. Tickel 7 [ 62 ]. 

Starting out again on June 17th, White worked up to Nahan, returning to Delhi 
in September, and submitting 

a Map of the Country between Delia and the Sutiej, hounded 011 the East by the Jumna and 
Jiahan Hills, on the North by the Xiiver Sutlej from Makowal to Ferozepore, and on the West 
bv l.'Vro/ropore. (Sal-in-ia. and Batner. 

The Country East of the line drawn from Dhurumkot to Patiala:!), and from thence by 
■Jheend to Hansee and Ki.un> s may lie considered as laid down from actual survey ; the extensive 
tract West of this line as drawn from the information of my "Mnnsheo, who for that purpose 
with several i-lio-arahs was sent into Lhe Becar country. 



ipdbk. MtiJO. M 3-1.1. 
• UMS, mr> ( 439 ), 10-5-09. 
44 P/14. 



- 1 : 
tl 



64 The North- West Frontier 

The Sikhs on the. overthrow of the Mussulman Empire appear to have "been particularly 
anxious to" destroy every document in tho S&ooangmfe ofifes which cohld in the least tend to 
facilitate the restitution of property, and also to have adopted the Mahratta policy of apportion- 
ing the Towns and ViUasos amongst iheir followers without i my regard to their local situation. 
This intermixture of Towns and Villages has rendered tin; delineation of the Boundaries of 
the different Chieftains almost impracticable ; my wish to render the Map us ireful as possible 
lias nevertheless induced mo to trace some of the principal t ii visions. ... 

The Map 1 is constructed on the small scale of eight Miles to an ln;;!i, bo Liig merely intended 
to point out the principal Towns and Villages ; it contains about 23,000 squa.ro miles, 3,600 of 
whieh is supposed to be subject to "fiur.ihect, s.fi'M to Rajah Sahib Singh 2 . The same number 
to the British Government, and the remaining 0,300 is divided between 1'iliai Sal Singh, Bhaugh 
Singh, and the other Allies of the English 3 . 

After a few weeks in Delhi, White to turned to the field, worksr.^ down to Bha- 
tinda from Patiala but on 18th December, his party was attacked and plundered : . 

While on my Survey in Rajah Kuhib Singh's country near Batioda, I was attacked by- a 
large party of Sikh .Horse and foot, which after a considerable resistance on our part finally 
succeeded in. plundering me uf all my Baggage and effects of ail description : oven my rough... 
book, which was in the hands of one of my Tlircarrahs, is uii.for tern ate iy lost. 3 sepahees were 
killed and eleven wounded ; 3 Servants killed and 3 Wounded ; 3 Horsemen Wounded ; both 
of my Horses killed, and four others Wounded, two of which were loft behind as incurable. 
My party consisted of a Suit and OS Sepahees, and a Daffadar and 10 Irregular Horse [ 363-5 f. 
A considerable part of his papers were recovered later, but his surveys had to be 
suspended. His maps and reports about the Sikh states were of the utmost value, 
and in April 1811 the Surveyor General reported that, 

Lieutenant F. S. White's communications of his Survey in Battinda are satisfactory, and, 
being of a country hitherto almost unexplored by Europeans, prove a valuable addition to 
our stock of Geographical knowledge, tho' not conveying a minute description of it. His 
opportunities of Surveying being restricted bo the Marches of the Detachment, in a Wild and 
almost desert country, whose savage Inhabitants would inevitably have cut off any small 
Party separated from the Mail) llndy of the Troops 5 , 

A few months later he was transferred to take tip the survey of the Upper 
Ganges-Jumna doab [ 6, 36-7 ]. 

Other officers surveyed routes through Sikh country, and here we have the 
first record of young Hodgson at survey ; he writes to the Surveyor General, 
Garstin, 011 loth November 1809 ; 

We came down from Luddianah and left the Pattiala Road near Nttrbah*. turning to the 
S. &E., ... and I surveyed a route which no corps has marched. 1 have the pleasure of sending 
you a Field Book of my Route to Rohtuek 7 ( where I now am ), ... which I hope may be useful 
to you, if you still amass yourself with Protract ions. .1 am preparing y, Map for yon which I 
will send when I have Surveyed more of the Country. 

I am at present... with... the Commissioner, and in the course of his settling the Country 
I will measure the Roads, etc. ... Can I do anything else for you in the Wilds of Hurriana, or 
procure you anything rare, tho' truly this Country produces little hid Jungle; from the 
Bliatinda Country fine strong Horses ( fit for carriages ) may be had at -t & 500 Rs. ; from 
Bikaner excellent Seawarree ( or State ) camels ; they are noble animals and can trot an in- 
credible Distance in a day ; their paces are quite easy, ,v Ihe great mors af tho Western Provinces 
use them for riding on, as I do here. ... 

Have you any Idea of coming up the Country again ? The climate here is pleasant, in the 
cold Weather & Rains. It really would be a fine Country if there was Water : the Inhabitants 
arc extremely lubus.isinl Ileal ILy Men and very brave. 

I hope some of these days to go to Bikaner. I think if you were again in the West of India 
you would explore the Course of the Indus from Multan to the Sea, ... for surely tho Indus is 
the natural Frontier of llindostao. and its Navigation ought to be in our Hands. 

I was preparing you a Plan of the Fort at flissar which .1 measured by the method you did 
the Fort and Town of Luddianah. I expect to be at JTissar again and will then make it more 
perfect. ... Excuse my scant, paper, as Stationery is now short in this Jungle 3 . 

Garstin reported to Government that he had received 

iMapa MBIO. 10(2-4); 12 (8); 13 (26, 33); Fdbk., ib. M 344. s of PatiSla. s DDn. 82(92), 
7_IO-00. Hb.( 73), 25-12-09. Mb. 128 (11 ), 12-4-11. "Nablii, 5313/3. 'Bohtak, .'i3 D/9. "DDn. 
H2 (53). 



Advance to the Sutlej 



<io 



s of the Emperor 



the Route of Major A(l;n;vs detachment from l.udhiaua to the .Fort of" Hansi, kept by Lieut. 
Hodgson, which, although not a finished, or even a correct, performance, contains useful 
iiifoi'iuiilkin ami shews a turn for Observation 1 . 

He asked Hodgson to collect information about thee 
Shah [ 69 ], and Hodgson promised 
a Map and Fieldbook of my Houte from Kottnck rhro' the: Southern part of Humana, ...if 
the Hon'ble Mr. Uatdne.v. on vvho.-e .Escort i am. should vis;!- tkose pianos, ami will gain every 
information I can respecting Vi 'rezo s Canals, arid if possible will tract.* die* lied of the Chtitung... 
from Hissar upwards^. 

At the end of 1810, James Paters on made a survey from Ludhiana to Saharan- 
pur 3 , and during January and .February 1812 Alexander Gerard surveyed the road 
to Lahore when Ochtcrlony at- tended the wedding of P.anjlt Singh's son 4 . Gerard 
later surveyed the route of his battalion from Ludhiana via KarniU and Meerut to 
Bareilly 5 . 

Ochtcrlony himself took a particular interest, in map -making, and amongst the 
routes he collected was one of the 

Road to Cashmere from Loodhuiuh by Una-item-, Jummoo, with a detail of Villages, Jungles, 
Wells, Rivulets, &■ Xullahs, by Roosul Singh *■ Gimssam Dass, I809 6 . 



Eefhisstohe'S Mission to Pbshawak, 1808-9 

Whilst Metea-ife's mission to Lahore was by far the more urgent and successful, 
yet Elphinstone's mission to the King of Kabul, which in the end proved unfruit- 
ful, was more particularly interesting from the geographers point of view. The 
kingdom of Kabul at that time extended from west of Herat to the Indus, and 
even included Kashmir and, to avoid the territory of Kanjit Singh, Elphinstone 
marched via Revvarj, Mult an. Ilera Ismail Khan and Kohat, to Peshawar, where 
he found the Amir, Shah Shuja. 

With Tickell as surveyor, and. Macartney commanding the cavalry escort, the 
mission left Delhi on 13th October 1808, and reached Peshawar on 25th February, 
being well received everywhere. Reuu.'nitm through Lahore, they arrived back in 
Delhi in September 1809'. 

From the start, Macartney took a large part in the survey, and afterwards 
prepared a great map of the Punjab and A Ighanistan, which was based first on the 
perambulator traverse kept- by him and Tickell, controlled, by frequent observations 
for latitude, and then Oiled in and extended by a multitude of routes collected by 
enquiry from people of all sorts [ 59 ]. 

Mr. Elphinstone commences his march at 5 P.M., and generally arrives at hia ground 
between 12 & 1 [ at night ], so that no hearings of the road can be taken ; and were thoy, on the 
other hand, to march in the day time, the Suspicions of the people would not admit of the 
.Perambulator being used 8 . 

The .Surveyor General sent Tickell 

n Gold Chronometer, the property of tlio I lon'ble Company, to ohm bit- you to make the Astrono- 
mical observations necessary to oorreot your Survey : as tin's instrument is a very valuable 
one, you will be phased to su-kTiowkdge the* Receipt of it, ana carefuiiy restore it to the Office 
on your return. 

The Spectacles; are of a particular i:i,iY.:i.v\u;t.\on, r-alr™IaU*i I for- the prcsorvafcbn of the Eyes 
from the reflection of the Snow. ... if I can obtain a seeoTid. pair of spectacles, they shall be 
sent Tomorrow for tlis use of 2-1". Elphinstone*. 

As the mission did not get beyond Peshawar, there was no danger from the glare 
of snow, and although Macartney ''estimated the mountains of ITindu-Kush at 
more than 22,00-0 feet", they were roore than 120 miles from him at Peshawar. 
Two of the party attempted to roach, the summit of the Taldit i-Su human 10 . 

'MltlO. Fdbk. H 344; Maw, 10(5); II (19); 13 ( 30 ). BMC. 19-12-09 ( 138 ). 'DDn. 82(TS) 
4-1-10. a Mill 0. i'rj-.k. : , '.tai.L: .\la:>. lit ( 2.1 ). 'iMbk. JJDii. lo::(;!}; [)l)rj. I2S'i I Lfl ), ! 9-12- i.adh'iivH 
liicwds ( 278 1 sfcinU). IS ( .">. ti I; i'dbk. Di)n. 162 ( 1 ). «DDa. 270 ( Sl> i. 'Jlmto ( liil )■ Mun-av 
II [488-516). "White to SC.*) 1 1.-08 ; DIlii. 82 (.11). 'DIM. 81 ( :i;i >. 11-KMJS. "39 Ji/Il ■ i] Osr, 
ft., J. S.Cotton (65). 



qq The North-West Frontier 

Macartney wrote from Peshawar ; 

I have the honour now to forward by Dawk a Copy of my lilold Book up to the 6th of 
December to Bawelpore 1 . It is accompanied also by the Longitude ol IJerah lsmeel Khan, 
which I conceive to be of great consequence hi the present Survey, particularly as it comes 
within £ a mile of the Route teffi down. ... 

I shall forward the remainder of my Field Book as soon as possible, but .1 have really had 
so much of my time taken up in obtaining Cross routes and information regarding the nature 
of the Country, that I could not possibly get it all ready. These routes shall foe forwarded to 
you when L-hoy ,ue fompawl and arranged 2 . 

The snrvevs submitted included 
a Sketch of the part of the Courses of the Indus & the aeighTjoUBBg Rivers, and also a route 
from W ultra to Motiltuti, "both executed by Lieut fcmiut Macartney 3 - ... 

Several sheets of the Survey made on the Journey towards Cabul 4 ; ... the Drawings are 
neatly finished, contain very valuable information, .mi! will determine several important 
Geographical Points, whose situations are erroneously laid down in all the Maps hitherto 

From one height [ near Peshawar ] Lieutenant Macartney took the Bearings of 32 villages, 
all within the eircumfereQce of four miles 6 . 

Lieutenant Macartney's .Route from Delhi to Pesshoiu-' agrees so well with His Field Book 
that I consider it a very valuable acquisition, & the move so as severe indisposition has pre- 
vented Lieutenant Tickle from furnishing the office with the remainder of His labours 8 . 

Tickeil returned from Peshawar in advance of the mission, surveying the route 
"to Meerut via Find Dadad Khan & Lahore "", He wrote to Macartney on 13th 
June, probably from Amritsar ; 

Dear MeKartnev, We arrived here after a prosperous journey, though tedious, on the 10th. 
I start tomorrow, when I trust we shall have no more halts till our arrival at Delhi, which we 
may expect to reach in the course of six or eight months [ weeks ? ]- 

I have knocked the sun about with some success, high as he is, and find a. good horizon by 
means" of the Theodolite and a Lead & string ; which hung up, by its shadow, shows the bearing 
of the said sun, & enables me to bring him down to that part lie is actually over ; there is no 
situation almost that you cannot find a Horizon, the further of course the better. 

Underneath is a list of those Latitudes took, which may be of use for correcting your routes, 
and to compare with your observations hereafter. 

I have picked up some, famous Qa^ds 1 ", perfect l"ia.;'.e!.I aers, and drawn, all their teeth for our 
adventures. ... I am just now operating on an tin fortunate Hnrkarrali ; and about 50 Kashmere 
merchants waiting nutsiiSe, laden with all the precious iiui.iiiLtact.ures of that sweet country. 

How does om'friend Shuja come on '( Report says the imperial Spears arc not yet turned 
to the west, and that J kram Kan is no bettor (.'nan he might to be. 

Pray remember me most kindly to Mr. Eipliinstone & Mr. Wbirtor*'. ... The heat is very 
great every day, & it is with difficulty I can write my F. Book is Join-mil . What do you say 
to 104" & 6° roze-roze 12 ? in the coolest part of the shade, &. by day 113, 7, S & 9 are common. 
You cannot be much worse at Peshawar. 

Bemornber mo kindly to "Raper, Rob Sikundnr 13 , White. Taplin. A all friends, and 

believe me, dear Ma.k, yours most Truly, "JR. Tickeil. 
[Then follow half a dozen latitudes of places- in the Punjab 14 ]. 
Elphinstone warmly supported Macartney's claims to draw full surveyor's 
allowances ; 

I may venture to Buy that no survey made in the Provmees can be more accurate tlian 
that of Lt. Macartney ; while the superior degree of diligenfcs and address necessary for acqnir- 
ins the requisite information in such eouniri.es a.s those the Kinbassy lias passed through, and 
the additional expenee necessarily incurred by the Surveyor, as well as the higher importance 
of the knowledge acquired, are too evident, to requite any remark 10 . 

Hodgson's professional opinion., given in 1821 as Surveyor General, was more 
critical 

The positions of Peisliwar, Lahore, \iooliau, ami IJikineer, are taken from the late Mr. 
Macartney's Determinations, which I do not think quite correct. I suspect that they may 

'Bahawalpur, 39 0/11. * DItai. 82 ( US ), 20-4-09. *ib. ( 151 ), 6-2-09. *MRIO. 3 (4-7); 12 
(2 9-25) s SGs'. report, DDn. 81 ( 95 ), 13-3-09. * J. S. Cottoi. ( S8 ). 'M.RIO. 12.(11), 13 ( S }. 
sDDn 126(3) 3-1-3-10. *DDn. S2 ( ''OS ). "or <™.™>s 1 I, -H :1 -< J !■ " possibly ..fohti McVVhirter, asst. 
Sure Bo Mar la Day after day. 15 Rotmrt Skismcrf ,:. 17s:i-iSJI ") f.ofti.l .-nrtm.. SkinruTs Boise Hodson, 
IV ( 581 )■ " DDn. 40 ( ii ). " B Pol C, 10-10-09 ( 37 ). 



Advance to the Sutljij 6' 

err, in particular points, to the amount of from 6 to 8 miles in Latitude and Longitude but a 
they were taken on mi actual, though not very good, survey, they may lie-: considered as ai 
approximate sta udard to check the other two maps 1 [ 285 ]. 



■ ' completely bewildered in the 
that I was under the necessity 



The Jumna Casals, 1807-10 

Tlit* ancient Mughal canals limi watered the country to the right and left of 
the Jumna 2 had boon allowed to lull into disrepair and disuse during the period of 
Marat ha supremacy, and not long after the British occupation of Delhi the Resident 
at Delhi was authorized to have them put into order ; 

Sit is essential that a regular Survey should be made of the Canal, and that an estimate 
should be formed...! ■.. f the Expense which would lie incurred in the execution of the work. 
The whole course of the Canal should bo within the British Territories, and.. .its former Bed 
should consequently be connected with the Jumiiit by a new cut 3 . 

White wan entrusted with the survey, and the following are extracts from his 
tip Id books 4 ; 

August 31st 1807. This survey of the Canal. ..is in general conducted along the bed of the 

Sept. 17th. ... The bed of the Canal was choaked with high grass, intermixed with small 
babool trees ; the Country for more than a mile on each side of the bank was a complete 
jungle ; there appeared to be no material difference either in the breadth or depth of the canal, 

& as it was a, desideratum to become acquainted with the villages on each side. ..I thought 
it to be of more utility my quitting the Canal, arid proceeding as near the jungle admitted along 
its banks. ... 

Oct. 7th. The Resident being desirous of bringing the water from the Jumna into the 
Canal at, or below, iv.irnal if possible, to prevent interfering with the country belonging to the 
Independent Chieftain of Koonjpoorah, I this day proceeded to the Sheik hpoorah Ghaut s 
with the intention <■(' taking si level front that- place. ... 

Sth. Commenced on the level from the river; ...I got 6 
low jungle and high grass with which the countr 
of relinquishing the attempt. 

[After a further attempt the following day] ; each of these surveys employed ma eight 
hours, from six in the morning till two in the evening, being delayed in lopping away the 
branches of the jungle, till T was under the necessity of making /-ig:'.ug stations, and a few of 
fch«se irregular, where the theodolite could not In: [il.i.ce.l exactly hi l.hu centre. ... 

Oct. 20th, The length of this level is only four miles, but the eouulry being much over- 
spread with jungle & intersected by N'ullahs, the levels were not finished till, the 24th. 

The few dayfl that I was under the necessity of remaining at Kurual for instructions from 
the Resident at Delhi wore fully employed in taking a plan of the Cantonments [ 6l ] B . ... 

The first part of this month [November 1807 ] was employed hi taking a plan of the Canton- 
ment at Karnal and an outline of the town, & in taking another level, 7th November, from the 
River to the canal Si. back. The river was 7 feet above the love] of the canal 7 . 

In June 1809 the Surveyor General was directed to nominate two En»ineer 

o.flieors l.o report on the work necessary 

to open the two Canals, ... the former of which ran heretofore near to the City of Dehly. and 
the latter through a part of the Dooaub 8 . 
He replied, 

that it requires very different, quaimentions to make a Survey to take level* of theso Canals, 
and to carry so extensive H work into execution ami, if I. may presume to offer a suggestion, 
it should he that two distinct persons be employed Oil this Duty. The one to make the Survey, 
take the levels, and enquire the price at which Tanks are dug, and earth is removed, in those 
part- of the Country ; ... the other to Superintend the Work. ... 

For the first mentioned duties, I consider Lieutenant Tod, who lias long been employed as 
Surveyor [ 55-6 ]...as well qualified. ... He may survey one Canal, and Lieutenant J. Macartney, 
who accompanied the Hon'blo Mr. Elphinstono to Peshawar, ...can do the other; all the 
Engineers in the Upper Provinces being at present fully employed 9 . 

'the two maps by Arrrwriiiiith and 'Kcynoiih. DOn. 190 (90). l.y .fl.-21 ; ,< [s f;k'«k awaijiat Arrowsraith 
] 1 I 1 ' I I '»c \:i>. IS;V7: Thorn (fiOTi' -f;it(; r.-1ll 07 

■ ! vR10. 11. 3--M .". -Ka.vnn.;. ;'>:>.(;,.■! ! : knnirai.-a. oH I'-i/i ; Sheik ivir, ;■;:!(' I(i. « i/.^k. ViRTO M -Ui 7ih' 
M. 345. »BJC. 2-6-09. » BMC. 5-12-GB ( 178 ). 



OS 



The ]Sx>:rt.ii- West Fro^tikk 



., with : 



Tod was accordingly allotted the canal on the left bank of the Jumna watering 
the dodh, whilst Mfiuaituov surveyed the -Shah Ka.hr on the right bank, which had 
been examined by White. On 1st May 1810 Tod submitted 

a Survey Plan of the Jumna from where it leaves the Mountains. ... In the Survey is laui 
down the head of the Canal opened by Mohammad Shim about 7 years before his death, which 
places it about the year 1741. 

It was ever after neglected bv his Successors, but a part of it...v.as cleared by Zaptah. Khan 
40 years ago, the,, i\m/.dar of "Sahampoor. i'Vom that period it has been at Various times 
cleared as far as Debut 1 , 15 miles from its head, by the Zan.ii.dnrs : the lust time about 14 years, 
ago more from its heir, a necessary to existence than Lor irrigating then- lands. Their sole 
dependence here is on a few wells which, if dried up, ...the Inhabitants must quit their 

PYom the proposed new cut to this Village, a distance of 5$ miles, there is not a drop of 
Water and here only a single well, from whence the water is curried several eoss to the sur- 
rounding Villages, and so apprehensive are they of its failing that they have contributed each 
a little towards bringing Water from the Jumna at the point laid down in the Plan ; they 
have commenced, but have only cut 8 yards in a month. ... 

In the accompanying plan I have put down everything that appeared worthy of remark, 
perhaps too minute, particularly noticing .Hanks. Rapids, etc 
the former, and now proposed, head of the Canal 2 . 
To this the Surveyor General replied ; 
You seem to mistake what is at present; required. It is 
between the Jumna and the Ganges down to Anopsheer* on 
Delhi on the former. ... 

On this general Map all Canals, tints, and Watercourse 
Forts, Villages ; ... let all canals be marked in deep Blue. . 
must be laid down on a larger scale on other paper, and all streams that come from the Hills 
traced as far as possible. The Hills from which they issue [ must ] be carefully laid down, 
and the width of the openings thro' which any stream passes particularly marked ; do. the 
height of hills, so as to enable me to calculate the expense of making a dam acro 3 s the Valley, 
whi.-b could form a Head of Water. ... 

Your letter contains some useful information, but. it is not, sufficiently arranged to lay 
before Government, who should have complete details of every particular... to e 
and their time, that is very valuable 4 . 

Macartney worked on his survey from 1st April to 20th December 1810; 

I. ..arrived at the point..., on the 25th April, where the. Jumna breaks off into f 
2 miles South of Fizabad 5 , near whore the hills approach its right Bank. ... 

Having been ordered to a particular point, 1 proceeded accordingly, and found everything 
favourable for making a new head & cut, as will appear by the accompanying Sections and 
Sketch in Plan No. I. I examined the River in all its windings, up and down, taking what 
levels I thought naaesaarv for fixing the exact point for the new head. ... 

I thought it- might be right to Survey other points of the rj 
able expanse might be s»vod...by brinidng t-ho Cut from sor. 
Surveyed a Point 13 miles [ below ], near which it appears to 
new head and eut B . 

To further directions from the Surveyor General he replies ; 

I had fortunately carried all your orders into execution, excepting the height of lulls, and 
the population of the country which would derive benodt from the wator of the canal ; as this 
latter business would require a considerable time to survey a country 130 miles long hy from 
12 to 18 miles broad, and the rains having set in, and being obliged t.o Lube advantage of every 
fair hour during the day, and the whole country boing a complete sheet of water, I thought it 
better to go on to BeM, conceiving that the plans of the canal, and as much of the eountry 
as I could lay down, might be required quick, and knowing that the other part could be executed 
at any time. 

I therefore hope that you will approve of what I have done, and take into consideration 
the season hi which I have been employed [ Delhi, April to July ! ], and that to complete the 
work it has taken me from 6 to 8 hours each day, all the hot winds, and a great part of the 
rains. ... I have brought on the survey to the gate of Delhi, but liave not yet gone to the 
water's odge, which I must do, as I commenced from the wator'. 



e trouble, 



o branches. 



-ir, conceiving thai- a consider- 
near point. I eonseqnentry 
e a most excellent spot for a 



abad. 



iB-dmt 531712. ! DIIu. 82 (178). » Amipshahr, 53 L/7. <DDn. I26{3 
531'VH. «DUn. S2 (211), 8-6-11. 'ib. 147 ( 51 ), 30-7-10. 



), 31 -.1-10. 



B Faia 



The Jumna Canals 



Gars tin reported to Government that, 
since the end of the official year, the important and fully detailed iSucveys of the ancient 
Canals, on the- Delhi side of the Juiiiiit. by Lieu iei io u t Macartney, ami in the Oooabb by 
Lieutenant Tod, have arrived ; an immense niniiher <>l" Sections are laid down by both these 
officers '. 

Their Papers an; under examination for narticular report ; iVoni the Drawings it is evident 
they have spared no pains to execute the orders they received, and t" convey the fullest 
information on the subject in their power to acquire 2 . 
Further action was not taken til] 1816. after (lie conclusion of the »pa( War. 

During Ins survey to Hissar in tofiil [64-5] Hodgson had been much impressed 
with the potential value of the old canals, and reported that 

the poo pie.,, expressed the if hope-- ami wishes that <mt Government would red tore the old 
Canals formerly dnjr by the. benevolent Prince. Fero/.o shah [67 n.i ] winch, whilst they 
■were in order, conveyed blessings to the whole Country through which tliej passed, ... [ end, 
continues tin- Surveyor General |, the desire of hiring these Canals repaired will probably 
induce the principal Chiefs thro' whose territories they run to permit an Officer to measure 
and carefully examine every branch of them, and thereby afford an excellent opportunity 
of obtaining >\ correct, Survey of a Country wo at present a re utterly ignorant of. ... 

I am further induced to propose the Survey there by an Officer named B. Kllis [61 ], 
now attached to the Pioneer Corps who, T am credibly informed, possesses; all the qualifications 
requisite". 

No action was taken on this proposal at the- time, but ten years later substantial 
progress had been made in the restoration of these canals under the able superinten- 
dence of Rodney Biane 4 . 

'MRIO. 160 ( 13. io-34, 70- 
W. of Jumna, 10 1.1). to inch, with ii 
[ -"> 1 coves history of d-Kih canal. 



CHAPTER VI 
HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS 



S*0-lhmx o/ *e e««««. lSOS-15-Laie MSma™*™,l» 
IMn, i.kubml, ,t »««■ -*»«» Bang,- War m ft. H.H., tgO-i. 



V-Vt — The. 



TN 1801 a treaty was made with the Gurkhas under which Captain kiioxl was 
lanoointed •' Resident at the Court of Nepam" at Katmandu wrth Charles 
' cSrd in command of an escort of "two complete companies , and Francis 

after the withdrawal of the ReBident. During this short period, however, Craw- 
ford had made important survey, and, wit* Buohanan. collected a mass „i geo- 

^ T ttS£» m ieftB.nkipore» in January Km, and on .9th February entered 

I, ad with thorn Iho Raiah "'' Bel""! and h ^ bosher 1 . 

Crtwford's journal continues with descriptions of the road and mountain scenery. 

Distances were estimated; stars were observed for latitude; the cuckoo WM 

"""The mission withdrew in March 1803», and the Surveyor General had much to 

""rSving Ol.de.stood from Doctor Bach,..-., who k> W, .-..nrnri from N.p.I, «b„ 
CanSTSrarford, .ho commands the Resident, Escort at that Hace, has —J— 
SaSaM. Sviio,, of ,.„■ .Vuiu.a, and .hat h. propose., provided Government w.Il .„thor.z. 
^ to corZu. hi. Geographical Labours by a Survey to be taken dnrmg ft. — g cold 
jTaonfrom Hurdwar to ft. T.ort. River [6. * 7 , 8 5 -61, I .row lake the liberty of 
carina what Capiat. Itawiool has already done. ... 

"SpZ, cLford [writo, Buchanan] has settled the Long.t,,,.. and L.**rf 
-~d,, bj ,, numeiou. series of celesthu Observations, and ha. formod a Map of tb. V.l 



tali on « targe ,,,.!„. ,„,«r,.cted trigonom.trk.lly with great exactness and mnnense 
labouf f Bl T] H? ha. presold a register of the whole observations, both of ft. eetetial 
teS aSd of the hori.on.al angle., so .1- Hi. «K™y «f *• ^ole may be at any tan. 

"r^SSSSSLf. in winch u, a.trodueed th. former reduced to a .ma,.., 
«^^^ht U ^o.,r.lon™v.h.n,hW«»ro.WPar„«,andtent.h.na.t.O«»<.^» 

^^jJ^toft.v«lh !y or.Vc / »«Jprop.»th.th.e..dda.c.rt.u,,f,omUi,san^o^ 
„ u ta.hicl>.nr..,,a»l,Ua,.o,>,,,,..a. Jinny of th. mte.med.at. pou.ts. together w,.h tbeextre- 
n.lBwnicn.n A «„,„„„„.,l Obse.vala,,. and ems. Beings of known 
nut™ of tin 1 U » ■ » . ^ ^ ^ „ ^^ 

S^»»^SwhwX™^S down. Tin, map .how. th. mute, connecting 

- V "^H.ti n^ron^ci. » *p more .eject.,,,., aad on a — .cafe. B eompre- 

l»ah.U.b.d«n„ „ „f .y ( ,„„,.fr„,a„..rH,.,,,,l»c.r. on th.G.nge«, to th.l=a,t. together 

2ft the boiderioc part. ... T/hM. »»■««, etc, from »,««.«, or aura, of the Ba, V « to 
SfJohee" the rLidenc. of th. T=shoo Lama, ... tog.ther wift.mji.y of ft. peaks... 
2SS hV to™ «■»'" Tapani hen the fixed po«» »' «»» 31a,,. Ih. renrnnda, he .. 
e^toavoariog to fill up from th. rout., give,, l,i„. by Merchants, rehg.ou, M.nd.cant., and 

72B/9. 'MRIO-91(25). 'Hatdwar, 53KA- * (. * > Sta**** ,7 L/lo. 



-Ye.!.\A..l, 



71 



other traveller... competing them as weE as he can with the very inaccurate map of the 
.Northern frontier o.l the Company's provinces to be found in Renin*!! [T pi t 4 ] 

"The materials which lie possesses for the pan,s near Nepanl on the branches of the Consi 
and Gunduc are i.nmeiWB and tolerably satisfactory. The remoter parts towards the East 
and west are ver> .incomplete. 

'■He is therefore anxious to he employed on a survey that- would enable him to throw 
much hght on tin; ivhole rouiU-ry between the Company's provinces and the snowy mountains 
He proposes begmnjiiji at Hurnptuar on the &.»»,« and proceeding finst to the Teesta, laying 
down accurately the front iei: of Nepal, and the entrance of all the rivers coming from thence 
to Oude and Bengal ; and all along as he proceeds he would investigate so far as can "be done 
by information received from travellers, the sources from whence these rivers spring"*. 
The documents submitted by Crawford on his return comprised : 
Map of the Valley of Xepaul, upon scale 1] inches to a mile [pi. 8] 2 . 

A Map more extensive ( but scale reduced ), comprising Cut.) tain Crawford's Route from 
Smgaulee to Catmandu, and some of the Ranges nf Mountains hevond the Valley to the Dist- 
ance of a &w miles 3 . 

A Map m which Captain Crawford has exhibited upon a scale of 5 inches to a degree the 
whole of the above, and, inserted from information procured at Nepaul, the situation of 
Ga-ngautr, Budreuamh. Sreenagur*. and Dugurtcheh (near Lassa }, with the intermediate 
routes lending to those places'''. 

Trigonometrical Operations for a Survey of the Valley of Nepaul, &e. 
Short Account of the Valley of Nepaul, &o. 
Synopsis of Observations for the Latitude of Catmandu. 
Synopsis „ „ „ „ Longitude „ 

Table of the Distances & Altitudes of the principal Peaks of the Himaleh. or Snow Moun ' 
tains, from the Valley of Kepauh 

Seven Drawings of the Himaleh Mountains from the Valley of ^epal [ S 5 J ■ 
besides several routes collected from information 6 . The Surveyor General Cole- 
brooke, found the maps " executed with particular neatness", and wrote to' Craw- 
ford in May 1804 ; 

Your Friend Buchanan* has at length succeeded in drawing the attention of Lord Welleslev 
to your Survey of Xopauh and His Lordship bus further been pleased to dii.)et that the SurveV 
you proposed of the Xorrhom frontier, .fee-., be commenced when the Reason will permit 

I enclose a Copy of the Memorandum which Or. Buchanan !;.i,i before His Lordship upon 
the back of which His Lerdship wrote wl Order in Poii-il. directing me to orepare Instructions' 
for you accord mgly*. 

He directed Crawford to 
to proceed on a Survey of the Northern Frontier of Bengal, commencing at the Copsa ' 

You should proceed to Mauthpoor [t, 77 , pi. i 4 ] with your instruments by Water so as that 
yon may commence the .Survey early in October next.. During vour stay at 'that Place you will 
be enabled to make some Inquiries mto the nature of the Coimtrv beyond the Hills, the pre- 
vious Course of the Coosa River before ,t enters tfengak and to ascerhrin the Distances of 
such of the .LLunalun Amur, aim; as may lie visible- 1 " [85-6]. 

Crawford carried out this survey during the cold weather of 1804-5, and refers 

to it in a later letter describing Uie possible routes into Nepal 11 : 

difference between Colonel Kirkpatriek's map [I, 75-6] and 
est iv^pe't. for such authority as his, vet f am induced to 
ring reasons; that 1 inarched to Oatmnndo:, like himself, 
mid y'rihit there I took 180 observation.? for the Longi- 



I acknowledge there 
mine and, whilst J have 
lean to my own route from 
where I remained a twelv 
tude [ and ] a great many 

I have since been at ] 
up the Koosie as far as B 
g and distance 



whose Longitude and Latitude I also settled, and went ' 
from this and from Nathpoor I took a triangle to obtain 
■or, which place is visible from both places : this therefore 
within a very few Cobs of Janick- 
ava then to lay in the routes that 



settles the exact situation of Beejapoor ; lastly'l 

poor 15 ; having thus exactly obtained these grand points, I 
I obtained whilst in Catma-ndoo. 

*Vp*. n mi 506), ii 5-M. -K,,, K„ r> X. » hPC. 31 .T-Oi ( '>:> , & iv\, r,~ ( A \™ tSV nft 
"" r, 72N/5; Ja-oakpur 72P/U. 



CD. [ Sec ) 27-12-14. 



72 Himalaya Mountains 

Colonel Kirkpatriok's book was not published when I completed my Surveys, therefore I 
■could not in any wise borrow from him 1 . ... 

When at Nathpoor I went with Mr. Smith 2 [ "C, 77 ] as high as Bururooa, and he then in- 
formed me that he had been as high as Bra Chafer, from wheaoe he saw the junction of the 
Tnmboor and Koosi 3 ; from bin description T laid down the Koosi above Bururooa and, in looking 
over the records of the office, I stumbled upon his Sketsia of the Soosie which had been sent 
to the Surveyor General 2(1 years before [ I, 77 n.io ] ; with it I send my own that I sent to 
Colonel Colebrooke from XatiipooT, to- shew how exactly they agree. ... 

In all the conversations I... had in Nepaul on the subject of the Koosi ( for we were obliged 
to be very cautious in our questions |, 1 was always induced to believe that it was not navigable 
beyond the first range of hills. ... 

In collecting Routes from the Natives they in general prove often very contradictory, 
which renders the laying down siuJi routes extremely dillieidi ; indeed all that is to be done 
is to make the road agree as well and as nearly as possible with them all. ... As the windings 
in the jungle and among the hills must be great, I would not hesitate to give a mile in every 
six in addition [ 197- 8 1- — 

As the level of the Nepaul Valley is a good deai below that of the Clntlang valley, the descent 
is greater than the ascent ; thick woods cloath the faces of this range ; the road is not only 
very steep, but (hero are immense blocks of stones to get over, that rendered it very difficult 
for our horses to get down ; one tattoo with us was killed by falling down one of the precipices. 
After we arrived in Nepaul I remember a eourtier of the ^eeond Class of the Nepaul Durbar 
assured W that he had rode his hill-horse all the way over the Sissapanee range. One thing 
I cannot help remarking, and that is, the very greiit difference between the manner our horses 
and the Hill horses managed to get up the mountain : ours, not accustomed to any ascent of 
length, commenced with all their vigour, wishing to get over it with all expedition, by which 
means they were soon exhausted ; the BUI horses on the contrary commenced most leisurely, 
and when a little way up they stopt to take breath, well knowing what they had to encounter ; 
they then ascended a little higher ago.i.u stopping, and so on to the top ; by which means they 
arrived fresh in comparison with our horses, and I would strongly recommend this mode to 
men as well as for horses. ... 

In coming back from Catmandoo we returned by the Pherphing And Kangoo road. ... 
From its winding up along the sleep side of the mountain, and from its narrowness, it is some- 
what dangerous for cattle to travel tills road. Here we encountered [ a merchant ] and some 
drovers with a drove of Buffaloes, who told us he seldom got over this part of the Road without 
losing one or two of his Buffaloes. ... It may here be asked, if this road is found to be dangerous 
to cattle ( by their sliding over the edge of the road, down into the deep and steep vallies 
below ), why the drovers do nob go by CliiLlaug ; the only answer I have to give is that the 
descent from the Chandrageeree gaut is not only very steep, but the difficulty and danger 
for cattle is increased by the si/.e of the pieces of nick that are to be got over, and the height 
of one piece above another. ... 

Accompanying I have, the pleasure to send yon with tins 1.7 Routes collected whilst I was 
in Nepaul 4 . 

Besides collecting several routes and raucli information from native sources 
during 1802-3 3 , Buchanan continued his interest in Nepal geography till he left 
India in 1815, when he was able to provide, several maps for the use of the mihtary 
staff [ 40 ] 6 . In his Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, he writes; 

During the years 1S02 and I 803, I passed fourteen months in the country, mostly in the 
vicinity of Kathniandu. the capital. ... 

The account of fiikini is chiefly taken from a Lama, or priest ofBudlia, ... who constructed 
a map of the country which I have deposited in. the Company's Library. Besides the Lama, 
I have consulted many of the natives of the Company's territory who visited the lower part 
of Sikim, and several of the Gorkalese and other people of Nepal ; and Air. Smith, of "Sfathpur 
favoured me wil.li several particulars. ... 

A Slave of the Raja of Gorkha entered into my service in order to bring plants from the 
Alpine regions, but finding him very intelligent, and a great traveller, I employed him to 

'Tiro Adjutant General bail sskpil (V.iwford, i'.~, -1-14. to Tecinjt'i If Ills map- with those ofCcr.ird 
jmtl KirkTwtrk'ti of Ll'Xi [1,75 <)]■ ! ffm.l!rK- ,Sii)illi. indigo faet.or & bn.lt'r iu -altpein; ; resided 

25 years at NiitJipiir : and. India e. 1770. 8 Chatra, 72 i'.'l ; Tutiibr.r R. joins Kosi 72 N/1. 

'Ul>n. 131 (SO), 8-S-U. = Sketches, itflttO. S3 (11 10). «.BSC. 23 5 IT. ( 10); one of them might 
have been "a Map of the hilly countries West irom the Dominion el (ik.rkba, on the authority of 
Kn.ribalfabh, i:r;twn bv KiUred Li.nbjm ; scale 5...eosa to the inch"; including Kn.nsra 011 the wast;MBiO. 
8&(7-9>. 



Xkval 



73 



, he refreshed ids 



s they go, and "by the 



■t a map. ... In order to enable him to execute this with more 
memory by several journies in ditfcreivt directions [354]. 

A Kirat from tiedaug, near the Aran River, gave me another map. ... 

These two maps, together with that of the Lama, as might be expected, are very rude 
and differ in several points ; but thoy coincide in a great many more, so as to give considerable 
authority to their general structure. ... 

The general authority of the whole is confirmed by our mapi 
mieiligenco which Colonel Crawford obtained in Nepal 1 . 

Buchanan illustrated his book with a Map of the, Dominions of ike House of 
Gorkha, scale 35 miles to an inch, stretching from Bhutan to Lahore, and showing 
the principal vnuyeH and .river systems. 

Amongst other maps collected in 181* was one described by Wilford as " made 
by order of the Rajah of Xepaul above ;45 year's ago, and sent to Mr. Hastings. It 
was upon a very large scale. It is no great things" 3 . 

An account of the various surveys made along the Xepal frontier during the 
war of J. 8 14-6 is given elsewhere [38-43]. 



tiOUKCE OF THE GANGES, 1808-15 

We have told of early legends and speculations about the source of the Ganges 
[ I, 70-3 ], and the unravelling of its secrets had long been dreamed of by Robert 
Colebrooke. He had included it among the tasks for Crawford 1804-5, 'had wel- 
comed an offer by Ciacoin 3 that came to nothing, and in 1807, when on survey 
in Rohilkhand, he got, permission to visit Gaiigotri himself ; 

Having long doubted the account which is given by Major Rennell of the origin of the 
Ganges at Munsaroar Lake', and being moreover inclined to adopt the opinion of Dr. Francis 
Buchanan and T.t Colonel Crawford who visited Xepal in ttie year- ] S02, and whose information 
Acquired from intelligent people in the hilly country appeared liable to few objections I 
determined, a-i soon as the opportunity should be afforded me, ... to attempt myself to proceed 
to the celebrated spot where the Ganges, is said to force a passage through fchts rlymalia Mount- 
ains, or, in case my own want of health or other circumstances should preclude my under- 
taking the journey, to depute.. .some other officer in my stead 5 . 

He successfully overcame the reluctance of the Gurkhas to allow strangers into 
the hills ; 

Having been desirous of attempting to discover the real sources of the Ganges by a journey 
to Gangoutri, I applied some time since to.. .the Governor General's .Went at ISenarea, request- 
ing that he would endeu.vour to ascertain through the Nepanl Rajah's vakeel at that place 
how far the objections of the Xepaul Government, to whom the whole Province of Sirinagnr 6 
now by conquest belongs, might thwart me in the accomplishment of such a design. ... 

The resultof my application was extremely favourable. ... As far as depended upon his 
night proceed to Gangoutri in perfect safety, and he a-aiu wrote to Xepaul, 
sending at my particular request the names of two other Gentlemen 1 who had wished to accom- 
pany me on so curious and inteceslinj; a journey. ... 

The season which is most favourable for going to Gangoutri I understand to be the com- 
mencement of the hot weather, unci I have reason to believe that, the whole journey might be 
perlonned in two months from H.urdwar or Heharimpoor*. 

The Governor General in Council wrote officially to Sepal in support of this 

arrangement, but at the same time agreed that Colebrooke 

should be left to prosecute or abandon his design according to the information which he mav 
acquire, and to the dictate of his own discretion, recommending to him at the same time to be 
cautious of placing himself within the power of the Governor of Srinagar without being satis- 
factorily assured of protection*. 

In March 1808 Colebrooke found that h 

.Lieutenant Webb being s 






1 well qualified, 



! was not tit for the journey [32-3]; 
..and having moreover offered his S 



'Hamilton ( 1-3). a MR 10. Si ( 23 } is a rnluolirjii 1 
say [43]. *DI>n. SI (HI). 2h-2-(t7. .but cf. IWne 

•.bbkmj; i,f Will'ord ; yg-o ]. sXote in Coklirockc's 

; rilivk.u.-lv \\'i:hh and I .I.e. irsi >\ ,";;!. '0!V. M ■' i'X, ) 
31-12-117 j BMt;. 1I-1-0W ( !2fl). 



c ly W'iifn.il iviiicii h.id liven (iii-weti in Limic- 
aoEoailt [ I, 73 ] ; Colebrooke was probably 
<-., DDn. 73, 31470. 'Garhwal, S) j, 

2-07 ; BMC. 14-12-07 j 44 ). ' B Pol C. 



74= Himalaya Mountains 

performing a Journey to Gangoutri, I take the liberty of recommending him. ... A speedy, 
answer to his proposal should be sent, as the sen-son favourable... will he immediately after the. 
breaking up of the approaching Fan at Hurdwar. 

Should it meet with the approbation of Government, Lieutenant Webb beys to solicit the 
favour that Captain Raper of the 10th Regiment, ... and Captain Hearsey who is with me* 
micdit also bo permitted to accompany him 1 . ■ ■ .; 

The necessary sanction was given, and an escort provided : 

Letters wore carried by a Brahmen llirkarah ( a Native of Nepaul ) who had been deputed- 
by the Nepaul Rajah's Vakeel at Benares to accompany me in my travels, accompanied by £ 
Chuprashi of my own who is also a Brahmen, On the return of the two deputies from S" : -~- 
Lteutenant Webb, accompanied by Captain Raper...and Cap tarn Hearsey, will r- 
their Journey into the Mountains 2 . 

Webb was directed 
to Survey the Ganges frorvi .Hurdwar to Guugoutri ( or the Cow's Mouth ), where that River is 
stated by Major Rennell to force its wny tlirough the liymalaia Mountains by a- Subterraneous' 
passBge [ I, 73 ]- but is said by some STntivos who have visited the spol to fall from an eminence 
in the form of a cascade. ... 

To ascertain, either by Survey or.. .report, the distance and direction of the second or 
Upper Guugoutri, which Captain VVilford informed me is considerably further. ... 

To learn whether this ( should there be such a- place ) or the former' be actually the Source 
or the Ganges, or whether, as Major .Remits!! has staled in his Memoir it rises from the Lake of 
Munsaroar. ... 

To rbs...the positions of tlio Sum-cos of the ,-.UoI;iiuiidr<i Hives.' at Rudniiautli, and of the; 
Kedar River which joins it above Srinagar. ... 

To enquire how far t.h.f: source of the Jumna KLver lies to the West or X.VY". of Gungoutri. ... 

To ascertain generally the positions of all the ino«(, remarkable peaks in the Himalia Range, 

taking their elevations to the nearest minute by a Theodolite, and drawing the appearance 

they present to the eye. i 

The situation of all Towns, Forts, Places of Hindee worship... will be included, ... and an 

yoeurate delineation of the lioad. ... 

The distances may occasionally bo measured with a perambulator and, where the declivity., 
is too sleep, by a chain, i tiaking an allowance for the Angle, of elevation. ... 

If a Barometer. ..should be obtained, ...the height of the mercury... will furnish a rule to 
calculate the elevation... above the level of the Sea, which, being added to the results obtained, 
by Trigonometrical calculation, will give the heights of some of the principal Snowy Mountains. ... 
It would "be desirable tiiat Lieutenant Webb, after completing the Surrey from Hurdwar... 
should return, if practicable, by a different and more Easterly route, through Almora to 
Bareilly^ 

Webb wrote from Hardwar 
that he has been very favourably received by the several l.-ioorkali Uhicfs whom he had met, 
at the fair, who informed lnm that Orders had been sent from the Xispaul Rajah to afford his 
.Mission every assistance. ... 

The only untoward circumstance he mentions .is that the expense of his Journey, owing . 
to the exorbitant demands of the Hill People for carrying the Tents and necessary baggage of 
iiiuiseif and his Party, would fat exceed anything he could hove supposed 4 . 

Turning up the Jhin after leaving .H.ardwar, ibe piirt.y crossed the range to the 
east, of Landonr without reaching Delira, and dropped down to Barahat on the . 
Bhagirat-hi. They followed the broken track along the river but on April 29th were . 
turned back just beyond ilaithal, about 20 miles short of their goal. It was impos- 
sible to carry sufficient supplies, or to complete the remaining five or six. stages of 
hair-raising scramble, without risk of disaster to all their plana. Webb writes from- 
Srinagar on the 15th May ; 

I commenced my Route on the 13th ultimo, and... arrived, on the 23rd at Barahath. The 1 ' 
Road was not only difficult bid, dangerous, and many parts -of it in any other situation would 
have been deemed impassable. ... A day's Journey of six or seven miles could not be completed 
in as many hoars. 

On my arrival at this place, calculated at 10 (Jays March from Gmigoutri. i was informed 
by Natives who had visited the place that it would be impossible to proceed beyond Butheree 5 , 



Sources op the Ganges 



75 



> take sufficient, supplies from thence 



two days from hence, ... and that, it would be lit 
to lass sill my return. 

determined, however, not So relinquish the attempt till I should be convinced that the 
impediments were of a nature to render the prosecution of my researches in this quarter im- 
practicable, I made t!ie necessary arrangements on my arrival at Butheree on the 27th ultimo, 
with tin; intention i.if cunt-inning m\ Route. ... 

The party halted on the 28th and, 
having left a guard in Cliarge of the Baggage which was too heavy to be carried on, I pro- 
ceeded the next morning, but in a progress of throe or four miles.. S found the difficulties no 
far exceed what had been represented, that I was fully convinced it would be in vain to jjer- 
severe, and I was at lengtli induced to return. ... 

Every account agreed that the Source of the River is more remote than- the place called 
Gungoutri, which is merely the point where it issues from the Hymalia, not, as it is related, 
through a Secret passage or Cavern bearing any similitude to a cow's mouth, ... although the' 
access he so obstructed as to exclude all further research. ... 

To supply as well as possible tire deficiency occasioned by my abandoning the Tout, and 
to ascertain satisfactorily the correctness of the accounts I had received, J despatched an 
intelligent native, furnished with a compass, and instructed in the use of it, with directions 
to visit Gungoutri. j 76 ], ... 

I am in hopes to he enabled to proceed about the 17th instant, when it is my intention to 
follow the course of the Alukiiundra River. ..as far as Badreenath, returning thence tlu'ough 
Almora and Rooderpoor 1 to Bareilly. I am informed that Orders have been recently com- 
municated by the Sepal Government to its Officers to afford our party every .instance- ami 
we have reason to be perfectly satisfied with the attention and respect which ha* been uniformly 
manifested towards us 2 . 

Having obtained ''the full Concurrence and sanction of the Nepalese Govern- 
ment" he now proceeded to explore 

the Aluknundra Kiver in the direction 1.1I" tJadreenath. At that place 1 arrived on tile 29th 
[May], and on the fullewing morning continued my purvey to that point of the- River which 
may be denominated its visible Source, for beyond it the l.toad is impervious from the accumu- 
lated masses of Snow which conceal the current. ... 

[ commenced my return on the 1st instant, with the intention of taking a more Easterly 
Route by the way of Almora, to which place the hire of the Coolies and Bearers had been feed 
by the Chief" of Srinagar. 

No impediments were thrown in my way till my return to Joshee Mutl) 3 , two marches 
from Budreenath, when an Hurkara arrived from... one of the principal Si injurs, with an indirect 
prohibitory Order, ...the purport of which was to annul the permission granted me to continue 
my Journey to the place of holy pilgrimage. 

The delay of the Messenger defeated the object of his Mission, for the case was now 
irremediable, and I bad only to lament the first signs of an unfriendly disposition on the- 
part of the government. ... When 1 was prepared to continue my Route on the morning 
of the 4th, the people who were entertained to carry the public and private baggage had 
absconded. ... 

I had only one alternative, which was to lose no time in proceeding to Almora with what 
few articles could he conveniently carried on by private servants, as the distance from Srinagar 
was too great, ... and the scas< m whs already so far advanced, that a retreat from this unhealthy 
climate will be considerably restricted, if net entirely cut off, by the periodical rains which had 
already commenced. 

Having therefore left, the great or part of the public and private property under the charge 
ot the Gooi'kallee Jemadar who attended me from Hmdwar, ... I proceeded on foot. ... Thro' 
the Jemadar's exertions however the baggage was brought- up in the evening, and thro' his 
influence I was enabled to proceed with little interrupt ion. for four day?,, when a couple of 
Sepoys-overtook the party, ... and delivered to the Jemadar the most positive Orders to 
return, and at the same time forbade the Zanimdars, under threats of" heavy lines and punish- 
ments, to furnish tiny people for the conveyance of the equipage. ... 

Having once more relinquished the greater part of the Baggage, ... f reached the boundaries 
of the Srinagar District on the morning of the 13th without farther in t err option. This part 
of the Journey...was attended with fatigue and difficulty and... occasioned' serious cause of 
alarm from the number who wen; falling sick daily. ... 

On the evening of the 14th instant, J. was met by a Goorkalko Subadar...with two com. 



l Ruda 



pur, 



3 BMC. tt-K-OS ( 65 ). » Joshim&th, 53 .\7111 



I 



76 Himalaya Mountains 

pnilys, ...for the purpose of defaming iny parly rill ion Chiefs at Ahnora had satisfied them- 
selves as to tlie nature of the -Tourney. ... 

Although the distance from Alim.s-a, did not exceed 14 or 15 miliv, six days ela-p^cd before 
any decision took place, but on the evening of tin; ! !hh, the Messenger returned. ... Permission 
was granted me In proceed by any < irlif-i- lloute than tin it which lea.d.- thro' t iso City of Ahnora » 
! aw oi-Jingly mentioned my determination to return by the way of Roonorpoor, and having 
obtained permission... 1 continued my march the next day. accompanied by a small party of 
tl:t* i..-oorkalloe Troops. ... 

Nearly it third of the party ine unable, cither through la : rj.eii.es; iO.nl sicklies;*. i-o keep puce 
with the detachment. ... [should uu further iTnpci.liuif.-ots occur I hope to liavn the honour of 
reporting my arrival at Baveillv on or about, the 2nd proximo. 

P.S. Since writing the above I am happy to infonn you that tlic greater part, of the Sick 
have arrived 1 . 
They joined Colebrooke at Bareilly on June 30th 2 [ 5 }. 

A full account of (lie expedition by fi-aper w;is published in Asiatic Researched, 
as was alsothe journal of the mtiyxhi whom Wohh had sent on from Rait.ha). Leaving 
Webb on May 1st, he had reached Gangotrl May 6th, recording his paces as he 
went. The width of the river was noted at the many bridges crossing it, 
btit at Gangawatari...ilie stream is described... to be 4*1 cubits wide and two deep, witli scarcely 
any current. The river was traced ;■> miles further amidst the snow*. 

Webb took some months to complete the maps from his. extensive materials, 
and he writes to Garstiu. who had succeeded as Surveyor General : 

The protractions of iov Into ■Sorve\ were. by the particular ■ les're of Lie lit. (loll. Colebrooke,' 
a the scale of one inch to a Mile 3 . ... 
any calculation respecting the distance of Peaks from cross bearings 
taken at different situations on the road, supposing the data. ..too imperfect to give a nearer 
result than thai which will be o lit; lined by lay i 11 e o;T...iu protraction. ... 

It is indeed to be regretted that :ny preparations for this .iourney were so unavoidably 
hurried as to have obliged me to set out without a Chronometer. Astronomical Telescope, or 
Barometer. ... 

[ Two mountain barometers vi ere an tort una tek broken nit the way up from Calcutta- |. 

In a Mountainous country where the difference of elevation between Stations is so great, 
and alters so rapidly, I know of no method ( except « .series of levels were taken ) from which 
the height of an object very reroute from the .Plain could be ascertained with any tolerable 
degree of precision, then liavomeirioet observation^ i . 1 1 ■- 1 1 1 1^ 1 1 the host method can only be 
considered ai affordiue: a fri-t-d a.pproviiaa.tion. ... 

The Maps were completed while stiff Bring from the etl'ects of a severe illness, and instantly- 
despatched agreeable to Coll. Colebi"oke's particular wish; indeed he had promised me a 
Copy of the Plan, when reduced in his office, for my own private satisfaction 6 . 

As I have promised, and am very desirous, to present Mr. [ IT. T. J Colebrooke 7 with a copy 
of the reduced Plan, I shall he most particularly obliged if you would he kind enough to place- 
it in the hands of some well qualified draughtsman, for the purpose of having a handsomely 
finished ono prepared, with the mmics of Places and .:• Title noatly inserted, and present it 
from hid to Mr. Colebrooke when completed. I will he answerable for any expence which may 
attend its preparation". 

He wrote at the same time to Henry Colebrooke : 

I have at length. February tit-li. 1810, completed the 1 (.eduction of my Survey 9 towards, 
the Sources of the Ganges, which irs this day forwarded... to the Surveyor Ueuoral. My. inability 
as a Draughtsman. ..rendered Shis, though .1 trust a very correct, a very ill finished performance ; 
j have therefore beg^e. I Colonel ( kusi in to place it in the hands ul sortie capable parson for the 
sake of being handsomely copied, of which copy. ..may I hope you will honour me by your 
acceptance [pi. 9]. ... 

The Abstract of Material Positions obtained is as follows, and I :mi perfectly satisfied with 
the eorreetness of all the Kesults, excepting that of Kedav With, and even this cannot fail of 
being a very near appro situation. 
After a list of ten positions with latitude;- and longitudes, he continues ; 

'From Webb, Rudarpur. 28-8-OB; BMO. 18-7-08 (73). >»Dn. SI ( 146). *A* fi. XI, 181f> 

(li«rf.<«p; cf. H\IS. !>!;,(:■;:!! ;■ Uuriav. If ', Wl-i'M)- 'AsM.XIl. ISls. (277-93). * MRIO. IS 
(32-5), 32(78 S">) very ilc u. nit a Wchlr-dimujlcrisUi; te:.-.a:i[f:.l rattTpillifs. " DUn. Si' (46), 23-11-ftS. 
* Cole bru oki: pubil. n tiap-t hi Wi'tilvs jounicv, .:[■■ It. XT. 1S10 ( 42ft ci'eq ), vhkh or.-.m-d-vl Caper's Rpport 
\mp]. »»Hn. 8-2(111 ). 8-2-16. "B m. to aa inch, SOETO. 15 (7)[pl.oj. 



It had been i; 



Swdl I 



Sources of the Ganges 77 

Considering the most important information acquired to be a knowledge that the sources 
of the Ganges are southward <>t the Himalaya. I subjoin my reason, for adopLiii* this opinion 
iversally experienced during our Journey that the supply of Water from 
tributary streams were sufficient, in a course of eight or ten miles, to 
most minute lltvulet into a considerable and imt'ordab'e stream. .. "Now uv- bv-"-* 
of the Bagheratee and Ahtknundra Rivers were followed till the former became a Shallow 
almost stagnate, and the latter a small, Stream and, both having in addition to Springs and 
Rivulets considerable visible supply from the thawing snow, it is therefore concluded by analogy 
that the Source of these fevers eould bo little, if at all, removed from the Sr.at.ions at which 
these Remarks were collected. 

2nd. The channel of a great River is usuaZly a lane to which the contiguous country 
gradually slopes, and...the sides of a River always furnish the most practicable Road in the 
direction of it's course. Sow, if the Baghoratea or Aluknundra River had an outlet through 
the Himalaya, it appears more than probable that the Cliannel of its stream would form the 
Ghattee 1 by winch the Snowy Range became passable. ... As it is utterly impossible to cross 
the Snowy Range in a direction the Channels of these. Rivers might bo supposed to assume 
X consider that at least all former reports are determined fictitious. 

3rd. I have conversed with two or three intelligent Xatives, whose information I found 
correct in other instances, and who have hi Pilgrimages and on business traversed the 2>Jorth. 
em skirts of thy Himaleh, ;aid I have their assurance that no Rivets except one rise westward 
of the Mansaroar Lake ; that this stream is called the Suturuz R.\ and turns Southerly, west 
of Jumootie 3 . 

(.'oiehrooke accepted these conclusions ; 

I entirely subscribe to the arguments of Lieutenant Webb, which to ray apprehension are 
conclusive. No doubt can remain that the different branches of the river above Hardwar 
take their rise on the southern side of the Himalaya, or chain of snowy mountains. 

From the western side of the mountains, after the range, taking a sweep to the north, 
assumes a new direction in the line of the meridian, arise streams tributary to the Indus, and* 
pori.a[.v tae Indus itself 1 . 

Colebrooke could not tell that Webb had indeed missed the fact that both 
branches really do rise from the northern slopes of the great snowy range, a point 
that would not he obvious from the bottom of the gorge, though quite clear on a 
complete map 5 [78 ]. This is, however, a small matter to he set against Webb's 
clear establishment: of Die locality of the source. 
The Surveyor General was impatient for the 
reduced Plan of the Survey of the Gangeutri, as well as that for the General Map. I under- 
stand Major Hearsey has sent one Homo. I much wished to have been able, by the last dispatch, 
to have sent a General Map of those Countries from your Hand, as well as the 12 sheets of the 
Survey, and still hope to have them in time for the March Fleet 6 . 

Hearsey had indeed tried to steal Webb's thunder ; he had sent his own journal 7 
home to Rennell by private hands, with a full account of the tour, and a request 
that Rennell would pass it to the Directors ; 

As this Tour was undertaken at our individual expense, may I beg of you to present the 
sketch 8 to the Hon. the Court of Directors, should they doom it worthy a remuneration, what- 
ever their liberality may award, ... or permit, private publication. 

As no person has given such a Correct Chart of the Geography of India as yourself— [ Hearsey 
asks leave to dedicate to idennell this, his first essay] 6 . 

The Directors prudently prefered to await official information from Bengal, and 
a few months later, 25th June 1810, they received litis dignified apology from Rermell- 
Maj. Hearsey thought proper to transmit it to me as Ms own production, ... setting forth' 
that the expedition was mider taken by a. Party ai, their own expence ; and requested that I 
would endeavour to obtain Remuneration for him. ...Thus informed I readily undertook 
what I thought a meritorious act ( for the map is certainly a very curious one, and bears the 
stamp of Truth,, as far as Internal Evidence goes ), but I have since been informed that the 
Person who sent it me only copied another man's work, with a visw to obtain something 
for himself 10 . 6 



'defile. a SutIej, 53 A, E, I, «DOn. 82 (113), 0-2-10. 
Bnrrard & Haydcn ( 117, 1K1-2 ). 6 DDn. SI ( 200 |, 35-1-10. 

10 m. to an inch, Jifl'IO. Hu! [ U i ; Mr.-ics pencil note ' n ■ 
Webb's documents " when *' Webb fell sick at Bareilly " 



s See G3H and 
s Map by Hearsey. 
lirated from Capt. 

">ib. (11). 



7S 



Himalaya Mohntatss 



Early in 1*14 Hodgson asked the ohieTat Srinaear to obtain permission for him 
to visit Gangotri, but relations with the Gurkhas were strained, and the project 
fell through. Mackenzie, who was with Hodgson at the time [ 83-4 ], was much 
interested, and hoped that " tho' it has in this o;i.so failed for the present, I hope the 
spirit will not be allowed to evaporate from neglect or indifference" 1 . 

The honour of being the first European to reach Gaiigotri fell to James Baillie 
Eraser who was on a visit to his brother William, a Bengal Civilian, assistant to the 
Resident at Delhi. On the outbreak of the 'Xepiil War, William Eraser was appoint- 
ed political officer to Gillespie's force which occupied the Dun in November 1814 
[ 90 ] ; he was afterwards given political charge of Garhwal. 

In June 1815 James accompanied his brother 011 a political tour through 
Narkanda to the vSutlej-, recrossing into the Jumna valley in July. Whilst William 
had to return to headquarters, James visited the sources of the Jumna and the 
Ganges. He writes ; 

As I had much anxiety t.o visit: .hrnm./itrP and (,'tintjtif.ri. the sources of the rivers Jumna 
and Ganges, ... parting from my brother, who pursued his way to Srinagar, [ I ] took, with as 
few attendants as was consistent with prudence, ...the rend which lends to the first mentioned 
place. ... 

July I -4th [ or 15tli ]. we teach Jumnotri ; ... return anil enquire road to Gangotri. ... 

16th. Wo left Curtuili- at ti o'clock, and crossed tlui Unta G«-ii;;ii, ... Cross a pass called 
Ch'liaya-ra-Cauta ; ... descend to a stream called rtindi-yadh. ... 

18th. Reach Dur(di...\2 ctws fro™ Gangotri. ... 

19/ih. ... Set off' for Ganyolri. ... I.iea.ch Bluiii-nrnghtili^ at the junction of Bhagirathi and 
Jahnovi rivers. ... 

[ Describes Gangotri and inhabitants ]. Ko one seemed in tho least to doubt the fact 
that tho river had its rise in (be aforesaid hollow of snow. ... Tho old popular idea, that, tho 
Ganges issues from n, rock like a cow's mouth, ... did not fail to occur to me, and enquiries 
were made into the origin of this fable. When it was mentioned, the pundit laughed and 
observed that most of those pilgrims who came from, the pLxmss pot the same question in 
several shapes. ... He gravely assured us thai, no such lhin.L' happened, and that the river, in 
truth, came from the snow as above mentioned. ... 

We had now staid the full time we could afford, and had not. in fact provisions for another 
day ; preparations worn therefore made for our return, and on the morning of July 21st we 
set off for Durali. 

23rd. Our perambulator, which hud. accompanied us through the hills, became So shat- 
tered and crazy at Uurali that we con Id make no further nso of it. ... 

29th. ... Reached Dehra. Xext morning we left the Dun liy the Kc-arv- Fuss, and reached 
Saharunpore on the night of the 30th of July 5 . 

Eraser was no surveyor, and makes no mention of any instrument other than 
the perambulator. He produced, however, a rough map which was published with 
his journal in Asiatic, JtesmrchoA 6 . Like Webb be failed to realise that the upper 
Bhagirathi above Gangotri is fed front the drainage of the northern slopes of 
Badrinath, Ketlamath, ami Srikanta, and that the Jahnavi, or western branch, 
rises 30 miles north of the main range of snowy peaks [77 ]. 



Lake HXnasaeowar 

Linked with legends of the source of the Ganges was the romance ot the twin 
lakes Manasarowar and itakas, or Lanka Dhe, to which references are found in 
the earliest writings about Himalayan geography, and which were declared by one ' 
authority or another to be the mysterious source of the Ganges, the Gogra, and the 
Brahmaputra. Wilford tells us that, 

According to Puran-gir, this lake is situated on an elevated plain, covered with long grass, 
to the north of which is a conical hill called h'ye-m-lunfj, and dedicated to Maha-Deva ; and 

!to SG-. 17-7-14, DDn. 136. " asitiu^aralc.m.^iE'U. "531/8. "531/16.- * As. S. XIII. 1820 

f 171-249 j . ' M'it-vkiwff!, EiioAnrali. I. .lime 1819: & Qn. Rev. 24, 1.821 J 104 si :-e.q ). Sketch Map, 
10 m. to an inch, M.RIO. 13 (28]. 'The Minrlu p<i>:!>;t who aiTurimmied Samuel Turner in 1784 [I, 74n.fi]- 



SLw W<$\ 













$EjL *'; 



kY.. 



;¥"? 






*r-r ^V 






■3 « 



/<W. 



OIL.' 



Lake MIjstasarowar 79 

which is inserted in the map of the Lamas [ I, pi. 7 ], but without name, and with two roads 
ending there. It is one of the Southern peaks of Mount. Omitaisuk, which, rising behind the 
subordinate peak «.[' Kye-m-licmj, is considered by p>il<rT-hna as the sn.jreo r ,£ the Ganges 1 . 

The lake of Han-samur is mentioned by Pliny. ... M. Polo [ I, 70 ] describes it as to the 
West of Tibet, but does not mention its name, It is mentioned by P. llonsci-rat [ I, 68 ]. 
He calls it Mansaruoi; and from the report of pilgrims places it, i;t thirty decrees of latitude 
Worth, and about 350 miles to the North East of Sir-hind. 

The first European who saw it was P. Andrade [I, 6S ] in the year 1624 ; and in the years 
1715 and 1716 it was visited by the missionaries P. Desiderius and Freyre [I, 6S-9 ]. 

The difference of longitude between l>elbi and Ufanaxtrovara is according to Jlonserrat 
5° 2'. t lis places Manasarovara in 82° 2' of longitude, and both its longitude and latitude 
are remarkably correct ; but what is more surprising, the good father was iguorant that the 
Ganges is.ued from it [ 73, 74 ]%, 

We have recorded the account of the lake given by Father Tieffenlhaler [I, 72] ; 
Colebroo'-.e notes in his fielclbook that : 

Dr. Gflhnan 3 at .Bare-illy informs me that the lake of Mnnsaroar, from which the Gangea 
arid Sarjoo Rivers have been supposed to rise, is usually frozen over in the winter, and that 
the merer its and other Travellers proceeding 1.0 Yoreund frequently cross it on the ice; 
that about 2 years ago a dreadful catastrophe happened by the breaking of the ioe, when six 
hundred people who wore crossing over the lake perished in a few minutes. This account he 
says mo .1 depended upon, as he had it from a respectable merchant now at .Uoradabad, who 
carries Gu a eontimial trade with Tibet, Cashmere, & Yarcund 4 . 

After his expedition up the Ganges in 1808, Webb asked that he might be 
allowed to visit the lake ; 

Adverting to the entire deficiency of Geographical nod local knowledge of the Transalpine 
Countries beyond the Hhnaleoa, ... .1 beg leave to submit.. .whether a, .Tourney in that direction 
would not bo aer.ejiiablo as useful. ... 

The journey -should be commenced in the latter end of April 1810, and the Route which 
appears most eligible is to cross the Snowy Range by the Tugla-R'oth Ghata.ee', distant from 
Ahnora sixteen days journey m a K.Ely direction. After visiting the Lakes Mansurwar and 
Kawun ( near Tngla-K.oth ], to proceed thence across the level country beyond the Himaleea... 
as far westward as Luthee, returning to the Garliwa.i by that Ghatt.ee" about the beginning of 
Soptembcr, when the Frosts commence, and eventually to the Plains as far West us the Jumna. ... 

To give this Tour a chance of being as widely beneficial as possible, 1 should be happy if it 
were included in ray Instructions to endeavour to ascertain the practicability of obtaining 
Fir Spars and other Marino Stores from tins Hills, as on my return, to Ghurwal in September 
the season would bo favourable for such experiment 7 . 

This suggestion was supported by the Surveyor General ; 

Our Geographical researches- ami Knowledge of the Countries beyond the Hlmalia Moun- 
tains entirely depend on the hearsay evidence drawn from the report, said to he made by the 
Chinese Surveyors, whose account of the Source of the Ganges which they say were sent pur- 
posely to explore, being found untrue, throws doubt upon all the rest of their Narrative 
[I, 70-1 ] 8 . 

On being asked to iurmsh further details, Garstin replied ; 

From the information of an intelligent native in his employ, who has visited the places 
whose exact situation are to bo ascertained, ho [ Webb "] states "that- there are two great Lakes 
only one of which is laid down in any Map extant, vjss. Lake Munsurwar. It is however 
erroneously placed in our Charts. The other, by far the largest a.nd. most important, named 
Rown Rudh, remains unnoticed. It has several considerable islands in it, whose lofty Hills 
are covered with Woods; both lakes are surrounded by Mountains thro' which several large 
streams flow". 

It is desirable for the improvement of C-eography to have their position correctly determined 
by Astronomical. Observations ; to note the points from whence the f livers issue ; the course 
they take ; and procure the best information of the neighbouring Countries through which 
they pass. ... 

After much enquiry I have discovered two Gentlemen either of whom are capable of making 
;s that will be required, and willing to undertake to do so, one of them eminently 



the dr.L'.\ : 



' Kfiikis, 22. OS ft. 62 E/S. -As R. V'KI. IsOa ( 322 S ). * John Oilman. Surir. Ben.: ed. Barts - 
b..Bo. tnf. 1-7SI; Asst, Saiv., with I'earse, 1782 ; Stir;;, ll'.ir,. :■, Mil .Diiiiinorii itivn. ISKi ; ret IS24- ,i 
'MEIO. M533, Jan. 1808. =Takluk<.i Poss, 62 p.'3. « Possibly 
s ib. 81 (35], 13-5-09. 



so 



Himalaya Mountains 



qualified; and IM. Webb note, that Copt Lieutenant Kap.r, whc i was of the party to 
G»„ B o,,tr.=. and kept th. Journal, is willing .gain to accompany .n .(employed'. 
Sanction for Webb's expedition could not be obtained from JsepaJ. 

Before describing Moorcroft's successful visit made two years later, we m»5 
note the following account collected by Hodgson ; „,„„„„ 

Bout of Beitaartin, a Br.min on a Pilgrimage from F.lo..r Lat.tud. 3 , to »= M™« 
Lake and thene. by Luddaek. Argund * Jumbo.', back to Know, which » on the Xorth 

^^SSSsSS^St- — ■ «— — - ; ° K - " d 1>= " ta8 ' 

1,7 P ZSoL P SS ?2Sl - being 2 Cos. from Ho* «= So.tb, and » from "East to W* 
HiAoai " r.rf. to its north and north..ast side.. A temple on south-east side belongs to 
So lST&«ou The rr.rr.tor is rgnor.nl of m, river issuing from tin. lake, bu it .. 

his purpose being to bathe, * I fancy lie is quite ignorant of the - or shape ot the 

In 1811 William Moorctoft, Superintendent of the Company's stud at Pusa', 
wrote to the Governor General's Agent at Fatehgaih on the subject of horse-breeohng, 
and proposed a " journey imo the Hills" with a view to tmnguig back 
new blood from the Hill strains ; also the Goats bred for th. ike of their Long Hair. I shah 
rZSvfuoS. r«»l-r U» of rout- of ,)„■ Mgrin. to Jo.hum.t [ JJ ], eleven days' journejs 
^" =°itl4 trifrosd under the plea of going to the holy Lake of Ma-urwar, » *»* 
the Do* Sg., the large Eastorn branch of the Aluknund.r, ,„ my way to Mullanee, a 
,.,et:v lnw eiAe-. .sudor the G'Acnuneot ol too Uod.ans. 
pretty larrge g. 8aion fcr Moorerofl , with Hearsey as companion, to 

penetrate 'into Tartar)", but Government was most disturbed to hear of it, and 

though too late lo stop Moorerofl said that they would have been 

strongly ool.li.ed to .ion a project so r.plet. with dang- to himself and to romp....... 

and K li«l. likelr to be prorh.olivo ol odvo.ol.ge U, fie poblK s„,-,ro.. 

Travelling in disguise, Moorerofl and Hearsay left Ramnagar to May 181i 
followed the Ramg.nga to its source, and dropped down to the Alaknand. at 
KaZpraytg ■ then up that river and the Dauli, and over the Hit. Pass mto 
i„2 "eyorcd the snowy range. They reached Gartope on July 16th and, passing 
through Gartol, went onto the Mauasurnwai- Lake. 

Ori the" return they followed the Sutlej for a few marcheswestward.Kcrossed 
the MtiPass and then, Hire Webb in 1808, were held up by the Gurkhas mK™™«' 
andhad the greatest difficulty in getting away [751 They finally reached India 
SelytaNovember.bringingbaeklargeherdsoflong-haued goats, which Moorerofl 
recardedasfarlhe most important results ot the journey . 

A rough survey was kept up the geopaphical results were most mterest- 

ing M. y 26th. At Joshi-Math we left the road to Bh.drm.th. ... Th. prb.c.pal part of the 
minute, of our route is taken from the notebook of Mr. Hearsay, who «™d the compass 
Idtougi t"p the r.„, accompanied by H.rkh Dev [ who ]....,. directed to ..rid. the whole 

-, 5BSJtSKSS*S3S^*a Colehrooke and the «-££*£ 

but the simple ercplanation is given by Gerard ; the Indian pace ., i recorder! ^ each 
time the left foot comes to the ground, so th. r an,M did not have to stretch 

^a^T the S' of Manasarowar, Moorerofl writes, on August 6th 



■BMC 3-10-OB ■Plnli.u,,«M/16 i Mitt, 52 E, P, G; J.mmu,4SL/U 'XjJ. 'V S*™' 

nJ ,i,'.,(V ,[S 17 -72 (M. T.PulU. 57 0-12 (13). • Joi.rn.1, A. H. XII. 181S ( 3sO-..33 ). 
382). 'QsBee- XVTJ. 1317, (403). 'Eocnawur [137c ] 



Lake Man as a row ai; 



81 



branches during their [iiti.-ju.yt- from liie-se stupendous rocks to tl 
Hftrthrur : and \Av.\.\ i: tines riot receive i.Lo smallest pa roam let from 
nor from a source to the Northward o£ them [ 77, 79 J 1 . 

He walked foe .some distance along the northern shore of the lake, and seat 
reliable men '' beyond the south-west, corner, ... without finding any appearance of 
a river issuing from the Lake, or of any former bed of a river' 7 . 

A severe attack of fever prevented him from visiting the second lake. " Raw- 
anhrad". or Ranfcas, to the west, but on 8th August, he writes ; "I think I saw a 
stream issue out of it at the western side. ...which probably communicates, with 
the many streams which form the Setlej '' . on which Hodgson comments ; 

There is a story, & indeed I heard Mr, Hearsay & Mr. Moorcroft affirm it to be the case, 
that they Haw the SnMoex issue from a lake which they call the. Mauusoroar- : when I heard 
this I gave no credit to it, thinking it impossible thai a river, smaller at Lndianah than the 
Jumna at Delia, could, have so long a course in a mountain country & be no bigger ; however, 
if it does send off so ureat it- branch as i:l to '.ft also |" 8^ ]. it may be so. 

At Ilurdwar [ expect to get ;i sketch of Mr. flcurs;ty s rouie : neither ho our Mr. Mut.irernfi 
are, astronomers t believe, tho' they bad I understand a. pocket compass*. 

The Surveyor General replied ; 

Mr. Mooreroft makes the Kiitlnj rise nut. of n Iti.rge lake called Hawaii Hud, close and to the 
Westward of the Muusurwai' bake, round the half which Mr. M. went, arid fnuiitl neither* inlet 
or outlet. The Indus ho draws from a. Source lying X. -HI ( C-..Y1. ) YV. of Kawuii Rud, com- 
mencing from rills running ih out the- Northern side fi'.t ratine of Mountains ho calls [lie Kyf.»->s 
range, from that being the name of a very remarkable nigh snows- peak in that neighbour- 
hood, ...but I suppose by this time you have seen Mr. Hearsay's sketch, which I make ne 
doubt will be the same as the one of 1 lis now in the tifiit-i-. copying tail by on lor of Government-. 

Hearsey's original map, with his signature, is preserved in seven sections, 
scale two miles to an inch, and a reduction on the scale of 10 miles to an inch appears 
as frontispiece, headed Plan of a Tour to Chinese. Tartar;/, to Moor croft's account 

in Asiatic- Rc-st-'arches*. 



The Drx, Gabhwal, & SmmfB. 1813-4 

Except for pilgrimages to the sacred places, the people of the plains had but 
little concern or intercourse with the hills, and the following is the best account- 
that White could give when he viewed Siimiir from north of Anihala in 1809 ; 

The hills, of which there are several range-;, are covered with brushwood. Bamboo, and the 
high grass jungul. and during tho night fires are frermootly observed, occasioned either by tii» 
friction of the i.amboos against each other, or the scintillation from the stones rolling dovm. 
the hill setting lire to the grass jungle : 1 he I tills rise gradually above one j mother : the dis- 
tance of one of them, apparently in the lasL ramte. from uiy Tent... was 1 .Si mites, and its heitrlit 
upwards of l.lKin yards, the .Natives say ft kos. The Snowy Kilis are further & higher. 

Iron and lead, a small quantity of Copper, and a little Gold, is procured from these lulls. 
Elephants. Hears, YVnlvt's, ,y 'tigers, inhabit them, but no I. ions, frota whence it is conjecture:) 
those seen at Patialnh must have fume from the South. 

The forts of Moona, Dillouh.. A 'l.'iiksal. situateil in the (fills, tire d • seen mt.de at a consider- 
able distance. They belong to Perguiinah Xahan, which is in some degree dependant on tiie 
Gorkaraj. The vallies between the Mills, being supplied with Water by a number of Springs, 
produce rice & wheat of a very superior quality, and have several Topes of Mangoo, Seesui. 
and ether large Timber* f 86 ]. 

Though White was able to fix the position of Xahan [63 ] he was not able to 
extend his survey into Sirmur, which the Gurkhas occupied dining .1810. extending 
from the Dun and Garhwal. As warden of the frontier Ochterlony viewed this 
advance with .suspicion, and forwarded to Government copies of his correspondence 

>A»ii. XTf. ISIS (467 eti*e.q). - ef. Tieffeirflialer [ I, 7; 1- HoSG.. 2<i-3-l4 ; D'Dn. 138. "SU. tt> 
Hodgson, 11-8-14: 0011.133(41 |. «MRI0. 91 ( 18-24) wills cercac-it. ier-rri-o; and pea-and-inl; sketclie, 

of peaks; !tl(2n) stso'.rs ''summit and a [ip? a ranee ■if the .'■'■. calk-d Ivyla.-is, the highest of thfi 
range, covert:*! with sum- I I. - 1 | " : eduction (i in. in an inch, il>. hi 1 |."i 1 ; : >w :d.-" corrsuitation th. U> (2° ). 
«DI>n.S2( 174), ^S-r.-IM. ,-,'<«„'. ^t-ahahly St^tmm. or Drdhrn/hi tii**r,». rather tin 11 S-i'n! or Atrnw. 






82 Himalaya Mountains 

-with Amar Singh Thappa. the Gurkha commander in the hills, but was very vague 
about the places mentioned : 

Groping in the dark as I am compelled to do, not only by our limited knowledge of the 

-eoWiv of tins country, hut bv hems liable to deception whenever interest may he supposed 
to require falsehood, I trust 1 shall be excused for giving (.lie description and site of tlie different 
places mentioned in them in nearly the same words as I received them 1 . 

The following month he sent 
asketch of rov route through what is called the valley of Turgor, from Jimmy Mau-a to Roper, ... 
which I trust will prove...that the claims of the Gorkha Commander are madmissable and 
ought to be resisted f'jol. ,.,,,-, *. s 

The Governor General in Council saw "no good m asking the Government oi 
Nepal to relinquish their conquests" 3 . 

■ Surveyors had managed to penetrate into the Dim in spite of Gurkha occu- 
pation. Gaeoin had surveyed the Jumna to a point 30 miles beyond the Siwahks 
[ *8 I and in 1811 Blake 

proceeded with Mr. Rutherford, the Agent for Timber*, beyond the Dlioon Valley to the 
Thibit Mountains, which enabled me to annex this hitherto unexplored Country to my former 

Sl ^Wehear more of Rutherford from Hodgson who in 1813 was working as assistant 
to White in the upper dodb [ 37 ], and was most anxious to extend work into 

the hills : he writes from Moradabad ; 

From Conversation I have had with the Civil Offiwrs here, & more particularly with Dr. 
Rutherford the Agent for Timbers, ... it would appear that much uncertainty prevails as to 
-the limits of oar Territory on the Frontiers of this &■ the Bareilly l-Yovinee under the Hills, 
&. I hear the Frontier is so little defined as to give rise to continued disputes with the Hill 
■Chiefs, and it appears now an object of importance to define these limits on which grow 
.'h, w valuable Forests, which now by Dr. Rutherford's exertions supply the whole of the 
unwrought Timbers for the Artillery ; great Quantities of Hemp and other valuable articles. 

Mr Rutherford's concerns obliging him to traverse all parte of the Northern frontiers, 
& the Hills &. Values bevond it, ho Is probably better informed on all subjects connected wrth 
their Kesourees.-.tlian anv other person. & will willingly fnmisti Intimation very valuable to 
anv Surveyor were it thought oroper that the Province of Kohilei.nd should be surveyed. ... 

Were I allowed to accompany him in his Annual Round to the Forests after the Rams, 
I think I should be able to lay down a good deal of the Frontier, & some of the places withm 
the Mountains, within which many Oeutleuioii have at different tunes gone, & some Sketches 
have been made & cursory Surveys, ...but as I cannot learn l.h.il, they took Doily Observa- 
tions of Latitude, or occasional one,, of Longitude, without- winch, ,t well observed Bearings, I 
presume little can be done in Surveys in Mountainous Countries or Forests, probably there is 
Much room for improvement in what little has been done, & ample Field to do more . 
■ He writes again ; . 

] l-.h Xovemher. ... I think a Month or 6 weeks will .finish this portion of Country up to 
Hnrdwar & then I purpose, if von approve, of entering the Hills at the Jumna & going to Dera, 
a large Town whore Lb* Aumil of the Repaid Es.j ah r.-.ries ; I10 is very accommodating, & I think 
he will let me pass between the 1st & 2nd Ranges or Doon. to Ilnrdwar : oi course I will make 
him presents & make as little parade of Surveying as possible, using the Pedometer, Latitudes, 
& a few Bearings by the Compass. 

I wish indeed to be on good Terms with this Annul, ... hoping about March, when the 
Weather suits, to be able by their assistance to reach the Source of the Ganges winch Lt. Wobb 

WHS prevented doing [ 74-5 I s . , 

9th January 1S14. ... Havuw finished the Survey of the Low Lands 1 turned to thelSortli 
acrain & having mot Mr. .Rutherford have been tempted to avail myself of the opportunity 
If t] ,i' nl ,- a slight Inspection of part of the Doon Valley, to Laker Chant and ItikikfiM* &, if I 
can of Deoprag where the Bagrethi and Aliikauha rivers join ; L then propose to return to 
Hardwar & proceed along the foot of the .Hills to Pa.dshaiyialnii, & it f have a good opportunity 
hope to be able to go to Cable*, & take a look at the upper pari, oftbe Jumna ; .„ In my little 
trip in the Valley I v 



o order matters as to -jive no suspicion of Si 



Indeed I believe 



iT.nMiia.na Etc (1071, 5-4-10. Mb. 3-5-10 (222), 9-5-10; another sketch of simiiiii' pmuv 
■ ■ — ^utl.e.fev.l. A«t. >■>■■: Ben .l.-:; 3 n..; ret. 12-1-25. BMC. 

»Ib. (97). '53 J/8. 'Ealsi, 53 F/M. 



The Duk", Garhwal, & Sibmur 



no obstruction is likely to arise, as several Gentlemen have lately passed through the Doon & 
met with Civility 1 L pis. 3, 10 J. 

hi ( E 1 February. ... Having taken another lint' in the Saba ran poor dtst.ri-..;t. I yesteoiny again 
entered the Doom and procured .bill carriage, meaning to go from Kjldkeis to Deoprag, about 
2t> or 30 eoss of mountain road along the course of the Ganges, but I find tin; snow is middle 
deep on the hills I must pass, ami as ".Mr. .Rutherford who is to aeeomptmy mo is not quite 
ready, ...I am about to take a 10 days run through the Kas^ Rao pass-, which is said to be 
pii-ssa'nle for Artillery. ... 

I have been at. some expense and pains in cultivating a. good urn. I crs banding with the 
Curkalie chiefs, and may now lay down tho principal positions in -heir districts without inter- 
ruption. When I have surveyed tho path from Rikikois to "Deoprag my survey wOl fall in 
with Lt. Webb's route, and we shall have the whole coin's-; of the Ganges. The route is very 
mountainous Mud difhcnll , and cannot be measured by a wheel, but with heatings, latitudes, 
times, and estimated distances, and the longitude of Deoprag I trust I shall do pretty well. 
I have used a pedometer, but do not find it to be depended on in hills, owing to the inequality 
of steps among the rocks, and its getting out of order, but "by latitudes ami fixed points in 
view, I get the borizoateJ eHstMice very well, but J wish I had a couple of barometers for 
altitudes. 

I mean also to look at the upper pad: of the .Jumna, Calsie, Xahan, and will get it, general 
knowledge of this country : .1 dope you will have no objection to my so doing, as having so 
good an opportunity I should be sorry to lose it ; n.nd 1. had that I can get on better by appear- 
ing to be only travelling for my own .ernuscmeot, then I had. forma! loiters from Government, 
to the Chiefs, as then they suspect some design 3 . 

Sahara 11 par, March i'th. ... t have boon impeded A, harassed by tho late rainy Weather, 
the violence & continuance of which has been unprecedented, ...since the 20th of January 
until 2 days sigo. ... Knd;i 1 1 eogont;, a considerable Chief of the Xepavd Govern t. is appoin- 
ted to the Government of the Doon & of Nahan &c. I will endeavour to obtain his sanc- 
tion to go thro' such parts of tho Mountains &. courses of tile Rivera as may Seem least known 4 . 

Camp at Tiroly 5 in the Doon. March 29th. ... At the time of the 2nd Trip I made into 
the Doon I found, the Goorka Commander at Gttroo Duara wiis jealous of my operations & ho 
behaved insolently. ... I wrote to Kadji Runjour, the Chief at "_\"ahan, under whom the Deyrah 
man is employed, telling him I was g;oirig into the Doon to shoot, &c. ; also I wrote to the 
Devra man & sent to tell him that he need not be alarmed by toy Perambulator, as I should 
use none, as I was only going to shoot Tygers, ,v. thai- I should visit him at Deyrah. 

I then entered the Y;;lley by this pass { 'l.'imly | 10 flays ago ; I went to Deyrah, but tho 
man would not vise, mo nor give me gentles or protection to any place except Ilurdwar ; how- 
ever, having received a frieodly letter from his Superior, the Iva-' Ijt. I ois regarded him, except 
so far as related to going across the Jumna to Calsie. I set out up the "Valley for the Budrajb 
Mountain'', round which the Jumna (lows into the Doon. 

I laid aside the Wheel from the first tfc eondtieti.'d my operations as snugly as possible; 
taking daily latil. tides, Lor jinnies, &-•:.., .V wit!) these, estimated Distances, Bearings roughly 
taken on the road and cheeked, by accurate ones of a. fixed point, ... I. shall be able to make a 
■root i Construction. 

He had a stiff climb to Bhadraj bat was disappointed to find tlie snowy range 
hidden in cloud, though he got a latitude and a good view of the immediate neigh- 
bourhood ; 

The Ton so 7 ... by the telescope appeared treble the size of tho Jttmna. ... Of this remarkable 
& yet unnoticed River all the accounts T can gain art; that it branches from the Suttleez, or 
Sutrud ! [ Si ] but, where, T nan train nothing like good information as ye>t ; to determine this 
very curious point 1 am eager, & will go as far as I can in thai:- Direst-ion if the Corkalies will 

JTor some weeks of March and April Hodgson had the company of Colin 
Mackenzie [78], Lady Hood", and Ezekiel Barton. He then worked up into 
the hills of Sinu.fi r till the .middle of May when he returned to Saharanpur to finish 

oil' the survey of the doilb, writing on 28th May; 

Here there is nothing to do or to tie tain me ; the mim.ite part of the Survey is nearly finished : 

■DDr.130 (133). '53J/4. >DDn. 130 ( 161 ). *ib.l36(I). "53F/I1. "7320 ft,, 53 F/J.S. 
'Toils R., rissu 53 1,'S. "DDu. 13G f 3 ). 'J.l.-ui. of Krn-nri-.; lltima estate iut.dtce/.ic. er. Lord Seafortk 
1797 ;m. Adm. Hood, C-m-0. EI. .Sqir.alrori, vdto d. n.adrtss. 2-1-1^-14. Account of Lady Hood, settled in 
yto.'-aatray, ate! rouauT.'ed as Mi.-., S it-wart idia.:kon/to, il-iriinUmaces [ 350 ). 



'"''(J 



8-i 



Himalaya Mountains 



a the Map, the' indue. { I can bn.rd l.y find room 

inflicted the Kin at side of the Upper TJoab, and oil 

,ds, nothing can bf; dorm before March [ 1815 ] ; 

; in the cold Weather, the Snow. 

r taken place [ 3S-9 ], I should ere this have been 






I am only filling up W 

to put in nil I have, ... and since I liavo © 
the interesting parts, the 'Mountains & River h 
in the rains the Torrents prevent all access, & 

Had not, the Disputes towards Gorackpoi 
at Gangoutri [ 77-8 ] l . 

He closed down field work in June 2 ; "The hot winds which are violent, & the 
atmosphere darkened by dust, prevent,- any observation!, at present" 3 . 

Both Hodgson and Ma.r-kenzie had boon pressing on the Purveyor General the 
possibility of a general survey of the Himalayan region [ 88-9 ], and Crawford 
himself was interested. He suggested to Government the resumption of the 
continuous survey of the northern frontier which he had started in 1S04-5 
[ 6, 27, 71 ] ; 

In laying down the .Rivers iiii.it. flow into Hindoos bin from unr Northern Boundary ( to 
enable me to finish arid ..-crjiplc ■!,■.■ i In: i;m-,i;. i :. 1 ■<•]■, 1.: M.io - ). :i;:.r; : -'i',o I.v iln; L'i.-i ■■.■:..,!:, < !. .,.,-. , . 
Gunduek, Raptee, and Gogra, I have been [ met ] with a great deal of Contradictory matter ; 
so much so as to induce 1110 to wish that these Kivors wore more aeourn.fely defined, and tile 
Latitudes and Longitudes of the different Towns of note on their I >a.nks ivt're once for all laid 
down with precision. 

The Gogra was Surveyed during the late Colonel Col-ebi'ooke"* last trip, to which his life 
fell a sacrifice : by his public fetters in the Office I find he certainly did survey that River, but 
since his death the Pnpers relative to that valuable work must have been, lost, as they have 
never been forthcoming [ ;><j-jo, 33 ].* 

Crawford goes on to suggest that he should carry out this survey himself, 
travelling by river ; 

The very great advantage obtained by going 1.0 the d liferent points by water arises from 
being able to carry my own collection of mat.hema Ileal and astronomical Instruments, joined 
to those of the Company's ( forming together by much the most perfect sot of Instruments 
that were ever used in this Country }, as they are | too "[ numerous, ponderous, and delicate, 
to bear land transportation, and by having i.besc valua.ble instruments with me I would be 
enabled to obtain an object much desired in science j that is, the distances and altitudes of 
■lie Snowy .Mountains. ... 

In February 1SI.2. .!. solicited permission of Lord '.\linto to go to the top of these Rivers 
merely to obtain the distance, e_\aei position, and altitudes of these mountains, which his 
Lordship was kindly pleased bo grant, ... and I was actually proceeding on my way to com- 
mence, when I was overtaken by mi Order to go on the Survey of the Southern frontier 145] 5 . 

Government agreed to the survey, but considered the Surveyor General's 
absence from "the Presidency would be attended with inconvenience and detriment 
to the Public Service" 6 . The job was offered to Hodgson, who accepted with 
delight ; 

The Survey in ouestii . 1 1 is what of all things I most wished for. and your nomination of mo 
to it will oblige, flatter, &■ honor me in the highest Degree, & 1 will be in readiness to set by 
Water for Ca'teatta. by the end of next month 7 . 

On his way down to Calcutta in August, he found preparations in full swing 
for war against r\>,pal, and copies of his surveys of the Dim in eager demand 
(pi. 10]. He was himself appointed Surveyor to the column which advanced from 
Dinapore [41-2], and the following summer was appointed to make 

a. correct Survey of the ta.l ely liberated |irnvino'i of rhiravva.l, Sirrnoor n.nd H'intlivir 8 , as well sus 
of the countries to tho north of them, reaching to the Ilimalehah ; a tract which comprizes the 
Sources of the Canges. Jumna. Tonse. ( hitherto unknown rhouirh larger than the Jumna ) 
and Setledge rivers, and which is bounded by seme of the noblest Mountains in the world 9 . 
An account of this survey must be left to a later volume. 



The SjSTOwy Rahgb 
We have noted the amazement, with which early residents and travellers gazed 

»DDa. 136 (60). "Maps, MBIO. 10(9), lo { 31 ), 16(19), 17 { 46 ). = HKIO. M 347. 'A tem- 
porary mishap; tin; iUbka. nrn exf.iint us .DDn. 74.7a. SO. :..iii \U.UO. 73. M lliS-70, 474. 5 BMC. 12-3-14 
( 65 ). 'ib. ( 66 ). '!>Dn. 136, 28-5-14. >HiU State west of SirroOr. > BMC. 17-10-15 (54). 



The Snowy Range 



85- 



011 the snow-covered .Himala; an range as seen from the dusty plains of Hindustan, 
and we have recorded the first efforts to determine the distance and height of 
individual peaks [ I, 76-7 ]. We now come to the work of trained surveyors, 
encouraged and directed by the Surveyor General, Robert Coiebrooke, of whom his 
cousin Henry writes ; 

Colonel Colebrooke's notice was also i1iyyv.ii to the subject, by the communications of Dr. 
Francis Buchanan and Lieutenant, Colonel Crawford, wlici both visited Mepal in 1802 [ 70-1 ], 
and who were convinced ...that the s-ources of the Ganges are oil the soul-horn face of the 
FTimylaya. [ 77, 7S ], and that these mm 1 mains mo of vast height. He had likewise know- 
ledge of a survey by Lie lit oik mi. Colonel Crawford , executed in I.SO-j along the northern frontier 
from Behar to Roliilkhu-wl \ 27 ], in which bearings were taken of every remarkable peak of 
the snowy range which could l>e seen from more than one station; and consequently the 
distance of those peaks t'n.ijn the places of observations... were determined 1 . ... Colonel Craw- 
ford had also taken alt-it-udes, froru which the hoighi of the mountains might be computal,. 
and which gave, after due allowance for refraction, the elevation of c onspicuous peaks. ... 
I Jut, the journal and drawings of this survey have: been uiit'orUiiia-lely lost-. ... 

Colonel Crawford. duejng a long sojourn at Cai-'hinaiidu in 1S(>2. took th.e angles of several 
selected points, of which .he de termini* I the distances by triconomoirieal measurement. ... The 
positions of the same mountains were also settled by observations of them made from the 
plains of Behar in the progress of the great survey whieh has been mentioned 2 . 

A list of Crawford's Sepal observations was published by Buchanan, and 
includes observations made from : '£>fiaybung" to eight peaks on 26th October 
1802, :3 p.m. ; 

Double alt-itud.c-s observed by Sextant — allowances for rcihtetion -bearing — computed 
distance-^-Heigiit. by Trigonometry — additional height- for curvature of Earth —Result, 11,01)0 
to 20,000 ft. iibove stations of observation' 1 . 

Plates n to vrr at the end of Buchanan's book give views taken in Nepal, 
with profiles of the snowy range, distinguishing the peaks observed [71] and 
these observations were referred to in 1855 by Andrew YVaugh, Surveyor Genera!,, 
when investigating the heights- of the newly fixed Mount Everest and other 
peaks ; 

1 have been led to this topic by laving hands on some old. memoranda-, sketches and draw- 
ings which .1 Lad I'olteeteci some -'i or <i years aso. Among those memoranda I find some notes, 
and a sketch of part of the Xepal -Mountains given by Crawford. ... I should like to have 
Crawford's book to establish these iileiititi.es satisfactorily. 1 should like also to see Turner's 
Embassy to Thibet It, 74 J. ... As the identilicatioiiof our points with those observed by former 
Surveyors, or mentioned by former writers, will be interesting, any other information whieh 
may conduce to establish „ comparison will be valuable 4 . 

Ill a description of Sikkim dated November 1814, Buchanan has left one of 
the earliest known references to Da-r jeering ; 

On the north is the snowy ridge of Bmod.ua [ I, 67, 220; II, pi. -2 ] separating Siecim from 
Lassa, penetrated by three rivers. The Ivan Kayi on the west. ..runs into a narrow valley 
which belonged to Siccim, and in which are two go.las or marts, Bilasi and .Vlaghaya. ... The- 
Kanki, further down, divides the Kirats and Wiechn, till i.i- reaches th.e plain whieh belonged to 
Vijaypur, as far as the llahananda. ... The two branches of the Te is ta- include the greater part 
of Siccim. 

One day's journey north from Haorulrtig and Satting is Durjiling. the principal station of 
the Goorka troops, six days from the capital, and twelve from the Snowy Mountains. 

Siccim is on the west of the .fhaiiii iiimm, which rises from the south side of the snowy- 
range and divides into two branches opposite the town, which surround an immense mountain 
011 which is a stronghold mimed TasHing, ... Some way below, the Raman joins from the 
west from mountains on the, Kan Kayi ; united they form the Rirni Kma, which SO0I1 joins 
the Teista". 

Crawford's survey from Pmnea to flohilkhand in 1805 was not so extensive as 
that which Coiebrooke had proposed [71]; 

My idea is that it should he carried along the whole of the Northern Frontier, commencing 
or terminating at Rtmgamutty or Doobary* on the Burrampooter, ... and that it should 

'See also Crawford's own statement, DDn. 131 (57). 11-^-14. Ms S. XII. 18(25187-62) 
"Hamilton! 346 ). 'to Thnrilter. lit -VI -f15 : OD11. (ilia 1 l.'oj " CvuvfcTTs aoek " i- not fortlicomiiiff; fi QC | L1 . 
nan's book was fiubd. under his liter nnrae of Hamilton. ■' rl.^C. 27-1^-K ! HiS ). *TJIitAri,78 F/16. 



86 Himalaya Mountains 

reach as far as where the .1 l ilium, enters the Plain above riaharunpoor. This Part of it would 
employ you at least six months, and would enable you Lo ascertain by Trigonometry the Posi- 
tion of all 1.1 i e principal Peaks in tiie H'imaleh Range throughout a siiaee of !K)0 miles. 

The most arduous part of the undertaking, however, must be that part of the Survey 
which would, earrv you to a Region of intense cold, and where Dr. liu.eha.na-n says Travellers 
can only go during the periodical rains, when the Snows are melted. But some difficulties 
must naturally be expected in attempting to penetrate to places where no European has ever 
oeen before. ... 

Probably tins Rajah of Si-in agur. when per^uadod that you had no other object, in view but- to 
gratify the world « i.t-li .-hi account of Hkmo wondorfnl Places, wnold nun <■■-.' iut'y assist you 1 . 

The survey was broken off by an invasion of Rohilkhand, of which Thorn 
gives a stirring account. In February 1805 whilst the siege of Rharatpui' was in 
progress, the pindari chief, Amir Khan, [49] invaded the doub and Rohilkhand. 

Before he could be overtaken by the British cavalry sent in pursuit, he had been 
held off from Mrmidabad. by the gallant defence put tip by the Collector, William 
Leycester, and also from the fort of lAitturgurh, where the defence was led by 
Crawford 2 . Thorn describes his personal impressions of the mountains as seen by 
the pursuing force when they reached Piltbhit 5 ; 

Those two mornings exhibited a spectacle, which in sublimity find beo.ii.ty surpassed oil 
power of description, and to do which oven the pencil of Claude 4 would have been incapable 
of doing justice. 

The grey mist of the dawn was deepened in out front by the shadows of the mountains of 

Keuiiwn, over which ,iior=e r.-tio siui ■■!. LUa^iulLcoiil -n ■ u-i 1 spreading a. brr.,vt stream of light 

that gave a delightful effect to the varieties of tlio surrounding scenery. 

Directly before us, at the distance of thirty or forty miles, was a range of hills, rich in 
verdure, and covered I o their suririml.s w ith -stalely forests of sard, sissoo, and fir trees ; while 
far beyond towered high above the clouds Lhrj giganlie Himalaya mountains, their heads 
crowned with eternal snow, and. .a litter in g with the effulgenoo of the solar beams playing on 
the immense glaciers of those unexplored regions. 

According to observations made by Colonel f 'olebrru ike at Pillebeet and .futhiioor 5 , the 
height of one peak hi the Himsioye. rarigo distant from the former place one hundred and 
fourteen, and from the la Iter ninety, miles, was... 20, 3U!i feel, allowing for refraction at the same 
rate as for celestial objects. But by allowing one eighth of the intercepted arc for terrestial 
refraction only, the result gave height approximating to 2:J,O0it feet, in round numbers ; or, 
with a still greater reduction of allowiin.ee for the elevation above I he plains or Kohilcund, 
the height would be 22,2!}] fool. : which is nearly equivalent to 22, SO0 foot above the level of 
the sea 6 . 

Colebrooke's observations arc thus described in his fieldbooks and journals 

[29-32] ; 

Jfeir Gorackpur, July 3Sth, 1S07. The weather was clear, ami the whole range of snowy 
mountains was visible, and presented a scene which for grandeur can scarcely be rivalled. 
These mountains are without doubt ei'i'ial, it' m.t suoerior, in elevation to t.be Corderilla.s of 
South America, and if it should appear thut the latter is the case, they must consequently bo 
the highest mountains in the known world. 

August 1st. Went on shore early and walked in the village of .Kermaiee. ... As I approached 
the village, I was on a sudden struck- with the grandest view of the Snowy Mountains which I 
Iiad ever had before. I immediately put up my theodolite to observe them, and obtained the 
following bearings of the principal peak.-, as delineated oetow'. ... 

It is remarkable that every part of the stupendous range of mountains appeared to be 
e-ntiroly covered with snow, so as in most parts; to be in accessible. Sich being the case, as 
their latitude scarcely exceeds the 29th degree, and the time I observed them was nearly ass 
hot as any in the yiy.r, it is probable that the very lowest part of the mountains that was visible 
could not be less in height than 14,0110 feet, which is height at which snow is supposed to lay 
without melting in tropical climates. ... 

The curvature of the earth in a distance of one hundred miles, which is the least at which 
I observed them, gives nearly as many feet, for the depression of the lower parts, or bases, of 

'DUn. 67(506 1,5-5-04. a BSC. 16-5-05; Crawford's pro tract ions, MRIO. 30 (32, 91-9); 30 (99) 

Blum's intersect-in:; ru-vs to snow peaks from Niitkp'ir to llnhvmp u, Kn'. s±', and ahu from Patna and 
Mcms-hyr-Jihi id isQ.'iv.-.d''iittiirciuiri''T!.;;. 1,1. IJ. ..f XajibaFjiid. 3 aS I': II. > (Trade ,,f Lorraine ( I0U0-S4). 

Triflul, 23,360 ft. ; 110 m. 
due K, of i'Uitiart which is .j00, ft. nijove sea. Thorn (436-7 ). ; in severnl cic~.nr profile sketches. 



The Snowy Range 



87 



these mountains below the horizon. It fallows of course that, all which was visible above the 
horizon is addition to what 1'omnined below. 

The elevation (if two of the peaks as taken by the vertical are.h of tin; inurnment at several 
observations was 3" .V nearly, from which, however, must bo subtracted the refraction, but I 
had no means; of ascertaining the quantity (.if it at this time. ... If the refraction be taken from 
the common refraction table, viz. 4° 20", the aiyle of elevation will ho reduced to 2° 50' 40". 
If we take then a base of LOO mile-, the perpendicr-ilar w Inch is subtended by this angle will 
give about 4 miles in porpendieular height, but ii, is probable tbat the refraction maybe greater 
than what the table gives. To this mi jut be added o.tiO'' feet, ivinoh. sue; ■ r ..j i r i li the distance 
not to be greater i ban I have staled il a.t, u'ivos 1 mile* and 100 yards more. 

Two of these mountains will therefore be more tlian five miles in perpendicular height 
above the level of [he plain on which .1. stood, whieb ':m~r be consider;! biy elevated above the 

level of the sea. ... 

I must for the present, postpone any further remarks or eaJeulations until I can compare 
my observations with those of .Major Crawford, who observed the same mountains in Xepal, 
and with the observations which have 'neon ma.de of the Andes In South America, and of the 
Peak of Teneriftb, which last has boon hitherto thought to tie the highest land in the ancient 
hemisphere, and .! trust that J. shall then Ik? able to prove tbat the mountains; of Tibet are not 
only higher than any in the ancient hemisphere, but also in the known world. 

As I was observing the snowy mountains this morning, the villager-, of Kermeiue;; came out 
out to gaze at me, and looked at me a.nd my instrument with silent astonishment which I could 
plainly depict in some of their countenances. Tew of them had probably ever seen a European 
before, and the sight of mi' smd my instrument -ill at once seemed, to be too much For thorn 1 . 

The following month he got more observations from the Gogra river some 
miles above Bahranighat : 

Sept. lath. This morning I perceived through the haze of the horizon several of the 
snowy mountains, of which I immediately took the bearings. 'The principal mountain bore N". 
45£° E. and the others ooj", 55". and til", to which must be added the variation, ..east to give 
their true bearings. The more easterly peaks, which appeared to be connected in one range, 
1 take to be the same which I. observed from '.. ea'uekpoor a.nd Karmenie. 

Again a few miles above Fyzabad ; 

Sept. 27th. This morning 1 had another sight of the snowy mountains, and for greater 
accuracy took: tl ieir bearing;; age, in from ll ■.<:■ same spot 3 . 

He quotes without comment from a journal kept by Dr. Gilnian [79 ] ; 

March 2fith 1S02. Saw 2 Volcanic peaks in the H.ymaha .Range, from both which smoke 
evidently issued. ... 

29th. This morning had a gra.nil view of the lofty summits of fmii.us [pi. 2 |. and smoke 
was distinctly seen by the whole party, issuing from one of the peaks seen on the 26th 3 . 

The explanation of this phenomenon is the plume of fine snow driven by the strong 

winds off the summit of the peat. 

After Col ebrooko's death Webb had told the Surveyor General that he would 
mid among 

Lit. Colonel Ouit-broukts's papers Severn! Trigoiiouua.iical Gale illations for determining the 
height, of some remarkable points hi the Ilhnaieea K.auge, the Stations of observations having 
been satisfactorily ascertained by Mr. Burrows [32 ]. 

Tn a small red memorandum Book, of the Colonel's you will find one of my calculations 
for the height of a peak:, afterwards observed from I he village CLui'img, as fur as I know upon 
correct principles*. 

The heights calculated by Webb after his journey to BadrTniUli were affected by 
uu certainty of the height of his own position [76]. This consideration did not 
however affect- his observations from the plains during 1809-10, when he observed 
the position and height of Dha-uiSjnri 5 with "bearings from four stations, and 
altitudes from three", from which Henry Coiebrooke calculated a height "at 
the lowest computation" of 26,862 feet above the sea, a result confirmed within 
2$ feet by Blake [ 35 f. 

Coiebrooke pursued the subject with enthusiasm and. in an article On the Height 

1 Journal, DDn. 79, M 532. =DDn. 75. 'Jourrisil, Dim, 73, M 470, toivurds end of volume. JSmsll 
red book nor. new fennd : [J Dr.. S2 ,' 415 i 2;j_ 11 |R PL'PYi ; l u .-^ht . 2e.7i)e fl . ^<" ok- brook e I 43 )■ As S 
XII 1818 (266-72). 



il 



88 Himalaya Mountains 

of the Himalaya Mountains, 1 refers to his own early observations at Puraea [ 1, 77 ], 
and continues ; 

Not having had t ho moans of eoiopleLing the Lni|uii-y, ... I recommended it to the attention 
of the late Lieutenant Colonel Colebrooke, by whom it was prostxmted daring his survey of 
BoMlkhand, and it has boon further pursued to a satisfactory result by his assistant Lieutenant 
Webb, during his journey towards the sources of the Ganges, and finally during a survey of 
fche province of (Jorakhpur [34 ]. ■•■ 

The observations instituted and completed by Lieutenant Colonel C.'olebrooke, while in 
Rohilkhand, won: two ; one taken at, Piliblut. ... the other at Jet'hpur, where the olevation of 
the same peak, distant 90 English miles, was observed. ... The result shewed a height approach- 
ing to 22,000 feet above the level of the plains of Rohilkhaml [86]. ... 

Having boon furnished with further observations taken by .1 , i onto i; ant Webb, ... and having 
compared them, as well as those before made by him and the late Lieutenant Colonel Cole- 
brooke, as with Lieutenant Colonel Crawford's labours in pursuit of the same inquiry, I consider 
the evidence to be now sufficient to authorize an unreserved declaration of the opinion that 
the Himalaya is the loftiest range of Alpine mountains which has yet been notified, its most 
elevated peaks greatly exceeding the highest of the Andes. 

A writer in the Quarterly .Review dealt severely with Oolebrooke's article, which 
he called :l a most curious paper". He questioned the reliability of the evidence 
produced— Crawford's observations in Nepal depending on tri angulation breaking- 
out from a very short base— Robert Colebrooke's observations taken from points 
-whose mutual distances had not been directly measured — and Webb's stations 
largely dependent on astronomical fixings. 

On every consideration, therefore, we conceive we are borne out in concluding that the 
"height of the Himalya Mountains lias not yet been determined with sufficient accuracy to 
assert their superiority over the Corderillas of the Andes 2 . 

During ins survey of Kumaun later on, Webb set himself to extend his observa- 
tions and to convince the Quarterly Re-vim- of the truth of his earlier work, but hi 
the meantime interesting observations had been made by Hodgson, who writes 
from the Dun in February 1814 ; 

Since the 20th ultimo there has been much Rain, which on Hills of the 2nd Eange is deep 
Snow, and above I)era, Kikikois, &c, they still are clad in it. 33 y the Telescope I judge it to 
be 2 feet deep at least, but in the Drifts & Valleys much more ; so heavy a fall has not been 
known for mtuiv years. 

But on the Himma-lva the fall imi't have been excessive ; the weight, of the new Snow 
brought down the old, & loft the bare Rock exposed to my View thro' the Telescope. On a 
steep part the Snow had slid down, & left the vertical Thickness of the Layer on the Sornmit 
exposed to view ; by the Micrometer its 'Hut- knew; subtended an angle of 40", the alt. of the 
HighestMountainoftborangebem!;then2° 14' (froniKeni, 18 miles iSf.E. from Seliaranpoor ). 
The vast avalanches which roll down into the Valleys front those Summits suincioatly 
show that no passage over the Himmalya in the Direction of the Heads of the Great rivers 
Jumna & Ganges ever was, or will be, effected. ... 

If lean find a Tost on the 2nd liange to the N.W. of Dera, i'rom whence I can see both the 
Snowy Peaks & Hurdwar, with the 2 Latitudes, & (he Longitude of Ilturdimr &, the true Bear- 
ings, I shall get a good Base for the Distances & Heights of the Snowy Mountains ; I have 
taken their Distances A-, Altitudes from several points in the Survey at considerable Distances 
from each other ; some of the Altitudes differ 2 or 250 feet, from each other, which may be 
expected from the varying refraction, the uncertainty of an Instrument graduated only to 
Minutes, the clearness or otherwise of the Weather, & also one's own Errors in laying down 
such long distances as between Moradabad, Sookevial, Seh aranponr, & Ilurdwar respectively, 
when they are composed of such a Multitude of small parts as a Road Survey consists of ; 
however I think the average Height, of the highest Teaks is between 21 and 22,000 feet [86 ] s 
April 1814. ... Mounted to the Summit of Budrajh [ 83 ], the Jampuans carried us except 
in some very steep places. The ascent look us nearly 4 hours. We also got up by the Panaris 4 
a small tent. ... 

On the £ days, rain having fallen to (.ho Northward. .1 was gratified by the eight of the 
Himalya, extending from 358", i.e., N 2' West, to 98°. E & F are the 2 peaks of the Great 
Snowy Mountain of Jamnoutri 5 ; from its vast altitude & comparative proximity the view of 

seq). *Q>j. Ben. XYH (18). UVDii. 130 (161), 6-2-14. "hfllmeB, 



SEHABIINPOUB. FRONTIER 




) i. ■.!,,.. ■■■ 



n H,d gW 






At the time of his survey through the Dehra Dun. November 
1813 to April 1814, the Gurkhas occupied the whole country north 

of theSiwrtlik range, but allowed HVxiKson pasiiiijjc. through the Dim 
which enabled him to take observatiiuis to the i-noav peak!; fm:n 
Budraj hill [82-4, S8-9 ]. 



j/ A J&rft&oZ--, 






I 






The Skowy Range 



;, tiie further of them 
i" them it. reared its gigantic 
-, but- iippem-h:;; uf (iirIo.rs.Milj tints accord- 



it was very grand and j^iki-y. Eight or ton distinct ranges of n: 
tipped yet with snow, were between ns & the Jui 
iroric, every purl being resworn lent with the pure si 
ing to the Sim's position 1 . ' 

Mackenzie, who joined Hodgson on this trip, was most enthusiastic about his 
views of the peaks, and plans for closer exploration [84]; 

Having got up into the valley extending between tho O'urnna it Ganges behind the first 
ridge of hills, I then for the- first time had air opportunity of viewing .some part of the Great 
Snowy ilSi-lge, & you may snr.po.-jo the ;;igl:t was suliie.ie-itly inieir-siing to uie, & my wishes 
ivero naturally ijieilert towards a 'uri-iier knowledge of that eurioi is tract. 

I apprehend, from tho clear & distinct view of the ribs tfc cavities- of their sides, that tlie 
third ridge is not so very distant ii( supplied genet jHy from the 'Ir.M, ; consequently the space 
occupied by their prodigious !!>.cav*ial hollows, which separate the several ridges cannot he 
an very wide, as laid down in Arrowsmith's map ; yet, it, is likely that a very considerable bolt 
of wild & rough country exists between this part of India, A. Tartii.ry ; the wiidness of it may be 
conceived from tho little intereoursp. hol.wfiiiii the inhahirn.nts on eir.her side ; yet I am convinced 
that British Enterprise would surmount the difficulty if encouraged & supported by the im- 
mediate sanction of Government 2 . 

During the advance of General Marley's column from Oinapore towards the 
Nepal frontier [41-2], Hudson had occasional opportunities of observing the peaks, 
and he writes to Crawford in December 1814 ; 

The weather is very thick A- L have only hud aae fair sight of the snowy peaks, bat .1 
lecogni'sd several of your old acquaintance*, it long to be free from this duty with the troops, 
& at liberty to choose good positions for operations reelecting them & other matters of 
interest 3 , 

and, in fact, his main sentiment about the war was to "get the Goorklias driven 
back across the Gogra, & have a clear road, to the Snowy 3 fountains in future" 4 . 

He writes in his journal, February 1815 ; 

Tho country is; low ami there sin: no i.anl' lings of m oy Kind, so that a 
*ions cannot ho seen at more than 41 to .", miles, nor will it ever be po 
of the snowy Pen ks by Ti'igoi'ioiuoi.rieal operations in those low kinds, i: 
to have the ultimate tides ( serving as a. Base ! of 20 to 30 miles in lengl 
of mountains, and in this maimer we can of course form a number of }o 
to mountain, using their summits ;is stations, whence the distances of Snowy peaks will be 
exactly had, using the circular instrument, &- taking tho true meridians, fee., in the usual 
maimer, and wlrieh I hope Lu ho able (-..> d*.p, it lien we liave o:...-,-,e.vs^..r: -A' tin.' range ol' irioiui talus 
south of the Himalaya. 

At clear intervals, lie took bearings and sketches to the snowy peaks from his 
traverse stations in tho plains, one of them 

the Great Peak, J. believe Mount n.niingu, and letter of Col. Crawford. ... This is a very 
conspicuous elusi-er, and ■yx.poses «. great surface of snow to the tye, as the mountains to the 
south of it are low, and do not obstruct the view. ... The snowy Peaks were only visible threo 
days during February, except indistinctly on some few other days 5 . 

At the close of the campaign Hodgson was nominated for the survey of the 
western hills [S4], where he had ample opportunity for continuing ids observa- 
tions. The ready consent of Government to a regular survey of the mountains was 
doubtless stimulated by the views which the Governor General himself had gamed 
during his official travel- up-country. He writes of a view at dawn ; 

3th December [ 1814 ]. ZUoradabad. * The sight was truly grand. The- snow, illuminated 

by the beams, looked oNOui^tely brilliant. ... Yet at this moment. I. am speculating on the 
trade which may bo curried 001 beyond it should tho present «'av with the Gorichaa leave us in 
possession of Komaoon. ... The holding of Koma;:on would give 1.0 ns tuo exclusive purchase 
of tho shawl wool, to he paid for in cutlery, broadcloth, and grain 6 . 

Lord Moira was here- expressing the sentiments v. hi eh had governed Englishmen 
in India for the previous two hundred years, and which had been repeatedly im- 
pressed by the Court of Directors on their representatives in India. Commerce 
came first in all things [ I, 73-4 ]. 



ilag of portable di.mui,- 
isihlo to take distances 
s it would bo desirable 
h...on the second range 
g lino:-; from mountain. 



R 

■1 



SG., Eos* 



, 30-H'-] 



90 Himalaya Mountains 

Was rs the Hills, 1814-5 

The Nepal War was won by Ocliterlony's bold leadership and the gallantry of 
Ms troops through the Simla [litis and >Sir:mur [42-3], with Nicholl's capture of 
Kumaun as an effective side-show. The leadership of the main columns from 
G-orakhpur and Dinapore had been spiritless, and their hesitating advance had 
petered to nothing [41-2 ]. 

Gillespie's advance into the Dun [135 n.4]had been foiled al Kalanga [pi. 10] 
where he lost his life 1 , and Martindell, who took command of the column after Ka- 
langa had fallen and the Dun had been occupied, was hold up at- Nalian, capital of 
Sirmur. The newspaper report of the disaster at Ivalanga refers to ''the very defec- 
tive, topography of that district contained in our maps' 72 , but even if a copy of 
Hodgson's survey had reached Gillespie, it would surely no; have affected the issue. 

Since 1810 Oeht.erlony had been disturbed by the Gurkha penetration into the 
hills towards Simla "attacking and taking possession of one fort, after another 3 " 
[81—2]. He had sent an Indian agent "instructed in the use of the compass and 
surveying" into Sirmur 4 , and embodied his work in 

a map and report of the i.iiiiy districts between the Jumna and Edutlej. That both are very 
imperfect, .1 most sincerely regret. ... 

To confess that the- accompany in?; map is entirely constructed from Xative information 
iji. at once l.o disclaim till pretension lo geographical precision or accuracy but, in addition to 
the usual difficulty of iixin."; the position of places from the vague &■ ind-ci emanate assertions 
of men who have not the least knowledge of the compass, ... great embarrassment and per- 
plexity have been caused by I lie mountainous I'ico of the country, which rendered it imposs- 
ible to ascertain will any hope of eorrect..ness the real distance of any one place from another.. . 

Though it is anxiously hoped the map may lie of some use to give a general idea of these 
mountainous regions, it cannot be loo off en repeated that it must only be received as the best 
procurable, and not with any reliance- on its accuracy 5 . 

Commissioned in. 1814 with the task of clearing the hills, and with 110 better 
map than thai jnst described, Ocli teflon y : s force marched from Lndhianain October, 
captured Nalagarh 011 4th November, and advanced Btea&By through the hills, 
capturing one fortress after anot.In.er against stout resistance. 

On the capture of the fortress of Maloun...fche Goorka commander capitulated, on 15th 
May 1815, agreeing that, the Goorka nation should retire to the east of the Kali 6 , and resign 
to the British all the provinces from Kiimaon westward 7 . 

On 30th March 1815 an independent column under Xichotls had advanced from 
Moradabad and occupied Alniora on 9th April. An unfortunate disaster occurred 
to Hearsey's detachment of irregulars that, was, operating with this column, the 
detachment being surprised and routed, and llearsey himself wounded and captured. 
A convention was signed for tiie surrender of Kumaun on 27th April 8 . 

Both Hearsey and Rutherford had furnished useful sketches of routes into 
Garhwal and Kumaun [ 40 ], Hearse v writing from Burcllly in August 1814 ; 

I will... furnish you with a sketch of all tho passes into the mountains, from the river 
Sutlege to the Gogra with the country on this side, and places leading to, on the opposite side 
of tho mountain.-;. "I cannot promise 1 he v.liolc of the positions rjein:: exactly fixed 8 . 

Lawtie and Hutchinson, attached to Ocli terlony's column as engineers and 
surveyors, have left rough sketches and tie Id hooks 1 ", one of which shows the fort 
of Malaun before capture. Lawtie (li.st!ii«uished himself lime after time at the 
assaults of the hill forts, heforo his uiriirc.ely death from fever 11 . 

Blane, who had been wounded at Kalanga-, was detached from Marl indeiTs column 
in December, and deputed to survey ;; Jonnsar and the possessions of the Sirmoor Raj 
between the Tonse [83] & the Jumna" 12 . In July I8I0 he reported from Saharanpur 
the completion of this survey, including "the fords & Ghauts of the two rivers, 
with their courses for a considerable distance " 1:i . His survey was greatly facilitated 
by the close interest taken by the political officer, William Eraser, whose brother 
James 14 visited the sources of the Jumna and the Ganges during July [ 78 ]. 

131-10-14. *CG. 17-11-14. 'Ludhiana Bee. (107) 5-4-10. 4 B Pol C. 23-6-14 { 38-9 ). 
f-Lettcr dated 29-S-14 : B Pol C. 20 B-14(J9): L.idhhi-An Hf.c. { SBti j. * Still tho W. boundary of Nepal. 
'Prinsep, 1(174). *N eyelid Paper* { 570 }. 'ib. (47, f,l ), 24-S-14. "Ronjh sketch, MEIO. 10 (10); 
rdbks. ib. M. 3Sii, ->i0. "3-5-lfi. '-M-iSC. Zi-l-ir, . Xi.pmd Papers CM'2); Jaunsnr-Bawar new form 
Chakriit.-. Tshail. ■= IVDn. l:!i>. to SG.. 2-7-15. "ib. 3-4-15. 



CHAPTER VII 



SURVEY OF MYSORE, 1800-5 

Preparations, li'JU to Januui-'i 1.800 — First Sanson, February to October 1800 — 
Sonda, 1800-1 — Second Period, October 1800 to January 1802 - Third Period, 
January 1802 to October 1803 ~ Fourth Period, October 1803 to December 1805. 

i FTER the capture of Ser.i.ngapatam and the death of Tipu Sultan, 4th May 1799, 
_\ Mackenzie assisted the Mysore Commissioners by compiling maps of the fron- 
tiers from the meagre and unsatisfactory materials that were the best available 
[ I, 119 ]. On his return to Madras, much shaken in health, the Governor General 
appointed him, early in -September, to undertake 

a survey 00 an extensive swale of 'die ten- i.u ales kuel.y i-abject'id i-n the C- uupaiiy and to the 
Rajah of Mysoor ; such a survey is in the first place absolutely 1 i.eeossary to the accurate settle- 
ment of our frontier ; it will also lend to augment 'mr knowledge of Indian (_! eography, and to 
produce immediate and important benefits in establishing and conducting our government in 
the eonquerod. gjroi.-in.-es. For I propose that the att-. : .'iiri.>n .if the Sm.-veya- sumrjd Dot ho confined 
to mere military or Geugrapliiea! inthi'mauoo., hut that his enquiries should ho extended to a 
statistical account of the whole country, and that lie should be supplied with the best means 
in our power to assist him [2J. ... 

In order to assist ('api-ain Mae-ken-de in. his enquiries, I propose that Doctor H eyrie, the 
Company's Botanist on this 'Establish incut, and Mr. Mather, who lias lately given proofs of 
his accuracy in. the survey of the l-larai naha.l [ i, 114, 354 5, pi. o J, he attached to that officer 1 . 

The survey was l.o be carried out under the general control of the .Resieient in 
Mysore, Barry Close [49 11.12], who directed that "'a minute survey of the boundary 
of the Territory belonging to the Rajah of Mysore" should take first priority 3 . 

The survey of .southern boundary oasuvard from the Ga/.alhati Pass had already 
been allotted to 'Thomas Sydenham [ I, 104 ], but as bis health had broken down, 
Mackenzie asked Close that Warren might replace him ; 

Lieutenant Warren of 33rd Regiment, who is here now, & well known to Colonel Wellealey, 

is desirous of being employed in. the .Mysore Serve; . Tlio' my own opinion is that the work 
would he soonor completed by Severn! Surveyors working ill concert, ... yet I d.o not wish to 
propose this till I am favoured with your sentiments, as prubably the additional Expenee 
might not he approved of. But lie mi fill t he employed on the business which Mr. Sydenham 
wa.s to have executed 3 . 

Close supported this proposal, 

as the busnesa of mu;veyitijr is laborious and partlcitLa.'iV severe on the constitution, and as 
dispatch is desirable i« pert'eethiL" so treat an undertaking*. 

Hampered, by ill-health, Mackenzie spent several months at Madras making 
preparations and collecting instruments, equipment, and staff, and formulating a 
detailed programme. After consultation with Close he submitted on 5th January 
ISOO'axi elaborate Plan of the Mysore. Survey 5 . 

The Sunsey of Mi/sun: should einbrf.ee two great lending objects, Miiltiininticnl and Phys- 

The Mathematical .Part including a Ueosrraphici.l and (leomirtrical survey will comprehend : 

I. A Sui'iv.y oEihe Frontier and Exterior Boimd-a:-; en of J'/jsorc-accoi-dins? to the Treaty 

of Partition of June 1799. ... The aseertainjng with some precision the boundary and line of 

demarkation between the Bajab of Mysore, the Nizam, and. the Miahrattahs-, is necessary to he 

attendee! to early, in order to avert, or clear up, any difficulties... from the intermixture of 

■Minute by Lord JforningtoB : MilC. 4-0-1799 ; cf. Secretary's letter, DDn. S3 ( 3 ). »DEo, 68 

( l«l |, 21-11-1 7t«l. 3 DDn.41, i*-lI-]7S!!l. <I>Dii. C,A ( ]B0 ), 21-i l-!7ii0. 'M.M'f.'. 11-2-00: *eo also 
3M \iidl M^. t rm.m (227 ). 



92 



Sti-Evey of Mysore 



inferior Divisions, from parts of Talooks or Purgmmahs being sometimes insulated. ..from their 
ancient Cufliiis r 103 ]', ... 

The new Boundarv also, with our Provinces of Uokiiba'oor. with that of Malabar, our new 
possessions in Kanara,"tha Koorg Rajah, and our new Western Boundary' 1 , ... all require investi- 
gation srifl to be previous I. v fixed. ... 

2. A Series of Primary Stations to be obtained throughout Mysore in all its extent, for 
which the Country, from, its numerous Peaks and Hills, many of them remarkable for the 
buildings upon them, is peculiarly favorable, forming a series of Triangles connected by Bases 
to be carefully measured, ... and joining the Surveys already e-reciitcd in the .Malabar Province 
on the west [ I, 131-4 ] with that of the Baramabl on the East [1, 114 II, pi. II ], wilt form 
the ground of a work mntuallv illustrating, and < correct in g, the labours of the several surveyors 
employed afterwards on the several portions of the Country in detail ( see S), and from the com- 
binations of the whole with those on the Malabar and Goror.iaruhl Coasts, will be materially 
useful in extending the result not only to both Seas, but, by following the same plan to the 
Frontier North and South, will lay a foundation for obtaining a more correct system of the 
General Geogi'auhv of the Peninsula. ... 

3. On this!.. foundation the Country in detail is to be laid down. The Position of every 
Town, Fort, village, ascertained by correct bearings of the Primary or Secondary stations, 
a register of which should be preserved for reference and verification afterwards; beginning 
with the parts next our frontier, and proceeding in succession to embrace every individual 
plan, carefully remarking all the rivers and their courses, the roads, the Lakes, Tanks. Defiles, 
Mountains, and every remarkable object, feature, and property of the Country. 

In this manner, by laying down the smaller Districts or Pirnmnnahs and their respective 
boundaries in detail, tin- limits nfthe greater Divisions will naturally follow. ... Mysore Proper; 
... Svrah, ... Gaimbatore, now wholly belonging to the Company ; ... Ghisteldroog, Bednore'*, or 
■what is above the ghauts ; Canara. or rather that part of the ancient Country so called, and 
laying on the Sea Coast, with the Lower Part of Bednore and Soonda [I, 131 II, 96-7, pi. n]. 
Soonda, Harponally- 1 , Anagoondy, ... ceded to the Jlaharattabs or Nizam, or still occupied by 
our troops, may he eventually included. -■■ 

The Province* of Guimbutore and Ca-iutra", being wholly ceded to the Company, m*y 
perhaps not be understood to be included in the survey of the Rajah's Territories, but. ..they 
oudn undoubtedly to form part of the general system. 

4. The situation, Extent, figure, and contents of the Country in all its Divisions being 

thus obtained the position of the principal points ought at the same time to be corrected 

by Astronomical observations connected by a series of triangles. ... This branch might be 
executed by persons expressly employed for this purpose, acting in connection with the general 
survey, and duly communicating its progress; the corresponding observations being also 
regularly transmit- ted to the observatory at Madras. ... 

' a. But another important Branch, a Land or Agricultural survey would he equally desir- 
able. ... It would include the Divisions o£ the lands into Hills and mountains, plains and 
valleys, cultivated and waste, the species and quantity of each kind of cultivation ; the Revenues, 
allotments of Land, also the water works, canals, reservoirs, and a number of objects connected 
with these. ... But whether the time and labour required for its execution conld be spared 
from the immediate calls of the other deserves consideration. 

II. Physical,. This Branch includes all remarks, facts, and observations, that can be 
conducive to the improvement of Natural History { 113-5 ]■ — 

Particular' Branches. 1. Botany, Mineralogy, Jledieine. ... 

2. The "Diseases, medicines, remedies, etc. ... 

3. The air, climate, seasons, periodical rains [ ro5 ]. 

4. Soil, its produce, modes of Cultivation, water works, tenures of laud. ... 

5. The various descriptions and classes of Natiecs, their customs, languages, manners, etc. ... 

6. Animals, wild and tame. ... 

7. Ri've-n-ues and Population. ... 
Ma-ckeity.je- asked for Ihe omplo vment of 

at least four' survevors on the detail of the whole country, but as the expo.nce of such an Estab- 
lishment might at once be deemed too great, ... it might be sufficient to employ, for the first 
Bona™, the number of Assistants already appointed for this pur| lose ; I have however little 
doubt iii 1 I .-..I'luyint! several com potent surveyors at once would he ultimately found 

more „,,ii.,-t,;rt ■;■;/ fi'i.rl ec'iiii,:,: ical. ... 

' rWlcniartcr town »of the Carnatic. 'Mysore, 57 B/U : Sirs, 57 C/M : Chitaldroog. 57 B/S j 

Berliuir or NVjtar. 48 0/1 see pi. II. J Harpana!ially. 48 X/13. *Had been annexed by Raidar Ah 



Preparations 



!»:* 



In addition to the duties involved in that of the General Superinteudency of the whole, 
the particular survey of the Front!*;;-, perhaps of some Districts, and many details of arrange- 
ment, ... it is proposed that the Superintendent, dedicate as much of Ms time as possible to 
institute a scries of Enquiries into tho Statistical HUtury of tho Country [2, 107,111 ]'. .„ 

It is to obviate any doubt of the practicability of this plan. ..that I have delineated, at a 
length requiring some apology, the mode that I would propose for carrying on these survey*, 
by a succession of persons working in concert, ... as being less liable to interruption from the ' 
i_asualties so yft.en detriment, a! to Indian Surveys. 

In laying this before the Resident, Mackenzie recommended that the agricultural 
survey ''should be executed separately after the first part, or else we run a hazard 
by undertaking too much at once, of retarding and confusing the whole ", and indeed 
this part was never carried out [ 184 ]. 
He continues ; 

I propose to send Mr. Mather up to measure a Base in some convenient place tins side of 
Bangalore, which will serve to connect Lin; angles and stations he will ho directed to establish 
in tho Ballaghairt' with those already taken in Barraniahl, and, after extending those so as to 
embrace the chain of hilly country dividing Seringapa.tam from Bangalore, and fixing a Series 
of Primary points hi that, tract, from tlie Cavory North to the parallel of IVundydroog 3 , ... a 
country well adapted for these operations by its remarkable points and Peaks, he will next 
proceed to survey that Portion, of tho country in detail, ... so that we may expect in one Season, 
if not interrupted by unforeseen accidents, to have this completed by him alone ; after which 
the tract extending thence West- to the Oha.at.s may bo undertaken. ... 

I propose... my self... examining tho Northern parts...circuitously round to tho Bednore. 
side, as soon as my state of health and the approach of tho dry season will permit. I am more 
desirous of going myself into this part of it, as it connects with the Surveys I have seen carrying 
on in the Nizam's Country, and the mutual boundaries of both will requiro early illustration 
hi these parts ; my anxiety would have induced me to enter on it immediately, did not tile 
earnest advice of the Medical gentlemen and common prudence weigh with me to postpone 
the attempt for some time longer, for tho' my health is considerably recovered, and my com- 
plaint removed, a relapse would be not only dangerous but entirely overthrow tho Plan of this 
Survey, so far as my slender tho' earnest exertions .might bo hereafter required 3 . 
A month later ; 

I have waited some days to acquaint you of my sending off Mr. Mather, the Board hawing 
approved of the Establishment proposed for him and Mr. Heyne and, the several Indents for 
Instruments, Camp Kquipaye, ;md Lascars, being now oounteraigned, I hope in a very few 
days to acquaint yon. of his proceeding towards Mysore. ... 

I am fully occupied here in a manner that I hope will conduce to the accuracy of the Survey 
and will enablo me to enter upon it, better prepared, so that tho Nor them frontier, and perhaps 
the Circuit of tlie whole, may bo taken by myself in less time, by being previously informed of 
the districts thro' which it will run, and this will be more necessary aa it may be liable to altera- 
tions before .it forms a -p^rnuiiii-iit Boundary. ... 

Neither tho state of my health nor the season could admit of my proceeding earlier, and 
all tlie Arrangements of people, Equipage, and Instruments, winch always take too much time 
here, will be in the meantime effected, besides much done- in digesting a body of Preliminary 
30 extensive a subject 4 . 

irse all preparations were completed ; Mackenzie, with Mather and 
eeyors ; Dr. Heyne, in charge of botany, mineralogy, and natural 
history ; several boys from the Observatory Surveying School \ ^43 1 ; lascars, arti- 
ficers, and all necessary equipment and instruments ; the first completely organized 
survey expedition to take: the field In India. 

Mather and Warren, forming Ihofirst, uontinL'enl.. loft Madras early in February 
1800. J 



Information 

In due 

Warren as 



Fikst Season, January to October 1800 

"On 25th January 1300", writes Mackenzie, 
the General Plan of the Objects and method proposed for executing this survey v 

■The Mysore Plateau [ I, 244 ]. ^57 G/ll. 'KDn. 41, 9-11-1799. *ib., 5-12-1799. 



94 Survey of Mysoke 

-to Government and approved of, as were the measures previously proposed foe employing two 
Assistants, Messrs. Warren and HTi.it hoc, who were instructed m January l<il)!j to commence 
the Survey in Districts nearly adjacent to each other, to the Barramahl already surveyed, and 
to the Eastern Frontier 1 . ... 

It was the 10th of March before I could leave the Presidency i;i a state to undertake the 
survey originally owing to had health, but latterly to the necessity of making preparatory 
arrangements. Immediatelv before I left Madras, receiving iuti. nation 2 recommendmg the 
survey of the boimdaiipfl of thoSoonda. & of the P.aiah of Mysore's territories; with the Mharat- 
tas, as a primary object, I determined to proceed directly through Mysore towards the North 
West point., there to becdn with the exterior frontier. 

On the way I visited Serin irupatn.m from lianprdore during Apr-. I to arriiiiL'e various details, 
and eventually left I. ian galore on May 8tlr\ reaching Chittleuroog on Mn.y 21st 4 . 

To help in Ms general survey. Mackenzie secured the neip of James Colebrooke, 
commanding the Corps of Guides at Seringapatam, and he writes to Wellesley 
iust before leaving Madras ; 

I some time ago received by the Post a Copy of Captain Colebrooko's Plan of the marches 
of the Army \ 122 ]. ... I should .long since have returned you my acknowledgements for this 
additional proof of your remembrance, had I not. thought you would be better pleased at the 
same time to know of my being on the point of commencing my Journey. Tomorrow .my 
Tents will be off, and I follow next day. ... 

I suppose it will be necessary to have areepeotaMo Qaard in this situation, and I presume 
the Resident will take every measure for procuring me the assistance the country and its 
managers can best afford ; but I beg to suggest to you the expediency of givmy some mtiraation 
to the Commandants of the military Pests to give me every assistance. ... 

Captain Colebrooke to send some of his guides with me ; ... I hope your 
a will be granted for his detaching any two he chuses, to meet we at Bangalore or 
reighbourhood 5 . 
To Colebrooke he wrote ; 

What I propose is tlii.it the confidential person yen sent!., wish as many guides with mm 
as you can conveniently spare { suppose two ). should keep a field book, for your use, of the 
roads they travel along with me, or near me. ... You will by this means have the results of 
their Journey added to your stock of information, and I shall derive immediate assistance 
from their talents*. 

This general survey of the roads was extended by .Mather and Warren, and 
copies supplied to the Quartermaster General'' [103, 104]. Tn his first report to the 
Governor, Mackenzie writes ; 

The Survey of the Boads, Passes, & Objects interesting in a Military & Geographical light, 
I began from Conjeveram 8 . I do not now accompany these with Tallies of the distances ; ... 
they will-follow.. .with a General map of the Roads. It were to he wished that the Survey* 
of the Koads effected for some years back with our armies were arranged on this, or some 
other, uniform method, which would make them more useful for reference on the march, & for 
encampments. ... 

Though the partial Stirvevs of Portresses, or Posts, was mo I part of my original Plan, as 1 
apprehended it might interfere too much with the proper objects of this undertaking, I ventured 
to depart from this rule in a few instsnees 9 . 

Wellesley was at this time commanding a large force on the north-west borders 
bunting down a Maratlia, freebooter named Dlioondia and, writes Close ; 

■ Anwutty 10 and the Southern parts of Soonda have been lately disturbed by Robbers who 
possibly belong to Dhoondiah, and this Free-booter, by the latest Accounts, lay with a 
considerable number of Followers on the Northern limits of the ^avenore Provmce. At pre- 
sent we have a large Detachment at Hurrymir, and we shall soon have a Battalion at 

I would recommend therefore that you carry forward your Survey to Hurryhur, and 
proceed as circumstances may permit. ... The propriety or otherwise of your crossing the 
Toombuddra 19 ...muatbo determined by the State of the Frontier at the moment, and the Escort 
wMoh the Hon"b!e Colonel Wellesley may be enabled to furnish you with. 

iDDn 42 Vtew(S). s From GG-in C. to Mad. ; MMC. 4-3-00 & DDn. SS ( 34 ). 4-2-00. *MBj3. 
-.--,, ■->■>■> Riir-if ■■■■'-..!■ ■;■■■■ i '■■■:>"■■ '■■■■ '■<'. <■■■■'■■ !>v,T:-.n:s'R !!■■;. -Ut]I i- ii.i-y. \m>. "DDn. 41, 11-10-00; 

Sort to Co ' 1P 

Sort (14-5 ) UDu tl ll-lilmt. "' V.wv.lb.tSS/i. -« a v,,,nr.-l*X::,^ !l rih.r,4SN/14 ; Hoiin a li, 
48 N/12; see rd. 11. "TongaWaa&i R-, 4SN, 57 A,B. 



First Season 



ifteS 



a Xorth Western Frontier under a regular Government, 

!■■ of Bound ary should be la,d down in the presence of 
,- the two GoviiHiiiiiiui.s respectively, lmt at the present 
isturbed. Appall Sahib, the: Maratta Chief, to whom it 



seems to belong, cannot, give it protection or reduce it- to any fixed Koi'in of Government. ... 
Under such circumstances J. conceive it may be most- advisable to lay clown the Boundary as 
it may" be ascertained from the Beporis of the Iieven-ue Servant*, and an examination of the 
Territory accounts 1 . 

Mackenzie replied from Harihar 2 ; 

I was advised by the ITon'ble Colonel lYeilesley of some parties ljI" tianditti having entered 
the Soonda Country ; who cautioned me against proceeding into that district, as a sufficient 
escort could not in these circumstances bo afforded, f therefore awaited his arrival to accom- 
pany him to this place, but my illness in the meantime intervenud. to conversation I then 
had' with him, he was decidedly of opinion that the Survey of Soonda could not at this time, 
with any regard to prudence,, lie attempted. & the nature of that Country at this advanced 
season rendered it still further improper to im/nrd the health oi' the whole party 3 . 

During July he surveyed t.he boundary along the 'l.'imga.ljhadra between Honnali 
and Harihar, reporting to Wellesley ; 

The Bains setting in very severely, I found it necessary to lay aside that design [ the 
survey of Sonda | for this season, as it would, be dangerous to health to go among the Jungles 
& Mils in this wet weather. The river was much swelled &■ rapid for 3 days, &■ [ I ] took the 
first favorable interval to recross it. I am now tracing another route back to Hurryhurr, 
wlierfi I propose carrying on the Survey of tin; frontier till that of the Ifharattas £ Nizam's 
meet. ... By the accounts of all the Amuklars. the eouulry was perfectly quiet from Anawooty 
Southward. ... 

I propose to send in to Government alieport or View of the Progress already made when 
I have done with the Yl'ba.rntfa Boundary and, as I have much writing to copy off in tripli- 
cate....! have most earnestly to request tlie favor of your Ini.eL'cessioLi with Uulonel lEontresor 4 
to permit me to retain the man I have got from the 77th Begt. s , at least till I. effect this. It 
i? of some import to the speedier Pi'oja'es* i-.i he.ve t.h esc reports made up soon, as my Enquiries 
into the State and History of the Country increase every day, along with the other objects 
of the Survey". 

He writes to Close from Harihar; 

I returned hen- yesterday after surveying the Boundary of the Rajah's Districts with 
those of the Mharattas...as far up as Honelly. The Toombodra, which in fact forms the 
Boundary so far, having risen very high & overflown the numerous ravines r unnin g from it, 
rendered tlie purvey very tedious, as I laid dtnvn eveiy village &o. on cither bank, & paid a 
minute attention to the rivers 7 . 

Whilst held up at Harihar by the rains, Mackenzie measured a base-line ; 

This situatioiibemg also favourable to establish some foundation for correcting this survey, 
...I availed myself of the nature of the ground, the favourable weather-, and the well defined 
points { many surmounted by buildings ), to have a convenient base measured with some 
accuracy, extending 4.40(1 yard.-, and permanently mae';od by stones firmly inserted at each 
extremity [ 105, 204 ]. 

In this work, which is so necessary (o all Surveys, ... 1 derived, considerable assistance 
from tlie Industry and Assiduity of Knsi.gii Arthur, who joined me at Bangalore on 27th April, 
,t has ever since ossisted, along with me or detached, on the more active duties of the Geogra- 
phical Survey, and in taki'iir < !>-=>a\ ation.s to ascertain the correct- positions' of the different 

I had early commenced an Enquiry into the Bx tents. Limits, Subdivisions, Population, 
aiid Productions, of tlie several Purgirnnas we passed through 3 . 

He halted at Harihar till October, when he sent Government a foil account 
of the work up to date, including that of Mather and Warren to the south- 
east : 

I had it in view by this Survey to obtain a detailed knowledge of Ihese tracts, usefnll to 
an exact- adjustment 'if Frontier with Mysore on that side ; for though these districts had been 
repeatedly traversed by our Armies <Sr were always the first scenes of our operations in Mysore, 
the ini.ei.TOi I Divisions & Boundaries had not been noticed. ... 

n - DD11. 6S ( -'HI ), 27-O-00. 2 Well- 1; 11 own to air-surve-vnvs of 1944. a DD11. 41, 1-7-00. 'Sir Thos. 

Case u-.i5tr<--*i>rMT7-i- 1 *.">:■;)■ Ku<. i .-*? ii r<".t. lWh Mi.iiKds. Poena Sn-W- Force, 1809^-13; Sen. 1841. 
'tSvateHaslum of E. Midtllesss Etegt. ' IM.M. -tl, *>■ 7(«). fib., 1-S-00. sib., M-lO-oO. 



96 Survey or Mysore 

Mr. Mather's health being unfortunately injured by his former labours of this kind. Slough 
he had proceeded up in Januarv, it was far advanced in tin- season before he could begin : he, 
however, by his Industry & experience was enabled by the 7th of August to send me Plans of 
the Districts of Ossoor, Bangalore, Ankusgery. & Sologery. being a Survey comprehending 
every village &■ the Boundaries within a space of nearly 4 90 square miles 1 . 

Lt. Warren also entering on the tract committed to him early in February commenced 
his Survey by measuring a base of considerable length mi a regular systematical Plan, and by 
the last Report from him had, after completing Jt and establishing his Stations, very nearly 
completed a Survey of the Pnrguima of Ooscotta-. 

In acknowledging this report and .sanctioning bis various requests, government 
desired Mackenzie to 

issue such orders relative to the details of the Survey, as you shall think calculated to extend 
the sphere of information, and to combine the whole subject in a comprehensive and distinct! 



Sohda* 1800-1 

When in July 1800 Mackenzie had found himself prevented by the campaign 
against "Dhoondiah Waugli" from surveying the frontier between Sonda aiid 
the Maratha district of Savariur\ lie obtained permission for the survey to be taken 
up from the other side by Johnson of the Bombay Engineers, then stationed at Go* 
[ 156 ], and wrote to him from Harihar [ 95 ] ; 

The Survey of the Frontiers with the Mharattas was particularly recommended by the 
Supreme Government to be first attended to ; in compliance with this I came here ; ... bub 
as...yOur situation particularly qualifies you for more conveniently executing the detailed 
Stir^ey of the Province of Soonda, Upper and Lower, ... I think it would be a proper object 
for you to attempt, as welt as the Portuguese Territory, as soon as your health and the weather 
would permit. ... 

I always supposed the whole of Lower Canara was to be executed by the I lombay Surveyors, 
and understood Captain Moncrleffe bad been employed on the Northern Part [ I. 132 J. Let 
me know how Jar his limits extended. 

I know Major Munro [ 1 =;S ] wishes to have a detailed survey of Soenda executed in the 
same maimer the Raraniahl was [ .1. i. )4 j. with all its interior Divisions, Boundaries, Villages, 
Tanks, & the quantity of land, waste and cultivated ; you should therefore consult him, and 1 
by the time I have Colonel Close's reply you may be able to make your application. ... 

You will observe that the Survey of the Frontier is not merely a military one of the 
roads, but takes in the actual Boundaries. Land Marks, and Divisions of the Countries on 
both sides, and perhaps it may be therefore desirable to have it continued on the same Plan 
by one person ; but as I have sufficient work afterwards to occupy my own, and my assis- 
tant's, attention in Mysore, my private opinion is that a Surveyor would be usefully 
employed to execute the whole of Canara. Sooud.v. and the Goa territory ( while we have 
tho latter in our power] 6 . 

By November Johnson was placed under Mackenzie's orders 7 , and given the 
following detailed instructions: 

You will aa soon as possible proceed to Survey- the District of Soonda. above the tlhaats. 
As the Frontier with the Mliarattas...is considered one of the first objects to be attended to, 
I hope you will be able to commence with it in the first place, from where it connects with the 
Portuguese territory of Goa, or the Lower part of Soonda, till it. touches tUi- Bertnore District* 
near Anawooty. The parts of Soonda below the Chants may become an object of the Survey 
afterwards. ... 

After laying down the Exterior Boundary*, you can next proceed to that of the Interior, 
in the course of which you will have opportunities of inserting the several Cusbas, Forts, 
Villages, the Roads and Rivers with their courses, the Ridges of Hills, and every object interest- 
ing on a Geographical or Military light. To forward which you should previously get a List 
of~fciw Villages in each District from their respective Amuldars. ... 

iHositt 37fl:'l4:Aiikisgiri Uciic. Sulagin. 57 Li';Map,MEIO. 134 ( 1). one-incli scale. 'Ho^rfe, 

>7 O.'lfi- 1-inch urn;, UKIO. I-IT ( Its'). M^k™™, K^nr! ( ID-Sl 1. f>l>». U. il-H'-ftti; BfC. 26-7-04. 
■ .,■ ,,l. 11.' .sV.h./o. !w.> X. Kiomm; huy f:«~. N.Mlt(3i). s p>- H. Sanoot. 
'--V Sliiinogn Dist. 48 SjSW. 



It is not ray intention to outer into the detail of tho manner in which tin:. Survey should be 
executed, such a.s in (wish ring i-r fundamental Hiia:. rating nhservi-i.f i(.n= for the Latitude nnrl 
the Azimuth, selecting Primary Stations, etc., as your own experience in this line will point 
out the measures best rtdtviyl o I for executing it. ... 

The Scale used for our Provincial Maps; is that of one mile to a:> Inch, which adopted in 
you will render the connexion more convenient. J.t will be usefnll also to fix and notice such, 
points and pUi.ee:- within ■.■ho \1 liei-.i'VL borderiog Districts as em; "he eouveniontly done, and 
without retarding the Primary object-, the Survey of she Frontiers 1 - 

Unfortunately, after only about a month's work, Johnson was called away 
for engineer duties, and the survey of Sonda was left for a more favourable 
opportunity [ 158 ]. 



Second Peeiod. October 1800 to January 1802 

Starting out from Harihar on 12th October 1800. Mackenzie continued triangu- 
Jation and survey eastwards towards the mouiittimous. tract of SaiKhvr 2 , following 

the Outward Boundary of the Mysore Dominions with that- of the \i/ain. Taking t-horiiwit.li 
an Actual Survey (if the Districts eovitieuetis-to that lino. Tu favor dispatch, a- communication 
was opened with the Managers of the Xiiarn's fourth ejiti Districts, winch soon after became 
unnecessary by thoir Cere-ion [ I. 119 n.3, 152 ]. ... 

The I-ToH hern Survey waf of itself sulTi< aeoi.ly ci.joal to our ulimii,! olToils c.i. Mi is partic-idar 
period, when. ..the Country under Survey h;nl been. but. recently reduced, & had nearly then 
been the scene of new commotions, bat for the Ac. Live Movements of roe Army ; beyond the 
neighbouring River [ Tungabhadra j its nature wild .-v. Mountainous k little known; & the 
season of the year adverse to Out' operations. ... 

As our Party v.ns yet efficient. J. had sanguine hopes by the conclusion of the .Rainy Reason. 
to have Surveyed round Iho Xorthern l : j_\t,reniily of Mysore, wiieiaie iis Extension to the South- 
ward was esteemed less liable to obstructions. ... This opinion i.s sanctioned by the completion 
of 50 Purgnnnahs surveyed, i:n addition to the most materiel pari of die lloiuidary. ... 

The Party on the Northern Survey consisted only of one Assistant ( Ensign Arthur of 
Engineers ), one young man from the Surveying School [ Juir.es .Boss ], and an Establishment 
which. ..was but barely equal. ..to the incessant demands... in. a wild Country at 400 miles 
generally from the Presidency, <&■ with few- resources Inn, what, wo had with us. ... 

The irregularity of the lino of Boundary separating I larpoueliy [pi. It ] from. ..the most 
northerly of the Raiales Districts... oblige:: use 1:0 spread the i'sety repeatedly 1.0 effect the 
Survey sooner, reserving to myself, with most, of the Outward Frontier, the Investigations 
of i he Country 3 . 

The Boundary, turning Xorih. ... enters among a wild country composed of several ridges 
of Mountains. 1" was thus for cod to grope my way in this wilderness composed of the wildest 
combination of naked rocks & rugged hills ( separated by unprofitable Jungles ), whose aspects 
were constantly varying, or their view intercepted by new points & peaks, presented so 
fretjuently & so differently in their appearance, that repeated jooreeys were necessary to 
select & defino Points that, after much labour on try a!, wore sometime^ necessarily changed for 
move convenient stations 4 . ... 

All these parts are separated ami divided in such an irregular maimer by this uncommon 
- ridge ( in the bosom of winch is Sundoor... ) as to rentier it much more troublesome and tedious 
than I could, have .foreseen : but this A iU-d dined state of the .Boundaries t'etideced it. ..more 
necessary, while we were in the vicinity, to bestow some attention to it for once 5 . ... 

By the Beginning of December every object of the Survey was completed from Honetly 
to the furthest Extremity of Mysore ISforth, excepting Goodie cut a, & after carrying on 
the Series of Angles to... the Fort of .Retrial'' beyond the Bounds'.!''. ...Mr. .Arthur parted, to 
carry on the Survey of the remaining part of the Boundary between Cloodieotta &■ Har- 
ponelly'. 

The whole party was now overwhelmed by sickness ; 

Oil oar sopor, it- ion at Hoiiu.l [ December 13th ], a. Cureoi'y Survey w; carried, by roc thro* 
the valley bordering on the Soon.door mountains on the N.B. to the Tooinbodra at Camlapore 8 , 
... when...tb.e increase of the Sick... frustrated every attempi, for a time. ... I. was not myself 

iDDn. 66, 16-11-00. a 57 A/12. 'Report to Govt. DD11. 42, 12-7-03 ( 3-0 }. *Dl)ii. 42, Memoir 
of Survey I la ). ^DDn. 41, 24-1'J-OU. '• Hirshalli, 57 B/Hi. ■ Bllii. li'. Memeir I 22 ). yK;uu:Uine;r:im, 
57 A/7. 



Survey of Mysore 

I from the general malady, tho' seldom, in a degree that prevented the necessary 
uuuu to my duties & the state of the Sink. 

Kemoval from an unwholesome air was at tins time judged expedient- ; Imt, reflecting tnat 
19 general throughout, ihe Upper Country from Soouda, to Memisapatam had already 
d the Survey in other Quarters, & tin; darker ensuing to the Work i f relinquished m this 
Stage, I was deterred from proceeding 1o the Coast, th ,' earnestly reenm. ended by different 
Medical Gentlemen ; (he time requisite tor snoh an Extensive Journey. & tor collecting a New 
Party (the unavoidable consequence of tho native visum- their families under this dis- 
couragement J would have temporarily suspended, & m .ill probability prevented, couplet,™ 
altogether ; while by remaining to ene-ourage them & hy removing 
there was a probability 

with mere effect. _ 

In this State the total want of Medical aid added much to our distress [ 360 J,_& 1 
repciiodly obliged to apply to Chitteldroog & ' 



b healthy situations 
1 o.f resuming tiie c=] :-=.-i - .."= 



,t debility 



Ceded Districts for Medicine ; 
^elievedlvom this embarrassment until, by the humane sollicitude of General 
Campbell ctlsWly applied of our situation, a Surgeon, Mediciuo, & Conveyance, were sent 
from Gooty* for the relief of the Sick, which enabled us to carry them to Rydroog 11 in the 
beginning of February*. 

Mackenzie -mites to Lambton in January ; 

I was labouring hard when we were entirely derailed, first;, by the illness of Mr. Arthur, 
and then of 17 of my party in one day ; of late however the worst is over, only that his weak- 
ness will deprive me of Sir. Arthur's aid for some weeks 5 , 
and to General Campbell, cfinims.ni cling troops m Ceded Districts ; 
I hope soon to terminate this troublesome job, tho' I labor under grea 
10 months incessant labour after the shock my constitution had last year, and 1 now have this 
general weakness in consequence. ' ' .■.«—"-! , ™. t . , 

On reaching Rydroog I Iwo next to Survey the irregular Boundary oi the E. side of Chittel- 
droog, ... Sera, and then from near Kuttiugherry turn F.. towards ffludoopomm 6 , and the S. 
Bouiiclu'v of Mundidroog. >.nd pe?liaps closing at Amboor, where I. began in March last year. 
I expected at one time to have completed this ( about 300 miles of boundary ), besides the 
Investigations of the Countrv, before the end of March, tho' 1. am now doubtful, alone and 
unsupported , if I can do it in that time ; the construction of the Maps and Details of the Country 
are next to follow, so that I have a very audacious task to perform 7 . 

Arthur went down to the Coast in February, and after working eastwards to "a 
labarinth of rocky Mountains" near "Nidignll and Mudgery" [pi. 11], Mackenzie 
"brought Mp triangles back to Clmaklroog by the middle ol May ; 

After a stay of 33 days at Chit re Id root;, which was barely sufficient for the repairs of a 
decayed Field Kqtiipago, 'replacing the Cattle, & various necessary srticies wanting after a 
journey of 15 months ; some respite of rest to our harrassed Party, &. the relief of the Guard, 
exclusive of the time required for the Investigations of that Country, its Divisions, Bound- 
aries etc I proceeded (June 28th )...to the Westws.nl, having previously removed to 
Serah, as the next central point of operations, the Stores and Necessaries not immediately 

m The" greatest Part of the Province...of Chitteldroog, comprising... 3, S50 Square Miles, being 
surveyed hy menus of the Triangles now established, the further extension of these to the W. 
and SW. became necessary for closing the whole ; to effect this a Journey to the Westward- 
became necessary, 'flie approach of the Rainy Season hastened our departure, as the severer 
falls of rain mi^ht effect 1 m!lv preclude any attempt for several months if not taken at this tune, 
while the Easts™ aide, being supposed less obnoxious to that inconvenience, could be taken 
with more safety thro' till seasons generally. f 

From fbc 2St.li June to 30th July a Scries of Trisnigles were extended, connecting the former 
stations of Chitteldroog, ...running to the Southern Extremity of tho Chitteldroog District. 
In consequence of the Foggy, Cloudy, Weather incidenlal to this Season, that ( enveloping 
the higher summits of the Mountains in Vapors seldom dispelled till late in the day, & 
then only partially ) obstructed distant Views of the most eligible Points. ... I did not... 
attempt to tako more than were requisite for a detailed Survey of the Western Part of the 
Country & Boundary, in a maimer admitting of correction afterwards... in more serene 



iDucaUl Campbell I I742-1S0'!). Mad. L'av 
B/14 'DIJii. 42. 12-7-0:i [ 10 1 ). =DIta. 66, 
66. B DDu. 42, 12-7-03 (24). 



Second Period 



■ •"The rain becorniug still heavier, i, sickness again appearing anions our pjtrty, I proceeded 
Easfrwards...to Heroer [ July 29tli ], situated in a more open Country ,fc Salubrious Air, between 
Scrub. & Chitt-ekkoo;;, when! wo arrived mi :'ji.)t»i June. ... 

While the Quarters of the Party remained Stationary at Iferoor for 2!) days to promote 
the recovery of the Sick, & to bring up the Drawings & other combinations of the Survey, 
which by the late rapid execution of the Field Work devolving upon One person singly had 
considerably accumulated on my hands, repeated excursions were made in different directions 
...to Survey the remaining parts of the Provincial limits of Ckittc-ldroog. Connecting Stations 
were, established on. ..the first, of the Points iixed in Major Lambton's Survey that ws fell in 
with | 117-S] 1 . 

Being joined at Hiriynr by Hey no and Arthur, Mackenzie 
proceeded East ward... to carry the Triangles... to the banks of the Pennar, whither Mr. Mather 
was to carry his Survey to a common point of Junction, but this design was a^ain interrupted 
by the serious illness of Mr. Arthur. After extending the Stations.. .to Mudgerry...I went 
into Sarah on the 8th September to arrange measures for effectually Hosing the remaining 

The approach of the N.E. Monsoon... spread in;,' generally to this part of the Country left 
me no. time to lose, &, as the care of t tie Sick had already retarded more active exertions, the 
Assistants & some of the followers in a state of Convalescence undor the care of the Surgeon 
were left at Serai 1, while 1 proceeded with a party barely sufficient for the ueoessary operations, 
and w reduced Field Equipage. ... '■■'■ > 

Between the -J*h of So] itomber & the 7th Octoher the Boundary... was surveyed round 
Mudgesy ; thence E. <fc S.'fi. to its termination. ..on the Pennar, where Mr. Mather, after survey- 
ing n. great part of Greater Ballapore, mot me. ... Tart of the line carried by me at this time 
thro' a tract extremely Mountainous <fc Jungly, tho' only about 25 miles in a direct distanced 
was 71 in the meiisurement of the I Sounds.) ry : on the whole of this Journey I travelled 15S miles 
before I reached Pennacondii on the 11th October, to proceed to survey the District of 
Pauglmr [pi. 11]. ... 

The Survey- of the Paughm District & part of Nidicull was then begun ; ... — frequent rains 
—We were fortunate however to close that laborious; purt 1*0 unci tho Moimlnins to the I'eiuiar 
a mi in... by the Stli of November. ... 

After a detention of 3 days at Paughur by illness. T was barely able. ..to close on some small 
insulated Tracts.. .belonging to these districts, ... utter surveying on this Journey 241 miles & 
40 yards from .lOth September to Kith November 2 . ... After this harrassing Journey of 48 
days in the rainy Season, in constant movement with few halting days, ...we roturned into 
Serah ( November 16th 1801 ) without any Sick ( ray own case excepted ). ... 

Tho' we had escaped from any ill consequence a.t this time, the I s art j'... naturally looked 
forward to some relief from a severe duty, that,,,, gave them some claim to that respite, which 
might have been equally beneficial in the reduced State of my own health. ... But in this State 1 
of the Survey. ..it was due in justice to our Employers, and I may add to our credit, that it 
should be closed with all tho a.ccuraoy then possible to give, to join the Extreme Stations 
of the Northern & Southern Surveys, to vorify both Bases by a re -measurement at 
Ballapore 3 , & to fix tho Principal Points of connection on the Western & Eastern Lines of 
Priinyry Stations, winch the heavy weather of July had provontosl ; ... for which two different 
and distant journeys were necessary, tho' at the hazard of further personal exertion & risk of 
health. 

Mr. Arthur's health being still precarious, and not equal to the more exposed duties of the 
Field, he was directed, ... to close the connection with the Base at Baliapore, while I proceeded 
by Chitteldroog...*. thence extended the Stations to adjust that side of the Series, ... & I 
1 .-! ■..!(' ceded theneo to Sermgapalani ( December 3rd ) 4 . ... 

From the 3rd to the 15th December, by travelling' last ( but, i.uider repeated returns of the 
Ague ), I was enabled to take the Stations that were wanting to complete the Series. ... The 
Serenity of the weather & clear unclouded Sky at this Season enabled me to obtain from the 
Summit of Cottacull a view of Nidicull so much wanted, and which alone rendered the 
Journey necessary. ... I proceeded to Seri ngapatam & then to Ballapore, where on on the 5th 
January Messrs. .Arthur &■ Mather had complete!:! the re -measurement of the Base beforo my. 

The following are Mackenzie'^ instructions to Arthur for the remeasurcment of 
Mather's base at Ballapore [ 205-6 ] ; 

1 DDn. 42; Memoir ( -20-34 }, 25-S-03. ! ib. (36-41). = Dixl-BiillSpur, 57 G/U. <DDa. 42, 



too 



Survey of Mysore 



- 



lit ofj so as to enable the 
f this Survey, I propose 
t with the Northern anil 
... after which I p 



Wishing to close the Work. ..with (.ho greatest accuracy it can adn 
continuation of it to be readily taken up from the Extreme points c 
taking a circuitous journey of a few days to connect tho Western par 
Eastern points, which are separated by the Western ridge of hills, 
!-oin-j; to Herii)Si".pntfini on business. 

As I am desirous in the meantime to connect the farthest points of our Survey here with 
that carried on from the South by the other Survey, and that the re -ma inurement of Mr. 
Mather's base...will be useful, not only for a verification of the Triangles carried on from 
Hurryhur, but for connecting the whole of this work, and also serving an a base to extend the 
Surveys then to the westward ; and tho' your lately recovered state of health docs not appear 
to warrant your immediately going into the more laborious duty of the detailed Survey, yet, 
as yon seem" to think you can without risque take such Statioi is as are necessary for the connex- 
tion with the base, I have to request, in your Journey South towards Nundydroog, that you 
will take such as conveniently lie in the way, ...until you can connect this point with the 
base near BaHapore 1 . 

There was indeed a further reason why Mackenzie was particularly anxious for 
his work to reach tho highest standard possible, and that was his desire for it to 
prove well when connected to Lambton's triangulation, which had started early in 
1801 [3, Ii8]. There had been some mention of a discrepancy between their 
measurements, and Mackenzie writes to Arthur ; 

I send in purposely for your perusal a letter from Captain Colebrooke, where you will see 
a very clear and gentlemanly statement of what passed at Bangalore regarding an error of 
24 miles imputed to my measurements ; I bad applied to him for a comparison of < 
ments, and you will observe how they agree. ... 

The Angles I take now.. .may possibly correct these, or reduce this distance, which I in 
has grown up insensibly. ... 

A base at the termination will be necessary to correct it as much aw possible, and I have 
thoughts for this purpose of measuring that taken by Mather not far from Mndgery, because 
it answers the double purpose of connecting the whole of the Surveys of the East side to- 
gether. ... Then the Correction of Lambton's may be applied in general, as intended in the 
.Institution of that work [ 234 ]. 

Lambton proposes still to measure two Bases from the Coast to his present ; he is also 
directed to remeasure his first base for greater accuracy and verification 2 [256] . ... 

I am truly glad that matters are in such train for measuring the baso ; at present I do not 
consider it of that importance as to require much time, as the angles taken from it agree so 
nearly with those of Lambton's base ; but it will be useful to measure it once or twice to satisfy 
all parties ; and if any tune hence it should bo judged necessary, another might be taken more 
deliberately -in the hot dry season, clear of the inconvenience; of water, etc B . 
Arthur's account of the measurement of this base is given later [ 205-6 ], as also 
is Mackenzie's comparison of the closing between the different sections of the 
triangulation [ 207-8 ]. 

Meanwhile Warren and Mather had been making good progress to the 
south, working on technical instructions issued from Hftrihar in October 1800 
[97, 211 ]. 

Mr. Warren had completed Ooscotta and Juugmncotta, and was directed to survey Colar 
[pi. n ] ; and Mr. Mather had, after eomotoimg the more Soi itherly Districts of Ruttingury and 
Denkanicotta, been obliged to suspend that of Alamhaddy next extending along the Cavery, 
from the unhealthiness of the season and country. I had therefore directed him to survey 
Ballapore. Donelly and [.he Xorth East Districts south of Mr. Warren's, with a view of sooner 
concluding by their united labors the whole line of exterior boundary with the Districts 
adjoining, by the time L estimated to connect our operations on the Pennar River*. 
In October 1801 Mackenzie wrote to Warren ; 

Having lately united my survey of the Boundary with the Ceded Districts 1 with Mr. Mather's 
survey in Btirra 15 alia pore District, I have directed him...to extend that of the Outward 
Boundary round-till it mests the Outward Boundary of Colar Purguimah. ... I recommended 
him to acquaint you, that yon may be able to effect a meeting with iiii 11 for uniting your two 
Surveys of the Outward Boundary at some landmark, as done lately on the Pennar 6 . 

'UDn. 66, 3-12-01. '»*., 12-10-01. Mb., 18-12-01. 
116- DDn. 42, 12-7-03 (22). 'Map entitled "Survey of the 
June 1800 to loth Dec. 1S01", JHUO. 132 ( IS ). 'Pennar R„ 57 



Sfxoxd Period 



101 



As soon as your attention can be spares I from the completion of the Ooscotta Map, ...you 
should turn your first care to the Survey of tin; Outward Boundary of the Colar Purgvttmah, 
from the Southern K.xtremity tilt it meets Mr. .Mather's on the North, leaving that of the 
Interior Country till this is flrafc finished. By this means the Line of Outward Boundary will 
he completed from the Toombodra to near the Cauvery. ... Your Primary Stations of con- 
nexion may be extended at the same time from the furthest taken by you on that side to the 
Boiuidary, and to connect with Mr, .Mather's [ 207 J 1 . 

To both Warren and Mather he writes ; 

Being desirous that the Survey of the Outward Boundary with the Ceded Districts should 
be laid down oil one Uniform Plan, I have to request, in protracting your purt of it, that you 
will use the Scale of two Llughsli Miles to an Inch ( that is, one half of that used for the Provin- 
cial Maps ). The Extent of the whole Line of Frontier to he laid down on one Chart rendering 
this less bulky and equally convenient for that purpose 2 . 

On conclusion of his final trip to the west, Mackenzie left his assistants to carry- 
on the work, and at the end of January 1802 returned to Madras ; 

One Principal Object of the Survey being 1 low completed ( excepting a part of the Outward 
Boundary of Colar then in Progress, &. soon after finished by Mr. Warren ), including the 
General Line of Demarcation obtained by the Partition of 1790, from near the Cauvery at 
Alambaddy on the South towards the North near Bellary, &. thence WSW. generally to the 
Toombodra near H'oiielly & the Borders of Bednoi-e 1 ', amounting to 795 miles in length ( which 
had been only supposed 510), together with 24 P org mirjahsT.. wholly, & part of 30 more, 
surveyed, I made the noeiesnury disposition to nvail myself of the Permission you were pleased 
to grant me of proceeding to the Coast, after an absence of 22 Months on a duty that had with 
little remission of personal fa.tig.10 & incessant application, considerably affected a Constitution 
already impaired by a course of service of several years on tl.o most detaehod ,\- distant duties 
of this P " 



Third Period, January 1802 to October 1803 

Mackenzie now spent more than two years at the Presidency working up his 
maps and reports, whilst the survey was continued by his assistants. 

Warren completed his length of the eastern boundary of Mysore by January 
1802, and completed the survey of Kolar District by July 16th 5 . During this survey 
he submitted an interesting report, on the gold workings at Kolar 6 . He then went 
down to the Presidency to finish off his maps and memoirs, and was transferred 
to Lambton's survey in October. 

Mather continued survey westward through the southern and central 
parts of Mysore, and was indeed the mainstay of the survey; on him de- 
volved the important task of training the bovs from the Surveying School 
[ 343-5 ]■ 

Mr. Slather's Survey down to a certain period having been laid before you, it is only 
necessary hers to observe that, having come to the Coast in August 1S03 on account of his 
health, & in the time necessary for that purpose having arranged &■ completed the Memoirs 
& Plans of his Survey (in Triplicate), ... after re-esLabl^hm;; his health & equipment he 
proceeded up to Mysore. ... Having resumed the Survey on the 3 1st March, by his last Report 
of 12th June he had competed the Purgunuahs of JS 'el lainunglum [ |.i. 11 ] Xidjigull, ...and 
some progress was made in Chinnaraidroog. ... He is further directed to extend it Westward to 
meet the Tract tinder Survey on that side extending along the Southern Boundary of 

His Maps of the first 11 Districts on a scale of 1 mile to an Inch & Memoirs and Registers 
of the same in Triplicate ; with reduced Charts* of the whole on a Small scale of Smiles to an 
Inch, were sent.. .in November last, &■ his Work since that date contained in Plans ■ of the 
last 7 Purgunnahs are also communicated". 

iDDn. 41, 33-10-01. aJJDn. 41 & 46, 10-11-01. 'From 67 H/7, Eastand north by 57 K/ II 

west, U> 07 A/KI, i.iii-u 5 „,.[i,|i Ui AS Is/12. 'DDn. VI, 12 V 03 ! 30 i, ft '■!'. DDn 4.1 ■>7-l"-0L ijU' 
M.RIO. Ufi (32!: Mem,,:,-. MRIO. A] U;\ &. !■[> MR. »;]. -_.;.■, ,:/!. | S ,i, !/;,,■ '/v.-,-,-,'! ( 1-71. JASR 
III, Sept. 1834 (483). 'DDn. 42, 12-7-03 (47). sMsps, MIUO. TIB ( 44-ii \ 147 (I0)-'ib 134 
(3), miction by Morison of Mather's survey round Ballapoor, 2 111. 2 inch, 1S01-2. =DDn. 42 



1U2 



Stxbvet of Mysore 






Arthur's work was mueh interrupted by ill-health ; 

Mr. Arthur. ..was under tho necessity of descending the Ghaut* again immediately - 
leaving Mysore, "under the Surgeon's Certificate, & finally to proceed to Sea for the r 
of his health, whence he returned in January last [ 1803 ], & ass been enables to resume the 
survey in Mysore on 20th March on the Punnmnah of Mailcotta [ pi. n] which I directed 
him to survey as not so immediately dan.serous to health, &- in pursuance of the plan of filling 
up the several Districts in succession., & in coincident*; with the adiai-ent Districts proposed 
to be surveyed by Mr. Mather & Mr. Morison. ... The Actual survey of Mailcotta is reported 
to be completed on tho 21st of last month 1 . 
By October 1803 

he has Surveyed .Mailcotta wholly, "Ki^narajepoor Including about 50(1 miles by estimation, 
*. ho is directed to go on with Feria pat-am & Xarsapoor 2 [pi. II ]. 

Meanwhile Warren's place had been filled by William Morison 3 , who, 
after attending the Observatory and my Office here for some time to get acquainted with the 
nature of the operations, ... & being equipped with Instruments, &c, proceeded to Mysore in 
October last, where he commenced the survey of Nagmunghun and the Districts adjacent, 
extending North towards Bauaveram" ( wIhtc I had terminated the survey in December 1801 ), 
and East towards the Tract whereon Mr. Mather is now proceeding ; my intention being, by 
taking up those tracts in succession by die Assistants, to accelerate the tilling up of this space 
by several hands working at once towards the Centre, by which means the Country compre- 
hended between the Nor thorn Survey, Serin gapatam, and Uangalore, would have been com- 
pleted in a much less proportion of time, as the Fundamental Points bordering on three skies 
wore alreadv ascertained 5 . 

Morison readied .Seriiigapatam on 2nd rvov ember 1802 &■ Mackenzie wrote to him ; 
I was happy to hear of your safe arrival at Seringapatam, & that everything has occurred 
so much to your satisfaction, and so favorable to the object of commencing your operations. 
Tour choice of ground. ..for your commencement has been left to your own judgement, any 
where within the Districts pointed out for your Survey ; my suggestion of your Surveying the 
Road from Bangalore by Ootradroog was merely from a view of getting it in addition, without 
losing any time in going after if. ; but, situated as yen are now, it can no longer be an object ; 
I have been accustomed to Survey roads in my passing to or from a place, & it was merely in 
that light I mentioned it, of taking it in the way had your Perambulator been up in time 9 . 

Morison showed every promise of becoming a valuable surveyor, being a man of 
outstanding talent who eventually- became a member of the Supreme Council, font 
lie had only been at work about three months when he was recalled to his unit to 
take part in the Maratha War of 1803-6. 

In July 1803 Mackenzie submitted his second General Report with maps and 
memoirs 7 . He estimated that, of thewhole area to be surveyed, viz., 51,650 sq. 
miles excluding Coimbatore, about three tenths had now been completed; 



himself. 






. 7,400 


Mather 






. 3,741 


Warren 






. 2,071 


Arthur 






301) 


Morison 






314 


idle F.uiiibay surveyors i 


a Kanara [ I, 


132] 


. 2,000 



Total . . 19,026' 

The plans were submitted iti triplicate, one set for the Resident, one for Govern- 
ment, and one for the Court of Directors, this last copy being lost in the Prince of 
Wales in 1804 [107]. 

The Plans are laid down on a Soalo of a Mile to one lnrji, chosen as the most convenient 
for the Provincial Maps, ...wherein... every object of importance, Political or Military, may be 
conveniently introduced ; these, collected at the end of the Survey into one Body or Atlas 
[112,292], will at once preserve &■ furnish such Information as may be oeeasionally required. 

The Memoirs are divided into two parts, naturally arising from the separate Management 
of the Countries under Survey ; via. The Gom-pany'a & the I'a/ulr. of A/yxor^a ; ...whence a 

■DDn. 43, 12-7-03 (49). a ib., 1-10-03 (27). 'appointed 25-6-02. »Einersr, 57 C/3. 

sDIta 42 12-7-03 (50). 8 DDn. Oil, 11-11-02. 'DDn. 42, 12-7-03 k Keport with map, BM Afldl MS. 
136U0 ; also DDn. 42, 25-5-03. »ib. 42, 1-10-03 ( 49 ). 



Third Period 



103 



body of useful information of the Extent, Is'aturo. & Resources of these Countries may be 
derived. ... The Population in one is taken by enumeration of Heads by Estimate, in the 
other by Accounts of Houses & Families from the liegister of tin; District. 

The Short Vi'.scripl-ivn- of the Districts are arranged under the heads... circulated to the 
Surveyors. ... 

The Register of Villages, Tirnkx. & other IVotcrworks, Stock-, &-.«., will !..e useful in assisting 
P.laus of Internal OccotiOiny X. ita nag onsen 1. of the Districts. ... 

The Historical Khe.beJte.x arc abstracted from Written or Traditional Accounts 1 . 

Copies were also submitted of, 

1. Large Map of Urn Northern Provinces of Mysore, Surveyed in 1 SOO & 1801, Scale 2 miles 

to an in eh. 

2. Particular Map of the Purgtumehs Pa.itgkur k. ,\ ! idis : .ill of '.Mysore -with. ..the Ceded 

Districts, necessary for mora clearly understanding the intermixture of Boundaries 
ou that side [ 92 ] a . Scales 1 mile to an inch. 

3. Plan of the 'rriiiusjies taken it computed as the foundation of the Work. 

4. General Map of all the Purguimahs, — Sea.ie 4 miles to- an inch 3 . 

5. Book of the Roads, surveyed in .Mysore, ... 42 Pages. 

6. One Volume containing Collections of the Registers, ... .Historical Accounts.. .of the 

Northern l.\.>'giLi>iiahs. ... 

7. Remarks on 16 Forts, ... extracted from the Journals. ... 

The Outward Boundary of Mysore, reduced from the several Surveys. ..for insertion in a 
General Military Map. The same to Mr. Goklingha.ni for insertion in a fierier;:! Revenue Map. 

Goru'i'id rtiifit.avy chart is... to Cc:iorii.l Weltcsicy and ',.<> Commander Ln Chief 4 . 

Abstracts of Astronomical Observf;! ions taken with the survey 111 1800 1801, aseer turning 
the situation of the several points connected with the Primary stations of the survey 6 . 

On reviewing I. he whole tha.t lias been effected within -.It months by only 3 Surveyors, with 
the moderate establishment attached, most of whom have ie-:!L re; = « -« i r ■ - .. i : ■,■ ..bilged {,0 relin- 
quish the work for a considerable portion of that time by the sickness incident to the Upper 

Country, it is believed that m " 

ai.Ji.J ol' a ui'.'i"^ c.oioplical-'jd 1. 
country. ... 

Though the interruptions mentioned. ..have retarded the progress, ... it is to be presumed 
that with the knowledge now obtained... what remains may be effected in less comparative 
time with the same means. ... On this aeeount the employment of a sufficient number of 
Assistants (four at least), and the immediate patronage and encourage! no: it.. .of such as 
.!'.-.: ii gaish themselves, ... deserve some consideration 6 . 

The Memoirs included information about 

tha situation, extent, and Boundaries, and contents in square miles of the several Purguimahs 
of the Partition of 1799. ... 

The population by castes, mid Houses ( us no actual enumeration by Census can be im- 
mediately ascertained). ... 

Woods, Jungles, Forests. 

The Nature of the Soil, and the gross quantity, cultivated or waste, plai 
has in some instances been estimated, find it is intended to fellow this thoroughly... ir 
Districts, so far as practicable- without filing into the minute details of a Land Survey 7 . 

Mackenzie further reported that 

the Southern Boundary &■■ Districts adjacent South of the ('auvor.v have not yet beena> 



1 all the 



s material to be Surveyed for the 



d been commanding tho troops 
s of the survey, and W 



for want of Assistants, & as it is conceived that they- a 
present 8 . 

Up to the beginning of 1803 Arthur Wellesley ] 
in Mysore, and took the utmost interest in the progi 
writes to Warren in 1801 ; 

I am glad that Colonel U'eliosley ha.s so favorable an impression of the 
this work ; 1 csi-u only say the mtenvoi s are sincere on Shis side to render it as generally useful, 
and as soon as is consistent, with tolerable accuracy ; how far this turns out to satisfaction must 
be left to others to determine . 



iDDn. 41, 20-11-02. *MRIO. .Misc. l-M-fJii, map ille.s.tmting c^Uaiiye of district,-; under supple- 
mentary treaty of 29-12-05. Mb. S-0-03; ;i large pasls-iip map; s.jidt: ■! m. to inch, dated 1-5-03, 
"Northern aim UmIjvis I'n.ivinws oI'Mvsot.;. ivilli the ! : 1:juh];i.-:vs "f the ;-.:v, .-■;■).. I I'ur-.innalis " ; see also 
ib. 132(8]. 'DDn. 41, 22-2-03. «DDn. 42, 12-7-03. Mb. 1-10-03 ( 37 ). ' sb. { 39 ). »ib.(29). 



104 Survey of Mysore 

A year later, in submitting to Wellesley maps of the forts and roads 1 [94], 
Mackenzie writes, 

I particularly regret that the Roads are not more numerous. Ifc was my intention to have 
prepared a Military Chart on a larger Scale after the other Plana of the Survey were given in, 
but the present requisition for the Public Service rendered it necessary to construct it before 
the whole Surveys were reduced 3 . 

Fottbth Psbiod, October 1803 to December 1805 

At the end of 1803 Lambton commenced his trigonometrical moasitrenicnt from 
coast to coast [ 238-9 ], and in October of that year Mackenzie, who was still at the 
Presidency and fully aware of Lambton 's plans, writes to Mather ; 

You mav recoiled that before the Institution of the different Surveys the breadth of the 
Peninsula was much wanted [ I, 178 g ], but in the Spherical Trigonometrical Survey it appears 
stBJ not effected ; whilfs our Surveys boinj confined to the N. and E. Boundary & Districts, 
it was not yet within our reach. I am very desirous of having this closed first by our Survey 
for early communication to England, & as the Season will be now favorable, &, your young 
men sent to their several Districts [106, 344], I wish you could take an early opportunity of 
carrying on your Seiies of Triangles... till you lay hold of some stations on the Ridge of 
Ghauts, that may tie afterwards connected with the Surveys 011 the other Coast. ... 

I do not think it would take much time, & it would give me great satisfaction if it was 
effected before Major i.;i.mbl on. .& his two Assist nuts curry [..hem to that aide... — do not men- 
tion this to aivipne. wkatcvvr, ax f <v>n ;.We ob-ioln f <:■'// in i/ni/.r.^-.y ulaii.'.'. — it was ri.hvu.ys in my con- 
templation had I gone up earlier ; but as I have not yet got my own situation remedied 
[ 33 0-1 1> ^ cannot go up this fortnight 3 . 

Again about three months later ; 

If you could connect Mau^a lore; Flag Staff,,, it would be extremely desirable, as I should 
be happy to have the breadth of tho Peninsula determined by our Survey twelve months 
before the other [ 238, 241 J. If I had your computations of these Triangles now, I would 
transmit them directly. Observe for the Variation at, the- Rase, & I could write you to observe 
the Latitudes ; if you aire not accustomed to take the Stars, you may take several of the Sun 
at noon or by equal altitudes. ... 

On comparing your Stations with Major (.junbton's ho far as the later go, a very near 
agreement prevails. ... 

If you can take it [ Mangalore Flagstaff ] by a sudden journey well prepared, setting your 
Assistants to their work in your absence, it would he extremely desirable ; for fit miles I suppose 
10 days would suffice going & coming. I would in this case recommend particularly your not 
mentioning your intention till yon actually out it in execution ; yon cannot imagine how these 
things get wind, & are magnified or misrepresented in the reports eirculateo ; you need not 
therefore bo surprised that I am desirous of having it first reported officially by ourselves'*. 

In April 1804 ; 

I am much pleased with your account of ilie progress in the Base | in) J, and hope by this 
time you have begun your journey to Mangalore, as I am anxious to have that object over 
by the time I arrive with yon, when we wis! concert measures for rlie ensuing operations 5 . 

There is no record of the achievement of this enterprise, nor does Mackenzie 
ever claim to have anticipated Lamb ton's measurement of the breadth of the 



In December 1.-S0;', Mather .reports that ; 

Although my operations have of late been considerably retarded Lli.ron.gb. ihe whole of my 
Party being less or more afflicted with the fever & ague ( .from which 1 am not quite except ), 
I yet entertain no doubt of closing in the Tri bo fries, which will include. ..one or two stations on 
the Western Ghauts, ... in the course of i.his month. ... 

The very sickly state of Benjamin Ward and William Howell and several of my followers, 
induced me to send them on to Chi I eld roes for medical aid 6 . 

To Mather's latest, plans "Mackenzie replies ; 

As a new Base will now he necessary, not only for verifying the triaagfea from the Bast, 
but to serve as a foundation for extending u, series of stations more correctly for surveying the 

'Large scale plan?, Koliiv, ffuihar. etc. MKIO. ( 1 ). 
MRTO. !.->!'( 2-7S); >52 ( 1-Su ). a Olln. GG, 23- 10-03- 

r. Front Mather, G l'J-l>3 : HTV. 26-7-04. 



Fourth Period 



I0.S 



districts South and North of your present field of operations, & as it does not appeal- that the 
Spherical TrigOTiomet.rieal Survey has yet been encoded into that Quarter, or can give any 

aids to the Survey of the Western limits ncur the Ghauts for some time, & which now admits 
of little delay from the approach of the hot season, I therefore improve of your suggestions of 
in easuring a new base- in any convenient level situation 1 . 

Again in April ; 

I duly received. ..your account of the method followed in measuring the Base Gfsav Azimpoor' J 
[pi. ii ] ; the near agreement of its triangles with those of the former base is very satisfactory. 
A.i I am desirous thai its murks should be l.epl- o.leur till I go thither myself, L hope you will 
take care to have its extremities marked by stones, and request the Amnldar to prevent tho 
line from being destroyed or ploughed op for at least one season. 

As the progress of the survey south will bring yon gradually towards the limits of Koorg, 
which requiring more than usual delicacy, ... I have to request your part ion t.n attention not 
to carry any operations of the survey into that Rajah's districts, nor l.e main tain a.iy intercourse 
with its inhabitants until authority is received. ... You had better not carry any Stations 
into,. .those Districts that may iinuiedia.te.ly border with Koorg 3 . 

Meanwhile Arthur -was surveying the south -western districts of Mysore, and. 
Mackenzie writes to him in October 1803 ; 

I wish you at the first opening of the fair weather to extend your 'friang illation as far as 
you conveniently can towards the Western iiraits in the Parallel of your present work, as a 
means of accelerating the Survey in that direction while the fan' Season admits. ... 

The course of the Cauvery ,t TliniHwii.tty 1 will in this ri-.pooi, ho a useful direction to your 
work, & your notices of the origin and course of these & other rivers & any uses that 
may he derived from them, & the effect of the periodical rains in their rise and fall, will 
he an useful addition to the observations which I see with satisfaction in your iourna''' 
[107,115]- 

And again ; 

In consequence of your appij cation... re questing... orders about the Survey „f the Boundary 
with Koorg, having communicated, i.lm same to the Resident -of Sly sorts, ... it is not intended 
you should survey the boundaries of that Country 13 . 

Mackenzie was particularly anxious to keep Arthur away from the frontier 
districts because be had been, reported for indiscreet behaviour on more than one 
occasion [ 367-8 ], and at the Resident's request he was directed to fill hi the area 
east of Melukote'. 

During 1804 the work was steadily extent loci towards the west ; 

The Eastern and Northern Districts of .Mysore boinsr completed, & a considerable part of 
the interior in progress Westward, I had it in view to complete the whole- Western tract lying 
along the Ghaats during the fair season, preparai cry to which I directed the two Assistants 
to extend the Stations early in that direction, that we might enter on tho detailed survey in 
concert, & thus join the whole to the central parrs in one season. ... 

I suggest employing some of the more experienced of the young men educated at the Survey- 
ing Seminary for a tune, until tho whole of the Boundary with Koorg &. with the Company's: 
immediate possessions iu Malabar, Canus-more, <V Oonribstiore, were complete 8 . 

Tn October Mackenzie wrote to Mather ; 

In carrying the Survey si long the Outward Ikuradary with the Gompstny's Districts, you 
will as usual observe and notice tho permanent landmarks, and where doubts or disputes may 
exist give notice to me thereof. The Teak and Randal Woods in that quarter will also be a 
particular object of your attention, and to es( imafe their e.vlent, quality, &c. ; so far as may 
be consistent with the health of your party, your observations on these Woods will be con- 
ducted with yoiu' usual discretion 9 . 

He did not himself go up to Mysore till June 1804, and six months later took 
up the survey of the Coorg frontier, in company with a mission that was to settle 
various disputes ; 

Previous to my being apprized of any disputes of tics kind, I bad in the progress of tho 
work directed the assistant- surveyors to extend their Preliminary Triangles to the Westward; 
and in consequence the survey of the Districts. ..already executed furnished sufficient foundation 

*DDn. 43 (34], 32-1-04. * Measured by Mntlier. llaivli 1.S04, >:!)(! "Miiras-nrori tv ,',hi'keu/ie, Sopi- 

1805 [107]. J Mfip of Mv-oit Tidn.k, etc. bv Matliei, I set; Ml: in. V.ii (rVi. DDn. -Hi (52) 2<J-l-04 

iHtmavatiK. iSO/mo aT [);]. ^DDii. -11H [2 ), IM-lU-f.:). <Hh. ( 21 i.'l'l-ii- OS. -ib. ( 61 ), 9-o-04 
sib. (32), 30-12-03. "ib. { 78 ), 17-10-04. 



int.; 



Survey of Mysore 






a of Malabar. 



:i the Korth and South sides. 



for extending thoae of the Boundary... towards Koorg. ... It remained to take the same mea- 
sures ia the Districts adjacent to Koorg on the North. ... To avoid premature discussions 

or surmises productive of uneasiness, us iL was esteemed a iiialttu- of delicacy, the Assistants were 
directed...to avoid touching 011 the disputed tract till the survey was actually authorized. ... 
On account of the rainy season and the danger of going too soon into the unwholesome damp 
foggy air of the Wesl ora Forest, it was agreed on to be protract cd till the season was sufficient ly 
acivaneed to pen nit- of entering on il with safety. 

Being acquainted of the Mission... about the middle of January [ i3o5 ], on 17th I left 
Mysore, and proceeded with Mr. Mather and our respective establishments to resume fee 
survey of the Western Districts, and to be at hand as occasion might require. Mr. Mat&er 
proceeded to survey. ..while I went more circuitously... to ascertain the stations on that route. ... 
The Field Work fifth* Boundary commenced on the 2nd February, ...and was continued 
unremittingly to its conclusion at the Southern extremity on 12th March. ... In addition to 
the primary object of toe Settlement of the North and East line of Demarcation of 134^ miles, 
the following results may be deduced from this survey ; 

1st. The sijuare contents of Koorg proper... from the medium o.i its .length from South 
to JTorth, 57£ — and medium breadth from East to West. 29 1 — 1.606£ scp miles. 

2nd. The connection of its principal points being fixed with the primary stations of the 
Mysore Survey, a basis is established, by extending a detailed survey at any convenient time 
thro' this secluded region to the Company's possessk 
3rd. ... A more thorough knowledge obtained of 
and of its climate, soil, productions, etc. ... 

In the course of this work consid erabie advantage was found in the increasing experience 
of the Company's Apprentices attached to my establishment, three of whom, with one of my 
own, were usefully employed in the detailed work [ 104 ] x - 

In discussing the disputed boundary, the British Commissioner says that lie had 
found that in 1792 

the frontier of Coorg connected with the Siutaun's territories was defined by actual survey, 
two Gentlemen having been deputed by the then Supreme authority i;i Malabar to effect that 
object 2 . For a. copy of the frontier as laid down by those Gentlemen T have- written to Mr. 
Warden 3 , which if I receive from him. ..as jit Lie will remain to be '.lone, ...on that head, but 
that Major Mackenzie should verify it 5 [I, 131 ]. 

In reporting on the seitleinoiit of the boundary, John Malcolm, who was now- 
Resident in Mysore, forwarded Mackenzie's 

complete memoir, with annexed Map, ...and from these Documents hia Lordship ki Council 
will observe thai, the public service has.. .derived the greatest benefit from the zeal & ability 
of that distinguished officer 5 . 

In April 1805 the survey reached Bednur [ I, 125 ; II, pi. 11 ], and Mackenzie 
wrote to Mather ; 

It being desirable that as much of the country of Upper Beduore bor< lering on the Western 
Ghauts should be surveyed as tli e weather may permit be-foro the rains set in, and as you have 
already established a foundation by the operations last year. I have to request that you will 
proceed with all possible dispatch, to include as much of the. country as possible before the rains 
get in, and to extend, your primary stations also. ... 

As I propose proceeding thither myself very shortly to Superintend in person the execution 
of this part of the Survey, you will in the .menu tunc proceed on the former principles adopted, 
of taking districts sdternaiely bordering on the Chants. ..by which the limits of the whole will 
be sooner obtained., and the remainder may be readily fined up at a future opportunity 6 . ... 

I could wish the scale for Bednore to foe one mile to an inch, admitting of the features of 
the country more distinctly ; to which I wish you to direct, for partietd-ar attention from the 
young men ; as they are now tolerable acquainted with this, it will scarcely take them more 

He sent a special report to the Governor General at Calcutta ; 

In the course of this last year, such considerable progress has been made towards termina- 
tion of the Mysore Survey, that it may be readily presumed, that the t.leomelrical Survey of 
the Ballaghaut Provinces [93 n.i ] of Mysore may be concluded in the next year, and such 
parts of Coinibetore and t.'anara as are not surveyed already. ... 

For the purpose of stimulating every possible exertion +>y personally inspecting & sharing 
its labors, I left Madras in June 1804. ... Since that time T have been without intermission 



M 



% Raj. 

Mir »,;//, (U 



>,. n. 



Fourth Period 



In 7 



employed on Field Duty in the South Winter;) parts of .Mysore, diroetiug the Work and execut- 
ing a considerable -part of the Geometrical Survey ; and it is satisfactory to me now to observe 
that under so long a continued exertion under the vie issu-udes of ciimaf.e and season peculiar 
to this country, the Parties employed have been enabled without casualty to- carry it to the 
extent more particularly stated herewith. ... 

Together with the internal Geometrical Survey, the whole of I i ie Mysore Boundary is now 
ascertained, excepting a, very small portion with Wynaad-, &, that of Soonda & part of Bednore 
to be done next season. In the last year the litigated .Boundary with Koorg was minutely 

The elucidation of the History of the several Governments that have rapidly succeeded in 
this State will, T conceive, bo very interesting as, by die lasoviptiems, Grants, and other docu- 
ments that came into my hands, a, regular progress is traced up to the first Muhammad an 
invasion in the liii.-h century, and even beyond it to the 8th, hut more obscurely [ 333 ]. ... 

The Military Part of the Survey has been less mimh.ely attended to from the want of any 
Military Assistants ; yet some of the young people from the Company's Seminary have been 
instructed on the method of describing Rivets, Defiles, etc 2 . 

In August 1 ROsi Mackenzie lost his last, military assistant, Arthur being removed 
at the request of the fe-sident, who had received further complaints from district 
officials [105]. Extracts from Arthur's journal for 1904-5 are given later [20S, 
312]. 

In September Mackenzie romeasurocl Mather's base-line at Ajamnur in Shimoga 
District 3 [ 104 ] and in November reported that, 

in order to prep i-ive... copies of the Documents of i.bi; survey lost in the Prince of Wales [ 102 ], 
J immediately sent for such of the originals anil fair- copies a.s had. been deposited at Madras 
and Seringa pat a 1 n, which I directed ...to l>Hve.,.eopied off, in addition !.o the surveys since done, 
which in the interval had increased to double what '1,1.0 heen reported on 1 3th July 1803. 

The increase of duty from these demands. ..induced me to remain at Simoga 5 during the 
rains, as a healthy station whores T could with more advantage, employ the unitod efforts of the 
establishment whiles the sick wore recovering ; on (lie first, appearance of a ehunge of weather 
I proceeded to survey some of the Eastern districts of I'edmire. and fhesn to Adjampoor, as a 
central situation whore, with the necessary operations depending on a verifying base measured 
there, I proposed on the ari-iva I of the doeit.meni.s from '.Mai Iras to combines the latter surveys 
with the general 1 Mp already executed. 

On their arrival, ... I conceived it more conducive... to the ordesr of the Honorable Court 
of Directors... directing the survey to be concluded as soon as possible, ... to proceed to 
survey the remaining part of the Northern and Western quarters of Besdnoi.-o. I therefore 
detached one nf my assistants | Mather J. ..with a. sm-v. ying party into die districts of Cowly- 
droog...and Anantpoor, and f am now proceeding with the remaining part, into tho districts 
of HoneUy [pi. 11 ]...& extending towards the Xor1.li Western Ghaats 5 . 

To Mather he writes ; 

I have been, extending my Stations 011 this sides to thy tivst two Hills from my Base at 
Huriyhur in 1800 [ 9.5 ], ... and the difference is only 1 SO feet, which in the l-Sase would be 
probably only !i!t i'esel. ; it is also probable: 1 may reduce it still further ; this gives me great 
satisfaction in closing these parts of the work together 6 . ... 

I am happy to find you are going on so rapidly with too Survey ; this method and time is 
entirely at your own disp<;scl, so continue to take yovu- own measures, but I could wish you 
to be particular in laying down the groat features of the Country &-, the sources of the rivers 
■when you come to any, if any rise, near the C hunts in these districts. 

We have not got on so rapidly here as I expected. : not owing to ..\i\y want of pains or 
labour, but it becomes necessary to lay down the prenoeding two Districts before I enter on 
more ; it is however near a conclusion now 7 . 

Early in 1806 the whole survey 111 over] clown the Oailts: westward into Kanara. 

'Wynad; an old sufnli vision of JlaULnr Distiict, 5S A/.NW. -Diiii. 43 ( 121-2 ), i>S-ti-05. s Memoir 
of Ha flier's base, S,;pt. ISO!, iiad M;uicr/ie.\. Hunt. 1 *)■■;. MRh't.M 140 & :,n. 'pi. 11, .sv-.w™ .".«.. ■> "ft":, 
13-12-05. 6 DDn. 43 {\H)\ 13-12-05. Mb., 16-12-05. 



CHAPTER VIII 



Natural History <£• 



MYSORE— ( Contd. ) 

Survey of Canara db close of Mysore Swvey, 1806-7- 
Botany — Relations with Lambton. 

THE present districts of iXorth and South Kanara were coded to the Company 
in 1799. They were for some years occupied by Bombay troops though both 
were administer od from Madras until North Kaiiara, first known as Sonda, was 
transferred to Bombay in 1861. Though Monerieff and his assistants had already 
made a rapid reconnaissance survey [ I, 132 ], Mackenzie included both provinces 
as his responsibility 1 , and writes in 1803 ; 

The Cariara Province, .v. probably part of Lower Soon da. r < T y.>., pi. 1. ;. ] appear from Maps com- 
municated to have been surveyed by tlie Bombay Ofi'iccrs.. bi.u- the Doc u merits on which these 
Surveys have 'icon founded do not accompany, &■ it is mueli to be regretted that the idea of 
one General Sysremr, i,io method is nor- followed by [be different. Surveyors, as laid down for 
this Survey, which would have the important effect of more accurately combining the labors 
of the different Surveyors .t soonoi- completing i.bo Survey of i,!io whole Country. 

In the Western IV'laps no notice appears to be taken of the Woods which are said to be of 
importance 011 that side [ 167 ], &, it is therefore doubtful whether these tracts are embraced 
in tiie Surveys 2 . 

Johnson's survey of Sonda in I <S0 1 haying fallen through, | 96 -7] Mackenzie did 
little in that direction, but early in I 806 took up the. survey of South Kanara, send- 
ing one party under Mather lo work northwards from the south, whilst, he himself 
worked southward from the direction of Honavar. He writes to Mather from 
Shikarpur [pi. 11] ; 

When you eomo to the Western side. ..I wish you to take the Angles of as many con- 
spicuous objects as possible, in the Lower Country while the weather is fair, as it will facilitate 
the establish 1 non i. of SttU-ious there,, should it bo necessary. While you are at Cowlydroog 3 , 
a Sketch plan of that Fort might be taken by the young men, &. I will thank you to have its 
principal Points... inserted 4 . 

and later, from Gersoppa 6 , 

I do not think it necessary, lis the present circumstance of Canara being under the Manage- 
ment of our Government, to Survey the interior limits of these Districts, & for the present 
you have to ascertain the Out-ward limits only ; South with '.Main. liar, &-. Kn St.... along the Ghaats 
on the points wbere they are accessible. 

By the time your Survey extends North to the present limit of the .Southern Division of 



Caaia 






.■ directions. 



ihcrl.cv 



3 be Surveyed c 



t presont I am 



desirous that yon should extend your Survey gradually from the South ftxtremity towards the 
North, as the Survey from this side will be extended towards it, and the intermediate Districts 
can be taken by the party first approaching. ... 

You have my permission to go to Maugalore whenever your health or business may 
require it 6 . 

To the Resilient of Mysore lie reports, from Honavar, the survey of 
the greater part of Bednore...lowavds the Ghats 7 . From the peculiar nature of the Country, 
it- is extremely difficult to survey minutely, but tlio' in fact it embraces lirt le of any valuable 
land, yet, as forming the natural boundary with Canara. it becomes desirable... to take this 
opportunity of including if. with the Survey. ... The Ghaats where I descended lately.. .to Ger- 
soppa- approach within 1.2 miles of the Sett, but. arc nearer in. sonic other parts. ... 

ipian of the Mysore. Sni-Miiiiji-i]. ! DDn.42, 1-10-03 (30). sKiivaledm-gii, 43 0/2, *DDn. 43 
( 145), 10-l-0(i. 5 G Qivopi.ii Pall., Si's ft.. IS J:V2. f-ib ( 15(5 ). 1-1-06. ;"Ms I j'& Memoirs of Western 
Borders, 1305 -1.1 " MR10. M 125. 



iSiu;vEY of Casaka & Close of Mysore Sttbvkv 



ID!) 



I hope to have the opportunity of oonrteeting my Stations witit sever;!,! [joints on the Sea 
Coast, but by a, ciremtous mode, as [owing to) the Fog & hiizo already prevalent, and the 
superior height of the Chaaf-.i from, the- Simuiiits ohcedy asoeoded, in; could seldom dis- 
tinguish any well defined points of the low Country, excepting some Islands on the Coast, 
until the Serifs could, bo carried by the .bills fnniiiii£ ibis valley i.e. the Sea. 

I trust, however, before the rains begin that the whole line of Western limits along the 
Ghaats, &■ a considerable ata-rt of Lower Canura, ... wili be completed 1 . 

Again to Mather in May, from Coondapoor, 

I wish you had early attended men; to the Plan laid down. ..in my In s true t ions. ... You 
were then acquainted of toy intentions of executing rapidly as much of I .Vniara as could be 
done this Season, by ein.j laying pari ios from its North A Moid h Extremities to meet towards 
the centre, & for this purpose I had myself proceeded from (funore, [intending] when [ 
descended the G.ha.ats northwards to have carried ii gradually South,vai\l-, and I expected 
that your party would in like manner have proceeded on your Series of Triangles to the South 
Extremity, & thence worked Northward- .1 have, however, no objection to the method followed, 
provided your returning over the siune ground may not occasion any part to be left undone 
by the loss of time 3 , 
and from Mangalore, 

I arrived here on nth, & as the S.W. monsoon may be expected to set in soon, I am 
desirous of having all the Surveying parties collected & withclra'.vn fvoin Canara as soon as 
possible 4 . 

Mather had been in poor health for some time, and now asked leave to 

Owing to the heavy rains in the low country, the having my charts anil baggage to transport 
across a country almost under water, the want of boats to cross the river, and above all the 

sickly state of my people, I was prevented from reaching litis nloo.o :' lie.hrr f till y 
and after all my anxiety about these poor fellows, whom I could not think of leaving e: _ 
to distress and probable in at. tent ion, f have been oblige;! to leave some of them below the 
Ghauts. I have l.ra. veiled I he whole way in the rave, which has opera! ed niuc-b to my disadvan- 
tage, and even here the monsoon is allowed to have set in some time ago. 

The accompanying letter, which I request may be transmitted to ■Government, fully 
explains my pieseul situation, and nothing but the oi'especl of going down to the Western 
Coast, and the hopes of benefitting thereby, prevented my applying to be permitted to> relin- 
quish the survey when a.t Xi.tggiir f ' ; evor since the iirst attack at Cuwleydrooir, f eamiot say 
that I have enjoyed a day's good health, or a. night's repose, and from that stroke I have no 
idea of ever freely recovering ; my native air may be of use. 

Since the Ehemnatism invaded my limbs so severely, it has almost deprived me of the 
use of them. By removing into some of the more Jwisterly Districts of Mysore, and beyond 
the influence of the monsoon, [ might derive seine small benefit perhaps. 

The survey being so near a close occasions me to leave it with regret, but it's some con- 
solation to thin!.- that the young men ore sufficiently experienced now to complete the field 
work under your frequent inspection and directions ; and that my absence will therefore be 
the less felt. I have endeavoured to do every justice fo the survey while engaged on it, and 
now while unable to follow it up with sufficient activity, and. give it full effect, I think it highlv 
improper to bold a situation which etna only be considered nominal, and that too attended 
with a considerable expence. ... 

The remaining memoirs wanted to complete last year's savveys are in band, also fair copies 
of the Districts lately surveyed 7 . 

Mackenzie appears to have been more concerned at, the prospect of losing Mather's 
services, his mainstay for the last six years, titan he was at his ill health, and ho 
urged him to slay and see the maps completed : 

It was my wish at the cioso of the work executed since November last- to have the results 
brought up a.t sumo central place, while some altera : : -vi i\ as . ic.ii' time paid io fill no the remain- 
ing Districts at any favorable opening of the weather, es was done in former years. Your case 
rendering it necessary for you to proceed Kastward immediately, the two young men recently 
come in shall wait only til! I have your answer, as I judge they- will be necessary foryou in 
Copying off or revising the work on which they wero em ployed with you 8 . 

T DDn. 43 ( loll). 13-1-06- 'Map : Canwi, fran-nee. Wnwiwr !■■> mnulh /,[ Kdi-vjt Xndi, I Ko.Uhi-N.jj8 
K/iol, I'-inoli scale: A:.ril Milv JSuij; UiUO. 146(a). s DDa. IK I KM). 7. 1-00. -'ib. ( 104), 20-3-06. 
s 48 6/16. » Sugar ( Hcrluuc ). pi. 11. 'Map; Plan, of V ort of f.arcvr I K/u |. Much scale, J. Mather, 
20-5-06 ; MRI0. 134 ( 5 j. MP0. 8-7-00. *DDn. 43 ( 16S ), 20-6-00. 



110 



Mysork 



Hp wrote to Government ; 
■ The delivery of the materials-might as well bo done at tin- J'ublic Oilices at Madras as 
jn Mysore. Tlie fair copied ami reductions of ins plans may be e.teuuted, certainly, as he 
suggests, at mv Office, when the state of the survey will permit of its being fixed or stationary 
and of withdrawing the Sub-Assistant for that purpose ; but the original plans, field books, 
and documents, should be previously revised. ..wider his own inspection. ... 

Of the Rajah of Mysore's Uamtrv, the interior of the two dinner- », Hi rah. and bangalore, 
and some detached portions of a few others of no great extent, only remain now to be- executed, 
and I have remained here since the 11th instant only with the attention of recovering the 
sick, and of bringing up in the rainv weather ae; oral details of our late surreys, previous to 
detaching a party to Serah, when 1 proeeed to the southward and eastward to complete in 
my way the portions wanting, which daring the rainy season may at fair intervals be attempted 
on that, side without much difficulty. ■ •„.,, -r^ • • 

In addition to the whole nearly of Eednore, or the X.W. part of the Rajahs Dominions, 
the Northern Division, of Canara and part of Hoondab has been completely surveyed by the 
parties with myself since the beginning of April last. The most considerable part of the 
southern division of Canara appears to be geometrically surveyed by Mr. Mather's party; 
but the customary accounts of the state of these Districts.. .appear (,:> have been omitted 1 . ■ 
After completing his maps and reports at Bangalore, Mather led tor the Presi- 
dency early in September, leaving the young assistants to fill up various gaps on' 
the plateau 3 . Mackenzie was now 

the only European Officer engaged on this Service; ...since Juno last the Assistant most 
considerably employed in the Geometrical details has Yrith.lmwii ; & for twenty sever, months 
r.he Medical Assistant has been front ill-health absent [ 115 ]. ... ■ ; ■ 

The number of Native Sol, -Assistants & Apprentices at present attached are Five from the. 

Surveying Seminary, Natives of European Parents, & one, a private servant of mine a [ 156 J. 

In January 1807, he sent Ward, Summers, and Lantwar, to survey the Com* 

panv's districts of Pmigamira and Ambur 4 on the eastern frontier of Mysore, and 

Dunigan and Howell to finish off Kanara, writing to the Collector ; 

I am very anxious to have this corner completed &, with regard to the other Districts to 
the Eastward, it will depend mueh on the celerity with which this comparatively small part 
is done; but, whether that be attempted this season or net, for the more expeditious closing 
of South Canara I send the young men who actually had done the former part last year. ... 

I proceed myself shortly to the Eastward to s et Foongauooi-.ic. surveyed, as the 3 Dis- 
tricts there only remain to'compiete the Survey up to the Gbaats on that side, while Canara 
completes it to the Western Sen, 1 have thoughts of going then to the Presidency. ... We 
have now the whole of the Mysore Rajah's Territories completed in detail 5 . 
Onnigan was given the- following orders ; 

On the stations carried from. ..the Western Ghauts, etc., to "Mangalore and the sea coa.st, 
you will carry the few primary stations that are now requisite to Mount Delhi 6 on the coast, 
on the South, and on the Xorth to the points of...Coondapoor, lloulydroog, etc. ... 

You will on your return from Mount Delhi to Jhmgaloro complete the measurement of that 
ltnad, and urn- part that is wanting to complete that from Mangalore to Cundapoor. 

On your arrival at Mangalore yon should he careful to adjust the channel of receiving and 
sending your letter's, whieh .1 conceive may be done with facility by proper notice as usual to 
the Ports along the coast, by your leaving directions at Mangalore. Coondapoor audNuggur. ... 
This I have to direct you will pay particular attention to, in order to prevent the very great 
inconvenience and loss of time that occurred last year, for want of keeping up the regular 
correspondence with me. On your applying to... the Postmaster in my name, he will readily 
render you any assistance in forwarding and receiving your letters, and [I] will direct mine 
for you, to his care 7 . 
A»ain at the end of April ; 

° I am happy to understand you have completed the South part of Canara ; and doubt not 
but the remaining part c-f Barcoor and Kiiggur will be fully completed before 1st June, when 
vou know that it will be impossible to remain below or near the Ghauts to survey. Let me 
therefore request you to expedite Barcoor [pi. 11 ] as soon as possible, and to ascend the 
Ghauts even without waiting to protract it. 

'MPC 8-7-06. 'Map ; Purgmmtih of Bangalore, Sept. -Oct. 1806, M. Dunigan. MRIO. 146 ( 1 ) 
(IT)-i 4't (176 ] "7 fi-(lf). sili.l 21S K 3 3-07. .Unr.i;r.m : \V,nd; j.hoiiiiten ; Seiui'i-: Handl : h:mui;,i-. 
•iS'kFeb-jJnel^^.MUlO MPS. .17 K.dl : L/0. 'HUn. -13 ( 2ufl ). 11M-CT7. 'Mount Delly, 48 P/4, 
-J)I)ti. iS, 10-2-07. 



Survey of Canaea & Close of Mysore Survey 111 

There is another object I wish you to complete at this opportunity ; that is a plan of the 
Fort, Town, and Environs of TV,! cm ore [02 11.3], [ ..,m ! )rci»!,..|m i ; all tho public and remarkable 
buildmgsandplaoesv.ut.bin the Lioundhed^e, the Barriers, Gateways, Puiicppett, and aU the En- 
virons on the samo scale as that of i i an galore. 

When this and the District of rluggur is done, you can return by Coppa 1 , and take the 
few villages wanting of that quarter ; and, if you could contrive to visit the Heads of the Gooin 
and Budra 2 , it would be very satisfactory to me to have a minute and detailed description of 
them. ... Observe particularly the state of the water there, and the dimensions of the head 
springe, breadth, depth ; enquire of the most intelligent Natives of the commencement and 
duration of the different- seasons. Rainy or Dry, and by what circumstances attended [113]. ... 

I trust you will be able to close these remaining parts before the Monsoon sets in, as it is 
my wish you should then set: off towards Bangalore and Coiar to join the parties on tin's side 3 . 

The whole coastal strip between Malabar and Goa was completed, and only 
Sonda was left unfinished*. The completed maps shewed 

nearly every village, ... the exterior boundaries of dinar;;-.. with the province of Malabar, with 
Koorg, the districts of Bednore, and the Portuguese Territory of Goa ; and the interior hmits 
of the divisions with one another.,. also added. 

The district of Banaw assi, part of Soonda [pi. n ], could only be surveyed at that time on 
account of the climate, the heavy rains and succeeding fogs, with the woody nature of the 
country, precluding survey for the greater part of the year ; the circuit and limits of Bilghi 
were only then ascertained on the same account. ... 

The lists previously famished by the provii.cia.l officers from the records of each district 
were found of great utility on the survey, by enabling tin; surveyors to verify nearly every 
individual place, the actual positions of which are inserted by their bearings from each other 
or from some fixer.! stations [: j .).i ]. ... Detailed description* of tins boondar-es were also added, 
which, with the enumeration of booses, families, castes, tanks, nullahs, and other information 
furnished from the Cusbtts in the course of survey, were included in the memoir of each 
district 5 . 

In May Ward was sent to complete the -survey of JJenkanikota and Alainbadi 
districts to the south-east [pi. n], that Mather had been unable to survey, and 
Mackenzie accompanied him before moving down to the Presidency in June"; 

My rapid journey to Allumbaddy was directed principally to a- personal inspection of that 
tract, while under survey, which has been represented in such unfavorable lights as to deter 
the party 1 had. directed to survey it. ..early in 1800 [ roe ]. ... 

To arrange such a various mass of materials as this Survey since 1.800 has afforded, would 
have derived at.tvn.ii tags from being finally digested in the country that is the subject of investi- 
gation, from the readier access to fort her information, and even correction, but. ..the necessity 
of taking early measures to furnish for Europe a General Map &, illustrations, ...from the 
desire, of replacing the total loss at sea [102] of what Had been compiled 4 years ago,. ..will... 
point out the [need ] of attempting to fulfil these duties on the coast 6 . 

In February 1 SOS his las!., maps are. reports were completed and sent home' ; 

The map now laid before the H.oo'ble Court has b(u;ii formed from actual survcv, and 
comprises... 41,060 square miles, which will be accompanied. ..at an early period by the Memoirs 
descriptive of the Districts which have boon surveyed. 

The Hon'ble Court of Directors haves been already informed of the ^reat attention which 
has heen given by Major ?.fackeu?,io to flies study of the ancient History of this country, and in 
pursuance of that plan that officer has presented... to the Hon'ble Court a M.S. Volume con- 
taining ft register, specimens, & Translations, of Inscriptions, Grants, & Ancient Monuments, 
it- affording very valuable information on toubjtscts connected v, lib emu-rat knowledge & science 
[2,107]. - 

The merits of JUajui- Mackenzie have been so frequently, <"id so warmly, represented, ... 
that the Governor in Council can add no stronger encomium to what lias been already deservedly 
bestowed, but he is satisfied thai, the farther proof now afforded of the indefatigable zeal & 
Talents of that officer will not fail to obtain that public attention which it appears justly to 
merit 8 . 

Mackenzie had heen much bothered by the re-strict ions of tight financial control, 

iCoppadroog, pi. 11. 'Bhadra E., 48 O/4-A. 'DDn. 4S, 2S-4-07. i Memoirs of Sure™ of 

Canara, ... by W. L. Lantv.nr. Ml.ilO. Hi I-lii C. 1806-7. H:> fieri;-, I of Revenue, .DDn. S3, 14-.V09. 
s '■<:. Res'lt, in Mysore, ih. j IV, ). 4 ti-iVj ; P.f.porL-.oh. M t/*o>r Si'riv,/. ,\lii.l;-;.j, .bitv I.-jiT : iiM Art il MS 143311 
(24). -JJ. V, CI). ±0 1 (.W. MJf-iienil mails, scale tier 24 m. to ml;: M.MO. \\$2 ( 9 ) [ pi. n 1- 13s 
( 44, 47, 48 ) ; Misc. 3-0-07 MRO. map 204. l J 



-cil 



11-2 



Mysore 



and especially by the reduction of allowances ordered by the Directors in 1801, 
■which prevented the employment of further uiil.ita-.ry officers [ 330-1 ]■ He refused 
however, to desert the work himself, and declined several offers of more lucrative 
employment ; ""I never considered it out of danger of being left incomplete" 1 . 

The stringent orders for economy at the end of the Maratha war were accom- 
panied by the recall of Marquis Welles ley, and in 18(17, Sir George "Barlow, who was 
acting Governor General, wrote to the Madras Government suggesting the curtail- 
ment of Lambtotvs and Mackenzie's surveys ; 

In Bengal several vory useful survey;; have been suspended until the start; of the Public 
Finance shall admit of the appropriation of fisixis for their prosecution [12, bo]. Adverting 
to the extensive information which must have been already obtained by these surveys, they 
might be suspended or limited 2 ; 

to which Madras replied that the Mysore Survey would be completed in the current year 
when its whole expense would cease. This was somewhat- premature, for Mackenzie 
required another year to finish his detailed maps, in spite of being warned that 
the particular desiro of the Governor in Council to bri.Rg that work to an early conclusion has 
been exclusively founded on those considerations of public economy which have imposed the 
unavoidable neee.^ir-y of m;;kir,c every possible reduction in all the departments of the public 
Service, and the Governor in Council observe with sii'-is faction that you have evinced. ..a 
commendable ;; trot; lion in .omit It;;: the < xpenfo of the work. ... 

It appears from what you have at present- stated that you expect to furnish your final 
Report regarding the survey in October next. !iml...!ill trx-pi-ninor! connected with it should couso 
from that period 3 . 

In submitting bis tin;*.! maps, scale two miles to an ineh, Mackenzie put them 
forward as the start of an atlas of the south peninsula [ ro2 . 276 ] ; 

Whatever defects or merits may be found in this attempt at the Improvement of Indian 
Geography can attach solely to this work it. = elf, as uo p-art iv biitcvcr, either in its Ground 
"Work or materials, is borrowed from any other [ izl |. The Flan i Mode of Execution of the 
Survey is inserted anion;! the Papers now t-nn.isni it-ted [91 -3 j, &. from the materials furnished 
by the labors of the Surveyors employed on it. These maps are reduced from the Original 
Surveys, conducted on a Series of Stations e:-l ith-isheil by the Assistants in the Several Districts 
respectively surveyed by each. ; & collated with a- Series o'^ Trigonometrical -Stations carried 
throughout the whole by myself, of which a Particular Flan & Memoir shall be transmitted, 
comprehending the whole extent of the Jlysovo Survey. It- become* unnecessary therefore 
to send a Copy of the Charts lost in 1 304 in the Prince of Wales, as they comprehended only 
a part of what- arc now included in those.. .here referred to 4 [ 102 ]. 

This achievement was a magnificent success, and entirely due to the sound 
planning, organization, and perseverance of lis Supermlendent. On this model ho 
based the series of methodical surveys which were spread over t he Madras provinces 
ditring the next 25 years, and which had trie further advantage of being directly 
based on Lambton's trigonometrical survey. It is to be noted that Mackenzie's 
account above makes no mention of Lambton's triangulation and, indeed, he 
made no attempt- to connect bis work to Lambton's triangle.-, alter once satisfying 
himself that there was but little discrepancy between them [3,119]. There is- 
therefore no justification for .Blacker ! s statement to the contrary, contained in 
the following appreciation ; 

The Map of Mysore is deservedly :i, model of topographical Survey, and. such as might have 
been expected from the highly respect cblc talents employed on it. Its foundations are the- 
great Trigonometric;;! lines established by Col. Lamb ton, on which depends a minor net of 
Triangles, and referring to them, the topographical features of Ihe ground. Colonel Mackenzie 
took a share of the practical operations himself 6 . 

In attributing its success to the individual talents of the officers employed. 
Blacker is again misleading ; the great success of the survey was due to the sound 
lines on which it was direct eel by Mackenzie ; for the first season ho certainly left 
the detailed methods to Warren and Mather, but the methods which eventually 
prevailed, and which largely influenced subsequent- surveys of the Presidency, were 
those worked out between Mackenzie and Mather. 

>DDn. 43 (251), 29-7-08. 'MPS. 7-10-07. s DDn. 6S (140), 17-8-08. »DDn. 43 (259), 
18-10-08. sDDn. 204 ( 170 ), 12-7-25. 



Natural History &■ Botaxv. 



The dc-feai of Tipu Sultan opened Lip the whole- -Mysore plateau above the Ghats. 
which had an entirely different dim rote and character to the Caruatie districts. 
In the first orders given for Mackenzie's survey the Governor General directed that 
he should be accompanied by Dr. Heyne, the Company's botanist on the Madras 
establishment [ 91 ]. He gave orders at the same time for 

the Sultan's gulden 1 a! Bangalore to be appropriated as a Oeiantcal garden, under the exclusive 
management of Doctor ideyne, ... as a depository for useful plants sent from different parts 
of the country. ... 

A decided superiority must bo given to useful plants, over those which are merely recom- 
mended by their rarity or their beauty, and it will ho Doctor Ileyne's primary care to attend 
to such as may furnish ary facility in the supply of soot I or forage ; ... to collect with care all 
that is connected wi.th the arts and manufactures of this country, or [hat promises to he useful 
in our own ; to give due atLention to the timber employed in i ho carious provinces of his route, 
and to the possibility e.f introducing !ho growth of useful tree:- into sue!, of our provinces a.s 
are deficient in Lhat necessary produce, and to police 1 'ivith particular diligence the valuable 
plants connected with his own immediate profession [ I, 376 ] s . 

In 1800 he further appointed Dr. Francis Buchanan to investigate "the state of 
agriculture, arts, and commerce, in the dominions lately acquired from Tippoo 
Sultan". Buchanan reached Seringapatam in May 1800 and, after touring through 
Mysore and corresponding with Mackenzie, he moved on in November to tour 
through Malabar. His account of A Journey from. Madras through- the Countries 
<>j MiiSOK'., Canara, & Malabar was pu kit shed in London in 1807^. 

In his "Plan for the Mysore Survey" Ylaukeiizio proposed 

that to Dr. IIe> no | I, ;p-;o |...the 1> ranches of li^:un:i:, i .'/,.- -ml-yii. i : v. . I. No.twai History, may... 
be assigned, whose employ uient, talents, and ardour for p rose ou ting the improvement of these 
useful branches of service et.rly pointed him out as one who might bo well employed acting 
with roe in the Ni/am's country, and now still move so in a Couutryiiow intimately blended 
■ in its interests with oar own Provinces. 

His reports... will communicate considerable light on the Natural History of the l-iaJIagliiuit 
[ t)5 n,l ], and when his time can occasionally Mdmit, 1 shall expect a considerable degv«j 
of assistance from him in the other parts neees.sarv lor elucidating the Statistical account 
of Mysore 4 . 

Heyne left Madras in March 1S00, taking with him an establishment which 
included, 

One European Draftsman or Painter. ... 

Two native painters, or Draftsmen, of Plants. 

Two Plant Collectors, natives accustomed to this service. ... 

Three peons and Harourrahs for preserving iv carrying minerals, plants^ and other objects 
of Natural History 5 . 

After a few weeks a*,. Bangalore lis reported that, 

Some days alter my arrival hero, tin.* oulum's Garden was given up to me, which since my 
return from Seringapatam I have endeavoured to put in a condition to answer the purposes 
mentioned in your letter to Captain .UeKeri/ie of (ifh "February last. 

The trees &■ Plants brought with me from Madras, as Oaks, Pines, Nutmegs, Cinnamon, 
Sec., I have to report as orcim'sing very wed. ami "upwards •..>'' 2.1!* oiffoi-eut seeds have been 
sown. ... The extent of the Garden is, according to acrae.; measurement, 4] Kngl.ish acres 
odd, ... [and ] employed in it 20 Gar. lienors, :>, Musi tees, and a Daroga, pj>.i<] by the (Jircar 6 ; 
to which Government replied ; 

You will only occupy such portion of the Garden at Bangalore as may be sufficient for the 
purpose of a temporary JJepot for the Plants which have been, sent- from ."Madras, or such rare 
or useiul! plan ts or so-. Is as ma; be found during the course of your tour with Captain ilcKoi'tzie. 
... dim teomoi-ary establishment at ]';ang;dme is .u r.e v speot whatever to in terfeve with the 
primary object of your s:at hrical enquiries with ( '?: pt.ain McKenzie 7 . 

Heyne aecoinpatiied r.iaeke:.r/io during his. first few months on the north-west 
frontier, but in October returned to the garden at Bangalore, Mackenzie reporting 
to the Resident that he had keen very troublesome ; 



1 



s ib. 6-1 1-! 



114 



Mysore 



t you should remain in your 

igues are now prevalent in in this 

r to Chittledroog for medicines. 

s belonging to these pursuits, are not 

anent situation has been assigned in 



In short, My Dear Sir, I find that whatever I propose cannot be well received, ever since 
May last, tho' I had taken much pains about this gentleman's e s iabli shir ion t, and his acting 

with mo wis ii.t. his own a^ruted ,'oilicitations 1 . 

The doctor's departure was particularly inconvenient, as the surveyors now 
moved into unhealthy country [ 97-8 ] ; 

Had you been, hero now, perhaps it would have b 
medical capacity t,.iii we wore nearer eoiny of tho Pot 
part of the country, and wo have been obliged twice to v 

Your Botanical Journals, .Drawing-!, and Descriptio: 
iiiuiiediatoly wonted, so far as I know, and, as a peri: 
Bangalore for more conveniently lodging your Papers and Collections, they can be more 
securely deposited tlioro. under vein- own iu.-pectii .;i, til' the pleasure of Covermiient is known 3 . 

In the spring Heyne mnvix! down to t-li-e Ca malic to examine "copper mines in 
Bornrajah's country" 3 , and though he reported his movements, lie paid little atten- 
tion to instructions given hy Mackenzie, who eventually wrote to the Resident ; 

I find, that Dr. Heyn'i litis arrived at. P.anp.il.-.iTo after a. emeuitouf! .Tourney. ... Pray May I 
take the liberty of asking it yon are acquainted with i ho object of [his Circuit.., of which I have 
little other information than a Bill for cxpeiieos of enquiring after Copper Mines, which I have 
only countersigned lest I should bo supposed hostile to tins pursuit, or indifferent to the respect- 
able authority introduced. 

Dr. Heyne having repeatedly applied to me for orders and directions, ... I have judged it 
advisable, now that he has passed n:e and announced his arrival at. Bangalore, to suggest the 
espedionoy of hie pointing aomo of his attention to tho Country under Survey, provided it 
ctocs not interfere with other orders 4 . 

He writes to Warren at the same time ; 

i have certainly been very much disappointed in that [ help ] T. expected from one party, 
where every consideration might have recommended another line of action. The gentleman 
you mention 1. have occasion to know is arrived at Bangalore, and, if I may judge from several 
of his letters, seems not very willing to drop a contention which in tho end cannot be very 
satisfactory to Superior Authority. It is the first time in my fife I experienced anything of 
the kind carried on with such perseverance, and where I feel conscious T deserved another 
kind of behaviour 5 . 

To Arthur he writes ; 

Dr. Heyne. ..is now a^ain engaged in a correspondeoee with, mo on an old. -Mibjeeb ; I never 
knew such behaviour ; he has repeat ■■illy applied for orders, and. when at last, he got an answer, 
he makes shift to decline compliance 8 . ... 

.[ am very much teamed with Dr. ileyue's letters about Ins. orders and directions, and Con- 
tingent hills ; he appears to me \ri:ry desirous of rcnewmg a paoer alt creation, which I shall 
certainly not continue long with him 7 . 

Heyne rejoined Mackenzie's camp in August 1801, hut still continued an un- 
accommodating altitude, and Mackenzie concludes one letter ; 

For my opinion of your capacity in branches of which I am so little qualified to speak 
T_ can only refer to oiy former sentiments publicly expressed, that I am sensible thnt little 
advantage can he expected in any uiKlertakiog wl if re a mutual concert is wanting ; to maintain 
that has ever been my wish, and. ..I can give assurance of my readiness still to promote, so 
far as lies in my power, every part of your labors 8 . 

Heyne now remained with the surveyors, attending to the sick, till he was given 
leave to the Presidency early in 1802 on account of ill health. A few months later 
he was put on a separate establish men!;. Amongst the reports lie submitted whilst 
attached to the survey were "Meteorological, journals from March IS00 to March 
1802", and a "Memoir on Copper Mines near the Ongole 5 District in the Lower 
Carnatic 10 ". He published an account of his work in Mysore in his Tract II, Statis- 
tical Fragments on Mysore 11 . 

On Mackenzie's return to Mysore in 1804 [ 105 ], he was given the services of 
Dr. Leyden as surgeon, with instructions to prosecute ;: enquiry into the Natural 
History & Production of the Mysore Country 12 " [92], including ; 

■DDn. 41, 24-12-00. -ib. 23-12-00. "Memoir r>n .'.''«; CopiKr Afiws in- tli-. CahMri/ di Vetikatg- 

hsm/ District, illUO. .11 I li : Kr.Lic.u'M .';■; Venk.itn-iri. 57 0:'f). 'liDn. 41. 27-0-01. "DDn. 66, 4-7-01 
«ib. 12-7-01. 'ib. 16-7-01. « ib. 5-S-Q1 . =66.1/:!.. '"fleviifi'iJmmiKls I rein 27 :i 00. 1 [RIO. .11 117. 
"Heync's Tract*, sec also FD MR. ( 04 ). "MGO. 14-1-04. 



Natukal History & Botany 



1. Botany &, Mineralogy, including Remarks o 
Other prod net ion:; of the; Country. ... 

2. The Diseases, or Medicines, Remedies, peculi 
Country. ... 

3. The Air, Climate, Sea; 
the Country & its cultivation. 

4. The Soil, Productions, 

5. The various descriptioi 
(i. The Animals peculiar 



the Trees, Woods, Plants, Minerals, . 

■ to the Natives & to Europeans in th 

the Periodical Winds & Rail is [ 92, 105 ] & their effects o 



.nil: of Agriculture, "Modes of Cultivation; the Waterworks. ... 
of Natives, their Languages, &c. 
the Country. 
The peculiar Manufactures of the Country, the state of Art 1 . 
The following May, Leyden's health broke, down — the Survey was left without 
any medical attendant — and these, special enquiries had to he dealt with by the 
surveyors. 



Relations with Lai 



The purpose of the following pages Is to refute Markhanvs statement that 
Mackenzie and Lambton "do not appear to hare worked harmoniously" 2 , and to 
show the extent to which they kept in friendly touch with each other, not only 
during the survey of Mysore, hut in later years also. 

It is true indeed that towards the end of his life, when harassed by ill health, 
Mackenzie showed himself impatient with La nth ton's persistent efforts to increase 
the allowances of his staff, and hole! the papers up for .nearly three years, much to 
Lanibton's disgust, but there was nothing personal in this obstruction. 

The first test of their mutual goodwill came in 1801 when Lambton tried to get 
the services of his brother officer Warren. Mackenzie held out against this for some 
time, rightly insisting that his needs at the moment were the more urgent, but 
when the first important task was completed, and Lambton was ready with his 
instruments., Mackenzie graciously surrendered [117, 119]. 

Lanibton's proposals for a trigonometrical survey were first made early in 
December 1799 [3,233], when Mackenzie's plans were well forward, and Mackenzie's 
reactions are expressed in the following letter to .Barry Close f 91 ] : 

Mr. Webbe 3 [^--j.^-,j.]ha3 comnumieatod i.o me Captain. Lamb toil's Proposit ions for a. Spherical 
Survey &c, an. I requested rue k> mention i o you. my Sentiments on vlie so bjeets, as a private 
communication, which I do with greater pleasure as It agrees with an idea I have suggested in 
my Plan of executing the General Surrey In Mysore, of having the who In corrected by a. Series 
of Asl rononiical 1 Ibservati. ms [ 92 ]. 

Par from interfering with the Surveys as I ovopose them in this Plan, ... they will he nsefull 
in rendering the whole more complete, if., .they are carried on in concert with the Mysore 
Survey and with the Observatory at Madras. 1 therefore think that Captain Lambton' s 
proposal merits encouragement, and thai the l.nsti-imienis uece^sar; , which are rare, would... 
be very proper h employed with a. suitable Establishment in carrying this design into execu- 

Oii considering this subject, my thoughts would take mere tlirio than ! can spare now, 
but, ..they may be of use in elucidating the Progress of our Surveys in .India in General ( for 
in one point I cannot agree with Captn. Lambton whore lie say? "that no correct method has 
yet- been used for determining the position of such points" [ 250 ] ) 4 . ... 

Captain Lanibton's Propositions full in with what I have suggested regarding the connec- 
tion of the whole. ..by a series of Triangles and astronomical observations [92 ]. ... I there- 
fore thought all that was necessary for me ( not knowing at that time of Captn 
Ft 1'. position ), to suggest it merely as a thing desirable for its greater accuracy, c 
own operations immediately to what is sooner within our reach by common mean 
be ready to give it every support; in uiy power. 

I have had. some conversation with him on the subject this morning, and co: 
to him my General Plan. His is precisely on the same ground as the Trigonometrical Surveys 
carrying oxi in England and. France, and which in the former has since l"!.)h carried the Triangles 

'DDn. 43 (R9), 13-7-04. "Markham ( 73 ). s Josiah Web'bc ( 1767-1804); MCS. 1783; Sec. to 

Govt, 1796-1801: Bus-.Lt. Mv^re, XiiLmur. Siritliiin, 1801-1. 'Hut Lambton was IMS certainly justified ; 
KDn. 41, 6-12-1799. 



Lanibton's 
■ulinin.g u:\ 



muineaiod 



L 



to the Lands-end from Hampshire in 179S. The clear pure at mosphoro of this climate is much 
better calculated for observing distant objects, but the iraic of mi apparatus sufficiently correct 
a work of its estimation in |,he sulci l I iiiu world will be I lie 3ii;b!i.sl impediment ; tho' I 



-j much of the ardour and t 



should hope this will b 

spirit necessary for the pursuit 1 . 

A few weeks lamr Government advised Mackenzie that they had appointed 
Major of Brigade Lambton... to make an Astronomical Survey of the southern part of the 
Peninsula, and ehietly of those Countries winch are tm braced l.a the general plan of your more 
detailed survey [ ^^3—4]. 

As this work is intended io com;! in aid ofyoi.Lt' labors, and, to enable you to conduct them 
with greater dispatch, while it is more im medial ely directed to purposes of general geography. 
Major Lambton lias been ordered to oomunuuoiife freely with you on every point connected 
with the great and importim.t object- of your mutual pursuit ; and, as from the distinct nature 
of his undertaking it has not been deemed expedient to place him under j on:- orders, his Lord- 
ship has the firmest reliance in that zeal for the public interests, of winch you have offered 
many honorable proofs, that you will conduct your communications with Major of Brigade 
Lambton with that openness and cordiality which can alone ensure an useful coincidence in 
ssults to your joint labours for the public benefit 3 . 
- his survey for LarribtoiVs results. Mackenzie called 



on Ins surveyors to co-opera- 

As this work is intended to c 

is desired ; you will be pleased, i. 

the Districts you arc employed li 



) in aid of these labours, a tree and liberal ec 
tse of Major La.mbton's coining on that:, duty into or n 
o give him every aid of local information, or such othei 
n immediate Survey : 



ho may require to fiicditite iiis operations, without retarding your o 

whilst to Monoricff in Kanara |_Q.6, 108] lie writes ; 

It will be an useful work in. establishing certain points of connexion, but will of course 
require time. I am ordered by Government to give hi in every assistance in my power, and I 
suppose your Surveyors will be the same. ... I believe it now generally understood that all 
...works undertaken for the Public Service are rendered more useful and more correct by 
r eel p roc li. I cm tut limitation.*. 

In September he writes to Lambton regrefi ing that, though he had prepared a 
sketch for him, he bad bad to pass it to Buchanan [ 113 ], but would prepare another 
as soon as possible. He gives information as to local prices, congratulates 
him on the narrow escape of his instruments from an accident on the road, 
and trusts that he has a good set of followers. He continues ; 

I have in the course ol' my Journey not, been Inal tent.ive to the point* That might be useful 
in your operations, bid through the whole of my Journey I did not observe any fiat level that 
could admit of a mile nearly without some interruption ; there are many coinmanding open 
situations with favor able heights near them, well adapted for Stations, anil I shall, if you wish 
it, when leisure permits point out some of these. ... 

.Let me have the pleasure of bearing front you often ; I know not when we may meet, but 
it will be with much satisfaction on my side wherever it happens 8 . 

After measuring his base at Bangalore, Lambton writes ; 

It appears from the late a.cijuisit ion of ceded territories [ 152 |, that n. wide field will be laid 
open for me ; and from the meridional course that T propose taking, there is some probability 
of my extending my opera lions much to the northwards ; and, if your view should lead you 
that way, it will much increase the inducement I already have of proceeding northward, as I 
know it to be so ntiteli the wish of (Government that, our labours would he combined 6 ; 

to which Mackenzie replies ; 

Permit me.. .to thank you for your communications on the state of the weather 7 , and the 
goodwill you evince towards keeping up a mutual communication with, this side. I am hope- 
ful you will not. find me defective in contributing my best efforts 10 t.ho same ends. ... The 

Sketch Plan 1 sent yon lately you will consider a general directory for your guidance. 

After giving a detailed account of the main routes, with special consideration for 
Lambton's large instruments, he continues ; 

When we approach each other we may easily contrive a meeting, which will be equally 
desirable on both sides. ... Write me freely if you wish for any further notice that I can 
give 8 . 



Relations with Lambton 



L17 



To a suggestion that Warren should lie transferred to Lambton's survey [ 115, 
iiq"|, Mackenzie wrote a discouraging letter to the former, and made this friendly 
reply to Lambton ; 

Your proportion requires! some consideration, U10' my reply to Mr. Warren himself would 
indicate my earlier sentiments. In this little interval I have had the most unpleasant accounts 
from all parts of ."Uvsore of tho Survey bein^ suspended, and. ..I do not feei that I can with any 
propriety accede, and, as you are so good as to mention "it will, go no jurihur" , I feel more at 
ease in saying I am concerned and vexed that you shook! have a proposition to make that I 
could not heartily support ; but consider. My Dear Sir, the consequence of once introducing a 
clashing between tho two Surveys, which I am convinced never once occurred to you. 

Rest assured I shall never omit any opportunity of shewing the sentitaeata I early expressed 
on your Plan, and before Mr. Warren asked to be employee! with me 1 . 
Lambton replied that ho had made his request 

on a proviso that it might be attended with no inconvenience to your operations. But I never 
entertained an idea that you could wish to get any person off from your Establishment. Be 
assured I feel perfectly satisfied with what you have done, and In addition to this testimony 
I am sure you will be gratified when I tell you that I am likely to make much greater progress 
than I at first expected. ... 

I think it is probable we may fall in with each other somewhere in the Sera district 2 . By 
that time I hope I may have something to offer you that may be of service. Let me know 
when you think you will reach Sera, and weather [ sic ] you mean to run into the ceded terri- 
tories 3 . 

Frequent letters were exchanged during the next few months, with sketches of 
the country, loans of drawing paper, and enquiries for health ; on 20th June 
Mackenzie writes ; 

I wish much we could have mot for some days, as it would have boon extremely satisfactory 
to both, I believe, to have some intercourse after our late long Journeys. If you come to 
Heroor only, I could go thither with a tent, but all my Establishment &c. must be left here, 
as I am not in train for proceeding on that, part of the Survey without.- I lake a circuit back 
again at a loss of time, and in fact I am very desirous of getting done altogether with this part 
of the Country [99]. But why could you not post down here for a day or two ? You need not 
bring a Tertfc, as I have room enough for you ; and I can send my bearers to Ayamunglum 4 , 
and a Horse to Heroor to meet you. Come to a resolution soon, as my stay depends on your 

Again on August 12th ; 

I have received your favors of the 11th Ultimo, enclosing a Table of tho Latitudes of your 
Principal Stations, for which I request you will accept my best thanks. It is very satisfactory 
to me to find that your Stations taken with such accuracy confirm those 1 had taken in the 
common way. ... When those to the Northward or Sevan are; connected with that point, I 
shall send you a Copy of the Stations, but this cannot yet be done till I have brought it up to 
that part. . .. 

I am sorry to hear of your indisposition continuing so long, but I hope ere this you have 
got clear of it. I will be glad to hear of your getting the use of your eyes again, but it will 
be necessary for you to be very cautious for some time. My sight is a good deal affected ; so 
much that I cannot write at night ; but it proceeds from a different cause, and is not an 
inflammation ; I find the use of glasses very much affects them- 1 . 

Lambton wrote from Sundidrug on 6th September ; 

I find one of your Deputies i Mather 1 is in the Ballapore District [ ph II ] ; I wish he had 
applied to me ; lie misfit have .had several of niy points which I presume would have been of 
service to him, and unless these Points are taken up by the Surveyors of Districts, one of their 
great uses is lost ; 
to which Mackenzie replied ; 

The Stations North of this will be exceedingly useful to you, and save you some time as 
they would to me had I previous noticed of the clearest and most distinguished points. My 
Stations near this connect with yours, and I subjoin a note containing Hills and Droogs you 
may possibly take in your intended Progress, and that will very much facilitate a combination 
up the whole. ... 

I have wrote to Mr. Mather to communicate with you on all occasions ; your ideas of the 
utility of your Stations being known perfectly coincides with my own. ... 

tDDn.66, 12-1-01. =Sira, 57C/I3. =DDn. 63 ( 23 ), 1-2-01. JAymungala, S7 B/12. *DDn. 66. 



118 



Mysore 






The Stations or .Points you determine being made known, to the .Surveyor!! will be included 
by them in the detailed Surveys, and enable me: so combine the whole into one General Map 
afterwards. In like manner, ['he Si-ii-t-icisis a-irei'dy taken by Lin: S[:i'vi;yijra btiinsr mailc known 
to you will enable you more particularly to remark these for the same purpose 1 . 

He wrote- to Mather on tlio same day ; 

Major Lamb ton wrote mo lately, mid 1 only deferred writing Lo him till I could hear from 
you. I annex a Paragraph of his letter ; ins SLationa and eoisneoted Points will certainfv be 
useful to you, and I could wish yon to keep tip and cultivate the best understanding with 
him, as being very essential tr> the Service we ere till employed on ; lie is himself very ready 
to communicate, and in his private character, independent, of his Public, is deserving of every 
proper attention. 

How far you make use of his Bullions in this Stave of your Survey I leave you to judge, 
as I wish to leaves the Details «>f the Provincial Surveys as much as i>ossible to the Surveyors, 
going on one Uniform Plan [ 101 ] ; and it was my opinion that Major Lamb ton's Sirrvey 
would come very properly to correct and reduoo tin; l-VineipSe Stations of ea-eji to their proper 
places in the General Maps to be coti'itn listed from the Several Surveys. I merely mention 
these hints for your information of tiny ei en time tits, which hive been alwuvs friendly to Major 
Lamb ton "s and o\ery other Cs.eful Work. 

A meeting Look place in October. Mackenzie writing 
from Camp 2 Cess TV. of H.indoopoitr. ... 1. should if you are near ask l.hes favor of you to meet 
me at some convenient place, ...but as it must be inconvenient, for you with your heavy 
apparatus, and I am liarlilly equipped on this Journey, 1 can without much inconvenience 
push on to Good i bun da 2 if you are fixed thero. Tf not, lot. mo know whore I. may find you fay 
going a day's journey Eastward ( in. if, not, :t0 miles from the river, for that distance in these 
circumstances staggers mo a little !. .1 am also desirous of :;oiuj; to Pemiaeonda for a day; 
if you could contrive there to iix with Captain €olebrooke who I fancy is near you, where we 
might all meet for a day or two 3 . I shall have much pleasure in proceed im_' toward you.. .to... 
any place you please not Loo far off. if your Great Instrument is fixed at Goodibunda I 
should like that place in preference, but don't incommode yourself on my account. ... 

Best compliments bo Captain Colebrooke [122,236]; I am very desirous of seeing 
you both 4 . 

Two days later he writes to Arthur ; 

I have jtiot got a noto. from Lamblon, and ex peel, to dine with him this evening ; X can now 
repay your bark [ quinine J with interest : 
ami again on the 12th ; 

I had the satisfaction of find'ug Latobton with ins whole Apparatus: no. which is nor, the 
ease every day. I stayed two nights with them at, Lugnshul.ly, and had like to have been 
detained another by the rivers rising suddenly ; Eiowever 1 got off the noon of tho 10th, ... 

three of them, sent to Major Lamb ton, coincide with his to 
ne, and. half of that is allowed tor difference of point of Station ; 
much reason to he satisfied w.ith Mather's work, and Lambiou 

he originally sugs;esfed. of sctflhi" e- 



Mr. Mather's triangli 
within 160 yards, I think, 01 
on the whole I think there 

so far as I could learn, seemed of tins 

He is going en with (treat, success 
great points for the 00 ra.se tion of Detailed Surveys executed, by Plane Triangles with" inferior 
instruments. ... I had an opportunity of comparing the sides of the Triangles on our side with 
his, on the protracted, plan ; from Mitdghery to r.ludgesy 1 '' there was a difference of a- mile and 
the others near it in the same proportion. Lamblon is of opinion thai, rids must be owing to 
carrying them so far from a small base, and t!ioc>:aef points in some instances not being possible 
Lo lie ascertain..;'! without signal Staves 6 . 

To Mather he writes ; 

I mentioned to Major La-moion your wish to 
ready to communicate any part of his work that n 
to himself in writing or personalty, and you will be s 
inimical! ion ; if you are near him at any time I r 
is much bettor than any other medicine 7 . 

Mackenzie wrote to Lambton on 31st October ; 

I will be muck obliged by your sending me your Triangles between the parallel of Fenna- 
conda and...Serah [pi. 11] as I wish. ..to oompm-e mine, and trace out the cause of the 

! DDn. 63, 18-9-01. -Goribidimr, 57C/10. 3 obviously the zenith si-ctor. ;is the ihtm The 11 it ok te 

did not reach India till 1802. Mb. 5 -10-01. Mlatlrhigir:. 57 ('.;/■>.; '.Mid iff -si, 57 i.i ■■'! . Hill tops 13 m. apart 
[99]. Mb. 12-10-01. 'Sol-Mug hick'Cil l>si.!.r:r llinii personal liaison, ib. 23-10-01. 






if his Stations. ... He i 
y be useful, and you have only to apply- 
sure of getting every satisfactory com- 
mend your calling upon himself, which 



Relations with Lametok" 



lilt 



difference, whether gradually increasing from my short Base near Hurry hur [95 ], or from 
some ill defined points further South, for in carrying on the Boundary I wag under the 
necessity of takim; several distant Hills where no distinct object could be seen 1 . 

and again on 30th November; 

The difference in the line from Mudgery to Mudgesy. ... is now entirely reduced by the 
'l.'t'pangles taken since September « 'as to make the d iff 'ere nee very tr-iflisijf. the utmost being 
30 feet. ... A station I Look on the Summit of .Niclieui .! 1 1 p c- 1 ) very much to corroborate and 
oon.iii-m all my Still ions ruimd to a gi'Ciit extent. [ 09 ]. 

A few days after his move to Madras [ 101 J, Mackenzie writes to Warren ; 

.Major Lamb I. oil's Carriage of .1 iistru merits is now allowed of, he tells me [ 334-5 ] ; I passed 
a day with him lately at the Mount. 'where he has begun t,o measure his Base [ 237, 256 ] 2 . 

To Mather he tells of the heavy work involved by the compilation of the topo- 
graphical surveys, whereas 

Major Lambton, having only a small Chili' t to form of bin Triangle?!, the cornpu rations of which 
could be mn.il.; 111 the i-Voprcss <:<( the ivork, was . if course enabled 1.0 bring his whole work 
forward some time ago, &■ Las now begun to measure a new liuse near Madras. 1 understood 
his Establishment is now put oil h footing nearly equal i-i ■ the former, fr. that in some Memoir 
he has given ill ( but which 1 have not seen ) ho suggests that faking up his points in tracing 
the rivers and roads would be more correct; than any other work [ 237, 238 ]. 

For my own part, I am confirmed by comparing- yours, Mr, Warren's, and our own Triangles 
with his, & their uniting so well together, that ran- mode is sufficiently correct for all that is 
required 5 . 

Again on 1 8th May ; 

Major Lambton has given me a Plan of his Stations. ... Give me your opinion regarding 
the utility of following up his Stations .Sr, filling up the space between. Do you think you could 
readily recognize his stations &. by following these save time in preference to following those 
you know &■ fix yourself'/. Give me your sentiments on this subject soon. 

Whatever Mather replied, Mackenzie continued his own primary stations over 
the whole area of survey in preference to adopting Lamb tori's triangles and points 
[IH]. 

In 1802 it was definitely agreed that Warren should join Lambton[ 115, 117], and 
Mackenzie .writes to Arthur ; 

Mr. Warren has been with mo here | Madras ] near a month, and is now reducing hia Colar 
Survey to the Scale of a Mile to an Inch ; T dare say it, will take a month or more. I believe 
it. was settled Ijefor.-o von left us that, bo is to bo attached ui -Major Lamb l on, who is now to 
the Southward about I'onHieherry ; his large .Instrument: not yet arrived. I was ordered to 
recommend someone to act in the situation .Mr. W-arren has been in. A- I proposed Mr. Morison 
of the Artillery 4 , 
whilst to Lambton he writes shortly after ; 

I cannot disapprove of Mr. Warren's wishing to lie employed in situation more agreeable 
to his own views or wishes 5 . 

I am glad t.o find your Grand Instrument is arrived, of which I have board so much L 2 33j^ 
I should like to see it, but it is not possible for me to be with you on Sunday, as it is the only 
day I ean have to myself for some time ; you will therefore excuse me for this time. I am 
much hurried at present removing all my things [ from K'ilpauk | to a bouse at Vipery 6 , which 
will discompose me for some days ; As soon as J. am settled there I shall expect you down for 
a dav, but this we- can arrange next week. ... 

Have you got out the- Philosophical Transactions of last year, or any further account of 
flio Survey m Kngland 7 '! 

To Warren he writes in October ; 

I hope you keep your health ; I have not been very well with the late hot weather, and 
many others have been ailing. 1. have now got another Inmate in this large house 8 , which is 
necessary to fill up the vacancy in so vast a Mansion ; there is however room enough for you 
when you ehuse to take a rim down, aw there would be were it much smaEer. 

Give my best compliments to Major Lambton, K- tell him if occasion requires his coming 
down hither, that there will be a Couch for him at my Hotel at Vepery 9 . 

The original "Plans" for both Mackenzie's and Lamb-ton's surveys had been 
sent home to the Directors, and passed to Rennell for criticism. He failed altogether 



120 



Mysore 



to realise the nature of the proposals, and his remarks were little to the point 
[ I; 376 ]- la replying to them Mackenzie thus refers to Lambton's survey ; 

I trust that .Major Lambton's own ei^aaiaMon of his Plan must by this time Knew it to 
have been entirely ctisi.-ltsf.it from that entrusted U> my charge ; both being instituted at different 
distant periods, and in no respect intended to ho connected together further than in that com- 
munication and good outlet's Uvndhjg w t.ii'h. vi'O'hs proposed f: ;r the improvement; of Geographv, 
and s- nne times coming m connection, boar lo each other [ nij ]. 

This need, not be indeed inure st.rongiy ilb.isi-ral od than by reeolieeting t-hat this Gentle- 
man's operation;!, for- soroo time, l-,:ivo been liinsuiod to the country on this aide of the Ghats 
[ S36-8 ], and was no more applicable to Mysore than to any other part of the "Peninsula, to 
which the result of a Series of Great Triangles was meant to extend. ... T.he Northern Survev 
[ 99-100 ] was carried up to the Pennar 1 nearly about the same time that the Spherical Trian- 
gels were from Serah extended into t-hat- neighbourhood [ J35 ] a . 

and to Lambton himself ; 

The base at Balk pore... was measured by Mr. .Mather &, ve- mean 11 red by him and Mr. Arthur, 
and the work done with, a common chain [ 205 ]. Such precautions wei'C used as leaves no 
little doubt with me of all the aceuruev consistent with the nature of the means emoloved 

[«*>]. . " 

I can hav-e no objection tlierefore to your verifying it, as well as the other liases when you 
approach them ; at H.urryhur [ 95 ] etc., or at any rate the nearest primary stations which 
you will find in the Chart sent yon. I enclose a .lit tie sketch of the Base near Ballapore. 
Perhaps it would be curious to ascertain the real difference between a Base measured by a 
Common Chain, and by the unproved one with ad the allowances made, & 1 believe the differ- 
ence eaimot bo very essential. Such an experiment by yourself .1. could have no objection to 3 . 

In November 1805, Mackenzie wrote from the western borders of Mysore ; 

I liave been duly favored with both your Letters from Bangalore & Seriugapatam. 
I have since September brought up both the detailed &. fundainent.nl part of my work to this 
place ( Azimpoor ), where I have measured a Base [ 107 ]. ... [ shall want a few connecting 
Stations towards the centre of the Country, which I leave till the occasion offers more con- 
veniently on my return. Meantime, by carrying them along the West side, I have the satisfac- 
tion to see they agree so nearly with yours, that on common maps the difference will not bo 
perceptible ; & in the Southerly and Xorlheriy it your extreme po in i.s... there appears on inspec- 
tion of the maps very little diiTereneo ; Some difference is oeeasioned bv i.be same points not 
being taken ; in others I know not precisely yours. ... 

I return you my thanks for this plan ; I wish you had added to it on the East as far as... 
Vollore*, A. on t.ho West- an far as yon have gone to the Crisis r. ; as in the latter it would point 
out to me some leading stations ; all along I have been obliged to grope my way in the dark 
as it were, & consumed much time in reconnoitring &. taking Stations rho.t, frequently are laid 
aside for want of previous information. 

I continued this way till June, when the state of the atmosphere alone forced me to relin- 
quish the Survey in Bednore, and till within these few days the weather has not been sufficiently 
clear to tempt me out again. I am now on the wing again to close this oiirt while the weather 
permits. 

Your meridian lines will be of use to me in eoireeting mine, tho' in the mean time I have 
taken the variation at our Bases &, some principal stations, in the whole of your Triangles 
I find we have gone over the sarins ground, A beyond these in several instances. As yours go 
no further than Hardanoily 5 on the South, I inclose all I can.. .to the Guzzalatty Patss 8 ; voll 
will find some difficulty in carrying them below the Ghaat, as the -round is so narrow, & 1 
would recommend your going on that hi 11. ..where 1 caused a heap of stones io be erected near 
our Station ; you will haue there a fine view of the Country below, & some good points I think 
for extending your Stations, even so far as Triehmonoly Book, which I hope you will include 
before your return to the Carnatic, as it connects the Southern Geography [I, 170]. ... 

On my present Journey I should wish to have any points you can give. ..to guide my atten- 
■fc if there be any material point on the Sea Coast that you have 



In 1808 after Lambton had moved south, Mackenzie wrote to Warren at the 
Observatory ; 

Lambkin's difiieulties in Tanjore, I suppose, must ba.vo arose from the flatness of the 



Relations with Lambtoh - 



Ul 



Country, & its "being so woody would also impede Lis Sv.-ir.ion [ j_j.i j. I ha.ve not Leard of him 
for a. long time till you mentioned him. t y thought ho had gone on to the Msdura Country 1 . 

The following letter written, by Mackenzie just before sailing for Java a 
that Larnbton had stayed with him in Madras before moving north to the C 
Districts [ 245 ] ; 

I am very glad to find by your letter of 1.1th that, you made such progress, and came up so 
opportunely with your baggage. 1 trust by this te.no -you are advanced welt into the Ceded 
Districts. ... 

I have the pleasure to enclose eopy of your list. nF books and ['l;i': liter':; loft i.u this house. ... 
I have directed Mr. Ward by letter to deliver any part, or the whole, of them to you or your 
order; and meantime to look occasionally to their security. The pl.a.t-o particularly to be 
placed in his own bedroom, as it is in joy room at present. You have nothing to do but to 
write hi in to deliver whatever box or art-it le you may want to your order. 

The name of the senior of the assistants employed now as the Candieotta district is Michael 
Dunigan, and I have directed him to attend to ever;,-' requisition you may inako on them for 
anything within then' power, particularly ae;"aira!e desi.TipMo'-s oi' the hills litki best stations, 
the roads, the marks at the base, etc. ... 1 know not whether it would not be useful to them, 
though perhaps troublesome to you, that one of them should attend the measurement of your 
base, in order to attend particularly to the observation for the latitude and azimuth. I have 
lately sent a sextant to Dunlgan ; ... I will write him to art-end t your commands*. 

The full record of these friendly and chatty letters should safely dispose of the 
story that there was at any time any unfriendly reeling between these two remark- 
able men. It is evident that. .Mackenzie was; well satisfied to rind that his own 
triangulation was sufficiently accurate for control 3 ; at the same time he was 
comforted by the close agreement between his work and the more precise 
results of Lambton's scrupulous care. The very possibility of such check was an 
obvious incentive to accuracy. Had Lambton's survey come first, with stations 
established and clearly marked, Mackenzie would have been only too glad to base 
his work on the more scientific triangulation 4 . 






CHAPTER IX 



MADRAS M.LUTAI.IY SURVEY.* 



Route Surveys, 1799-1804 — Military Institution, 1805-16 — Travancore 
1805-11 — Hyderabad & Berar, 1805-11 — Java, 1811-16. 

FOR nearly two years after the fall of .Serin gap at am there was continued fighting 
along the western borders of Mysore, the prineipal leaders of the hostile forces 
heing tiie Maratha adventurer Doondiah who roamed between Bedmir and 
Savanur [ 94 ]\ and the Pyche Raja 2 of Kottayam, who defied the British troops 
from his mountainous home in north Malabar [I, 132]. So little known were 
these frontiers that in the treaty of 1(199 W'ynad [ 107 n. 1,123] wa s ceded to the 
British under one name, and allotted to Mysore under another ! !, a misunderstand- 
ing that was put right in 1803 by the transfer of other areas to Mysore in return for 
recognition of British possession of Wynad s . 

Of the frontiers further north, Weil.esl.ey writes to Orr [ I, 361 ] in August 1799 ; 
I am quite at a loss for some knowledge of the principal posts ami roads in this, and the 
Bednore, country, f understand that though your official duly is in another lino, yon still ■ 
pay attention to the surreys of tlie conn tries through which the ciet-achmoj it inarches, and I 
shall be obliged to you for any oointnumerttioia you can make to ma respecting them 4 . 

Troops were moved up to Chitaldroog in June 1799, and advance columns 
occupied Bednur. After marching the Grand Army to Honnali 5 General Harris 
handed over to Wellesley at the end of August 6 . Doondiah was driven into 
Sonda [pi. 11 ] which did not prove the sanctuary lie expected, as the Marathas 
had declined the cession of that district, and British troops were able to occupy 
it by the end of September 7 . 

Doondiah stdl remained undefeated and a menace to the border, and in May 
1800 Wellesley led a considerable force against him and, after a troublesome cam- 
paign which revealed his skill as a leader, Doondiah was defeated and killed on 
20th November 8 . 

By March 1 S00 the .Pyche Raja was giving trouble further south, and there was 
some discussion about sending an expedition against him at once 9 ; this however 
had to wait till Doondiah had been settled with, when combined operations were 
carried ont early in 1801 by a Madras column from Mysore and a Bombay force from 
Malabar. 

Much useful survey was carried out throughout those campaigns by James Oole- 
brooke, brother to the Surveyor General, who took over command of the Guides, 
in October 1799. He surveyed the marches of the Grand Army under Harris, 
Wellesley's marches on the Sonda frontier during 1799 10 , and the "Marches of the 
Army.. .under Wellesley from entering the Maharatta country to the total defeat 
of Dhoondiah Waugh at Coonacul" 11 . This latter map covers the country from 
the Tungabhadra River' near Harihar northwards to the Kistna and Gutpurba 
rivers. His native "guides"' also did good work, and Welleslny writes in February 
1800 ; 

I have written to Colebronke to desire him to send some of his native guides, who are more 
useful than any people I have yet seen in exploring triads for our troops 12 . 

'Bednore, Sanoor [pi. it]. "-A junior mrmboj of tin: Kofi avion i'amilv ; ririallv crushed in 1805 
i-.S A/2. =Aitchiaon, IX ( 183n ). *ti>,ppti,. l>:,'j,. ii* S-B9. '48 N/12. "Lushing ton ( 2MI I. 'Wilson 
II (22-6). »ib. (14); l.^an (s:jr. ); UiiJ:-, I (U(JS ) ;,ivra lo-'j-lSdO. Mill Add! A1S. 13725(56). 
'"MiilO. Misc. } ■() -i.t-S : shov.-b. lyi-ation- uf'O™ ami Dharwar. » KiiinlL'u;. 4^ M'7 ; rnaa, lURIO. IIS (' 37 ) 

'-I ::ir:L:.-,.! T / 1& 1 



Route Surveys 



!:•:; 



The elusive and persistent Pyeho i.ltija. took his name from his residence at 
Palassi, or Pazhassi, about five miles from Kottayam , the seat of other members 
of the family, whence the name "Cotiote Raja" [I, 13211.3]. This densely 
d, tract lies some 25 miles north-east of Tellicherry and 
the Wynad lying further to the east along the southern 



ivooded, sparser, 

east of Carrnano 

border of Coorg. 

Moncrieff 



liams had been able to reconnoitre the main roads from Telli- 
cherry towards the Wvnad [ I, 132 ], but the first opportunity to run a line right 
through the country came when Cole-brookc accompanied Stevenson's column hi 
January 1801 1 . They marched south-west from Sciingapatam into the Wynad, 
and then westward over the Perya Pars- into Kottayam, meeting the Bombay 
troops who had already occupied Palassi". The Raja himself escaped to fight for 
many another day, and was not finally accounted for until the end of 1805. 

The Wynad was more fully surveyed later in the year by Charles Rand, an 
officer of the Guides 4 . 

Meanwhile in 1801 other columns of the Madras Army were engaged in subduing 
the poligars of Shevagunga 5 in the south peninsula, arid .Bradley, of the Engineers, 
surveyed various routes through Tan] ore, Madura, Tri c bin poly, Tinnevelly, and 
Kamnad [pi. 16]. 

Later on, Valentino Blacker held command of the Guides and, besides making 
various surveys himself, was 

indefatigable in instructing the native guide? in the principle of geoinctry and surveying, and 
he has brought that. Corps to a degree of perfection, in their duties which was never before 
equalled 6 . 

Amongst surveys known to have been made by Blacker are one of the west 
coast near Aiijengo and another of the country between Seiingapafam. and Coimba- 
tore. He also constructed in 1805 -6 a "Map of the Pollianrs dependant on Chittoor, 
laid down from actual surveys 7 ", which covers a small area north of the Palar 
River between Chittoor and Arcot 8 , and appears to be one of the first surveys 
based on Lambton's triangulation, for in 1804 Lambton writes to the Quarter- 
master General, promising to 

famish Captn. Blacker with fill the points and distances which, have boon determined in the 
Chittoor District, from trie Bornraji Pollam to the Mooglie Pass 9 , which I trust will enable 
him to mako a oomplid u milkary .-iiLi-vey of the rommis 10 . 

Scattered surveys were made at different times in various parts of the Northern 
Circars", the more extensive of which were made by Sliolto Douglas round Vizaga- 
patam durbig 1810 and 1811 [ 160 ]. 

These scattered efforts did little however to furnish the army with the maps of 
the Madras provinces that were essential for military operations. The obstruction 
of theNawub of the- Crmiatie, and the objection of the Directors; to the appointment 
of a Surveyor General, had prevented any eontinnoiis system of survey, and we 
have already noted how soon disappeared snob fragmentary surveys as were made 
by individual officers [ I, 119 ]. 

in January I, S01. at the suggestion of the Surveyor General, Robert Colebrooke, 
the Governor General re-issued the General Order of 29th September 1788 [ I, 196 ], 
ordering the regular survey of every military route, and the Commander-in-Chief 
at Madras, James Stuart, took this opportunity to press the urgent need for the 
extension of surveys ; 

An accurate and extensive knowledge of the Geography and Topography of the Territories 
dependant upon this Presidency is of high importsnoii. ... J t is equally necessary as it relates 
to the Political limits of our possesions and of those ot-ciiiiied by our feudatories ; to the channeis 
of commercial comrnoTiication, and to the sources of Revenue, and the internal boundaries of 

i O.tom Mbk. M 1U and other svirvcv records ; ijntlniifts ( T!J ) rdves 1S03. = !<! 11/13. '6m.SE. 

,,|- Kuthuuiirnml-.s, -S U '■). Journal, Ui.ilO. U II!. 'MfLO v.- ,■ ■ ■ ■ i.m. 3S lv/5. 'Letter 

frusn Or/ 3 S LL>. EIMC. I. (323). Oi.EO. Hap 27l\ '=7 0..i. P'5. "Mujili V. ,j7 K/1U. "DDn. 
63 I 111 ), lt-9-04. "Ithiiii-fiur,' Jims' IHol, i:,.hv,i.n! Id;,,, i- : N ■■■.-. 11..ui=. :.. i -.-, i:IIj;.c (.'iresr, isept. 1808, 
Caiit. G. Hiiif ; RajiSiriiinfiry cva;,t, David S'tarrfn-y ; DDn. 216 ( 111, 12$ ). 



Madras Military Surveys 



' 



the Country. But to the successful conduct of Military affairs this knowledge is indispens- 
able. ... Destitute of thi-it knowledge, oar Military measures must tic crude and imperfect, ... 
and liable to bo cc.ui [-oracled by an Enoiny acquainted with the Country. ... 

All extraordinary ai;A inexcusable neglect, of Geogra plj ical pursuits in. the Peninsula of 
India was long prevalent. Ko regular surveys wore instituted with exeoption of the survey 
of the Jageer executed by Mr. Barnard [ I, SS ]. We possessed no other knowledge of the 
nature of our territories, of ouv frontiers, or great roads, but- what was furnishod by the routes 
of the armies in the .field, and those, beui:! ovoru; -.--A under eve'.y circumstance of disadvantage, 
were- incorrect, and extremely confined. ... The kr.ov.deilge which we- have of the Carna-tie and 
Southern Countries lia.s boon derived priueipallv born tho voluulurv exertion* of Individual? 

[I,97-ioo]. ... 

These embarrassments were at last apparent i,o Government after the conquest of Mysore ; 
and a regular plaii was adopted for tho survey of that Country. The- labours of Majors McKenzie 
and Lambton have afforded the most deeisive and honoraiile evidence of the advantages of 
that measure ; ... they have intnxiuced a system of scientific, accurate, and just surveying, 
and have eon; rib-.itod lo enlarge the bounds of General Science. 

It appears to the l.'ommaoder-hi-I 'hief that the existing Surveys are not sufficiently extended, 
or directed to Military purposes. It is an object of importance that the Surveys.. .should be 
completed at as early a- period of time as may he practicable. ... Extensive Provinces have 
been added to this Government of which no regular surveys, and very few Geographical 
materials, exist. ... 

The Commander -in -Chief recommends that- IVTaior th-Keuzie i.n:;v he directed to consider 
his survey to embrace the Coded .Districts, with the Provinces of Soonua and Canara ; to 
recommend such a number of additional Assistants as may bo necessary for that service, and 
to direct the attention of his Assistants to a particular examination of the Towns, villages, 
roads, passes, defile*, mountains, rivers, forests, ... as may be necessary to render his survey 
in (he greatest- [trP.L-tloal.le degree subservient- to Military pi ir poses 1 f J 03, 107 ]. 

Lord William Bentinck, then Governor of Madras, was greatly interested, and 
at his suggestion the Council again addressed the Directors urging i.lte- appointment 
of Mackenzie as Surveyor General [ I, 264—5, z 9§ ] > 

The importance of fin accurate Topographical knowledge of our possessions in India in a 
Political, Commercial, and Military view, is obvious ; as well as the advantage of maps calcu- 
lated for that purpose. It is on this principal that the temporary Establishment of an Office 
for the Collection, Revision, and reduction under one convenient scale of nil existing Geographi- 
cal and Topographical surveys, has been deemed advisable, and that the Board have adopted 
the Resolution of recommending to the Honorable Court of Directors, t-he permanent appoint- 
ment of a Surveyor ( -ooeral at this I. J residency. ... 

Major JL'jKoi'i/lo and Captain l.n.mbton have undertaken surveys on scientific principles ; 
they have determined (joints by means of measurement and calculation, which before had 
been laid down on very doubtful suppositions. ... 

But, however meritorious their personal exertions may have been, the utmost endeavours 
of themselves and of their lew Assistants under the influenco of a torrid climate, and amongst 
many interruptions from the circumstances of the times, will never be equal to the labor of a 
topographical survey of the extensive territories subject to this Government. 

The time of men of science engaged in Geographical pursuits will be chiefly occupied in 
fixing capital points, and it appears to me thai their talents are even misapplied whoa directed 
to attainments within reach of inferior capacities. ... 

Plans of the nature which I. have described cannot- he constructed either without great- 
personal exertion, or within a. short- period. ... But all hound such, sketches and remarks must 
he hi.rf.ily useful wnere none before existed, yet it- is easy to conceive how imperfect, and even 
unintelligible such works must- often be, where no system of Drawing, and no fixed signs to 
represent particular objects and features of a- country have been established, but where every 
Officer pursues a different mode of expressing the objects which he sees 2 . 

The Governor then worked out a scheme for training young infantry cadets of 
the Madras army in a regular school of survey [314-5 ], which should become 
"a Nursery of accurate Surveyors and able Officers 3 ". 

This was thy origin of I lie Madras Military institution, and no official corrobor- 
ation has been found for Markluniirs statement that it was founded on Mackenzie's 



: , m-s-04, JIMC. 14-S-OI. 



- of 23-0-D-l; M.MC-. sjtf to CD. lfi-10 01 



Route Surveys 



advice 1 . He may have inspired the Comma uder-in-ChieFs minute which is, how- 
ever, dated some weeks after his. departure to Mysore, but lie could have had little 
to do with Bentinck\s proposals for a training school. 



Madras Military Institution 

Detailed orders for the formation of the Institution were passed in November 
1804, and a class of 12 was chosen from the company of Gentlemen Cadets, to be 
instructed "in geometry, drawing, and other branches of Military Kdueation", 
whilst ''Ensign Troyer of His Majesty's 12th B.egiment of Toot" was appointed 
"Drawing and Mathematical Instructor" 2 [a]. 

Survey by planetable was to be taught with strict regard to the essentials of a 
military map, and the more advanced pupils would : ' proceed to the trigonometri- 
cal calculations". The course was intended to last two years, but the first class 
was not released for over two and. a half. 

The first class assembled in April 1.805 acid, after several months at lectures and 
theoretical instruction, did three months practical survenng from February to 
April 1806. 

The Madras Tteeord Office still! holds a survey of Madras town on the scale of 
300 feet to an inch, in eight sheets, and another of Kyaporam, scale 200 yards to 
an inch, carried out by these young officers Let ween August 1805 and April 1S06 3 . 
They also completed the survey and fair mapping of a "Topographical Survey of 
Madras and its Environs" 4 . The following October Troyer submitted 
two copies of the survey by the Senior class of the Military Institution, the one upon a scale 
of 4 inches to the mile, destined.. .to be deposited in it;; Quarter Master General's office, and the 
other, upon a scale of 2 inches to the mile, which your l.orelshi p may bo pleased to send to the 
Honourable Court of Directors. The accompanying skeleton of tin; survey shows tliB part 
which each Gentleman lus.s surveyed and drawn ; the united plan-; from the hands of 12 Gentle- 
men form tho first mentioned copy. ... 

This topographical survey was made by means of tin; aeenrui.e bases given by the previous 
operations of Major Lambton ; the great triangles determined, by him were filled up with the 
details which constitute a topographical, and properly speaking a military, plan. 

The instruments used in this survey were two eomnton telescopic, theodolites, and the 
best plain tables such as local eireniusijinees con Id furnish [ iiq ]". 

A second class of 18 joined in April 1800, and both classes took the field at the 
end of the year, Garling, of the senior class, acting as assistant instructor. The 
senior class made a survey of Pondicherry and its vicinity 8 ; 

The extent of ground to he surveyed by the Senior Class <;ompro bonds 1134 square miles. 
378 square miles only are destined to the Junior (".'lass, on account of its being their fast essay, 
and of the shorter tiino allotted to thorn for it. ... 

The survey is to be, made on a scale of 4 inches to the mile, * specimen of which has been 
presented to your Lordship with the first survey of the Senior Class, but from their present 
proficiency higher expectations may be formed of the goodness of their performances. These 

are to be accompanied by deseripttvo memonmdiuns Vny fort falling into the Survey. .. 

will be Surveyed purl ioiilarly upon a Scale of 600 feet to the inch. 

The bases, resulting from Major LsnuhtoiVs operations will again form the foundation of 
this Topograph iual Survey. My Lest endeavours will ho direr;icrl toivardi? tho determination 
of such a number of intermediate points, independently of the particular work of each. Gentle- 
man, as may ascertain tho junction and accuracy of the whole. ... 

The allowances granted [331 ]...are to he drawn only during the time of the Survey, which 
for the Seniors is to be 7 months, namely from the 1st of January to the end of July, after 
which they are to be recalled to .Madras Cor the purpose of rectifying their work, and finishing 
a fair copy of it, ... and at the same time for pursuing some further mathematical and Military 
Studies. 

The Junior Class is to bo recalled at the end of 4 months for the continuation of the pres- 
cribed course of Studies. ... 



\2(\ 



Madras Militaky Surveys 






In the division of equal parts to be Surveyed by each Gentleman of the Senior Class, 18 
square miles have been taken. .. as the extent which he may be able to survey within one month. 
or 108 square miles in *S months. But by taking into eonsidorat ion the time neeessarv for 
arriving at their destined place, for the reconnoitring of their ground, and any unexpected 
■obstacle, onem.onl.li has been added to that lime, so that 7 months are allotted to each Gentle- 
man for the Survey of the above mentioned extent 1 . 

Troyer and Cliava.sse did the tiwigulation ; 

From the middle of January...! was occupied with carrying on a set of intermediate 
triangles between tlinsR of "Major La rub ton's survey, ...extending it. ..as Tar sis Trinomallee. 
Lieutenant Chavusse was forming ;■ trigonometrical connection... in which he was interrupted 
by indisposition, and obliged to transport himself for medical aid to Ctn.ldalor. We shall 
have the honor to present you the whole of our trigonometrical operations at the close 
of our calculations at Madras. 

Ill three months the ten planetablers of the senior class completed from 40 to 108 
square miles each, totalling 731 a ; 

The differences in the quantum of the work... proceeds merely from more or less difficulty 
met with in the respective surveys, and the disappoin.tmenls with respect to plain-tables not 
delivered by the instrument maker at the time at which f.hoy were promised. ... 

The Junior class, ... under the particular Superintendence of Lieutenant Gariing, have 
meanwhile nearly finished the survey of the general urea allotted to them, and are now pro- 
ceeding to connect, by sections voluntarily undertaken, their surveys with that made last year 
by the senior class in fcht: environs of Madras 3 . 

With his reports of December 1807 Troyer recommended the posting of the senior 
class to various field surveys [317], and a oew programme for the junior classes ; 

The former possessions of France and Holland 1 on the coast were surveyed by the Institu- 
tion during the last season. This survey... includes several tracts beyond the limits of the 
Foreign possessions, and while the Gentlemen of the first, class sere engaged iu its prosecution, 
the Junior class surveyed the country extending along the coast from the Presidency to the 
boundary of the French Districts, thereby connecting the survey of the environs of Madras, 
already executed by the lust itul ion. with that of the foreign possessions. 

During the ensuing survey it is proposed that the Districts extending from Tripassore 
towards Chingieput/' shall be allotted to the Junior Class, and that those stretching Westward 
from the Meridian of Tripassore towards the Ghauts, which border on...Tripety and Chittoor 5 . 
shall be surveyed by the first class. The facility of surveying the former districts in conse- 
quence of the flatness of the Country is suitable to the attainments of the Junior Class, and the 
jnountainous nature of the latter ban sil iggoetcd the expediency of allotting them to the first 

But considerations of much higher importance urge the propriety of surveying without 
delay the tract to the northward of Tripassore. ... The contiguity of that tract.. .to Madras, 
its strength and military advantages, ... together with the importance of its position, which 
commands the most direct communications with the Ceded Districts and the Northern Divi- 
sion, render it extremely desirable that it should be accurately examined and. known, but it is 
OH extraordinary circumstance that we are at present almost entirely ignorant of the topo- 
graphy of that country ; no maps or surveys of it are to be found under this Government, and 
we possess toss knowledge of it than we do of the, Nizam's and i'eshwa's. ... 

Major Rennell, in constructing his map of the Peninsula., particularly adverted to the 
deficiency of geographical materials of the countries between Madras and tin; Kistna [ f , 99], 
ami few additions have been made to them since the date of his Memoir. 

If the Government should approve of the plan, ... the Institution will produce in the course 
of two years, a complete and most accurate Topographical survey of the whole of the Western 
Pullams. ... If the iYesk'rii Polyiss.rs should be suppose to entertain sentiments adverse to 
their allegiance, ...nothing would contribute more to prevent the effects of that disposition 
than, an acenraLe knowledge of the roads and fastnesses of their 'Po flams 7 . 

To the Quartermaster General Trover proposed that 
the Junior Class are to continue the former survev on the side nearest to .Madras, upon an 
extent of seven hundred, and twenty nine square miles, on a scale of six inches to a mile, as 
this will be their first essay in Topographical surveying. ... 

'Report from Troyer. ;.![ I.ti-ii,-; , nip-. 20-1] Oh. "CMi/or-i to Cnb.rKtpE.ii West to Mojanaqarl, - 
reduced to frndi ?iiain. .; n -MRIO. l.""U6_). ajUMC. nil. 07. *rrmflicheny, /is M/J3; Karikah 58 N/13 j 

11 inch ; April 1S0S ; 



Madras Military Institution 



127 






The senior class are.. -to survey tin: client of ground noted on the j.iiiin, hiking in a pact of 
Bomrauze's Pollams as a country less known, and comprising in the whole one thousand 
seven hundred and twenty -eight, stjiutre miles. 

Except for the western ■pollams [370], of which the survey could not be sanctioned, 
this programme was completed by the end of May 1808 ; 

Each officer of the Senior Glass has finished the four sections comprehending 108 square 
miles allotted to him. The junior Class have exceeded the portion allotted to them by about 
600 square miles, which is chiefly owing to the /.ealous exertions of Lieutenant Garling, my 
Assistant. . . . 

I reserve to myself the honor of laying before you the plan of our trigonometrical operations 
as well as the Book of tlio calculated triangles, with the fair copies of the particular surveys 
of each officer 1 , 

The next four months were spent in making fair copies on the four-inch scale, 
and in reducing to the 2-inch scale, each officer working on his own area- ; the senior 
class also received "a course of instruction in some branches of the higher 
mathematics". 

The programme for the early months of 1 80 9 covered an area immediately 
north of Madras, but the season was cut short by : 'the White Mutiny", in which 
a large proportion of the British officers on the Madras establishment mutinied and 
led their regiments against Government on the pretext of various grievances, the 
most prominent of which was the abolition of the Tent Allowance 3 . Even the 
cadets were led astray, and eighteen of the junior class at the institution wore order- 
ed to their regiments in February 4 . By August more than 1300 officers had been 
placed under custody, whilst fewer than 150 had signed the Test of loyalty that was 
demanded [314]. Peace was at length restored, and the senior class sent out 
on survey ; 

The operations of Major Larnbton's survey ...luive not been curried much to the Northward 
of Madras, and the present engagement., of Mil] or .1 .hi nbtOLi in the Southern parts of the Penin- 
sula render it improbable that ho will return to this Quarter for a considerable period of time. 
But as the tract of country to the Northward of the Presidency is of great Military importance, 
and is very little known, it ought to be surveyed with the least practicable delay by the Insti- 
tution, and it will be requisite for that purpose that it's general Goography should be previously 
determu.jed by Trigonometrical op oral- ions. ... 

It is proposed that a survey ahull comprehend tin: f ulicat Lake, hitherto very imperfectly 
known, tho count-He;; to the X0rth.wi.1n.] mid Westward of the Lake, and apart of the mountain - 
ous tract occupied, by the Western Polygars. Tho considerations which I have stated induce 
me to recommend that a Trigonometrical survey of these countries may be conducted by 
Lieutenant Garling, assisted by Lieutenant MacGlashan of the Institution, and that a sub- 
ordinate topographical survey of the same countries may be prosecuted at the same time by 
Lieutenants Young, Conner, Fyfe, Cameron, Hancock, Dunn, and Lethbridge of the Institu- 

TMs survey included Kalahasti and Tirupatr 5 , and was carried on until August 1810, 
when Garling was ordered to take the party across the peninsula to survey the 
Portuguese territory of Goa [156]. 

Henry Bevan 7 [320] gives the following ace aunt of life and work at the 
Institution. He came out to Madras in January 1S09 and joined the cadet; 
company, then at Cuddalore : 

Being favourable reported of by the Officer in charge, in May following T was recommended 
as a candidate for the military institution at Madras. ... Towards the middle of 1809 the 
militarv instk-ulkin was suspended by Government. - 

Soon after I had joined ... , it was resolved 
survey, for which they were eminently qualified. ) 
in this service ; and bidding adieu to all controv 
ourselves to providing camp -equipage, and all other 
Madras. 

When all our arnu^enien ts wen; completed, we crowded to the southward on a topographical 



employ the officers. ..in a practical 
was rtry good fortune to be engaged 
es, civil and military, we devoted 
preparatory to our quitting 



'From Trover W-o-OW : .YfMf!. 1-7-03. * 7ViV we .'.-.■ .' >'■■"- ■/■■:;'■-•'■ ,■.';.-' ■".■■:■ .■;,' > ■.■'.■':■'.■■;. -W!'j Arcot .- 
Hills neatly hwlinpn : 1 111 fin i died n-r.hntlu.T- HO. ji'u-u 271. a C.'iu-d^v : Wii.wn ( 233, 236). *MMC. 
18-2-09. "From (Jilt!. T2-12-W, M11C. 2-1-10. »57 O/10& 6. _ ' 
;il')-10-32. Mary Ann Curtis, of Guernsey, who d. of 



12S 



Madras Military Surveys 



survey near Ginger;' 1 . ... Each section contained 37 
mile, and two fit least of these sections we 
to his return [215]. A military men: 
roads & pathways, hiellivies of defence, oh 
reminiscences os could ho obtained, -.im.j 

Captains T. and A. a superintend,*.! t 
completed my share of the duty by the e 
of the time allowed in hunting and sliooti 

We completed fair copies of the surveys, and continue- 1 
ol" mathematics, during the remainder of 1810. ao as to he a 
eulate angles by logari.th.ms. ... 

We proceeded on our second survey, to fill up t! 
that had not. been completed in the preceedini: ye 
Having finished mine before the time specified, f wc 
part of Capt. M's, survey which he was compelled tt 
attack of fever, peculiar to Gingee, but which through the mercy of Providence I escaped, 
and finished the survey, for which I received [he thanks of Capt. 8. and Col B 3 the 
Q.M.G. ... 

Bevan was employed on other surveys after leaving the Institution, and records 
that 

considerable hardship, fatigue, and exposure, are consequent on the detail and minuteness of 
topographical surveying, as 1 have frequently had my feet blistered while on that duty, being... 
obliged to clamber up to the tops of rocks in order to gain a prospect of the country where 
flat arid covered with jungle : especially when it became necessary to obtain an elevated position 
to command a bird",; eye view of its general features, ... 

An order just arrived from the Court of Directors had the effect of removing mo 
from the "Survey Branch", as "no officer for the future was to be allowed on the staff. 
r hold any employment, ruit-il he had done two years regimental duty with his 



sq. miles, on a scale of four niches to the 
to be completed by every otlioer previous 
■d, embracing the resources, population. 
istics, with such military and other useful 
any each official return. 

the oliK-ers during the survev. Having 
ary 1810, I amused myself the ren minder 



v?. Topographical details in those triangles 
ar, in the vicinity of Gingee, Arnee, etc. 
s requested by Capt. S. to undertake that 



[ 3i4 I 4 - 



■■■ corps" 



On the appointment of a Surveyor General in 3810, the Quartermaster General 
was at the same time given a definite establishment of surveyors for work on surveys 
that were essentially of a military character. The Mlittuy Institution remained 
under Ms orders, hut the programme was to he settled in consultation with the 
Surveyor General 6 ; 

Some rules should be established for the conduct of surveys which are undertaken by the 
students of the Institution ; unless these shall be arranged in communication with the Surveyor 
General, it may occur, as it has before I believe been the ease. thai:, the same tracts may" be 
surveyed twice over. ... 

An idea being prevalent that it is intended to prosecute a General topographical survey 
over the whole of the Country, I think it necessary to take this opportunity of stating that 
there is no f;ueh intention. 

The students of the Institution have, it is true, nearly completed a topographical survey 
of the soubah. of Aroot ; ... and when surveying parties are sent out for the purpose of instruc- 
tion, it may be adviaeabfe that, they should be employed in prosecuting that work so far only 
asmay be necessary for teaching the^n., but at the same time the employment of these parties, ... 
in communication with the Surveyor General, will be the means of saving expence at a future 
period 6 . 

Classes of students continued to be posted to the Institution up till 1S14; some- 
times a large class of 20 was appointed every second year, and at other times a 
class of 10 was appointed two successive years. Troyer continued as Instructor, 
doing most of the minor triangulation himself. Garling's place as assistant 
instructor was taken by Walpoie, and an extra assistant was obtained from time 
to time from the ranks of past pupils, to assist during the field season. 

The area covered "by the Institution surveys before they were closed down in 
1818 is shown on plate 21. Bang on the large scale of 4 miles to an inch, they 
showed a mass of valuable detail, but it was unfortunate for their value to civil 
officers that they showed no administrative boundaries ; possibly it was wise not to 

, l 51 IP\ 2Tro 7 era,wlili ' >i«'stsnt. presumably Garlisig. 3 Capt. S. probably intendedforT. ( Tro- 
yer);B-Bhek«. Hi™ ( ; J ..i ;Ss, ii ). sDrr.ft rejnilad™. by Ifu^ende, ^.pj 1,,. M RIO. M 59. 



Made as Military Lnstituttox 



12». 



leave such a controversial and important matter to very young officers. Reviewing 
the work several years later. Moot go me vie writes ; 

It ism this fail h ful delineation of the features of the country that their chief merit consists, 
for in many other resjiects these surveys are very defective. The absence of all Revenue or 
Political Boundaries, and the: inaccuracy of the names, fenders these Surveys- of far less value 
than they would otherwise have been, mid from the carelessness of some of the Officers employed 
the detail in some see; ions is inaccurately laid if nm. These- defects hi vvever a-dmit of future 
correction, and it must at the same times he admitted that by far the greater part of these 
Surveys are, with the exception of the Cum. mid Koonda Surveys [ 156-9], the best of Indian 
Topography and Oeography 1 . 

Each pupil reduced his own work to the two-inch, .scale ai the end of the season,, 
but no immediate attempt was made to compile a general map. In May 1810 
James Kinsey, of the second class, was appointed 

to be a temporary Assistant in [he last 1 union for the purpose of arranging and Registering 
the different trigonometrical and topographies] materials &:■. which have been collected there' 
from various surveys [ 375 ] 2 ; 

but on the appointment; of the Surveyor General a few months later he was absorbed 
into the Q.M.G.'s department for other duties. 

Two years later Trover made definite proposals for compiling the surveys into 
useful maps ; 

A Copy of the existing Plans of Surveys upon a more commodious reduced Scale has been 
a- great- I>esidifT<3"iiL]'], since the imiss of the '.l'i>[ 10 urapl ileal 11 LLU.orl.-i.ls produerd.,.l:iiM3 now 
increased to t.hn amount of about 10,000 Square Miles, upon a- Scale of 4 Inches to the Mile,. 
lodgod iri throe rcna-a ugular Boxes. 

The scale upon which this Plans have been executed, although b; no means too great for 
a Survey particularly intended for Instruction, will prove. ..incommodious ; ... the few details- 
arid the great uniform features of some tracts of (he Country may be represented with sufficient 
distinctness in a much smaller Compass. ... 

1 beg leave to represent tbe expediency of an immediate beginning of t-he work, for; the- 
success of which. ..the acquired skill in drawing of Cornet Montgomery and Ensign Jlountford, 
of the present Class, ...would be of the greatest, Service 3 . 

In June 1812, therefore, Montgomery and Mouutford, both of whom were- 
beautiful draughtsmen, started to reduce the surveys to the '-inch and one- 
inch scales 4 , and a magniiicenf job they made of it. They each completed a 
separate map, and Trover submitted both to the Surveyor General in i'ebniary 
1815 ; 

The first copy, drawn by Lieutenant Mui;ot.foVd...*ipon a si-ale of half an inch to the mile, 
is. ..destined to be sent to the Hon'ble Court of Directors, and consists of li plans comprizing 
14,034 square miles, which have been surveyed from. 180a to IS] 3 inclusively. One of these- 
plaas contains the- .lavady Hills 5 wdiieh form one connected mass of mountains separate from 
the Ghauts, upon the limits of the Carnatie and .Mysore, to which the profiles of the whole- 
elevated tract of Country arts added.. ,,. 

The other copy. -executed by Cornet Mont go merle*... upon a- scale of 1. inch to the mile,, 
which scale admitted of a more distinct, representation of the country, is destined to remain 
in the Surveyor General's Office, and consists of 14 plans comprising 16. (MS square miles, 
surveyed from 1S05 to IS 14 inclusively [pi. u ]. 

Both the copies are aceooipiiuicd witli a t:'i.i;oiionielrjcal skeleton 7 . ... in which the true no.es 
furnished by Major Lamblori are marked with red lines, and the intermediate triangles... by 
l he Military .liisihui iuii...ivil.l i black lines. ... 

'l.'iie agreement in tbe junction of the operations of »i mai ,y hands was by it-self no indifferent 
1 rial of tbe accuracy of each particular work 8 . 

In forwarding these maps to Government. ..Ylorison commented that, 

■ while the public >iav"e derived grout advni itage IVnin tbe C-ia 1. 1 is I iir.et.it... by having disseminated 
thro' the army a degree of useful science which must add materially to the professional 
efficiency of the Officers of the Army, ...» valuable survey of an extensive tract of country 



may 



c- ci ■'i-iilci 1 '. ii to have h 



1 earned c 



1 litile 1.) 



whatever' 1 . 



'DDn. 24ti ( S<> 1827 }. - JIM.:. 22-5-10. 3 JJDn. 127 ( 29.7 }, LO-6-I1'. 'MGO. 17-7-13 *Uii- 
finifched map of Jaw! 1 Hill 1 .77 L/Sl? ). 1-in.ib sn.ile. MRU). 135 j 1 ). ' MR10. 14:7 ( 5-ls ) MEO. map 
271. 'Copy by Mi .nworacne. srMe 4 in. to an inch. MRIO. 144 (3). '"From Trover. 2-2-15 MFC- 
■ 127.4 815 (7U5-17 j. » t'mm Monson, ib. ; 20-2-13. 






13(1 



Madras Military Surveys 



Mountford prepared another general map, scale S miles to an inch 1 which 
Mackenzie specially commended for "tire beauty and neatness of the work - 
the lians m i[»,i..i comprehending the greater part ot the lower conntrv between 
the Rivers histmth and Coleroon, now completed in detail on one uniform method' ". 

The success of the Institution in setting a high standard of survey and draughts- 
manship was even more important in providing a. generation of military surveyors 
who put into practice and improved upon the systems evolved by Troyer'and 
Mackenzie, and gave Madias a series of maps that was unequalled anywhere in 
India till the Himalayan usul Punjab surveys of a inter generation. The principal 
factors of the rdiidraa system were ; 

First ; The trigonometrical survey of Lambton, with its great triangles broken 
down by secondary triangtilation as first introduced by Trover and developed bv 
Garling. L 

Second; The survey of detail by planetable as taught at the Institution, which 
superseded or supplemented Mackenzie', system of theodolite traverse ucc„rdi,m 
to the nature of the ground. & 

Third ; The regular survey of administrative districts with internal and external 
boundaries, and the .systematic collection of statistical information. 

Fourth ; A steady supply of well framed assistant surveyors 

Fifth; A body of educated officers trained in the best principles of survey fit 
to act as surveyors m charge of extensive surveys. 

Finally ; A sound organization in the form of a Survey Party or unit complete 
m every essential feature for carrying on a survey over a' number of yens 
rrrcspcotiveoitudmdual casualtie., ; supported by an efficient hcathuiartor olticr al 
the Presidency. The details of this organization were worked out with great 
thoroughness by Mackenzie. 

The following tribute was paid to the Institution by Andrew Waugh in 1846 • 

In termer years there existed at ustlraa an irritation fora'ated by Illy l.erd Wm Bcntiiick 
and placed under Captain Troyer, by whose able tuition several Otneory „ P , trained iro to be 
excellent Survey,,, ami I>r.,„al„.oi,.„. and a, Asaistant Surveyors ,„,,. ,„l.,e t u,.„tly .piointel 
to each survey, the kra .W, ami skill acquired by the .senior, was d„lv e,unm,„„„Z, bv a 
system of Paid insiruotron La Ibore ret-tartly ,t],pointed. 

Promotion atso at that time was made io depeud...on proofs of proficiency, founded on worP 
actually executed in the field. ... This system produced vi„„r ami ,«„„„-, and » ™», „■„, 
of good work w„ deue Under this system were eduraterl sttoh men a, C.pftun, G.rlim,, 

225 "a ', "" d " "" ™*"" **" P " d ™ ed * he ™»"«« M'htLy Sm-vey, of 

that Presidency .„, a seal, of on. mile to an inch, exhibiting „U details required' for Miliary 
or Civil purposes ur tltr oxalate atsde of the iioiuitrv 4 . 

The. happy choice of Anthony Troyer as instructor is of particular interest He 
was brought out to India as an a.d.c. by Lord William Bentinck in 1803 having 
been an officer of the Austrian army, and educated at the Austrian military academe? 
starting the surveys of the Institution shortly after Lambton had completed his 
first series ol triungl™ along the M.dras coast fg 3 6-8], he was able to intioducefor 
the first time in India the soundest principles, of topographical survey breaking 
down the main triangles of (he trigonometrical survey bv his own minor triangles 
and filhng in the detail by pla actable on sections laid out in u com inuou, rectangular 
grid. Holding the post ol instructor for eleven years, lie trained a lnr»o number of 
officers m this .system which, in it, main principles, lias persisted to this very day 
He was fortunate ,„ finding a talented arid able assistant in James Garlinj. who 
held independent charge of one survey after another from 1810 till his death in'l820. 

Travancore, 1805-11 
Though the Company had always been on friendly terms with the rufcrs of 

J A reduction in scale I m. to a,n iach «■ 
IT-ti-lo, M'MO. l.t Ij-Ki. Hhi Veract, w ^ 
^■t 0-46 : ssc ji'wj DIJn. iry> ( 70-3 ), 13-1-44. 



?> 



I t« 



S" 







if! 



i" 



MADRAS MILITARY INSTITUTION 



From the one-inch map reduced from four-inch survev carrier! mil by officers of the Madras Military 
Institution in 1810. Drnwii by Duncan Montgomery 1S13[1S9]. 



\J. fiK\*\Z£«t»V> 



Travancore 



IV 



Travancore, and had possessed a Factory 1 on its coast since 1684 [1,96 n.i], 
little was known of its geography. It may be remembered that when Pringla 
crossed Travancore in 1779 lie was closely watched, atid prevented from making 
any observations or surveys [ I, 96 ]. 

"in 1798 James Dardell. engineer to the subsidiary force at Quilon, was 
deputed to survey the harbour and roads to discover a safe anchorage for the 
Company's ships^. By 1804 he had completed '"'a Plan of the backwater from 
Cranganore to Quilon, drawn from materials collected at different periods 8 " 
[pi. 16]. 

OnDardclFs death in January i<S05, the Resident- wrote 
that since the death of Captain Dardell, ...the Dewao has requested me to express 
on his part...an anxious desire for the presence in this country of an Engineer and Surveyor, 
for the purpose of completing, in the first instance, the service upon which Captain 
Dardel had been employed, and for commencing... a regular survey of the Territories of 
Travancore 4 . 

John Blah', of the- Madras .I'mgmeers, wan appointed to take up this survey 
under instructions from the Resident at Quilon 5 ; 

The Northern portion of Travancore being intermixed with land the property of various 
petty Chieftains, with some spots subject to the Honorable Company, these divisions of pro- 
perty, and the line of limit bounding each, should if possible be accurately ascertained and 
laid down 6 . 
He does not appear to have made mi! oh progress, for he writes at tin: end of June ; 

I lost no time. ..in commencing upon a. survey of the Travancore country but I was much 
impeded at first, and latterly entirely prevented from proceeding, by the badness of the weather, 
which lias been constantly hazy when it did not rain, so that little could be done in the way 
of surveying. I therefore with the less reluctance availed myself of your permission to proceed 
to this place [ Quilon | for medical advice 7 . 

In January 1807 he was appointed to the Nizam's Dominions and, as Raven- 
shaw who was to have relieved him asked to bo excused, Thomas Arthur, who had 
been some years under Mackenzie on the Mysore Survey [ 95-107 ], was appointed 
to Tranvaneore, and joined his duties before the end of the year, the Q.M.Q. advising 
Government 
that he had received detailed instructions for bis guidance. ... 

The state of the Travancore survey seems to demand the attention of Government. The 
high, importance of that country, ... and the immense resources which ii possesses, makes it 
extremely desirable that a comprehensive and minute survey.. .should be obtained without 
delay, and the present moment of General tranquility in the Peninsula affords a most favorable 
opportunity for the accomplishment of that object. The surfaco of the Travancore country, 
covered with mountains, lakes, and plantations, oppese greater obstacles to the prosecution 
of a survey than exist in any other part of the peninsula, and the climate in many parte of 
Travancore is oci.-reinely unhealthy 8 [ 3 ]- 

Pour officers from the first class of the Miliiiiry I asl iintion joined Arthur in 
December 1807°, apparently Biss, Dalgaims, William Harris, and another. Finding 
progress impeded by the lack of roads, Arthur applied for 

a small party of Pioneers ; ... indeed it would appear scarcely practicable, without excessive 
tediousness, to carry on a survey if a country like Travancore, so studded with wooded heights 
and so generally impervious, unless some such assistance be furnished 50 . 
A party of 25 Pioneers under a sergeant was supplied. 

In November 1808, Garlfng and five other officers of the first two classes of the 
Institution, including all those in Travancore 11 , were sent to Bombay to accompany 
Malcolm's mission to Persia 12 . The mission was held up, and the officers were 
employed for several months under Malcolm, drawing a map which stretched from 
the Indus to the Nile. On the break up of the mission in April 1809, Garling 
returned to Madras, and the remainder rejoined the Travancore survey [ 174 ]. 

'Aiwmo, a British possession till 1947 [pi. :6]. *Bo PC. 13 & 16-10-1798. =MMC. 10-12-11 
t ODn "4t> (40) mtfO. S-3 05. *X->irre;i <■! Put: of -he- i\ni'i'h;:i. of jra >■■:;<■{ ■:.>■- .,:- Hiding Araviiooly 
««■ Bbn>; DDu. 127 (;ti>). iS-10-0f>. 'MJiC. 11-15-05. ?ib. 16-7-05. " ib. (i-H-07. »DDn. 
S4 (03), 27-S-10. "from iteurknt, 23-6--0S ; MMC, 19-7-08. _ "■ Chavasse. Diilgaims, Wm. Hmis, 
.M ■>,. ii. iter SteWartij Smmston. 



i= MGO. 17-1 1-08 & BSC. 20-2-09 ( 51 



w 



Madras Military Surveys 



Jn December 1808 disturb ances broke out in Travancore, which were only 
suppressed by a strong British column which marched from Palamcottah and forced 
the Aramboli Gate 1 , the principal pass over the Ghats. In this action Lambton 
distinguished himself as engineer 2 [242]. His assistants, Swinton and Biddell, 
made a Sketch of lh>. Arambooly Lines, 200 ft. to an inch 3 . Arthur also won the 
thanks of Government for distinguished eon duct in the defence of Qui ion on January 
15th 4 . J 

At the close- of the earn paign the survey was pushed on ; 

The CoimviHin far hi Clhef...oiitiroly concurs in the... opinion staled by the Resident... and 
by Major Blacker 1 ", relative to the expediency of accelerating the completion of the survey, of 
Travancore; ...an application may be made. ..to send to Travancore such of the Gentlemen 
of. the Militiuy Institution as may not be required in the .Persian Gnlph [ 131 }, and. ..he may... 
desire Major Lambton to transfer for i.hi> [ircssfrne to the survey of Travancore as many of his 
Assistants as can tie spared 6 . 

Swinton and RiddeD were placed under Arthur's orders till the monsoon set 
in [ 243 ], and other officers, besides those iroin Bombay, joined the survey in May 
1809. Arthur appears to have had under him, at one time or another during the 
next two years, Alves. Chavas.se, Daigairns, Harris,. Murray, Stewart, and Swanston 7 . 
Early in 1810 he submitted his maps of southern Travancore to the Quartermaster 
General, including, 

Topographical Plan — Net of Triangles, and... calculations for correcting I lie Base Observa- 
tions for Latitude and Longitude, and for calculating the Meridian- -with a covering letter ; 

Thus, Sir, We have endeavour to execute your orders, and we should derive infinite satis- 
faction if, at a future day. when the operations of Major Lambton shall have been carried 
across our labours, if you ( whose indulgence will not fail duly to bear in mind the paucity & 
imperfection of our instruments ] should then consider this our maiden attempt at a complete 
wlmlo not altogether unsuccessful 8 . 

On the appointment of the Surveyor General in October 1810, all the military 
assistants were withdrawn to their units [ 322 ] and, as his proposal to employ sub- 
assistants from the surveying school was turned down 9 , Arthur finished off his 
general map, leaving the survey uncompleted. The last surveyor left was Alexander 
Stewart who 

reports his being employed generally on a different duty, in lining out roads for the Pioneers, 
and lately.. .that the Party of Pioneers usually attached to hini had been withdrawn, and that 
the survey cannot be carried on without the aid of Pioneers, or of a number of Country- people 10 . 

Arthur remained in Travancore as engineer till his death, in 1817, making 
occasional surveys for roads 11 , and of the boundaries of Cochin 12 . The haphazard 
progress, and the eventual abandonment, of this survey is typical of work carried 
out before the appointment of a Surveyor General; 

From 1806 till 1811, tho' different Officers were successively appointed, very little progress 
had been made, ... in a great measure owing to the repeated removals and changes before any 
fine part win eoj-nj ,Vi-rd , wlu'iicf! its results, coining umir: i- tho inspection of this office in 
January 1811, scarcely included 595 miles of detailed survey out of 6761 miles estimated for 
that country ; in these circumstances that survey was discontinued at the time, and suspended 
till an opportunity could offer of taking it up with greater prospect of effect by employing 
a sufficient party for- that sole purpose 11 . 



I 



ffv.i.: 



BAD & BiERAB, 1803-11 



On his appointment to superintend the survey of Mysore, Mackenzie was 
allowed to retain his post 14 as Engineer and Surveyor to the Subsidiary Force at 
Hyderabad [1,112,350; II, 3], although it was obviously impossible that he would 
be able to continue the duties of that post [ 312, 330 ]. 



■5SH/12. -AsAS.Xl. 
21-3-09. *East Qvilon with c 

127 1 32 ). Map of Ttichoor, with Miiii.-iffiiim to the. East. 
Map 401. "dd., JJavrtHiv Fort, 18-1-10 : Lieut, John HmtK M 
26-2-11. "Rout?* in Tr«cawe, .MRU.). M 11 ; MHO. Map 
JO Cat. ( 414 ). "Report hv ILiukwiKk-; M Rev ISd. 26-6-17. 



( -17 ). *DDn. iMI> ( ijl ). 4J1U0. 4-2-Uit. snow DQMG. «MMC 

C.G. jUves. MRO. .M.iij. :■!!!!! : MRU). U :B!>. List nf Plnns, Dllu. 
'"">, by Harris Chiivassi-, &. Swanskin ;' M itl I 

;■"■.. .'.!.[;ni. omh<-;.3o-1!i-[ii. >nnin 
"MJC. 1813-5; MRIO. M 11)7; Map, 
■-*-■' thereto. 



Il :'r"id the aJluMn iRos n 



HVi.lKKA.liAI) &■ BkRAK 



] :YA 



Occasional route surveys were made through the jVizam's Dominions during the- 
nest five years, and during the campaign against (he Murathas of 1803 James- 
Oolebrooke surveyed the marches of the Subsidiary force through Berar, his map- 
extending from Ellichpur towards the south and west 1 [ 165 ]. Berar was at this 
time but little known and Mackenzie had in 1795 pointed out that he had been 
able to add nothing to its geography [ I, 118 ]. 

In 1805 the Commander-in-Chief pointed out 
thf.it the Engineer to the Subsidiary Force fit Hyderabad lia.s been absent from the duty of that 
appointment- for three years and, from ihe employment of thai- Officer, he sees no prospect of 
his return to that, station. ... 

The Commander in Chief, upon his first arrival, felt surprized that so important a station 
as Hyderabad... shot Jd remain without the presence of an Engineer -if reputation, but— Tin- 
willing to disturb any arrangment that appeared to favor so distinguished a character as Major 
Mackenzie— he did not immediately follow the strong impulse of his mind and recommend a 
successor; trat he should think himself at present culpable if he did not. . .state h: 
in case Major Maekeiv/.ie. ea-miot resume his duty ---of naming another Officer to replac 

fn the Event of the continued absence of Major .Mackenzie, the Commander in 
t-11 recommend Captain De Ha- vi Hand, an officer of ability and high Character 3 . 

in approving De Havilland's appointment Government ordered that he should 
be given 

such instruct ions... as may be S.e^t. i-alculated for the early completion of the survey, in which 
considerable progress iia-i.l been made: by Major Maekeiv/.io previously to his removal to his 
present station in Mysore. 

The Subsidiary Faroe was at this time on field service against -/itiuiaris in Berar, 
where Robert Gordon, of the Bombay Engineers, kept (be route of the 
march from Ahmed iu.ijigi.iv with the [ Poona ! Subsidiary Force under the command of Col. 
Wallace — from Ahmedntiggur 24th May I80. r >— Aurangabad 2nd ..time -Adjuntee 10th June. 
On June 14th met at Jamnair with the Nizam's Subsidiary Force ; marched to Fnttaypour 
and cantoned for the rains 8 . 

It was of this route, or another of about the same time, thai Gordon commented : 
" The above route from camp near Fatehpur to Jaulna is far from being correct, 
it having been my first [attempt] at sun eying, and that too with a Pocket Compass 4 ", 
and it may also have been Gordon who surveyed the return march of a detachment 
of the, Poona force "having under my charge 20 Pontoons", leaving Fatehpur 
20th September, and reaching Ahmadnagar 7th, and Poona 18th, of November . 

On his march northwards De Bavilland surveyed the route "from Hyderabad 
to Ajuntali, via Daroor and Aurangabad ", and after joining the Subsidiary Force 
at Fatehpur, beyond the borders of Berar, he asked that: he might be 
furnished with a correct Draught of Surveys which have heretofore been made of these parts 
of the Peninsula.. ... What of this nature ha- come under my observation since my arrival in 
Cam]) appears to me imperfect, nor can I rightly distinguish what, pnris may be depended on 
as a- foundation, or Basis, on which to construct a general an.d c, rivet map. 

My appointment with Surveyor's allowances makes this one of my principal duties and. 
being provided with instruments for taking celestial observations. ...the detached routes, 
surveys, and sketches, will be connected with ease and accuracy. But, if I am ignorant of 
what has already been done in this line, it is evident I may neglect what requires my earliest 
attention, while I am throwing away lime and labour on point* already well known". 

Close, now President at Poona. writes that, 

At the period when the Pindarries entered Berar, ... 1 suggested to Colonel Wallace-, who 
was then in advance, that it might be expedient to employ the Kngineor of the Hyderabad 
Force in examining the different passes in the liiji.ndi-v Hills which lead from the Tapti into 
the Northern parts of Berar, in making a Sketch of these Hills and the Country connected 
with them, and.. .a minute description of the routes generally frequented by the Pindarries and 
other Freebooters 9 . 
T)e Havilland accordingly completed a 

tMap, MRIO. «T ( 16);Bv treaty ol" 1S04 fta-ar had hern crdeil )>y die S»<c\mr ttfn.ii to the NizSm; 
bv tifatv of lKi>3 -,"..■ ik-r'o- disi.ont,, An.mo.1i, .iiiildfoui, Akoln. ;. ex. I Veetmal. m-iv pbe«l under British 
ii rlmi 11 i:;J.rati l -,n,;„„inrt:i- ; -b-, I- ; (.V.it r.,1 I ' .-■ ■ v : ■ , .e,. - UMV . i.W-lfi. "Apmca. ill I'.-H): .boiuirr, 46P ; i:t ; 
Vack 11SS. LXpS): 1)1 Ju. ^7s i x2-1t i. J Map.. J1HLO. 118(8-1(1). '• li-n-k MS*. 1A < 3-i ). «Dh>Wuv 
r,fil!'l;DDa.2-16{ 145}, 'From De Hnvillnnd. 6-7-05. 1EKC. 33M/ISU.-,. *B Pol 0.26-6-08(18). 



134 Madras Military Surveys 

Map of the Northern Fi-iaitier of their Highness the Nizam's and the Peishwah's Dominions. 
fiom Aimirn.er to Soanghur 1 , surveyed by order of Colonel lYallaee, Cri-mintiiidinsr the Force 
iii advance, in January mid February 1806 2 . 

Of this survey Wallace writes 

I cannot suincieni.ly applaud the y.eal and industry and, as far as I van judge, of aoilitv. 
■which has beovi . li:-i laved ;>> i *;i i >r.;-i !ti do 1 Lav i I hind in the ceheciioi; ..if Ge.iji^apl .jcai information 
respecting this country during the short period he has been in it. His exertions .have been 
indefatigable , and ho has never lost an opportunity of adding to his materials. 

He notices in ins last letter to me the great want [bore exists of a general, and careful com- 
pilation of al I the surveys which have been made of the .1 fece-an . There is no doubt that such 
a work would be of the utmost utility 3 . 

De HavillancFs map was pawed, to the Surveyor General, and Colcbrooke writes 
that, the map 

appears to be not onlj- correct, but to have been finished in a very masterly style. I would 
therefore recommend... .that Captain De Havilland should be employed in compiling y General 
map of the Ducldrin. ... This map should include the whole of the Nizam's and Poshwa's 
Dominions, and as much of Goondwanah [ 25 n.5 ] and the Eastern parts of Berar as he 
finds it practicable to survey. ... 

The Country ineludcil between .Xagpoor and Hyderabad, and to the- eastward of a line 
drawn between those two capitals through Xirmul 4 , is hitherto but very imperfectly known ; 
I would therefore recommend the whole of this track, as far east as theBeinouuga J ' and Godavery. 
to his immediate attention, as a survey of it would prove highly beneficial to geography. 

Should Captain fie Havilland tie able to penetrate into the country on each side of the 
Godavery, which is partly tributary to the 'Mlizi-ira, or to procure from the: natives ( one or two 
of whom he could instruct and provide with pocket compasses j any routes from which a map 
of the countries of Bustar 8 , .leypoor 7 , and Rampah, could be constructed, such a documen! 
would prove of infinite value. ... 

I have indeed already recommended to his attention the country lying in a North Easterly 
direction from Hyderabad -as far as the Godavery and Wunla Rivers 8 , and this Tract being 
.ill included in the NTizam's Dominions, he would, I imagine, not meet' with any obstacles to 
prevent, his commencing tho survey of it immediately 8 . 

Pe Havilland could not, however, be spared for this survey, and he was recalled 
for engineering duties. His post with the Subsidiary Force was taken by John 
Blair [ 131 ], who surveyed a route "from Hyderabad to the top of the Sindwah 
Pass" during 1808 1 ". 

During the cold, weather of 1^08 !> the Poena Subsidiary Force was again on 
service in Khandesh under WaUace, where its routes were surveyed by George 
Brown of the Bombay Pioneers, who records, that his route was :; absolutely measured 
by a perambulator and surveyed", and that "Captain De Havilland's Survey was 
found perfectly correct 11 ". 

In 1807 .Blair was given the assistance of two officers from die Military Institu- 
tion, Burnett and O'Donnoghue, and these officers, together with Jourclan and 
Hanson who had been sent up to the Poona Subsidiary Force [ 166 ], surveyed the 
marches of the army operating against the pimlnri leader Mir Khan. Early in 
1810 they reached Sironj is , and. connected with Monies oil's survey from Bundel- 
khand [50]. Burnett and O'Donnoghue then worked in the neighbourhood of 
Jalna 13 , but were unable to manage without strong guards, and in February 1811 
were ordered to rejoin their units [ 314 ] 14 . Jourdan and Hanson worked round 
Hyderabad till the end pf 1810 [ 3 ]. 

Surveys were made in Berar by Skeffington Lutwidge, who filled in with routes 
brought in by guides and harlcaras 1 *. Other surveys carried out in the Nizam's 
territories at this time are routes surveyed by John Sinclair on the south-east 
frontiers, between Pakuieha. Kh a m maim net. t and Tiruvur 16 , and down to Masuli- 
patam 1 '. 

kroner, a fort, on Tapti E., r,:, t.'/l J ; Sonnnrli. -I* G,[i. - MRO. Map r,ii, ami possibly MRIO 7(i 

( 63 ). m poi <:. -2<i v, of; ( in ). ■> m r/s. nf^m^n^ r., .v> 0, p. 'a:; n, f. ; «r, j/n; » w^-riiu, 

1 1., fi.-i !.. ;jS.M. »IH!ii. 6s { \2r, ). 1) 7-(Jii. »■ IH!i,. 2 if..; 1-1!) ). -i Msf. M II 10. I IS ( 6 ). 1= it. 72(56) 
11 17 M/i3 : Rc.';ri.^...i- r.ntiar.i.'!:-. MRIO. M. lalt I'.MJIC, l-Ii-ll. c.Afao. fJjflO 7ti 1 if ) ■ IIDri "U>i 

(142). "65C/10, G/4, C}12. "DDn. 246(140. 151). 



Java, 1811-6 

During the Napoleonic wars, the French not only overran Holland, but in 1811 
occupied Bat avia, capital of Java, which was the chief Dutch possession in the East. 
As their presence there menaced the Company's scattered settlements in the 
' 'eastern islands", the Governor General, Lord Miuto, oryau.iy.ed a largo force, mainly 
composed of Madras troops, which captured Batavia on. 2f.it h August 181 1 1 . Stam- 
ford Raffles 8 who had first suggested the expedition was appointed Lieutenant 
Governor of the island, which was held by the Company until, restored to the Dutch 
in August 1816 s . 

Mackenzie was appointed Chief Engineer to the expedition, the first division 
of which sailed from. Madras in April under Hollo Gillespie' 1 : several officers who had 
passed through the Military Institution held staff appointments. Mackenzie led 
the first reconnaissance of the shores of Java, and selected the point at which the 
force made a. successful landing, and further di.avmgui.-.hod himself in the. operations 
which followed 5 especially at the capture of Cornells, where large scale surveys 
were made by Ensigns Anderson and Sim under his direction 6 . 

After the withdrawal of the expeditionary force, he remained on special duty 
under the civil government, being made "President of the Committee for investi- 
gating the state of Landed Tenure", and also 

employed... in eollecLing and arranging the 'i \>i)OL.ran..ie;i.l mid Military Reports and Surveys 
of the former Government [Dutch] ; in invests gating the .History am! Antiquities, of the 
Island [ 278, 304 ]. ... 

The tono^raoliii.al survey.-; eommotieed under the late Govern merit have been found fco 
merit every attention, and on the .suggestion of Lieutenant Colonel .Mackenzie they will be 
continued partly on the same plan. ... Java roust ever lie considered as a great agricultural 
Country, and as the Granary of the Eastern Islands, ... and the information and opinions 
fniiiishofl by l.ieut.en.-vnr. Colonel M.H.k-i.nK... will enable Oivernoir-ril,._.i o establish a more 
enlightened and advuntjifTCOiis system of internal administration 7 . 

In August 1813 Mackenzie returned to India, and remained in Bengal till March. 
1815 after completing his reports on -lava [83-4,302]. With these he submitted 
two general Statistical Tables of the population, stock, and lands of the Provinces in Java 
( no General Inspection of this kind having been executed under the former Government ) 8 . 

Many useful Dutch maps were found and revenue surveys were continued by 
the Dutch staff [ 293 ] 9 ; but, as might be expected, these were not sufficient for 
military requirements, and various surveys were put. in hand under the orders of 
Commander of the Forces, now Gillespie. These led to an acrimonious corres- 
pondence between him and Raffles [ 293-4 ], which was in keeping with the bitter 
feud which continued between them until Gillespie obtained a transfer to Bengal. 

The officers employed on these surveys were William Thorn, in charge of the 
Q.M.&.'s Department ; William Colebroohe, of the Royal Artillery, at first Military 
Secretary and later D.Q.M.G. ; and James Bayley, a graduate of the Military 
Institution who had been one of Lamhton's assistants [ 242-3]. In May 1813 Thorn 
asked that Bayley's return to Madras might be delayed as it 

would be attended with considerable inconvenience to the Service from.. .the ruifinished state 
of the extensive Survey which he had eornmeneed for 10 miles round Batavia, and which he 
is willing to complete if time is allowed him. A few months longer Residence in Java. ..would 
he profitably employed in. various other useful pursuits at the same time, such as the finishing 
of certain Routes... which, having their origin with him, csn Only bo serviceable in his hands 
for finishing off. ... The before-mentioned Survey was undertaken by him without having 
any salary or allowance of any kind. 
Thorn further mentioned that a survey of his own, 

* Conquest of Jam, ^..'l.-m.as Kt.imf..rd Raffles ( 1781-1826); Ponang 1805-11 ; Java 1811 6; Kt. 

1817 . Governor Sin impure 1320-4- : founded Zr.;.]oi:i<:j\ G(.:de.is, T.o.if.on ; I-T.ri. ; I.LO. ; DNB,; DIB. 
K-p-rniailv handed ovei. I..-S-H.; JaraOo\-i. '..'";. : 'M. Oiai. Kobr-rt. Ki:\'.i> f.'.. I.e.-,. if i lTiiO-IHM } ; D_Y.fi. ; 
DIB ■ Hero <>( Velkuv; :Ylvii.mv, [O-T-CK; ; Nopal War. kilk-.l ;:" Kahr.i.:.., 31 -1..-.4 : JU. SI. Paul's Cai.hl. 
H\,n<!i;>;*tofJwim, 1UB). " •.Jiir.t.i.r.. of Comclis, 13 to '2<j A,. a . 1S11: MRIO. 11)7 ( 12-25]. 'From 
Raffles to GG. ; 1.V7-13 ; JI.MC. 17 {.--IS; CO. liatavia. * .Miifl., ■..-,■.... 1,., U.biii:i! Dnjit,.. It. William, 14-12-13. 
U PC. 31-5-14. 'Raffles 1(6); Appi. ( civ ) ; J. Cor. 1812-6. 



" 136 Madeas Military Surveys 

the Topographical Survey of the high Military Road throughout, the whole Island, ...had 
taken up 10 months in the pOEforma,nee, and was entirely executed, at my ami. Expence. 1 . 

In reply bo Raffles' request for further particulars, Thorn pointed ont that his 
road survey 

■was made with the crin-neyit and full rtyipriibc!>on of the Lieutenaet ("invinioi', to whom I had 
the honor of menrionmg the subject in com creation, and who was pleased to offer me every 
assistance in the prosecution of so -useful a work. ... The first and principal of the Duties of 
My Department consists in a thorough knowledge. mncruily and locally, of all parts of the 
Country [ 300-2 ]. ... I was aware, that no authentic or Correct Surveys of that mature existed. 

I had hoped rny offt.rr of a presentation of a fail' Copy of the Chart ( which has cost me two 
months additional labour ami oxpenee ) would have boon kindly received by the Hon. the 
Lieutenant Governor. ... The Chart speaks for itself, and I venture to way i.t would have Cost 
Government more than five times the sum above mentioned ( one thousand Dollars ), had 
it been done by regular Appointment. 

Bayley could quote no orders for his '"'Survey of the Environs of Batavia", but 
pointed out that in his own presidency, Madras, the Quartermaster General had 
full authority to appoint his own officers to carry out military surveys |~ 121-2], and 
added that he could hardly show his sense of duty better than by dedicating my 
few leisure hours to such pursuit. Raffles however refused to allow Bayley to 
remain and complete his survey, though he was 

fully disposed to concur in an approbation of the Motives winch have induced those OfScers 
to execute the Surveys in question, as well as in a liberal rein mieration. ... While he is perfectly 
ready to concur hi a Donation of 11)00 Spanish Dollars to Major Thorn, if the Commander of 
the Forces deems that sum proper and adequate, tic feels it his duty to request that the Major 
General will cause the .Surveys which have been executed or commenced 1 upon by Major Thorn 
or Lieutenant Hay ley to be transmitted to Government. 

He further declared that it was 
clearly and unequivocally defined... that the Topographical Surveys of the Island shall be in 
the charge of a separate Department. ... BHder the immediate eye of the Government. ... 
Under the instructions and recommendation of Colonel '.Mackerr/.ie, some Topographical Surveys 
have been completed or undertaken, and an Office has been established in the Government 
House at Buitenzong 2 and at Sarnarang 3 , in which several of the Surveyors of the late Govern- 
ment are entertained [ 293 ]. ... The Lieutenant Govornor considers the delivery to Govern- 
ment of the Surveys executed by Major Thorn to be absolutely indispensable, as well as every 
other that is known to exist in any Department- of the Service [ 20,3-4 ] 4 . 

Though Gillespie sent in copies of the two surveys, he refused to surrender the 
original documents or fieldbooks, which he sent off to the Commander-in-Chief in 
Calcutta, where Raffles also referred the matter ; 

It is with rejrret that I am under the necessity of submit, i-itig lo youe Lordship's considera- 
tion a correspondence which has occurred relative to certain Surveys executed in the Quarter 
Master General's Department, ... 

At the period of the capture of the Colony, many of the Surveys ami Charts of the late 
Government fell into the hands of the Captors and. although it was my endeavour to collect 
them for the purpose of being registered and collected under Superintendence of Colonel 
Mackenzie, I am aware that many of them were not delivered to Government. ... 

Some months ago a copy of a Survey executed by Major Thorn was presented to me through a 
private Channel, and, conceiving that the undertaking might eventually be useful to Govern- 
ment, I did not object to its continuance, although its commencement was not regularlv 
authorized. ... The work of Lieutenant Bayley. however, ...wits only just commenced, and 
there are already accurate and complete surveys of tho Environs of Batavia executed 
by the late Government. I therefore did not conceive it necessary to retain Lieutenant 
Bayley. ... 

It was with extreme regret that I now found the question was rendered a discussion be- 
tween Government ai a 1 the Commander of the Forces personally. ... The Documents were still 
withheld from Government, and there was no security for their being retained in the Secret 
and Official manner, so clearly and pointedly defined by the Hon'ble Court of Directors [ ?SS ]*. 

Raffles was supported by the Supreme Government [ 294 ], but before their reply 
was received Gillespie had left the island, and there was no further dispute, the 

Batavia. *280 m. E. of Batavia. *3M& 23-6-13 ( 580-653 }. 



Java 



i;ir 



direction of all future surveys resting witli the Lieutenant Governor. After long 
dolay Thorn received his thousand dollars. 

At the beginning of May 1S12 William Colobrooke had been deputed to recon- 
noitre the eastern end of the island, and had made sketches of the bay of Paehifcan 
and neighbouring islands 1 ; in July he was appointed to survey the Solo Biver ; 

I prosecuted the: admeasurement of the "River in the mouths of Aiig., Sept., & Oct., 1812, 
cinder instructions from !Ma-j Gen. Gillespie to exe-eufce a Military Survey & prepare a. Report 
upon the praciioabriitv or establishing a .MillLary Common icu rum by moans of it 3 . The Field 
Books were made out but, as I was appointed to the General Stuff while occupied upon them, 
tho Reports were delayed hi order that, further Information might be. obtained which would 
render the Survey useful, not, only as a Military, ir.it as a Geographical it Statistical work. 

On my return to Java in 1815, .1 applied to the Commander of the Forces that Lieut. Everest 
(an officer iir every way qualified } midit be appointed t.o c-omp'ete the 'task, & from his 
mathematical & astronomical hiu.miedsze the Lieut. Governor was pleased to combine some 
collateral objects in his Instructions, such as deteii nining the positions i osl -matins the Height 
of certain Moumains iu the lon;.o; u'liual lia.oL'e of tiie Island 3 . 

Everest himself reporte4 to Colebrooke later that "In the month of June 1815 
I was ordered to Samarang to be employed in Completing a Survey of the Solo 
River which had been carried on by yon in 1812, & on my arrival at Samarang I 
received'' official instructions to survey the river by the most accurate methods 
possible, preferably by a series of astronomical observations, as the nature of the 
country would not permit of a regular traverse. He was to examine and report on 
the possibility of improving the navigation of the river, and from his astronomically 
fixed points to determine, 

if practicable, the exact positions of tho 31oi.ii it: ih is Morappio X-, LUer Baboo, with the Latitude 
& Longitude of Solo. ... the result of your observations on those two points should be com- 
municated... with out waiting for your general report of Survey 4 . 

This survey occupied from July 1815 to January 1816 5 , when Everest returned to 
regimental duty. 

When final orders came for evacuation of Java and its restoration to the 
Dutch, Everest was deputed to make a rapid reconnaissance of the harbours and 
communications on the southern coast. Going to Solo in July, he started by making 
a survey of the Bay of Pachitan with soundings [ 138 ] ; 

Having immediately proceeded from Solo on n second oxtmrsion to explore the road, and 
examine the Bay of Segoree Keddee and other .Bays on tho South Coast, ...I never allowed 
myself time sufficient to prepare or digest tin; materials thus hastily collected. On my return 
I -was attacked with a, fever occasioned by tho [''atigue I had undergone, and many days thus 
unavoidably elapsed before I found myself well enough to apply to business. ... 

On leaving Batavia I was compelled le purchase a Carriage, being uo.jiblo to hire one and, 
having broken it by oversetting in tilt's "Hills. Hie Cost c.aunot bo realised, ixnd I. shall thus be a 
loser of 200 Spanish Dollars. As I proceeded from Chenhon to Samarang by mail, it was 
impossible to take any cumbersome instruments with mo, and ray Survey was executed by- 
means of amicromeiri.cal Telescope which I purchased for one hundred Spanish Dollars 6 . 

Another surveyor who contributed largely to tho mapping of .Java was Godfrey 
Baker, an officer of one of the volunteer battalions from Bengal. He made various 
large scale surveys of fortifications and other sketches for the civil Government 
during 1812 7 , and during 1815 and 1816 made special .surveys of the southern part 
of the island. The following notes are taken from his official letters and his Memoir 
of a Survey in the Native Pnnoe-r .Dominions of Java? ; 

"When the British landed in Java, there had not probably been G Europea 
more than a few miles of the flat shore 16 miles S. of Djocjoearta. ... In 1.815 h 
received of tho projected restoration of Java to the new throne on the Netherlands, and the 
necessity of some military memorial and survey of those tedons became obvious. ... 

Holding a Staff situation in the Xativo Princes;' Dominions as superintendent of the Forts, 

•S&wkMSS. 82 (167-71); "Blagden (238-fl). ■«£ Kafflea, 1(6). a BMC. 6-12-16 (26). 

' Instructions date,] KI-T-lo ; BMC. U- 12-11) ( 27--S ): rf. Dc lhi;ui. vr.i. <•:■'., part L (1. at:!. AiijJrwn !■>' ■!■: 
taaliaitd.m- rV/s-.-ij *,,-.';«', -:■■: r .X.-d-.-hnMi Isdih. "Plan of Solo H. hy Colcbrcb-. & llvtnst, MKTO. 177 
( 11 ); nther plans ty Everest, iii. [Ot [;!.!); 106(3)); iOMil')). "hMC. 29-11-16 ( 21 ). 'JMC. 15-1-13 
(88). S I0 ifaps, &ESS. 24. 



s who had & 



l:ts 



Madras Military Surveys 



lecupied ray leisure in a private survey of si 



Public Buildings, and Roads, I had so 
parts of the Country. 

On May 10th. lie received instructions from the Lieutenant Governor ; 

An accurate: eieseripLion of the South coast accompanied!, whore practicable, by i 
of surveyed routes, is i.Ke first point t.o bo attended to. ... 

The Dutch 'Maps of tho .Native; Preivinees are altogether so erroneous & imperfect as to 
offer no guide whatever ; it is there fori! e.>F some importance l.l;at. whatever information you 
may collect, and whatever routes you may make; across the country, should be accurately laid 
down in a General Sketch map of these Provinces. I am awaro that we cannot look for any- 
iiiing like geographical accuracy without, a regular Survey, but this is impossible to undertake 
at the present moment ; and your sketch of such parts of the Country as you may actually 
visit, and corrected by the best, local in forma (-ion you may obtain, cannot fail to- prove 
highly interesting 1 . 

Baker reports ; 

I left Solo on the 20th of Juno 1815, pmcee-hog tlirough .Djorjocarta to tho South coast 
at Manchingan. Hero T continued close along the South (""oast, Westward, more than one 
hunelred and ten miles to Chita-chap, of which IT arbour and its vicinity 1 made a Survey on a 
very large scale. This el one, I passed through the long narrow strait laying between the main 
Java Shore and she Island of Mi.;ssob:mib,.mgan, and which connects [.-lie ISay of Ctiilachap 
with that erf Sige.ro... and the superb Harbour of Chipalat. ... Of this connecting strait I merely 
took an eye Sketch and soundings, so as io establish its practicability for .Sloops. ...hut of the 
Manting Math or Chipalat Bay, I took a Survev on the: same extensive? scale as the Eastern 

Bay, ... 

Returning t.o Chilaehap, as ray .Instructions restricted me to the Dominions of the Native 
Princes, ... I proceeded by water, sounding, and taking an eye Sketch of tho River Donan. ... 
Although I hael before: made a private: survey of the main route. ..to Sourabarta, yet for the 
sake of correctness I wis induced to continue it backward 5 ; wkh porno variations from'my 
former route. ... 

I continued the Survey Southward to 'Ujoejocarta, which completed an extensive circuit 
{■f about. 40'J riiili:-^: ;:!'.?i^ nil the jtimiti Conauiviioatiwrt of [hi' Iruorior of .lava, with offsets 
either by actual Survey or the best information procurable. ... It was then the end of October 
and, the Rains settling in, T prepare*! myself to arrange and unite tho whole of the materials 
e-o!leel cei in a- proper form. 

He was now called hack to command his corps, till 
on the I5th June last [ 1816 ] I received an order. ..to return to my former employment,' and 
to complete my enquiries and Surveys 2 . In July last I surveyed and laid down the whole 
route to Pachitau ; ... arrived, at Pacinian I found !Lt. EvciiKjt of the Ai'tillery employed 
specially on the survey of that Harbour by the Commander of the Forces [ 137 ] ; this would 
not have prevented me from taking a more regular survey, had it not been that on July 
27th I receivee! a letter eif recall, anel reached. Solo the 31st 3 . 

In giving a full list of the material he had collected, Baker includes 
A Field book or Journal containing my route surveys through the Island, ... connected when 
practicable by observations with the Theodolite, at the end of each day's route, of the bearings 
and angles of tho principal mountains of Java*. 

He adds a list of ten of these mountain 3 with their latitudes and longitudes as 
fixed by Everest ; 

I believe Captain Everest also took altitudes A- bearings, from Soto the: Capital, of ■ these 
mountains. They are very lofty Volcances [ 87 ]. To judge by the oyo I should say they 
vary from 6 or 8 to 10.000 5 . 

In October ISlfi Baker took his reports and surveys to Calcutta, where he spent 
several months 1irus.hi.11g thorn oil'' 1 . Anionjssi his maps 7 , which arc beautifully neat 
and clear, is one copied, by him from an original made :: by the young Regent of 
Galoo ", a Javanese 8 . 

ifrom RaBiS, 20-3-15. ^Report 15-8-15 ; 
M439. <MR10. M 436. 'IOllaps. MS. 34 
4ii 1 -, 10S ( 3S-4 ), ctt. Bib. 107 ( ! ]. 



CH \PTKR X 



CAKNATK.! DLSTRK.TS 



Hevenue Surveyors — Dindigv.l d: Madnni Titmevelhf Tanjore,, ISOo-JA) — 
Pvdukkottai, 1813 — Trichinopoly, 1806-10 — Coimbatore & Nilgiri Hills, 1806-13 
— NeMo-re & other dirt-nets — Geiv.-.ml Mays.. 1.872-6. 



THE district surveys carried out by the Assistant Revenue purveyors from the 
Observatory Surveying School were to comprise a general topographical survey' 
of each district., followed by a detailed rename and statistical survey that 



should give the Collector all the information he might want for administrative 
purposes [I, 145-7]. ^ some cases surveys were made under the control of the 
Superintendent of Tank Repairs with a special view to the improvement of 
irrigation, but as a rule the Surveyors worked directly under the Collectors, 
though receiving professional instructions from the Inspector of 'Revenue Surveys, 
an office held by the Astronomer at. the observatory [ 1, 385 ; IT, 2 ]. 

Though the Superintendent of Tank Repairs made occasional visits to the 
surveyors in the field [144-5], the Inspector of Revenue Surveys never did so, but 
confined himself to providing professional instructions, mslrunients. and equipment 
—collecting and compiling regular quarterly reports- -compiling general maps- — 
and giving fatherly criticism. He was at the same time Superintendent of the 
Surveying School, and therefore responsible for the early training, and posting, 
of the surveyors. 

Lambton helped whenever he could ; 

I have always furnished the Kevenue Surveyors with data in r-he different. Provinces through 
which I have passed, so that, most <>f the Provincial Surveys wiit have their foundation oil 
this work [ 145, 150 J 1 . 

On the appointment of Mackenzie as Surveyor Genera] from 1st December 
1810, the post of Inspector of Revenue Surveys was abolished, the Surveying 
School closed down, and the surveys in progress, other than those for the Tank 
Department, transferred to the professional control of the Surveyor General 2 , 
[I, 107-8]; 

Six of the Assistant Surveyors, or the apprentices, might with advantage. ..be attached to 
the Department of Tank Repairs and YV'atoreoursos, which is of so much importance to the 
cultivation of the country; ...the services of those who have already been employed ill that 
branch have been very useful hi carrying on its details. ... 

It is also the wish of the (lovenior in Cuuniil liial 0:10 of the Assistants should be perma- 
nently attached to the Colleeuir of Madras 3 . 

By 1812 the Department of Tank Repairs had made surveys in "Tanjore, 
Triohinopoly, Arcot, Tinnevelly, Coimbatore, Jaghire, & NeUore" [ 149 ] 4 . 



Dindigtjl & Madura 

In 1796 three of these boys had been sent, to Dhidigul [ I. 285, II, 350, 352 ], 
which had been under the charge of an English collector since 1790. and was later 
absorbed into the district of Madura, winch, passed to the Company in 1801 
II, 107 11.6]. 



1DD11. M3 (229), 24-7-10. 'HR«Bd. 



'DDii. 127 (32S), : 



I 



140 Caenatic Districts 

The Board of Revenue write in 1807 ; 

We have lately received a- map of the Province of Madtiin.. the L-'ollaj.ns of Xtiftam, Dindigul, 
Madura, and Manapara, executed by the Surveyors attached lo Mr. Parish f 142 11.4 ] this 
work has been inspected by i Ik- Superintendent, who remarks that it wi II prove a very valuable 
addition to mir present Tnpogtaphical knew-ledee r.f these countries, when supported by a 
series of Triangles necessary lo prove its aeouracy 1 . 

The Superintendent 's inspection did not go beyond a scrutiny of the maps sent, 
in to Madras, and Warren had to report later that 

Johnson... has not given in the Madura District that satisfociion to Captain Caldwell- [I, 321 1 
which he had a sight to expect from him 3 . 

The Plan. ..was sketched several years since, in a very desultory manlier, by .T. A. Johnson ;. 
it is now presented in. a move eligible form, being properly supported by Triangles. 

This work however is of no great importance, and far unequal to what might have been 
expected from an assistant of his standing in the service [ I, 28 1 1, assisted as Johnson was by 
another boy [ Pereira ]. The plan was sent in October last, since which time be has done 
nothing in. the way of his profession : Mr. Parish seeing him thus 11m >eenpii:d. has employed 
him as a "Writer in his ciiteherry \ 141 ]. ... 

The Survey of the Tanjove Distriol is likely to be completed by the month of July next. 
I would therefore recti m mend that so soon us this is effected, 'lumbal! with his two Sub- 
Assistants be directed to proceed to Madura, with a view- to hasten the conclusion of the Survey, 
...and that Johnson be- recalled to the Presidency thai he may- not interfere with the Surveyors- 
who are to replace him 4 . 

It was of the Madura survey that Mountford wrote in 181!) : 

The Survey of the Son thorn, or Darapooram. .Division which yon represent sis being ex- 
tremely imperfect, and no reliance can be placed upon the .Map. ... was... executed, so far back 
as 1S01-02-03 by young lad« sent from the Surveying School, and upon a much smaller scale 
than it hast be.ee ihi>f:g.lit necessary to adopt in 11 more recent date 5 . 

Tn 1810 Tii rnhnll took over the Madura survey, and by ISIS he and his assistants 
had surveyed the iSiva.ga.nga zamhtdar-i . Tinipatt ur' ; , and the northern part of 
Ramnfid, carrying down in 1814 to R.ameswaram and the neighbouring islands, 
which then formed part of the Madura Collect-orate' [ 145 ]. 

In 1815 he lesiuveycd Dindigul 8 . Tn recommending this it was explained that 
the resurvey completed in 1801 had been lost [ 151 ]. and that, considering the 
inexperience of the young men at that period, the loss was probably of no great 
importance*. 

A section of Turnbuli's resurvey, scale one inch to a mile, which covered most 
of the cultivated area, is reproduced as plate IS. and shows one of the best of 
these district surveys 10 . The party suffered greatly from fever, and survey was 
broken off in 181fi, to be completed five years later. 

Tixnbvet.i.-v 

Althougii two boys from the School were posted to Tinnevelly in 1801 when 
the district was taken over by the Company they had accomplished very little- 
when the Collector, James Hepburn", reported in November 1806 ; 

The work is. as yet, in no greater progress time the principal points in the District being" 
ascertained, althnugl: ;;iese Assistant- Surveyors have been employed in the District from the 
time of the assumption of the Cni.'na-tie [ I, 107 n.6 ]. 

Since my arrival here. T have employed. Andrew Rend f t..p> ] in preparing a Genera] Map 
of the District fn.iu the result of his own survey, and from some other original documents 
which ( have been lucky enough n ■ pi-ocure. 

As a particular mrw of this District is for many reasons very desirable — As the Monthly 
expence attending thee people is considerable — As the survey hits hitherto gone on very slow — ■ 
and from certain other circumstances attending Andrew Mead- I request; that. ..the Suporin- 

'Fdbto.M?.IO..H.r*. (J7.69.ST. 95; 10 C„t. { 357 ) 4 1IR0. Map 152. MEG. 16-1 07. ^inspector 

of Tank He-pairs. :: Vi He* lid. 2(>-t-(lfi. ^ib. 12 4- JO. ■- DDn. .US ( ±?;, ), L-n-ll Ui. sgg K/5. & 
J/12: DDn. 127 i .13 J. "Filbks. MRT!). M !);{. !H ; Mnns. ih. 136 (44) & J1RO. May. 159. "Map, 
MRU). 146 ( hi ). ' Kesarvev Muietioric:!. MPC. ll-12-l-t. "MR.10. 3-PT-t r>. in 7 <r-tir>n* "MCS - 
Writer 17flfi ; Colic-h-;- Ti-],icvcllv IsOfi: T:mjoiC 1S13 : fur). 1820: ret. 1S24. ' 



.... , 



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'.rifnn"- 



Part of DINDIGUL DISTRICT 



Plate 13 '■ 



yed by Thomas Turn bull and Siis party of assistant 



■surveyors. 1815-6 [140]. 

iiooj Madras Observatory, and made the 



This is reproduced from a fair 



TlNNEVELLY 



Ml 



t of the Surveying --el tool... relieve him at the sa.me time with the other, and that he 
do provide me with two active uii'ollisrorii, lads in their stead. 

Tlie second surveyor, Duke Orton, was : " employ crl in the Colloid ura' Cutoherrie 
the state of his health not permitting him l.o go upon survey 1 ". 

Three other surveyors, Robinson, Hill, and Fletcher, were thereupon sent to 
take over the work, and under the Collectors ■watchful eye completed a valuable 
survey during the next seven years. The following extracts from Robinson's 
journals^ give an interesting picture of their life and work ; Robinson had been 
acting as assistant, instructor at the School | 341, 352]. 

At the Observatory, Madras, January 1st 1807, f Temperature observations five times a 
day ]. 

Left the Observatory Can (en and removed to Johnson's [ 140 ] at St.- 'Illume 3 on the 2nd 
of January 1807 at 10 a.m. — Thursday Si.h January. At 9 a.m. left J. A. Johnson's at St. 
Thomo after breakfast. ... 

[describes the road in detail, with distances]. 

At 4 miles antl t> furlongs J 00 yards, we moor the spot on which rhey its tend to erect a 
Sciietaph^ to the ;nemory of Lord Coinwaliis | 31 u.i |. which is opposite the 4 miles .stone 
on the Mount Road. ... 

Vandalore Hill and Choultry at 18 m. 2 f. 12 y. 3 , & at 30 yards to the right of the road is 
a well built upstair house for the reception of travellers, which does the greatest honor to the 
founder of it ( Cenerat Smith ), as it. is an excellent retreat to the unweriod traveller [sic]. 
Arrived at this place at. ■'■ p.m . after a fatiguing niai-ch of tj hours through i.l us burning heat 
of the sun. 

Friday 9th January. ... Met Mr. J. Cochrane 6 here, who was on his way to Madras from 
Poll' lieberry. ... 

Ohinglepett/ ins surrounded by a number of hills which at; a Distance appear beautiful like 
an amphitheatre. ... I must also remark that wo were this day [worried ? | by an old mad 
fellow, who promised to rob and play the devil wii.ii us at night, which was not a- little alarming 
to me. as 1 was a new traveller, and never before accustomed to such, threats. ... 

11th. ... Arrived at I'ermacoil at 1.0 a.m. ... Ij'letoher & I got up this rock at about 4 p.m. 
Saw the range of Mountain?.. .1.0 the IS!., .also a range of Hills to the W., which we supposed, 
to bo the Hills at Salem. ... 

Met two gentlemen surveying ; Mr. Tullooh and another [ <>f Military Institution], 

12th. ... At 5 o'clock in the evening rode out to Pondicherry in company with Hill &■ 
Fletcher. The Walls of Pondicherry are entirely raised [ ra'/.ed }, & the plough made to run 
over the rnina. ... There is a. plain here with an avenuo all around Hud seats at intervals for the 
Tete a Tete of tin: evening |' sic |. The sea is close by, A" surf beats with, as ("."inch violence as 
Madras. 

14th. ... Set out early from Pondicherry tills morning ; ... missed our way at first ; ... 
met two French Vagrants. ... 

15th. ... Travelled 25 miles 2 f. 112 ytli:. this day and arrived at the town of Chellurn- 
brum 8 ; ... crossed several large rivers, seme of whioi 1 contained via lei in them about waist 
(loop, and which ivr foi-dod with oiir horses. ... 

Saw Wright 9 arid Allan f 140 J at this place. 

16th. ... Spent the day at. Wright's. 

17th. ... Met a Conductor & several Gun carriages, with a company of Sepoys & some 
prisoners, Handeuffed, whom they were conveying to Madras. 1 imagine these to be some of 
the Vellore i'un-uways !l1 . Wright, accompanied us [ part of the way ]. ... Put up for a few 
hours at a Braminy Choultry in front of which is a. line tank fall of wafer and a tavern kept 
by a Portuguese... close by. 

19th. ... The la.sear lost his child this day. ... 

21st. ... Met rhc Madura Treasury L^Jjug 10 Madras 00 :i lai'.^e heavy cart drawn by 12 
Bullocks, & escorted by three or four Peons and a guard of" sepoys. ... 

We arrived at Triehinopoly at about 12 o'clock- &. put up at a Ttraniiny's House. ... Gabriel 
the servant got sick on the 20th. 

Friday the 23rd at noon. Observed altitude of the Sun. 

Got u.equn.ini ed with Mr. Sutherland. shopkeeper at this olace" , ,v, ,:i>,w ."Mr. Willia.in doott. 

'MRevBd 24-11-06. ! MRI0. M 12. a on aea front, S. of Madras, not to be confused with. St. 

Thorn us' Mount.. 4 it hi a sou's -:i'l!ir-^ r'.iamv.l dir .'■■.■. ait. ■'■uk, iouslv -SH.-i-pi'ij; |.i;:-'- rnbi: later 'Jinu'dioiit.. 

'Magtis., N. Kanara, 1806-7. '67 P/14. 9 Chidambaram, 5S II,,' 11. s'not identified. "> Vellore Mutiny, 
July Isi'iu. ! "-J. Sirdicrliuuk sho [ikeep^i-, Madras, HI ft. 1811. 



142 



Carkatic Districts 



an old schoolfellow of mine, with whom 1 had the pleasure of dining with the day "before we 
left the place. ... Could not see Silvester [ Pope ] although ( had written to him [ 150 J. 

26th. ... T.eft Triehinopoly. ... Fletcher parted mni|w.ny with us. ..as his route was for 
Eindigul. 

27th. ... Mot- C'i-ipt. MpDougall 1 ...who wrote to us in the evening for to produce our Pass- 
ports 2 . We accordingly dressed ourselves & went to him ; he spoke very kindly to us & pub 
a few questions! reporting oar journey etc., & asked us to drink so mo wine and water. 

29th. ... Reach Madura. ... 

Went to Mr. Parish 3 on the Midi A* enquired of him where Mr. Hepburn might be ; who 
told us he was at Shcvalpctra. ... Intended to Inn; a bullock coaih as TIMI'sj Horse was grown 
too bad for him to continue his journey any further on it, but Mr. Burljy 4 was so good as to 
lend us his-to go on as far as Shevalpottoor'. II ill's horse got siek through fright at the fire- 
works at Seringham 6 , wdueh »e had boon to see when we were at Tnchinopoly. 

Sunday, 1st February. ... Left Madura ; ... prevented from measuring the distance as the 
lascar did not bring up tins perambulator with us. 

3rd. ... Lost our road <fc the lascar not up with us in time with the perambulator. ... 
.Dressed uin^clvit A \voo( 1.0 Mr. I ltpb-.ii."ii jn the evening, win desired us to attend at his 
Cutcherry 7 the next day at 11 o'clock. 

4th. ... Attended on Mr. Hepburn at his Oui.ohorry at- the appointed time. He put a few 
questions to me; such as, whether I was ever employed under anybody before, &c. He 
desired us to call again next day at about the same time. 

5th. ... Saw ~M.r. Hepburn again ; he told, that he had written to Mr. A. Read [ 140 ] at 
Palarncotta to come down with all his insirumen Is, i.e. ... Saw Keud at night. ... 

6th. ... [Saw Read again today ; he told mo that, Mr. Hepburn had desired him to deliver 
up all his instruments <&c, to roe. Pitched his Marquee and removed Lo it. ... 

13th. ... Mr. Hepburn sent for :ne. io look a-t ad 'he instruments that f had belonging to 
the Company. I informed him of my intention of going to Pa lumcorta to examine Read's 
base, and then to begin upon anything he would wish me to do there ; in reply to which he 
said he had nothing forme to do, and that I might begin with the particular survey whenever 
I thought proper. Spoko l.o him about. Hill's horse at. which ho did not seem pleased. 

Observations A computations of a time by meridian altitude & sun. Mr. Hepburn gave 
us two Peons io see us supplied, wi.iii eveiythiug on our journey. ... 

17fch. ... Mr. !Tanbui'y s , the Assi. Collector, sent, for me & questioned me about Hill's 
Horse, &c. I informed him of my intention of going away to l.'a.lamcotta tomorrow. ... He 
said.. -that I had bettor begin with the .River for Mr. Hepburn, and then proceed upon the 
General Survey of the Dislriet : thai Capt. Caldwell was expected, &. that I am only to remain 
here for S or 10 months. Bead is off to Timiivelly today. ... 

20th. ... Saw a man with a Tyger's skin today ; lie told us that he was taking it to the 
Collector's wbore he it,. add. got ■• Pagodas-' for it, ami that it had destroyed 4 men before thev 
could got at it. ... 

Arrived at the Collector's bouse ( Timiivelly } at 7 p.m. 

Sunday 22nd. ... Hill wont over to Read early this morning A-, requested of him to show 
him his base, which was readily agreed to ; Hill arrived by about 11 a.m. ; he told roe that 
the base was over very uneven ground. Received a Loiter from the post from Lfr. Warren 
which was extremely afjlieling | 34'/ |. ... Busy writing today. 

23rd. ... Went over to look at Read's base ; the extremities of which are on rising ground 
and over very uneven ground. ... 

Went to Mr. ^rrattuu with Mr. Warren's letter ; he gave me a Plan of the Tinnivelly 
District ( done by Or ton 1. which he wanted, me to cor reel. I intend to make a fair one for 



24th. 



. Hill finished 



copying my remarks', on the Road ; sis for myself, busy writiru: letter.- 



to Madras. Received .Io boson's theodolite for Mr. H'anbury at Siievalpettore, which was sent 
for him by Mr. Hepburn from Madras. Pasted paper for the plan for the Judge, 

25th. ... Begun tracing & colouring the Plan Tor t.ho .fudge ; at, home all day ; saw the 
Papers but nothing surprising in them. 

26th. ... Busy drawing Mr. S (.rat-ton's Plan, & Hill in writing Read's angles to my book. 
At home all day. 

Sunday March 1st. Finished Mr. Stratton'e Plan & delivered it to him ; he was greatly 



ohn MacDotigal (177U-1KI3); Mad. Inf. 1795. 2 A11 Europea 
1 districts St military nfrieprs v-dth units, required passports. 
96. 'Conductor Daniel Burhv. 3 Shevelipootoor [pi. 16]. 
8 John Hanbmy ( 1738/9 1SIM t; MCS. 1804. "About 17 Rupc 



1 except civil officers within 
'George Parish (1780-1839); 
Srirangam, 58 J/9. 'Court 
[1,27811.7]. 



TlNNEVEDLY 



li.:i 



e I should ever be at a loss ibr jt.jiytSiirs^- - 



Met 



plotted with it. & bid me refer to him ii 

Mr. A.ustey >fc Lady aw they were going out airing 1 . 

3rd. ... Pitched Flags &<■., on my intended Base, 
from Mr. Haiibury concerning my abstract 2 . Got a 
I had broken tlie old one. 

4th. Kill & I begun to measure the Base very earl;- this morning, which we got prepared 
... Length of Base 143 chains. Not trusting to thi.s measurement alone, we went 
a the afternoon at !. past- S, Jfc measured till J past- 6 o'clock. ... 
6th. ... Fi\ed stone- at W. end of base corresponding with that at E. end. 

After making observation* on neighbouring kill is for the connection of his base. 
Robinson made a short theodolite traverse along the bants of the river 3 , and then . 
received orders 

to go down to the sea ( at the mouth of the liiver ) & take a a 
of the River for Ca.pt. Caldwell [ 140 ]. 

19tli March. ... Busy marking out the Divisions on two U 
vanes made for thorn, as I! am ti- proceed to the sen- to CO: 

[ continues levelling l"r several days], 

23rd. ... Prevented -Voiu Surv eying in the Forenoon a 
but went out in the evening at about J.- past 3 p.m. an 
in the forenoon with the visits of several dancing girls. 

24th. ... Theodolite Traverse. Computations of Southings 
little after 12 o'clock i- took, breakfast. ... Bothered by Dancing Girls aj_ 

Good Friday, 27th March. Went out this morning very early to survey by myself. ... 
as obliged t-<i trudge a great part of the 



Not we.ll today also : Eocoived 1: note 
v glass put, on to Head's iboodolste as 



s of Levels along one ban!; 



a feast day with the natives, 

... We were complimented 



v Westings. ... Came home a 






■ning to survey, did but little &. 
1 getting collies ite., to remove 
love Mr. Hepburn's things : he being 



surveying by myself this morning ; left Hill at home to work 
ie tins morning about. .}■ of an hour after I had begun with my 
j me &■<;.., and desiri-d me to brmg up the survey as far as Alvar 
o say to me. Day excessively hot- ; finished this days work 
Did more today than any other day. ... j. hear tha-t Fletcher 



with my Plan after breakfast ; 

it up to Tau.paoatum for Capt. Caldwell, who is expected 



Came home quite fatigued in the heat of the 
way on bare foot. ... 

Easter Sunday. Went out very early this 
by about a.m. ; a great d.eal of trouble at nig 
as the best pari- of the people were taken off to 
way to Alvar Tiiiivelly 5 from Ti 
1st April 1807. ... Went on 
at bis plan. Mr. .Hepburn met 
survey 1 be | mv a few quest ions 
Tiiiivelly. as lie. lias something 
as far as the Colleeior's tents. . 
is to be here shortly. 

2nd. ... Went to Mr. Hepb 
with it & desired me 
"here shortly. ... 

oth. ... Firiislied my Plan & took it to Mr. H— n ; ... told him that I intend to 
surveying from tomorrow. I am desired to carry it on as fa,r as an anient which is about 
1 3 miles higher up, A" to note down everything | n-i-rticular. ... 

In coming from Mr. Hepburn's Tents on the ST. side of the river to... the opposite bank. 
My Horse, contrary to his usual mode of stooping to drink, laid oomplotely into the water 
while I was on him, saddle anil all, leaving me wet into it. 
[ Fletcher ] oins from Madura on April 20th ]. 

. Arrived at Tuticorin at about 9. Saw Mi'. Hepburn at 11 & requested 
ave to go back to Madras, at. which he appeared to be displeased : ... advised 
. it, and to come to him the next day at about the same time. 
>vere headache at night. 

w Mr. H--C today ; ... spoke to him ajjain to the same purpose of letting me 
3 to write to him for leave of absence, and that he would give me a letter for 
Capt. Warren. ... Saw Orton today. 

3rd- ■■■ Left Tuticorin at 3 p.m. & arrived by 12 at night at Alvar Tiiiivelly. 
7th. ... At Palameotta. Wrote Mr. Hepburn for a. Passport for to proceed to Madras. ... 
. Wrote public letter to Madras for my discharge from the Service. ... 
. Received a very imperi iiicni. letter from Fletcher. 
. Went to church today. 
18th. ... Rill& Fletcher off this evening to survey. 

20th. ... Benight Mr. Copland's'' Pahmquoeti for 23 Pagodas, which I have promised to pay 
iThoa. Anstev (1770 -1*4:5); VKS. 1789; m.. Madras. 2 -S-01, Miss Frances Mmitvesnr; Commercial 
Resr'lt Tiimevellv. iSOfi-ll. 5 Pay bill. =Tambiv|nn-i R.. .IS JHi to L ; 2. * Abvar Tinmagiri, . r .S H,'14. 
s not identified ; not MCS. 



30th April. 

hhn to give me 1 

me to consider o 

.Bad with a. s 

1st May. Si 



10th. . 
loth. . 
17th. 



11.1 



Caknatic Districts 



him at the end of the month. Left Palameotta at about | paefc i> this evening. 

On 21st May Robinson resumes surveying, traversing, and levelling, for the- 
first time since f 4th April, and continues till 3rd June ; 

ith Jane. ... This bdnii King George's Birthday, a Royal Salute of 21 guns was fired at 
the Fort of Palameotta. Mr. Hepburn sent for mo this morning & was extremely angry at 
mv nut going on with the Survey ... 

23rd. ... Panpatiussum at the foot of the Chants 1 : ... cataract ; Pagoda ; ... The fishes at . 
this place are so tame as to Eat out of one's hand when rice is given them, and to see them ' 
scrambling and jumping over one another for food produces * pleasing aight. 

25th. [Measures a short base ami takes tin; Insight <jf waterfall, 1(12.77 feet ] 2 . Having' 
completed the survey of the River. I left Pan pa tins sum. ... 

29th. [ Hands in his Plan and liekl.book to "Mr. Hepburn at- Tiunivelly ]. 
30th July 1807. ... Coutalum 3 . ... Shew Mr. Hepburn our Plan and Fieldbooks, all of 
which he appeared perfectly satisfied with. 

Mr. Hepburn's Garden is situated near the Hills, where it commands a beautiful prospect 
of the cataract which is not far off ; ... I am dashed by Mr. Hepburn to call upon him when 
he comes to the Cutoherry, and. also to find the height of the waterfall for him. Saw Mr. H-n.. 
hi the Cutelierry ; he shewn me a letter that he had received from the Board* wherein my 
discharge is granted ; but am advised to write to him to be re-admitted into the Service, &. 
have in consequence done so. 

Bleteher is desired to proceed to JIailore to survey a piece of ground for the Revd. Mr.. 
Ringlet ube, to which place lie intends to set off tomorrow. 

Copt. Pepper has requested me to make him out a Plan of the situation of the different 
Polygar Forts in the Tirrnivelly District. ... 

8th August. Sent for by Mr. Hepburn to day and desired to proceed to Coilpatnam 5 to- 
survey some lands for Mr. Young, and to note what land has been cleared, how long it had 
been so, and whether once cultivated 8 . ... 

20th. ... Survey the road to Courtallura. ... Day hot and sultry ; found myself somewhat 
fatigued, as I had made- a. circuit round the ground. 

One of the labourers employed in clearing the jungle was severely mounded in the forehead 
& right ear by a Bear which attacked him in the open day. as he was refreshing himself with 
water. ... 

2S6h. ... Mr. II anbury sent for me to know whether 1 wished to return to Madras again ; 
answered him in the affirmative, that I had a great desire to return. Went over hi the evening 
to see Mr. Hepburn. 

There is no record of any visit to Madras, and Robinson and Hill continued 
their rambling sur veys — completing the limits of Mr. Young's garden and 
his cotton farm at Yepulootta — meaaHrhag the height of Comorin Point— and 
surveying the "Chittaur River 7 " from its junction with the ' ; Tamnbrapoomey 
River*". 

After 8th December 1807 survey is continued in another book, and from 8th 
July to 18th August 1808 Robinson was making a continuous traverse survey, 
cutting in village "sites". He was inspected by Caldwell early in the year, Warren '3- 
report reading ; 

Kobinson continues actively employed in the Ti.uiiivelly District, and would have sent 
copies of his further labours had not Captain t.'aidwelfs visit to that District required all his 
time and attention. However, as his practice cannot bo cheeked by a more competent judge, 
and his labours applied to better purposes, the delay cannot be regretted. 

Hill employed on a particular survey ol" the Brearmadiisum Talook. 

Fletcher survey iiig the Road from Palaiocoitah to Arn nab Lilly [ 132 ], and a piece of ground 
for Mr. Young ; during tins la-st quarter this Assistant has made oat very slow progress in his- 
work, and is at present under the order of Captain Caldwell 10 . 

In 1810 Hepburn reported the completion of the survey of several iakiks in the 
north of the District ; 

iPapanasum. iiSH/li. [dare of pilgramagc, ln<p Go~. Hud. II ( 2S7 }. -.sheet S of MEIO. 2-PT-13 
shews ''atone at Waterfall ". B Knttalam, 5SH/1. 4 of Revenue. S K:.\ ■ Ijni'.v.an. ."is i,,_>, on sea coast. 
«Nheet l" of M1U0. i'-PT-!:.! >heivs two ureas souL-ti and cast ('aic:;ud. .Kalakuddu. -IS Jj-i. marked "Mr. 
y,,nr-.'V. ; ("'Iii'o,.:- I!. f,S H'-~> to l.:J. "Taml'raparni 11. ; M'.RLO. iii2 (4. ™) orij/inai protractions, 
srai le A ()()(>. iOrtO. lOtiti yds. to inch. 'Pdbk. .S'irm;</ of Mimr-TmiMlvTahe.l; ,- April-Jul'v 1S08. ] °M Kev 
Bd. 2fi-4-08.. 



TOTNEVEIXY 






When I acquaint you that this tier tailed survey was commented and continued fur .several; 
months under the immediate inspection of Captain Caldwell ( who wh; so kind as to take that 
trouble at my request ). and tliat in its further progress it. ivas examined into, and carried on, 
by Major Lambton { also at ray desire ), who espn^sei.1 Iris approbation both of the correctness. 
with which it was executetl as also with the diligence of those employed on it [ 139,244 ], !■ 
conceive that I am giving a im.ieh better tif-sti-uony in favor of 1S11: Surveyors now serving in the 
Province than anything 1 e.onld say from myself. 

I shall only add that a regular diary of their work is rendered to me weekly, from 
which I am fully enabled to Judge of their particular labours for each day in the course. 
of it 1 - - ". 

Three months later Warren submitted several plana 
constructed by Jolm Robinson, assisted by T. Hill and W. Fletcher 2 , employed tinder the- 
Collector of Tinnivelly. These young men... have had the jiowerfu I assistance of Major Lambton 
aod Captain Caldwell 3 . ... 

Of this work I shall only observe that .Robinson and his Assistants have done more in six 
months time than Read and Orton during seven years that they were employed in the same 
District previous to iay tailing charge of the Department. Robinson's performance being 
supported by the favorable testimony of Mr. Hepburn as to general conduct, I have been 
induced to present him with the honorary Medal for 1810 [ 347 ]". 

In May 1811 Hepburn had to report 

that the Revenue Survey is now, and lias been foe some time past, entirely at a- stand in this 
Province, owing to all the three Surveyors having been seized with fevers while in the execu- 
tion of their duty : for this, reason Fletcher lias not yet set out for Madras, not being at present 

Robinson and Hill have been at this place for some time, and are now so far recovered 

as to make me think they will be able to resume their duties in the course of a short time 5 . 

The survey was completed in 1813". Robinson writing to the .Surveyor General ; 

I have eortmleated wit h defining the Western IJoundai'ies of this district, as also the obtain- 
ing the situation of all the passes. ... I shall proceed towards the survey of part of the Ramnad 

He asked in October how he should send in the maps and papers of the survey 
which made two COOly loads, and could not go by post, as "it would retard the 
whole of the Public Mail 8 . He eventually handed them over to the Collector, and 
proceeded himself to Ramnad. whilst Hill returned to Madras sic];. 

Protractions and reductions of this survey are preserved in 18 sheets, some of 
which are paste-tips about 8 feet by 4 fl . They shew base-lines and rays of minor 
triangulation. some points being marked "p.t. : '. Xo attempt wad made to survey 
the range of Ghats to the west, but isolated hills in the plains are well shewn. 
Robinson's own work is heavy and coarse, whereas the drawing and handprinting 
of William Bird is excellent. 

One of Robinson's sheet* 10 shews the " Ruins of Panjahung Cuorohy ", about 
20 miles west of " Putmm Mardoor " ( on the sea ). with sites about two miles west 
of ''Monuments of the Officers of 74th Regt. — Moormen's Monuments" — Lieut. 
Collins' and Blake's Monument"-". 

Joined by Ohamarett and AH; In from Turnbuli's party in Pudukhottai, Robinson 
surveyed the south-west part of Ramnad mrmnddri 1 ' 1 , and in September 1814 com- 
pleted the islands along the Ramnad and Tinnivelly coasts as far as Tuticorin 
[ M° 1- 

Markham's tale that the Tinnevelly surveyors shirked the hilly area on account 
of its reputed unheal thiness 13 is not confirmed by contemporary reeords. The 
forest-clad Ghats were only of interest to "District Officers so far as the roads and 
passes through them were concerned, and we have seen above that Robinson bad 
surveyed these. The Revenue Surveyors, unlike the officers at the Military 

■Letter of 25-1-10 ; M R<sv Bil. 12-4-10. i Also Wm. Bird, later. Triongfes >'i the i'rmince of 

T'nairi:!ly MRIO. "VI II. ' Ul lier IStl. 12-4-10. r 'to Morison, 18-r,-i I. "Maps, 41K.I.O. 1 47 ( ^u ) ; MKO. 
\Iiips3:JS. :;:!!>, 344. :\nx :;.W. '.UIUO. II .107. IS !!-I3. s m. i!l 10-13. 'MRIO. Misc. "7-0-13 & 
2-FE-13. '"of 2-PT-13. "Echumi Heorv Collins &■ .T:>hii likkc UthMad. Inf.; kd. 0-9-179!), 

in attack on Punjalamcooehy. '-rdl.ks., MRTO. M s:i. :,(il : .Muds. Mi'.I.O. Kill CA&etseq) & MEO. 
M.ip 156; MRIO. 13(5 (44-0) <hrvv Unmcsivftratii I. "Jlarfeham (7(1). 



(■SO 



Carsatic Districts 



Institution, received no instruction whatever in the survey of hills, and Mont- 
gomerie writes of Robinson's map in 1826 ; 

The Hills resemble a Wen of Ink. ... The dot ail of the !<'lai, Country in general appears to be 
faithfully delineated, but the Surveyors appear to have hat! no idea of expressing the Hjllyor 
Mountainous parts of the Country. The only written record* delivered with the Plitns of this 
Surveywereal'ewrough Kield Books, but from which a. Register o*' HUM) Triangles was made out 1 . 

Robinson's own account is that 

ThD Intersected Points of every part wore carefully laid down, and the unknown s idea 
and angles of eao.b triangle calculated, and protracted on separate sheets of Paper to serve 
BS sections for the guidance of the Assistants in filling in the detailed work, and as Mr. Thos. 
Hill.. .had subsequently been removed to the Presidency, the completion of the Map. ..was, I 
understand, drawn up by him hi the Surveyor General's Office 2 . 

Thomas Turn bull's statistical report on Turn e veil y was carried out in 1820-2, 
A years after Robinson's survey. 



V 



Tanjobb, 1805-10 

In October 1799 a treaty had been effected with the Raja of Tanjore, under 
which the Company assumed entire control of his State, and live years later the 
Collector asked for a survey ; 

In a Country like 1'anjor. watered anil intersected on every side by numerous natural and 
artificial ohrmnels, a. fiirreot. sciootiiie survey of the rise, course, and level of each of these 
channels is uhnost indispensable t.o the satisfactory management of Revenue Unty, ... 

Independent of a regular survey of the. Rivers and channels giving fertility to Tanjore, 
I have the opinion of Captain Caldwell, as well ;us my own observations, for stating... that... the 
Surveyors will be pn-niciikirly useful in a seer taming scientifically several points on which will 
depend the... remedying... several defects in the present mode of supplying some very important 
districts with water, from the deficiency of which a. great loss of Revenue has been sustained 
of late years. 

The Board will also see the propriety of sending Surveyors into Tanjore, when T state that 
there is not any Map of this valuable Province ; from the compact situation of Tanjore, the 
Surveyors will be able to furnish one within a period comparatively short 3 . 

Ill January 1805, therefore, Turnbull was moved from Madura, and joined in 
Tanjore by James Aikin 4 , whilst Christian Pereira was sent out from the school 
to assist Johnson in Madura 5 [140]. 

In 1810 the Collector explained that the slow progress in Tanjore had been due to 
the peculiar difficulties which the 'J.'anjore Country presents to a minute survey, in its almost 
universal intersection by rivers and large watercourses : its being under water a. considerable 
portion of each year, and the great number of villages it contains. ... A considerable portion 
-of the Surveyors' time has until lately been occupied in laying down Plans and copying Field 
Books to accompany the, Quarterly Reports, and that their being so occupied materially Inter- 
fered with the Progress of the Survey, 

Notwithstanding these difficulties, more than 1 of the country has been minutely, and I 
hope accurately, surveyed, and the remaining part will be linisbed before the next floods in 
July. All the villages, rivers, water courses, tanks, roads, and limits, have been laid down, 
and the survey when completed, will I think, form a very satisfactory record of the Province 6 . 

Turnbull seems to have been more than an excellent surveyor, for the Collector 
commends him and Aikin "as well for their uniformly peaceable and sober conduct 
as for their diligence, and attention to their business 7 ", whilst Montgomorie writes 
in 1824; 

The Tanjore Collect orat.o was snrveyed between the years IfsOo and 5810 by the Revenue 
Surveyors under the Collector 8 . It appears to have boon faithfully executed, and hi as far as 
Topography was at that time attended to, the features of that part of the Country are well 
■expressed. The Rivers and their branches are laid down with great minuteness ; had the 
cultivation been also expressed, it would have added to 1 he value of this- Document 8 [151 ]. 

'T)Dn. 2+6(42,45) & 222 ( 140), 9-6-27. =DDa. 318 ( 60 ), 10-lu-i). »M Rev Bd. 23-11-04. 
•and later bv (" , luuTi:irrji1. nnri Mridoiv. 5 il>. 17-12-07. 6 ib. 12^-10. ' ib. 30-4-11. sMap,iii 

p><ai.v's on^m.-li sftilu; It t. Map- II AC. (34); nl-o YlFiO. iiap lilt, m)0 vil*. h- 1 inch, 2 .sections ; shows 
triannlc; mid a wealth of detail. 'MRC. ai-10-24. 



PtJBUKKOTTAI 



PUBUKKOTTAI, 1813 

Tondiman, Raja of Pudukkottai , had always been a loyal ally to the Company, 
but it was not until 1811 that the Resident at Tanjore asked for a survey of his 
country ; 

I suffer much inconvenience from the wn.nt of a map of Xoudiman's Country, and beg 
leave to solicit. ..permission to Major Lmnbtou to furnish me with a series of his Triangles 
embracing tin-; whole uf Tonditnan's Country and a port ion of the adjoining provinces. 

If these Triangles are fjiveu upon it tolerably Is rye sua lo, it will be easy for me to have 
them filled i.i p by the *-fiir-vt;yors ailat-iit d to the Collectors 1 . 

No surveyors were available till 1813 when M orison suggested 

the expediency of a surveying Toodimaifs Country in wirainiim ivitli Kamnad, Shcvi'i^jiuiga, 
Taiijore, and Trichinopoly. In the progress of these surveys the greater pari of the boundary 
of Tondiman 's districts has already been determined anil, sis the triangles established by Major 
Lamb ton on the Trj^onooietrical survey embrace the tract in question, the details of this work 
may he commenced without any delay, snd with much advantage, by the Surveyors now at 
my disposal 3 , 
to which the Resident replied that 

the proposition haw been received by tin; youui*- Chief with the gH.vre.-r pleasure and thank- 
fulness, under the hope that the Honourable the Governor in Council will have the goodness 
to comply with his request for a copy of the survey to assist him in the improvement ofthe 
cultivation of the country 3 . 

Turabuli's party accordingly took up the survey in addition to their work in 
Kamnad, and completed it between dune and November 1813, with the help of 
Keyes and MeMalion from Coimbatore f 148 ] 4 . 



Trichinopoly, 1803-10 



According to Montgomerie : 

The Trichinopoly Collect ore. to \ 
Kovenue Siirveyots tmder the Collect 
measured, bases, and subsequently e 

Several parts of this survey have 
of .T. Faulkner a 
cannot bo placed o 



surveyed between the years 1808 and 1:8)0 by the 
or. .It depends 011 Triangles curried on from the Surveyors' 
directed in a reduction by Colonel l.fintb ton's Points. 
[1 very unsatisfactory appearance, and. from the character 
the two employed on that. duty. 1" fear that much reliance- 
nay have been executed by liim*. 
Of one of the maps surveyed by Faulkner and Pope [ 142 J in 1808, Warren 
writes that it ''wants a series of triangles to render it complete ; as it is, it can 
nevertheless be very useful to the Collector' 7 . On the other hand Montgomerie 
Writes again in 1826 ; 

This Survey boars every appearance of having bom exeeuleil in a very loose style, together 
with eomplaint.s of grunt inaccuracy by the Collector of the District, ami ivnin of authentic 
material of const ruction". 

There is now »t Madras a 

General Plan of the Trichinopoly District- from surveys by Silvester Pope and Jolm Faulkner ; 
scale 3.000 yards to an inch : signed by He Havilluud. T11speet.cn* of Tank Repairs, June. 25th- 
1818. Size 65 inches by :l(> 7 . 



CoTMBATORE & NlLGI 

■ of Coimbatore District was 



: Hills, 1806-13 

in hand some time before 1807 and^ 



The surv 
writes Warren ; 

Mr. Garrow... gives 11 snrisfaetory account of the services of Samuel Godfrey, who has been 
lately engaged in surveying the very unhealthy and mountainous Districts of Collagal 8 and 
Sattigal. He is now extending bis operations in the low lands of Coimbatore. ... Godfrey 

iD'Dn. 127 ( 113 ). 26-11-11. 2iIPC. 23-4-IH. Mb. 7-5-13. 'Memoir, MBit). _\:l SI : Maps, 
J1R 10 V( ''91 I & Mllu. Map -tin : Caivspoedt:!).::.-. U.fi.iO. .U ,W7, l-ii-!3 tr-->-U-13. *MKC. 30-10-24. 
•TJDn. 346 (83). 'MHO. Hap 411. 357 H /-[. 



148 Cajkjxatic Districts 

very properly grounds his Survey on the points and distances iu!-:"^--!---^ him by Major 
Lambton. ... His perseverance in the Survey under repented attacks «f the hill fever is 
highly creditable to his zeal and industry 1 . .. . _ ; ,.,; 

He was joined by Keyes in May ISO:"' 3 , and a yea;: later Warren reports that 

Godfrey lias forwarded a survey of tho Oollagid Tod.ooi,- in the Northern division of Coimbatore, 
supported by a series of Triangles, which docs credit to this voting man's assiduity. His 
progress has been impeded, by indisposition, us well as that, of Keyes. his Srtb- Assistant, caught 
in the uiiigle a r:.i !.:■■'.■_' the . . . ( ', hauls*. 

About 1809 Godfrey was relieved by MeMalion , and in August. 1811 the Collector 
reported ; 

The greater part of the low landw having been finished, I should rhiiik the- remainder 
should not take up above f-ix months more. The; extensive ran^o of Ghauts that border on. 
Malabar, Wyenaud, called the JXeelgherry or Blue .Mountains, will rei.jin.re, without obstruc- 
tions intervening, a ooriod of oit least six- months more, but from tiie in!'.: .spiUtble eiimate of. 
these. Hills I have no hesitation in .saying that the Surveyors will meet with continual inter- 
ruptions from attach,; <>f lever it) Uieinseivos mid Follewei-s*. .... 

In January 1812 Keyes reported that they had continued 

Survey in the low Lands on tin; N. of Ooimbaloor only to the 15th of October last, after which, 
in consequential of the l.rafavonrnbleuejss of the weather ouul indisposition, with the orders of 
the Collector we retired Lnt.o l3hovany J , where after eumpleting the fair Plans of the Survey 
the reduced rian of the whole was taken in hand 6 . 

There is at present, remaining but 200 Square Miles of the low country to be surveyed, 
"together with I he lauds on the extensive tango ul' the Neeloigl teiy Mountains 7 . 

a,nd again in May ; 

During the last month i finished the Survey of tin? Neelagherry Jib hi i its; ins lying on the 
Westward of J.)auaikoncotjt s , ami extending in length from E. to TV", about 30 miles and 
breadth 16 miles, thereby making .i superficial extent of 4S0 Square Miles ; as also the elevated 
tract of Country nbtnil 'Ditvoirovpiiii aim h ing on the northward of the Mountains, containing 
1 10 square miles. 

I shall next extend ray Surveys to the Southward upon the remaining part of the low 
Country 9 . 

Keyesand McMalion were the first surveyors to enter the Xilgiri Hills, audit is 
not surprising that their training at the observatory had not r,ua filled them to mate 
much of a success of the hill features 10 . Their work during 1 812 and 1813 included 
a "Plan of the Neelgherry mountains, in the .Oenaikonoota taluk, and part of the 
Sattirnunga,luni and Coimbatorc taluks 11 ". The main rivere and streams are 
sketched in, and the hill forms roughly- shown by pencil haelmres and colour-wash, 
'though the hills were obviously visited, the original map gives no indication of 
triang illation or systematic survey. 

The surveyors closed work about -July 1813, and then joined Tu.rn.bu.il for the 
survey of P ud.uk kottai in September [ 147 ]. 

In his published account of Oofaeamtim! 1 -, Price describes 1 His early visit to the 
hills after first noticing thai Francis Buchanan [ 113 ], on October 24th 1800, was 
at "Da-vaiiaioota", and walked np into the hills, and got a distant view of the 
highest hills, and probably readied Ara kod 13 . Tie then quotes Mackenzie's account 
of the survey 01 Keycs and Mcilalion, submitted with 

a map of the Neelgotfy mountains in 1 he .District, of Banaibetifoilii u: Ibe Coimbatoor Province 
on the original scale of survey of one mile to an inch. 

I have selected this as an original specimen of the work of the Mauve Assistant Purveyors. 
and of the survey of a singular tract of mountainous country, situated centrally on the limits 
between the countries of Malabar, Mysore, and Coimbatoor. remarkable for their singular 
Tribes of people, described i.<> be dissimilar to tiie native!! of the other Provinces in habits, 
manners, language, and 00 inflexion ; some notices of whom o.'.re coi nut unrated in the Memoir's 
of the Mysore Survey sent homo in I 80S. ... Tins tract contains 495 miles of mountains and 
250 of plain country, altogether 745 miles 11 . 

'MRevJBd. 8-1-07. s ib. 21-12-07. ■ 1 Trisuiidcs !u- UotiiYcv & Keyt'S. isrT-12. MKIO. M 20, 32. 
illtelld. 24-I-0S. iJDDn. 127,27-8-11. "JBhaviim. 5SE/1I. 6 fYH4s. .\ Memoirs .MKIO. Si 20, 23. 
'JDDn. 127 ( 160i. 3-1-12. s TJan[iv.'i[ikaukot.ti!i,oSl'I/S. sJJ'Dn. 127 (256 ). 7-5-12. "MKO. Map 73 ; 
ME10. 133(210). "MIU). Map 76. "Price; of. Francis i 220) & Crit'c ' L'-S d. p '■'■'''■'"■ )■ " cf. Imp 
Go*. Mod. It (2M9). »MPC. 434/1816,18-1-16. 



CoiMBATOliK & MlL-GIBI HlLLS 



:■!:) 



Price was misled by tho expression "Native Assistant purveyors" [ I, 283 n.8 ] 
into thinking that Maukfi:i/ioR;fer!'eii to some earlier party of Indian sui-veyors, and 
suggests Lhtit, buiiig Indians, biiev would have boon a iV it-id of a50c.11di.11y Lite, mountains, 
and that, "with no European to look after them", their map must have been 
"a fancy one based on hearsay". He says that "Mr. Sullivan, then Collector of 
Coimbatore, wrote in 181& that, they " n'ere frightened by the ex.trerr.8 inclemency 
of the climate, and did not measure an acre". This again is misleading; the 
surveyors were not expected to "measure" hills, more particularly because these 
were, from the distiiot otiieers view, entirely unproductive ; furthermore there is 
ample evidence that most of those assistants carried on work bravely in spite of 



Price continues with some interesting facts ; 

In 1812, a surveyor named Keys, accompanied by MaM&tum, an apprentice, was set up 
to the Hills .by Mr. Garrow, the Collector of Coimbatore, to make a plan of them. He started 
from Devanaikenootah and evidently travelled by the path used by the garrison of Malekota 

for commuiiieatiou siit'n tivir hawo in the piains. His first !etU-r -was written on oOth March, 
from "Tenad", no doubt llayiia-id of lai.i'i- explorer*- 1 , cast of Kotngiri, ... and reached a 
point about six mile* from Ontaoarnund. 

McMation was back at his starting point on the last day of April 1812. ... The report on 
his expedition which is givao as Appendix No. 17 in G-rig«'a .Manual does not create the impres- 
aion that it is the result of much personal oxhti ligation. It is doubtful if Mr. Keys set eyes on 
the OotacaiTiimd inlawau, and he probably kept to the Lower Plateau. 



Nellobb & Othek Districts 

In 1804 Goldingkarn submitted to Government a 
Revenue map of Nfoiloro and Onj;ole 3 , laid down by computed Distances, and according to the 
internal Division of Parguums, from cm-rciit information oi>t;uiu:d under tlm Inspection of 
J. B. Travers, Collector 3 . 

The map was "executed with care " on the scale of 6 miles to an inch, and nothing 
further is known about the materials used. 

During 1810 regular surveys were in progress under the tank department ; 

Three Assistants are at present employed under the Superintendent of Tank Repairs 
[ 130 1, and two others lately under the same eontroul have been employed on the survey of 
the Nellore District. The latter are.. .stated to be employed on a survey of the Eastern Ghauts, 
but it appears that they are still at Nellore. I have understood that they have nearly finished 
the survey of that district, in which easa they should close that work before their removal 
to he employed on any other 4 . 

Shortly after, Charles Johnston, -Superintendent of Tank Repairs 5 , reports 
that, 

in con3eqnenco of the removal of the yoimi; mra attached to my Dejiartment (James 
Allan to the Observatory, anil Joseph Jelly and William Mead to ths Quarter Master General's 
Department, which w>n effected during my absence on the late Foreign Service ), I was Con- 
cerned to find upon my return to the Coast that the Nellore and Ongole surveys had been 
materially impeded 3 . 

A compiled map on the sonic of -tOOO yards to an inch, entitled "A Topographical 
survey of the districts of Nellore and Ongole, reduced from the original 7 ", bears 
Johnston's signature. 

In 1813, districts belonging to the Raja of Venkatagiri 9 were taken up by 
surveyors from the Ceded Districts [ 155 ], who also in 1814 surveyed the jaglrs of 
Udayagiri and Pamuru 9 . 

The greater part of South Arcot was surveyed by students of the Military Institu- 
tion [ 125-9] , Dut there ia at Dehra Dim an original undated survey of country south 



1 Dsniid, oS A/15, S m. K. of Kotagiri. "06 A/3. 
rii>rs Minute i>r 5s -12-10 ; M.MC. 2!)-L-li. >n l; ,ri^ Cor 
and .l--.n-l>.r.p-.i-.'h! MaillartJ ; b. Madras ; Ens. Mad. Inf. < 
for C-.i'A sell >"o nwurrier! chiirce in 1S13 [1,321 1- •}£ 
»57 N/5, M/8. DDn. B46 (106). 



'MHO. "Man 2:iS. MRO. 15 12 !M ( i> ). «Go™r- 
w;Jl:s Joha-.ton ( ITSo-lSK } m.m »[' Tiidmrd J— 
1802; d. Hyderabad 11 10-17. Probably acting 
Est Bd. 8-t-U-. 'MRO. Map 241. »57 0/9. 



150 



Carnatic Districts 



and east of Tricalore "done with the Planetable by William Mead, Sub -Assistant 
Surveyor" 1 , and m 1808 Henry Lincoln, was working under 

the Collector of South Arcot for the purpose of making surveys of certain Indigo manufactories 
[ 15 ], & running levels thro' the course of several channels of supply, preparatory to their 
inspection by the Superintendent of Tank Repairs and Water courses 3 . 

A large part of Malabar had been surveyed by officers of the Bombay establish- 
ment [1, 131-2 ], but not in sufficient detail for the purposes of civil administration 
and in 1802, after the transfer of the province to Madras 3 [165], the Revenue 
Board forwarded to Government 

a letter from Major Macleod 5 , stating chat, as many parts of the province of Malabar have not 
been surveyed, he haa employed a Surveyor and draftsman on a monthly pay of one hundred 
and fifty ( 150 ) rupees ; that he haa lately formed a new map from several others constructed 
by Engineers, and ia now engaged in copying one of Mahe 5 and its environs, to explain the 
oner o a Omenta said to have in-™ made by the French. 

Major Macleod has expressed an hope that the employment of this Surveyor will be 
approved, and has recommended that half a pagoda per day in addition be allowed whenever 
he may be employed on actual survey. Desirous of obtaining every information of this 
province, as yet so little known, we recommend the Collector's proposal, ... and that two 
Assistant Surveyors be sent from the school to Malabar, to assist the work. 
This was duly approved, and it was ordered that 

Silvester Pope and William Webb [ 1, 286 ], who are reported qualified, may be equipped 
with instruments proper for surveying, furnished with clothing, and be directed to proceed 
with all practicabio despatch to Malabar 6 . 

In 1804 the Principal Collector wrote from Palghat, submitting a report from 
C. Hemphel, surveyor-draftsman, on all the work he had done since his engagement 
in November 1801 7 . This included a fair chart of Malabar on the £-inch scale and 
large scale surveys of Telhcherry and Mahi. The Collector further asked that he 
might keep on 

the two surveying boys, who will be most useful under the Gentlemen who are in the manage- 
ment of the interior districts ; but so far the disturbed state of the country has impeded their 
surveys 8 . 

This was not approved, and Webb and Pope were moved elsewhere. 






General Maps 

The preparation of general maps for the Board of Revenue, the Government 
and the Directors, was first the responsibility of the Inspector of Revenue Surveys.' 
and then passed to the Surveyor General who, in 1812, submitted to Government 
a Map of the Districts of Tanjore, Trichinopoiy, Coimbatore and Madura, together with the 
Polhamsof Nuttam and Manapara 9 , protracted on a scale of four English miles to an inch, ... 
a compilation of certain detailed surveys which have been carried' on. ..for several years' by 
the Assistant Survoyors of the? late .Hovenuo Establishment. ... 

Although a considerable proportion of the surveys. ..were completed, previously to the 
extension of the Trigonometries! Survey under the direction of Major Lambton, ... yet a consi- 
derable part...have been prosecuted latterly, having the triangles of Major " Lambton aa 
then- foundation. In constructing therefore the map of the districts, ...the first object 
was to lay down all the principal points which had been determined by the Trigonometrical 
Survey. ... The detailed surveys... have been verified and corrected, ... and... inserted in the 

The surveys of the Shevaganga Zemkidari and Tinnivelly are now in great progress [ 140-5 1 
and I trust that in the course of the ensuing year it will be practicable to complete these, and 
perhaps the District of Ranmad and Toudiman's country, ... when the Government will be in 
possession of a detailed survey...from Cape Comorin to the Southern Boundaries of Myeoor 
the Baramahl, and the Province of Arcot, completed by the Surveyors of the late Revenue 
Establishment. 

'Tirrukkoyilur.SSM/l; MRIO. 6-PT.-19. *MRevBd. 2-5-08. afrom July 1800 Loean I Til 1 

'»" ■•tid'.'w.i, Mid. Inf. fmmtt..i:r. fc] cm , lo be Prindual Cullr. Malabar, ISQ1- furl 1S04 ■ Cnddalore" 



(■d-ixiiRAL Maps 



aiot... conclude vdthout oxprc-ising 'lie satisfaction which I li;ive derived froni the- 
ft which the Survey of Taujore. in particular, has been executed [ 146 ]. The original 
reap. ..is extiemely minute in every respect. I have, aecoi'diiirdy. in the compilation now 
a ul> in it Led, been careful to include in the minutest TiiiSinif n- nil tin: wa tor-courses, and all the- 
.information which it- has been practicable to exhibit on. the scale. ... 

The survey of Xorth Cohubatoor, in dud in;.: t.lirs Noohrhet'iy mountains, ...haw been also 
carried on the most, satisfactory maimcf ; bur. the flirvnys of Coisnbatore- south of j\ r oel River 1 , 
and of Madura and the Polliams, are altogether inferior to the surveys of "['.'injure and the 
Northern Division of the Cohnbatoor country [147-8]; ...The whole has, however, been 
corrected by (lie application of the '1'riirinminei rinal ope stations. ... 

The plan of Dindigul [ 139-40 ]...has never been in the possession of the Surveyor General, 
and... although I have made evary enquiry Lou--ari.ls its disco vsiry, I have nor, been able to obtain 
either the original, or 11 copy of it, which will also explain tlio cause of Dindigul not having 
been inserted in the compilation. ... 

I regret that the original plan of Madura and Xhma para now forwarded are not hi the best 
state of preservation. They seemed to have been much used before they were received into 
this Office 2 . 

Most of the original field sections of these district surveys shew not only the 
sides of Lamblon's triangles, but also the minor triangles laid down by the 
surveyors. It is possible that this minor tri angulation was plotted graphically and 
never computed : some of it was certainly laid down by planetable. The B&ngal 
Megi-ster of Maps records the existence of ' : Plans of Triangles for several districts 3 . 

In 1814 Morison reported 

the completion of the Purvey of Tinnivelly. 'fundi man's Coumry, and rahevagunga ; and I have 
now the satisfaction of adding that, the district, of Ihujuiad, together with the Island of Rames- 
waram, lias also been completed in the niosr, satis factor;, manner ! 145 ]. The plans are now 
under discussion, and si map of the whole will be ready ai. an early period. ... 

The surveyors have been ordered to be employed in the Dindigul District, which when 
completed will be included in the map under preparation : when the Honourable Court will 
be placed in. possession fit" a c dual surveys of the whole of the conn I r'les IVntn the ("'avery to Gape 
Oomorin, Bast of the Ghauts. 

I have already renoiteu 1 thai, I he plan of Diiifhaul iuis been lost-, and, considering that the 
survey of that District was of a. very bnpevfeoi natiu'C compared with those which have been 
more recently executed. ... it 1ms appeared to me to iie highly desirable to nave the work dons 
again before tlio surveyors should be withdrawn from, that part of the country 4 [ 140 ]. 

The fiiral map was submitted in .January 1816 5 . 



'Noj 



s B.-i;; to li.-li 



'MSC 17-10-12. 



» Ikn Rtyr. 






1J1PC. 0-12-14. 






CHAPTER XI 



OTHER MADRAS SURVEYS 

Ceded Districts, 1809-13— Goa, 1810-13 — Sonda, or North Kanara, 1813-5 — 
Northern Gircars — Al'ick'inzie's Remeu:, J 810 - EtUihlixkiit.pM, 1811. 

ON completion of the Mysore survey, Mackenzie kepi his ass is Units in Madras to 
work up the maps and memoirs, which he submitted in October 1808 [ill-a]. 
Occasional Held work was found .tor the surveyors— Ward ran a series of triangles 
from the eastern horder of Mysore, through Vellore and Conjeeveram 1 , to 3?ort 
St. George, thus making a connection between the Mysore .survey and the 
observatory independent of Lambton 3 — Hamilton and Lantwar made a survey 
of Coirjeeveram — Summers surveyed the road from Madras to Pidicat — and Lantwar 
made various small surveys in Madras 3 . 

Mackenzie had for some years cherished the wish to extend the Mysore survey 
northwards through the Ceded Districts up to the boundaries of the Nizam's 
dominions. 

Under a treaty signed at Hyderabad, 12th October 1800, tlie Nizam had ceded 
to the Company the territories acquired from Mysore in 1792 and 1799 [I, 119'] 
in order to provide for the maintenance of the subsidiary force. These ceded 
districts, covering Bellary, Kurnool, Anantapur, and Cuddapah 4 , were at that 
time in a very disturbed, state and Generad Campbell [ 0,8 J commanding the forces 
of occupation begged for a map, but Mackenzie was fully engaged on the northern 
boundary of Mysore ; 

Unless something very pressing demands £t, I should suppose that the part I am now 
employed on had braids- l>c first finished. ... 

Yom- ideas of my being employed for some time at least in the Ceded Districts would not 
iit all disagree with my wishes, if il. can lie arranged without detriment to my present employ- 
ment, and with the goodwill of Government and all eoncomed : and, though I am ambitious of 
completing anything I enter on, ... it might not be found difficult to reconcile, but it does 
not depend on me 8 . 

He was not able to leave Mysore, and the Ceded Districts were left nn surveyed, 
except for Mimro's detailed revenue survey [ 180-2 ]. In December 1807 Munro's 
successor wrote to the Board of Revenue ; 

As. ..there is no accurate map of the Ceded Districts, and the late Division of them 
into three sepam I e Collcctovsliiiw. without their respective boundaries art.; correctly ascertained, 
being likely hercufter to he attended with some inconvenience, I ...submit to the Board the 
utility of employing three or four boys from the isi.ir\ eying School, for this purpose . 

On this, Mackenzie 

suggested that four of the six Sub -Assistants on the Mysore Survey may bo employed to advant- 
age extending a survey into the Ceded Districts. ... I oommuniei-i.toil last year to Colonel 
Munro... specimens ot 2 districts surveyed I" in Mysore ], and be was of opinion the same mode 
might be usefully applied tlirouglinut. ... The instruments purchased on the Mysore survey 
are still fit for service, and the extension now. ..may some Lime hence save more expensive 

After inspecting the maps and memoirs of the Kanara survey [ 108-12 ], the 

157 P/9. "1IE0. Chart ■>-»: DDn. 43 ( 257 }, 26-10-08. = Fdbks. MKIO. Mol), 61, 117. 'Bounded 
on tLeS. by Mysore -Oil the XW. !iy t.lie 'r,iti;..i.hli!ulr ii — nil l.h<- \. t.v t.h.' Ki-ti.n ;v,l. il ] ; Mups, fi in. to 
i Vans?, shfiviiiii stbcdulf; r.f ipvi'iihk, ~d. hy Tin*. Svik-iihaiu. fStc. to Re.-rti. H vdi'ial,-ad ; 3IP.I0. \Jiwc. 
■MMSOl. MIDn. til.;, 10-12 00. 'J[ Pe V !M. 4.-1-08. 'MFC. I6-S-I.1S. 



Ceded Districts 



i .-,:; 



Revenue Board agreed "tit at. it is highly desirable; that survey of Ceded Districts 
■should follow the same principles an the surveys of Mysore and Kanara" 1 . 

Runigau and Ward were therefore sent up to the western districts early in 
1809, two years before Lambton ; 

Tea are to pro! ■ccd with all possible evpoditi' .;i. xv.it ii ! lie t '.v:i Sub Assistants James Summers 
& William Howell. ..into the Districts Ceded by the Nizam in 1800, to Survey them in 
connexion with the Survey on which you have been already employed in Mysore, & in 
Hie VV cm tern it Hunter!) Districts reded to the Company in l.70f! [ 91-2 ]. ... 

To enable you to execute your work with greater accuracy. ..you are to take an early oppor- 
tunity of selecting a convenient place tor measuring a. Base Line to serve i'S the Fundamental 
Basis for extending the Principal Stations thro' that Country further to the North & East, 
i to verify & connect with the Stations of the former Survey. ... 

Tire Maps of the Survey to be laid down on a Scale of 2 Miles to an Inch 3 . On all 
occasions you should comply with any Requisitions of the Collector, acquainting me of the 
same 3 . 

Leaving Madras on March 17th, the surveyors reached Hindu pur'* on 3rd April and 
measured a base near Wajrakarur', each detachment then extending tri angulation 
over the districts allotted to if. Ward and Summers surveyed i! Bellary & Kuroply, 
including the valley of Sundoor -Adwamiy — Kiiruool". whilst Dunigan and 
Howell took up ''Gootyttroog, Nudjau Oarroor, ... Haidroog, Cullian Droog. Pro- 
tractions were laid down on the J-inch scale 6 . 

The following extracts from Mackenzie's letters to Ward include references to 
his collection of historical inscriptions [156] ; 

May 27th. ... Ma-rain How should avail himself of I lie opportunity to obtain every kind of 
Inscription &. History, as lie belongs to that Department, the' I wished him to bo near you as 
long as be can be useful. "When he has got everything in your vicinity, you should concert 
-with him &■ get such sanction as may tic necessary for any part of the District. 

I hope the Collector has sent proper people to attend you. ... Each of your parties will 
require an intelligent person. 

Aug. 18th. ... As the 1 hue & vicinity is cow favourable for sending X'artvihi Row to Godaval, 
f enclose him a letter for it m Chief of Unit, Pla.ce, with whose father i used to correspond a few 
years ago. ... This will enable him to obtain some useful Accounts &■ Histories there, but tell 
him not to Slav lone, a J 1 shall want hint to go to other places hye &, bye. 

Sept. 6th. ... I approve of your going on towards Ballary, as by that means you will 
complete the country in that direction, I. am glad you mean to take a- Plan of Adoni ; let it 
be minute & overy mi nark able Place iu.acrtcrl, as it was never taken btsfoivi, so far as I know. 
I wish you would lake some Sketch view of it. 

Nov. 4th. ... I have duly received your letter of lilth September mentioning your pro- 
ceeding on the Survey of the Ballary Talook. after completing that of Adoni, which is very 
satisfactory. ... Von will of course include the Sooudoor District with that of Ballary, distin- 
guishing the Limit so far as the rugged nature of the Country will admit [ 97 ] ; but as the 
District, I believe, belongs 1.0 a M.aratla Family, you will previously apply for the sanction 
of the Collector. ... 

5th. ... The Sketch you sent of Adoni was very acceptable to me ; I have no doubt but 
you can do very well in that way. 

In your Survey down by Comply you will come of course upon the .Ancient ruined City 
of Bee.janagur [I, pi, 9, Bisnagar ]. ... Be particular in noticing anything remarkable 
that occurs there, for though I have been then; already & have a- Plan of the Ancient City, it 
is possible you may meet with things that escape.! my notice, as we were sickly there [98 ]. 

Tell Narrain Row to be vigilant in getting every possible Historical Polices about Complee 
&c. ... Make my Compliments to the Old Anagooudy Man if you see him there. 

Dee. 5th. ... I will be anxious to hear of your being, done with that hilly country west of 
Complee, and when you have got. through it, you should lay down your work in some open 
country such as Ballary. 

Jan. 1st 1810. ... From. ..your reports of the completion of the Ballary ,t Sooudoor Districts 
I derive much satisfaction. ... Should your health be so far re-established as to render it 
advisable, 1 entirely approve of your proceeding on the Survey of the Districts to the Eastward 



H'RsvM. 3-i-oB. s but actually completed ...i 
*57 G/5. '57 EiS. '.VjRO. Map 2S, 'FVovin 
MRIO. M13S; DDn. -US ( 104 ). 



s ib. 



154 



Other Madhas .Surveys 



of Adoni. ... As i oelieve Canor. ! ,V Kagaapiliy are under the dm nod in te- management of their 
own Mahomedan Chiefs; of respectable Family & Hank, who may not be so well acquainted, 
-with the Object? of tiusse Surveys. 1 am particularly anxious that, you should take every 
opportunity of rendering the Survey in these Districts as little ohnoxious to them as 
possible. ... In requiring the Lisi.- of Villages, therefore. &, Boundaries, yua will be as tender as 
possible, & regulate yourself in any difficulty by the directions & advice of the Collector, 
who I houe "■';' order his Vakeois to assist yon. 

July 10th. ... Your letter of 14th came in reporting the completion of the Survey of 
Canoul. ... The situation of any mines of Iron, Wall, or other minerals, should be marked and 
indicated by a star or any other marl;., and in your memoirs should be- referred to. ... 

Meantime you can prepare yourself for yout- journey, ay I have no doubt of being able to 
obtain the necessary sanction for your coming to the Presidency 1 . 

Ward was now given a commission in the Madras. Infantry, and went down to 
the Presidency in August 1810 ; after finishing off lus maps- and reports, he left 
on October 10th to join his corps at Walajabad. 

In January 1810 a third pair of surveyors, Hamilton and Laritwar K , had been 
sent up ; 

Jan, 29th. ... As a Line hits been already measured at t'Sallapoor '. oo J, which will serve- 
as the Base of the triangles carried into Gurramconda' 1 , it, is not necessary for you to measure- 
one at this time ; especially as voter Triangles will nftet'iva.vds come in connection & he con- 
firmed or corrected by those extended from the .Bases measured .last year near Raidroog 3 . 
Taking the sides of one of the most convenient of i.ho Southerly stations as your Base, you will 
cany on from thence ycn.n- series of Triangles A, of secondary stations ; & the details of the 
Conn try... may be then lai<i down agreeable to former .Instructions and Practice 8 . 

Mackenzie writes later to Hamilton ; 

May 12th. ... I approve of your intention... to go on to complete the Plan Work, so 
that you and Lautwar...make up whatever belongs to that District before yon engage in 

another. A Plan of the Triangles with your Computations should accompany that of the 
Country yon have surveyed. ... 
and to Lantwar ; 

I wish you to attend purlieu Is rly to t ait ice the lovers, r.iieiv si. hi ret--; an I courses, ami j mic- 
tion with others ; the Kiilges o" Mountains, their Production-; ; the Tanks and Canals &c, 
. and that yon write the names very accurately, attending closely to the true Orthography as 
pronounced *■ spoke by the _Va.fi ves 7 [ 371 ]. 

Oct. 2nd [to Hamilton ]. ... As soon as you have completed the Pie Id Work, 1 wish you & 
Lantwar to meet. ..as most convenient __ central, ...where you may finish your Plans and 
Momoirs. & ...derive the advantage of eomnarme: A- .a imputing your Triangles. 

J. vclusive of your Separate Plans, all 'I 'rial tgi.es of both sliouid then lie laid down on (ate Plan 
on a scale of 4 miles to an Inch ; it is my intention that, those Triangles should be afterwards 
extended North to some place near Kurpa, where a Base may be. ..measured to correct them. 

Your stations on the West &, also the Boundary, you should also communicate to .Mr. 
Dunigan, who is directed to Survey the Tadmerrj ...Districts till they join yours, ...by which 
means alt your works may he after wards united more eouveuient ly together. 

He wrote to Dunigan ; 

I was pleased to see the gradual progress of the Survey of Harponelly &c. ... I imagine 
from youi' last that you have completed now the whole of the Country lying between the 
Mysore limits of flurryhur, ...surveyed in 1S00 & is 01 [05 ■ &, the Districts of Ballary. 
Kaidroog ifcc, sur\eyed 'ately by Ward & yourself*. 

The perusal of these papers. ..gave me considerable satisfaction, us they appear to be laid 
down! very distinctly, and I doubt not but that the calculations of the triangles on which the- 
whole is (brined will lie found correct 9 . 

After Ward's departure Summers was directed to join Dunigan 
on the Survey of Auutttapoor Si. Dariuaveram, hut. as it is probable that, he may be 011 the way 
coming up, I have directed Hamilton to communicate to you his Western Primary Stations, 
that you may save tint.: by beginning as early as possible on the nearest parts till Dunigan 
comes into the District 10 . 

i Letters to Ward, DDn.83 {pawi'.H). 2 .MK0. Map 27, Province of Adwaunv. 1809 ; scale 2 in. to. 
an inch. MRIO. 135 j -f>. «nintrv is. ,.f , .fuimabhaoin. II. and Kui-nool. 1810. 3 Kdi tweci bv Eieker 12 
mouths l':.n.T [ tso c.-. i&3 |. *S? K./9, pi. 11. sKSyadrug, 57 B/14. s DDn. 83 { 4» ), 2i»-l-10. 

'ib. (61 ). B MR0. Map 2~>, r/. : .;V'j!!-:,-!ir<,;f:.ifli.-/i;i:-i, 4 hi. tmn lath: DDn. S3. 16-7-10. 'DDn. 83, 

SO-0-10. »ib. 13-10-10. 



Ceded Disxi? icts 



155 



To Duoigii.n Maekenzio wrote, u,e,hn.owledging 
the Memoirs of the Koodelghee & Harrponeliy .Districts, the Computations of Triangles & 
Journal of the Weather. ... 

As the Survey of Durmaverarn, Anaompaor .to. will terminate the Western Division of 
the Ceded Districts, 1 could wish you to proceed with all possiblo dispatch in Order to conolude 
that Part, & trust the lube addition to your Party by James Summers... will tend to accel- 
erate this object. & that he will make up by rer.ieubjcd al tent-ion Tor the tiitie he has lost. I 
should be extremely plea-sed if the whole Western J 'istricts could b;; completed by the end 
of the year 1 . 

In September 1S11 Dunigan and Hamilton measured a second base near Cud- 
dapah, and survey was extended to the mountainous borders of the Carnatic. 
'Dintigan reported in November thai ho would, have made better pvogreea 
hadnot thesettin^in of the Hi.ii.at. which poured incessantly for sivcnil day/ together retarded... 
the Field duty. Notwithstanding the t] i ■:■ r i uni-erfe-iki state of the Weather, I still continued 
to take advantage of every fair interval in conipieat.iug that Portion of the .Survey I allotted 
for myself... wbi. 4 1 ivm fmisj-n>il about, t.he oiidiiln of August. 

About this tune the Weather clearing up fur n sbort interval, 1 was anxious to avail myself 
of that opportunity of visiting some of the Prin.eij.ii.il stations on the Kulla Mulla mountains* 
in order to connect my Trio-ogles with :'.Lr. Ward'.; H\ atio.as of ELiimoo], and which I followed 
up { with the Survey of the Roads ) by mi Excursion across the Country, visiting the other 
Primary S tations made use of in the Surveys... alio tied to Assistants Summer a and Win. Howell, 
who by this time had entirely compleated their respective shares of the Work, and joined 
Mr. Hamilton. ... 

Since my arrival in this quarter 1 was engages : I" 1 ' same tin ib in Looting oat for a suitable 
spot of Ground for measuring a !ii-ne, anil have on \ mi!" sneeei-ii led in de':er mining upon a fine 
level iiiJj.no [ . r o"c ...in the Xeighboiirhoo; ■ of Cuddapa 3 . 

He completed this base by December, mid then worked eastward towards Cumbvtrn*, 
whoa the Surveyor Gmiorai diroeted him 

to connect the Survey of the Ceded Districts with ''an of Oogolo and X'vlore [ 1 40-50 ]. ... Iii 
cotuieeting these Surveys I request that the boundary which divides them may be surveyed 
correctly, filling up at the same time all unsurvoyed spaces in the tract between the Ceded 
Districts and the Company's Conn try, ant: fakir.',- great rare to give 00 offence to any of the 
people of Calastry and VYniMtagherry 5 . 

Dunigan reported in November that this junction was completed, as well aa 

,: atl the scattered portions of territory of the- Venka-tvigheiTv Rajah" [ 149 ] 6 . In 
February 1814 he sent in his maps and papers with Howell and the gomaskta 
Anand Rao', whilst he stayed on to finish off various pockets along the Mysore 
border. The hvst surveyor reached Madras in May 1815. 

In January 1816 Mackenzie submitted 
a general Map of the whole of the countries ceded to this Government on tha partition of 
Mysore by the Treaty of Horingapatam of .Tone I7i)0, and from the Nizam afterwards "by the 
Treaty of Hyderabad of the 12th October 1800. carefully reduced i.o a scale of 4 miles to an 

The Map.. .in eludes Ihe space of 28.0*10 mi, 101'es, surveyed on. the same plan and system 
its that of Myso re, inchr Una the exterior I'm. its of the Frontier ami the interior limits of each 
Purgunnah of the Cessions ; the Great Features of the Country, the mountainous ridges, the 
Rivers, Forts, Woods, Roads ; and nearly, ... every village of each Purgunnah, ascertained 
by survey from the Official Resistors of the Districts. 

The original sectious and p'aos of I >i-:;r : e'>- . ];■-,.. ij>e;j in ( ilfiee exhibit the .same on a scale 
of one inch [ 153 n.a ]. 

The two accompanying volumes contain merely Lin; statistical Tables of Population, and 
the Registered Lists nf village- 1 laid down by their positions fr:en the Creixt, or secondary, 
stations*. This method, w.hieh 1 believe has not hitherto been era ployed, except in the surveys 
of Mysore and of BaramahL, ... has the peculiar advantage of preserving an authentic Record 
of everv individual village ; ... Whilst it affords corisid-.-raiilo uilvtaitai.-e in al! future disputes 
of limit-;, it is a.l fender! with no inldiiiniiLi.! '..rouble in t-'if survey 1213]. ... 

^DDn. S3 14-11-10. *Nalamala, Range, Eastern Ghats ; 67I/K& lo 1,'NE. »DDn. 127 (99), 
1-11-11. *57M;2. »DDn. 83, 1-8-13. "Dim. hie, 10-11 -13. Venkataeiri. 57 0/9. 'JIR10. 11 567, 
Memoir, 0(H%Scry <fc W^/iOT, MRTO. M S3. » M.rps. with p'an of t-anrd-s, V.1UQ. 133 (J3)i 
2-2-14; 133(27); 134 ( 16); 146 ( 11,23, 24 } & Ben. Rcgr. 585 ( 11). > Village Registers, MRIO. M 17, 51. 



ir>6 



Other. Madras Surveys 



Kxniusive ci'i' i.hi.'i.o E agisters, (lie usual remarks im tin; i'ace of trio Country ; on productions, 
soil, climate, &c, have been collected, which... I propose to arrange in the form of Memoirs . 
Dosoriptive of each District 1 , together witli a brief abstract of the History of each Province. 
A considerable, bod}- of the latter species of materials has been obtained, but, as the whole 
were written originally in the Native languages by persons trained and employed for this 
purpose, it hasi been found impracticable to get the whole of them yet translated or properly 
arranged. ... It is my intention to reserve this for a period of more leisure than can be obtained 
under the present complicated avocations of this Office [93- 2 7 8 > 3°4 ]■ — 

The Survey has boon entirely executed by from 4 to 6 Xative Assistants-, reared originally . 
on the foundation of the late Eavonuo Surveying School, but trained to the Field, either by 
the late Mr. Mather or by myself, on the survey of Mysore [ ioi, 106, no ]. ... To these were . 
occasionally added other young men reared by me 3 , who were necessarily withdrawn on the 
establishment of this Orfics 1 [ 3°3- 35* ]- 



Goa 



1 



ft.: 



la August 181.0 orders woro issued for the tra.ns.IVr o i' Calling and 7 other o 
of the Military Institution 6 from the east coast [ 2, 127 ] to survey the Portuguese 
territories of Goa. Two civilian sub-assistant surveyors completed the party 8 . 
Since the conquest of Portugal by Napoleon, all Portuguese possessions in India, 
ha-ri been ocoupied by Britiah troops for their protection against possible attack by 
the French ; civil administration being still carried on by the Portuguese. 

Crossing the peninsula in November, the party travelled from Bangalore by 
three different routes, and surveyed each of them 7 . During the first season the 
island, city, and port of Goa were surveyed on the scale of 4 inches to a mile, but 
as five of the military officers were then recalled to join their regiments [ 321 ], 
and the survey transferred to the control of the Surveyor Goneral [ 322 ], Garling 
was ordered to complete the general survey on the one-inch scale. He was, 
however, allowed to retain the officers till the end of the rains of 1811 so that they 
might complete their mapping [ 157 f. 

For the next season Garling was allowed two military officers, Lethb ridge and 
Dunn, and threo civilians, Webbe [157, 175 ], Terry, and Long 9 , and in April 1812 
he roportoel progress ; 

The objects... have been to extend a net of triangles pvoi the whole of the Territories — 
To fill up these triangles with Topographical detail — To measure the roads and to inspect 
the Ghauts— To compile a Descriptive Memorandum. ... 

The boundary line, being made Oontinuate across the Mouths of the Rivers, will be found 
to enclose an area of about 1300 miles ; of this extent there remains to be done of Topographical 
detail nor- more than 110. 

The arrival of Assistant Surveyor Webbe has enabled the Survey of the roads to be com- 
menced on much easier than otherwise could have been done. The Principal roads, ... all 
the secondary Ghauts, and three of the five principal Ghauts have been measured. 

The whole of the Field duties of this Survey will. ..be completed in the course of next 
month ; there will then remain to revise and arrange the Triangles— some drawing in the 
Topographical part, which may be done, under inspection, by the Sub -Assistants — To 
revise and arrange the Routes — To compile the descriptive Memorandum. 

On the Sketch I have exhibited what States border on these Territories, with a view to 
afford the means of judging of the propriety or otherwise of extending the Survey. Tho Country- 
to the South., .has been surveyed under Colonel Mackenzie ; the Survey of the Soopah Country 10 , 
as belonging to the English, and the Sattara Province as belonging to a Dependant of the 
Portugueze Government well disposed to the British, is undoubtedly practicable. ... 

I have been along the Southern boundary of these Territories, ... and, for the more 
effectual junction of the Surveys, I have taken a Station on Bomanaut Gooda, ... and have 
intersected several more distant points which have been determined in the Map of Colonel 
Mackenzie 11 . 



'MBIO. M120. 'Ward, Diuiigaii, Hamilton, Suma 
*3IPC 18-1-18 'LathhrLi :•■■'■■. Dii-in, M eCULshiin. Fyfe, 
'MRIC M 71. 'MMC. 17-6-11. 8 MPC. 19-5-12. "Sin" 



■s, Hovrell, J'iH;".-. -Ur;f-v;ir, Newman... 
allow';. PtiiTV, Conner. "Terry, Ijjng. 
,48 1/11. "DDn. 127 (237 1, 10-4-12. 



G:OA,. 



157 



• Garling was insistent thai the- party should not leave. Goa- before a! J tiie.itiapp.iiig" 
;ukE memoirs were completed ; ■ '-.■■■ r: . 

■.:■ ' The Descript ive M cisn :-L'i*!"uJ i.r:: l int^ been an object of great, itbtention ; with, the tnaterii.'.ls 
for it fresh, in my memory on the spot . ... and with the assistance of the Interpret or at hand, 
I sliali engage in its execution under e venter advantages than after delay. ... The materials 
ofithe Survey in general, collected irooi many haw Is and therefore more or lews unconnected, 
should ho- perfected wit.hon.t- that loss of time which must attend a, march. ... 

■ Terry. ..is very unwell of tire Fever with which ho was suddenly attacked a few days ago 
whilst under the Ghauts. Mr. Lethbriilge has also been obliged to ^o to Cabo for the benefit 
of Dr. Gilrnour's advice 1 , 'these accidents arc by no means so common as the bad name which 
Goa, has got gives most strangers to it 1 o suppose ; compared with the country where we were 
about the Pollams 2 , this climate may be said to be salubrious 3 . 

■ • At the end of May he moved into reeess (piasters at Cabo; 

■ -'On inspecting the work produced by the Surveyors, it lias been found that a porbionof 
that executed by Lieut. Dun is erroneous, and will require to he surveyed again [216 ]. The 
extent of this error is not more than may be obviated by one of the Assistants in three or four 
weeks, when the weather will permit out-duties to lie engaged in. The error seems to have 
arisen from mistaking one point for another, hut... it is quite unusual not to detect on the spot 
errors of such a magnitude. ... 

. ■ .The Surveyors will shortly complete the drawing of their work, and I hope to be tible to 
transmit the register of the triangles with my next Beport. ... 

I. ..keep by me a connected >lap of these territories, on a scale of otie Inch to a Mile. 
Into this Map most of the sections have been sketched as soon as finished, ...which if 
completed would be found in every respect calculated to answer the wishes of the British 
Envoy. ..for a map to be furnished to His Excellency the Viceroy of Goa 4 . 

To completely finish this Map, no expense need be incurred beyond that of retaining one 
Surveyor until the end of Aiieust, and,..!" bey to recommend Lieut. I.Hhbvidge may he allowed 
t.-o remain for the period 5 . 

I have had the honor of a conference with the .liritish Envoy on the subject of Surveying 
the Passes leading from the upper Country into the Sattara Province 6 . ... The Rana's permis- 
sion to survey the Passes feeing first obtained, they may be commenced on in the fair interval 
that is looked for in August. ... 

.: I have communicated to Lieutenants Let.hbridge <fc Dun the. avi>i.ii.gcments...by. which they 
are to be relieved from the Survey on the 30th instant. ... I have also communicated to Mr. 
Assistant Surveyor Wobbe the arrangement regarding him ; an opportunity for his proceeding, 
from hence to Bombay is not expected to occur until the latter end ,;! September, SO that his 
services will be ti.viiilo.ble in August for ossisting in the Survey of Hie Passes : he is in the mean 
time occupied in forwarding the del nils of the Survey 7 [175]. 

Permission was given to extend the survey through the Ghats towards the 
Maratha country- except through the Ram ghat Pass 8 , and the Mrtnnaree country 9 
was partly su.rve.yed in Fehntary 1.813 : 

' The chiefs of the District were averse to the survey being made, ami evaded giving their 
consent tmr.il o. passport had beiai u'ni id.ned from the Perahwa- 

On [my ] first entering the couiiirv and sending Use passport, to the Uessais they behaved 
with a civility wliich led me to hope they did not regard my proceedings with much .jealousy, 
or that they wotild object to my making a general survey of the Country. ... Their subsequent 
conduct however gradually evinced their distrust, ... and at length they gave a distinct 
intimation that, my proceedings must be confined to the road. 

Their dependence on the neighbourii.g at* to of ouwuiit Warvte 10 and the. hostile preparations 
of the British Government against thtit State", sufficiently ai-coanled for their temper, and 
made it prudent to quit the Urmnree District without much delay ; the country has not there- 
fore been entirely surveyed, in particular the X.W. part. ... 

The Survey has been taken up from the Trigonometrical points determined c 
frontier of Goa 15 . 

Garling sent in his map and descriptive memoir 13 at the end of the rains of 
1813 which he spent at Goa. Moris'on. acting Surveyor General, commented that 

' 1 Veid. Hied ; Stftffi Sing., Gim. 'in Chittoor Dist. : 57 O. 3 DD11. 127. ( 259 ), 12-4-12. <MR10. 
■Misc. 6-0-13, 1-ir.id. tcntiruisi '.v Ifeicoiic. MM>n.l27. { 2ST ), l.U-ti-12. '• [i-laii-jm fr MiiLr'.vilr Dists., 
■(8 T-SruS.r/e-17 G/1+. "ib. (291), 19-6-12. »48 1/1. B 18 E/14. '"Si-^uUTtdi, 48 E/I3. "Dowse's 
operations, [ 166]. "Metr.oir ^l'E'IU. M. 2.12. " K.. : . h::-<'. t. Hive, mmU- 2 mile; to iizi inch, 10 Cat. ( 460 |, 
,fe TilB.rO I'j-Fi-U: Misc. .'l-ii-12, cjov 'Kcuuifullv -Irr.vii hv 0. femido of SU0. Vfndrns [pi. 14 J. Memoir, 
PjU Ad.i.1 MS. imz. & DD11. 87. 



c l-:ast 



158 Other Madras Su&vbts 

"all the features of the country have been exhibited In the most masterly style" 1 , 
and the survey was indeed the finest piece of topograjihieal survey that bad yet 
been executed in India; and in a hillv wooded country. Montgomerie writes 
of it in 1826 ; 

This Map ivas prepared from the Original .Survey executed upon various scutes- -35 sections 
of various si'«:s and scales, mil less than J mile to an inch, forming the . a-iginal Maps of the 
Survey- — ft depends on a Ba.se on the Sea Coast, accurately measured by- Lt. Curling. ... It' 
exhibits every species of detail of which tin; Scale is susceptible. .and. with its descriptive 
Memoirs, may be considered of the first- order of Topographical and -Statistical documents we 
possess. ... 

The Goa (Survey, though nut grounded on Colonei Lamblon's Tnanguiation, yet, from the 
Circular Instrument used by Captain Oarling being of great, power, and capable of measuring 
angles with nearly as much accuracy as Colonel l.ambtotrs ['255 |. ami proportionate care 
and Skill having beeo devoted to the observations and Calculations of thi> Principal Stations, 
it may be considered to rest on equal h well authent.ieuted data-. The Triangles were in fact 
adopted by Colonel Lii.mbton [ J.|7 ]. 

The detail of tins Survey was ta.kon up by means .if ['.bio Tallies and. large scales having 
been used, admitted of a minute and ele;rani- Topographical delineation of the diversified 
features of the Goa Territories. Besides possessing all the merits of the Military Institution. 
Surveys, this has none of its defects ; the limits of the Districts and other Divisions are shewn, 
the names are considered to be correctly written, and in addition to the Maps there are ample 
Memoirs 5 . 

. Lambton "k inclusion of Gat-ling's trinngiilat-ioi) of (.ion, and Sondu with liis own 
work was unfortunately- done without Mackenzie's consent, and greatly offended 
him*. 



Son 



. or North KasFARA, 1813-5 



The district of rSonda". which oorrespojitled more or less with the present district 
■of North Kanara. had fallen to the Company at the treaty of 1799, and was admin- 
istered with South Kaiiara from Fort St. George, 'Thomas Munro being the first 
Collector of the two areas f 181 ]. Mackenzie had been unable to take up the 
survevm 1800, and his arrangement for its survey bv Johnson liad fallen through 

[96-7]- 

On the completion of Garling's survey of Con, Morison recommended that his 
party should move to Sonda, and field work was started in November 1813, at the 
end. of the rains, with a- party comprising Garling. Conner, Terry, Long, Faulkner, 
Picker, Malcolm". 

Health had been none too good; 

The indisposition of John Terry had increased in delirium and other symptoms of such an 
alarming nature, as in my mind to raider the constant attenclo.nce of Hicharil bong near him ; 
Terry is now convalescent, and may probably be given Medical Certificate [363 ] r . 

The weather having cleared op, the Lascars were dispatched on 23rd to make the necessary 
preparations by placing flags. ... I quit Goa this evening lor .Ylarkimuy Station 8 . 

John Terry has so far recovered as to resume duty ; has been sent to Hullial", as the least 
unhealthy area. J have hired 4 lascars to be atta.ehed to him, ... Richard Long will accompany 
the Superintendent to be instructed in the use of the large theodolite 10 . 

On December nth Garling reporter! that "Faulkner and two sub -assistants were 
sick at Haliyal. Terry was at work and 

Richard Long has been employed on Topograpliieal detail. ... All (lags are now removed 
from Portuguese Territory, and the survey is now independent of further communication 

Terry was sent down to Madras with asthma, and 
after some preliminary training Faulkner and his two Sub -Assistants... started work. ... 
Survey- completed by 'ferry round Hullial has been lost. Terry reports that the evening 

■ftomSC. 20--2-M. Ml'O. March 1315. a Mn.() in ST sections hy Ll:(!l1 iridic ; ■■ inches to a raile 1812 - 
M.R0. Map 680. 'BDu. 24« ( 98 i. ■' nfJn. Mi/i :>l j, 23-3-10. ' 'Sonda KHsge, IS ,1/14. "48-J/15. 
'DcscripfiruMciiioit, II 2113 : [>Dc. lis. ( .1 ). ■'JtRtO. M otiT, !MM3. 'on Goa Wter, 4S J/;. "Hnliyal, 



' 5'SK > X 






%x 








Pm 



i^^Z -| 



XmjA. end ;: /aU £«- 







Plate lq 



Map 

of the 

PoRTTJGUE ZE TERRITORY at GoA 

jhe>w-un,g- also ike 
roads amd jirincijial featwus 
of the S a,ttur #M\umaree 

Wislricts 
me whole 
<durv-ey,ed under fhs immediate JupzzrLTitaida.nee 

of Ju6$e£temm£4 'um$0Z£ y &u 

jH-adras &taMifkm<mb 



g/rlJtGeorgz 29* May 1874 J 



Scale -?/' --' -'^ ! &■' £<? °"- •&&& ■ 



Honda ok N.orth Kanaka 



previous to his intended departure from Huliial, his survey was put in the usual place, and 
that in the morning it was missing. ... II" nothing Irrmspires in ;i few days, 1, shall consider 
it more advisable to survey the ground again; it will take six weeks to make good 
the loss 1 . 

An escort was provided <u id Gar ling asked for it to lie continued during the rams; 

The Office for tin: Soonda, survey will at Onore- bo quite a distinct Building from the dwell- 
ing house. I bey therefore that the Guard would be couth met! to the survey during the 
Monsoon, or. ..that measures may bo adopted fo;.' having n sentry posted over the Office during 
the night, as that place will be the repository of the Papers and Instruments of the Survey 3 . 

The survey was completed by the close of the second field season and. reports 
the Surveyor General, 

the approaching Monsoon rendering if necessary to 
tract, I approved of Lieutenant Gai'luiu's removal i 
Chitteldroog 1 , to bring up there the necessary plan w 
always require time and convenience at the terminate 
of the party also rendered, this necessary, as several f 



retire ('nan that woody unwholesome 

i May last, with the Establishment to 

ii-k, Memoirs, ami computations : these 

i of the field work. ..: The ill health 

3 taken ill, and one of the Native 



s. permitted to go to the Coast for his liealth ; nuoi Fser havi.ni; been permitted t 
<zp to Bombay returned here in June 5 . 

■ It was not until September 181"), nearly five years alter leaving for Goa, that 
Garling returned to Madras, with reputation as a- topographical surveyor second 
only to Mackenzie, and a mass of valuable material ; 

The greatest part of the resu.its of this survey has now t-otrse into the Office ; with 4 Volumes 
of Memoirs and oil the sections; and two maps of the Soonda District on a scale of one and 
two Miles ; tbese are also pur. in lia-nd in Office to prepare fair copies'*. 

The maps, and especially the hills, are beautifully drawn, shewing consider- 
able detail in spurs and minor streams, but with no definite heights. The title- 
page of the first volume of Memoirs reads ; 

Soanda Survey. 'Descriptive 'Memoir, Part the- 1st. Containing Remarks Illustrative of 
the Map ; General Account of the Districts of ^eir.nda .V. I'.ilsrv. General Account of the 
Countries surroiindinir the Soanda District. Account of the Traverse of Soanda. Account 
of the Rivers of Soanda, Clhttledroog. .July 7th 1815'. 



XOBTHERS ClRCAKS 



There is little to toll of surveys in the Northern Cj roars during this period. 
In 1805 the question of harbour accommodation along the east- coast was raised 
once again [I, 101-3 ], the admiral "on the Coast" sending to the i Governor a 

copy of a letter... from Mr. Kbenewr iioebuek^, who has 1 'onstruc.ted a dock at Coringa 9 ; you 
must be attached to having ;: good port on this -ide of India to refit and repair 



Tin: subject then being of considerable and material importance, I be;.'., .yon will appoint 
a gentleman properly qualified to survey the River. Dock, and Bar. anrl examine into the 
grounds and solidity of Mr. Roebuck's proposition : likewise- to suggest any mode by which it 
may appear probable to deepen the water on the Bar, and render the .Passage up the river 
more convenient 10 . 

. Warren carried out this survey in Ids capacity as Marine Surveyor [ I, 174 ; If, 
195 ], and went on to survey '' the roads of Vizagapatain ~'" n . Oti his return in June 
1806, he submitted, yti elaborate report on his work'-, concluding that, ■ 

in the then slate of Lite l^iat sit the enti-ai.ee of I, lie Coringa- River, any vessel -lot drawing more 
than 12'. 6" of v.utor. may easily enter in two springs at any time of the year 13 . 

The Madras Government of ISjio considered that Warren's report contained 
information of such value that they published it with Topping's report of 1789. [I. 
103, 191-2 ] and later reports they had just received. 



iMRK 



Ji-l-r«. ' JJJJll. nil, JO .ill.i ; Sue ;;.s,i 

i'-;ilm Roebuck ( 17IS-04), DNB. ; hro. 

3d; in. Zippora, .dan. of Eiclui. Ti.-kch 

"MFC. 24,-1-05. « ib. 23— 9-f»-". 

=.). "Med 6W.XIX (2). . 



I till 



Other Madras .Survey 



The Madras Record O.fiiee holds a unip of ''the Zillah of l-iajalmnmdry. shewing 
different zamindaries", signed 23rd -tune 1807 : scale one cosk to an inch, in two 
sheets 1 . It is a skeleton map sluwing main rivers, roads, village sites with names, 
and conventional lulls. It is unlikely to have been surveyed by any of the assistant" 
revenue surveyors who generally used scales in miles. 

Morison gives the following description of the surveys of the Northern Ciroars 
used for his maps of the Military Divisions [ 162. 276-7 ] ; 

The map of the Northern Division lias been prepared muter many disadvantages. A 
variety of materials have boon brought into use. Their value in many in stances is of a doubtful 
nature, and. it. Vi;is l>eeu round liiftinult Co nromdii: or oonnoct them vriT.ii one another ; some are 
even without scales, ami none are r-icnoinjisuiicd with sny lUetnoiv.- whidi illustrate their 
history. . . 

Every attention has however been paid to the so loot. Ion of those winds have appeared to- 
be most, authentic ; and. iusvinji obtained from Mr. Goldim,dunn...y series of longitudes Mid 
latitudes determined by himself and the late .Vlr. 'I'liijpinu a'on;.' tbe (.'oast from iSlasulipatam 
to Ganjam [ I, 104-g, 192 ]. the disagreements In uonnecfiii^ tho results of the different plans 
have been corrected as i:ir as practicable. 

The map.. .is much more complete: than any which has yet. been formed of this Division, 
•aid, ult.hoi.itcl! it must be considered much inferior ti> the ma [is of the other ui\ isions, it, affords 
information upon w iiieh f-or.siilerable reliance -oay he place; ! ; as suclj mtu bo mentioned the 
plan of Chicacole-. Boinally. and 'l.'okelty. the whole of which has been adopted [ T, 93 ]. The' 
G»njam or Itchaponj District is laid down from a copy of Cotsford's map. which appears to 
be authentic [I. gg ]. 

'the Vi/i)£rapat.ain IhMi-ier by I .ioiireoaot I'.'oii^i,'. - appears to lie a series of routes in various 
directions, and contains much information which ha* also boon included, though some diffi- 
culty was experienced in adapting it to the point* fixed on ib.- Const by moans of the longitudes 
and latitudes. 

Tarts of Colonel Pem'se's route from Madras u> Bengal [ I, .10-2 ] have been adopted when 
belter materia Is were want lug. and all other roine-- « hlcii extend in la Oil hn v<- been laid down. ... 

Tile map of the MasuliimtHni and Ellore ("'ircors by Messrs. Topjim.";. fioafson. and Caldwell, 
bus also been adoptei I. ! hough far from hem^ a- complete survey. 1 have ascertained that no 
triangles were carried on in its progress, and thai it is chiefly formed by means, of a general 
connexion of routes, and several serios 01 levels taken in various directions through the Districts 
between tho KM-nah anil the Godavery [ 1, 106 ]. ... 

Much remains to lie done in this Division, and .1 trust it. will be praef ieablc at no distant 
time, to allot an establishment of surveyors to such of the districts as appear to demand 
moat immediate attention, if not to commence a general survey of the whole of the 
Circars 3 . 

The survey by Alexander Douglas was carried out during IS10 and 1811, and 
bears a note acknowledging "a sketch of the Golgondah Zemindari 4 drawn by 
Captn. Stewart of the 1st Bn. BM Regfc,, 1810 "». 



Macke_vkik's Review, 1S10 

The year 1810 was a great landmark in the history of Madras surveys. In 
August an important report on the reorganization of the military departments 
was presented' by General Hewett/\ Commander-in-Chief Bengal, who "had been 
deputed for the purpose, and it was on his recommendation that Mackenzie was 
appointed Surveyor Genera! [ 298-9 ], with control of all the surveys and establish- 
ments which had grown up under the Revenue Board and the Quartermaster 
General [3, 299-301]. 

One of Mackenzie's first actions was to make a careful investigation of surveys 
and maps already completed or in progress, and to work out the future programme 
[ 302-3]. His first review is daled 29th November 181Q T and, like all Ms reports, 
goes into the minutest detail and is of inordinate length. He diseussos 

"MR0.96. S 65X/15; Tekfcali, 74 B/6 ; There is a delightful little, i-indi sketch of Chicacole area 
without snirvrx ua.no, or ihiU- ; MRU). [O-P.I'-IS. S MMA 26--S--14. >(>."> K/6. '■Mf;p. MRIO. 147 (31-3). 
'Sir George Hcivett, C-iu-C IWal 1S07-11 : Madras. April to September 1810. : MBI0. M.80. 



.iiACJiiniSZLLl'S .LvhV.LliW 



161 



proposed to bo 



:e December I : 



the matorials surveyed by the esiMb :.;?;! nr.KYt-j now existing, in sc 
new modelled & reduced to a system ; 

1. The Military Surveys carried on mider flu-: Quarter Muster Genei-at s: 

2. The Revenue Surveys under an Inspector of Snrvoys cities 1798. 

Both of these have gone on the same foundation of a General Geometrical, & move latterly 
of the General Trigon'imctr-icai Survey. 

In the military surveys, while tho Cim it 'a in a;. 'go roads, too Pi-uses, Defiles, & Fords, [he 
accurate positions of Fori,*. Towns, .Matkots, would be primarily attended to, the Boundaries 
of Provinces and of the Distrieks, lately required in the Ke venue and .ludieial Departments, 
would scarcely h-,: eoiisiac'ed 'jlyjcen-' of the Krst consideration. 

On the other side, the Tanks, Channels. XuIUihs, i ovea wells, & the quantity & kinda 
of arable & waste land?, the so:!, cultivation, .veighf.s ii incisures, &■■ various rninutite connected 
with Revenue have required more scrupulous attention. 

While, in both, the Rivera & Tanks, the seasons of their filling and of the rains, the most 
considerable towns. Marts, &c, would be subjects of Investigation, together with the General 
Geological features. 

There is reason to think that, iudopendeub of bins incoiuoebeni.-y to sucli Boiduus duties, and 
of the early age of the native Sub -Assistants sent on these surveys, under no immediate pro- 
fessional control or observation, that the objects belonging to each may not have been so 
nicely discriminated. ... 

Tn tracts of country minutely surveyed by tiie Military branch, the interior limits of 
district" may have keen on li tied an uni7n port-nut [ f>9 [. ... Road:- ;\iu '.. d ernes may have been 
passed over by the Reve-mio ISran.di ftir want of t-iiat experience which could not have been 
expected from the tender age at which young natives, little conversant with such subjects, 
were sent out by themselves [ 2, 184 ]. 

Mackenzie then makes "a rapid view", and estimates the area 
of territories under, or in alliance with, the Madras. Presidency, utckidlu.T (bo Northern Cu'ears, 
to be roughly 1,59,691 sq. miles. 

The Survey of the Mysore Dominions may ho considered fix the Central Nucleus on which 
the several parts may depend ; ... as a kind of Mode! example by which .former errors have 
been cleared ( breadth of peninsula [ I, 179 ; II, 104 ] ], and considerable lights have been derived 
on various subjects. ... The whole of the Rajah's Dominions have been actually geometrically 
surveyed, Memoirs and Plans submitted to l-lurope, and the oviinnol do c"uments.,.now.. .being 
placed in Depot. 

Coimbatoor ought to have made part of the Mysoor Survey, but a survey under the Revenue 
Branch bavins been oarly commenced (hero after its reduction in 179!), it was thought proper 
to turn all the early efforts of the Mysore Survey on to the Northern ■'■: Central parts. The 
reduction of the Mysore If.siablishmeni in ISO 5 [ 310 .1. ] rendered it incon.veeient to go in. ... 
The hilly tracts anjaeent to Mysore oiiedd to be particularly examined & the obscure avenues 
through it better known. 

Dindigul is in the same predicament, as Roads & Passes, are well known, but the extent 
of Survey under the Revenue Institution is uncertain [ 140 ]. 

The trigonometrical basis established by Major Lamb Ion's survey, having been extended 
to the West Coast, will. ..remove the effects of any errors resulting from diversity of opera- 
tions, or inferiority of instruments ; ... these several surveys being carried on the same parallel 
to the East has now put the actual breadth of the peninsula in these parts out of all further 
doubt [I, 179 ; II, 104, 238, 341 ], & lins laid the ground work of a Survey of the whole tract 
from the Pennar to the Coleronn. 

The Province of Artu! , nob Ion's ii:~o the principal seal of the Government of the Carniil.ie. 
& the great field it object of our Polities and Military Movements, for several years, might... 
have been an object of the curliest consideration ; yet, notwithstanding several attempts 
(Kelly, Schickel. Princlo, Beat-sou, Ailcn [1,95-9,109-11]) to carry on surveys along with 
our armies, ... the more remote parts were not examined with that accuracy that the subject 
deserved. Though severul marches and routes were measured and surveyed by Pringle, 
Beatson, Allan <te., no regular geometrical survey of this country was ever attempted till 
after the establishment of the Military lust itution, when their first parties were sent to exercise 
themselves in the districts extending from .Madras to Pondle'nerry and Cingee on one side, and 
towards ArCOt, Ohitoor, & Ncllore on thu other [125-8]. ... Future parties should fill up 
whatever remains of the country South of the Coleronn, West of the limits of Salem & 
Earramahl, & North to the Pennar. ... 



I 



H 



lfrj. 



Otheb Madras Surveys 



The Province- <-,f Tanjorc, TriehLnopoly, "Madura. Raines wnr ifc XLnnivelly w 
deemed of that importance that I heir j'Oads wore repeatedly .-au'Viyed Ln the i^cviral uii.mpii.igns 
made in those countries during the wars down 10 the last tmmpinjJii in 1801 [ 123 ] ; various 
plans by Call, VVorsebe, Byres, Allan, Jennings L 1- 87, 98, no ], were deposited in the offices 
of Government, but no regular survey was undertaken, the' rep.-ateiily suggested, until. ..from 
1798 several parties from the .surveying school were sent thither at different tiroes, whose 
labours are still carried on. 

At present the rich district of Tanjore is corn p lowly surveyed, to which that of 
Triehinopoly is also added [ 146-7 ], both districts being watered by the Cavery, whose 
means of fertilizing tin; country serves an important object of Hydrographies & (Statistical 
Survey in addition to the geographical. Madura is also said to be surveyed [140]. 
Tiunivelly is in considerable procress, and parties are sent into Ramnad & Sevagunga 
[I4I-61- - 

The extension of the I'l-Lgonouietncal survey into Travaneoro, carried along the West 
coast, &■ forming a junction with tlio Malabar Survey, will confirm or correct what has been 
done already. ... A military survey appears to have been established under cover of the sub- 
sidiary fortie since IROli, and assistants from the Military Tnsitltuticin having hfcn added for 
2 years back [ 131-2 ]. ... When we recollect that Canara, a country of 5010 miles sq., much of 
the same nature, was completed in. 6 months of fair season by a party of 6 or ?[io8-ii], 
it is not unreasonable lo expect, that Travaneore, 7500 sq. n:.. .should be completed within a 
proportionate space of time, under a proper direction 1 . ... 

Notice should be taken of that immense space lying directly behind the Circars, which, 
tho' so very near our limits, &. immediately bordering, seems to be less known than any one 
part of India at present. The country between the Cireacs & P.erar should bo explored, at 
least by rapid journeys from .-several surrounding points'. ... 

In the Dechan... t!i..- only surveys hitherlo conducted hav«- I icon infected by Koul.es. March. -s 
■of Armies, corrected by some observations rather than by any regular Geometrical process. 
Previous t-0 1 B00 I am competent bo speak, from having made it a particular .subject of enquiry 
{_ I, 1 16-7 ], but since 1 HOo the direction has been Irausloi'tud [ 1 "-(2-4 ]. ... The greater part 
of the Provinces South of the. Kistna have been actually surveyed in detail, tho' some parts 
may have been executed hi a mannor...li-ss correct, than others [ 150-1 ]. 

Mackenzie continued by urging that the whole country south of the Coleroon 
should be completed with the aid of Lamb ton 'n triangles and with personal inspec- 
tion by the Surveyor General. The survey of A root should bo completed by the 
junior members of the Military Institution on their annual training, and tho civil 
revenue assistant.-- should be. employed on the survey of Ongolo and Gnntur, thus 
completing the whole country south of the Kistna in two seasons. The survey of 
the Circars wottld then follow, with that of Goa and other foreign settlements, and 
then the Deccan. bio was an optimist. 

After discussing the supply of "'native assistants" from the .Surveying School, 
and the instruction of officers at the Military "Institution 2 , lie recommended that 
two officers should lie- appointed as Surveyors charge of the more distant surveys 
be given definite status, in each with a small establishment. 

A later review was made by Morison in 1814, when submitting maps of the 
Military Divisions [ too, 276-7 j 3 and on his return in 1815 Mackenzie took up the 
whole subject again, and submitted 4 

a sketeb of the Southern portion of the Peninsula of India, showing the different surveys 
executed 6 . ... 

The Establish moot of this iyftice of Survsvy-or General hn± at least had one. ..very important 
advantage ; of combining for the first time into one Gorieial Body the results of all the surveys 
executed in the Peninsula since the first, acquisition ofTcrri.t-Jry from Mysore in 1792 [1,113, 
pi. I ], the -whole of which in this map arc; dist-iujruished by colours of different shades, the 
parts unsurveyod being left blank. ... 

Of this, 76,507 square miles arc- accompanied by a ; uusidcrable body of information, 
Geographic a], Statistical, and Historical, some of which has been already transmitted 
home, and much of the materials still remain, to be arm-need, translated, and digest- 
ed. ... 



'Ward's party survuv.^i Tr.c.:i.!niire in -1 * 


eaeoo*, 1SI0 to 2C 


* Making 


no claim to pei*..iiai 


eiedi 


its ibiinriiil.if.n [ i?.fi I. *MMU. 26-S-l-i. 
O. 18. 


»MP0. 12— 1-lti. 


' map, 48" 


-.. to buJiMRin. im.i 


31) 



VIackj^zle's Review 



Of the Proviiu'ot; and Di«trkts following, Ceograplik 
s already funned, or in preparation ; ... 



I, Statistical, and Historical Memoirs 



Barmahl sq. miles 6,400 Ceded Districts aq. mile 

Mysore ., 32,000 Goa, Sutter, & Man lira 

Camara ,. 4,801 Soonda <fc Bilghi 

Total 76,507 

He gives the following list of Provinces, taken, fn.im .south to north; 



Sotitieamrd 






Tirmevelly 


[140-6] 


5,699 


Travaucore. 


[ 13-j ■■■■.: 


595 


Aruii.it 1 :;. S['.vliu'i,;i^:i. Uamaad 


[140] 


6,fi08 


Dindignl, now under survey 


[ 139-40 J 


:S,-titi 


T;rijrm> & Tofu'lmiLin's Country 


[ 14^-7 ] 


5,145 


Trichinopoly 


[147] 


2,094 


Coimbatoie 


[ 147-9 1 


8,640 


Westward 






Malabar ( Geographically Surveyed | 


[1,13°-;] 


5,562 


Canala 


rio«-n;i 


4,801 


Soonda & BilgM 


i"i5^:i 


2,795 


Koorg 


[ 1:^-0 1 




Wynaad 


[ 1-3 :i 




fiOfl 


[ 1 56-* ■ 


1,192 


"Ma rat tit 'District* oL'Sattar & Manara 


[137] 


330 



Genter 

Arcot Soubah., from the Coleroon to Arci 
including the Jaghirc, a portion 1 

Western PtjUi-'ais, Vcnkatglierry, Oalast. 

&(-.. includnd in the different survey* 
Nellore. Ongole 

Paluaad ( surveyed liy Capt. Beataou ) 

Baramahl 

The Ceded District* 

Mysore B^jali's Ooiimry 



Sort hern L'iivir 



[127,15.5 "( 

['49] 

tl.no) 

II. "3 4] 

[ 15-^-6 1 

[9I-i=i] 


5,330 
1,560 
6,400 

:l:>,0fm 




[1,112] 

[I59-60] 


1,206' 


3,577 
14,800 


Total 


1 ,3!i.;w.-i 


39,770 



The following statement, compiled from the Surveyor General's quarterly 
reports 2 , shows the work going on during 1811 and 1812. 

S'ur-eetiw GeaB&Jt?8 Office Ceded Districts 

'•■"■■''■: " " ■' ". ■■■'■.■ . " ,, : ,D Superintendent— Lt.-Col. Mackenzie ( as above ). 

if. Surveyors — .Ui..-u>Lf-> i |..:n i.L'jn , 



Assistant Revenue Surveyors- William fieott ; 

Silvester Pope : James Aiif-n; ("hades Put il lie. 
Appieiiticcs— 'Minimis Ander.sun ; Charles 



Hamilton. 
Apprentice— -lTre< 

prefers. 


rs; William How 
eriek Jj'icker and 


ouihern. Surveys 
In Tinnivelly-^r 
William Bird ; 
In Coimbatore- 

Mr Mahon. 


hn Robinson ; Til 
Villiam Fletcher. 
-William Keyes 



57/1SU & :.ifii/lfi].2 ; 1'r. 



Other Madras Surveys 



■ InMadura— Thoouis Tumbidi : Christianl'urdra; 
George .MoKay ; James Aikin ; Andrew 

Department of T>tr,i: ti-p'tir-, Xdlore ami Arcot 

[149] 
Superintendent— .Major J. L. Caldwell. 
.\ss]«t;;:rt Sujjt— i '.! |jr.-ii;i Jiothyriniduuil. 
^ob-Assi-Uinis -James Res,: Jost'.ph Jellv : 

William Cameron ; Wifliam Jleade. 



With Xv.p&riiiieHdini! Zmjiiiaa; JVnrti St. George 
.Assistant Rj-ienue Surveyors Henry Lincoln; 
David Bobs. 

With E^fdUwn. to Jam 

Chief ErisrairiT—Li.-Coliiiic] Mackenzie [ 13s ]. 
Assi.staiit '"'i rant Surveyor — Jolm Kinlkn.-T. 
Sub -Assist a tits — Fiilai ".Malcolm ; William 

Lantwar. 
Draughtsman— 7 Jolm Sewinsn ( from Ceded 

Districts). 



Super in tftu leu' .Major William Lambton. 
A'.sistaats — Lieatonaiiis John JiidriHl & J. i'. 

Hodge. 
Assistant Eevenue Surveyors — Joseph Do 

l.'E'.niiing ; Peter Lawrence : Joseph U'liver; 
William " 



.1/ ■'■'.■'■ : ".--: ■' ■-.■li'.ftioit, 

Superintend eat (A'-pt-ain Anthony Troyor. 
AssksfJiut iivtriicki!- — Lie.uten.aiit Henry Walpule. 
Assistant Ei.'Yri ')iii , vi 1 yi>L- — Mareeltns Burke. 

Goa Survey 

Siijieriuifjiidyiit ■ l.i;ai.tiaai.at James Galling. 

Assistants I .ie'.i tenants (.'. Lctli bridge ; C. D. 
Dunn; It. MuUlasiEui : J- Fvfe ; 35. J. Han- 
cock. ; J. Perry ; P. E. Conner. 

Sub- Assistants — Jolm Ter.vy : l.vieha r,l I ^. 

II ilk iji."ii-f':,-;i,iiii'.>- lifiit.rrd'x Ik'./jititiiieni 

Assistants— Lieutenants (.'. L. Xelthropjl; M. II. 
Davidson. 

Assistant Heveuuc Surveyor— Sanmel Godfrey. 
Northern Ci fairs. Lieutenant A. .S. Diraglas [ 160]. 



'' 



CHAPTER xu 



BOMBAY & PERSIA 

Military Routes — Forest Mwveys — Sind, 1809 ■ Kathinwa-r it Cutch. 1807- 
10 — North- West Gv.ja-m.-t, 1809-10 — Missions to Persia. 

AT the opening of the 19th century the only territories administered by the 
Bombay Government were the islands of Bombay and Sa-lsette. the district 
of Sm-at, and the province of Malabar which was transferred to Madras in 
1802 [150], In the same year certain districts in Gujarat were ceded to the 
Company by the Peshwa and the Gaeckwa.r of Baroda, and the cession was 
confirmed by treaties made in 1805 ai the close of the Maratha War, throughout 
which the Gaeekwar remained a firm ally of the British [ I, 57 ]. 

Up till 1807 Charles- Reynolds continued, as Surveyor General, and was wholly 
occupied with the construction of his great map. for which his. Indian surveyors 
continued to bring fresh material till his departure from India [I, 132, 217-9; 
II, 7, 282-3; pis. 3,15]. 

The campaigns of 1803-5 gave opportunities for the survey of many routes, 
and the best known of the Bombay surveyors was John .Johnson, senior engineer 
to Arthur Wellesley [ 57 ], who commanded the Guides and led all the survey 
and reconnaissance 1 . Wellesley insisted on the upkeep of surveys; 

Our way was to be fill, "by information onta itn-il on the spot; every inch of til© ground 
passed over was to be accurately surveyed, and Plans wore to lie made of every encampment. 
Ulakiston tells of a strenuous ride from Berar to Poona ; 

When within, aixnii 120 mile- of J.' 1 'Onah, tlie t. .: ( ■> 1 ^_ = j i [. fiodinu; that- his preface was required 
both there & at Bombay, pushed on with n. .small, escort for .Poonah. As the foree was to 
proceed by a different route, I was ordered to accompany the General. But I think I never 
had so difficult a. ta.sk in my life. 1 had to survey accurately the road, for the distance, on an 
average, of 25 miles a, day for a days successively, while in ;i(.]el to my hardship, towards the 
latter part of the march I was attacked with guinea -worms in my legs, so that I could hardly 
dismount from my horse. ... Had I been able to accompany tlio Geneva! to Horn bay, I might 
have in-come las A.D.C. S 

At the close of the war Johnson compiled a Map of i/o; SfM of War in the Deccan, 
comprising the Peshwa' s and- JV i.za.m' 'x Dominions, scnle S miles, to an inch 3 . He 
included TCimnit.t*s surveys of 1791—2 [ I, 128 30 ] ; surveys by Reynolds and 
Mackenzie ; the eastern boundary of Berar by Lutwidge. [ 134 ], and the remainder 
from his own surveys and those made by James Colebrooke with the Hyderabad 
Subsidiary Force [ 133 ]. 

An account has already been given of the survey from Gujarat to Bharatpur 
made in 1804-5 by Byers and Scaly [ 54 j. The route of the main column from 
Baroda 4 was surveyed by William C'owpor. who describes 

surveys taken with the Division of the Bombay Army wider- Maj, Gen. Jones during the late 
war against .fasv.un.i Row flolk.ar [ -,-j ]. The ver\ imperfect kno .village we had of these 
countries wai my inducement for under raking this survey under several disadvantages. ... 

In many parts the survey, from loe.nl obstacles, has been entirely confined to the route of 
the army. Whenever occasion offered of extending and carrying ii. "ii In a, more regular manner, 
I have always ser/.ed the opportunity. ... 

s Blakiston, 1(106, 






166 



TimirsAY and Persia 



Unfortunately I had no Insr.'um.;nt.s with mo for ascertaining either the .Latitude or Longi- 
tude. ... I havo therefoi-e preferred giving in Lho accompanying as a plain Survey, rather than 
mislocid by affixing tho degrees to it. ... I havo been unwilling to lay down any places from 
report, but confined myself' entirely to my own surveys, with the exception of Ajmeer, &c, 
•which I inserted to show their relative situations. ... 

The route from Delhi to Kaiioon is from an Assistant Surveyor with Colonel Ball's detach- 
ment, in their advance against Holkav's Infantry and Guns [ Francis White, p. 59 ], at the 
same time that the division of r-he I '■ 01 r. birr army moved iiort.hward from Toank 1 . I have laid 
it down with my survey, as il corrects it with a principal, place whose situation must no doubt 
be a '.'<;! irately ascertained 2 . 

The following 1 otter explains iiow two Madras officers. Jour-dan and Hanson, 
came to be surveying marches of the Poona Subsidiary "Force through Khandesh 
and Berar [ 50 11.5, 134 ]. 

The movement of the Puunaii Subsidiary Force into a Country unexplored by our troops 
and almost- unknown, and the want of Officers... qualified to survey its marches, have induced 
Hio Excellency the Oominaiidor-in-Cbief [ Madras |...to ivm/inmend that t\.e Officers from the 
Military Institution of this Presidency may be attached... to the portion of the Poonali Sub- 
sidiary Force furnished from this establish me nt. This arrangement, ... combined with the 
proceedings of the Officers ef the Institution attached to the "Ilyderaiiad Subsidiary Force, 
would contribute to secure the early attainment of an extensive Geographical knowledge of tho 
Northern parts of the Dokair 1 . 

Other Madras officers. Thorn as i)a vies and Evan Maepherson, surveyed routes 
through Savantvadi* with CoZonel Dowse's [Madras force in 18.12 [157]. Dowse 
records that Elphinstone, Resident at Poona, had 

Intimated a wish to be fur:! is hen with any geogrnphioal materials it .might be in ray power to 
collect. ..for the information of the Kesideney, in the event of these countries l.iecoin.ing in future 
the scene of Military Operations. ... I directed the Quarter Blaster of Brigade to indent 
upon the Office at Bellary for an audition a 1 Perambulator, which has been received with the 
usual proportion of lasoars required to run It, arid I propose. ..In employ Lieuten 



to survey the Roads brandling from the direct r 
posts in Savvu.iere and tho adjiamnu Districts. 

The actual Route of the Force is measured and 5 
accompany it as .Military Surveyor, but it- will not be in 
the roadB on. either side of i lie Route 3 . 

As ''military surveyor" [ inf ], Macpherson $ 



s well a 



■ tho force to the principal military 



■ve3'ed by the Officer appointed i 
s power to survey without a 



veyed the main routes ' ' through 



"North of Coa"'. whilst Da vies. -■ 



tho Southern Jlah.iatta Country "', 

the wider task, completed a 

Map ofroute3 through part of Southern Mahratfa Country, together with the measured distances 

it descriptions of (ho country'. 

Tho routes were, measured by Perambulator, and the bearings taken by a common Pocket 
Compass, & these bearings <t distances worked on the principle of the traverse table [ 217 ]. ... 
However equal to answer .Military purposes the map may be, it 1 nniu.it be considered as afford- 
ing a correct Geographical knoiv.lei ia*. of the country. 

Observing from Capt. Johnson's Map [ 165 j, the only one I have seen of this part of the 
country, the \'cn little information... west to the grand Tsorihei'n road that leads to Poonah, 
I turned my attention to obtaining information respecting it, and in examining the passes 
through the Western Ghauts. 

I -wished much to mark on the map the boundary lines of the Country belonging to the 
different Chiefs, but this I found to he absolutely impossible, a.-, th.ev reeilv possess no such 
line, their villages being completely intermingled [ 91-2 ]. ... 

Frequently I had to quit the camp for gaining inforniat-ie-n respecting a country in which 
there was a possibility of the force being employed, ... and not to wait to survey the country 
■ thro' which I had to pass. On an excursion into the Concan I travelled 250 miles without 
surveying a mile. ... I would not upon any account Iiave you think that I had not made the 
best of my time 8 . 

The reference to ilaephevson as ''military surveyor" means that he was a 
Q.M.G-'s. man, whereas Davies was the Surveyor General's man, a distinction but 

'Tori, 45N/I6. »BPol C. 3-7-06 (98). »MMC. 10-1-09. 
to Mil. Sec, 11-10-32. 1LMC. 3u-l(i--Ii\ "DDn. il(3 (140.151). 
25-11-16 ( 9 ). « Davies to b'G. Madras : i'4 0-14 ; MRIO. M. 188. 



Militaky Routes 



iet 



recently introduced to the Madras army [;-;2i-:i ]. Tho Bombay Government made 
a similar distinction on the advice- of Williams, who. soon after becoming Surveyor 
General, recommended the adoption of the Bengal regulations about military route 
surveys [ 123 J, painting this gloomy picture of a commander without maps ; . 

An officer under the misfortune of this deficiency is evidently scot to find his way in tlie 
dark; a cloud rf midnight obscurity hung* over tho theatre of his operations, and he does not 
take a step with security or confidence. He knows nothing of the obstructions that nature 
liiiS planted in his road, and enter prize becomes incompatible with the caution hi* ijriiorynoe 
ivuders .i'ulisp'-ii-j bly i^.i.-fs^ny. ... ....-.., 

The unvaried and rapid success of the greatest general of the present age, which, has gone 
ou to a pitch to he the scourge of a world, is .known to be eminently- owing to his superior maps 
and. knowledge of the ground over which his Hosts ate spread 1 . 

The Bombay Government had ruled thai military route surveys were the concern 
of the Quartermaster General, but should he communicated to the Surveyor General 
for map-making purposes 3 . . , . 

In a report dated 1832, dopp describes many of the Bombay route surveys, 
particularly those by Johnson, as being _ . . ,. i 

of a superior description, and... available for the purpose of tlie tjreat Map of India 3 if they 
could be properly connected together, and I heir distances and directions cheeked by the aid of 
trigonometrical points. 

.Besides these routes there are a great, many others of a vory inferior description, some of 
whose bearinys have been, ascertained hy the ™nm™ pocket compass, and others laid down 
principally from native information 4 . 



Forest Surveys 

The Com pany had always been interested in the supply of teak for shipbuilding 
[I, 303 ], ami in 1801 the .Bombay (iovemiiien l appointed an officer to examine the 
teak forests of Malabar 5 . The Directors asked that the sale of the timber should 
be placed under Government control'', and followed th is up in I SOS by asking for 
" some well-digested and Oeconomical plan for Working the .Forests and regulating 
the Trade" 7 . A committee was thereupon appointed 

to Survey the Teak Forests in the Province of .Malabar. .,[ mid j to report the growth and 
av.-iil.abkaics--' of the Forests—for tho |nirpn=« of Ship building : ... lIio 1'lajah of Travaneora 
having willingly agreed to the Survey of the Travanooro Forests, wliieh it will accordingly be 
our object. ..as soon as the Commission shall liave completed the Survey of your own part... 
of Malabar 8 . 

Johnson, who was "understood to possess much local in formation of the state 
and resources of the Timber Forests", recommended that 

the Surveys of Gflpts. Jloiierieffe, Gnanitt-. and Tolmson be collected ( and hereafter formed Ou 
one scale into a. map ) to accompany the Connnirisinii [ 131-2]. ... Very accurate and. nearly 
sufficient Geographical knowledge is now in, our possession to give a good general idea of the 
extent of the Forests, and I do not. think it poss-ibl<',..withoi it- loss of time.. .to add more to it 
than by the method described. ... Follow up one river and down the next, Mr. Solomon keep- 
ing a regular survey of the route marched hy the Commission 9 . 

The Forest Committee reported later that 

Our .Assistant My. Solomon has been employed in constructing a- Cenerai .Map of the Province 
from the materials in the Principal Collector's Oilieo. ... and he is nose pre paring separate out- 
line sketches of the different Districts supposed to contain Timber 10 . 

.Johnson held charge of the survey and extraction of teak in Kanara and 
Malabar from 1805 till 1808, and was succeeded by (c-ood fellow, who in 1809 
submitted 

a Survey of the Teak Forests in the "District of Palgliaut, scale 1 J mhos to an inch [bearing a 
note ] 'The Foi.iStn and moan.- of transpcifiug 1 herefrom beiii™ the r.oic <.bjects in tho Kurvoy, 
nn attention 1 las been pair! to the adjacent cultivated country ' 11 . 

l ~Bo J1C 3-A-07 : is this e.vclaiiation of Xapolcen'.-; siii-cise.. s import id ]>v ottior evidence? »ib. 
2S-4rjyi. s i-iiicb Atlas of India. VLillri. 23". f Ml ). :i-. : i :&. 'HVG. K-U-OL. *CD. ti 
"CD. to Bo. 3-7 -05 (22). * J Jo to CD.(Pidi), 22-2 00 (30). «W~~ ' 



1 



IpS Bombay and Persia 

Other surveys were made by Thomas Pierce, and the Bombay Government 
write in 1811; 

■ Considering the disappointments experienced by your Hou'ble Court in the non-receipt 
...of Lieutenant Pierce's Map, and thai by Major Johnson, of the forest"? in Canara, ... both 
ascribable to OW too great. Coinplaisanee in allowing tiio officers more, iin mediately interested 
in these compositions to in; themselves the bearers of them, we have determined no longer to 
yield to the nnnortunities of this description, one to forward all such documents in future in 
the publie packet 1 . 

In 1807 Thomas Thatcher, designated Inspector of Forests, and Robert Gamp- 
bell, were deputed to survey the forests belonging to the Raja of Dharauipur 2 . 
Thatcher was directed to survey "'the forest lying within the Hon'ble Company's 
possessions between Parnella and the Nerbudd.ii, particularly the large one of 
Ramnaghur " 3 , and, to report on the prospects of obtaining "toakwood calculated 
for building ships for tils Majesty's Navy". In Ins interesting reports made to the 
Superintendent of Marine between October 1807 and April 1808, Thatcher notes 
that the Dharanipur teak forests, 

esposed to the Merchants on every part of the Const, & to ilio Shipbuilders of Daraatm, ... 
have been almost completely deprived of their Jin est tecs. Towards the Eastward there are 
few signs of the Axe's destructive power and nearer the Ghaats the forests have been 
protested by the savagery of the Bheels [1, 126]. ... 

There is a great abundance of Teak...in the Rajpecpla country. ... The difficulties of 
conveyance are so ara-i.1. thai, the merchants are compelled to saw Trees from 30 to SO yards 
long into logs of from 10 to 15 yds., which are conveyed about 15 miles to the noaroat channel 
leading to the River Nurbudda. 

He reports that he had examined several of the larger streams and found them 
unsuitable for floating down rafts; or even single logs 4 . 

Williams also records that, 
between the beginning of April and beginning of .Imle 1811 I was actively employed on a 
personal examination of the teak forest lying between Bombay and the Nerbudda, and on 
"gaining information of the mode in use of cutting and transporting the timber to the sea coast*. 
From this survey, near Bulsar, he completed a map "from Eombav to Rajpeepla 
and the Nurbud&a" on the haif-ineh scale [pi. 15]. 

SlND, 1809 

The same fear of Napoleon's threat to invade India that led to the missions to 
Kabul and Lahore [ I, 62, 65 ], led also to missions to Sind and Persia, and to a 
survey of the borders of Gujarat. 

The mission to Sind was led by Nicholas Hankey Smith', and after "a 
succession of tedious and trying negotiations'' a treaty was concluded on 22nd 
August 1809 s . 

The surveyors who accompanied this mission were William Maxfield of the 
Bombay Marine, and Charles Christie, commanding the escort [ 174 ]. The 
mission embarked at Bombay on April 27th and reached Karachi on May Otli 9 . 
Disembarking on the 18th, they were detained till the 10th of June before they 
were allowed to proceed by river to Tatta, and thence by road to Hyderabad. 
They returned by land, "entering Cutch at Luekput Bundee and fcerminatm» 
at Mandavee". Maxtield's map was 

made on the Stenographic projection on a very targe scale to delineate that part of the 
River I had an opportunity of examining. ... Tho positions of the principal places are 
determined by celestial observations, and every precaution has been taken to render the 
map accurate. A detailed account of the Road "Passes, Defiles, Fortifications, and faces of 
the Country accompanies the map, in which I have endeavoured to embrace every object 

'Bo to CD. S & Pol. 2S-19-U (36). *46H3,3; BoMtfcw Courier, 14-2-07. TJDn. 278 (801 

3 Bo to CD. 21-12-11 ( 14 ). ' Corn -^..,1 11I rum r;ttiK-i-.'d to m:!;> VI RIO. 126 (21 I. *I'iom Upturn . 
3-2-15; sea also IVLition, 10-li 17. s.lio MC. 4-I0-I5. M.5., G>. 1780 ; iWdt. Ku-=iiirf, 1797 IHOs' 
spottiiiger.rLclis. VIII to -XII; Bo SC. 7-S-12 (2(1) "Skfekli of K.tr.fir.hi lnui.our 1HI19; MRIO l(r> 



1 



SlNI> 



169 



which can render l\ useful in a llilirtiry point, of view. ... 

The route by land from Tatta to Hyderabad vra.s fu.rnislioi! me by Lt. Christie. ... 

As the Briti-dt I'm oy pmhiii'krsl ai. "Vljinduvie io the la.ttFr end of October for Bomtiay, 
.1 here conclude my detail of Seind. ... livery Town and village in that Co> mtry lias two or 

■ In forwarding the map- to England, Government explain that Maxfield shows 
the soirndhigs of i-ho .Indus ; as far as lie had .in opportunity of examining that, river, the map 
s accompanied by a topographical memoir, with such observations as occurred. ... The 
lossible attempt to invade ihe British possessions in India- t! nough the Territories of Seind, 
seems however scarcely to be apprehended, ns the other and more Northerly known route has, 
from the days of Alexander, heou pursued 1 :■>■ every Invader as the open arid accessible avenue 
into Hindoo stan, leading also immediately to its most commanding and valuable parts 3 . 



Kaxwawah. & Cutch, 1807-10 

The peninsula of Kat.hiawar was broken up between a number of potty States, 
some of 'which were tributary to Baroda. On the outbreak of tho Maratha War 
in 1803, some of the weaker of these applied lot- protection to the British Resident at 
Baroda., and daring 1807 -8 British and Bcirodn force* co-operated under Alexander 
Walker, the Resident, in rjutting down internal warfare, and settling disputes by 
agreements and treaties. 

These operations gave opportunity for valuable surveys which in 1809 were 
compiled by Edward Hardy into a Mirp off.hr. \¥r*f-:ni, Pcniiwula of Goojerat; 

The Map... is o! iiel]y e'ui-irneled from tire Sur\ i ws of the March's of Lieutenant Colonel 
Walker in the years 1S07 find 1809, a.nd llio routes of Lieut. Hardy, who during the latter 
year Surveyed the Coast from Bojahna to Ci.uihay. 'i'ho position of some of the principal 
places on the Coast from I'oseitr-:; io Din Head are laid down from the asi.ronomic&l obsex'v- 
ntions of Lieut. Maxiield. ... 

Gopinant Point, Gogo, anil Cauibay are from the much esteemed Charts of Lieut. McOluer 
[1,124-5]. Tl 16 Route from Palleyad to iUoorvie is from an aoeuvate survey by Captain 

I "vi'CfuYOod. ... 

The geography of this pin-t of Guzorat was only known ibroatrh medium ol" native informa- 
tion till the year 1.S07, when a small body of I Iritisli. Troops with train of Artillery under Col. 
Walker's command marched from Garoda on an expedition into t. lie Interior. Tlie routes were 
Surveyed with as much ao^vii'nt-y as possible, and. every opportunity v;& tuhon to explore the 
Country round the different halting places. Captain Greenwood, Limits. Pierce, Hardy, 
severally carried on their observations, and the conni:ry...!s described from the information 
obtained through their labours. 

Another expedition proceeded, into this Country in ISO!), also under Col. Walker's com- 
ma-rid, which atVorded ;ni orrporluiiity ...1.0 Survey tl.:e Comirry bordering on the great Emm 
at the Head of the Gulph of Cutch and l-Ij.cs whole of the Eastern Coa-.-t oftb.it Gulph which had 
never been visiter by Kuronivms and was very imperfectly known 4 . 
Hardy's survey closed at Cambay 011 11th December 1809. 

In May 1809, whilst these surveys were going on, an attempt was made by 
James McMurdo to survey a line through the desert to H;\ dorabiid. ilalcolm writing 
from Bombay : 

It was my intention to have requested this Government to have allowed Lt. McMurdo, 
the O.O. of the KesidenGs Guard at Baroda, ... to have proceeded i.o "Hyderabad by the way 
of Omercote 5 , under the pretext of Carrying Dispatches to Mr. Smith [168], and to have 
requested that gentleman 10 obtain, leave for ll.r. Al.c.'Mm , do...i-o proceed by K'araohi to Guadel, 
from whence lie could have gone on to lluskat, or returned to Ikinina.y, or have continued his 
journey through lleknm and Bal.oeho to Persia as Ci re um stances suited 6 . 

McMurdo set out 011 his journey 
from Paid on the North-east Frontier of Kattywar. ... '.Che country lying between Poseitra 
and Pubie having already been surveyed by Lieut... Hardy, ray Journal commences at that 



iB. Pol C. 9-1-10 ( 42 );& 13-2-10(16). =1IEI0. 117 ( 

' Memoir sd. iSt-l-ln ; Bo Sim 1.V1SUI ( 77-9) ; DDn. 278 ( 23). 
20-4-09; BPol C. 8-7-0!) (■•). 






170 Bombay and Persia 

place. Erom Sedla to Patri 6 Coss. 19th Dee. 1S09. ... Jan. 1st 1S10, Kuneije to Kadhan- 

poor. ... Jan. 19th, Therand 1 . 

He was not able to proceed further, the Resident reporting 

tlie Dangers to which Lieutenant MacUurdo na- exposed by Ins Journey to Xherondo, and 

the Combination of the Petty Coolies of the Country to Plunder his Party: Hie increasing 

risks of continuing at. Theianda, united to the Representation of the Chieftain of .that 

Place of the Im pos -ability of advancing, prevailed on Lt. Ylnellurdo to return to Radhan- 

TJnder all the Circumstances of dhueidty which had occurred if tiki, not appear advisable 
to the Commander in Chief that .Lieut, MacMurdo should undertake a duty at the imminent 
Bisk of his life, and without the iticm? of protoeiiug his person from iho Hordes of Plunderers 
Inhabiting the Tracts between Kadlianpore and Seincl. ... 

On the return of Lieut. JlaoJlurdo ihe obstacles which wen; encountered were equally 
perilous with those he had ahead); experienced in [-.-aching Tberaud, and his safety may 
probably be solely attributed to. ..the Chieftain of that plate, who engaged a gossayn 
immensely venerated by the barborous society of that Country to attend Lieut. MacMurdo. ."to 
lladiianpoor 3 . 

McMurdo got safely back with a sketch, of his route. He was afterward* 
stationed for several years in Cutch, first at Mandvi 3 , in command of a " consider- 
able marine force [and] instructed to collect information respecting the Haunts 
of the Pirates". From 1830 till 1819 he was Collector at Morvi' 1 and Resident of 
ditch 5 . 

A survey of the Cutch coast piade !i y Cf> pt-ain J. G. Vashon, of H.M.S. Fox. before 
1806 has very neat little sketches of buildings along the coast B ; 



North-West Gujarat, 1809-10 

To a call for geographical mioimat jon about- the western frontiers in view of 
possible invasion [7], Williams replied ; 

The inlets to India to an Army intending the conquest of the l-iritish Territories are clearly 
through the Punjab and through fii« Southern pa i-t of Skid to Gujrat, .... All the rivers of the 
Punjab, beginning with that of Attack should, if possible, bo now oNutnined. ... 

The actual nature of the desert should be satisfactorily ascertained. ... On this very 
interesting tract. ..the topographical part of Colonel Reynolds's undertaking would have bgen 
found most amply in detail, and it is a matter of great regret to me that untoward ciroumstancea 
should have placed it entirely beyond Ids power to have transcribed so truly valuable a 

Our line of defence, if not advanced to the Indus, must be formed... between the head 
of the Gulf of Cutch and the hills commencing at Aboo Ghur', and receding NorthrEast 
past Ajmer, upwards of ,100 miles to the latitude of Agra-. ... This fertile tract is. ..from 
SO to 100 miles, and must be that on which any army formed at Bombay will have to .oppose 
an enemy advancing from the westward. ... The city of Puttun 8 ... stands in the middle, 
between Kurreo ( where we have now a captain's party ) and the commencement of the Runn 
and deserts towards Bind, ... 

The city of Pattun appears. ..to i>e the most proper point from which to set on foot our 
enquiries. ... We should there be able without difficulty or delay to obtain the most complete 
information of the Cntcl.i country, the northern and western frontier of Gujrat, and the southern 
end of the desert. ... The surveys would bo carried into Sind from the contiguous parts of 
Gujrat and Cutch : a great portion of (.he Indus might be minutely examined by us, and perhaps 
some useful information obtained of i lie countries belonging to Persia On the west of that 
River. 

I woidd take all my papers to Puttun and fix my office there for the time the map. ..would 
goon. ... Jou rides might also hematic, from Puttun. ..on the western side of the Hills to Jaysul- 
meer, Jhodepore, and even to Punessmmpoora, the most western point of General Jones's 
marches in Hindustan [ 165-6 ] 9 . 

iRiidkanyur, 41 M ; b: TI Si ,mti, 40 i'/l t. narrative. B PolC. 9-3-11 ( 143 ). a Prom Besdt. Baroda 
2&18-a-10;UPo]C. ^-.--10&.f.t-3-U (HO), '41 "F/S. Ul J/13, 'Barnes { 164-226). 'Copied hy 

.1. (J. Salomon. Kngrs., iDnkilil'.- .1* flam, to Civ HonnuiY ; MI.'.IO. 101 ( 13-6). ; 'v,, u -,t .\j u , j.-,~ jj/nl 
'Pa.tan,46A/l, 'to Be. Govt. 14- 12-OS. DPn. s2 ( S3 ) ; .8 Pel C. '20-3-09 (20). 



North- West G-tj.tahat 



171 



On hearing irom Bengal thai they would have to meet the cost of the survey, 
the Bombay Government asked v. h::ther they might 

either altogether. ..withdraw, or..alii;vnish til's scale of this survey, as riow per.iuips less required, 
in reference to the improved stale of affairs in fiurope. mil to the Peace w-i.tb Tin-key ; joined 
to the probable alienation of the Persians from the French [ 173 ]. ... Much. ..of the information 
now desired may be procured and sent out from the documents. ..of' Colonel Reynolds' 
survey, which. ..[was ] carried to EngLnid without- 1L0 Colonel having been. ..able to leave the 
Copies in India 1 [233-4], 
Bengal refused to accept responsibility ; 

The proposed survey has reference to countries infinitely .nearer to Bombay than to this 
Presidency; the- Oilicei- appointed to execute it belong;! to your Establishment, acts under 
your immediate orders, and is eoTisequeo.tiy responsible to you for the discharge of the duties 
assigned to him. ... 

The responsibility of. .authorizing the survey of (lie Countries between Persia and India 
will rest with this Government, and we have no doubt that the Hon'ble Court of 
Directors will highly applaud an undertaking of snob manifest, utility and importance 2 . 

Williams started the survey in March 1809 vvk.li four assistants, Nntt, Cruik- 
shank, Byers, and Grindlay ; 

The Survey was commenced at Dholka 3 on the 30th of March. ..ami carried through 

Kurvee. ..along the west bank of the Saubunuiutt.ee River* to I. ho latitude of Reder, and thence 
Pa lb a nip ore, which was the extremity of our progress to the north last season. ... 

[After an expedition to Pdia.danour"' 1 1 effected a complete circuit- hack t.i: Kurree before 
the setting iu of the Monsoon. Besides the Ueograpliiea! information, the experience of the 
disposition of t.-1 its pi.'opie towards my operations obiained on this Tom was extremely beneficial 
to me, and I had the further satisfaction to find, in laying down the Surveys, that they had. 
been executed wit.ii accuracy, and that- I had a fixed liusis for my future u \ lerations to the 
westward. ... I proceeded towards Puttun as soon as I thought the violence of t" 
was over, but oar operations were a good deal obstructed by iho heavy rains which felt ii 



-nth ot S 






In the meantime two of the Assisiants wore engaged ou the Southern .-,iile of the .'ituon, 
which terminates t ho Gulf of Cutoh, and 1 hail arranged the plan of a minute Survey of the 
whole Peninsula of Cuzorat- to be executed by them. [ Opposition from the- ISTawab of Juna- 
gllar and -the Raja of Xfwiiuagar* J. I was, notwithstanding, extremely desirous of carrying 
on our investigation of the Dorm try as far as where the Hoas and the iluon meet at- the head of 
the Gulf of Cutcb. and, as I conceived the Country to lie perfectly friendly to us as far as 
Morevie 7 , 1 desired ft. Byers to cxt-ra.nl In-' tr.iauak's na far .]■;> Uii.il, pluco. ... Ho pro c coded... jus 
far to the West as Diu-rsmingdra, which is 40 or oO miles from jilorevie, but be then received 
an order. ..to desist. ... In con sequence... of tho orders of the Acting Resident at Baroda, 
tiic Siuvev has not been extended further io the West t-han Ilurrungdra-" 1 . ... 

I consider it-. ..of importance to visit Marwar if possible, and, conceiving that the pretext 
of a Journey to i.Johly would be more likely than any other to sin-coed, I wrote to the Jhode- 
poor 'Durbar that, i intended proceeding from Palha-npoor to Dehly, but as tile high road led 
through l.iic ttfiTirorii ;s of tbe Maharajah I united bis perinissi.un. to go on. 

Permission to enter Jodhpur was refused, so Williams ; 
made an excursion among tlie Hills to the Northeast ; an invitation from the Rajpoot 

Rana of Daunta" afforded an opportunity of.. .making myself acquainted with tbe nature 
of t!iis extensive range. The liana, without any hesitation or tbe smallest apparent distrust, 
furnished me with guides and every assistance to flics extent of bis territory. ... I also traversed 
a- considerable, portion of the Dhamoai.ir .District. ... 

On quitting Palanpoor, J first-... went to the northward as far a?. Dautwar on tlie Buruiass. 
The country thereabouts is wild and J nngiy, and the coolies who inhabit it are ouiteuncontrouled 
in their habit- of pUiodenu" ; they first- opposed my crossing the liiver, but after coming to an 
explanation with the Thakories they complied with my wishes, and finally offered their 
Services. ... I took advantage of their orders, and got them to conduct me down the banks of 
the liiver to D?v~d. and we passed several vhLages whose inhabiianis would have been h'kely 
to obstruct our progress bad we not- boon thus attended. 

I was received at. Deesa...wit-h great- friendliness and attention. ... I bad tlie happiness to 
receive.. .a friendly invitation to visit- Thumand, whither 1. proceeded without loss of time, 



17.2 



Bomjjay and Persia 



ia boundary by about, SO Horsemen. I wa.s treated.. .with much hospitality ; 
I remained there about a week and then proceeded by Soi icon g... and other places on the 
edge of the desert to Amysir, carrying on the survey the whole -way with the utmost 
satisfactory accuracy, and at the same time gaining. ..the confidence and goodwill of all 
the people. ... 

At Amysir Hit: orders of Covoriunent. readied me not to advance within the Cuteh Frontier 
without the full assent of Futteh Mahomed Jemadar. ... I stayed at Amysir some days, and 
collected all ihe information that was '.obtainable of its vicinity to the West. I re-entered 
Guzerat through the Territory of tlie Juts, ... passed within a few cess of their capital Wantrye, 
but had no ooiriuii.ir.iL-aT ion with them. ... 

I joined this western survey to my frontier work at rut tan in the most uninterrupted and 
satisfactory manner. As soon a* the relief of the Guard arrived at that City, I directed my 
course towards the Northward, and advanced as far among the mountains as the place where 
the Bunnass romes through them into Coojorat. I. moved then to the Eastward as far as the 
neighbourhood of Eider, keeping as close as possible to the foot of the hills, and making occa- 
sional excursions among them. ... The line was continued near the Hills as far as the River 
Maye 1 , and two of" the Assistants are now employed in filling up the interior of the circuit in 
that quarter. 

I have thus described the outline of what, has been done ; its extent is about 550 miles, 
and the construction... proves the operations to have been, correctly performed. The interior 
of the circuit, excepting a. small apace between tin; ihninass and the westernmost line has been 
traversed in all directions, and nothing.. .wort hy of remark has.. .escaped us. ... The borders 
of the Peninsula, of Dutch, of Seind, anil of Jhodepose have been touched upon, and I 
was resl.de fed from entering any of these countries. ... 

The time occupied in this work has been 14 months, 4 of which were rainy. One of my 
assistants was detained all the last season at Baroda, ... and ill health deprived me of the 
services of two others for several months. 

I do not conceive, myself, that the ideographical mid Topogra.jihical information that 
has been obtained is of more value than the favorable disposition created towards us 
among the Chiefs and people to the Wosteniward, with whom we were before, such 
strangers. ... 

My operations, as far as they have gone, will tend to confirm the value which has been set 
on Colonel Reynolds' great 'Mn:> in England, '['he general accuracy and the great extent of 
information I found in it wherever I went, or to whatever quarter I directed my' enquiries, 
filled me with adinirati. >n. and have taught me io ptii.ee a higher estimation on Colonel Reynolds' 
work 2 [pi. 15 ]. 

The Resident Ku-ongly opposed the extension of these surveys into Kathiawar as 
successive expeditions.. .had put. us in possession of as much Geographical information as the 
General National interests of our Empire could possibly require. Among other reasons 
which I urged to prevent the unnecessary attempt from his Department was the actual exe- 
cution of the duty by Gentlemen every way qualified for the task, and who had the advantage 
of.. .the presence of the Detachment under my Command, ... which. ..could not be enjoyed by 
any Gentlemen from i i ic Surveyor General's Department [ 171 ]. ... 

Whatever may be the merits or the Abilities of the Gentlemen in the Surveyor General's 
Department, they were ignorant of the language ami the Customs of that extraordinary Country, 
and not sufficiently known to me to enable me to put that confidence in their Judgement and 
Discretion which I could place hi those officers who were acting under my own immediate 
orders 3 . 

He ridiculed the idea that there might be a favorable line of invasion through 
Gujarat. After passing his letter to Williams for comment, the Bombay Govern- 
ment referred to Bengal for decision, asking whether, since 

Colonel Wa-lker...& Captain Williams ( likewise a very respectable officer ) have taken such 
opposite views of the expediency of making a more Minute Survey of the Peninsula of Guzerat, 
...it be deemed necessary i.o prolong the field operations of the Survey for another year, ... 
the more especially as the Governor in Council expects to receive from England by the Ships 
of the next Season that, minute Information, which, if Colonel Reynolds had not carried home 
with him without, leaving copies hi this Country, would. ..have precluded tin; expediency for the 
recurrence of a Second Purvey of i.lie Turrit cries in question. 

They called attention to the surveys of Colonel Walker's marches [ 169 ], and, 



*Hax,- 



> tvd ; Matii !.'. ■Hi.H &T. -Report dared Cam Lay, li-fi-10 ; '[J PoIC.A'i-S-lOf H). =ib( 12), 19-1-10. 



Plate 15 






A SKETCH 

Of The, Eastern Frontier Of 

GOOJERAT 

Intended to shortheEntrancesmtotbal Province from 
KHANDEIS MaLWA MEYWAUR udMAHWAR 
From the "Works of 

Lieut Gew Reynolds 

fJZfm*C) ^Mom&r nMU*rtus (tyi 
BritishMiles ^, 



by Williams from Reynolds's Mui> ;■:' Hindustan, for use in Marat ha 



WiilST G'CJARAT 



I7:i 



besides 

of UUi-.Ol 



mment have ajready been i'urmslied «-i"!i the route of the late 
■i Cutch into Smd ; together ■.villi those pans of the N.W. part 
led over by Ijeut. IfacO-hirdo, to which tract Captain Williams' 
lnd also to refer; in addition to is.!.' which, we posses* Ihe 
try of Cutch, as prepared and loft by Colonel Iteynold.s, as "well 



present observations wi! 

General Map of the who] 

as of the Peninsula of Guzerat from tlio same officer. 

Bengal replied that "it is upon the whole advisable to discontinue the Survey" 1 . 

The survey was contained in 43 sheets on the scale of 2 miles to an inch, which 
were described by Jopp in 1833 as 

all original protractions, ...a most: yul.ua.bie collection of aeei irate surveys. The best Maxis 
of Goojerat are compiled from them, and they are perhaps the only routes in that province 
which, will not he required to be re -surveyed 2 . 
Williams himself writes ; 

TEse final arrangement and delsneatios?i of the surveys made on oiit Xovi.h-VVeStern frontier 
-were not completed.. .till March 1813. On the 26th of that month a plan.. .on a scale of 
2 British. Miles to iin Inch on 7 sheets, with a volume of Slid Ihlio psigos (.■ontainina topograpliical 
notes. ..and a descriptive index, ... were sent in to Government. ... 

Although the surveys on the N'orlhern and Western Frontiers were ordered to be discontinued 
from the end of Oetober 1S10, my return to the Presidency of Bombay was not practicable 
till February 18I1 3 . 

Of this assembled map Hodgson writes in 1822 ; 

This work is, in the ornamental points of writing, printing, shading, etc., creditable to 
Lieutenant Cruikshanfc, one of the survoyoi-s employed, by whom it was drawn. The Topo- 
graphical construction appears good, as the map contains a sufficient number of places, but 
in a general scientific and Geographical point of view, it Is deficient in having no parallels of 
either latitude or longitude marked, either «n I lie separate sheets or on the Index Map. ... 
The scale of the separate sheets is 2 miles to an inch, and that of the Index, ... 7 miles bo an 
ineh very nearly 4 . 

Three copies 5 were made, bui Wangh records that the one received from Bombay 
in 1834. was in 1830 "perfectly worthless, being all rotten and in pieces" . 



Missions to Persia 

In 1799, alarmed by the first rumours of Napoleon's intention, to invade India, 
the Governor General, then Lord Morning ton, sent John Malcolm on a. mission to 
Persia to persuade the Shah not to receive French agents nor admit French troops 
into his territories [I, 286 ]. Leaving Bombay at the end of 179!), Malcolm reached 
Shiraz on loth .tune 1800, and was presented to the Shall at Tehran on November 
16th. After concluding treaties of commerce and friendship, Malcolm and his 
mission returned via Baghdad and reached Bombay on 22nd April 1801 7 . He "took 
with him two boys from the Madras surveying school, Webhe and Pope, who kept 
up surveys of all the marches, and made astronomical observations for latitude. 
Their work was mapped at the observatory in 1807 [ I, 375 ; II. 280 ] 8 . 

In 1S08 arose another scare and the Governor General, this time Lord 
Minto, deputed Malcolm on a second mission. Sailing from Bombay in 
April he reached Bushire, but was not allowed to proceed further owing to 
the influence of the French at Tehran, and returned to India in August 9 . In 
the meantime the British Government had sent out a mission from England 
under Harford Jones 10 , who reached Bombay a week after Malcolm had sailed. 
Unaware of Malcolm's discomfiture and return to Calcutta, Jones sailed from 
Bombay on September I 2th and, the French having been <1 ismissed from the Persian 
Court [171 ], he was received with cordiality as Envoy of the British Crown, and 
concluded a treaty at Tehran in March 1809 11 . 

'Bo Pol C. 25-8-10 (7-13). =DDn. 278(24). 'From Williams, 3-2-15 :i5e MC. 8-5-15. *»Dn. 
IMS (291, y-3-22. Mh,, „,;iv,n ■,,„,, I ,-..ur!iti,M Ml.MO. 125 (3-7). * l>Ti. (-HI); I>Dn. 543(168), 
20-ltf-oO. 'Kave, 1(120 01); tv..vi= i 5 ). ".Map, MttlO. B3 (3;i); Mi'C. 2K -2-117. M\a.ye, I ( 24U ). 
J « Bo CS. ; bad spoilt ;ome vears .it Ijaanea'l -:■■■> Compirnvs representative ; later took Ha-ine of Brjdgcs. 
" Ksve. 1 i 1CHJ d -■■•'! ! : Msyi'M { 17-9 ). 



1 



I 



!7f 



lio»..nAY ATSB Persia 



In the meantime Lord Minto determined to send Malcolm once again to represent 
the interests of the East India Company, and to collect as much information as 

possible about- tlie geography of Persia and its frontiers. 

By the end of 1S08 Malcolm collected a considerable expeditionary force at 
Bombay, with several officers capable of survey and exploration, including some 
from the Travaneore survey and others from the Military Institution, who were all 
kept for several months in Bombay compiling maps [ 131 ]. The expedition was, 
however, countermanded in April [SOD, and the surveyors dispersed 1 . 

Nathaniel Grant was the only officer to siet overseas at this period ; sailing from 
Bombay on 18th January 1809, he landed on the south coast of Makran and spent 
four months exploring there 2 . He was ""'directed to purchase some horses as a 
Pretext for his .journey ; these may ( if sent to Bombay ) either bo disposed of. or 
made over, if fit for the service, to the Cavalry", but lie reported that, "the horses 
are miserable animals, and I have not seen one above 13-i- hands; Meer 8obhan 
sends you 2 Greyhounds; they look good, but I am a bad judge of these 
things" 3 . 

Malcolm was recalled to help in settling the Madras .mutiny [3.1.3-4], but by the 
end of 1809 he assembled his mission once again. He deputed some of his officers 
to travel through Baluchistan, and others by way of Iraq, and sailed with the rest 
from Bombay on 10th January 1810. Ho was cordially welcomed as an old friend 
by the Shah on June 23rd 4 . but had little official standing, and when news arrived 
that an ambassador from England. Sir Core Ouseley, was coming to relieve Harford 
Jones, he discreetly withdrew, and returned to Bombay early in ly ll 5 . His mis- 
sion, however, had been a great, success in promoting good feeling and collecting 
geographical information, and bis officers bad stirring tales to tell. 

Christie and Pottinger sailed from Bombay on 2nd January 1810, landed at 
Sonmiani 50 inil.es north-west of Karachi 6 , and then travelled disguised as horse 
dealers through Baluchistan to Persia. Keeping together as far as Nushki, they 
separated through Seisfan and Khorasan, and joined. Malcolm at Shiraz in August. 
In submitting their memoirs and maps, Malcolm writes ; 

The Memoir of Lieutenant Chiisaie. who was entrusted with tin:- execution of this Service 
and to whose spirit, firmness, ji.nd Judgement, J must chiefly tit: tribute Lis success, is not so 
follasthatof Licat'cnaiLiPoLiingui', W ] L „ .^ted under his orders. ... The former was, immediately 
on hia return, detached to Tahreez., while the latter who came -with mo to India, had leisure 

to digest the materials 7 . 

Pottinger's account was published in 1816 as Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde, 
accompanied by a Geographical and Historical account of Ihoxt Countries, and he 
writes of his map ; 

The routes of Captains Grant arid Christie, as well as my own, arc laid down from original 
papers, except, that the positions at which they commenced and terminated having been, 
before or since, ascertained by means of observations, I have adopted their actual latitudes 
and longitudes. The native routes have been collected and compared with the most scrupulous 

Each Province w,is. ..exclusively the object of my inquiry, and when I had satisfied myself 
on it, or was unable to obtain further informal ion. T proceeded in another. ... Of some of 
them I have projected sis or seven different maps, and the method I finally resorted to... 
was to explain the points of the compass to natives of particular districts, show them any 
stationary town or village, and desire to be informed where other towns of the same district 

Whenever two of my informants ilisuizreed, and I had an opportunity of doing so, I con- 
fronted them, and if they could not demonstrate on which part the error lay, I suspended ray 
judgement until 1" could find ufherpeojde. ... On some important places I have had the combined, 
testimony of upwards of one hundred natives, the medium of which (. have adhered to, and 
I have shewn my map to a man who had been in the habit of travelling in Sinde and the 

1 BSC. 10^1-0!! ( i>7 ! : Mill" 1 . 3r-3-0<) & OD11. S3 ( 191 ), 8-5-09. = Journal, MRIO. M443. a BSC 

20-3-09 (GU). «Kayc. II (8-50). * VM. exbt. 17r>. Court of I'atl, All, Shah -.? Itrak, contains 
jK.rti-ii.its of Oiit.-lfv. .Ti>ri'_-.3. and Ma -co ha. *.li,anwl.j. I! t'nl (' ^8-li-l I (SO) "ih ( 7 ) Roui'^ MRIO 
111(4-7); 1HI( (iC-fli; ) ; !)T)n. 278(226). . ' 



Mission to Persia 



175 



survey. 
[168]. 

myself 



province of Kutch Gundava who, after he had had the situation of Hyderabad... ex plained to 

him, pointed out every place that w;is mentioned with astonishing precision. 

The River Iud;m has er.^;Lj-i>ii my most parlk-uliu- atlem.ioi-i, and I vontu::; to pronoune* 

it to bo altogether aa free from error aa anything of the. kirn] car. possibly ho without actual 
A portion of it has been ascertained by the latter method by Captain Maxfield 
nd as I found my native accounts to correspond with what ho had fixed, and I had 
m, it was a satisfactory testimony towards the general reliance to rw placed on it all. ... 
unprovided during my tour with a barometer, or other insfrmnents, that might have 
no in finding out the perpendicular height of Koiat as the most elevated spot of the 

Brahooick mountains 1 . 

From these explorations, whilst Ctunt reported that it might be possible for an 
army to march to India- along the Makran coast. Chris* tie and Pottinger confirmed 
earlier reports that the tielniar.d Desert was a, i-.niplete bar to any more northerly 
route through Baluchistan. 

Before leaving Bombay Malcolm deputed Grant to Iraq ; 

The manner in which you laat y<;;ir performed an ii>\.taoii:j mid liuogcnjud Journey through 
Mekran, makes irn: anxious that the pvnhlic should e-coive further benefit from your exertion 
in this difficult but- valuable lino of service. I wish you to proceed to Bnsserah in the H. C. 
Cruizer, and from thenee to fingund, ... ( anil thence to join my camp at Ispahan ). You 
will. ..employ Lieutenant F other high am of tin- Madras Cavalry.. .in whatever way yon may 
judge most conducive to the service 2 . 

Grant and Fothermghain arrived at. Baghdad on March 17th, and on their way 
through the hills Lu wards Isfahan were plundered aod murdered by Kurt! tribesmen. 
Frederick was sent to investigate the crime ; 

I was appointed at Shiran in Mhv a Su porno m- "..try assistant, iit consequent*] of Captain 
Grant's death, and sent expressly to invest igatu the truili and circumstance of that melancholy 
event ; and at the same 1 ime to afford inli .n nation relative to the state of that quarter of the 

country. ... 

I left Shiraa...and performed the journey io fslaluni in five days, riding 58 miles the first 
stage. From thenee to Kermanshah I '.vent in disguise inn.!, after remaining i here three weeks, 
I met the Mission, having in tin; mean time passed through a. very uufreonented country. ... 
From this place T recon.unenced my journey, ... returning partly bv a different route to Isfahan, 
and finally rejoined in October at Buehire. ... The Map or Route which I subsequently 
presen;,ed...wa.! neither ordered nor expected from me 3 . 

Whilst Snodgrass surveyed the route "from Bnshire to Shiraz by the way of 
Feroaeabad, ...the only road front the sea coast to Shiraz that it is possible to 
make practicable for artillery"*, Macdonald and Monteith ran. a survey from 
Bushire to Basra, aod from thence to Shiraz, 

a survey of near a thousand miles through a tract of country hitherto unknown to Europeans. 
The Hazards to which these officers have hoon exposed have arisen solely from the unsettled 
Btafce of the country ; from the officers of the Persian Govern merit they have in variably experi- 
enced hospitality, id a (hi ess, and protection 6 . 
This expedition took th?'ee months but. writes Malcolm, 

during upwards of four more that he [ Maedona.ld j remained with me, he was indefatigably 
employed in writing his excellent Memoir upon the general Geography of Persia, and the great 
airl I have derived from that valuable document in (.''instruct in <_' the largo Map upon which I 
atn now employed [ eaiis for recognition ] a . 

Besides these, military officers Malcolm msd the services of William Webbe 7 , who 
probably surveyed the actual marches of tins mission headquarters in Persia. On 
return Webbe was kept at Bombay till the end of 1S11 [156-7] working on a. great 
Map of Persia and countries lyin> between the Ar.axcs, Tigris, end Indus. Constructed from 
the surveys which were taken, and the in form at i 01 ) cullretod, during the mission of Brigadier 
Malcolm to Persia in 1810. ... Scale 1 inch to 23 miles 8 . 

"This map", writes Malcolm, 
has been formed with that minute attention whieh Geoaj-anhle.a.! works so particularly require, 
and I may venture to affirm *hcro is not a vil!e-ee raid Hewn in it. the position of which hue 

"Pottinger (357). 'Alexander Fetheriii gharri ( ITftT— ISJo i ; Mat!. Cat. Lieut. 31-7-04. B Pol C. 
7-7-10 (SO). s /.'.ju-is /r.im I.tp.'Jnn ',■■: Kirmi'ti.-'fia!; :,. .I/my.,'.,-, «.,»! ,e<«™ >,:i JCn.-i-jdiiii ; 11SI0. 93 
(36]; B Pol C. 28-S-12 ( S ). 'MRiO. 93 (35): It Vol C. .'>ad: -7). --;■.. 7-7-ia , 77 ■, s ;t, 
15-11-11 ( 1 }. 'M Rev Bd lt-fl-08. B MRI0. 93 (14). 



176 



Bombay akd Persia 



Dot been Buffmioi'iily ti-~i:.,-;rfci iried to prrvont the possibility of imy mistiiAo of magnitude. I have 
thought i6 better that a great part of this Map should be left blank than to mislead by laying 
down any one Town, River, or Mountain, of the exists oe and position of which there was 
not satisfactory information. 

This Map has been constructed by Mr. Webbe, an Assistant Surveyor of the Madras 
Establishment, by whom the enclosed Memoir is written. It is but justice to this Meritorious 
and able young man, and to that Public Seminary in which ho was educated [1,283; H> 210 ], 
to deelare that the Sole Merit of the executive part of this work belongs to him ; he has, it la 
true, acted undo" my i:e:n.-i'n"'. I direotiun tmil Superintendence, and I have translated a great 
number of Routes from Persian Works of iUiD.novity to make the Map more complete, but 
he has neither received aid from me, or from any one else in constructing the Map, or in 
writing the Memoir 1 . 

The Memoir explains that, 

In constructing the Map, great attention mm paid : n laying down euiTfetly the latitude 
and longitude of such of the principal points of the Western parts of Persia M were ascertained 
by astronomical observations, viz., Tehran, Bushire, Sennah, Isfahan, Sherauz, Bagdad. ... 
From these were laid down Tnhrw;, Murnivh! 1 , Kfrmn.nq'niih. S 0,-1 It email. ... all of -which were 
fixed by latitudes and by cross routes travelled by officera attached to the Mission. Several 
villages in these routes were also corrected by latitudes observed*. 

When Harford Jones embarked at Bombay [173], he was accompanied by 
James Sut.horin.nd, at that time senior assistant to the JSiirveyor General. Amongst 
the surveys he carried out during more than two years in Persia was one of 
considerable' length along tho Perso-Rusaian frontier towards the Caspian Sea 3 . 
His Map of Western Persic, was published as a supplement to Harford Jones' 
Dynnxty of the Kajars*. 






CHAPTER XIII 






REVENUE .SURVEYS 

BBSQAL-.— The Loiver Provinces — The Upper Provinces — MADBAs -—Thomas 
Munro — Dititrii-i SeUkin-mfs ■■■■ Aftxizlmit Revenue Surveyors — BOMBAY -.—Bombay 
<b Sahette Islands — Broach. 

AN account has already been given of the introduction, in 1793, of the permanent 
settlement of Bengal and it has been shewn how fresh assessments and surveys 
were still required from time to time, more especially to meet the reclamation 
of waste lands [7,14]. Such reclamation was being earned out over wide 
areas on the fringes of the Sundarlaus, and it was to give Government some idea 
of what was happening that early in 1811 William Morrieson was appointed 
to survey the Sundarbans [ 14-15 ]. 

Sinus the date of the Permanent, Sett lorn erst a large extent of Snndarban land had been 
reclaimed, which was...paying nothing, ... but from which Government, iras entitled to revenue. ... 
The survey... which Lieutenant iuorrieson was then carrying o Lit... -would shew what lauds had. 
been reelaimed, and what still remained forest 1 . 

In 1814 Government noted that 
some time past an Engineer officer was deputed to survey those parts of the Sunder bunds 
which had of late years been brought into cult i vat km, and. ..he bar; been engaged in the per- 
formance of thai duty during the Isiwr and present season, it vras fully intended that as soon 
as sufficient progress had bfsen made in the survey, proper measures should ho adopted in the 
Revenue Department for the Assessment of such of the lands. ..as were not included in the 
settlement already made with the Zemindars. ... It merits consideration whether the assess- 
ment of these kinds, and those which 'nave been already surveyed by the above-mentioned 
niT'ieer, should not now be undertaken on a large scale 2 . 

The Decision of Government [writes I'artiger ] was passed on 11th June 1814. ... Mr. 
D. ficott... was... directed to settle the lands reclaimed in that, district, beginning at the 
south, and working northwards. ... Scott's duties, it seems, were confined to the country west 
of the river Isamati, and he was furnished with a copy of Lt. Morrieson's map 3 . 

Early in 1815 a letter was received from the Directors, laving it down 
as a. general principle, thai lands not inelueled the boundaries of permanently -settled estates 
were the property of Government, and liable to such assessment as the Government, might 
think fit to impose. Regarding the Sundarbans, they thought, that, although a, survey had 
been begun there, a more detailed measurement by the agency of natives would he requisite 4 . 
This detailed survey was put in hand during 1816, and will bo described in a 
later volume. 

The survey of the neighbourhood of Sagar Island which Blanc carried out during 
] 8 13-4 was initiated by the Revenue Board, who reported that they had received 
applications for large tracts of land and wanted a map shewing areas computed 
in biga-hs. The Surveyor General drew attention to Blare's survey of 1811 [ 15-6 ], 
which however did not "penetrate into the Country, but only to the borders of 
the Jungle, with the western hank of Channel Creek", and the Board replied that, 
at tho time we submitted the proposition... we were impressed with the idea that the Island 
of Sagor was confined to a small spot at the Southern extremity of tho Hooghly River and 
Channel Creek. On reference however to the Survey lately made by Lieutenant Blane. we 
find that the Island of Sagor extends from the northern entrance of Channel Creek to the Sea. 
They proposed 



\ 



Hll 



178 Revenue Surveys 

that the Lands ait tutted between the BarratuFJa and riubtermooko Rivers, and bounded to the 
North by a nulla... about 16 miles from the Sea, ... be tendered to the public. ... We would 

pL'op:.-;ti tiuit the spot be surveyed 1 , 

which waa accordingly done by Blane [ 16 ]. 

In similar manner, Gheape's survey of Chittayoiig [19] originated in 1814 
from a revenue demand ; 

His Excellency in Council lias long been impressed wit-Ji the expediency of bringing such 
of the Lands as have of late years been reduced to cultivation in the District of Chittagong, 
and are not included in the Permanent. Settlemeni . apon the public assessment. ... 

Measures should be taken for Surveying the whole of the Cultivated tracts of the District 
of Chittagong which are not included in former Surveys as soon after the expiration of the 
present rainy season as possible. An Engineer officer will accordingly be appointed in due 
time with one or mora assistants for the performance of that duty. 

The Vice President in Council presumes that an accurate Survey made bv professienal 
persons will materially facititsi.te the duty of the revenue otlieors in subjecting the Lauds in 
question... to the public assessment". 



The Upper Provinces 

The cession to the Company of several districts of Oudh and Rohilkhancl in 
1801 [26], and of Cuttack in 1803 [23], led to a lengthy disetiSBKm on the 

extension of the. permanent settle i.neni, to thie.se provinces 3 [7]. 

In our Revenue Letter [ wrote the Directors ] dated 37th February 1810 ( par. ii to 47 ), 
we communicated to you our opinion that it would be premature to introduce the permanent 
settlement into the Upper Provinces at so early a period of our connexion with them, and in 
so imperfect a stage of our a-equu.ititanco wit.li their resources, hi proportion as our knowledge 
of Cuttack is mora defective than of these provinces, our conviction of the unreasonableness of 
hastily attempting such a measure in that Zillali is still more decided. 

Before undertaking so arduous a task as that of irrevocably settling in perpetuity the lands 
of a province, ...we have always considered a patient and laborious scrutiny of individual 
rights, a careful investigation of local peculiarities, together with a minute and detailed survey 
of the extent, cultivation, and productive powers of the territory, as it id is] 'disable. ... 

The last ( vii, a survey of the lands ), though it be attended with considerable trouble 
and expense, is necessary to a fair and equal assessment, while the discoveries of fraudulent 
concealments or improper alienations.. .bavo in gi-neral, we believe, much more than oomponsatod 
for the additional charge incurred- ... In the management of the Conquered and Ceded 
Territories which have been annexed to the two subordinate. Presidencies, this course has been 
successfully pursued [ 180-2, 188-g ]. ... 

If, in settling the lands of the Rental provinces, a particular survey was not judged to be 
necessary, it was because, from long possession, we .supposed ourselves ( perhaps too hastily ) 
[ J, 140-1 ] to be thoroughly acquainted with their resources 4 . 

Again in a later letter ; 

The object of the present dispatch is to caution you, in the most pointed maimer, against 
pledging us to the extension of the Bengal fixed assessment to our newly acquired territories. ... 
It is not. ..without anxiety that we have learned from your late dispatches that a triennial ■ 
lease has been concluded in the Upper Provinces, which expires, we believe, in the course of 
April 1812, whereby the assessment in the third year of the lease has been declared by you 
to be permanent, ... which we i-i.re not by any means rirepared to satisfy. ... 

You are directed to continue to administer tbe revenues of these province? under a renewed 
lease for a term net exuoodinc: live years 5 . 

The Company had been in possession of Hen.yal for nearly thirty years before the Government 
fixed limits to its demands upon the land ; it was not, therefore, without surprise that we 
were informed.. .of your having deputed two Commissioners, for the purpose of extending that 
settlement to a vast extent of country which was acquire'!, by treaty and conquest, only five 
years before 6 . 

The Bengal Government replied that revenue assessments were not being fixed 
merely by a few years experience, but from 

■BPC. 26-2-13 { 7 ). » BMC. 15-7-14 ( 107 ). * BIO, S4. 1. 'CD to B. ( Key ), 1-2-11 ( 18-22 j. 



The Upper Provinces 



■i this expedient, but the chicanery 
ificers necessarily employed ; ... the 

:: consequently exposed, and the 



accounts deposited in- the ofiiees of the Collators themselves ; ... the Zemindarry accounts ; 
and the account* of the (Ianon;;oo3 and Putwarries 1 . Tile Zemindarry dufter and the Serishtah 
of the Canongot« and Putwarries are not contrivances and institutions of the British Govern- 
ment, but of the Governments which preceded us, and existed at least in as complete a form 
under the latter as under our administration. ... Generally apsakiag there are absolutely no 
other documents which [ can ] be applied to the ohjeet in view. 

Tt may.be urged, perhaps, that the circumstance* hern noticed furnish a strong argument 
for those local survey* and valuations to which your Honorable Court h as... averted, and which 
are stated to have been attended with such beneficial effects in other parts of India. But we 
know nothing that we should more strongly deprecate than the undertaking of such Surveys 
and valuations in the territories immediately dependant on this Presidency. ... 

Possessing only a general knowledge of the measures adopted...in the Presidencies of Fort 
St. George and Bombay, and of the effect of those measures, we are necessarily precluded 
from offering any opinion ; ... bat the experience obtained on the subject in Bengal would by- 
no means warrant us in recommending that a similar course should bo observed im..this 
Presidency. 

In former times recourse was not mifrequently had t 
and! "corruption practised by tho large body tit native oi 
exactions and injustice which the Zemindars and others v 

heavy exnense with which all such Surveys wore attended, gradually Induced succeeding 
Governments to abandon the plan of fixing the public assessment hy an actual measurement 
and computation of the produce of the lands of each individual [I, 137-4: ]. 

The practice has long been entirely discontinued, and wo are satisfied that tho most ex- 
perienced and capable of the RovcmieoTucc-ra would deem the revival of it an evil, burthensome 
and oppressive to the people, and unproductive of any substantial benefit te the pecuniary 
inv?vest-s of the State. ... 

The village accounts above noticed should bo received with circumspection, but when 
such precautions have been duly observed, they have been found fully adequate. ... At all 
events, much greater confidence can bo reposed in them, because they are not easily falsified 
or fabricated, than can be done in the accounts of local surveys and Valuations made almost 
exclusively by the Agency of Native Officers not holding any permanent appointments under 
Government 2 . 

The Director* refiisod to accept. Ihose arguments ; 

By the survey and other statistical reports which have been drawn up from time to time 
by some of the ablest of our revenue servants in the Madras Establishment, we have been put 
in possession of a most valuable mass of information concerning tho actual condition and 
probable resources of the territories dependent on the presidency of Fort St. George [ I, 145 ; 
II, 182-4 ]■ ■■- Certain it is that our acquaintance with the provinces under your presidency is 
much more limited. One material advantage derivable from a detailed measurement of the 
lands of a district is that it operates as a most salutory check upon the accounts, for the most 
part fallacious, which are kept by the native revenue officers of the extent and productiveness 
of the soil in cultivation, and which, if taken as the sole basis of an assessment, would render 
it. i-i.lw'jiyj irif.ilfquato. and often ur.ooi.ial. ... 

It is from a want of that information which a regular revenue survey can alone afford, 
when succeeded by a proy.rar registry and inspection or village; cultivation, that those serious 
affrays can be effectually put an end to, whieh are constantly arising in lands already in. cultiva- 
tion respecting disputed boundaries of estates and crops. ... We conceive that the dispute, 
in the first instance., generally originated from an undefined state of property with respect to 

After quoting accounts of troubles caused by faulty records, they continue ; 

That surveys of the land are attended with considerable expense is unquestionable, if they 
be duly performed, but if the benefits resulting from them be far more considerable, and no 
less certain, ... this objection falls to the ground. ... We have satisfactory evidence that in 
the Peninsula they have amply repaid, as well by increased revenue as in a variety of other 
ways, tho charges attendant upon them. 

The conviction entertained by the liombay Government of the expediency of surveys has 
prompted them to adopt that method of investigating tho landed rights and tenures in the 
recently acquired territories on that side of India [ 188-9 ]'• 

Wnilst bhsm diaGiiasioas were proceeding, short-term assessments of revenue 



iKa»* 



< 8-10 ). a CD to E. ( Rev ), 6-1-15 ( 22, 24, 29 ). 



ri, keeper . of 1 



CD. ( Rf-v ), 17-7-13 



■> 



180 Revenue Surveys 

were made, in various parts of the Upper Provinces. In 1 80b' Government approved . 
that, in the area of Delhi f 5S ]\ "settlement should be made with the occupr.nts 
of the several villages, as preferable to letting the lands in farm", and the following 
year the Resident reported ; 

That we are not yet thoroughly acqu;iiriii.d with the rfji-iin'c.',: of the country may, I think, 
be attributed to the following causes — ... 

To the obstinacy ■,:;;■:{ pervoi'S^nei^ of many of the zumeendars. Of S-iiii/la belonginc; ho 
persons of this '.k;s f ;tiiJl.h>D., tho iouioLP.eiit could not }>?■ irindx-. wa.'u iveincy from their resisting 
ft measurement of the ei*!tivai,e; J , pari of their csi/itoo whu:]-, ii^et.ber -v:th tht: total want of 
authentic village records, ... greatly tended to pcq.>ls;x the business — ... 

To the... distrust which to a certain decree still prevails among the landholders, and which 
induced several to abscond at the tune when thole of-wertce w;u? required for tho formation of 
the to tTiemon.il*. 

The settlement was carried out by Charles Metcalfe [62 n.5 ] during 1807-8 
and lie notes that 

the ascertaining tho produce and value of the land must, of course, be the foundation of 
every revenue settlement, ... either by, ..being guided by the account.; and records, if authentic, 
of previous years, or.. .by measuring the oo.ltivated portion of each villtige, and ascertaining 
tho articles of produce. 

Upon the present occasion, ... from the want of rogul;u' documents, ...it would be desirable 
to have recourse to the latter of those rcicdes. ... I fear however—its adoption must be post- 
poned. 

This is usually carried into etloct hy deputing into each village an aumecn, two or more 
measurers ( i.e. jereeb kuxhes 3 ) and a moharir on tho part of the canoongo, ... together with the 
pvtwarrce. ot the village, taking the precaution to affix to the polo, rope, or such other instrument 
of measurement as may be in local use, the seal of the Oay.eo and Tebseeldar*. 

In 1898 tho Commissioners of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces [26, 28] 
wrote from Earrukhabad re^om in ending 

accurate surveys of the several TXirgn:inahs ; ... the esponau incident, to it would b« abund- 
antly compensated in the act-nat pecuniary benefit which would ultimately result to 
Government. [ The survey would bring to light rent-free tenures, and -waste lands recently 
reclaimed, of which there was no esaefc knowledge ]. The benefieKil results to the Military 
and Police Departments, though not within our cognizance, will not escape the penetration 
of Government. ... 

We presume that if 1 here should not he on the establishment of Engineers any officers who 
could be spared, ... other persons competent to the discharge mipbt he readiiv found, and that 
the extra expense to be incurred... would not be great, as the boundaries of pergunnshs only, 
and not of villages, would be the object to be ascertained, with an exact measurement of all 
the lauds contained in such pergunnahs. We apprehend no difficulty... from the disputes... 
respecting village limits, and the Oanoongoes mi^ht bo directed to attend and point out the 
extent of the Persian aha, which we believe continue, with little alteration, the same as they 
stood in the time of Akbar trie first [ I, 133 f. 

It was not however before 1814 that Alexander Gerard started the survey of 
Saharanpur District [ 7, 36 ], being appointed 

to survey al! Pergunnah-i A Estatos, tho assessment of which has not yet been fixed in per- 
petuity ; with the official dr-si;;nati<.'n of Surveyor to the Hoard of Commissioners 8 . 
He commenced work in January 1814 7 , but was recalled to military duty twelve 
months later to play his part in the Nepal War. 



Madras: — Thomas Muneo 

We have already described the settlement survey carried out by Alexander 
Read in Salem and Baramahal between 1793 and 1798 f I, 144-5 L and we now 
come to the work of his pupil Thomas Munro, who applied Read's ryotwdri 
system to the Ceded Districts, and worked out a code of regulations which, with 

*ib. (16), 21-12-07. 'DDn. 82 (221-4), 



Thomas Muheo 181 

little modification, governed the revenue operations of Madras and Bombay for 
the next sixty years [ 8 ] . 

■ After the Call of Tipu, Mtinro was appointed the first Collector oi'Ku.nara [158} 
and during hi* year there ."iiado a sett 'Lenient with the landholders, estate by estate, 
based on vernacular records 1 . He also made an experimental survey of one 
village^ [96]. 

la October 1800 he was transferred to the Coded Districts, an enormous area 
covering the pre^en; districts of BelJary, Is urn 00 i, Ammlapur, and C'uddapah [152]. 
The country was in a disturbed uusottbd st,<i,lo, cud tiio 'poliydrs, or petty chiefs 
had long been their own masters unci or the role of Mysore or the XkSm. Nothing 
daunted, Mirnro proceeded to institute a survey and assessment of the country, 
aided by four assistant collectors ; 

There wa.s no private pro] n:::'i y hi lo.nti in die Ceded iJi^i-vi '.-it:, as in Canara. ... The land 
had always been regarded as tbo prooikty of the State. Accurate records of ancient assess- 
ments, such a=- 1m Canara. had no existence. ... though records appea.r to have been tolerably 
complete horn has time of ilycler Ali. 

From the information thus available Muun.. proceeded to institute a survey and assessment 
of the country. The system of revenue in troduced was ryotwari assessment upon each separate 
field, instead of on the entire holding as in Curiam, and it was based upon a detailed measure- 
ment of the hind, & classification of the productive oo pacifies of the various soils. The two 
processes of .Survey and Assessment, which s'irc conducted separately, were carried out very 
mueh upon -.' :■■ ■-:•. no oi'moiph's as ! hose vv>.i.d-- re- id a tod r.he sorvnys .V j-'-ssesKnierits made in 
India in m>>.v modern Limes, although they • ■.■■r" T ,r ,' 'i'. less accurate, owing to ihe inferior 
nature of the native s.roney which in those days was available. 

The survey was commenced i.i 1S02 ami finished l.i I >>;>?>, the most complete that had yet 
been made ho any Indian Province. ... 

Mimro's contention: was that where Im-go landholders did cot already exist, it was not 

wise to create them by an artificial process tie cou tended thid. in ijie Ceded Districts. 

and in the greater part of Southern and Wooiorn indh., too em/kmi. kind toiTMi'o of the country 
was pure and simple ryotwar 3 . 

In report hi g the com p lotion of his 1p.sk, Mnnro writes 4 ; 

Tt was begun in June ISiii! by four Oomasht.n.s of rny Cut cherry, who were at that time 
the only persons in the Ceded Districts who understood lend measuring. It proceeded very 
slowly at first from the want of banc's hut, several of the Inhabitants being instructed every 
month, the number o: Surveyors by the ond of the: year amounted to. fifty, and whs in the 
course of the following one augmented to a. honored. ... 

The average revenue lots been about sixteen lues of Pagodas, which at four per cent gives ' 
64,000 Pagodas. But the Survey has already cost 80,000 .Pagodas, and will cost about 3,000 
more. This increase is occasioned by its having oecuoled nearly live years instead of four, 
owing to my attention having been partly diverted from it to the business of supplies while 
" the Army was in the Field [ 57, 102 ], and to its having been necessary to survey a second 
time a great part of the lands on the banks of the rivers, in order to ascertain how much of 
them had been carried away by the inundation in October 1804. 

The Surveyors were at first f brined into Parties of six, but afterwards of ton, to each of 
which a Head Surveyor or Inspector vols appointed. With the exception of hills and rocks, 
all land of whatever kind was measured ; all reads, sites of towns and villages, beds of tanks 
and rivers, wastes end jungles, wore included in the Survey. ... 

The Surveyors used everywhere- the simo standard measure, '■•■ chain of thirty -three feet, 
forty of which made an a.cre. They were paid by the Acre at such a rate as it was supposed' 
would enable thern with diligence to earn about sis; Pagodas monthly. They were eneonraged 
to be expeditious by the hope of gain, and deterred at the sains thee from being inaccurate 
throuch haste by the fear of disni-sjon. fir no fidse measurercent beyond ten percent in dry 
lam!. and iive per eesil ", ,0 t, ' t * -r ' >r ■ 'dmg from negligence, from haste, or design, 
was ever excused, and I'fL'ri ..I in- :.a,i. *n of !■_:;.-. of employment on this account that occurred 
during the early part of the Survey, soon rendered the- Surveyor? so cautious that their measure- 
ment was after wards in general sufficiently correct. ... 

The Head Surveyors, or Inspectors, examined the measurements of the Surveyors placed 
under their charge. They were paid by the month. To have paid them by the Acre would 

"48 K/ll ; MRC. 20-5-00. ' Artmtlinot, I ( xciii, ci). * Report, 26-7-07; 



1 

11 


It 


1 


II 


1 lis 


'f-iMc 


In 


1 


1 IB 


1 


m 


II 




1 

1 


} 
1 

ill 


198 



1S2 



Kevenue Surveys 



have defeated the end of their appointment, by preventing them from examining carefully 
and deliberately the operations of the Under Surveyors. But to guard against remissness 
and to leavn them at the same time sufficient, leisure for investigation, they were required to 
raoasure monthly one-tenth of the quantity of land fixed for a Surveyor. ... 

The whole of the Inspectors ffeHce ftecyisnt ly removed from one Party to another, because 
fay remaining too long with one Party they were apt to entertain partialities and ennmiee, 
and to pass over the false measurements of some Surveyors, while they exaggerated the 
trifling errors of others ; and for these causes many Inspectors were at different times dis- 
missed. 

Of 38 rules laid down for the guidances of Surveyors, two provided that ; 

No. 28. To prevent the survey from being retarded from indolence, you mus 
daily, whether sirkar or enam 1 land, as follows ; 

Dry : If cultivated ... ... ... 5,000 Goontas or chains 

If... uncultivated land, divided into fields 6,£iOO „ 

or if... undivided waste o 
Wet; If cultivated 

If uncultivated ... 

No. 38. You will pay the bazar price for all articles r 
not pay, or if you receive batta, yon will bo dismissed. 

Of 25 rules laid down for "Examiners of the Survey" two read ; 

No. 13. If any Rayat complains that the measurement of his field is no 
measure it again. 

No. 21. You are not to try the measurement of a part of the Surveyors in one Month, 
and that of the rest in another, but yon arc in chcii month to \ry the measurement of all the 
Surveyors. 

More than eighty years later Munro's work was thus appreciated ; 

It is astonishing how Munro was able, with such rapidity to organize an establishment, 
and carry tlirough a "work which was not only new, but detrimental to the interests of the 
village headmen, whose false accounts and o^ieo.dicr;;!-- i.f cultivation were thus brought 
to light. ... It is on the whole wonderfully correct, and though it never underwent the revision 
which Munro intended to apply to it, it is to this day a safe guide in most village dispute*-. 

Not only was Munro's system extended to other Madras districts, bat in 1818 
a full account was passed to the Bengal Government, who were at that time waver- 
ing between the merits of the permanent settlement and some form of ryotwari 
settlement for their Upper Provinces [ 8, T78-9 ] 3 . 

Munro left India in 1807, and on his return in 1814 was concerned in the reform 
of the civil administration. When, however, ho became Governor of Madras in 
June 1820, he took a special interest, in revenue administration, and lias left import- 
ant minutes on the Subject of settlements and surveys*. 



■eceived in the village. If you do 



t fan-, you v 



District Settlements, Madras 

There was uo regular policy for the assessment of revenue in the various districts 
of the Madras Presidency : each was dealt with by the Board of Tievenuc according 
to local conditions, which included past history and the capacity of the Collector. 
It was laid down, however, in 1805, as a general principle, "that, the Collectors of 
Revenue should be directed to proceed with all possible dispatch in the survey of 
their respective districts" 5 . 

These settlement surveys were to be entirely distinct, from those more general 
district surveys entrusted to the assistant revenue surveyors [ 139-51 ], and their 
general mitrustwoftbi.tiess was sensed by Ben tin ck, who wrote in 1804, when advo- 
cating the establishment of the Military Institution [ 124, 314-5 ] ; 

How great would the advantage have been in forming either the annua! or perniMnent 
settlement of our Revenues if the districts hud been laid down by men of science, precluding 
the necessity of trusting t.o the survey!! of tia liven, equnlly linhle to error from want of honesty 
and from want of knowledge 8 . 

1 of 30-1-27, 



District Settlements, Maduas 



is;; 



In the Jagii' 1 and the Northern Oircar.s alone was pormanoni settlement intro- 
duced ; in most other districts a survey, or peimash, by native staff was completed 
before 1808, and formed the basis of all periodic assessments driving the next fifty 
yeara. 

Of Tinnevelly it was recorded in 1803 that 
the errors -which have been, already discovered, ... in consequence of the survey commenced 
by Mr. Lushington, suthciont ly uemorLstrai.e I!,!; expediency of thai mulei'taking, find the 
advantages which uiav be e_\peote:t...froin prcsoctil itig tin. 1 work to a conclusion 2 . 
But Muiiro noted in 1827 that 

in Tinnivelly there is no system of revenue management ; the system, such as ii is, is calculated 
to keep the Cell ■:■<■■ or id. ijnijrLin.ee of the suite of the d isfrtct. ... There are no detailed accounts... 
in his cutoherry that can he depended upon. Too much, is left to the curnums ; they distribute 



; tbey 



s of many 



ster, so that 

registered in 

In both 



..they assess the ryots as they plea 
every year 3 . 

Of Madura and Dindignl Munro writes ; 

The survey and assessment was made by Mr. Hindis [ I, 114 ]. ... The fields a 
bered, ...but in Dmdijul the assessment of each field is inserted in the regis 
each ryot knows what, Vie 1 1 a.s to pay to Cover nmerrt. In Madura the fields a 
different dulses 1 ... the extent, of each is ;-;hown, but r 
district-! very little can.' has been ia'uen to preserve the survey accounts 4 . 
In 1812 it is recorded that 
the permanent settlement which was introduced into the province of Dindigul totally failed : 
and, after sustaining a considerable loss of revenue, the Madras Government has been obliged 
to resort to the esi.ablLsivm.es it of a system of village leases 5 . 

Of North Arcot the Collector wrote in 1804 that, 
in order to secure Cultivati u's from undefined or immoderate exaction it is not necessary to 
measure the country. The settlement of last year is founded on principles adequate to the 
attainment of this object. ... But, with a vjewto correct the rr.ii.iiy errors which may be Supposed 
to exist in the present; rejiisUa' of the mftisuranentr; of (lie fields ; ... in order to fix a rent upon 
equitable principles : ... likewise of discovering the eue roach moms which have been mode on 
the Government Lands by irregular alienations, and unauthorised privileges; I consider a 
Survey of the Conn try as < -endue in:: b ■ the bene!, j I of Culi ivetor;; sod the stability of Revenue. ... 

I have to submit. ..an Intimate of the- expenee of nuinsuring this Division of Arcot, including 
the small district of Yonks t sherry above the G hunts. The Kstimafo amounts to Star Pagodas 
6,060 s . 

The survey was carried out, in 1807 and seventy years later if was recorded that the 
accounts known as tlie district paima. ; ;h air: valuable records, still careiiiliy preserved and 
frequently referred to. The work included both a general survey and a classification, with 
assessments of all lands. By the survey all lauds, both cultivated and waste, were divided 
into lots each bearing a number, and the extent of en. eh was recorded 7 . 

Of Palnad, now part of Guntur District, Government coin mended the work of 
the Collector, who, 

altho' his endeavors to accomplish the introduction, of a ryotvvar sol tlemeiit... were not 
entirely successful. ...has been enabled to conclude a settlement of that district for Fusly 
1214 [a.d. 1804-5], OI1 principles so nearly resembling the system-introduced in other 
districts... that the apportionment, of the rent paid by each ryot; on the different descriptions 
of land cultivate'.] 1 by him appears only to be n en! in.!*- and. as the survey of the lands... has 
been concluded, His Lordship in Commit eo terrains confident expectations that the opposi- 
tion, of the inhabitants to the ryotwar system will soon yield to their conviction of its 
ad vantage 8 . 

Of Tanjore the Directors write in 1803 ; 

The arrangements proposed. ..appear to have for their object the ascertainment of the real 
resources of the Tuujore Province, combined with the happiness of the people, a.s preparatory 
to the introduction 0: a permanent settlement of the Revenues similar to that, now in progress 
for the lands in the Company's Jagiiiro and Northern Cirears. With this view it appears that 
the Collector bos alrcivdy commenced a mcasuvcBiait of the lurid.-;, in ivhieh we trust ho will 
persevere, notwithstanding the continued efforts of the Landholders in opposition thereto. ... 

1 Chingleput [I, 141-3]. ! MRC. 13-S-03 ; Stephen Eumbold Lushington (1775-1S68); MCS. 
1790-1KU"; Colli'. Tinnnvellv 1S0I U ; aiil.h. of Life ef l:i- f'.tht r-in-lA-.v, Gen. Lord Tuvrria [I, six]. 
'Arbuthnot, I (281). *ib. (285), S CE- to B. 16-1-12 (67). e M EevBd. 2-7-04. ^NorlhAreot 
121 ). »MEC. 15-3-06. 



!;li 



184 



Revenue Subveys 



'.['huro is ii'.) r:spedie.tii... which would tend move to augment tku .1:!' 

survey of the kinds 1 . 

On the other hand, Miuiro writes in 1S27 ; 

Although Tanjore ha* been so !oniz in our possession, very liltie progress has been yet 
made in the establishment of a fixed assessment on the land. Assessments have been made 
on an estimate of the value oi the grain produced ; this leaves the extent of land and the rate 
of assessment on each field in each village, miceruiiTi ; and. as a field, assessment can only be 
effected by means of a survey, it ought to be begun without delay. The survey ought to be 
made upon the same principles as in those districts where the most complete surveys have 
been made. ... 

Trichinopoly, by having a register of fields and a feed assessment upon each, possesses 
the means by which its armiatl land-rent may be easily & fairly settled 2 . 

Mackenzie abandoned Ids. first idea of making an agricv-ltnral surrey of Mysore, 
that should ascertain "the quality of the cultivated lands, their several kinds, the 
tanks and waterworks" [92, 103], and we have no record of any such revenue 
survev being carried out in Mysore at this period. It is recorded, however, that 
before Haidar All's era Raja Chikka Devi had regular- field surveys and settle- 
ments made 3 , and that " the mode of estimating the quantity of land in Mysore is 
not by actual measurement, but by the quantity of seed grain required to sow the 
arable land" 4 . 

An experimental survey was however- made by two of Mackenzie's assistants 
of a village in Kurnool District, OB scale 400 feet to an inch, which shnwed the 
village boundary, all water channels, and field partitions. Measurement was made 
separately by 24 and 2f feet rods, and distinguished paddy fields, dry grain, waste 
land, and cocoannt groves 5 . 



Assistant Revenue Surveyors 

The duties of the assistant, revenue surveyors sent out from the observatory 
training school were, first, a general survey of the districts to which they were 
posted, followed by a particular survey to include all the tanks and reservoirs, 
rivers and water channels, administrative and estate boundaries, limits of cultiva- 
tion, and any other detail requited by the Collector [ I, 145-6 ]. 

Some of these surveyors worked under the professional superintendence of the 
Inspector of Tank Repairs [ I, 108-9 ; II 139, 341 ], and the remainder, though 
under the direct orders of the Collectors, were under the professional guidance of 
the Inspector of Revenue Surveys, otherwise the Astronomer, who examined the 
results of then work, and compiled the district maps. 

Although it was clearly stated that the boys were "educated solely for the 
service of the Revenue Department.'', the. measurement of fields wa.s definitely 
beyond their functions [346 -S]j B and the duties above defined provided ample work 
for several years. There was a continued demand for their' services, and orders had 
to he issued to prevent their diversion to non-professional work; 

Collectors are stt'ierJv prohibited from employing tf.eir surveyors as Writers in their 
Cutcheries [ 140, 141 ] ; such a practice defeating the object of the Institution ; should a 
surveyor prove inadequate to tke Task required of him, the essse is to be represented to the 
Board of R-csvonuu, who will cause liirn to be removed 7 . 

Although much useful work was done by these young surveyors, some was of a 
very poor quality [ 140, 147, 151 ] ; the Collectors had no professional knowledge, 
and were far too busy to give them any serious attention, whilst the Inspector of 
Revenue Surveys never made any attempt to visit them at work in the districts. 
It is, therefore, no wonder that the Commander-in-Chief recommended in 1810 
that "the office of the Inspector: of Revenue Surveys.. .should... be suppressed" 8 
[2,299-300]. 

*GDtoM (Rev), 13-3-03 (6). =Arbuthaot I (281). ^Niobolson (83, 06). * Wilis (47). 
» WJbii. MUIO. M ilS. vHWe of KiHiishu-.i in Krmaad hihik, bv Vc.pe and Faulkner, «DJ.)n. 334 ( 16-5/9 ) 
17-1-07. »DDn. 133 (303/5) 17-1-07. 'Gcncr.d Haven's R™>rl, 27-8-10 ( 247 ) ; DDn. 34 ( 9 ). 



Assistant Revenue Surveyors 



I So 



Control of these surveyors was transferred to the Surveyor General from the 
end of 1810 ; the district surveys still in progress were finished off, but no further 
work was taken up for the Revenue Board. Under Mackenzie's management it 
was alreadv established that the topographical surveyors should survey all adminis- 
trative boundaries, watercourses, and tanks ; and collect statistical data useful to 
the civil administration, but though distinction was made between cultivated and 
jungle areas, it was not yet the established rule to survey their exact limits. 

Survey of fields for assessment purposes was carried out by Indian methods and 
agency under the direct supervision of the Collectors [ 182-3 ] I the assistant 
revenue stirvevors were not brought into this work except in the suburban areas 
of Madras, about which the Collector of Madras thus reported on the work of 
William Webbe between 1804 and 1807 : 

The duties of Mr. Webbe it, this Office do not in my opinion require his keeping either a 
Field Book or a, survey of the Division. He is employed m making Plane and measuring of 
the lands sold to Gentlemen and others within the limits of Madras. ... 

The situation of Assistant Surveyor under the Collector of Bladras is a place of very con- 
siderable trust. ... To the Assistant, Surveyor are confided the interests of Government in the 
measurement of land, either to be purchased or sold, and surely bis pecuniary interests, where 
he discharges his duties very satisfactorily as Mr. Wubbe has done, ought not to be overlooked 1 . 

It is not clear who relieved Webbe in 1807 ; possibly Johnson [ 140 ], who was 
on this dutv in 1810 when the Governor noted that 

an Assistant Surveyor may, I conceive, be always employed to advantage under the 
Collector of Madras. " The valuable property in the binds oi Madras might suggest the propriety 
of a regular survey of them all being ma.de, in order that the right of the Government and of 
individuals might always be clearly defined and ascertained, and the expense of one of the 
Assistants migtit.. bo defrayed with propriety by ih" Collector's establishments. 

The Board of Revenue reconls that, 
having understood that abases had taken place in the settlement, and in the issue of 
Grants and Certificates for the lands and houses in the vicinity of iStadmra, the Collector insti- 
tuted an enquiry into the subject which has confirmed the in format. ion be received. A con- 
siderable number of houses in t.ho village of St. Thome have been discovered to bo held with- 
out any Grant or Certificate, and a permanent addition has been made to the revenue by 
assessing upon these houses mii annual Quit Rent. ... 

In consequence of this confirmation of his suspicious, and oilier circumstances, ...the 
Collector, being of opinion that the revenue might be considerably increased by a complete 
survey of the whole Talook, has deputed tor that purpose the Assistant Surveyor attached to 
his Department. ... 

Assistant Surveyor J. A. J ohnson will proceed forthwith to St. Thome, ai u 1 make a complete 
Survey of that village. He will prepare a general plan, ... with table shewing the extent of 
the several descriptions of land and the names of II ie proprietors 3 . 

It is probably a map of Johnson's that is now preserved in the British Museum, 
"the Environs of Madras, snrvoved 1814 4 ", but there is no evidence as to who 
made a "Particular Survey of f ondaharpcttah, " north of Blacktown 6 [ I, 94], 
shewing fences and "boundaries, "scale 200 feet to an inch. July 9th 1801" fi . 

Bombay & Salsistte Islands 

Several surveys were made of Bombay and Salsette during the 18th eentuiy 
[I. 120, 147 ], but the eitv was fast extending, and the neighbouring lands rapidly 
increasing in value. A General Order of November 1803 tells of another attempt 
to (start a regular large scale survey ; 

Lieutenant Goodletlow having been prevented from making material progress in the Survey 
of the Mazagon Estate by being called away on other professional duty, the Honorable the 
Governor in Council has been pleased to appoint Captain Brooks to proceed with the said 
Survey, and to continue it through the Island, as well in view to Revenue purposes, aft to 
political utility, ascertaining and laying down...the exact limits of each Estate, and noting 

7. >MMC 20-1-1 t. 3 MEevBd. 9-9-11. *BM.K 



180 



Revenue Surveys 



the particular tenure, or tenures on which they are severally held 1 . 

There is no record of the work carried out either by Goodfellow or Brooks 
[1,315]. but in December 1810 another Engineer officer, John Hawkins, was 
directed to get into touch with the Collector's office and to 

enter upon the survey on the 1st of the ensuing month of January, commencing in the first 
instance with the Oart-s situated in the Bombay District [ I, 147 11.5 ] ; you will ascertain the 
number of Cocoa-nut, Brab, Date, or Betelnut Trees there may be in each Oart, the 
proprietors of them, their quantities, and...whethev the Trees be drawn...for distillation, for 
the sale of the Liquor in the crude state, or whether allowed to run to fruit ; what may be 
the ovorage rnimbet of Oucoaiiuts produced annually by each Cocoa-nut Tree, and for how 
many your;-- they continue productive in that state. ... 

Having completed the sur\oy of the ISombay District, you will be pleased to deliver in 
your report for that division of the Island, and then proceed on a similar survey of the Mahim 
District 2 . 

The need for detailed survey was stressed by the Assistant Collector in charge of 
the island ofKaranja; 

Under the supposition that the Land Revenue on this Island is considerably less than 
should be yielded, in consequence of the incorrectness of the survey which was made in 
1796-7 3 , and agreeable to which the land is at present assessed, I Lave had two villages 
Surveyed. ... 

It appears that even b these two villages alone there is a defalcation in the Hevenue to 
the amount of rupees 457-3-29, and...it is but reasonable to infer that the rest of the 
Island pays less tax in a proportionate degree. ... I therefore... reoore mend... the Islands, 
Elephants and Hog, to be surveyed, to effect whicl:....an expence of about four hundred 
rupees would be incurred. 

In sanctioning this survey Government wished that it should 

not be conducted with any degree of rigid precision, that should give disgust or offence to the 
inhabitants, but rather upon a liberal scale, to accord with the system of e 
which hereafter obtained in the Island*. 

In February 1812, Hawkins handed over to Dickinson, who held oha] 
next eight years [8j, and in May Dickinson submitted 

a survey of the Oarts of Mahim District, including those at Worlee, Hion, Sworee, Parele, 1 
its vicinity, to a careful examination of which I have devoted the last nine months, not m 
Shan 60 having been inspected when I entered upon the survey. 

Throughout the duties...! have invariably been met with the greatest civility and rem 
from the inhabitants, and. ..my duties have been much facilitated by the very g: 
;u. all times afforded me by L-lio Collector. ... 

I am desirous of submitting a plan sufficiently comprehensive for every revenue purpose... 
and exhibiting en an immense scale, not only the exact contents ami J'Joundaries of each estate, 
but every species of property. ... Each sheet...to be accompanied by 2 books, one for 
registering the Tenures, and containing a rental of every part of the Island let out by 
lease ; ...the other a eeiisus specifying the number of Men, Women, and Children, in each 
caste. ... I beg leave to reconunrnd that fair copies of each sheet...be deposited with the 
CKplLiniiiory books in the Collector's office 6 . 

Progress was bound to be slow, for several reasons ; 

The confusion and gross inaccuracy of most of the records in the Collector's office, and in 
many instances the total want of any, were the causes which led to the Revenue Survey. 
The actual survey or measurement of the lands on the Island is an undertaking still almost in 
its infancy, owing to other duties which were required of me and my predecessor, viz., a 
minute examination of all the eoeoanut- Oarts. ..and classification of their various products, 
which duty was not completed before the beginning of June last — ... 

The enormous scalo on which the work is carrying on, in order to assure the greatest possible 
accuracy where ground, particularly within the .Fori, is of such incredible value 

The length of time and extreme caution. ..to be observed in examining the proprietors 
tenures, and reporting upon their degrees of validity, and the accuracy of their contents, 
many of them being in foreign languages— - The extra duties incidental to the situation of 
Revenue Surveyor, whose Business it also is to measure out all pieces of ground petitioned 

>rywhere, added to the 



-■ fur the 



for, 



any part of the Island. ... 
In consideration of.. .the very intricate division of property ei 



>V„j JIC. 11-10-15. "-Bo EC. 2S-1 



■■110 pnvriuulurs fo -.Hid. 



Bombay & Salsette Islands 



ciroinnstance of my not being able, from the nature of the climate, to dedicate a very- 
large portion of the day to the practical part of this Duty, ... 4 years will not exceed the 



■> a general improvement of the Revenue 
l the surveys of Collabah and 






To speed up the work he was given two assistants, Gordon and Remon, from 
October 1812, and by the following July he bad the further assistance of Macleod 
and Tate [ 323 ], of whom he proposed 

tllat Mr. Macleod be pcrniane7it.lv attached as Junior Assistant i-o this department, who is 
capable of combining the laborious duties out of Doors with those of a more Sedentary nature 
in the office. ... Mr. Tate's constitution will not, I fear, for some time to come admit of his 
being of much use out of doors ; to a masterly performance, however, of the duties in the 
Office, his Talents are eminently adapted. ... 

After the monsoon, ... I shall be enabled either to go myself, or detach an Assistant, to 
Caranjah 2 . 

Government was impatient for completion, and told the Board of Revenue 
that, 

considering the very limited extent, of the Island, ;md the establishment allowed for the Survey, 
the Governor in Council cannot help viewing four or five years a very long time for its com- 
pletion. ... It will become the duty of the "Beard t,otal;e into its consideration the expediency of 
augmenting Lieutenant Dickinson's establishment, as until the survey be completed it will be 
difficult to adjust all the arrangements necessary t 
of the Island. 

Lieutenant Dickinson is also to be called upon fr 
Old Woman's Island 3 . 

Tn December 1813 Dickinson submitted 
an actual Survey of the Town in Duplicate, the larger, containing a minute Plan of the forti- 
fications on the immense scale of forty feet, to an inch, is intendod...as a Document of universal 
reference ; ... the other, consisting of eighteen sheets, is more adapted for the use of the 
Collector, blended as it is with a Book of refe7'enees. ... 

Having... explained the nature of the existing Tenures under which the landed estates 
within the Fort are held, T... suggest, BUch measures connected with the future adjustment of 
the ground rents. ..best calculated to promote the very desirable object which Government 
have in view 4 . 

The survey was now extended by v uU and Tate to the Ida/mi of Salsette 6 . 
Nutt resigned two months later, after his work had been severely criticised by 
Dickinson and work then continued with Price and Ennis on Bombay Island, 
and Macleod and Tate on Salsette. In June 1815 Dickinson reported that 
survey has been completed of the whole of the lands belonging to the village of Nadalla in the 
neighbourhood of Parell. ... Very considerable progress has likewise been made in the revenue 
survey of the MaWtmga arid Sion lands, also a Trigone metric; 1 1 Basis established comprehend- 
ing by far the Greater portion of the Malum Division. ... Sis hundred and seventy five more 
estates in the Old Town have... undergone... measurement and computation. ... 

I have thought proper to transfer my operations to the adjoining district of Mattar, the 
survey of which has been lately commenced... upon the Islam! of Mhuir, on the Western coast 
of Salsette*. 

It is to be noted, that Dickinson combined the two i mictions 01 settlement 
officer and surveyor and, though his survey stood the test of very many years 
[8] his settlement of tenures was by no means without critics, one of whom 
writes ; 

That respectable officer could obtain but n limited insight into the nature of the 
landed property within the Tort, from not carrying his enquiries beyond the year 1720 

'Several of the books of reference attached to Dickinson's 1 
preserved at Bombay 8 , and reduced copies of his maps have been ] 
several times 9 . Sir Patrick Cadell writes in 1946 that that when he was 
Collector of Bombay in 1935 Dickinson's was still regarded i: as the standard 



still 



iter of 27-!(-13 ; Bo RC. 7-10-12. -ib. 11-8-13. 3 ih. 3-11-13. 

to RC 2-2-14. 'ib. 14-6-20. ~ Bo Geo .lor-.. t$3!t 11 ( 50-1 ). 

Cii>i ( 328 ) : Do.^Iil^ etc. ; Map : Thr 1 ■!,:;• d of 1-h^bu.y, 1812-7 ; 1 
43 ; Imp Lib M di P. 528. 



.. 211-12 13. «Bo GO. 
■ Bo Sat. 1815 { 1-4 ). 
:ch to 1200 yards; pub. 



11 



Kevenujs- surveys 



. by the Company's troops in 1772 
id oace again to the Company under 



B so ACT 

Broach was captured from the Marat-ha? 
[ I. I 2 i ]. but restored ten years later. It car 
treaties of 1802 and 1803 1 . 

E^th daring the first occupation and after the final cession the Directors called 
for an investigation of the revenues, and Reynolds, who had taken part in the first 
survey o. 1779 [ i, 122 ], had the satiation of pultina forward in ! Soil his proposals 
tor a detailed land survey 2 . In 1810 the Directors wrote out ; 

It will be necessary that the projected Survey of Broach shall bo' eom-olotcd and, should 
the expenment...be successful, ... it i, ; ay afterwards be tried in the other Districts. 

It will be proper also that you shall previously require ranch mow aceneata information 
titan you now posses respecting the manner in which the Pafcels collect the Rent and 
Revenue from the Ryotts, and the exact Relations in which these two Classes stand to each 

The follo-.vir.x .year Williams made an experimental survey of one village 1 and 

aftera8tadyofhia"do]moatioiis & iidexpIaii a .LoiyTablffi :! GoveurnientresolTedona 
complete survey of the Pur-mi-msb and, being...im.r>ressed with... Captain Williams' observation 
that a revenue settlement and adjustment of claims... should be contemporaneous with the 
survey, the Governor in Council directs that the Collector and Surveyor General do form a 
committee for Lh,* purpnao. and.. .investigate and finely adjust the Hants of each bolder 

The coram , fctee BhooM adopt a moderate and conciliatory line of conduct towards the 
Ryots such as wdi ton,! to satiny ihom that, the object in vie,y is not to interfere with their 
individual right, or properties, bol will be comined !o the just ir-.ra.ure of reclaiming to Govern- 
ment their portions of what, may have h.-en improperly alienated or concealed The ryots 
are to have full liberty to appeal from the committee to the Judve and Musdst.ratr- 

A detailed statement of the population of the rr^r.rmah. diaw-oishin, -very different 
caste, is to be obtained. 

The ascertainment of the 
object of pi'imiiry imoorti. 
into consideration. ... 

It appears by the...letter from the Hon'ble Court of Directors, ... that.. .it world be 
mplete the projected survey of Baroehe before the formation of a permanent 
d take place. ... When the survey and final adjustment of claims shall } UIV(1 
been completed m one or two villages, a dei.dled report is to be mad,.- to Gov, r.unentf. 

Ihe Surveyor Lianm-el started with two assistants, Nwtt ami Cniil-shank and 
four more joined later. He reported in October that 

it is difficult.. .to judge exactly of the time which will be required to complete the survey 
but I have reason to behove that it v,,13.bedone by the month of August next [ 181, 1 The 
four officers who joined. ..in March, April, and May last, have been practising diligently ever 
since; they are...„ow capable or, and are each separately employed on the survey of the 
lands oi fUHorviir- villages. 

With the view of making 
little loss of time as possible, 

to the Department, who should practice under those 

trie*. ... As soon as they bad attained a sufficient taumla&U the daty~I ^^-pr^ceed 
to Kairah and „„u,t arrangements with the Collector there for the emolument of one half 
of the Surveyors...iu his districts. Wore officers might then be added in order to provide a 
supply of Surveyor- for tho rur^innas forming the Surat Collecterahip". 

: With six assistants survey of Broach pa-njnna was completed by July 1813 
and, r.!aim> Willia.ma, " - 

combined with the settlement of the lands, ... has been attended by a large augmentation to 
the Hon bio Company a revew,-, ;[ln d h „, established a precedent for extending" this advant- 
a.^oou* operation ox ■■- all the British, territories sub; cm t to this Presidency'.' 
The final reports were submitted in "March IS14- 

"The investigation and adjustment of claims have been brought to a termination 
ment No. 1 will exhibit... the quantity of land of all descriptio 



■ qnanfhy. situation, and quality, of all the waste lauds n 
The disposal of them to encourage (iult.iva.iicn must be tt 



settlement could bd;e r. 



lommeucemcm; in the .ii.irisdicdon.-s ofKaira and Surat with as 
—oiild...be advisable to attach immediately six more officer.* 
carrying on the surveys in this dis- 



*Two pnraa.-m." fr-om the !'o?l: 
1803. "Bo MC. 17-4-07. »CD to 
Orajiihank. JUre!, ISii, ti insiica to mile. Mii 10 
Bo RC. S1/IS12. 'Bo MC. 11-3-15. 



. State- 
in every village... according 

mder treaty of Bassein, 31-12-02, and three from Sindfna, Auenst 
(Rev), 10-1-10 f 120 ). < Omk-sur, Broach f « m na, survey 

"From SG. 12-10-12; ■ 



KjrLOAUi! 






uo the Survey settlement now made. ... The final arrangement... will comprise all the general 
statements of land, population, and such other information as may bo judged useful 1 . 

The Survey was first ordered in 1811 ; but, being .-i now measure and of doubtful issue, it 

wes proceeded in cauiiotisly find slowly ,il t ho coinm^v.'e'mont. .Vi lyqierienoe d e m unst rated 
tho practicability and manifold a:.lvansages of t.lio plan, additional means were employed; 
and the whole of the original Baro^-io collsocora-te, vi-/,., tho Bar-oeho, Unklesuc, and Hansote 
Pargaiaas, was completed early in 1S13. 

So question as to rights regard in a; a single fioltl r--;oained unadjusted. 

i.^sides these acquisitions, a recur;] «';ts formed, and is lodged in the Collector's office, 
which— contains apian of the lands and ixiundaries of every village — shows the situation and 
measurement of every field of rent-free land in every village — gives the name stnd place of 
residence of every land-holder, with the number of his fields, and their situation and mea- 
surement. ... The plan? avid statements are finished in a. very superior style, and the value of 
tivmi will ini-iroaso wish the iapse of nine. ... 

A plan of eaeh pur^anna seoaruody, and of the whole col km orate unitol, constructed 
from the village plans, red i mod from the original son) a of six inches to one British mile, and 
joined ; and the connection of the village nians for this purpose was a proof of the accuracy 
of each and of the whole. The purgwaap and e&Doqtorate maps show, not only the position, 
but the boundary of ever;,- villrife, and avevy topoL^ivjiii'-al piirUcular of the face of the 
country 3 [ 8 ]. 



1 !'..-!-(»Drt, 21-ri-li; Be Bur. !Sl-f,ISA. 



-. /.>-. ;'.):•' nf H".nn:.h,- . 



■ 



If 






CHAPTER XIV 

ASTRONOMICAL CONTROL 

Bengal — Madras Surveyors — Madras Observatory. 

i LTHOUGH triangulation was rapidly becoming established as the normal 
A foundation of every survey in the south penrnsulu, tl.e flat tree-covered plains 
"^ of .the Ganges valley, the wide featureless spaces of the Punjab, and the dense 
forests of Central India, left the Bengal surveyors dependent on astronomical 
control till Everest brought the triangles and towers of the Great Trigonometrical 
Survey to Upper India. 

Though there was still no certainty or exactness in this astronomical control 
certain mam points wore now fairly well established through constant repetition, 
and the improvement of instalments and astronomical tables. There was, however, 
no attempt to extend the good work started by Reuben Burrow of spreading a 
wide pattern of astronomical fixings of uniform first-class standard. Each surveyor, 
as he extended into new country, made bis own observations with his own instru- 
ments, and often with but little skill. 

The uncertainty of casual observations for longitude still left ground measure- 
ments the more generally trustworthy, and even chock against, corresponding 
observations at the Greenwich or Madras observatories left wide margin for un- 
certainty 1 . Although Goldingham reduced to a uniform series the longitudes 
which Dr. Hunter had observed between 1792 and 1796 [1,168], the Asiatic 
Society decided not to publish Ids paper because there was no prospect of the 
results being precise or final ; 

In the western parte of India we are in possession of better materials for fixing the geogra- 
phical situations of several pointe noticed by Mr. Goldingham ; that is, geometrical surveys 
connecting them with placiw whose longitudes have been HSeerUsined by numerous and accurate 
obsrvations. At several of the places in Mr. Goldingham 's list I had only one observation, 
and I did not depend on that in fixing the positions of those places. ... 

I annex the longitudes of a tow principal places as fixed by the Surveyor General from 
comparison of all the materials in his possession ; 
Futbehgurh 79° 36' 40" Good. 

Agra ( T-ij Maha-1 ] u 78° The meridian cuts thro' the Taj. 

Otijein 76° 55' Good. 

Bublana 75" 37' 30". 

Dehly 77° 10'. 

The longitudes of the three last places as 
tions come surprizingly near those which e 
possession of the Surveyor General here 3 . 

Colobrooke also wrote to Warren at the same time ; 

I found on examination that the Longitudes he [ Goldingham ] gives of various places in 
Hindoos tan, all of which arc included in my maps, did not all agree with the positions I had 
assigned to them, most of whieh are either taken, or derived by suri-ey, from the observations 
of the late Mr. Reuben Burrow, ag published in the 4th Vol. of Asiatic Resoarehes [ I, 162 J. 

I havs had occasion, however, to correct R.R.'s Longitude at Cawnpnn?, and of every place 
West of that meridian, in consequence of not finding the difference; of Longitude between 
Allahabad and Cawnpoor to agree with a very correct survey of the River between those two 

'The fundamunliil lu:i!;itud..\-; of Cdlcii'.ti ami Madras bad boon riisim.-iwi at length uy Colobrooke 
Mid Goblin-hum b::i.'.ve;;'i ISiJ-J au;i IMH1 | 1, 180-! j. and woro tin- sublet of fc pupiT ri.-r.d iif.lnro the Rfi. by 
Goldingham, 37-6-22. "Hoare's sakre, 17854!, 78° 08' 07" [ I, 168 ]. 'Hunter (.1 Warren, 14-12-06 

IIDn. il ( 23-31 ). 



flM 



J'.ENUAL 



[•)! 



places, to the amount of IS?/ nearly, which is the oj ! y u Iter it i ion ! have ever made, and which 
error I supposo might have been owing to his Chn momcter having run down between thoso 
two places, for I find all the rest of his Longitudes to ;igrce with the surveys [ I, 163 ]. ... 

I should esteem it a very particular favour if you would te-ke the trouble of sending me a 
list of all the Trnti-iersioiis and Kmersious of J ti| liter's 1st aim iind ,-at.enitos which have been 
observed at Madras, with their eon-espondo:it ones at Greenwich, a.s I wish much to see what 
the result will then be, abstracted from ail other ubservations 1 [ il, 195 ]. 

Colebrooke, as we have already noted, was himself a very keen astronomer 
[I, 167 ]. He had in 1735 acquired a special mstrinuent for taking astronomical 
observations at Calcutta [ I, 202 ], but had afterwards Found it impossible to spare 
the time ; 

Being about to remove the Surveyor General's Office, ( be;i leave to acquaint you that 
there are in tho oi'hce the following insi.riuoe;-.ts fo:" Astronomic;-..! observations, which, partly 
from their unwieldy nature, and tho want of assistants in that branch of science, have long 
been out of use. viz. — 1 Circular Instrument by Trough ton 2 . 2 foci, Diameter, with a T"iangular 
block of atono to serve as a. stand [ I, 202 ], and of hoi api.i, ,.r:i.in ; Ijcfmging to it ■■■- 1 Astronomi- 
cal Quadrant by Uamadec-', in a .Mahogany ease, with its stand. ... 

These instrument mijrht become useful at some future period in case an observatory 
should ever be establishment at Calcutta, and as they can never mere lie of use in this office 
unless an assistant for making Astronomical observations should be appointed, I beg leave to 
request... their being received and dojHisitcd in the Arsenal 4 . 

As compared with longitude observations, those for latitude gave such favourable 
resnlts that surveyors were encouraged to raake them, even for such small areas 
as the Environs of Calcutta, surveyed by Fleming in 1801-2 [12-3]. Colebrooke 
writes to Sackville, who had done no astronomy before [ 48-9 ] ; 

You need not attempt Longitude by ceiestia! euserva'ie'i, as the Longitudes of Calpy, 
Allahabad, and some other points with which the survey will connect, are sufficiently well 
known, and you could not... observe the Longitude nearer than 8 or 10 miles of the truth, as 
tho Tables, even Jupiter's Satellites, are liable to (in error of that amount. 

The Latitudes, again, are essentially necessary for correcting your survey which, being 
connected up by compass and perambulator, or Scaring and distance, and not by a regular 
series of triangles, would be liable to considerable errors if not ehecked or corrected by a few 
good Latitudes. 

For this purpose it is necessary to make yourself acquainted with some of the principal 
stars that ore proper for the observation, and to calculate their deelinai ions with the greatest 
nicety. Tiio season for observing the Latitude by l.ho Sun is now idriioso over [infj, but, I 
hope you have availed yourself of the late cold weather f«v doing so, though I do not observe 
the results of any of your observations entered in your Field Books. 

If you ure in want of" any Books upon the subject of [a act iea! Astronomy, I will endeavour 
to procure for you a Treatise that wiii answer your purpose. ... If you are in want of a good 
Artificial Horizon, I will also send you one. A sextant I suppose you are already in possession 
of; indeed I could not coaly get you a good one in Ciilent.ta at present. 

In observing the Latitude, the more observations you can got at any one place, the better. 
I think four at least are necessary, and, if by the ."Tars, two, or half of the set, should be on 
e;-cb side of tho Zenith 5 . 

Should yon. ..become a proficient in observing the stars, I would rather you should not 
attempt at first to correct your survey by the observations, but merely to give the results in 
your Field Book, or in a corner of the map, marking the pla.ces whore the observations were 

Mention of the season for observation of the sun refers to the impossibility of 
getting a reflection in mercury when the sun is at high altitude, and in this connec- 
tion a novel proposal was put forward by the marine surveyor, Knox [10-2]. 

As latitudes with an artificial horizon can only be got 1 /Hid part of the year at tho north 
end of the Company's dominion-.?, and at the south pact scarcely 1/tHh part of the year round, 
I wish that my health would permit... to being in to practice what, seems to me perfect in 
theory. ... I havo novor heard of the tiling that. T mi proposing, but it is only simply to have 
a vertical reflector, and take the zenith distance and correct for the latitude. This reflector 

'DDn. 47., 18-12-06. ■ Edward Tronghton { 1763-1838 ) ; FRS.t ZSEB. p, aot J. 'J 

: 173;) 1300); FIIS.; I'ait.rait-, L'maire xttrcci/ Ur.viw. --V. VII. April liU-t, nl. Ill; OTW. [1, 165 
•DDn. 67 (358), 25-1-05. s ib., ( 523 J, 17-3-03. s DDn. 79 (D), 27-S-06. 



k 

I 



Astronomical Costeol 



'ould have fixed to metal, and n spirit .level fined I! 



l-i-llt angles 



Consequently 



when the level is: horizontal the reflector will be perpendicular. Observe to set it true to face 
the true meridian, and let it stand above the observer. 

Few people are « illina; u> watch the stain round 1 lie nitzht. whin they conceive it a time to 
refresh or amuse themselves 1 . 

The Surveyor General writes to White, who was working west of the Jumna 
[ 59-6° ] ; 

IV ith respeot to it Chronometer, it ivii! no: ho possible to procure you it good one, and there 
is the less necessity for it, as your longitudes ( supposing your survey to bo correct and the 
latitudes well ascertained ) can bo bettor derived lVom survey. The longitudes of Delhi, Agra, 
Mnthra, are now known to a mile, nearly, and if you connect yonr survey with those three 
points there is lit tin clangor of your being nun.'!) out in longitude in any part of your maps. ... 

I have transcribed also some examples of obsorva fions for die latitude which I hope will 
be useful, and I send you the latitudes and longitudes of Delhi. ?.E.uthva, and Agra, as they 
are laid down in my most correct map. These places have been deduced, by survey as well as 
chronometers, from Anopshero, i'ut.tebgliur, and Oawupoor, i.lio loup/itudes of which have been 
observed by the late Mr. Reuben Burrow, and I conceive that no observations for longitude, 
unless taken at a fixed station, and for a considerable length of time, could be more correct 
than what ho has given 2 . 

White reports t\\ years later ; 

The latitudes of all the principal Towns... are ascertained by Astronomical Observations. ... 
The Latitude of the Jnmma MusjUL Delhi, being by a mean of observations 2N° 38' 40°. Their 
Longitudes... a re ro:»i. dated by measurement, which I conceive to be a much more accurate 
way. ..than by double allowances with the Chronometer ; for it is in the first place but seldom 
that a good Chronometer can be procured, and then, from the injury il must suffer from the 
continual marching, no correct allowance can be made for its general rate of going, and a few 
seconds, though a trifling error en board a ship, wort Id mako a serioiss difference in a map s . 

To encourage surveyors to take astronomical observations, Garstin, who suc- 
ceeded Colebrooke in 1808, got permission to hold a number of instruments on 
charge ; 

Several of the oftioors. employed on surveys are deshous of correcting their common measure- 
ments by observations of the celestial bodies and have, by pursuing astronomical studies, 
rendered themselves qualified to determine both the latitudes and longitudes of principal 
places ; but. ..the expense of providing the proper iuswu mints is so great that they cannot 
afford to purchase them out of the usual aho-wanee.s granted to surveyors. ... 

In the year 1780,. when the allowances for surveyors were reduced and settled 4 , very few 
nf the Gentlemen... understood astronomy [I, 270 ], and. ..the purchase of chronometers and 
telescopes [ was ] not thee thought of. not being in use. ... It is much to he regretted that 
Lieutenant Webb 1111.1 not. supplied with these instruments when he went to the Gangoutri 
[ 7 6]\ 
He wrote to Saekville ; 

I have applied to Government fur permission to purchase a Chronometer, and if it is 
obtained will send it up by Dawk without the loss of a day. Having strongly recommended 
it, I hope, in spite of the rigid the' necessary system of economy adopted, to succeed, as it is 
for the real benefit of the service . 

The instruction of young officers in astronomy had been first started under 
Burrow, and more recently urged by Colebrooke, and in 1810 Garstin reported that 
the young engineer officers, Peekett and Stephen, whom he was sending out on 
survey Tinder Saekville, 

have taken great pains to learn practical Astronomy and, having bej 
the Kevd. Mr. Thompson 7 , have made so great a progress that there ca 
being very soon able to apply their kuewledati to surveying [ 25, 309 ] a . 

Saekville hail already reported that 
Ensign Blane has already obtained a very tolerable use of the 8 
altitude of the smi with considerable exactness. We have commenced our observations of 
the stars, and are daily becoming better acquainted with their situations in the different 

'Fdbk., 1804 ; DD11. 48. 'DDn. 67 ( idi ). 27-5-08. » DDn. 82 { 41 ), 9-11-08. ' 1785 [ I, 277 1. 
'DDn. 81 (57), 9-1-00. Mb; (213), 5-10-08. 'Thomas TmcW.iv Them;-™— father of James 

Thomas™ ( lSiU-.i:! ) : /J-VL'. : Lt Cuvr. of XVi'I'. mid founder of rhi^r. Coll. ISoork,-:— [fithor-ii^law of 
W. (I. Stcplioti [.««/,]. 6 D.Un. ISfi ( 61 ), 12-9-10, 






Bengal 



19 



.t present observable. As soon as the chronometer arrives we shall ci 
our observations for the longitude, a desideratum T believe irmch required in the province of 
Cuttack 1 . 
to which Garstin replied ; 

The Chronometer is ready and in excellent order ; I am enquiring for some officer going 
to Cnttack to take charge of it- who eon be relied upon to wind it up carefully. You are suffi- 
ciently aware of the scout utility of A.-nroxiouiiciil observations, and I hope to have Ensign 
Blane return in a few input lis a to lor ah le o.roiioievit in Astronomv. as well as a correct surveyor 

The chronoineier reached Sackv ilk: safely but 

The Time keeper, I a.in sorry to say, stopped during our stay at Ganjam after the hour 
hand had performed its twentieth revolution, and is no longer of any use. From what cause 
this misfortune could have arrived I am at a loss to gun--. .1. regularly and carefully wound it 
on every day at the same lime. On the marrli T had it carried in a beiirer's I'.a.rnl by my side, 
and in my tent never allowed it to be put out of my sight. 

It had previously gone very irregularly, and we were employing ourselves at the 1 time in 
reading its nveRas rate of gem;.', to enable us. from the known longitude of ( Sail jam, to carry 
!m our observation:-- froro ihat place on our return to Calcutta 3 . 

Garstin wrote to Crawford at the start ofhis survey of Mirzapur ; 

I well know you can observe correctly, boi as it will save much valuable time, and some 
trouble, I send you a list of places that, arc; u oi an tho limits of your survey or on the borders 
of it laid down from the result of many observation.-; made by Mr. Reuben Burrow, who 
determined the Longitude of the Granary at Bankipoor from the mean of upwards of one 
hundred observations while, residing with me at Patna, and took nearly as muoh pains with 
the others [I, 161 ]. These points being so accurately established, fi 11 the other places must 
bti very eorreet 3 . 

Crawford himself was an enthusiastic astronomer, and when he succeeded as 
Surveyor General not- only persuaded Government to give him an assistant to help 
in making regular observations ut the Calcutta ofriee, but undertook to instruct 
any young oiil tiers who might care to learn ; 

Your Lordship most he perfectly acquainted with (he great and infinite advantage arising 
from having corresponding Astronomical Observations made at the Capital, and by the 
surveyors that are... detached from that Capital. At Madras they can boast of having an 
Observatory, as Astronomer, and an Assistant, whilst here, the seat of Supreme Government, 
the Capital of all India, wo have no such advantage. 

Should your Lordship be graciously pleased to grant any extra allowance, to enable 
me to keep an Assistant to aid in making all the Astronomical Observations and caleula- 
tiona, ... the spirit of my profession prompts me to make the following offers. 

That I would with pleasure dedicate two hours every day to the instruction of those young 
oflicors who nwht wish to become surveyors, aswoll as giving them that knowledge of practical 
astronomy sp as to enable them to eoramonoe upon their surveys with benefit to themselves, 
arid advantage to the State. And, from the same motives, I would willingly take charge of, 
and keep in order, ail the mathematical instruments and Chronometers that might be sent 
out by the. Ilon'ble Court of Directors. The great benefit arising from this would be that tho 
Chronometers would not only be always kept going, which ia a great consideration, but their 
respective rates would also he always ascertained 4 . 

This proposal was sanctioned and observations and classes were kept up for the 
two years Skat. Crawford continued as Surveyor General. 

Franklin made frequent observations in Bundelkhand [51-2]; 

From the middle ( >f Jany. to the middle of Inst -month, tho weather woa so unfavorable 
that I was unable to get a single observation. Since that time, however, I have generally 
■used Mercury without any covering, and defended it from the wind by a thick cloth held up 
to windward. ... At first I used a llo:;i,ing glass. ..hut I soon discontinued it, and have latterly 
used the Mercury with saroc in the manner recommended by Jir. Borrow [I, 162 J 6 . 

One of the most enthusiastic; observers was Hodgson, who provided himself 
with the very best instruments suitable for field work, read up all the most 
advanced textbooks, and eventually acquired a wide reputation as astronomer. 
On his survey between Meerut and Saharanpur, 



Mb. ( 133 k ] 



'lb. 128 ( 138 ), 29-4-18. Mb. 1*3 ( 17). 



.)'••■' 



ASTBONOMIOAL CoNTKOL 



Error at each, observation, 
■est minute of Longitude oil 



I. ..almost daily take Latitudes, rigidly observe the a 
&. reduce the daily Variation of the Sun's Declination to 
Map by the Tables of Da R,ios, & making iM other requisr. 

A list of his observations published in Asiatic Researches gives 
Latitudes of Places in Hindustan and the X or them Mountains; with observations of Longi- 
tude in the Mountains, iteeovding to f immersions and Emersions of Jupiter's Satellites 1 . 

Surveyors working in the Himalaya, districts found that latitude observations 
were more reliable than moaMirements taken along the steep winding mountain 
tracks. They had as yet, however, no suspicion of the misleading effects of local 
attraction, though Lamb ton was fully aware of them [201]. 

Hodgson thus deetibes his observation of an eclipse of the moon on 26th 
December 1814, near the Nepal frontier ; 

The beginning of the mooti's eclipse was observed witii the largi; Telescope. ... Having 
the satellites of Jupiter to observe, I did not pay much attention to the progress of the Eclipse 
as there were no stars in the moon's path likely to be occulted. I intended to have observed 
the end of the ellipse, hut the cold and damp were severe, and I went in and, to say the truth, 
fell asleep and lost it 3 . 



Madras Surveyors 

The topography of South India is in general so favourable to tri angulation that 
we find but few references to astronomical observations being used on field surveys. 
Mackenzie was, however, by no means indifferent to their value and records that 
the utility of verifying Home points by astronomical ol.isevvat.ion sas sufficiently understood, 
and suggested by me at an early period [ 92 ], tho' I conceived the additional oxpence of an 
Establishment for that purpose alone might not be approved of. ... On former occasions I 
bad obtained an Assistant 4 , and provided Telescopes, Time -keepers, etc. fat my private 
expence ), which were stlao used. ..in taking tho observations for the Latitudes, whose coinci- 
dence with the distances indicated by our Triangles appear m the accompanying papers 5 . 

Attached to the Memoir of the Mysore Survey was a table of 1 3 latitudes observed 
by Thomas Arthur along the north-west frontier between Mav 1 son and December 
1801 ; 

The Observations for the Latitude & Variation were taken. ..with an excellent Sextant of 
S Inches Radius made by Mr. Standiffe of London 6 , ... and an Artificial Horizon was used with 
s. Hoof of Ground Glass 7 . 

Later, when in charge of the survey of Travancore, Arthur describes his diffi- 
culties in obtaining observations for latitude, the sun being too high in the heavens 
for the greater part of the year [ 191 ], and cloudy nights preventing any. view of 
the stars for months on end. In due course he got his latitudes and variation of 
the compass ; 

It was not till very lately that wo had it in our power to determine the Longitude by an 
observation of Jupiter's Satellites. Having at length procured a watch that counted seconds, 
-we observed the emersion of his 1st Satellite on January 1.5th 1810, and from thence deduced 
the Longitude of Bawaddy Kottah to be 76° 13' 13* from a single observation 8 . 

Garling made a number of observations during bis survey of Goa [ 156-8 ] ; 

On leaving Madras for Goa in October 1810, it was pointed out to me, both by Major 
Lambton and Captain Warren, that the situation of Goa was sueh in relation to the Madras 
Observatory as made it very desirable to obtain some good observations of the Eclipses of 
Jupiter's satellites and, being very willing to make such observations as far as might be prac- 
ticable, I was furnished with a Box Chronometer and a Dolland's Telescope from the 
Observatory. 

'The Chronometer, it was considered, might also be made useful in other observations, ... 
but. ..duties that arose from time to time. ..proved a serious obstacle to the chronometer being 
regularly wound up, as well as constantly to interfere with—any plan for obtaining a series of 
observations. The intention of obtaining any such series was therefore relinquished, but at 

<DDn. < 95 ), 14-11-13. *M S. 2X7. 1822 ( 153-79 J, *Jabk. Nepi] Ww> 18U _g GB0 _ L - K 

A.b.88. 'Benjamin Sydenham [ I, 17.5 "j. snBn. Vi I I ), Memoir I (V.I ) ; 12-7-03. 'once foreman to 

Ramsnen; A'mp &.y En: \ LI. -T2. Apii! 1 *M j ::iM.;!! i. "ib. Memoir (11 ). 25 5-03 "MRIO M.-mo-r 
M. 106, 18-1-10. 



Madras Surveyors 

OiX-.i.-iiooal convenient pvciod- observations woo-' < a ken... with treat i- 
5 k!nds : — 

1st. — To ascertain the time of. the Chronometer. 
2nd. — Meridian altitudes of the Sun and Stars. 
3rd.— Distances of the sun and moon, or moon and stars. 
4th. — .Kelipses of Jupiter's satellites. 

6th.— Distances between the cominet observed in October 1811 and ( 
AH the angles Live been observed by e sood F.arnsden's Q.inch : 
no indox error, or has :=uch error apoeifiod'- 



195 

re. ... They consisted of 



Madkas Observatory 



By the beginning of the Iflth century, iih.cn: eiglu year* of existence, the Madras 
Observatory was well established a-a the one? centre iui astronomical research and 
record in India, and constant reference was be-ins made to it [I, 170-4]. 

Besides holding the post of Company's Astronomer. Goldingharn was Marine 
Surveyor [ I, 174 ], Super into ndr.111: of the Surveying School [ 341-3 ], Inspector of 
Revenue Surveys | 29^-300 |, and for a, short time held the surprising post of Civil 
Engineer, with charge of civil buildings and construction [ I, 338 ]. Perhaps his 
most notable contribution to geography at this time was 1 us no.snpntn.tion of a value 
for longitude of the observatory as 8(1" 18' 54", the derivation of which he explains in 
correspondence with Colebrooke. While noting his f:on.i;.krsio.us Oolebrooke pointed 
out that they could not be accepted as giving a final value which, lie said, might 
well be anything between 80° 16' 30" and' 80° 21' 43" [ I, 181, II, 190 n.i f; 

In February 1805 Goldiuglniai took furlough on med.io.il c^ridieaie, and Warren 
was appointed to act for him . Warren continued the regular observations instituted 
by Gold! ng hain, which were communicated to England, and occasionally published 
in Asiatic Researches. In 1807 he deduced a revised value for the longitude, 80° 17' 
21" E., which was used for all official maps until 1905 [ I, 18O-I ] 3 . 

On return from Mysore in September ISOti, Lamb ton lent his zenith sector to 
the observatory whilst working on computations and reports, and Warren 
observed constantly with if, from October 1SO0 to June 1*07, v,-ith out perceiving any material 
uhaoce in its; powers or mode of j-er forming. 

In undertaking s. secies of observations of zenith distances, I had in view to establish 
permanently the latitude of the Madras Observatory, on which there seemed atiil to be a doubt 
of several seconds, and also to verify the declination of several stars near the zenith -which, 
for obtaining the latitudes of places, disagreed in their results 4 . 

During the economy drive of 1807-8 the expenses ofthe observatory came under 
review, and in urging the importance of its work, Petrie gave an account of its 
origin, and of his own observatory started in 1786 [ I, 171-2 ]. He explained that 
its primary value was now to afford ; 'a point of departure for the navigation of 
ships", and gave a summary of the regular observations*. 

He was warmly supported by Justice Andrew Scott 6 [ I, 383 ; II, 265 ], who 
recommended that some new instruments. 

as well as all the beat Tables & Treatises on Astronomical Subjects... would render the 
Observatory more useful than it. ia, or ever has been. The coin paring O bservations with 
Computed Pin cos of the Heavenly Bodies i= one means- of sjerfccldi-.f. die Theory , by detecting the 
Errors of the Tables in use. ... The Improvement of the Tub lea of Jupiter's Satellites can only 
be done by a .Series of Observations for a Lireat length 0" time ; ...also Lunar Tables. ... 

I do not oo'ii'.Hve that either Captain Warren's merit, or his labour are so generally imder- 
stoool as they deserve to be. He sent- me hi;, paper or, Zenith Distances <E on the Comet to 
peruse. ... When the result of what he has done...eomes to be know/, in Europe, ... Captain 
Warren "wili be found entitled to praise. If be were to give up hi is ait-nation. '.i- T the Observatvry 
at til is time, i know of no one who eoold supoly I'.is place 7 . 

iHEta. 21$ (246). 2 DDn. 47 ( 1-15 ), 21-3-03 ; EFC. 21-4-03 (26). True value 80° 14' 54'. 
'Mmrkliara (64) Merviioaai Art-., ck.-di-iii. GTH. II ( lie. 135). > Ar- 1!.. X. ISSOS (513). "Mack 
MSS. LVIil, 4-9--0S. 6 ( 17;ii/:i-!^LTii. .U'U> ; Ins Jin.kr, Marl™, from 1S.0:1 : unf'molove.d from 1H22; D. at- 
Ft. St. Geon-e. 'it.. ( 11 ), 9-9-08. 



ill 



Astronomical Control 



There were two Brahman assistants, whose 
respective duties were nearly alike ; only one, htiviny more t>s|v-:ritiiii;ti than tho other, observed 
more, and had e.iv;s.t-r. , i- tidvaniisyos from ~;";;\'\niv.i au.:1 writins; !iu:;<t !,hi) English language. 
These duties ( which no one man was eapafele of performing from one end of the year to the 
other ) were to oi:-*iwo -the Sun'o Tracer tvury dny at- iioon — Tho J-".cl;p-se» of Jupiter's Satel- 
lites, which occur iiimoat ovory ni^lir— The Tr-rLi.^i'.s of a pertain miii-iber of fixt Stars n 
tfs reguliite the a*lroniJvnieai Clock. 

It ia their buaineaa to make oo~ tho rate of the in^iioroiin t.me-keapei'a wliich a 
•Am Observatory hy Captains of Ships, and to hold conattawly in reiuimows those a 
be sent at a moment s notice to the owners wliun they are recalled ; to Register the) Diary and 
rates in the Records ; make nut the yearly C'dondti' jc.u:itiy with sue, who uroject and prepare 
the Scientific part of it; and to keep the Instruments in proper condition and Order, they 
being responsible io rut; and tho pul>lic for them. 1 . 

Boys of tho Surveying School wore calicti in to help with the annual returns ; 

It has been the practice, ever since the foundation of tho Ob:.-efvai-ory, to close the observa- 
tions of the year on i he '-it of Jar,; airy of the euMuioi: one ; they are \}-.v~i rodiieod arid digested, 
and lastly copied fur IV n- tmiisisoi^ioii to tho Hunorable Court of Directors by the February 
Fleet. 

The obaerviitioiis, ivhk-1: reijaii;; loopr and -;kiU\:l coln pitta blovirt, are always calculated by 
rnyself and two of the most advanced boys in the school : tlie Erarnins reduce tho transits and 
what regards Tiroo, and the whole is copied fair by such of the boys as write a good hand, 
oeithor of the L>v;nt-.irto beiog capable of it 2 . 

At the end of IS 1.0 the observatory wa.s place' 1 , urtd.fr the Sonera! control of the 
Surveyor General, and on tho resignation of Warren in December 181 1 charge was 
held by "Ward until tho return of Goldingham, who resumed duty on 17th 
February 1812 alter an absence of seven years. 

The only available list of the instruments inaijit<;h>.od includes — 1 Transit Ins- 
trument by Stan cliff— 1 Portable Transit by Ilamsden — 3 Astronomical Clocks — 
3 Telescopes by Dollond — 1 Circular Instrument 8 — the last of these being described 
by Warren as 

an Excellent Circular Instrument of Great Power, ... never before our good fortune to Possess, 
which Lt Colonel Munro* had received from Europe and lent to the Observatory 5 . 

Goldiugham'3 monthly bill for expenditure* amounted to ; 

Astronomer's Salary 7 ... ... ... 192 10 iti 

Head Bramin Assistant ... ... ... 3f> 

Second „ „ ... ... ... 26 

Candles ... ... ... ... 1 21 

Cleaning Clocks, etc. ... ... ... 8 34 12 

Binding & repairing Books — — — II -0 fl 



Total ; Pagodas 



74 



68 



>MMC. 4-6-11. =MKC. 6-11-10. =DDu. 132,1-10-13. *J..hsi M„im> i J 775 ISfiS ) ; Mud. inf. ; 
QMG. ISGS; K«fidt. TciMno'ra 1813.-S [ 265 ]. 5 Annual Repnn, l-l-lH>; MFC. 27-1-09. "M 667, 
1-10-13. 'Originally fixed for Topping [I, 2S0 ]. 



CHAPTER XV 



PROFESSIONAL METHODS OF SURVEY 

Military Route. Surveys — Bengal Surveyors — Levelling — Mysore Survey ; 
Base-lines — Tria.ngnla.iwn - ■ Detailed &■ SlatiMicai Survey - — Madras Military 

!:iA'it'iJion r - Traverse. Table.': — F ieldbooks & Journals. 

THERE is little now to report in the methods of surveying the routes of marching 
troops. ■ At the end of 1802 the Surveyor General suggested the republication 
of the order of 1788 [1, 196], which had brought .in "many valuable Routes", 
and he now made provision 

that in cases whon Perambulators are not used, Ihe intervals of time, to the nearest minute 
by a watch, be substituted... for the distances [I, 184 J. ears being taken to insert occasional 
remark.'; as to the nature of the road and Country, the volte at which the Corps may be supposed 
to be moving-, and to draw a line through the cokum- whenever a halt should nscur, to denote 
that the time thus lost is not to be taken into the computation of the distance. ... If the 
impediment be occasioned by a River, Swamp, or any other natural obstruction where a 
IViambuUiLor could not bo driven, i\.:h- (i. watch used with effect, the distances should be 
judged of, arid set down, by the Eye 1 , 

The new order was not published until j anuary 1 804, and Colebrooke complains 
that many opport.Liiu1.io-, had probably been lost, by the delay 3 . Copies wore sent 
to Madras and. Bombay for republication in those presidencies [123,167], As 
an allowance of Rs. 100 a month was given for routes which met the Surveyor 
General's approval, a constant stream poured in till, in 1807, Colebrooke cripd 
a halt [ 222 ] ; 

The Routes en' Field i looks. ..have- in geseral fallen far short of what might have. been 
espected, and. ..they have by no moans answered the purposes intended. 

Tha chief causes of this I take to be that the officers who are selected for this duty are not 
always qualified for it ; that the perambulators which are issued out from the Company's 
stores are so slL'it in t-hei'.' censt.rnct.inii as S'unetiMes to JsiU to pieces at the very commence- 
ment of a march f 228 ], and that, til though by estimating the rate of travelling; by a watch' a 
very tolerable route ro».y be kept, yet the eastern of marching in the night frequently precludes 
the possibility of taking bearings correctly, or of noticing the villages or other objects which 
are passed [ I, 187 ; II, 65 ]. ... 

In times of peace, the marches of corps and detachments being chiefly over old beaten 
tracks which have been laid down with tolerable accuracy in the maps, little or no improve- 
ment can hs ex pen ted... from such slight or cursory surveys [ 53 ]. ... 

To save tha Government an unnecessary expenee, I. ..propose that the order, ... as far its 
it relates to the Hon 'hie Company'3 provinces or the territories of the Nawaub of Oude, be 
rescinded ; but that it be considered to continue in force whenever a Corps or Detachment 
shall pass the limits of the Company's territories. ... I would recommend that the names 
of the officers who may be appointed. ..bo reported to the Surveyor General, and that he be 
directed to furnish them with instructions*. 

The following are typical extracts from the Surveyor General's instructions and 
criticisms. 

You... all owed one mile b< elidit fur the windings ami inequalities of the road, but this 
is too much, as I have found from long experience. Indeed no surveyor should assume any 
arbitrary reduction. ..when he can ascertain from his own immediate observation the quan- 
tity—necessary. ... The windings of the road, ... should be observed at very short intervals if 
the road winds much ; and a separate protraction upon a scale of one mile to an inch should 

sLotter to Crawford, 15-2-04, DDn. 67 ( 480 ). =DDn. 



Professional Methods of Survey 



be made of each day's ra.'.ovli before: the < ieiierai Plan is laid down f I, i S7, 189 ]. I11 these 
particular protractions... one turn of the wheel in thirty may be .subtracted for the- inequality 
of the ground and the unsteadiness of the man who drives the Perambulator. ..in a tolerably 
level country, and 1/15, or 3/30 at most, if going through a pass or in a hilly country 
II, 18S]. ... 

You should be pai'tiot'.lar'v attentive To mark the boundaries of districts as often as yon 
cross them, but the information of the Rftyuis or villagers is best, as well as for giving the 
true names of the towns and villages 1 . ... 

I used to allow 4 miles per hour. ..if <Joing in a Pal an out-en [ I", 30 ], tind 3 miles if marching 
without GuriB. Whan a Halt occurs. ..all that need be done, when the distance is measured 
by Time, is to draw a Line across Lin: Column of 1-1 our? wnrl Miunies immediately on stopping, 
and to sot down the Time again on setting off 2 . 

A correct imlit.aL'y. us well as ntograpldeal, survey should be made of the lloute. ... For 
this... observe everything on the Road, or that is visible from it, which can be considered as of 
any importance, but particularly, ..Forts, Hill Forts, remarkable peaks, mountains or Hills, 
GhatB or Paasca, Towns, ... villages, ... etc. ; Rivera or Nnlluha, with their named, and noticing 
the way the stream runs, whether eight or left, at the crossing place ; their breadths and 
directions as far as visible, up and down tho stream. ... All Joels, Tanks, and wells, should 
"be laid down, ... and the quality of the water should be mentioned. ... 

The boundaries of Stales or Provinces should be noticed, and. ..the sources of the rivers 
and their confluences with each other. ... The bearings of the l-Uiad should bo observed as 
frequently... as possible ; as often at least as you stop to note the distance, or to take the 
Bearings- of airy uther L-ujiiarkable ubjuuta [ I, 183 ]. 

Should you be in possession of a good sextant, and understand the method of observing 
■the Latitude by Sun or Stars, a few good observations, takon with ear.-; at the principal places 
on your Kouloo, would be useful 3 . 

It might be at'endod with advantage yin\r making d\ cry (inquiry, uot only of the natives, 
but of the Hirearrahs and Cossids employed throughout the country by the Commanding 
Officer [I, 286; II, 48 ]; and, when you think you might depend upon your information, 
to lay down the places in red ink, to distinguish thorn from those obtained by actual 
survey*. 

Tho following extraotw are taken from tieidbooks. 

The Kos of this country is in length 3000 paces, which at .'>() inches a pace, is equal to one 
mile, 3 furlongs, and about a third of a fur long [ I, 247']. ... 

I intended to have made some enquiries relative to the trade, revenu 
the Chief Towns. I desi'jfj'd the (.erriTiia.tion urn \pv the supposition that it vi 
or required of me. ... 

Variation of the Compass observed on July :>3rd I SO'1 and .found Z'' 9', and again 1° 44' 41". 
Much reliance is not to be placed on the above, ... the ma.gri.el.ie amplitude having been taken 
by a small compass, the card of which was about- 2.1 inch.- in diameter, and so old and mutilated 
as to render dubious tho exact, decree shewn by the needle 51 . 

The road bearings are in general taken from village to Village ; the line of collimation 
cutting nearly the centre. ... 

In general I deduct. 1/16 for horizontal distance from station to .station ; I have found by 
& number of trials that more, ..ought not to lie deducted. I have ascertained this by 
Latitudes where the routes have been almost directly North [ I, 183 ] B . 

Surveyed with a screw Perambulator and pocket, coimjass, with the exception of a very 
short distance which I. was obliged to pace, in consequence of the Breaking down of the 
Perambulator. ... 

When the road did not wind, suddenly, or the openness of the ct.uinf.ry allowed it, I took 
long Bearings, contenting myself with bemg within a few yards of the road. 

For variation of needle, ! observed the sun's amplitude on the morning of 3 1st. May'. 
Surveyors working in the Himalaya foothills put loss reli.a,nco in perambulator 
measurements, and in his work between Sirmnr and Garhwal Blane checked fre- 
quently with latitude observations ; 

I very fortunately every day but one got a latitude &., as tho observations were all made 
with one of Troughton's circles ! 330 ], I have great coni! douce in their accuracy. They wore 
indispensable ; it is not possible from the steep ascent is and descents, and from the excessive 

'Colebrooke to White [59], 27-5-00; DDn. 67 (464). a to Wiggins, 18-5-05 ; DD11. 67 (372). 
•to Roberta [52-3], 15-12 OH; l>0n.Sl (4.5). 'Crawford U, 'fulfil, 5-1-14 ; DDn. 131 ( 10 ). ' White, 
1805-6 [59-60]; ilEIO. M343. 'White, 1S09 [63-4 ] M.KI0. M 345. 'Herbert, 1814; MRIO. M 541. 



&, Population of 
neither expected 



: : 



Military Route Surveys 199 

windings of the road, to apply the distances given by the rieriirohulator without these daily 
chocks [ 194 ] l . 

Iu May 1808 the Military Board asked if the issue of perambulator for these 
surveys was justified by results, and the Surveyor (.-hmeral replied that several routes 
had come in "that proved very useful for promo Ling our Geographical knowledge of 
the Country " [ 197 ]. More useful, however, than the actual results of these simple 
route surveys was the incentive which loci a few officers to heco.me really skilled 
surveyors, as, for instance, Sackville, White, Webb, Hodgson, and Herbert, 



ll 



; 
; \ 



Bengal Surveyors 

Although in exceptional parts of the country, such as Bimdefkhand, it 1 
occasionally possible to make use of triangulation, the great majority of T 
surveyors had still to rely on traverse by theodolite and perambulator, with 
frequent observations for latitude. Some continuity of method was obtained 
by occasionally attaching young assistants to the more experienced surveyors 
[I, 185 ], but there was still no school for surveyors, and of course no professional 
handbook, and the Surveyor General had to send out lengthy elementary instruc- 
tions to each new surveyor. The following extracts apply to surveys other than 
simple routes. 

As... sufficient infurrnati(.m...is seldom ntt.ii.ina.bks without. diJ.iyo.tii. enquiry as well as observa- 
tion, and it is difficult.. .to obtain tin; no.-.iivd. ittfomi.ati.ori merely by iu'.c*ii. '-anting the common 
natives, I would advise you to apply at each place. ..to the head man of the cutcherry...as to 
the following points. 

First, the name of the town or village as it is written in the Persian, Nagree, or Bengalie 
characters. 2ndly, the Name of the Zilldh wuS.Purgui-.ii'ilt to which it belong*. 3rdly, if the 
capital of a piir^nnna.h, J.i n" number of villiiinsj, wil h til n? names of tin: j/rineipat ones, dependent 
on it. 4thly, ... The distan.ee to wiiicii hi;-; Furgunriah extends m every direction, and whether 
any of the plates within sialic, belong lo ;iny other Parctinnali. 5tMy, ... the marks by which 
the boundaries of Pnrgunno.hs are denoted, if any such be in Sight. , 

You will have ample time, on coming to your gri 
day, which should be done upon a scale sufficiently li 
particular 2 . 

Aa I took it for grantod that you possoss evory roq 
written nothing relative to that in my official letter. . 
chiefly by the theodolite, and. ..a low latitudes by the a 1 

Frequent observations also for the variation of the magnetic needle by the s- 
azimuths are indispensably necessary. ... 

It is highly useful to take sbetchos of the. ..country, ... which you will find of great assistance 
in laying down, your work. Also in taking a set of anile* with tho theodolite, it is some- 
tiiues...bu(,tr:,r to sker.eli l.liiv object* thzm tr. describe tli'-ii. in ■writing, in which case you set 
down its angle or bearing in its proper place over each [ I, 187 ; II, 200 ]. This method is. 
particularly useful where hills are in view, or a fort [ 86 n.6 ] 3 . 

To Sackvilie in Bundolkhand [ 48-9 ] Colebrooke wrote that he was 
much pleaded to observe (he improvement you have made in the style of laying down and 
colouring your plans. ... In sorno the writing is reversed, that is, the South is at the top of 
the paper instead of the North, which is always attended vuh seme trifling inconvenience in 
reducing, or applying a (Survey to the construction of a Map, in which the North you know is 
always uppermost*. ... 

The intention of having the scale in Inches, or rn parts of Inches, to "English miles. ..is that 
the plans may he the more easily Teduced from the largest scale that is used for Topographical 
plans, down to the smallest, scale that is used in this office for any Geographical maps, which 
is 1(> British miles to an Inch, or 1/16 of the scale... on which I could wish to see all surveys 
laid down. 

For your general plan I would recommend the half, or 2 British miles to one inch, in case 
yoar present survey should not prove very extensive ; but if it should, the scale of 4 B. miles 

1 Smyth &■ M:v.... !■ hil'-lII, 



, to lay down your track for each 
1 to admit of the insertion of every 

to qualification for surveying, I have 
. Your survey should be carried on 
l and stars would be very desirable, 
amplitudes or 



(ill 



Hi 



J: I IS 



■>i:<> 



riiOJf-EssTOiSAL Methods of Survey 



to one inch would answer very well, provided you eouid ret-fia: all the villages and everything 
worth inserting. ... The cultivation, topes, and jungles ; unless! the latter are extensive ) need 
not appeal- in a map of that scale, but everything else, and in particular the Boundaries of 
States and Provinces, etc., are essential 1 . 

To White he sends 
some examples of similar protractions wjik-ii 1 made upon a survey of Lori! CornwaKis's marches 
in the Mysore country [ 1, 1S7 J, which I hope will shew yon more pariioularly the method, 
as well as the stylo and maimer, of representing objects in a Mihia.ry or Topographical SuiTey ; 
[ I am ] glad. ..to find that ibe Hearings of the linnets are given in decrees of the Compass 
instead of whole I'toms, and Quit your offsets Lo \ iMages, tslu., appear to bo pretty numerous 
and correct 2 . 

Garstin writes to Tod [55 J, 

Permit me to remark, without being offended, that, a little more caro in writing the names 
of places, rivers, etc., in your public lettors 3 , will render them much more valuable. Your 
handwriting is a veiy good one, but in several of the epistles the character is so small, and 
the letters so run the one into another, that the names of many places must be guessed at. 
In your maps this is corrected ; they might miscarry and the letters alone arrive safe ; it is 
only writing a little slower to render everything intelligible. ... 

I will.. .send you a skeleton projection of those parts of the General Map begun by the 
late Colonel Colebrooke, that will take hi the surveys you have made. ... If you can.. .reduce 
the surveys to that scale, it will be a very useful employment, for. ..such a reduction must 
be better done by the person who has made the actual survey than by any other 4 . ... 

You will always draw a meridian, or North and South line, to the North Point. The scale 
of chains [ 66 feet ] is not used in this country ; if you mean a chain of 100 feet it should 
be so expressed. The chain used by surveyors in Europe answers well to lay down estates in 
Rods, Poles Perches, and acres, etc., but not for extensive surveys. We also require a scale of 
Geographic miles 5 , ... and also to shew the coss, or Koss, of the country, stating the number 
contained m one degree. ... 

Do not paste on small scraps of paper which easily come off and are lost, are lesa portable 
and are extremely ill coin enietu. -'■.:!' reference, bu 1, when nece-vi v.y requires it add another whole 
or half, sheet, pasted uniformly from top to bottom 6 . 

To Hodgson Garstin writes, 

Excuse my pointing out to you the advantage of taking more pains with the map you 
draw. ... Copy some of those in Rennell's Atlas [ I, 229-30 ] ; ... the map of the environs of 
Dacca, and that of the Cossimbazar Island, are excellent examples ; a little practice at printing 
makes it easy, and it is a very great recommendation to see the printing done neatly 7 , 
and to Blake ; 

You ought carefully lo measure the l"iivadth and depth of every river or stream, to note 
whether they are rapid or not, and the nature of their bottoms. ... Note all information 
obtained from others in red ink, which makes those who are to use it cautious, and prevents 
an illicit reliance being placed on uncertain information. ... 

One General and indispensable rule must be invariably observed, viz., never to let your 
protractions or journal get one day in arrear. ... If you understand ;',su'ononiy... determine 
the Latitudes and Longitudes of principal place; from observations 6 . 

Crawford describes the principal points fixed during It is survey of Mirzapnr as 

mostly Hills, because 1 have been on the top of most 0: thorn, from whence I carried a series 
of triangles on all the others, all the way to Rotas 9 ; from whence I connected back again. My 
encampments were all laid down from the Route, corrected by three triangular bearings, and 
these again by the lath aide taken every Noon, and many observations every evening by the 
stars 10 . 

He writes to Franklin who had just been appointed to extend Sackville's survey 
of Bimdelkhand [51 j : 

The greatest advantage wit I he derived from your taking as many Hearings as you can 
from the tops of any hill* that may be m your neighbourhood, in lakmt: angles and bearings. 
in Hills, always draw their outline in your Field Book, & over each mark the angle taken ; 
and again, if possible, the names ( >.f individual Halls or Mi ■uiil sins, as they often serve to corrobo- 
rate your woik [ 199 ]• 

1 DDn. 79, A, 11-7-05. ! DDn. 67 ( 456, 464 ), 17-5-06 ; 27-5-08. =His private letters are even 
more aiffioult to ikcipiier ; lilin. Kill. 1 [>n„. .5.1 ( 65 1. !i 2 Ui.!. Mil) QeoKmphif. fiiii British miles to a 
degree [1, 247]. 'DDn. 126 (33), 31 -5-10. 'To Hodgson. DD11. SI { .174), 19-12-0'). "To "Blake 
DDn. 126(146), 25-4-1:!. "Rhotas, 63 P/14. "To Smith | 47 j I, On. 135(24), 23-11-13. 



Bekgal Surveyors 



■;uj 






If you have a good. Chronometer and eouki accurately k»;p her Hate bv equal Altitudes, 
it would be of the greniesf. consequence to correct, your !:>«- tings u-nd Westings 1 . 

Franklin ran primary triangles where the country was suitable, connecting 
at several places with short measurod bases, and checking by astro:3o?meal observa- 
tions. The priniary triangles u ere filled lip with secondary ones, 

of such, an extent, only as enabled the surveyor from the top* of hills to see the whole tract 
included within their respective areas ; thus none but ruined villages, of which no vestige 
remains, can have escaped notice, and every part of tiie tract laid down in the map has 
passed under his view ; the hills are delineate:.! with topographica"; exactness, the streams are 
accurately trace;! from L-hr:ir sources to 1 ■ 1 l- > . i- conflux. and the windings of the great rivers, so 
essential to geography, are pore-rayed with undeviatnig fidelity 2 . 

Marginal notes iti Hodgson's hand, written when he was Surveyor General many 
years later, state that pariaeuIacS of the triangles had not been preserved. 
They had probably been protracted by bearings and coinpntod distances. Writing 
hi 1850, Andrew Wa-ugh makes no reference to any triangulation at all ; 

Although... it was wholly tioeotui'iet-ed wiLh I In; gi'oat i,rigoi]OLno<i'icat survey, ... its errors 
were in some measure checked.. .from astronomical observations. 'I 'here fore, next to the 
great trigonometrical and revenue surveys, Libs is certainly one of toe best and most detailed 
googoiphicu-l documents we possess 3 . 

Lamb toil himself told. Franklin that the survey was 

"y of that description which I wish to connect with my operations, and you may rest 
, If I live to extend my measurement towards the point 1 contemplate, I shall not fail 
ect it when 1 pass through the field of your useful labours 4 . 

In the Simdarban.s. under very different conditions, the -\forrio son's straddled 
their wider rivers and creeks with chains of triangles rather than traverse 
laboriously along the soft mud banks 5 . 

Crawford, being a zealous surveyor himself, was very critical of held books, and 
writes to Blake [ 35 ] ; 

In consequence of the papers in the oin.ee being much in arrears, and having bad an Extra 
run of business since the arrival of Lord .Moira ■ .10 11.10 [. 1 have been prevented till now 
from, looking over your Field Books. I have now examined them, ..and have it much to lament 
that they do not meet my wishes. 

In the first piano, your rote... is but a little more than -1 miles a day ; and your angles nearly 
in the same proportion. Now, 4 miles and 4 angles a day cannot sure be supposed proper 
surveying. Major Rennell, ...who is justly held up as the best authority, insisted on the 
Gentlemen employed under him to survey from 10 to I - miles a day, and I certainly think it 
ought never to bo at. a less rate than 7 miles. 

After noting other omissions, Crawford continues; 

You never pass through any town of any extent, else you would note in j our Field Book 
"entered such a town — came out of it". After you arrive in Camp, you never take a range 
round your tents, either to get a bolter knowledge of the country, or to obtain the situation 
of distant objects by triangles, tor- tho Perambulator always commenced nest morning es you 
left off the evening before ; indeed I do not see a distance by triangles in the whole of vour 
tour ; you surely must have ot'teu been within sight of the first range of hills, & yet I see no 
attempt to obtain any of their relative positions. ... 

At the rate of four angles a day, each angle comes to exact!;/ six Itupi-es a piece on the 
allowance of Rs. 618 



One of the most conscientious and enthusiastic of surveyors was Hodgson who, 
after surveying various routes with his unit in liariana and other districts bevond 
the Jumna, was appointed assistant to White in the Upper Dofib [37]- The 
following are taken from his field books and let lets of 1813 ; 

Compared the .2xiLn.il "f the Perambulators on s line of ebyins of. 100 feet, each ; ran the 
wheels back & for VI. 16,000 feet. New wheel stained 64 yards, old wheel. I'll yards. ... 

Between Guraisur & Awa the axle of the wheel £>a loose & ^v.-uhialh' lost distance ; I was 
unable to measure this distance <>™ to determine the relative length of the station, not having 
a wateh with me ; the distance in Koss is equal to about 7 m, 6 fat., road measure, from 
Guraisur to Awa Fort, k, I measured 3 furlongs. ... I was obliged to estimate the Distances by 

»DBa. 13SC 211,6-11-13. i Journal. BBB. Ifit 
arlv ii> 1820, EIMC. lit (100-2). sjIRIO. Mist 
s 'D])n. IS). (57), 11-5-14. 



■'<■ ' 






:i;M 



202 Professional Methods of Survey 

the watch from Awa to -Tellaisur 1 , which I found to bo correct, for, having well repaired the 
■wheel, I measured the distance again. ... 

From each station I take the Bearings of all villages, .vn- in si.'dit, calling :j(iO° North, A; so 
going quite round the limb of the theodolite ; thus 100" will be E. 10' 8. ; 260 s — S. 80° W. s and 
so on. This method, recommended by your long experience, I find to he much more convenient 



to the Surveyor in the fiofd, £. to the draftsman or pro trustor, than the common one of writing 
down E. 10 s S., as in that way it is not uncommon inadvertently to read off, or write down, 
S. 10° E. for E. ID 3 S., & ihe like, or make other mistakes by employing more letters & figures 
than by this mode ; where the figures can answer ona bearing only, there can be no ambiguity. 
Very few distant places can be seen from the road on account of the mango Topea, but I 
always get upon any high Fort, Mosque, or other rising, & then get a view of more distant 
places. ... 

The distances arc measured hy n perarnbuta tor made by Adams, which is true, but is 
occasionally proved on a measured line of a furlong on even ground, & run baek and forward 
to the amount of a mile or more. 

For the direction of the basts, I rake tko bearing of some well defined object, at the station 
which I have left, which gives of course tbe opi>i»-iio hearing, or the line forward ; if there is 
no such objeet back, I leave a man with a flag mounted on a running camel, and when I fix 
the theodolite, I take the direction of the flag he holds up, &- .signal him forward to occupy my 
place, & then proceed to the next station ; 3 of these camels would be moat useful. ... 

I expect soon from England a valuable iionias "Repealing Circle : the (.proceedings of tbe 
Grand English Survey by Col. Dalby 2 , & on the French Grand Meridional Arc by Mechain & 
Delambre [ 249 ], with other lusts., Books, etc 3 . 
The Surveyor Genera.! writes to him ; 

Do not follow your predecessor's plan of sending down paltry scrajis ; reduce tbe whole 
to one general Map. on tbe scale of 4 miles to an inch, and keep yaw work up as well as you 
can ; your unavoidable arrears can be brought up in the rains 4 . 

Surveyors make occasional slips, and Blane acknowledges a blunder made in 
the protraction of his survey of Sagar Island [16] ; 

In consequence of tbe error respecting tbe variation, [ b-uve bousi induced to lay down a 
second time tbe whole of my survey. ... By making the Magnetic North east of the True North, 
the triangles agree so exactly with my Latitudes, that I cannot, refrain from transmitting you 
by General Garstin the result of my labor. The protraction of the small creeks correspond 
likewise delightfully. Both squinted a little ft required some adjustment, very much to my 
mortification, in the map which I delivered in 6 . 

This contretemps well illustrates the great disadvantage of having no single 
master control on which every individual survey could be based. Until the coming 
of the Great Trigonometrical Survey l.o Bengal, each separate survey was an isolated 
effort that could only be fitted into its place by the doubtful agreomrmt of ita overlap 
with neighbouring surveys or existing maps, and hy tho approximate accuracy of 
a few astronomical observations. In order, for example, to determine his longitude 
for the route of Ochterlony's advance to Mukwanpur in Nepal [ 43 ], Lindesay had 
to extend his route nearly 100 miles to the gola at Patna, which was one of 
Reuben Burrow's fixed points [ 1, 161 ] B . 



■' 



Levelling 

In the frei.juent references to lev oil ill." operations, whether for irrigation, 
drainage, or other purposes it is generally assumed that levelling was a simple 
process, understood by every engineer officer [308]. The Surveyor General 
writes of the levelling of Calcutta [ 17 ] ; 

The art of levelling, like that of surveying mid practical astronomy, requires great practice 
and skill in the person who undertakes the employment, and he can seldom derive much benefit 
or advantage from any other persons who may be appointed to assist him. ... 

He should bo furnished wii.h a levelling instrument of the best quality, two levelling staves 
or poles and an hundred foot chain. ... His establishment of Lascars or coolies for carrying this 



11/7. 



'Fdbk. 12/31-5-13, MRIO. M 347. 



Bengal Surveyors 



apparatus need not of course exceed six o 
old construction, wills sliding indexes, ... li 
capacity to the common Lascars, and 
assistants: Un whoso sa'aries need not 

As the adjustments and practical r 



seven men, bat if the staves he uses are upon the 
should hevo two persons r,o assist him of superior 
5 might bo necessary... to employ two European 
n any case exceed 50 Sonat Rupees }>er month 



f the leve'lbn;- histnuwini, firu the chief difficulties, 
...and the Engineer or praetitiorier who porfoi'rns it should possess a tolerable share of 
Mathematical knowledge, ... he should be very liberally paid, but. ..his establishment need 
not exceed what J have mentioned, if u. junior dilir/or of Engineer:-; on employed to assist 
in taking levels f and. ..such should be... encouraged to learn this bnmeh of their profession ), 
... his allowance should bo equal to that of an assistant surveyor, viz., one hundred Sonat 
Rupees per month 1 . 

White thus describes how he took lcvel-i for a new connection of the old disused 
Delhi canal with the Jumna without proper levelling apparatus [ 67 ] ; 

I prepared two atiitio.il skills aixxu. 10 ■■■=:- ;.- in ".Lei^i.it. winch wtn; divided into feet, Inehes, 
and tenths of an. inch' ; to each staff way I.L-iod a vane having a spring to it, to make it 
adhere to the staff in the position required. In iiio middle of the vane was a drawn-on 
horizontal line, 4/10ths of an inch in broadrh, painted white, to be cut by the wire irt the 



A person whom I called my lu'st <is.dsrunt bonk his station on the hank of the canal or 
Jumna, and the 2ml jt;sistani. (jliujed his. sf:;ff at a pro-per distance in the direction' I was' to 
proceed. My theodolite «':>,« placed 'n tin: ..'entre bciwoer. the; T ,wo sl.nlls, which prevented... any 
allowance for the eivrvature of the earth, the errors m usually destroying each other. 

Having ufoiKii'ly levelled my theodolite. I directed the first Assistant- to adjust the vane 
agreeable to the level, by moving it up & down until the wiro of this telescope cut the centre 
■horizontal line of the vane. ... The telescope was then turned to the 2nd Assistant for the 
■Same purpose ; I then noted the height Known by each vane. I thus proceeded to the object, 
taking care to keep the assistants in their proper places by making the first i.nko the ground 
Of the second, unci thus keepin;;; him always between mo and the Canal or Jumna, and ths 
second always between me & the object to which I was proceeding 2 . 



.Uysoiui: .SriivEV 



Mackenzie's savvey of Mysore was carried out on entirely different lines to any 
Bengal survey, mud was organized more like a modern topographical survey. Definite 
areas were allotted to each assistant, and each had a stall' comprising a few boys 
from the Surveying School, and sometimes an interpreter, a. States official, and a 
squad of lasears. 

Each assistant first measured his own base-lines, triangulated his area, and 
ranint3rmediatetraver.se, lines, whilst Mackenzie. a;s Superintendent, in addition 
to covering definite areas of his own. saw to the linking up of all the triangulation. 
Though each assistant was left free as to his methods o'i laying down boundaries 
and topographical details, those wore ge.ncral.ly fixed by rays taken from trigono- 
metrical and traverse stations. The plane-!: aide ws-i not used. Mackenzie issued 
instructions from time to time regarding the scale of protraction, the style of 
drawing, and the sf.atisti.ca] in formation that was to he collected. 



Mysore Sukvby, Basb-LhubS 

The surveyors had none of the special apparatus for m ea.su ring iia.se -lines that 
was used by Lambton, but took elaborate pre can lions to ensure as ranch accuracy 
as possible. Arthur thus describes the measure', neat of the base-Ih.ic at ITarikar in 
August 1800, tine start of Mackenzie's survey of the north-west boundary [ 95 ]. 

There ■ being id the vicinity of this plneo several re.r.nark-aul.e points... from which a series 
of Triangles may successfully be caiTied in any direction, ... the Measurement of a Base here... 

'DDn. fl7 ( 375 ), 37-5-05. "Fdbk. MEIO. M. 344. Oct. 1807. 



204 PkOPESSIOMAI, METHODS; OF StTRVEY 

was very desirable. ... I accompanied him [ Mackenzie ] on the morning of the 13th August 
to look out for the n.;o.st eligible ?,i! nation. ... ■ -:, 

We began our examination era &e summit of a rising ground,,"- and here fixed a picket 
and Flag in a line with two trees south of us ; me&furing from this in their direction ( nearly 
North ) with a Perambulator, at the distance of one mile another ting was stationed to assist 
the eye in readily finding the first. We now proceeded to an ascent where it was proposed to 
fix the North extremity of the Base ; the whole distance as found by the Perambulator was 
upwards of two miles. ... The soil is black and a good deal cracked, ... the surface rather 
uneven, but. ..free from Irregularities of any consequence. 

Aa...thia. direction would make good angles with the points...to be established, and the 
length could if necessary be increased to the South, we determined to. ..lose no time in 
commencing. 

Measuring... from il.ag to flag by r.he eye being rwbjeet to lattevid tyi'vmtions which might 
affect the Base, it was thought expedient previously to mark a line, and small stones were 
judged the most proper- for this purpose, as a line cut in the ground might be disturbed by 
the rains common at present, the soil being soft black mould 1 . ■ 

Actual measurement was similar to that which Arthur employed on the Ballapur 
base, described later [205]. " 

Mather gives a long account of the b-'se which he measured, for the start of 
Ma work near Hosur [96, 210]. He begins with a discourse on the general 
principles of survey ; 

It being intended that the survey... above the Chat*, and boimdnu,: Lhe Kuramahl, should... 
be in some measure a continuation of that. ..upon which I had formerly been employed 
[I, 114, 194. ], it was therefore considered advisable to follow up the same plan of operations. ... 
[Having chosen ] three fundamental stations, ...and... each a cursory scheme of points 
as appeared most eligible for carrying on the process with correctness, expedition, and ease 
< leaving it to time, circumstances, and the progress of the survey, to point out what other 
inferior stations afterwards became indispensably necessary... ), a proper situation was selected 
for measuring a Base Line. 

Out of the whole tract it would ucrhapf; lie diiiieult to iinti a place, of si.iincient length for 
a Base in any one direction, which obliged me to Iay...one out in two lines, forming 
an obtuse angle with each other, from which the two extremes were discernable, as well as 
from each other. ... The two extremities are pointed out by stakes driven into the ground, 
and piles of stones erected over them, and the included angle... em braces a remarkable large 
Tree. ... Every precaution that rule, reason, or experience, could suggest were particularly 
attended to. 

The Base was measured with, a chain of 2 <! yards, or -36 feet [200 ], the em is of which were 
fixed into the lower onds of two Bamboo Rods, shod with Iron, ... so that when stuck into the 
ground, the chain could be drawn sufficiently tense without risk of being moved from its plaee. ... 
At what distances these bases of verification should take plaee depending so much on the 
nature of the country, and the... Triangles, calculations, etc., ...Time, and the communications 
of those who have had extensive practice and profess great professional abilities, alone can 
determine. 

Without such precautious a suT-.ey. even tlioi.ii''.' executed with the bes-t instruments and 
by the most skilled practitioners, will in time be found to differ widely from observed latitudes 
and longitudes. ... Such a Survey, particularly if it consists of two or three detached parts, 
must be connected and finished before the scale. ..is determined upon; and when aline of 
verification... is measured, and fresh operations commence from it, they should be connected 
by retaining two or three- determined points common to both draughts; at least these are 
my Ideas, founded on » little observation and the perusal of some treatises I have met 
with*. 

"Mac'sonzio had a great opinion of Mather's professional talents [ IOI, 112 ], 
and considered his methods 

more comprehensive of all we look for in a Survey ( and on a regular System ) than any I havo 
met ; he does not pretend to the refinements of Science, but confines himself to what is imme- 
diately useful on a computed basis of stations, to which nicer corrections ( which after all do 
not amount to much ) may be at any time applied. ... I wish more of our young men would 
avail themselves of his method 3 . 

Arthur gives a detailed account of an elaborate measurement made near 

'.Touraal, BDa.44. 'DDn. 44 { 1-5, 8 ). »DDn. 66, 18-5-04. 



Mysore Survey 



205 



th« fcriangulation carried out by 



1 the "bad t 



eat all the hollo- 



Tank, ...dry during the 
ta full of water which we 
irregular pieces of ground 



liiiii-Baiiapur 1,0 form a central check 1 
Mackenzie. 'Mather, and Warren [ 99-100]. 

The Snrvey of '-be Northern frontier Konndary of Mysore... being now iiearly completed 
after extending upwards of two degrees of Longitude from the original Base at Hurryhur, the 
measurement of another line became. ..neGSISBB*? for the wmficati'Ms of this part of the 
work.. ... A Baa; here would answer the double purpose of veri i'yirig the 'triangles carried 
on from Hurry hrrr.., and of connecting them with those its the S-Eas\ by the other 
assistants. ... 

With thin view Csijjturn Mackeraio dirocit-r! roe .vibont the ji'd of j>oeembor [jiOl to proceed 
from Sera to Great Balapore, and to remeaduro a Base which Mr. j\i ;->tber...had already measured 
in that neighbourhood. ... I arrived at, Balapore on tho 9i.ii 1 Jeccv a her, and r-mployed myself 
in preparing dags, eta. till tho iOi.b, when Mr. Mather. ..arrived. ... 

Captain Mocko-ide expressed a wish t.hi:,t it, should ha done in rhe samo way as thatat 
Kurryhur [ 95, 203 -,j ], us nearly a.s '.ho naiure of the ■_~ouiu'i and on-cmosta:. ices would permit. 
On the morning of the 11th Doer. 1 wont out, with "Mr. Mather to examine the ground... which, 
though not so hy von rah 10 as could bo wishod, .1 found as mticii so a* could ho had. ..in this 
;'..:-!i!)ourbood. 

The place whori; the South end of the lino cotmv.io.'ieed is about 2. miles... from Balapore in 
an open field, a.t this timo under cultivation : from here... over a swelling town try, in some 
places- crossed by broken hollow ground, ... close to the Edga ! mat of Balapore which, being 
a conspicuous object on high 2r01.mil, was '-s.sry convenient ;'(.;■ readily iiointiu" out the direction 
of the Line. 

Near tho north ox iJMUij.it y tho Bseo orotfso 
former measureme-nt...bi!t .'it tho time of the 
were obliged to avoid by ion;.- offsets, as was the 
that intervened. ... 

The first thing to bo ationded to was the ntarkkg it out on tho ground ; ... we judged that 
a number of small fiaga placed truly in tho line ;;i,i.mid be sufficiently exact. ... We therefore 
commenced with this by okieing a rbi.'o.-.loiii.j- sir. a, mark in the 'ita;, ... and sei tins; its telescope 
in the vertical |ilane of t.bo direction : ... aboiu. tho breadth of throe foot was then cleared 
along the line of a It iinpedimonU, .mil the (smi. at present about 7 inches high, cut down within 
that space. 

The chain user!.. .was of the common kind, ... of (it) links ea-eh intended for a foot ; the 
extreme links were. ..fixed into two thin bamboo*. ..shod with iron, ... having another point of 
iron 3- inched long a.t right, angles to too bo.rolioo aia.l obain whou stro tehed, to be used in hard, 
ground. ... 

■The present length of the chain. ..was ascertained by stretching a small rope of twine be- 
tween two iron pins driven into a fine stone torra.e.o in front oftbeMosime in the fort of Balapore h 
along which the length of the chain was marked j it being strotched in the same manner as when 
used in the field ) ; ... then thin length marked on too terrace '.'-a:: nioi..-ur'od by two rods joined 
together, ...previously nicely ascertained to contain 20 foot 0.325 inches, by Mr. Mather's 
black wood ruler of 4 feet ; ... The chain was found to contain three lengths of these rods... 
and 5 feet 11.975 inches over, which by this ruler of Mr. Mather's gives liti feet 0.96 inches 
for tho length of the chain in 86° of Father, heirs Thermometer. ... 

By Oiiiivuu Ua.okon/.ie's brass Ruler used as a- siaudurJ at H.iu'rvhc.rr...tke chain was found 
to contain 66 feet .53 inches, which makes a diiforonco on the whole base of upwards of 20 feet. 
This clearly points Out tho propriety of having a common standard for a, work in which different 
people are omployed. ... 

The measurement of the l'a.-.o was con ■rnoiieea on tho lit. ri December, and.. .levelled in 
the common way by a v-or> Hue levelling Instm merit. IS itiohos long, by Wright. 

Making several offsets to .nvoid bad ground they reached the iilgah, and, continues 
Arthur, 

after measuring and carefully levelling this far, I was im fortunately sci/.od with an attack of 
fever... which... pre vented our resuming... till the 30th December 1S01 ; however.. .on my way 
t-o and return from Bangalore whither I had gone for change of air and medical assistance. 
I took a series of angles to connect the former Triangles; with (.his place. ... On .1 0th Deer. 
wo resumed tho measurement. ... 

The Base was divided 
same tune, and the degree of heat observed 
temperature in which tho length of the Chain 



32 sections, erch of which was orv-o moasurod arid levelled el. tho 
order to redueo the measurements to the 
asJ-.'orL-amed. ... The Base was gone over 



1 Muhammadan praying platforrt 



i'Kor^sio.N-.u. \i"i'TtroDS of Survey 



i counting the chains, ■> 
ined by taking the Sun's amplitude when sotting 



a second time with t-ha Chain, ail stt- one.e. but no sensible difiiaeia* wa.s observed from the 
first measurement which, to prevent any 
a cursory maimer by a Perambulator. ... 

The Meridian at tilt 1 Base was detern 
[I, i5i ; n,2o8]. ... 

To compare the mea-tires.. ami. >-'ihl : wood .siandiiri L~ -M that re mains... and... there will 
appear very little reason to suppose that the most- improved mode of linear measurement 
would make much difference. ... 

The offsets from the .Base, beirit: ail at .fight ; mgles to it, ... taken with tho utmost care, 
there is little cause to doubt that a line joining then- extremities is of the same length aa that 
part of the Base to which it in parallel, ...particularly as the offsets were always found to 
correspond within a foot of eaoh other 1 . 

Several otheT bases wem measured to Mackenzie's satisfaction, and he writes to 
Morison on one occasion ; 

So you are astonished at your work differing -> feet '.viih Mr. .Arthur's, measuring on rough 
ground by a eona-mm chiiiii, -.vit.L different standards. I should have bean surprized had they 

Several years later. Arthur describes h i* measurement of a base in Travancore 
by means of wooden rods : the sf andard used was a brass two-foot rider made by 
Watkins of Charing Cross ; the base was levelled and gaps across rivers were 
calculated. 

We had begun to re -measure Ilit; Base with another multiple of 90 feet, when we were 
deluged by the floods, which afterivai'ds increased so much that all our instruments, which we 
were forced to leave on the ground, we.'re oarrieel ir.yj.y. A: this necessity &. bad fortune compelled 
us to be content with onn teeiisi moment instead of two as you ordered 3 . 



Mysoejj Survey ; Tkiangulation 

Mackenzie extended his triangulation from the base-line, at Harihar simul- 
taneously with his survey of the north boundary of Mysore. He had no time for 
reconnaissance in advance, and when ids triangles were hold up by had weather, 
with hill-tops enveloped in monsoon cloud, he broke off and continued detail survey 
or computations till better weather came. He frequently found it impossible to 
OTeot the instrument on tho exact spot observed [ 97 ], and Arthur notes that in 
work such as this, 

carried on with, our common in.^tmii.iemi through an unexplored country, where often distant 
points, ...taken up at random... were, when viewed in a different position, no longer 
recognised, tho results are never found to correspond with th«i .resign conclusions 4 . 

Mackenzie himself writes to Lainbton that, 

Regarding these stations of mine to the northward, you will find the names of the places 
are given from the information of the people on the spot ; in the course of so extensive a survey, 
when we were. ..without time to reconnoitre the country deliberately, it, often appears that 
we could not place an instrument mi the very point observed... from the former stations; 
for instance at Pennaeonda, where ..1 tree, the object. is situ;ued among rocks that could not 
be approached within 40 or more yards. 

This circumstance will, accotmi for some difference wined may be vert remedied now that 
the country is known : there aro several of these stations that c.-ir.uot he aseended with large 
instruments, bui aro too good Ian '.boards to bt; omitted, but the differences on the whole, 
from north to south, go nearly to oo-mterbalanee each other 5 . 

He was however entirely satisfied with the work of the first two years and 
on. the Termination of a Complicated Survey founded on 212 Triangles, carried on from the 
Shore of the Toombodra to near the Cavery at Alambaddy [ too ], ;.. a tract the greater part 
of which was known but by name a few years ago to our most intelligent Geographers. 

On due consideration of.. .the nature of the fmtruments used, of a common description & 
not minutely graduated... — a Series of Triangles originating from a Base measured at the 
distance of 140 miles from that of verification,.. — Stationary Points were generally 

o QMQ. ; JIBIO. M 10G. 18-1-10. 'Report on BollSpur Base, 



TIB 



Mysore Survey : Tkiangulatjos 



■'07 



a distance before it was possible to have access to establish statiLj.ns on them — & 
allowing for all these Inconveniences the Dispatch under which the Whole Process was 
carried on — the reaoaiod interruptions &. the want- of necessary assistance for a great part of 
the time.. .-—so near a coincidence at these Central Points may be esteemed a favorable 
testimony of the fidelity of the operations 1 . 

He kept in close touch with his assistants and writes to Mather ; 

Let rae know the probable cause of tho < Inference between jour and Mr. Warren's bearings. 
Did you allow for the variation of the needle in your base line < He tells ine the distances 
t sides of triangles] agree ; 1 !>resuiee therefore th'.' difference of the niariietic needle is 
owing to the variation not being allowed for, which may be .'ashy corrected. ... As soon 
as we meet you wilt hav e the use of my magnet ; meantime the angles should be taken 
without the needle, arid the meridional line «■'! m altered by corrected observations of 
latitude 2 . 

I have perused your remarks on the mode of survey in;; with s at is faction [ 204 ]. There is 
no doubt but the needle is the: easiest, but a? errors si .-niouine? arise .iVore the constant use of it, 
it is reeoirirnemle'l I>v the Iate,-.i uysl.eiii;i o:" •■■.ir\ T'vi:i,. r to observe it-: variation:*, and coiroqt 
frequently by these. I do not by any means wish to retard your operations by prescribing 
methods differing from those yon have followed. ..and which I do not wish you to depart- 

T am very glad you have made such progress wit li yonr base, and. doubt not but the ground 
was the best adapted to tho (nirposc. .1 wall be glad if you fake the remarkable hills or point* 
on tho boundary connecting with my surveys on ibis side, in order to facilitate a general 
combination of tho whole ; for. ..the sevor.U m.tpa of d.tdt-rir.ts should be connected together by 
the leading stations common to both, and this will serve to verify them at tho same time that 
the corrections ( if any ) arising from any other work : moaning l.anibton's ] may be then applied 
more conveniently... to a general map on a small scale. [ 118 ] 4 . 

In some places the magnetic! needle was unich disturbed ; 

Om our return from the first of these excursioas oi' 13ih August, tiie bearings were found 
to vary so ranch as to attract- particular notice ; 1 therefore went a<jain on 21st, accompanied 
by Mr. Arthur, & with four <lifferent Instruments found the noodle ^really agitated, ...which 
we found to proceed from the Magnetic quality of the Strata of this point alone; the 
specimens we carried awav possess the repelling and at I ractive power to a ;great degree" 6 . 

Mackenzie was not ashamed to consult Goldingharn on a matter that he might 
well have solved by a simple diagram ; 

As I find there are different opinions, of the denomination given to the variation of the 

needle, which, sometimes ocoosioris a little confusion, in adding it to the bearings by some, 
■while others deduct. T will thank you jus!, to look over the inccosod. and let me know whether 
the variation is not E. 1° 10' 19", and whether any hearing of a. place taken from thence, as 
for instance Bearing S. 11° 50' 0", should have this variation added or deducted. ... Excuse 
this which I recotleei enquiring about before 6 . 

Throng! tout 1801 there was a constant- exchange of information with Lamb ton, 
and on several occasions, where discrepancies were found, re -observation put the 
mat tor right [100,118-9]. Mackenzie was, however, so .satisfied with the o lose 
agreement, that he closed his work without actually adopting any of Lambton's 
values [ 112 ]• 

Several of the iNorthem stations it Feints ascertained by Major J.aruhtoo's Survey, 
connecting and intermixing with our more Stun iicrly Stations. ...afforded an opportunity of 
further verifying the sides of these triangles. ... Of ail Primary .Stations of this Survey, ... 
Forty -one differ from 100 to 20(1 & 300 yards— Four only differ from 500 to 600 yards— Eight 
agree from 2 to 5, 9,2 8, 30, & VJ yards. 

The results were not, indeed, of a. high order of precision. The two values 
for Warren's closing side differed by 1 500 yards, but the mean differed only 250 
yards from Lambton's value. The discrepancy between three other sides 
common to Warren and Mather were 33, 66, and *7 yards respectively [ 107, 119 J. 

When it is recalled that 00 fixed mark common t" both was I'iaced on. these hills, tho 
difference will not appear irieat : but when on equa.l coitieiutnr;.- is found with Major Lambton's, 
workiiiK with the advantage of a more deliberate process, the testimony of the accuracy of 
their work is highly satisfactory. 



m 



u. 



»ddji: 



V3-01. 



'ib., 9-9-01. *Hcmoir, 



:-n 



Professional Method or Survey 



Mackenzie concludes with a- table showing the common sidew and discrepancies 
of his own. Mather's, Warren's, and Lambton's triangulation 1 , and out of 72 
common sides. "■ .Discrepancies of 500 yards or over numbered 16, Discrepancies 
of 100 yards or less numbered 15" This was, of course, Lambton's preliminary 
triangulation of Mysore which was never embodied in his final results [ 236 J. 

Morison [ 102 ] was directed to survey one pargana at a time, but to extend his 
triangles without close regard to pargana limits 2 . Ko tells of his work ; 

Marched from M..- 1 dra-s t.u Serine;; pa trim, as directed by the .Superintendent, and arrived 
there on the 2nd November. 

11th. Marched from Seringa-paiion, commencing the survey of tlie Great Road to Nang- 
munglam [pi. 11]; ascertained some points upon the island, and arrived at Kistraspattah at 
3 o'clock P.M. ... 

16th. Made an excursion to the summit of Nursuswamy 3 for the purpose of looking for a 
tract for measuring the baso. Rain all day from N.E. ... 

22nd. Marked off a short base at right angles to the great one, for the purpose of ascertain- 
ing the horizontal position of Makdoaur Betta. 

23rd. Measured the last -mentioned base { length chains ) and took the levels of it ; 
commenced the great base from the summit of Malydaur ; ...Took the depress ions... and 
measured the acute a.uglos at lie extremity of the small base, and extremity of the great 

December 8th. Measured the angles at a small eminence near Malanholly 4 ( where the 
natives told me Major Lambton had placed a flag, from widen I concluded it was one of his 
stations ), and at the summit of Hona Betta 5 ; this laet station is marked by a conical heap of 
stones. Tho day was clear and the angles measured to great advantage. .-- I have reason to 
believe the point from whence J measured the angles this morning must have been within a 
few inches of Major Lambkin's sl.-mi.on, as i con hi trace the marks wiiero three of the pins 
■which M.]|iti('it-'d this .Mrtjz had been. 

21st. Halted and employed computing ami protraci ing the prim.ii.ry stations. 

22nd. Commenced the survey of the boundary at a land mark near S— , traced it by B — 
and I — , and left off at a land mark. ... Distance measured 2 miles 7 furlongs. 170 yards 8 . 

Arthur's journal gives a further picture of day-to-day work in Mysore [ 107 ] ; 

June 7th [ 1804 ]. Surveyed the Boundary to day, and closed this part of it up to tfie 
point.. .where the district of Mailcottah 7 succeeds that of Nagmungulum, and to the south of 
■which I had already traced some miles of the boundary common to Muddoor* and Mailcottah. ... 

Being here a few miles of Nagmungulum. where I measured the original base, and not 
having yot "been able to lay clown eny of the new survey for want of a connection with the 
former triangles and the points now taken up, I determined to go thither in order to establish 
them from the stations near the base, & at the samo time endeavour to obtain a few observa- 
tions for the latitude, ... and for the variation of the neodle ( having obtained the use of a 
tolerably good one on purpose in Seringapatam ), which I there could not do in consequence 
of the indifference of tho needle of my theodolite. ... 

June 8th. ... At sunset got a very good amplitude of the sun [ 206 ], but the succeeding 
night was so cloudy that I was not able to obtein tho meridian height of any of tho stars for 
the latitude, which T was at all events precluded from by a relapse of fever, which came en 
.pith severity. ... 

August 10th. After establishing a station of the Arrajerry Hill, which is very steep and 
lifficult of ascent, I crossed the: country... to carry on a detailed measurement of the great road 
towards Bangalore, which was surveyed this far trrvrn Seringa pamiri by my apprentice [ 103] 
whom I had detached for that purpose as, having all the principal points already in the general 
tiurvey, I had no scruple m entrusting the intermediate detail to him, whom I had previously 
instructed and practiced in this kind, of road surveying. ... 

August 25th. Halt here to day to bring up some of the Calculations, &c, of the Survey, 



end found that the triangles lately added 
former Survey till f have an opportunity of 1 
Westward, from the difficulty when I was t 
of knowing the points now taken up acta 
rhangerry. ... 



lot be conveniently connected with those of the 

;ain ascending some of the leading points to the 

ere before, and unacquainted with tho ground, 

the... confused range of hills lying South of 



'Memoir. 25-5-03; Appi. nr.DDn.4S. »DDn, 41, 7-10-02. •NfU-asimhaswSrai Betta, S.141 
-- 57D/10. ■*iTalLenahiilli, 57 Ji.'it. ■ Koivuft Betta. 3,0;!S ft. 57 D/9. • Journal DDn. 45. ' Melnirtc. 
7 D/10. sSacWSr, 57 Hf2. 



Mysore Survey : Triangulation 



Sept.. Nth lij 2St,h, Having now finished the greatest part of 'he actus I survey of this 
district, I employed myself.. -( with the exception of son:'? days that i was laid up with fever ) 
in calculating some of the Triangles... and arranging some nthm papers... partly furnished by 
the Circar Ofitcoi's, ami comaming, among ot-iier points of information, a, list of houses, 
families, arid ploughs. ... 

Sept. 29th. Having collected and prepared l.he greatest part of tho papers.. .in the rough, 
and taken a sketch plan of thy Fort, wi.th a few astronomical observations for latitude and 
variation of the needle, I judged it better to go on with the actual survey during the present 
favourable weather than. ..to get, fair copies made out. ... I therefore set out. ..to commence 
the survey of Hoolioordroog 1 . ... 

Feb, 1st to 25th 1805. Having been obliged to alter the situation of many of the primary 
stations which form the ground work of the whole, I wa.s consequently obliged to alter the 
detail, so that, ... I had a very considerable part.. .to protract, over again before I com- 
menced the fair copy, which. ..was not finished till the 25th. .,. 

Feb. 26th to March 25th. Employed in making out Tables; of tho Primary and Secondary 
Stations, and mnhing a separalo fair plan of the former ; in arranging Tables of tho Villages 
and other hoa.ds of the .Merino is'. Calculi! Ling some observation;; for the Latitude and Variation 
of the Compass, and making Abstracts; ...protracting the groat road from Seringapatam 
towards Bangalore ; ... bringing up my Journal and laying down sketch Finns of the Forts 
Pettahs ; and getting fair Copies of the whole. ... 

April 21st. Having received in.Jtnjeti.His to proceed to the Districts in the neighbourhood 
of Sera 2 to fill up some iwrcg of them w-t-i i I unfinished, and to Survey in my way the great road 
from Seringapatam to Sera, J set out to clay for that, piu-po;;e, and traetal the great road... 
about 10 miles in a general Northerly direction. ... 

24th. Sun-eyed tins great road to B-eloor 3 , and in my way ascended thus a third time 
ITathbetl.a. in. order to obtain angles of the principle [ sic ] points in my route, to enable my 
laying dow;; the road with correctness on a chain of Li-tangles. ... 

26th. Surveyed tho road... fourteen miles to Cudduppa, in which I fixed several 
stations, but as it leads through a Champaiirn Country without any conspicuous points in 
front or on either sido, I apprehend a good deal of difficulty hi carrying on a connected chain 
of triangles satisfactorily, ... which however...! can readily do when I get angles from some 
of tho hills to the northward 4 . 

When Matter was working towards the Western Ghats [ 104 ], Mackenzie wrote 
frotn Madras ; 

Be very particular in the Base ; preserve your memoranda of it ; have it well levelled and 
marked out. I will re-measure it with you when I go up, and I would wish all the triangles 
to be entered in a book by themselves, for re-computation afterwards. 

Would you believe, there are people here who would assert we never compute our distances ; 
for such, a contemptuous silc'ie;' is the best reply 1 o iv.a'ieo, folly, credulity, or seh'ish designs : 
yet I am. willing to n reserve < loeu merits to convince at a proper time those who are competent 
to decide, and entitled to thitt attention*. 

To the west, his own triangles agreed well with Mather's; 

The results of three diu'oreii!; (riant; lev... aere» -i-itoni :<3 fc-t., tl »> nt-an of the three making 
only one of difference. The difference with years is of littie consequence, & need not occasion 
your altering anything ; they are no more than must arise from ■::ific"C7ir, .instruments [liS-g] ? . 

The following is taken from Ilunigan's journal in Kanara [ no ] ; 

March 7th 1807. Howel made a circuit of the country to tho S. and W. and ascertained 
tho positions of a few villages. ... 

9th. Halted to protract the field work of the two last days, while the country people 
were employed in cutting the wood on the summit of ISoola Akilla, the highest, hill among a 
group in which 1 intended to establish a station, but when I ascended [ was mortified to find, 
from the number of huge trees on its summit,. .that f was obliged to relinquish, the thought 
of making it one of my primary stations, but content myself with another hill. ... 

Descended at 6 p.m., when Howel returned after ascertaining the positions of 5 villages... 
in his circuit this day. ... 

10th. Employed in the forenoon on the plan, and ascended Bulla Holla to establish it 
as a station, being also a station of Major Lamb ton's [ pi. 16 ], while Howel protracted the 
field work of the last three days. ... 

' Hnliyurdurga, 57 H/l. *Sira, C/U. s TSekir, 48 0/16. 'Journal ; GBO Lib. A b.BS. B Obviously 

not Lambton er his imhVir.ta v,-i:a ii ; irl kit liml-ai to ^ros,> tins Peitmsuhi i:i Oct. ]Ku3 [23S]. 'BDn. 
60, aa-1-01. 'ib., 15-11-05. 



' 



H:\ j 
it 



210 Professional Methods of Survey 

12th. Tn my perambulations this day I fell in with a station of Major Lambton's... where 
I took a sot of bearings and established a station. ... 

26th. Left P — ■ at 8 A.M. and proceeded easterly on a footpath gradually ascending aa 
far as P — , a small village with a nut tope on the top of the G hunts, where 1 halted, to have 
the necessary guides to accompany me to the summit, of T — , a lofty Peak. ... I began to ascend 
about 11 A.M. and ranched bin: summit at about .1. o'eiocU, being very steep and difficult. 
On my way up the hill I was surprised to see several large, trees of bti extraordinary size and 
length, whic-h I was informed were cub down on purpose to shake the earth, find by that means 
admit the ourdiinon to grow. 

The wea-thor being very uniViVour-ablo for observing rendered it. necessary for ir« to remain 
all night on the hill ; ... eonstnieted a little hut of bamboos covered with plantain leaves, to 
shelter myself from tfeo dampness of the weather. I went to bed on a bare mat after making 
a hearty dinner, and with the assistance of my cloak ( which "I never failed BaEryifig with 
me ), slopt pretty comfortably till about 1 m the morning, when .1. was disturbed by the wind, 
■which blew my small hi.it down, and obliged me to sit up and warm myself by the fire till 
daybreak 1 . 



Mysore Survey : "Detailed & Statistical Survey 

Tho main objects of the survey as set out by Mackenzie in February 1800, 
provided for a series of primary stations emanating from measured base-lines, 
and for detail to bo : ' ascertained by correal bearings of the Primary or Secondary 
stations" ; statistical information was also to be collected [ 91-2 ]. ' Such were 
the orders given to Mather ana Warnm on starting out f 93 ] ; detailed instructions 
were to come later ; 

Your equipment for tho survey being now completed, ... you will. ..proceed as soon aa 
possible to take a survey of the tract. ..in Mysore [here defined]. ... To enable you 
to acquire the iLeoossm.-y ln(brmai,iuii,.,of the boundaries, ... 1 hate this (late apprised Colonel 
Close, Resident in Mysore, ... requesting him to direct the head managers of these districts 
to furnish you with such information or other assistance a.-j may bo necessary. ... 

Meantime, having sufficient confidence in your abilities and zeal, ...there will be no 
necossity for suspending the commencement of your operations ; and, ... when you have made 
yourself sufficiently ae^i.tainted with the ('ace of the country to choose the ground for the base 
of your survey, you will next proceed to select your principal points and stations, and after- 
wards to lay in the country in detail 2 . 

To Mather he wrote lb roe mouths later ; 

As you have had considerable- practice in tho actual survey of tho iJarramahal [ I, 113— 4 1, 
I wish to have your opinion of the most convenient scale to be adopted in plotting or laying 
down the survey. In a district 10 or IS miles of a side, it might bo difficult to lay down the 
whole with precision on a scale of two miles to an inch, and therefore that of one mile to one, 
or even two, inches has been suggested; you will therefore oblige me by giving your candid 
opinion founded on your own experience. I should also i.ibo to know tho method you took in 
measuring your first base, the length of it, and what umo it took to complete [ 204 ] 3 . 

On Mather's advice be decided on tho one-inch scale 4 , and wrote to Warren ; 

As you seemed to think tho scale of two miles to one inch was too small for protraction, 
I have no objection to your making use of another. ..provided it is of a nature to admit of 
"being easily connected with the other surveys. Mr. Mather, who has had a good deal of 
practice, has chosen thai, of one mile to an inch ; a.s your surveys must be connected, it will 
save much trouble to yourselves and others if you can do the same. ... 

Mr. Mather is desire lis...! hat, your and his boatings of such, point.-"; as connect your surveys 
should... correspond ; you should therefore communicate with each other on this subject, or 
any other that may forward the service : from his experience much advantage may be dorived 
[ 204 f. 

Again to Mather ; 

I shall be glad bo be informed, bof>ro yea proceed ki bhe- coast., of tho bearings and distance 
of OosoorHill and Aoehitly Droog from Eyacofta 11 , ... to lay them down in my general map. ... 
Also. ..the number of tanks in the Oossoor district, a.s it is a very material thing, not to be 

'DDn. 48. »DDn. 66,30-1-00. »ib, 2S-4-00. 'ill., S-5-00. »ib., 17-6-00. 'Rayakottai, 



Mysore Survey : Detailed & Statistical Survey 



21 i. 



omitted, and I observe very few in your map. I hope you will... distinguish as much as 

possible the hilly tracts .from the ph. ins, !_.; i ■'. 7. the eontei us of each may be ascertained 1 . 

By October he had worked out full detailed ordors [roo], which he issued as 

General llt'id.. of itmrur.t.i<sY:ii for the Ge.!.i:r : <:! ileal X' Qt ographi'.-al Survey of a Puryunnak, ... 
that they may all be done on one uniform plan [ 101, 10S]. 

Previous to Li 10 eommoneon-Lent of the Survey of Lhe Boundary of a JAugunnah, the Surveyor 
should have established.. .a certain number of Primary Stations connecting with each other 
& with the ecus' t remarkable points i;i the adjacent Districts ; connecting with a Ease mea- 
sured with all possible aocin-::ey. ... With these & such Secondary tuitions as can be estab- 
lished.. .the sikiiiiion of -every village in the Districts should bo ascertained. 

The Ground Work of the Survey thus laid — the Exterior Bouod'ary of the District should 
be next traced — the land marks of trie limits ascertained k described ... — on the Frontiers of 
Mysore, a particular attention is to be paid to an exact adjustment of the Limits in the first 
plaee — the Interior Boundary of the Purgunuahs wii.h those adjacent should next be noticed — 
those of the interior Subdiv is Ions may be gradually traced in the course of the work. 

An account of the R-mndaiee.s A a T.ift, of the Division-! of t.ho Pnrormnah will bo necessary 
...also a List of every Villa-iro under each Cusbu or Capital plaee. with the Tanks belonging 
to them & distinnhshin.'.' whether ruined "or not. ... 

In. ..tracing the Boundary & proceeding from one Station to the other, the Cusbas, 
Forte, Towns, it Villages coming in the way, or lying on either side, should be laid down 
by Angles with the Stations, Or adia-iient fixed places; others may be taken by occasional 



A pnrtic-jku- attention should he pair! to the Lakes, Tanks, Hos'Tvnlvs. and other Water- 
works useful to the Cultivation ; these may be sketched in &- the Courses of Rivers, Nullas, 
their Sources & junctions when within the District ; the Fords i Passages of the Greater Rivers 
marked. Mountains & Hills. ... Passes & Defiles. ... V illness in soquostcred nlaees. ... Villages 
lying beyond the genc-al area of the District. ... 

The results. ..should tie. protracted or laid down in a Map as nearly as possible &. ..oppor- 
tunity should be embraced of correcting the positions jjy observation; the Variation of the 
iNeod le should be observed from time to time. 

As the adoption of- one common scaio is useful for connecting more readily the Surveys 
of the Several Districts, that of One English Mile to an iueh is recommended for the Provincial 
Maps of the Districts. 

The Names of the prineipal Ousbas ; those of the inferior Divisions & the Forts should 
'be distinguished wither by the mode of writing them, or some marks of reference 2 . 

To Warren ho oleboru.ted those his. tractions ; 

Taking your enquiries in the order they stand in : ... 

1. The tv'iie to beadopwi for fh.e pi ins of t.ho Purgnnoahs..,is (no Ih-it.ish .rule to an inch. ... 

2. A separate mop of the primary stations, etc., will vi-L-y properly aoe-ooipany the con- 
clusion of the whole. ... 

3. The print-iixHroii'h-, fiie courses of the rivers, and the boundaries of the interior divisions, 
should be inserted with as much correctness as possible ; ...much of this.. .in. your progress 
from one station to another. ... 

4. Tanks. In the first, .stage of a genera! survey. ..it. is not convenient... for ascertaining 
with geometrical precision the actual contents of.. .each, any more than the square contents 
of the cultivated land of each village, as that belongs to a -particular minute. Agricultural 
survey [ 92 ]. I would therefore recommend. ..your laying down every tank in its position near 
the villages, sketching them off with as much a-eeuraoy as the time admits of. Such of these 
as lie near roads may be traced along the extent of their banks ; the quantity of land 
they occupy, or water they contain, depends much on the rains of the season. ... 

5. The Computations appearing in. your field books are not wanted immediately; 
but at the conclusion of any considerable portion these documents will he usefiil-.-to 

authenticate... the several charts formed from them. 

6. Deserted Villages, New Villages, i'Magci in Jungle. It will be necessary to notice 
villages contained in the official lists.. .or any alterations that may have occurred.. .to 
assist Revenue management. Duined or deserted villages may be denoted by a star ; ... new 
villages not in the list should also bo distinguished ; Villages in j imgle should be ascertain^ 

.■with as much accuracy as their situation can admit. ... 

7. All Woods, inaeecssiblo jung'c, and Hills, should be noticed, and their extent ■ from 
■without ascertained as nearly as convenient 3 . 

'DDn. 66, 5-9-1800. 



hDDa.66, 7-7-00; DDn. 41, 15-7-00. sj)Dn, 42; Appx. 5. 



212 Professional Methods of Survey 

Mather iixed hia detail, either by in ter section, or by resection from three 
known points ; 

The nature of the country ...determined my adopting the same plan of operation I hod 
pursued there [ Baramahal ], as being... sufficiently correct, and of all others certainly the 
most expeditious ; ... laying down subordinate villages, and bendings of Boundaries, Rivera, 
Hills, etc., by Mfisriietie In ^section, and those of more importance by the angles between 
3 stations. 

In a level and open country, where there is no great risk of the view being interrupted, the 
Angles between ;uiv three Stat ions... miiy ho adopted with success, mid the observations pretty 
expeditiously laid down, but. ..such a process depends, not as by the needle on one intersection, 
but on the accuracy of several intersecting lines, ... unless executed by some instrument such 
as a protractor with moveable radii. ... 

In establishing some of the principal villages in the open country ...by angles between 
throe stations, ...they had been laid down by drawing infinite right lines equal to the 
observed angles on a sheet of strong transparent paper, ... which, when laid on the Map, and 
moved about so as to coincide with the points observed, shews the station or place of observa- 
tion accurately and expeditiously [ 228 "I 1 . 

When the pj-oce-ss i v ar.slfs is adopted, ... every general purpose would. ..be equally well 
answered by only so establishing the Cusbas of Districts.. .and other remarkable places 
necessary to be shewn. ..on a reduced scale; and the smaller cottages by the bearings from 
any two places so determined, or by intersections of the Needle from the nearest stations. ... 

In the accompanying Map, every individual village is not laid down by observation, it 
often falling out so that 1, 2, or even 3, of them be so contiguous to the... station, that then- 
situations may be easily determined by their bearings therefrom, and their distances estimated 
by the Eye. ... 

Attention has been paid to laying in all the Tanks, ... either by their bearing or estimated 
distance from the nearest village or, if too remote to do so, by intersections on their banks, 
and, as no colouring or description can so effectively point out the general tendency of the 
country. ..as the drawing in carefully the Rivers, Rivulets, and Brooks, they are- here on 
that account pretty pon-pctly represented. ... 

The very large scale on which the survey has been carried on, and the Map constructed, 
has in a great measure prevented many little inaccuracies, which those on a smaller one are 
liable to 2 . 

In reply to a query from Warren, Mackenzie writes ; 

No alteration in your style of colouring occurs to me, as I consider every person is best 
left to that he is used to. ... In a map of a purgana or District, references or explanations 
will be useful... and to render yours uniform with the rest I enclose a papijr containing 
those generally used with us, which, or something similar, I would also recommend to you'. 

Morison gives the following description of a day's work [102, 208 ] ; 

Attended by people from P — and N — , I went to the boundary immediately south of B— 
from whence I understood it came in a straight line. The perambulator could not be used 
from the thickness of the jungle, but I ascertained live stations upon the boundary between 
B — and the next landmark, which was ascertained upon tho nth ultimo. By these stations 
several deserted villages which are situated among the jungle were determined. The whole 
of the boundary having thus been completed, I struck off towards C — , and took flying stations 
near it to ascertain the diverted village I— 1 . 

Each surveyor compiled the maps of his own area ; 

The Provincial Maps. ..of the Districts... a re to be laid down on a scale of two English miles 
to an inch, which. ..is sufficiently large to admit all the sriBagea, tanks, and leading features of 
the Country. This is to be understood of the plans protracted from the actual survey, and 
expected for the several Purgunnas as completed. The smaller pi ana... will. ..he reduced from 
these 6 . 

Mackenzie wrote to Mather fib the work approached tho Western Ghats ; 

I understand tliat Major Lambton has another surveyor attached to him, and that the 
courses of the rivers will form a particular part of their attention [ 119, 237 ], but as that 
forms part of ours also in Mysore, I scarcely suppose it will be there encroached on ; a 
considerable attention to this subject will however be necessary, and the remarks made by 
you on the springs, sources, and courses of rivers, etc., will be particularly desirable 
[107,111]. ... 

J DDn. 44 ( 15 ). «DDn. 66, 4-6-01. 



Mysore Survey : Detailed & Statistical Survey 



213 



Let me know the square contoisls ot each district in miles, and it would bo desirable if you 
could annex to oath an esthnate <>f the square contours of hills, plains, etc. 1 . ... 

The Winds might lm marl.-ed down daily in ,t separate oniiimn or your Meteoro logical 
Journal ; the young men may he soon brought into a habit of noting these remarks [ ng ]. 

When you Survey near the Ghauts, a particular at tent, ion will bo re qui-; I to to those Passages 
to the lower Country, anil tor the most important Passei. prtrtii.-i.ilHi plans would bo desirable 2 . 

Duvdgan writes of work in Kaiiara in 1807 [ no, 20Q. ] ; 

April 30th. The Survey of MansaiijVfi District being corn pie Led. left S - and. moved by 
Moolkee 3 . ... 

May 12di. Having ret-civs! ( aiiB'i^uioio fr.ooi tFi^ S 1.1 ; .' ot i n tisri ; te:-.. i , to survey a, ainalT part 
in Coppa* unsurveyed !i',st. year, T found it advisable from the state of the weather to proceed 
immediately to that quarter. ... 

14th. Swarms of largo Mies and leeches very forsievtiag '■■-■ travellers and horses. I was 
advised by the country people to rub the hoels and hoofs of my horse with ilmc juice, which 
they said would keep off the leeches from biting, which I did, and was surprised at the effect 
it had, for as soon as the juice was applied those that were st.k-k-fng to the horse's heels imme- 
diately fell off. Those leeches I understand dry up like a stink in "not weather, and as soon 
as the rains set in come to life again. ... 

22nd. Went on J— n Betta to take a station, and. ascertained the position of twelve 
villages... and returned to M — H — where Howel arrived after completing the N.W. part of 
the district. I was surprised at the sight of two *itd buffaloes on the summit of J— n Betta, 
which ran precipitately down the hill at Might of us s . 

An important part of the survey was the collection of facts and statistics about 
the population and resources of the country, which were arranged in memoirs for 
each pctrgana [ 92-3 ]. Mackenzie explains the limited scope of these in a letter 
to the Resident ; 

There are some heads of Statistic [-inquiries which I have avoided; ...-without thorough 
Investigation lii.t'o benefit eo'jld immediately aci'ri'.i;, & iinperfeet attempts in the course of... 
other laborious pursuits would embarrass <v. perhaps. ..impede the rest. 

'Che T'wptilatioii- .(■ Ii<:vi:iii.n:.t c-unc vrndcv this description : i.ho rumw, as far as depends on 
the number of villages & generally of houses, I. ..form a gross calculation of; to take an 
actual account would require the immediate interposition of the management, it the aversion 
of the natives !.o these Enquiries are [ nic ] well known. 

Any Enquiry into the .Revenues I consider... to require 1-1 distinct investigation of by 
persons qualified by habit & by knowledge of the languages. ... Though connected with 
Statistics, ... I" I derlre] thosci employed tinder mo to avoid for the present these or any other 
subjects not expressly recommended". 

Most of the momoirs contain interesting descriptions andsketclt.es of agricul- 
tural implements. Mather's were specially valuable ; 

Several of those have originated with himself, particularly tin: tallies and mode of arranging 
every individual village by the Primary Stations, which in future v, ill authenticate the survey, 
and the position of each in its proper district : the classing of the several kinds of Lands, 
with the stock of cattle ; ... the 'Cables of Manufactures and of exports and. imports, and 
the useful tables of Vegetable productions common to these countries''. 

Mackenzie set great store on the arrangement of village- registers, and points 
out that the lists kept up at civil headquarters were based on anciej.it records, and 
had beeome misleading ; 

In process of time the origin:'.! num.-.,; ^re altered in common use : villages no to decav in 
one place, while new ones are built in others ; Tia.miefs assume the place of Geishas ; and, ... 
<-..-; tho original rifuiic is- still preserved in she R old -iter, a contusion is apt to or-cur and, from the 
difficulty of ascertaining <ioi.ibt.ful places, concealments and frauds are practicable in the 
remoter Districts. ... 

[ In the new registers ] the actual position of every individual villa;:". ..a.-irording to the 
official Register furnished, is fixed by the nearest permanent landmarks, as Hills, Rocks, 
Rivers, and other villages and stations ob-erved, so that r.o -difficulty can well occur. ..in 
ascertaining the situation [ III, 155 ] 8 . 

Copies of triangulation charts and pargana maps are still preserved 9 ; most of 
them are very neat and particularly clear as regards boundaries and villages, but 



; 



214 



Professional Methods of Stjryey. 



there is no attempt to indicate iii>tlaIr.-tion-3 of ground or details of hilly and 
wooded country. The following pre comments rcade by surveyors of later years. 

In 182S Montgomerie writes of the survey of .Bednur. or Shimoga ; 

1 inch to a mile. Origins! Survey A iirst p rot ruction ; ... sar'/oywl in -805-06, on a series 
of trigonometrical ;■;.■.! :ar."ied on from A jura poor [ ioj, 107 ]. ... The Stations are marked 

with a black line under the :aiiie. It is approhonded that the Stations were laid down by 
intersection, so that one part of the work may be thrown out of its position with respect to 
the other. The detail appears to have been tran=aerr:x.! from field books ; the -slopes and hills 
are not minutely expressed ; the drawing is on common paper, which has been much pasted 
and a. little torn 1 . 

In 1838 Campbell 2 writes of the C-oim batort.— "Mysore border as shewn in the 
£-mcli Atlas of India, and drawn from "Ward's survey of 1807 ; 

On comparing the pros eat -i^tcb with thai per fir,-; of <i?s*c>t GO of tho atlas, marked on the 
Denkenicottah and Alltimbiuidy Talooks J ioo. in !, it will bo. seen how incorrectly the topo- 
graphy of this; portion hits boon ro presented ; the elevated tract* of tablo-lanri being altogether 
omitted. Or not properly drawn. :-mil the boi.in.<]a:'y line is tsiso incorrect, many villages near 
the ooint ilrjcrT-^.l'utt.': belo^yin.:' to iDiiraiiipoory being put down in Mysoox, 

This part, I believe, was surveyed under tho orders of Colonel Mackenzie, ;>-,id the perambu- 
lator and circumfereTitor were the- only in Jf.ru :>i;vits then used- 

In the same sheet t!i? inaf.-enracy ci survey of Uysoor, as coairnstt-! ; with that of Coorg, 
may foe plainly seen neat' I^riapatairr', tho boundary line being made seemingly to divide 
a broken and jungly district from the Mysoor which, although shewn as uninhabited, is 
drawn as if it was a flat country*. 

The weak poui ts oi" JTa,cken«ie's survey, as noted in these comments, were due, 
firstly, to the method of Laying down the triauguia. Led points, which were not com- 
puted in terms of t;ooL*ra})!he>..i oo-ordi nates, but hid down graphically from the 
computed sides of the triangles, aided sometimes, ivy angles 'aid down by protractor. 
Secondly, to the system of protraction from held books, and lastly, to the enormous 
area covered, some of which was? surveyed by assistant surveyors Tinder training, 
whose work it was in; possible to examine roguk.rly. Tho survey of Coorg referred 
to by Campbell was carried out in 1815—7 by planet-able, as taught in the Military 
Institution [ 214-6 ]. 

The survey of tho Ceded LhsT.rieT.;-, between 18!!;) and 1S14 [ 153-6 ] was carried 
on by the same methods its these usee; In Mysore, the assistant surveyors 
measuring their own bases and doing their own tii angulation and computations. 

A very complete Eyries 0; Tria'ino'es has been carrie,; on tirrouidioct the District!;, derivnd 
from several foa-.es. measured at diiTeroyit places ;-.fooL!t tOi! ...nilcs apart. ... Such of the sides 
of the Triangles as coincide with those which have since boon established in the samp tract by 
Major Lambfcon have been found to correspond so minutely with the distances ascertained 
by him, as to afford the best proof of die i-enera! correct .a»s.-s of rhose ■aetomuneii by the -Assistant 
Surveyors 5 . 

An interesting held book of Dunigan : s G , shows that detail was fixed from a 
series of Interpol alod t, tat ion;;, each of which wats fixed by conapaas or theodolite 
resection from triangulated stations, haeuig each page of observations is a hand 
sketch of tho area covered by tho day's work. 



Madras Military Instittjttott 

An entirely new schoo! of survey was introduced into India by the founding of 
the Military Institution. The art of plane-tabling was brought by Trover from his 
military training in Austria, and it was undoubtedly under his inspiration that 
Lord William Bentinck laid down the principles on which survey was to be taught 

[1251- 

The practical par;: of :-urvoymg unli o plain table, L-k stick very simple in its principles, abounds... 
with nice observations, which practice and experience only can suggest. The mountainous 



Madras Military Institution 



215 






part of a country is seldom wall represented, oven in plans of some reputation. The cause 
of it is the not attending to the General Ruins which nature commonly observes in the disposi- 
tion of rivers and the cast of mountains ; the knowledge of the ground which gives to the plan 
the character of truth is to be acquired but, by frequent surveys and clow: observation. In the 
practical exeorcise* around -Madras, when? the groimil presents a sufficient- variety, frequent 
opportunities will occur of directing the young- Gentlemen's attention to different subjects of 
that nature 1 . 

The start was happily timed just after Lamb ton had completed his first 
meridional series of triaiiales fh.ro s!<rh a pn-rt of the Garnatie that was long due for 
survey. His triangles wesre broken down by minor triangulation by Troyer and 
hi3 more advanced pppOs; ; the eo-ordirmtes- of tho points wefts computed out and 
plotted on to the plane-table sections as described by (lurHnsj in 1m; description of 
the Kalahasti survey of 1810 [ 127 ] ; 

Latitudes and Longinries were worked oi;t- by lit.st refei'.'int: thern to the .Meridian of 
Carangooly arid the perpendicular t]i.rO'.;gii that station I ZjCi n.2, 262-3 1> an< ^ afterwards hy 
adopting the E!lhjlieal .Hypothesis a.-; deduced by Major Lamhttsn in a memorandum dated 
November 1809, transmitted to the Asiatic. Society 2 . 

Lamb ton thus explains the table of projection which he hail worked out for his 
map of the south peninsula [ 277 ] ; 

There will be ;v table... givmiz the length of over;- degree of latitude from $'■'■ to 14°, and the 
length of the degree of longitude to every degree of latitude, all deduced from the most 
accurate astronomical observations [2fxi-2], This is absolutely necessary in order to have 
map3 or large pi a; is eoiisr-rtiev-ed upon oei.Tet- t princi pies, for by laving down a certain number 
of great places or stui.-io.iis by those means, the in'oriucdiare spa.oes may be filled up in the 
ordinary manner hy the triangles and distances 3 . 

To continue Gariing's report ; 

The Registers of the Trkrigtes taken up in this survey.., afford within themselves the 
means of estimating their accuracy. These Triangles have been tilled up on a scaie of 4 
Inches to a mile by the following method. 

The recta iiide^ uii the aeo-ompar.yiic; shetch ate ii miles from North to South, and sis: 
miles from East to West' 1 ; their position is cue Hast and West — Xortli and South — with respect 
to the Meridian pass.m.; through Major Uimbtoit's. station on Caraugooiy Hill. The several 
points determined in the .elegisier of triangles- have ihe:r perpendicular distances from the 
Boundaries of these rectangles strictly calculated. 

A rectangle corresponding to those on this sketch having been carefully constructed on 
the Planetable, nvjrj the points -ciiieh fill in it having ii'51.1 pi'otraei ed by their hno-wzi distances 
from it, these havo eeca proved hy trying tin- i'l is tarn -;■-.■; from eaei; other. ... 

Such points as have been determined by the Trigone metrical operations are marked on 
the Plan by small black rings ; those marked with red. ..the stations of the large Theodolites. 

A reference to the bad: of the seetkm will shew the name of the officer by whom it has 
been surveyed, and its position with respect to the sketch.. The center of the section is the 
po.ii ■'! "■■" ii . 1 ■■ ! ..■ ,i. ■ ; i .1 ■,.■ 1. 1 1 :■ ■ v, ril t the; j • k of each 5 . 

The survey of Goa was started on the seale of 4 inches to a mile, but, writes 
Garliag, 

The remaining parts... shaii be done on a settle of two inches to a. ..mile, the Plain Table being 
used [ 156-S ] : it may be clone on that seaio in ne.ei'ly the same thra; it eoi.,'d be done on a less-, 
and the advantage of giviesp-oom to expross the detail is sufficient iy evident. Forts or other 
objects which recptiro to he distinctly expressed will be laken up on a scale oorresponding to 
their intricacy or importance. ... The priu.ei;:..-;.! roads Mill be vaeasai's-d by a Perambulator us 
opportunity offers. 

I.. .keep by me a sketch on one inch to a mile of the country that has been done ; this I 
siioil have the hoe-Tor of present-in::; on the completion o: the Survey 8 . 

A base-lree was me&sEired on the beach near Cape Eamas with results that 
closely agreed with De Forming's base at Kirmta [248]' and 

the Triangulation was extended from it by a fine Circular Instrument of 18 Inches diameter, 
and of tho highest p:>wcr [ cii ] ; in the ealcu'atnui;... uliowam-o for rinhcrical excess has been 
made ; the stations so deter -.-.-lined are marked or. the Map 3 . 

1 Governor's Minute, MMC. 17-11-C 
2^7-10, DDn. G3 ( 231 ). *Each section 
3-9-11. "T.S. 111(1 ). 'DDn. 246(9: 



2X6 



"Professional Methods of Survey 



Co-ordinates were computed with reference to the meridian passfcog through the 
south end of the ha.se and its perpeudicnlar. 

Garling's zts-d for' the h igh qutiJ ity of his work u-as fully shared by his assistants, 
as witness this letter from diaries Dunn ; 

ill consequence of tin' error whi;-h has occurred. i_i Che 8(«-noii South of Paroda, owing to 
a mistake of me hi regard to the points, it wiii probably ho d.oenrd necessary for that part of 
the Survey to bo done over again. The work allotted to me ought to have been delivered in 
a correct state, X I feel anxious as far as lies in my power to obviat? any detriment to the 
Survey arising from this mistake. 

Being well acquainted with that part of bins Country where the error has occurred, I would 
be able to rectify it in eight or ten days at furthest, whdsi to another person it would take 
several weeks. ... N"o additional expense to Government would bo incurred by this measure 1 . 

From Goa Gar ling moved to Soncia [ 158-9]. His military officers were replaced 
by sub -assist ants trained at the Surveying .School, though Conner was re-posted 
later to assist in supervision. 

The survey is founded on the base measured in Uoa in the year iSJJ dependent on 
which a net of primary mnl secondary triaiigles have boon extended from the adjoining frontier 
stations of Goa, and spread over the whole surface- of t he Soae.da ar;.d Bii.gy Districts, intersecting 
some points of geographical importance in the Jia.hratta country, and uniting on the sides of 
Mysoor and Canara with tlie stations and points of tho general survey under Major Lambton, 
and the topographical ^, irveys toade of the two 'a tier countries. ... 

All the points detet'irihied by 1 ho triangles h;iv e been referred to a eon anon point, the South 
end of the Goa Base, which point had preference 011 neconut of the observations for the meridian 
being taken at it. ... 

The topography of the country has been taken up by the [da net-able on the scale of one 
inch to a mile. The table has been prepared by iirst drawing upon it the lines limiting the 
apace destined to be taken by it; these tines arc always parallel am! perpendicular to the 
meridian pa ssing thro, i.e.! 1 -lie south mil of (he Goa. Base. ... 

All points.. .have boon protracted in reference: to [hose- line?, and independent- of each other; 
the correctness of their positions has then been tried by mei-i.suring tho distance between any 
two points, and cemp tiring if with the known true distance, whence resulted the most 
prerfect check. A further cheek, ... again occurred in tho field, by placing the table upon any 
one of the determined points, and looking that tho other bad a correct bearing from it. 

From these trigonometrical! y determined points a variety of other were quickly deter- 
mined. ... It has been repeatedly proved that but a moderate defrruo of attention is necessary 
in setting the instrument tn directly obtain the s trie test acmwry in relative position of 
station and intersected objects. 

In some parts where the country is very waste and enveloped in jungles, and its surface 
nearly level, ... considerable difficulty.. .has prevailed in tracing the indistinct- features of the 
country, and determining tho long-since ruined illages ; tho other parts. ..are generally executed 
with a minute correctness. 

After describing tho great, cave taken in surveying boundaries of administrative 
subdivisions, and di.sti.itgtdshing their nam ok and principal towns. Ga.tlmg proceeds; 

All. roads extending from one frontier to another, and frequented as communications 
between one country and another. fi.ro distill;'!.] i shod hy beifi; shaded with, a black line ; those 
leading from a frontier and terminating at any principal pbsce within the district, or com- 
municating between two or more principal places both within the district., are drawn with 
equal strength with the former but ate not shaded ; if is only roads of either of these classes 
which .have in general boen noticed cm the map. 

All the roads of tho first class h;;vo, without any exception, been measured with the wheel, 
and nearly all those of the second class also ; such more local roads as are of any particular 
importance, as communicating across obstacles such as rivers, ravines, mountains, etc., ... 
have a place on the map, but are made considerably loss distinct 3 . 

Java 
The following notes on reconnaissance surveys made in Java are taken from 
Baker's journal [ 137-8 ] 3 : 

1 DDn. 127 ( 290 ), 16-4-12. *DDn. 98. »IO Maps. MS. 24. There ia a suggestion that this journal 

is by Gearg'.i Everest ; but ;t-s ccmbinr.tion with Elisor's albio. ami intoned lividcnct:," male's ii inert probable 
that it is by tie latter. 



Janm 



217 



The first route from Solo...ivas taken pr.i vaiety, in the ootninon manner, with a peram- 
bulator & compass, l.a.kin;; objects sncb sis trees, villages, Hills, &c., in the direction of the 
route. ... The wheel was a large 5 foot one mn.de &. graduated on a gun barrel tit- Solo ; perhaps 
not very correct, but sufficiently so for purposes mer&j) topographical. 

In all the subsequent routes, however, I had a very good small don ble-armod perambulator, 
made by Eerge [ 224 ] ; and finding my former loose mode of taking the bearings of the road & 
objects liable to much error, I adopted another more exatit, which. ..left no further difference 
than the variation of the compass, which, as 1 iiaii not the requisite tables, 1 ed. not ascertain. 

I had a large WInp compass fitted with sights, like an Azimuth [ I, 200 ], & got 5 or 6 long 
bamboos with flags, & people to carry them on in front under charge of an assistant, who 
placed these flays in succession on angle.-; of the road. ... All the mountains; hi-s-ve many cross 



The theodolite was used when practicable at tboond of each day's work, to take the b 
of the large peaks of mountains, volcanoes, &c, but the dry season in Java is in General so 
ha-^y and thick that f hud no opportunity of so doing. ... 

A great proof of the correctness of this mode, and of the trifling variation the compass 
has in Java, is to be found in the fact that of the two surveys, ...one of 91 miles, and the other 
□f 246 miles Klorisi the B. coast, ... when protracted oil" correctly from the Hook without any 
allowance of variation, meet within 5 miles, or minutes ; and the like trifling difference is to 
be found in all the subsequent routes. ... 

[ had always with mo Sheets of paper, ruled off in parallels of an inch, which I filled up 
as J went on from station to station, on a scale of - inches to a mile, w.ith a topographical 
eye-sketch of the Country. ... This, added to the field book itself, presents... every object 
visible from the roads traversed, & had completed my topographical sketches with far more 
accuracy & regularity than was prescribed by my instructions from the Java Government. 



TB 



KRi-iE Tabl: 



The traverse tables issued to the as^istan? surveyors in Madras; were "Swing's 
Synopsis or Robertson's Navigation, which cod.tams every useful problem in a lit v ey- 
ing", and in some ca^es tables by Maekay 1 . 

In 1813 William Garrard of i.he Madras Engineers submitted to Government 
a trigonometrical Table which I have prepared with a view to the improvement of all surveys 
executed with the Perambulator and Compass. The plan was first, suggested 60 mo by Lieuten- 
ant Colonel Mackenzie, the Surveyor Geiiw.i!, and it only differ.* horn the Nautical Table 
used in Traverse sailing ivi being reduced to miks, h irlong.s. and yards, so as to accord with the 
hides of the forunibulator ; the object is llkistrnr.cil by :"i , ; :oparai,e detail of the bearings and 
distances of a inarch, and the mode of working them with reference to the Table, and it will, 
I trust, fully appear... that this system obtains, both for accuracy and despatch, a most decided 
superiority over the usual custom of laying flown a. route with the Protractor*. 
The tables; were warmly approved both by the Chief Engineer and the Surveyor 
General, and Government ordered that, after boing cheeked m the Surveyor General's 
office, one hundred copies should be printed for the rise of military surveyors 3 . 
Boileau writes of them when surveying round Agra in I82S ; 

Captain Garrard's M.afbas Tables are very port-able, and very correct in general, but they 
Oillv extend to the nearest degree. ... I have generally lookei oiit the Aiiles & Furlongs in Capt. 
Garrard's Boob, & have taken the Yards from a anwll work called ;he "Practical Navigation'' 4 . 



FlELDBOOKS & JoijHKALS 

After Cole'orooke became Surveyor General in 1794, very strict, rales were 
introduced that no surveyor should draw Ma allowances until his fieldbooks had 
been passed by the Surveyor General [I, 197], and many excellent surveyors 
were put to great in e 01 1\ -entence through the delays thus caused [ T, 400 ]. Thomas 
Wood could not draw the allowances he had earned in 1800 until 1807, because 

tinted copies available, DDn. 153 ( 83 ) , 



218 



Professional Methods of Stxrvey 



he had claimed field rates during month* that were officially i 
months [ 219]. 

Tho ruios wore j however, necessary to prevent abuse, and every Surveyor 
General applied them with the utmost rigour, for this scrutiny was the only 
form of control he could exercise over the quality of the work. Many applications 
for surveyors' allow amies were turned down because work could not, pass the test. 

The standing rule was that a copy of t.lio heklbook thou Id bo submitted every 
month, whilst the original was submitted later with the protraction. The original 
protraction* and ileldboofcs were then forwarded in an annual batch to the Directors, 
who considered that "without an explanation of the mode in which a survey has 
been constructed, ... no reliance whatever can be had on its accuracy" 1 . 

Though surveyors were not permitted to keep any copy of fieldbooks or sketches 
after survey was completed 3 , Government did not agree to Garstin's suggestion 
that they should only draw allowances after receipt of their original fieldbooks. 
They ruled that the original must be held by the surveyor till the advanced 
copy was acknowledged, otherwise "the entire loss of the Survey might be 
hazarded" 3 [ 289 ]. 

The rules led to endless correspondence, and special instructions had to be sent 
to every new surveyor, such as ; 

You should send me a monthly report of your progress, ;md a copy of your heMbook for 
each month, which yon can transmit as opportunities offer, h'or this purpose I would advise 
you to copy off each day's work fail- on coming to your ground, but... leave out the sketches. ... 
Your original fieldbook, ja'Ot.ra'.t.ioi.is, and every other d.o eument belonging to the survey, 
must afterwards be sent to this office. ... Not. hinLr which is inserted hi I'm-, original journal... can 
with propuet-y be omitted in the fair copies 4 . 

Tod was bold enough to challenge the Surveyor General's criticisms; 

I never think of putting dates in my Field Book, not seeing the necessity of doing so; 
the names of places of departure and encampment I would have furnished had they been of 
the smallest consequence towards general information, but as it frequently occurred that I 
encamped at a Hamlet of five or six Huis, nod often in the roidsi.. of a waste, ...the knowledge 
of them could not prove of any consequence. ... All places of consequence are noted in my 
Field Book, and distinguished by ln.r^e characters in my maps 5 . 

We have not found Garsthvs reply to this, hut he was most indignant with Tickell, 
who was many months late in submitting his papers and. maps for the survey of 
Tviphinstono's march to Peshawar [ 65-6, 310 ]. 

After a very long delay J have received the I'ield Book of your survey to Peshawar, and 
compared it with the pi 'otr actions which ought, hi. the first instance, to have been forwarded 
to the Surveyor Geneml's Office, but which were sent to rne by the Military Secretary. ... 
All the ...complaints have arisen from one cause, viz., the want of regularity in transmitting 
your Field Books. ... Th.y might have been dispji tched almost every month, instead of being 
upwards of twelve months in arrear. ... 

Tho protractions of your survey aent to me are only carried on to Derra Islimahel Khan, 
not much more than bail the track surveyed, and none have been received of your returning 
route ; and. ..in your Field Book no observations for Latitude are inserted. 

Indisposition may Lave retarded. ..the necessa ry documents 1 however, it should not have 
done so unless it prevented your surveying the Koote altogether, for the Books ought never 
to ba on any account a single day in arrear. In the many months your journey occupied, 
only a lew snare minutes eouid be found to report or ogress to this office. ... 

Lieutenant Macartney, who has received one hundred rupees per month lor his labour 6 , 
regularly forwarded his Field Books, U) which tbe latitude and longitude of the principal places 
aro inserted, together with tho protraction of his work. The unerring test, of truth -will shew 
which survey is more worthy of credit. Judging from appearances, ...being quite un- 
acquainted with that oiiieer, there was so much reason :ention to his 
business that 1 re; : 0'o7nei.ded bin beiug employed on full allowances'. 

Even five months later the wretched fieldbooks had not arrived, and Garstin 
wrote once more ; 



'CD i 



, s-e-u ( 14 ). 



--BM Rvjs. Ch. 65 ( 16-23 ). >BMC. : 
1-3-03. «DDn. S2 ( 120 ), 4^-09. • 



'"; 



ElELDBOOKS & JOCBNALS 



It is with much concern I ibid n.-.yscif oblige:! to tepeat my orders, and to c>>ll your atten- 
tion to my letter of the 2Bth of Oocember last. 

Without any further es;:\;«e or delay, I desire you will £o.rmsh this otiice with a correct 
drawing of your ivoute to PesKe-war smd back to Delhi. It is now a long time since you have 
neglected this verv important part of your duty, even after ■,";.■::,■.,;. i .■nm,:, both public 
and private, and, however pKin fully, I am coin no lied to say that if I am not very soon furnished 
with the document required, I shall be obliged to report to the 3Iilk.,?ry Auditor General that 
it has not been furnished, said to cause stoppages to be madt> of all tne allowances you drew 
as a surveyor. ..and also to report your conduct, to Goverrmii.mt, as I do not choose to incur 
censure for permitting any of the officers under my command to receive the public money, 
and do nothing for it 1 . 

Presumably Tickell had good reasons for the delay ; he appears to have left 
all survey to Macartney after Dera Ismail Kh&n, so had no fieldbooks or maps to 
produce. He was employed again as surveyor later on, and eventually had a 
distinguished military career. 

The three months recess was a frequent subject of dispute as seasons vary 
so enormously in different parts of the country ; but it was a rule which the 
Auditor General interpreted to the letter. Garstin had the period postponed by 
a fortnight, but no hard and fast dates could be fair to all surveyors ; 

Much ineonvei lien OB is found in the time assigned to surveyors to complete their Field 
Books, viz., from L-he Loth of .Tune to the 13th of September. At the eommer.eeraent of the 
rains, indeed (hiring the whole of June, the country :s seldom ho fioodod as co obstruct a 
aurvoyor in his <hiiy, and until thn rairi of September tli:' wivtFTf hr.ve not sni'lnr.Mitiy subsided 
to finable him to recommence it with effesot. I...r;ropo.ve...to change the dates, and to have it 
ordered that surveyors are to be called in on the 1st of July, and to return to their duty on 
the 1st of October ; ...this term. ..to be allowed. ..to protract their works 2 . 

Garstin was the last man to be lax in administering rules, and he writes severely 
to White : 

1 am prohibited from shaing .Bills unless the Field Book;! have been i.^rtineil, and indeed 
my name to any not ordered by Government would be sufficient to obllg-.- this Military Auditor 
General to reject them. The Pay Master disbursing cash on such authority would certainly 
lose.. .his office. Do look at the Pay Regulations, and you. will find what I say to be 
strictly correct. ... 

You cannot think I ought to certify that your Field Books were received in the office, when 
the Governor General and every member in. Council mast know you wna in Oidcutta. I would 
not doit for my own son. What sort of dependaneo could Government have on a public officer, 
once convicted of giving an untrue certificate T It would he as weak and foolish as 
criminal, ... but would certainly cause the Bill supported by a fawe oevti.iwaf.e to be rejected, 
probably procure me a very severe reprimand, and very possibly de^radin^ dismission from 
all office, without assisting you 3 . 

As we have already noticed, Crawford k;,s Car from satisfied with Blake's field- 
books [ 35 ] ; 

All original Field Hooks arc sent to tho Ccvivt -.A j.jjvoi-i-< .•:■=■, :*. m<:.--?. t.iioy ;ire i'lgioly examined 
by their surveyor at home'' ; what then will tk.y say to youts ? ... I must do you the justice to 
suppose that your Field JSook eon tains every degree ef requisite kuowied;;o, and that you only 
give me a loose extract — but still this will not alter the number of miles or angles [ 201 }— 
when you recollect that the reasons for sending in the Field Books are ; 

let. To be sent home. 2nd. That in the event of the map being lost hi transmission the 
work could be recovered by protracting in the l-'ioki Book. 

Now.. .that no surveyor is allowed to retail: tiny paper whatever [ I, 262 ; II, 289 ] how 
would it be possible to lay off your map from the field hook? you have sent down ? 

"Whilst at the head of the office, it is my imhaponsabld duty to sec that every officer under 
me does his duty, ... and how am I to ajiawer the Court of Directors, if called upon to know 
how I overlooked sueh slack work V 

I have heard, but I do not allow myself for a moment to believe it, that you work very 
hard all the cold weather, and bring up your work coolly behind the tatty 5 in the hot, dividing 
it into day's work to make it fill up to the rains. This report I spurn, as no surveyor could. 






' T 



2-8-12. ■'preamijiiLiiy 



::-v 



P.RO'j'ErfS.lONAL METHODS OF SURVEY 



I think, possibly adopt it ; ... 1 defy him 
October or iSovember, at least not hi the 
I do not wish to be harsh or severe, o 
or to demand more of a enfvcyuf than 
Orders, for hitherto I have only asked 



>i\y down hi May or ."Juno what lie surveyed in 
ier I should wish to have work done. 
by any mean:? w iwt ever to give unnecessary trouble, 
tir working ; I do not even stick up to the General 

map and one copy of tlio Field Book, whilst by 



e General Orders you ought to give in two of eaeh, as per the following extract; 
'AH surveyors are to transmit their plans and Field Books in duplicate to the office of the 
Surveyor General, for the purpose of being regularly forwarded to the Honourable Court of 
Directors, limutes of Comic il dated (ifcti April 1795" [ 1, 196-7 ]. 

I have long been looking out for some specimen of your work, but, long as you have been 
on the survey, not a scrap has as yet made its appearance. I am the more desirous of getting 
down even if it were but a portion of your map, that, by...laying it off from your Field Books, 
I may. ..report upon your abilities as a surveyor... which I am obliged to do twice a year. 
Hitherto I have been obliged to report, ... "not having as yet had any specimen of Lieutenant 
H. .Blake's works, i tKri.not give ■-•:,/ opinion". ... 

You will without delay forward, to me as much as you have done of your survey, whether 
it suits or not, and the duplicate you can send me at your leisure. With the map, or rather 
with your first Field Book, ...send me down all your celestiii ! observed .ions, whether for 
Latitudes, azimuths, or amplitudes, and the, ..calculation, of each. In the event of any 
TinneeessWT delay... I must then report from your Field Books, and you must be well 
aware I have no favourable opinion of them [ 35, 201 ]k ... 

Blake was not the only offender, and Crawford wrote to Robert Smith [ 47 ] ; 

From every surveyor, I have hitherto almost regularly received their- Field Books monthly ; 
how is it with you ? 

You send me a meagre scrap from the commencement of your survey to the 15th June 
1813 ; this field book was such ...as forced roe to return it, although, ... I very irregularly passed 
a certificate ; ...however, as I convinced myself that the return of Dak would bring these 
documents into my hands, ..,1 remained quiet. ... Had I been called upon for these books, 
or been ordered to protract off in the office, ... what answer could I have given ? 

In the next place you draw for. ..July, August, and September, at the rate of 250 Rupees 
per month. ... These three months allowances are. ..granted for... bringing up...mr(iars...in 
your Field Books or protractions of your map, and to keep up your Establishments. ... I 
never even till this moment received a single scrap, whilst I heard you were travelling 
all over the country to Benares and Lueknow. ... 

Nothing ever can induce the M ilvtary Auditor General to pass a single Bill without my 
certificate of receipt and approval ; it has several times been tried, but tried in vain since I 



1 unheard of in Madras 



The.su mitts only applied to .Bengal surveyors, and i 
or Bombay. Mackenzie writes of bis Mysore survey ; 

The Field Books were not called, for, nor expected, till the end of the Season, or of the 
Furgunnah rather. But then I had a regular series of reports. Monthly & Quarterly, by which 
I saw & directed, as I do now in Travancore, the detailed Progress of the Survey,. & at the 
conclusion a body of Memoirs were formed under distinct heads, accompanied by provincial 
Maps that appear to have given grunt satisfaction at home 3 . 

Though journals, or diaries, had not, of course, the same professional importance 
as the fieldbooks from which the surveys were protracted, their importance had 
always been stressed by Mackenzie. 

As a journal, regularly recording remarks made on the spot, must be more valuable than 
speculative opinions formed at a, distance, I would submit whether Diaries of this kind, 
directed to the proper objects, should not be kept by the Assistants on the branches of 'the 
survey ; to be Communicated in the course, or at the end, of the journey or season. This ia 
more particularly necessary to he observed where attention is directed to Xa-rnral History & to 
Statistical Enquiries*. 



»BBn. 131 ( I 



i.'.ll (114), 



I 



CHAPTER XVI 



INSTRUMENTS 

•Supply of Instruments ; Bengal — Madron— Drawing Material — Perambu- 
lators — Pkmelables — Sextants — Chronometers — Telescopes — Theodolites — 
Prismatic Compasses. 

\L THOUGH it was still the policy of the Company that surveyors should provide- 
their own instruments, a few of the more common sort were held by the arsenals. 
The Surveyor General had a small stock of 3poeial instruments [ 192 ], and in 
1S02 proposed 

that a few good... Chronometers, Sextants, and Theodolites, should be sent out, ...being ao 
expensive in this Country as frequently to deter Gentlemen from purchasing them and learning 
their uses. These might be kept in store or deposited in this Office, to be delivered out 
occasionally as Surveys might be ordered 1 . 

The demand was so heavy during the Mar&tha war that in 1804 the Surveyor 
Uenoral cou id obtain neither perambulator nor compass. He writes later to recom- 
mend the purchase of a theodolite and protractor from an engineer officer 
transferred to civil 2 , and adds that 

there are remaining in this office two Theodolites by Ramsden, one of which lias been 
rendered almost useless by an accident which happened to it many years ago ; the other, tho' 
still serviceable, is from age and long service become less easy to adjust and observe with, ... 
& there in not a Mathematical Instrument Maker in Calcutta to repair them. ... 

The theodolites, which have occasionally been sent out by the Hon'bie the- Court of Directors, 
have been made by very inferior Instrument Makers, and have also been found, from their 
nnwieldy size, to be less manageable and useful than the Instruments above mentioned 3 . 

The Directors took this complaint seriously [ 224 ] ; 

Prior to the year 1797, the Theodolites sent to Bengal were only 7 inches in Diameter, which 
is the size used in H.M.'s Service. In the indent of your Military Board of 1797 it is expressly 
required that the Theodolites may he sent out 9 mches in diameter, which ia a site no doubt 
much more unwieldy than the former. But in your indents of 1799 & 1800 Theodolites of the 
same diameter were required ; and in 1804 the Circular Protractors wore required to be made 
of Lite :-auio dimuoier ii.s the Theodolites, UmsstiM approving of the 9 inches. 

"We are therefore not a little surprized that in June 1806 the Surveyor General should make 
a complaint that the Theodolites sent out are, from their unwieldy size, inconvenient and 
unmanageable. ... The Theodolite* whicrh lia.vo been ordered in the present season are of th© 
last and most approved pattern of the late Mr. Ramsden : we therefore trust that the inoon- 
venience complained of will in future be entirely removed*. 

In May 1806 the Surveyor General acknowledged a letter from White, 
applying for a sextant and artificial Horizon, a theodolite, and chronometer, all of which 
instruments I am sorry to find you are- unprovided with, as the difficulty of procuring them 
.jood of their kind, and of conveying them to so distant a part of the country, will be very 
great. I shall, however, use my best endeavours to procure for you a sextant and artificial 
Horizon, which, .are indispensably necessary for observing die latitudes, and if.. .a theodolite 
can be sent, with its stand, by Dawk Banghy 5 . 1 will send you a very good one by Rsnuden 
belonging to this office, which I have for several years past used upon my surveys, and it is 



To Sackville he writes ; 

7th Aug. 180S. I cannot procure for yo 



:. T* «>.■■■■!■!!(>; he in ai! CalcuTtf;, <:■ 



■UPC. 26-8-02(22). 'Henry Wood, En*, i.icn. .Ungrs. 31-7-!fsi.K) : ;.r. to ECS. L 5-5-04. »BM0. 
1-5-06(43). A CD to E. 6-4-08(96). ■ Parcels post by roaner [ 4? J. "DDn„ 67 (464), 27-5-08. 



22 : 



Instruments 



better than a pocket compass. If you i 
very good one ; then? is indeed an O 
you, but it is not in very good order. 

27th. ... I have dispatched to you by this day's riawk Baughy, a case of instruments — I Doz. 
Pencils— 1 doz. Camel Hair Pencils — 1 stick of fine Indian Ink— and a parallel Ruler — all of 
■which will I hope reach yon safo and without, being damaged. 

I was surprised to learn from Colonel Garstin that lie had provided you with a very good 
Theodolite by Ramsden, which he has delivered to the care of Captain Wood of the Engineers, 
who is proceeding to Allahabad ; this being the case, the large Theodolite which I purchased 
for you.. .is superfluous, so. ..let me know whati shall do with it. If you -wish it, I will sell it 
for you, and...will purchase a wateh, or if possible, a Chronometer with the money, which 
being 350 S. Rs. ought to get a very tolerable one. 

The little Theodolite I have delivered hi charge to Captain Wood, who will either- send it 
to you, or you can send a person to Allahabad l - 

In 1808 White asked for a- new theodolite because his own, "which at first was 
a very indifferent one, became from a throe year* eo.ut.inua] use totally vinfit for 
farther service", and the Surveyor General used his 

best endeavours to procure, ... at the expense of Government, tin: Instruments required ; the 
Military Board would not grant the Theodolite or other articles they had in store, but as 
—the Supreme Council have assented to my indenting on Europe for Chronometers and 
Telescopes, I trust they -will permit me to purchase those instrumen'ja for you. I have 
already sent off the Chronometer, and by the Dawk Bangey of Tuesday next I shall 
dispatch the only telescope on ante in Calcutta. ... If the Board consent to pay for them, I will 
lay out your money in the purchase of a. Theodolite, etc.. and send them up directly 2 . 

After White's cii.ru;> had been looted by Sikhs [ 6,; ]. Garstin came to his rescue; 

I have by this day's Dawk Bangy dispatched, a case of Mathematical Instruments and a 
good sextant, directed to you at Delhi, supposing them likely to meet you there. I have also 
procured an artificial horizon ; the Box being out of order, it has been sent to be repaired, 
& shall be forwarded when ready. The Chronometer that has been lost is wrote off to profit 
and loss of the Coniuany, and you have had cradit given for its having been oxponded on 

In making special roquet, that surveyors, should be flowed astronomical instru- 
ments at Government charge [ 192 j, Garstin remarked that 

a good silver Chronometer may l>e generally procured for Eight hundred Rupees, and a 
portable telescope for observing Jupiter's satellites for about two hundred and fifty. If 
supplied with three instruments and a quadrant, every facility they require will bo afforded. ... 
The Instruments will remain the projjorty of the 'Hon 'bio Company, and four or five sets will 
probably bo as many as the service will demand 4 . 

An order was thereupon issued approving that survey officers should he provided 
with puhlic instruments for observing latitudes and longitudes 5 . 

Other orders were ; 

It appearing that the issue of perambulators oral compasses for surveying roads has taken 
place to an extent far beyond the object of the G.O. of Government of January 1st 1R04 
[ 123, 197 ], ... for. ..Corps x>roceeding by roads so often marched by troops, and of course 
bo perfectly well known that a re-survey of them ean add nothing to geographical knowledge; 
the Commander-in-Chief is therefore pleased to restrict future applications. ..to such. ..as may 
proceed by routes which arc- imperfectly known [ 197 ] 6 . 

When surveying instruments are issued from the Arsenal of Fort William, or any of the 
mibordinate magazines, ...the instruments shall be delivered. ..to the officer or his Agent, and 
paid for on delivery, and. ..after such delivery 110 allowance shall be made on account of 
defect or injury, it being entirely at the option of the parties to receive them or decline 

Officers in charge of Magazines are on no account to allow Mathematical instruments, or 
others of nice construction, ... to be put in the bands of a Siriegur 3 , or any other person wholly 
unacquainted with their nature and use, for the purpose of their being disjointed, put in order, 
and polished ; but merely to have them well oiled and wiped ; to be repeated as occasion may 
require, and never allowing oven a screw of them to he turned, except by a person able from 
experience to clean them thoroughly and properly'. 

'DDn. 7S(C,D). *DDn. 81 (63), 3-2- 
•BMfi. 16-1-09. *RG0. 13-11-08. Mb. 
* Carroll's Code, XIII. Mil. Bd. 24. 24-^10. 



Supply as JarefoKnasrsss 



The package of Guuter's Scales, Gru 



s Quadrants, and In-itr omenta of that nature is 



; cloth, is very exceptionable: they ought to bet carefully packed in boxes, 

with fik)-(.:n-30s, iiles, rasps, and such articles'. 

A careful account was kept of all Government instruments issued ; 

These instruments are placed to the debit of the officers for whose use they are intended, 
to the end that they may be fully accounted for, and not converted into private property. 
If spoilt by accident, or lost on actual service, credit is given, as was done to Lieutenant White, 
whose watch was taken by the Sheiks [ 64, 364 f. 

William Morrioson was disgusted to find that he had to pay for instruments 
supplied from the Fort William arsenal, whereas the Madras officers he had just 
met [ 50 ], had their's "so liberally furnished by the Madras Government". 

I have information from the Secretary to the Military Board that my instruments have 
been despatched, and enclosing me a large bill. I thought 3ls the Company did not give 
instruments, they at any rate sent them for the public service to be returned when not wanted. 
I shall feel this doubly, as it is but a few months apo I sent home money for the purchase of 
every instrument I thought I should iu future require. ... 

Put in a good word for me with the Auditor General, as I have not yet got one Bill past, 
and Major Rose 3 has begun to stop a Hundred Rupees monthly for my Instruments befoje I 
have seen them, which leaves me a nett monthly allowance of 88 Rupees to defray all my 
expences, a thing evidently impossible, particularly as the hot winds are setting in with violence 4 . 
This must have been the more galling when he found that the perambulators fell 
to pieces almost at once [ 228 ]. 

On a later occasion the younger Garstin had his instruments stolen ; 

When I got my present appointment [ 41,312 ], I was given to understand fchat...I 
should submit myself with instruments [ eic ], which I accordingly did at very con- 
siderable expence; also that beforo I left Dinapore, I applied. . .for a guard to protect the- 
Instruments with me, but was informed I could not have one. ... A Theodolite and Sextant 
by Troughton were stolen in the Cantonments of Ghazeepore, and I used every possible- 
" r thoir rooovery, offering a pecuniary reward, ... but all my efforts have been 



Government ordered replacement, writing that the 

theodolite and sex taut... were Stolen from him on his way to join Captain Hodgson, to whom 
be is attached as Assistant Surveyor ; The Theodolite having cost in Kngland 40 guineas, and 
the Sextant about i>3 £. ... 

His Excellency in Council, instead of authorising Ensism Garstin to bo reimbursed from tha 
Public Funds, ... has determined that he shall be furnished from the Public Stores with a. 
Theodolite and Sextant iu some consideration of the loss which he has sustained 5 . 

Hodgson had sent home a large order for instruments on his own account, and 
heard that, 

that a valuable collection of mathematical instruments, consisting of an equatorial theodolite, 
sextant, spirit levels, chains, and other apparatus for surveying, with a collection of books 
on the subject, have been sent to me by the Wynelton [ ? ], which I fear ia taken by the enemy, 
but if not, and I am so fortunate as to receive them', I shall be better able to send perfect plans. 
The instruments were made and selected for me by Troughton 6 who is now considered the 
best maker. I will desire him also to send me a Telescope 7 . 
The instruments arrived safely, and three years later he expocted 

an excellent Chronomotor of the value of 1000 Rg. ... for the Longitudes, & have also sent 
for a Circular Instrument to Troughton, & have now Instramente coming op the River from 
EnglandS. 

Fleming writes to the Surveyor General from Murshidabad [ 18 ] ; 

I have hitherto been using a common Ivory Protractor ; Will you...have your Eye about, 
& if you lay your hands on a good Circular one with a Nonius, and buy it for me, I will be 
very thankful to you. Pray also. ..find out if there is anyone in Town that knows anything 
of making, or repairing, or correcting Mathematical Instruments. I should like, if I travel 
in, to send my Theodolite to his Workshop 9 . 

There was more than one opinion on the poliey of supplying Government 

*BM. mm. I- vi (197), 7-8-10, Mil. Bd. >DDa. 128(31), 1-6-10. "HuyhRose Id 1836) 

ten. Inf. (1785- ISiii); Dop. Ppi-. Caw.-ijv.re, l.-Hi-l;.!. M>L>n. 82 ( 135, [43 ), "17-1-10 ■ 14-3-10- 

' — "3 (75), 4-1-li 



i 



224 Instruments 

instruments, and many surveyors greatly preferred to purchase their own. 
Colebrooke writes in 1807 ; 

Having found after repeated trials. ..that the mathemaiicai instruments which are usually 
aent out by the Hon'bte Company are of a very inferior kind [221 ], ... I. ..suggest that the 
Hon'ble Court of Directors might be requested not to send out any more instruments, 
with the exception of a few good perambulators, but that officers... should be allowed to... 
purchase their own, ... for which contingent bills, signed upon honour, and countersigned... 
by the Surveyor General, might be passed. ... Government could be no losers, as...the 
Company's Instruments... are... rated very high, and the prices charged might be sufficient 
to purchase the very best instruments from the first.. .Makers in England 1 . 

This suggestion waa not accepted, and fnrther complaints reached the Directors, 
who explained that 

Mathematical Instruments. ..have b.ren. left to the maker and pbiss no Surcuy, except as to 
Number and Prices. It was considered the best plan to throw the whole responsibility 
as to quality on the manufacturer, and to dismiss him if Lis Instruments proved defective. 
Those against whom the complaints from Bengal were made have been dismissed, and 
with the change in the men, we trust t.here lias been n change in the instruments 3 . 

In submitting the home indent of 1814 Garstin, as President of the Military 
Board, noted that 

Afnio3t all the Instruments sent out are of a veiy inferior quality, and are charged at 
a very high rate. A Theodolite exhibited at the Board on the 11th October [ 1S14 ], and 
Invoiced at upwards of Fifty Pounds, was not worth above Twelve, and was such an instrument 
as no reputable Maker would exhibit in his Shop. The drawing Instruments are wretchedly 
bad, the' Steel points not tempered, and, in short, throughout the whole of this Department 
the Goods sent out are very dear and very indifferent. Double wheel Perambulators do not 
answer 3 . 

The Directors repLied that 

Mathematical Instruments are forwarded to India on the cmolit and responsibility of 
the Maker alone, as we found that an Establishment for their Survey upon Scientific principles 
would lead to a considerable expense, .t perhaps after all prove insufficient. 

That our Armies might be furnished with the best Instruments, we have employed... 
Mr. Berge, the successor of Mr. Ranmdon, who not only furnished all the Superior descriptions 
of Instruments for H.M's. Forces, but has Established a high reputation in the line of his 
Profession. The very vague way in which the complaint from Bengal. ..is made. ..leaves it 
impossible for us to say whether the Instruments... are Mr. Berge's instruments, or his 
Predecessors, and whether they may not have been in store these twenty years 4 . 

Berge was scornful ; 

It is with great surprise I see. ..a most serious complaint. ... I know of no neglect or bad 
Instruments sent to India, and I believe them to be as perfect as any that are made in England, 
and the price is not more than I charge the Ordnance Department. ... 

This Theodolite was delivered from roe to be shipped for Bengal on 12th November 1S08, 
ao 1 conclude it was about live years and a half in India before it was determined to be imper- 
fect ; I most certainly desiro this Theodolite to be returned, and that it may be examined by 
some respectable penile men conversant in such Instruments, and I have no doubt of their 
determining that the Person or Persons who formed the Report had not the ability of Judging 
a good from a bad Theodolite. 

As for the Instrument not being worth more than Twelve pounds, if it is such as there 
represented, it is of no value, but useless, and should have been returned Five years before 
this time ; and as for overcharge in price, under the presem circumstances of the time, although 
charged £ 40 formerly, this construction of Theodolite would not be reduced more than 5%. 

The drawing instruments cannot be in the wretched stale as there represented, as they are 
made by the best workmen, and I generally correct the Point.:-? and i.'en* myself, knowing the 
attention that is necessary to perfect them, nor can such Instruments be charged at a less 

Perambulators I have made and sent to India for the Hon. Company near one Hundred, 
but never sent one with a Double Wheel, known v; that was a bad principle 5 . 
By the time this letter readied India, Garstin had sailed to Europe on furlough, 
and the Military Board weakly dissociated themselves from his complaints 6 . 



Supply of Instruments 



Supply of Instbuments, Madras 

In Madras most surveyors provided their own instruments, and Warren writes ; 

Tn 1802 T wes transferred from Captain Mackenzie's to Major Lambton's survey [101, 237]. 
Here again the only instrument I received was the large circular in strum em now with that 
Officer[253]. The rest which I used were my own property, nor did I ever think of troubling 
Government on the subject, except when, a very valuable case of Instruments was stolen from 
mo near Salem- the thief vra* apprehended ;md convicted at the Court of Circuit — but this 
T liid without success, r.overnment having deeiiled that, such an application was inad- 



v sextant, and fr 



s of silver 



I had a 3 feet Telescope ordered from. E 
Instruments 1 . 

Mackenzie collected a number of instruments of all kinds, some of them his 
private property, but many eitiier issued from Government stores, or purchased 
from other officers on Government account. On the whole a much larger stock 
was held than in Bengal, owing to the wider employment of junior military officers 
and assistant surveyors who were not in a position to purchase their own. Mackenzie 
writes of the Mysore survey in its early stages ; 

The expenee of providing instruments for this work. ..has been from the commencement 
comparatively very trifling, as the surveyors had actually provided themselves at their own 
private charge with most of what was requisite 2 . 

The arsenals helped with repairs ; 

As I have occasion some; times to apply for small repairs of instruments & the assistance 
of Artificers, which can only be obtained at the principal military stations, and these being so 
seldom required that 1 conceive it unnecessary to incur the expenee of attaching artificers to 
this survey, I. ..request that the necessary. ..authority be given to the Commissaries of Stores 
at Seringapatam &. other stations aoovc the C! hunts, to afford me... occasional assistance from 
their Public Stores, and of artificers for repairs 3 . 

At the Military Institution, a ,Hpooi<d grant was provided for the purchase of a 
planetahle for each officer as his private property, and in 1806 it was resolved 
that all instruments... shall in future be provided at the public expense under the Superinten- 
dence of the Quarter Master General nf ihe army 4 , to whom all officers employed on surveys 
will address their indents 5 . 

The Quartermaster General found, 
a considerable degree of fli11k-.nl t.y... in obtaining instruments of a proper description at Madras, 
but. ..it will not be found necessary to purchase any more in this country, as some. ..have been 
sent on the last ships from Europe, in compliance with an Indent from the late Quarter Master 
General. ... Theodolites, the instruments most necessary... have not arrived in the last ships 6 . 

He asked sanction to purchase instruments for astronomical observations on 
the Tra van core Survey ; 

They are of good quality ; their prices are moderate. ... I have also included in the list a 
reflecting telescope of very superior powers, which ba.s been offered for sale at its original 
priee ; and as it would be exceedingly useful in celestial observations, it may be desirable to 
secure it for the public service'. 

Damage to private instruments meant loss and delay, and in Travancore [ 131 ] 
Blair reports that he 

was stopped by a screw of my Theodolite breaking. This instrument Vicing my private property, 
and the Resident. ..having informed me, upon a former application, of the groat if. isiiiciiiiE.it ion 
of Government to replace anything. ..broken 0:1 the public service, the survey must necessarily 
be at a stand till I be supplyed with another Theodolite 8 . 

He had no difficulty, however, in selling his instruments to Government 
when he left the country, as also De Havilland, who, 

in purchasing these, incurred a great expenee, as. ..the Regulations of the services did not 
provide for ofVicets... being supplied with Instruniuiits as they do at present. ... If they 
should answer the purpose of your Department, or of the Military Institution, I should 



An Astronomical Quadrant- 

A Reflecting Tele* cent.-, r'or obitTviiit tin- MiLtfillitea of Jupiter 

A Theodolite, complete •■;. , •- - -.>;>.- -■" —•" ■ ■' ' 

A Gii'i'iuliir iipiktiu::, ar«i'iu!i!.-:-d to 20*. t ■.->,, 

A Spirit Level and Stand . — . 

A most Excffllffvit Tim'-keei'e" hy Eamshaiv 



Ihstrtjments 

order their being received at the prices they 
... Pagodas 7 150- 



■ A- ca^c of Ijistruuii'iitii &. A-=tro;a.be 
A Colour Bos 
A Hmss 1-ft, Ruler 



i'agixl 



: K.E; " I lost two Time Keepers, one after the other, when they were going to be cleaned, 
or coming-uptomein Camp. This was a serious loss of no less than 400 pagodas, they having 
Cost me 160 £ sterling. 

The purchase was sanctioned on the Quartermaster O.neral's report 
that the Depot of Instruments has been so much drained "by issues, as to have made it impos- 
sible' "to comply -entirely with an indent recently presented by the Engineer's Department 
proceeding on Foreign service 1 , and altho' the Instruments presented by Mr. De Havilland 
are not so Good as when new. ..they are worth in India the price charged 2 . 

On the appointment of a Surveyor General, he was made responsible for the 
distribution of instruments [ 298-9 ] ;i , and all surveyors, including Lambton and 
those employed under the Quartermaster General, had to submit quarterly 
returns to him. ''.''... 

The, assistant surveyors sent out from the Surveying School [ 139] were not 
always provided with the best instruments, and Warren forwards an indent from 
the Collector of Tinnevelly, with a letter 

from the surveyor himself, which explains the reason of his indenting for a Theodolite, that 
which was in the charge of Read being, by his account, totally unfit for service [ 142 ]. The 
Board are no doul.it nwaro that there is no surveying without such Instrument, and therefore 
the services of J. Robinson and T. Hill will be lost "to the public if the Collector's application 
be not attended to. 

I likewise subjoin an indent for Instruments from the Collector of Madras. ... I have been 
informed... that their surveyors have never had any assistance of the kind ; I am therefore 
at a loss to imagine what they have surveyed with during three years that they have been 
attached to that Cotoherry. ... 

I shall take an opportunity of mentioning the goner;;! prices of the surveying Instruments. ... 

A -Sextant, second -hand pa. 30 or 40 

A Cirve. alienator, new . . 25 or 30 

second-hand .. 15 or 20 
A plant! table, without a compass 

or side Telescope . . . . 20 

Pocket c-ass of Instruments, ;i rat sort .. 16 

do. second sort . . 7 



For a first sort Theodolite, by 


n approved 


maker, if entirely new ■ ■ . 


I'.iaodiis. . 


For a second-hand do. 




For second-sort Theodolite 




For a second -band do. 




A Sextant, new 





i very seareo in India, thai even 
none belonging to the Public 
;i Instruments 4 . 



These Instruments ( high us their priee may seer 
at that rate they are hardly to be proe tired at present ; there a; 
at the surveying school, and the boys are surveying with my o 
He writes later ; 

The Superintendent of Tank Eepairs complains. ..that his Sub-Assistants serving in the 
Nellore District [ 149--50 ] have no Theodolites to carry on their Triangles with, and that 
the sextant which he had from the Observatory several months ago ( the only one which could 
he spared... ) proves \ui serviceable. 

' These disappointments are the unavoidable consequence of the system which has ever 
obtained at this Institution, which prevents the Inspector of Revenue Surveys to keep tip a 
sufficient stock of Instruments ready at hand, unless it be at his own risks and expense 5 . ... 
Captain CalJwelFs want of Instruments may be, I do not know where to 



'Thee- 



2'.Y!MO. ! 



;-io. 



sMGO. (Mp-U. 'M Rev Ed., 






Drawing Material 227 



L0-S-O7. .... .. 1T| _ 133(40), 9-^-14. 



I 



Drawing Material 

Good odawmg paper was often "very difficult to procure", and mite, 
Macartney from Delhi [ 68 ], « I ,„ obliged to borrow that on which rS f™ 
prctractrons wore made, „ that which I got up from Calcutta was not fit to bo 

Fleming wrote down to the Surveyor General from Murshidsbad f iS 1 - 
Not being abb. .„,, will, your kind amt.e to P f 1 t I ,„, f„r our 

tTT'.W "" ,1 «", B ° h » 1 * - I »•» =*P« at joining small. ,ie* in a hand.™ mancT 
I I»lO»l you will as,,st a. by suffering on. „t you, peopl. t„ job, md «« a „ e „~J 
Our Plan „ r „j 12 f,.t tag and « fee, broad, don. on a ,.„. of 9 b, oh „ t<J .»,,„,. P ™' 
to wh.ch Crawford rephed ; " I have not been able to get a Sheet of drawing 

H„ P w T t ' *? I d °° '•' * hink ?<"" iB ^ tohahl " to b « W in Calcutta"* 8 

die writes about the same tunc to Hodgson ■ 

on.rttTXLr.""' 11 *' T"""" °' *"*« "*«"» *» >» •«•>. »r I would «„d yoo 
,» J " w rnySl" ? " P * P " ^^ " """""^ ; ' «° 1 »' d P» W *>' *•* artll. 

wriS 8 ^ .™ 1 "" 1 ^?^ w^T * t B ° mb ^< on °" e "c™ « »»y «*», for he 

write to Edward _\ad, Esq. ", presumably not in the Company's service • 

Havmg acerlcoUy hand tat you ar. in possession of a oon.id.rabl. quantity' of ],™ 
tawmg paper, I .hop. that, after ].,.p„g suffi.i.nt for your own unm.di.to want., you "ay 
be abl. to spar, th. „„,„d.r ,0 th. Hon'bk, Obmr*«y f (>r ,b. duties of my Offi" E 
I b.g,h. favour of you to ..at. th, quantity yon may b, abl. to .par,, and th„™,l„. \Z 
.ett upon ,t, that I may obtain. ..permnsion for the purctas, of it ! 

Nash replied that he could 

.par. you «ght hundred and ninety sheets ( 890 ) thereof, for whi.h th. amount will b. thr.o 
Ir.iirk-oila,!-! .iglO.v ropers ( 3S0 ) e . 

Water-colour paint was another item that caused amriety, and in 1812 Troyer 
was hard put for ^ 

th. requisite, for drawing for th. Military Imtitutioo, ... „ ot to b. got but by buying .nth, 
colour b«.. of which at pr.s.n. soar., „,. m „ j. procurable at M.dri. 11,7.2™ 
bo,«h,th.rto procure of ddf.r.nt magnitude, contain a g,„t „, m ber of articles ,a,t«Ty 
irsele... and „e ..antdy provided with tho.. which ar. indispensable for Hili Sy" r „ 
mg ..An investment of colours....„d of hruske,, procured direct from England 3d "v. 
a groat part of the expen.. which hitherto wee o„„, ,.,!:,!,!.. „„l „„„.,, ,,,.,' „„ " 
intended porpose. tue 

He asked for an annual supply of 50 cakes each of " Lake-Carmine-Gan,bo»e 
-Prussran Blue -Prussian Green-Burnt terra de Sienna-Green Bice " and also 
large Z^mfozl^ ^^ '^ ° f ih " miMl ^ °™- «" »™ 

Perambulators 

witWhTL'™^ f" 'IT pi " tomS 0f iMtoirmmta in common use, and start 
with the perambulator, which was in in universal use II niS-Ql PrinoVs 
pattern was stdl the favourite in his own presidency, and Goldiugham writes 

The Surveyor, at Dindigul [I, ,, 6 ] toform m....th.t their measuring wheel, which »« 
mad. » England, does not answ.r th. p„ po ,. owillg „ tll „ »gg.dne., of th . C „„™ 



1 '1 



228 Instruments 

Independant of the inaccuracy of these machines when on rough ground, they ace both complex 
and liable to get out of order. I therefore wish...to have aome measuring wheel? made up for 
the Public Service on a eonsti-nction invented by the late Major Pringle, which are in every 
respect preferable to the Common Wheels, and far less expensive 1 . 
In 1804 he was still making them up for the district surveyors. 

The same contempt for European design was held in Bengal, the Surveyor 
General writing in 1807 that those " issued out from the Company's stores are so 
slight in their construction as sometimes to fall to pieces at the very commence- 
ment of a march " [ 197 ] s . 

Morrieson writes from Bundelkhand in 1810 [50] of an error ot two miles 
which he had found on closing a circuit ; 

Having examined my Perambulator very mimitoLy, I find there is nearly a yard gained in 
the 100 ; which will of course give 2 miles over in the distance. ... The Perambulators I have 
received' from the Arsenal are very ill-calculated for the Country, and it appears somewhat 
extraordinary that the most essential part ( the Wheel ) should be made upon such a bad 
L\!"S>U'Lvct-ir.Li" niid so veiv sli^l-ii;. Should wo again ninrn t.o i.hp. Cants, 1 have little doubt of 
their being knocked to pieces in a very short time, which is a serious consideration to me 
when I recollect that each of them stands me in 192 Rupees 3 . 
Hodgson writes in 1813 [ 37 ] ; 

April 23rd. Here I was detained a day to repair my Wheel, the axlo of winch had worked 
loose. I was obliged to send to a distant village for workmen. ... The Brass-framed Perambu- 
lators do not answer so well as the wooden- framed ones. Screws in the former are too small 
for the weight of tho IiistrujiiBnt, gel. luuw?, A. fall out [ 57 ]. 

30th. At Meerut I elTectnully repaired the Wheel, &. purchased an additional very good ' 
one, & a chain for examining the wheels ; no surveyor ought to have less than 2 or 3 wheels 
and' 2 chains of 100 feet in length*. 

Crawford writes to the Military Board wiuin Surveyor General ; 
As a Perambulator originally coats in England from 7 to 10 Guineas, I do not think it -would 
be worth while. ..sending them home and bringing them back again; and as all the inside 
work would require to he replaced it would cost almost as much as a new one. 

As the Perambulators that are generally sent out by the Company are very slight and 
indifferent, and some of them even with new outsides and old works within, they soon of 
course get out of order in the mechanical part, and from their being by no means sufficiently 
strong in the outer works to resist the effect of this very trying climate, they soon fall to pieces. 
They ought therefore not only be warranted by the makers but be so constructed as to enable 
them to stand the effect of the hot winds, and to enable them to ran over the gauts and rooky 
roads that so often occur in this country 5 . 

In 1814 William Brett, of the Madras Artillery 6 , designed a new cyclometer for 
the large Madras perambulator ; 

Distances may be measured by means of it to a fraction of a foot, while the smallest 
division on the common perambulator... is equal to thirty feet. The improvement consists of 
a circular plate of brass, whose centre coincides with the centre of the wheel, and is graduated 
so as to give the foot coito:; ponding with any pa.rt nf each revolution. The index, which 
remains always in a perpendicular position, gives the odd feet and quarter feet ii 
merit. I have fitted up a Perambulator.. .and find it to answer completely the p~ 
The invention is ingenious and simple 7 . 
Orders were given that all perambulators "from the Gun carriage manufactory or 
the arsenal of Fort St. George" should in future embody Brett's graduated circle 
and index. 

Plane tables 

An early account of the "Plain Table" by Bion in 1723 describes it as having 
an outer wooden frame graduated in degrees, a circular compass, and a sight rule 8 . 
Puissant in 1807, describe;' the planekeite and its use, and resection from three or 
more known points by means of tracing paper [ 212 ] 9 . 

tM Rev Ed. 6-7-97. =DDn. 81 (97], 14-11-07. *DDn. 82 (164), 8-4-10. *Fdbk, MRIO. 
M5A7 spDn 131(100), 25-8-14. s Wm. Tkomnson "Brer.c, ;;(■ (.inuiniioro \.<U; it. Vixagajjatam 
1857.' 'Note by Morison, acting SG„ MMC. 6-5-15. eRicn. 'Puissant, in (155). 



Planetables 



229 



The first record of its use La India, is that of Read's rapid sketch of Salem District 
in 1793 [I, 193], and Troyer introduced it as the standard instrument at the 
Military Institution in 1805 [ 125, 214]. He arranged for "the best plain tables 
such as local circumstances could furnish '', and asked that, each officer should be 

allowed the sum o!' thirty Pagodas for procuring his own plain I a hie, which whs the price paid 
for it last year to Ch. Chenaud 1 . The instrument being made under tho particular inspection 
of each Gentlemen will, succeed so much the better, and. ..any further repairing of the instru- 
ment, if necessary, will fall to the account of each C!entleman s . 

The following year the start of tick! work was delayed by the failure of the instru- 
ment-maker to deliver -plane-tables in time [126]. Later, the books show "21 
Plain Tables with their fiducial edges" besides "21 Brass Chains". 

Though it has been said that the early Madras planet-able was only 16 inches 
square 3 , that used by tho Military Institution must, have been somewhat larger 
than 24 inches by 18, the area of each plotted section [215 ]. 

Garling was a strong advocate of the planotable for general use, and used it in 
Goa for all scales ; 

I have supposed the Plain Tab!" the sfi;!. ;>rs:fV i-ab ie instrument for use in the prosecution 
of the Survey ; but as I remember you suggested the Plain Table would be laid aside on reducing 
the scale, I have written a private and separate paper, in which I have attempted to give you 
my valuation of that main; men t [215-6]. In estimating the value of instruments, the con- 
siderations are accuracy and facility ; ... the Plain Table is not inferior in accuracy, and of 
superior facility in use, to any other instrument. ... 

The table being set by means of the compass, hoc. lie, a. .-iidu of two of the protracted objects 
gives the station ; a sight of a third will prove it and, as tho principle of this; proof is math- 
ematically just.-, tho accuracy of a station on the Plain Tabic- determined ny three points admits 
of [']■> qi.ies.lio a i;n a small scale. ... 

The Plain Table facilitates Surveying in the particular of requiring no protraction of 
angles ; ... the sketches are mostly made at once on the 'Plain 'fable, ... whieh not only gives 
less trouble, but. more accuracy also, because it is the original and therefore best sketch 
which makes the survey. The sketching itself is much facilitated by the readiness with 
which the bearings of the sinuosities ur other detail of objects is taken, and by the evident 
connection of each part with the whole which is before the eye on the board. The sketches 
taken in going from one station to another are immediately put down, and therefore under 
the advantage of a pcrfeci recollection of them. 

The Plain Table is & very portable and durable instrument, subject to less casualties than 
any other 1 . 

On the withdrawal of the military officers [ 156 1 Garling paid fifty pagodas for two 
of their planetables. 

It is interesting to note that though the planetablo was so early introduced into 
India, becoming firmly established first in Madras and then in the Punjab, it was 
not taken up by the Ordnance Survey of Groat Britain till late in the nineteenth 
century. According to Close it- 
might have been most profitably used between 1705 and 1825, a period during which there was 
only the onednch map to think of. The ignorance which, prevailed as to the value of the 
plane-table lasted to a much later date. For instance, the Palestine Survey, which was 
begun in 1871, was carried out, as regards the detail, by means of the prismatic compass, 
and this in a country which is exceptionally suited to the plane-table. ... The writer 
remembers that, as late as 1897, the field training of t.lio torx>;rrapiik;il sections of tho Ordnance 
Survey, which were intended for service abroad, was confined to the prismatic compass 5 . 



Sextants 

Sextants and rel lectin g circles remained popular for talcing astronomical observa- 
tions to a very late period, but special preen id ions were necessary for protecting 
the artificial horizon from wind and insects [I, 162], and from about April to 
September the midday sun was too high in the heavens for reflection [ 191-2 ]. 

'Possibly ri'liitcii ;.:.■• ("Ihenaux, n pilt.it, whose wii.iini 4., Ohaiulcrasigore, !S4:>, .aitrl 80. a MMC. 
4-11-06. 'Imp Gas. IV (491). "'''id. inoribes iave.nt.ioa to Pr-tcmis ir: 1037, .;t.d first jiubd. description 
to Leonhard Zubler in 1825. *DfJn. 127 (67-8}, 3-9-11. 'Close (38). 



.'■ 






230 Instruments 

Among the rnsl.-mnieirbs wiiieh Goldingham sold to Government when proceed- 
ing on furlough, were 

a Reflecting Circle, silver inlaid, wiili utand, ai-tidciid Lorizon, quicksilver, Jk forming a complete 
apparatus for all a-stro.iuroica.l observations usually taken with the sextant, this instrument 
being far preferable. 

A Sextant, silver arch, with a stand, artificial Horizon, & the wliole fitted in a square 
mahogany ease, & a.lso formmg a complete apparatus 1 . 

In 1313 Crawford sent Raper [ 46-7 ] 
a circular Refloating .Instrument. ... The reflecting circle by Trough ton, ... cost me 200 second- 
band, and I never used it. The false Horizon aud a,p|Kn-jtl,iih cost Rs. t'iO. ... You will find a set 
of instructions by the maker. From having three niicroseopos, and a-iso being circular, they 
are more to be depended upon than a sextant,, and not so easily deranged 2 . 

Before leaving India Rhddslon sokl to Government "a Reflecting Circle, price 
100 Pagodas. ... It is graduated in Silver ; is in perfect order, and the value placed 
on it moderate " 3 . 

Franklin writes that his" Sextant is very passable, of about 9-inch radius, and is 
so we'd finished that the utmost error like to obtain by measuring the diamr. of the 
Sun is 37" suutractive; the vernier gives to 7£" "*. 

Sextants had to be rested from time to lime for .index error. 



Chronometers 

Chronometers were still very delicate and. troublesome, and most expensive 
[I, 202-3 ]■ Mackenzie writes, to Warren from Bangalore in 1800 ; 

Your Time Piece has unfortunately stopped on file day after ! came mwiiv from Colar ; on 
coming to the ground as usual, I took it out to wind it & found.it in this state ; giving it a 
shake horizontally it was set going again, but, as we did not know the time that elapsed while 
it stopt, — it w'll lit, necessary to set it to a now time. I cannot account for it rmless it bo 
owing to the Jolting of the Palanquin which I do not myself use, but recommended to the 
Bearers to bo careful : 1 have seen the same happen before [ 1", 203 ]. 

Mr. Arthur is bringing my time-piece bad." from Madras, but for want of Time sufficient 
for ascertaining its rate anew, Mr. Goldinghani has directed him to take its rate at any place 
where he may be at a fortnight ab a time, and the situation of the place may be ascertained 
at a future period. In jour ease I see no remedy but the- same-, and from Colar you can 
have it easier sent down. I think it would, be po^. r :ib]c to train a tru.sty bh.tct: mail to wind it 
daily, and to carry it with more safety back 5 . 

Silver chronometers were generally valued at Rs. 600. The gold one which the 
Surveyor General sent up to Tickell for ins journey with the Eiph in stone Mission 
[ 65 ], had been bought by Carst.i.n front Colebrooke's estate for Rs. 1,200 6 . It was 
probably the strau pis that issued to Sackville, which 

entirely disappointed the ox pee rations we had formed of its correct rate of going, and, in spite 
of every precaution, it had stopped going altogether during my stay at Canjam when, from the 
well-known Geographical Position of that plaos-, 1 had entertained hopes of learning its exact 
Bate, and deriving LleiieGt, from lis use during my return through the Province. ... 

T have since been culled upon by i he ".'.lii.ila.iy Hoard to deposit the Sinn of Sicca Es. 1 ,200 
on the Grounds, no doubt, of its being in good order, but as this was not the case. ..I communi- 
cated to the Board the real state of the U'ateb and, unwilling i.o subject- myself to an useless 
Kxpence so very cnnsinoi-a.blo, T lost no time in returning the Trniekersper' 1 . 

For observing Jupiter's satellites Franklin writes that he had 
written to Lieut. Ralph, who edits the R'irkarii paper 3 , to buy me a good chronometer or, if he 
can get an excellent stopwatch which shows find marks seconds. I prefer the latter. ... I have 
also written to England ha- ;s- :•!■!■ foot. Achroujittk- .Re IV a- ting Telescope of Ikfland's construc- 
tion. ... No expeiice shall lie wanting to procure lustrum cuts of the best kind 9 . 

^HPC. 30-11-04. "VTm. 130 { 22 |, 22-11-13. 3 MMC. 25-2-12. *DDn. 130 [ 105 ), Nov. ISIS. 

J DDn. 41, 13-4-00. >D.0n. si i .107 i. 20-5-09. 'DDn. 82 ( 20] ), 13-6-10. e James Ralph ( 17S2- 
1S57 ] ; Ben. Cl'.v., Corn. IsOO ; Gi.aiiorcd isus. -' i'r-t aiiauierlv ,?:. mnti'iou.-: deduct on parade in front 

cftbereet and foe im(icar,,nri;i<; to incite the lire, i... to rcutinv ". ?<[. The Minor, Calcutta. ... [AC--< : 

i':~irtai Ilvri.-it.nt. c. 1313 : SIiih. Hi! .mil Pu-.. ].S13. Hrd-wii iff ( 5!I7 ) ; HI. Amanda- bad, Croiton, IT 
(107). »DEn. 130 (105), 29-11-13. 



(■HRONO METERS 



231 



On return from furlough in 1814, Webb brought out several chronometers 
and was allowed time at Calcutta to overhaul them ; "The Chronometers have 
been kept regnlated to mean time to facilitate their use on Shipboard, but. ..they 

ongni. uow to ue ro-aujustod to Sidereal Time" 1 . 

In 1814 Crawford obtained sanction to purchase for the Surveyor General's 
office, "an Astronomical Clock ; ... one has teen offered at Us. 2,000 ; it cost in 
England 220 Guineas" 2 . 



Telescopes 

These were required for observations of Jupiter's satellites, and Dollond's make 
was usually favoured. In 1813 Crawford wrote to Smith, who had relieved him 
in Mirzapur [ 47 ] ; 

The Chronometer was sent by the regular boats to the care of your brother at Dinapore, 
and I hope will reach you safe. Tho small toleeoope that my brother 3 brought for me some 
years ago expressly for the purpose of observing the satellites of Jupiter, and for which he 
paid ready cash 10 guineas, you may have if you like, paying- me whatever you may think 
it worth ; the magnifying for tervesti;*.! objects is near 50 times, ami for celesiial observations 
SO times 4 . 



Theodolites 

Theodolites of this period varied enormously in design, and were by various 
makers. We have already noticed the poor quality of most of those that were 
sent out officially [ 221, 224 ] ; the better patterns came on special order, and those 
obtained by Lambtnn and Garling have been described elsewhere [ 255 ]. Mackenzie 
writes in 1804 ; 

Tho instruments I have commissioned from Mr. Carey 5 have lately arrived, and are much 
to my liking ; a theodolite, in particular, with all the lute improvements of taskwork, telescopes 
of different kinds, and the graduated circle done in silver, which is much superior to the brass 
work which tarnishes when exposed to the air. I am completely set up with this and a smaller 
instrument, and several other instruments. My brother 6 writes me, if he had not attended 
closely, he believes they could not be got so soon, as Mr. Carey is much pressed by the demands 

Mather's theodolite 
was one of Adam's, with the late improvements, but with only one Telescope, shewing the 
objects inverted. The diameter of the graduated arch 8 inches, on which the degrees were 

divided into halves, and iho-y again sub-divided by a vernier into minutes. 

In the angles for determiuiiig stations, the nearest minute is taken, but in those for villages 
only the nearest duo-decimal part, or 5 minutes, because they could not be laid on the Map 
to greater exactness by the 8-inuh protractor, ... the degrees of which were also divided into 
halves, but without an Index or Vernier 7 . 

Mackenzie writes to Lantwar who was on survey with Hamilton [ 154 ] ; 

As you think one of the theodolites is superior to the other. I wish you to arrange that the 
best should be alternately used by each while extending the primary stations ; after which the 
detailed work maybe filled up by means of tho other with little chanee of error. These instru- 
ments are designed for the benefit of the service, and not for the convenience of anyone in 
particular 8 . 

Franklin was perfectly pleased with his theodolite, which 
was made to order...and brought to this Country by Colonel Kyd ; I bought it of Captain 
Steele [ 18 ] ; it is graduated to i degrees, and the Vernier gives the minutes. The Telescope is 
admirable, and mounted on a half-circle of Altitude, graduated in the same manner. The 
Instrument is levelled by Screws and three spirit levels, and may bo set to the greatest nicety 6 . 

In 1814 Crawford bought a theodolite, 

iBMC. 9-12-14 (95). = ib. 4-6-U. (80). ^Not identified ; was orobably in England. iDDn. 
'Wm. City 111 DNH. * 1 >[.-i-vk-:,:-.i^. "of II 1 1ir .{ 
"" "DDn. 130(105], 29-11-13. 



'T)Dn, ■■! i { IS ), 1802. «DDn, 83, 16-7-10. 



i 

i J! 



232 . Instruments 

just out from England, an Excellent Instrument, with chamfered and silvered edges, two 
achromatic glasses, with r;ici;work or every kind, & in addition..-! in the same box ) an excellent 
protractor with Glass Centre and folding arms ; and the whole ensue io Rs. 400 1 . 

An interesting account of The Evolution of the Dividing Engine and the work 
of the groat instrument makers, Jesse Ramsden, John and Edward Troughton, 
will be found in Empire Survey Review of April 1944 2 . 

Prismatic Compass 

The prismatic compass, in which a mirror attachment allows the graduations 
of the compass ring to be read in a mirror simultaneously with alignment on the 
object, was invented by Kater [ 313 ] s , and Hodgson writes in 1814 ; 

I have just received from England a Pentagraph, &c, and two newly invented Surveying 
Compasses, which I think you would ranch approve of; so far as they read off, i.e., 20 minutes, 
they are superior to the ordinary Coarse theodolites, & will be expressly useful where great 
accuracy is not required, as in route surveys with on Army 4 . 

The following advertisement is taken from the Calcutta Gazette of 5th January 
1815; 

The New Invented Patent .Azimuth k Surveying Compuss, made & sold by Gilbert & Son. 
— There is -a prismatic Lense of strong magnifying power contained in a Brass Box which, 
when in use, should be turned over the Card. ... When taking the Bearing.. .it is only necessary 
to place the eye close to the prismatic Lense in such a situation that the Pupil of tho Eye may 
be exactly at the bottom of the slit over the sight hole, when the observer will at the same 
time see the contact of the opposite hair and the object viewed, and read off the point of the 
compass the degree on whieh it bears, with very great accuracy. ... It will be found nearly 
equal to the most Expensive Theodolite, and superior to any Azimuth Compass hitherto 
invented. 

, 52. VII (226-35). 'South Kensington ( 60). 



CHAPTER XVII 



h 



LAMBTON'S TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY 1 

The Plan — Mysore, 1800-2 — Coromandel Coast, 1802-3 — Across the Penin- 
sula, 1803-6 — South Peninsula, 1807-10 — Extension 2i 'or -thv.-arda, 1811-6. 

IJlARLY in Docemfaer 1799, whilst Mackenzie was making preparations for his 
| topographical survey of Mysore [91-3], Lambton put forward his first 

proposal 2 for a trigonometrical survey to fix prominent points over the whole 
south peninsula , I, 9 ; II, 3 ] ; 

Having long reflected on the si-cut, advantage to Kiinerul Geography that would be rlerived 
from extending a survey across the Peninsula, of India for.. .determining the positions of the 
principal geographical points ; and seeing that by the success of the British arms... country 
is acquired which not only opens a free communication with the Malabar Coast, hut.. .affords 
a most admirable means of connecting that with the Coast of Coromandel by an uninter- 
rupted series of triangle, and of continuing that series to an almost unlimited extent in every 
other direction ; I was induced to communicate my ideas to the Right Hon. the Governor in 
Council at Madras, who has smce bo-n pleased to i-ippoini. mr> tn r,-ndui-t that- service. 

It is scarcely necessary to say what the advantage will be of ascertaining the great geogra- 
phical features... upon correct muihematieal principles ; for then, after surveys of different 
districts have been made in the usual mode, they oan be comb inert into 0110 general Map 3 . 

Lambton was at this time a subaltern of the 33rd Kogimont of Toot, holding 
the appointment of brigade major to King's Troops in the presidency of Fort St. 
George. From July to November he had been with the Grand Army as staff officer 
during its march through the north- western districts of Mysore' 1 , and.it was on his 
return to Madras that he laid his scheme before Government. In a letter from 
Madras of December 8th, Mackenzie warmly supported the proposals [115-6], 
and Close replies from Bangalore that, 

having examined the consideration which you have given O.ptain Lauslrton's proposition, I 
cannot but say that it appears to rue to be extremely liberal, and that... tlii! design... should he 
commenced by him without delay. ... He might commence. . .in the tract of territory under 
our authority and, as the results of his labours would be <. leaned lor general benefit, ...there 
would be no objection to his proceeding in concert with your general plan 5 . 

Before going down to Madras Lambton had secured the support of Arthur 
Wellesley, commanding the army in Mysore, who writes to Close from Seringapatam 
on January 3rd ; 

I have received a letter from Lambton, in which he informs mo that lie has had a conversa- 
tion with Mr. Webbe [ ng n.3 ], who told him that his plan...had the full concurrence of 
Government, and that he had been referred to you for the establishment which he will find 
necessary. ... 

He tells me that he shall want some people Air the eyrriago of his iris trei menu, a draughts- 
man, and a writer, and a young man from the: observatory who will assist him in his calculations 
[ 241 ]. ... Webbe desired Lambton to send for the instruments which he was desirous of 
having from Bettgal ; SO that nothing remains to be done but to arrange these little matters... 
arid to set. him 10 work 3 . 

The instruments belonged to Dr. Dinwiddle in Calcutta, where Lambton had seen 
them. They were now purchased by the Madras Government, and despatched early 
in April [251-2). 

'Full accounts of l,;i.tnbton'? work (-■.-.■in the scodet-o point of view have nci^i written by General 
Wsilkor, GTS. T ( xv- iisv 1, ;md bv Sir Sidney .Uu-r'a:-,], lb. X IT. l«f.S. Anps. M 44:. '&™v5™ii 
Msfi. VII, ISOI (312), * Journal. July 10ft :.,., Nov. 22nd ITi'tiL ' \',V Ydfil ."1?. ISf'itil (6tl-U:j| 
'DDil. 08(179), 25-12-1799. 'Garwood, I ( 69 ). ' 



234 Lametok's Trigonometrical Survey 

On 6th February 1S00 formal orders were issued for the start of the survey, and 

Web be wrote in further detail ; 

You have been already iin.de acquainted wit-Is the intention... to employ you in an Astrono- 
mical Survey in the Peninsula [251], but chiefly in the territories lately subdued. ... 

A considerable establishment under the direction of Captain Mackenzie having already 
commenced a detailed Survey of tin- province;! of My-oor ami + 1 1 « Southern part of the Penin- 
suia, his! Lordship is desirous that, wit lien. I departing from the pnriaoses of general geography 
which your labours will have principally in view, they may. ..be marks to coincide with those 
of Captain Mackenzie, so as to enable him with the greater- facility to combine the' details of 
his Survey, and to verify I lie positions of the most remarkable Stations [ 116]. ... 

As the distinct nature of youi 1 Luidortakiru; will probably inako it; r.ece:-.v;a.ry for you to 
traverse the peninsula from <i<:n to Sea more then oner, ... n- scrupulous coincidence with 
Captain Mackenzie's plan will not always be practicable ; but. ..his Lordship forbears... to impose 
any restriction with regard to tke special object of your own survey but such as your own 
Zoai and experience may dictate. ... 

P.S. The Governor in Council directs you to submit. ..the detailed plan of your proposed 
survey, in order that it may be recorded 1 . 

Lamhtun there 1.] pun submitted hia 

Plan of a Mal-hcw'.ilicrtl rv>d (>!:Oiirv-p/--'<j'.:l tiuruat. ['.reposed to be extended across the 
Peninsula of India. ... 

In a former eonimuriieation | 233, n. 2 J i took the liberty of staling... :ny idea of a survey 
to be extended from (.lie Coroiiiaiiili.il to the Malabar Coast, with a view to determine the exact 
position of all the great objects that appeared bes.t calrailal erl to become permanent geographi- 
cal marks... facilitating a general survey of the Peninsula, end particularly the territories 
conquered... during the late glorious campaign, ... The Surveyors of particular districts will 
be spared much labor when they know the position of some leading points to which they 
can refer because, when these points o.r(: laid down in I Ins t.-xnc" situations in which they are 
. upon the globe, all other objects. ..will also Siave their situations true in Latitude and 
Longitude. ... 

As my intention is to execute this work upon principles, I believe, totally new in this 
' country, it may be requisite to explain more fully, ... in case it should be the wish of Govern- 
ment.. to submit, t.lie proposed pln.n for the examination of scientific men in England. 
[After a long discussion of technical details [ 250-1 |, he continues; ] 

I have now adduced... the principles of nsy intended survey, ... which... involve many more 
objects than what, immediately appertain to Geography. ... Whenever a cooperation with 
Captain MoKen/.ie can bo dispensed with, 1 shall t lion direct- my view., to the General object 
of determining the Geographical features of the Peninsula 2 . 

This was forwarded to the Governor (T<merah tonebher with iVTaoheuzie's Plan for 
the topographical survey of Mysore [ 91-3 ], and both were formally approved 3 . 

As the instruments purchased in Calcutta were not siitnoierit for the more 
olaborate operations in view, Lambton wrote to Fhtpjand for others [253], and 
in the meantime started on tins tri angulation of Mysore in support of Mackenzie's 
survey. 



Mysore, 1800-2 

Lambton appears to have moved up to Mysore during September 1800, by 

which time Mackenzie and his assistant* hn.rl their tri angulation and survey well 
advanced [ 95-6 ]. He writes on October Sth ; 

After being at Bangalore for upwards of three weeks... to complete the necessary apparatus 
for measuring a base line, I returned on the Sth instant to Kjs&naptmarfi, in the neighbourhood 
of which... I had expectations of linding ar; e';ten1 of conn I ry sriited to my purpose. The almost 
incessant rains which have fallen since my arrival there prevented my fixing upon the ground 
before yesterday. ... 

.1 he weather hitherto, since I arrived ar fJang'Uute. Las heeis extremely u 11 favorable for 
service of this kind, but I am in hopes that the Monsoon is nearly at an end. Tomorrow I 
shall make a beginning if the day be at all favourable. ... 



Mysore 



■::.a 



I i , i 



I expect sketches of the country from Captain -McKem-.ie, and g]-.ail pai't.-icuiarly notice ail 
the leading objects by which Lis. surveys have been regulated 1 . 

Ho ooinplotixl the measurement of his base-line on Dw*mLer 10th and 
observed latitude and azimuth at the extremities, which he marked by small 
masonry pillars [ 95, 256 ]. He 

found Bangalore to be very correctly laid down as to Latitude. I observed four nights with 
the Zenith Sector and found it to be in 12° 57' 30°, and only about 8" different from.. .Captain 
Colebrooke in 1791 & 92 [ I, 175 ]. Shevagunga and fiavendroog 2 , particularly with respect 
to each other, are very much out 3 . 

He writes to Close on 23rd December ; 

I have received from .Lieutenant Warren a sketch of his primary stai.ions in the district 
of Ooscottab' ; ^6 ], and 1 shall first- determine and compare some of i.he principal ones before 
1 leave this quarter, after winch...! shall proceed to the northward, stretching a considerable 
distance to the Westward, ami take up most of Captain .\lc'K curie's points, a .sketch of which 
I have received from him. ... From a wish to cooperate with him, as Hell (is from the nature 
of the instruments 1 am now provided with, I shall lie induced to extend my operations much 
to the Northward [ 116-8 f. 
and again from Sira ; 

In. three or four days more I shall be able to send you a sketch of my operations, which 
will take in the country to the eastward of Seringiipatam as far as Mallavilly 6 , and to the 
northward as far as Bellagola, where yon may remember the ;:r'sal. statue [pi. 22 ]'. ... 

I feel much mortified that I cannot get the situation of Chittledroog without extending 
my series of triangles... to... within two miles of the Droog, and I find the -westing will he so 
great as to lead me very far beyond what I conceive will admit of accuracy. I have had 
■-■eve-r.il eeminim ieations with Captain MeKcrr/.ie on Lin: subject 8 . 

and again the same month ; 

I. ..forward to you a sketch of the operations... from Seringapatam, ... to connect with that 
place Serah ami Bangalore. I have gone as far to the westward as I judged would admit of 
accuracy in determining the position of places without having recourse to another measure- 
ment. ... The sketeh is accompanied by three tali I e.-i... useful to .survevors. ... 

The 1st contains the latitudes of the places and stations, and their longitudes from the 
meridian of Bangalore, from which I compute at present until there is a connection with the 
Coromandel coast [ 262 ] — The 2nd gives the distances, and they are ao arranged that a new 
sketch may be projected therefrom— The 3rd contains a description of the stations, with 
■.l.ireet ions where they may be found. 

From these two last the surveyors will derive great advantage, if tiny have recourse to 
any two. ..as a primary distance ; for by doing that they will avoid the trouble of measuring a 
base line, and their surveys. ..will always fall into their places on the general plan. ... 

Though tins is not a work that I wish to be considered as executed with mathematical 
precision, yet I am not without confidence that when I come to verify the principal points 
with a more powerful instrument than I have at present, I shall not find them out, either 
in Latitude or Longitude, more than five or six seconds. ... 

My intention is now to return to the eastward ...and, if possible, fix upon some points to 
connect the country above the Ghauts with the Carnatic , which will much facilitate my 
plan of crossing the Peninsula 9 . 

He writes to Government on 24th June ; 

With respect to the general features of the country, 1 have endeavoured to give some idea 
of the ridges of mountains by a slight shisde depicting the general ranges, and representing 
more strongly those only v.hoso positions have been determined ; and I have been careful in 
observing the Barometer that I might form some judgement as to the relative heights of the 
places where I had occasion to remain any time. It appears that all that level and regular 
country seen from the neighbourhood of Bangalore is considerably elevated above that to the 
westward of the great range of mountains running from S.keva&-ufiga. The descent begins 
after passing that range. ... 

Such a vast chain of rocks and kills apparently locked info one another, crossing the course 
of the monsoons, arid dividing a.n elevated from a low country, will no doubt have considerable 
influence on the weather and the state of the atmosphere. ... f have been thus particular... 

'MPC. 24-10-00. 'Siva«anga, -1550 ft,. 17 m. X. of Si van Bursa, 4030ft. [pi. 11 ]. >DDn. 63 ( 23 ) 
1-2-01. * Hostile mhk, 5TG/16. »WC. 9-1-01. 'Mr-Java!!!. 57 11:3. 'Statue 57 ft. high dated c. 
ao. i)83 ; sacred to Jiuns : Imp Uaz. XXIII j 03-7 ) ; Sriivann BsSsrola, 57 D'e. s PDu. i>3 ( ;jl }, 1S-6-01 . 
Mb. ( 41-4 ). 



■y.\l\ 



Lambton' s Tbigono .metrical Survey 



because... this kind of information may afford some sli^lit data to intelligent medical men, who 
may enquire into tin; (muses of disorders prevalent to the westward of these hills 1 . 

In January 1802 lit; asked permission to withdraw to the Presidency ; 

Having extended my survey to a eon Adorable distance in (ivory direction from the original. 
measurement, and taken in most of tin.; principal Uroogs, Stations, and other noted objecta 
lying between the parallels of liT and II of la-titcoe, ;md from the Westward of the meridian 
of Seringapatarn to Savugur easterly, it now becomes necessary that another measurement ba 
made to serve as a datum for trie future prosecution of this survey. 

As a considerable time will be taken op in coiif-'troctii-.g ,:. proper plan, and iii Finishing the 
tables and other papers, ... I have deferred making out any sketch until I arrive at Madras, 
to which place I shall now proceed 3 . 

Some time will be required in preparing the apparatus fur the mea-iu'emerit of a base line, 
which I wish to be as near the Coast, and as near the Latitude of 13°, as circumstances will 
admit 3 . 

During September and October 1801 he had the Lolp of James Colebrooke, then 
commanding the (Snides [ 94, 118, 122 ] ; 

Captain Colebrooko who accompanied me from Han.cu love. ..has sent a plan of hia survey 
of the roads during that excursion. By availing himself of my points as data, he carried on a 
aeries of smaller triangles by which the principal places in his plan have been laid down. He 
frequently compared his triangles with several of my stations as we moved northerly, ... and 
his results always agreed with mine to within a very few feet 4 . 

It lias already been told how closely Mackenzie kept in touch with Lambton, 
and made regular comparison between their results. Finding that there were no 
groat differences or errors, he went on and com pie tod his maps and surveys on the 
foundation of his own triangukilion and that of his assistants, without incorporating 
any of Lainbton's work, whieh had, however, provided a healthy stimulus to the 
accuracy of their work [ 115-21 "|. Lambton himself writes ; 

As it has hoe;, the wish of the .Right Ilon'ble the ('iovemoi' in Council that there should be 
such communications he t ween Captain McKenzie and myself as might, promote the general 
object of the two surveys, and as my operations for this last year have been chiefly confined 
to that part of the Peninsula whieh. fans under his ii 11111 odiate direction, I have transmitted 
to him a general sketch of all my points, which will be followed by the tables of latitude and 
longitude and of the distances [ 118-9 ]. 

My survey not having commenced in sufficient time to afford him an early advantage of the 
situation and distances, of my stations, he has riot, deiv, oil 1 ha I assistance from them which may 
in future be had hi those districts where lie, or his assistants, have not. yet been [3, 112, 121 ]. ... 

I have, however, had an opportunity of comparing many stations common to both surveys, 
and find a very near agreement, una several distances have been sent to 111c by Lt. Warren, 
Mr. Mather, and Lt. .Arthur, which liitvc been de tern lined from their own data, and the differ- 
ences between those distances and mine wen; generally very trifling, ... considering the difference 
of the instruments used [ 207-8 J 6 . 

Though never used for mapping, or ombodied with his lal er work, this Mysore 
work gave him a very useful trial run, a chance of getting his small staff organised, 
and a thorough knowledge of the Mysore plateau that was of great advantage 
when he came up later with his now instruments. 



COROMANDEL COAST, 1802-3 

Lambton's next task was to determine the length of the degree in both 
directions, which he had described as an essential preliminary to any extensive 
trigonometrical survey [ 250 ]. 

In 1787 Genera! Hoy had pointed out the lack of measurements of this nature 
in equatorial regions, and Dalrymple and Rennell had welcomed the suggestion of 
such a measurement on the Coromandel Coast. The "Directors had decided that 
the work should be entrusted to Burrow in Bengal and Topping in Madras, and 
had actually placed orders for suitable instruments. These plans had fallen 



Couowaniiel Coast 



237 



through, and. though Burrow had made some measurements in Ronsat, his death 
occurred before he was able to bring them to completion [1, 164-6]. It is doubtful 
whether any of this was known to Lambton ; he certainly never makes reference 
to it. 

In 1802 lie took stops to measure a meridional arc neat' the coast preliminary to 
more extensive operations from east to west across the peninsula. His first con- 
sideration was to measure a base-line ; 

As it is necessary t.o make another ineii-suremoiii- as a new datmr. for ox Landing this survey, 
I wish to fix upon some convenient pact, of the Country, near the Latitude 13", and not very 
far from the Sea Coast. ... This Base wii! lio of great importance, not only in connecting what 
has been done above the Ghauts with what is to be carried on from tins Sea Coast, and in laying 
a foundation for a General Survey of the Carnatic, but it is upon this Base that I wish to proceed 
for determining the length of a decree on the meridian avid on Lhe great circle perpendicular 
thereto, from which a scale will ho obtained for eon uniting the leci.mides and longitudes. ... 

I wish to be as particular us possible in the choice of the ground and in the accuracy of 
the measurement, and to avoid any of those impediments which may happen from rains or 
other causes [ 205, 256 ]. I propose to make an excursion for the purpose of thoroughly 
examining the neigh bonrnig Country. ..before ! eonmierico the measurement ; at present I am 
preparing the apparatus , which T hope will, bo completed is: a few days more 1 . 

He measured his base at St. Thomas' Mount during April and May [ 256-7 ], 
rded as the first operation of his great survey. His next step was 



rr.y yiov.-. 



1 on tiio oHgiivil 
\ distance from Madras... 
e most convenient stations for determining the 
oing that I si sail endeavour to take in most of 
s far as the Sea Coast 2 . 



and this he regarded as the lir.-d 1 
to reconnoitre for his triangulatio 

My apparatus not being arrived, i 
and intended scale. I shall, notwithst 
with a view to examine the country, ; 
length of a degree on the meridian, . 
the Principal objects to Ijic Eastward, _ 

The Great Theodolite arrived in September after an adventurous journey 
[ 253 1, and after overhauling it Lambton commenced observations on 27th 
September ; 

I am now proceeding on the survey of 1'ric Peninsula, and have- rcei-ivod such Instruments 
from England as to enable me- t.o prosecute it on the principle,-! originally proposed. ... Some 
weeks ago I made an excursion down the Coast as far as .Pondi. sherry with a view to examine 
the country, and choose the stations best adapiod for this purpose. ... My intention is, ..to 
make a general survey of the country falling within tho parallels of latitude to which I shall 
extend the meridional arc. ... Lieutenant Warren has now joined me, having completed his 
survey of the Colar District [ 119 ]*. 

Whilst Lambton observed ids- main triangles southwards to the neighbourhood 
of Ciiddalore, Warren observed secondary triangles and {died i.n topographical detail 
|" 239, 258 ]. For the area to the north he was to 

repair to the northern stations, ... lay down Pullicate, and from thence go westerly and 
ascertain as many points as you conveniently can...till you think you are near the Meridian 
of Vellore, and i" shall endeavour to have a flag to the northward which will enable yon to 
connect your triangles with Poonauk hill, Sholangur, and Waggery Nose [pi. 16 ] 4 . You will 
then move down to Vellore, interseetaag what objects you can in the way, and in your progress 
endeavour to depict the general ranges of the mountains 6 . 

The main triangles, and observations for latitude at the terminal stations, 
were completed by April 1803, and at the end of July Lambton asked for a second 
assistant ; 

Being now preparing my Public Report, which will be accompanied by a general plan 6 
exhibiting all the great stations, and all the principal places and objects falling within the 
parallels of Ouddalore and Pullicate, it has occurred to me how very much such a sketch... 
would be improved by taking in the great rivers, which indeed are the most distinguished 
outlines in Geography. ... Should this plan be approved of, an additional person will be 
required to carry it on, who at the same time can assist in filling up the groat- intervals, and 

(intending t.hn S'V-nnd.-l i'y trilogies [ 2 "Eg, 338 ]. 

It may be proper to mention that- J. expect, another instrument from England, and that I 

iRDn S3 I 01 ], 10-3-02 ; MFC. 3-3-03 ( 3 ]. «ib. 2-7-02. »DDn. 62 ( 35 }, 10-10-02. 'Sholi- 

h - p Gaz. V ( 403 ). «DI)n. S:j i :st), ili-S-03. 'Submittal 

\ng. 1803 and pubis. As R. VIII, 1805 ( 137-03 ). 






:-. T':ir 



Lambton's Trigonometrical Survey 



O to re ee m rn en ci a gentleman fully competent to the use of It, and who iri the mean- 
time is sufficiently provided to render himself of immediate service 1 . 

His proposals were approved, and ''Lieutenant Kater of His Majesty's 12th J?oot " 
was appointed " to be an Assistant in the Astronomical Survey " . 

Though this term Astronomical Survey was often used by Government in orders 
and correspondence. Lamb ton generally described himself as being "On Geographi- 
cal Survey ", or more often as ''On General Survey " , which latter he continued to 
use right up to 1815. The expression Trigonometrical, O-peration-H appears on his 
charts and memoirs, but he was by no means content to confine his attention to 
geometrical figures [ 244 ] ; 

The trigonometrical part of this survey is the- foundation from which all distances and 
situations of places are deduced ; a true delineation of the river valllos, ranges of rm 
with Some noted points aea.r the ghauts and pushes,, uil; also be ::■ foundation for roor 
topographical surveys such as are- immediately warded for military purposes 8 [245 ]. 



Across the Peninsula, 1S03-6 3 

Having measured his first arc along the meridian, Lambton was free to start 
the more ambitious measurement from coast to coast across the plateau of Mysore 
and the Western Ghats. The true width of the peninsula had long been a matter 
of speculation owing to the uncertainty of longitude observations along the coasts, 
ft had been discussed at length by Kelly, Kennell, and Coiebrooke [ I, 178-9], 
and though some continuity of overland measurement had been obtained south of 
parallel 12°, no continuous line had been possible through Tipu's dominions 
farther north. Lambton's triangulation was to the first direct measurement of 
any precision 4 , and would at the same time furnish the length of the degree per- 
pendicular to the meridian, lie obtained official instructions to connect 

the Coroinan.de! with the Malabar Coast, and afterwards to extend. ..operations Southerly 
and Northerly, in order firat to lay a grand Inisis for a General and Military survey of the 
Peninsula. This being intended as a Ground Work for all other surveys, of whatever 
denomination, ... particular attention should be given.. .to determine... the distances and 

positions of certain stations i:iest calculated to forward the completion of the design. ... 

You will. ..keep a journal containing Observations and Remarks on the appearance and 
resources of the country, its roads, its supply of water, and whether favorable for military 
movements ; also to represent its general features, such as Kivcre, Valleys, Passes. Ranges of 
mountains, state- of the Kra'tmed place.-; and, in short. L-o notjee every e ire a instance that may 
afford useful information in lime of War*. 

Six months later, alter receiving the first reports of Mackenzie's survey, Govern- 
ment withdrew the second pari, of these orders, and confined work to that proposed 
in the original Plan 6 [ 246 ]. 

Warren was sent forward during the monsoon of ISO." to select .stations beyond 
Ye'io.r'c, Lf.mbi.en giving bim the following instructions ; 

I refer to two points which 1" determined previous lo my coming l-o Madras. The one is 
on a high hill near Pilloor 7 , on which a flag is now living. ... The other point is on a hill near 
tho village of Tailcoor on the west bank of the room river. It is nearly west from the Pilloor 
flag and distant 66,723 ft. These two stations will enable you to fill up what is wanted b 
northward as high a "" ' 

I have sent a A: 
and there is- also a f 
With those you 1 
Vellore. ... 

The next serviei 



Pullicate. 

Vellorc hill, which you will be able 



j from both these points, 

Knlas Ghiir s ; 1 have likewise sent another to wait for yon at Pilloor. 

several objects lying between the northern stations and 



...after you come to Vellore will be to visit the station on Kates Ghnr, and 
the appearance of the country to the westward, and whether it be more favorable. 
than the country west of Curnak Ghur' J for obtaining a long distance to connect the next 

*DBn. 63 ( 86 |, 29-7-03. 2 ib, ( 90 ), 23-9-03. a ib. Burrard Appx. ( 17-23 ). -"Mackenzie would 
have been thrilled ti hiivo wmiilfitf-H hi:; concoction first i rn.) ".. 3 01)n. «;! (fit;) 52-10-03 8 DDn 
04(23), 12-5-04. 'Pullur, ltjOS ft. oT 0/S jpl.it]. * l^iiasjifwrt. L'TW (V, 57 I-'/l ; Imp Go.- V 
(404). ' Kamiuicg.idi, 318Q ft., 57 P/2. 



Across the Peninsula 



"1 



meridian dine^ and whether you have a- distinct view of any mountain lying as nearly, west as 
possible, and at as great a --distance as you may suppose- blue lights can be seen [259 ]'. 

You will aloo observe whether there bo any mountains- to the N.W. or S.W. which yoU 
think will answer for stations, so as t.-o form with Kalas Cher a Ease for computing the great 
side, a distance horn Kalas Chur to the western point where the next meridian is meant to be 1 . 

Lambton himself started observations in October and worked westward till July 
1804, whilst Warren carried forward secondary triangles and prepared fresh, main 
stations in- advance, besides working to the south 'to- fix 

the ranges of mountains in the Barmahl, and also the passes: and, whatever well-defined 
objects may be in the vicinity of those passes, let thorn lie accurately laid down, that they may 
serve as data for more minute topographical and military sketches 2 . 

From Bangalore he sent in a report with 
apian of all the principal places.. .between the parallels of Cuddalore and Pullicate, and 
extending as far Westerly as Savendroog 3 [pi. 16 J. ... The representation of the features 
of the country has been done. ..in a manner consistent with the original plan. ... This part of 



the 



e has fallen ahiofiy within tho provi 



; of Uv 



t Warren i 



trrymg , 



i the 



■- ' The Rivers are only sketches, excepting the Pallo.r, which has been surveyed by Lieutenant 
Kater from- the mouth to Van iarn baddy 4 ; above that, to the source has boon taken from the 
Mysoor Survey, but as Mr. Kater was called off to assist on other -parts of the work, and the 
Rivers not being considered in my-orlginal instructions, I have withdrawn him from that 
ser-.-ico altogether. 

My object is now to proceed as soon as the weather will permit, and continue the operations 
westerly to the Malabar Const., which I' nope to see in the course of December next 5 . 

Warren spent May to July measuring a new base-line near Bangalore, on a 
better site than the old one of 1800, and connected it to the main triangulation 
t 2 57l-- Whilst he then assisted Lambton with computations Kater took over the 

advance Irian "illation ; 

As a connection between Savendroo,* and. MuJIapenhottu by a series of triangles is necessary 
...you will. ..take up the stations at Savendroog mid the Mimtapuoi. X. rjf Bangalore, as data, 
and proceed to...Devaroydroog a [pi. 16], and observe... whether it be proper as a great 
station. ... From Riaigas,raimny Pagoda yea will proceed to choose such stations as you may 
think most convenient- for carry ins you in the shortest time possible to Mnllapeubetta. ... 

After ascertaining the situation of M'uilapenbetta. it will be necessary to know whether 
Savendroog be visible therefrom ; if ie>t, another station must be chosen so as to become a 
meridional station. ... This done, ... yon will endeavour to lay down such points to the west- 
ward as may answer for great., stations to carry me to the sea ; but take care ami be in the way 
to receive my directions when I arrive at o'avendroog, which to ay be near five weeks hence 7 . 

In October Warren was sent to the south-west ; 

You will.. .take up the points yon left off and continue your triangles in a. westerly direc- 
tion, extending southerly as near to the parallel of Cuddalore as eirriirostaneos will permit, 
and continue till you arrive at the Malabar Coast. .... 

I shall move from this station [ near Mysore ] to.. .a hill nearly west, and from thence 
northerly for... ascertaining... the most prominent objects at the head of the Ghauts. ..to enable 
you to carry on a series of Triangles along the Sea Coast, from. Telia-berry, Mount Dillj, etc., 
if practicable, in a northerly direction as far as Condapoor s [' pi. 16 ]. ... 

My intention is to carry the principal triangles westerly so ns to interseot the flag staff at 
Mangalore previous to your arrival there [ to.; ]. ... In the meantime you will act as you find 
most convenient, keeping in view the chief object, viv,., an accurate determination in Latitude 
and Longitude of us many principal places un tin; Boa Coast as can be conveniently taken in 9 . 

Warren reached the coast and fixed Tellielien-y, but was then withdrawn to take 
over charge of the Madras Observatory [ -195 ]. 

Lambton thus describes his own triangulation across the Ghats [ pi. 16 ] ; 

After the observations were completed at- A'luoapenabeti-a in November 1804. the western 
monsoon being then over, and tlie favorable season on the Millibar ooasl approaching, ... I 
found that my intended direction, would take me across the iiolluru district 1 * 1 , which is a part 
of the Ghauts forming a curve convex to the eastward and. in consequence, is at too great 

iDDn. 63 {88-9), 1-8-03. ! it. ( Ufi-7 ), lieu. 1893, a SaTandmga, 4020 ft., 20 m. W. of Ban- 
galore. 4Pa.br It., 60 !>;':!, to 57 L/iii. M>I>jj. 62 ( 65 j, 24-7-01 : MPO. 3-8-04. 'Devarayadirrga- 
3806 ft., 8111.NW. ofTmnkur. 'DIM. fill (107), 6-7-04. "48 K/10. »DDn, 63 (114), 24-10-04 
"48P/9, 10. 



■ '.' 

II 

■ ■ 

II 



• •■;■ •-. 

'HI 



•i:-> 



Lambton's Tbigokometkicai-. Survey 



a. distance to discover any object on the sea coast ; for I had all along entertained a hope of 
finding two or three stations on the tops of these high mountains from which to intersect the 
flag staves at Carmanon;. Toihchc.-rry, anil Mangalore. 

For the purpose of select ins; stations 1 had detached Li<;u tenant Kater. ..who, after en- 
countering many di die u hies, succeeded in the choice of two, imu on the top of Balroyndroog 
in the Bednore province, and the other on Koondhully, a mountain in the Koorg. ... These 
stations, however, being ion remote from the sen, I divided on des sending tin; ghauts, and on 
the distance between them as a I>;i-sl> a serifs of triangles was carried through to Mangalore, 
and thc.noe down to the coast to Mount Delli and Camianore. ... 

The great extent from Bangalore to the sea coast required that another bast: should have 
been measured. ..but circumstances. -prevented it till the season beearno so far advanced that 
every other objeet would have been lost. I had to fix the meridian at radroyridroog and to 
observe zenith distances at Paughur, the intended northerly extremity of my meridian arc, 
and, by the time 1 arrived at, the latter place, it was tbo end of April, and very shortly" after 
that the monsoon set in 1 . 

Kater was doputed to run secondary triangles from "Mangalore to Coondapoor, 
to fix principal points a long I tits co.'tst as lav north as parallel l-i', and t.-hon to 
move easterly, fixing " all the principal forts and droogs, ... Bednore and Chittle- 
droog to be particularly noticed". He got as far as i-ambton's station at Pau- 
ghur, but was then " obliged through illhealth to relinquish the Survey " [313 ]. 

Larabton himself worked, back in a north-easterly direction, by " Cowley droog " 
towards Paughur 2 , a "woll known droog -on the borders of the Ceded Districts, 
and nearly in the meridian of Sa\ endroog"". Here he spejut the month of May 
making observations for lalitude, making it the northerly station of the meridional 
arc, the beginning of the Great Arc of India [ 241, 260 ]. 

These meridional operations were begun in 1805. The base near Bangalore, measured in 
181)4, was the first foundation. ... .In 180.1, on .my return from the Malabar Coast, the meri- 
dional triangles were begun at Paughur and Yerraeondah 1 , and brought down to the base 
near Bangalore, from which other triangles had been extended southerly in 1804 for the purpose 
of obtaining sides of a great length for measuring a perpendicular arc, but which answered 
exceedingly well for the meridional series 5 . 

He again spent the rains at Bangalore, working up computations and reports, 
and before starting on a second, visit to thy west coast sent in his charts on which, 

besides the interior positions, a great number of plaees on the Malabar Coast are laid down. 
Those to the southward of Mangn.lore, Tellieherry excepted, have been fined under my immediate 
inflection by extend.]:!;; o. bran oh of the priinip.d triangle:;. ... Those to tho northward-.. 
by Lieutenant Kater ; ... Tell i cherry mi; laid down. ..by Lieutenant Warren. 

The great triangles connecting Fort tit. George with Mangalore direct have been executed 
by myself.. .over a tract of country in many parts oxtromely difficult. ... As fixing the longi- 
tudes of these places on the. Malabar Coast is unquestioua bly one of the iviust important objects 
of this survey, I shall... mo\ again to the westward by a southerly route as far as the Koorg 
mountains, with a view to verify the truth of the former triangles. ... 

After that is completed, my intention is then to proceed to tin: Ouimbatoi-e country, ... 
to make observations corresponding with others made at- Paughur. ..for ultimately fixing the 
latitudes, and after that to K.ylasgimr, near Vel'ore. fa'. ..continuing the observations for 
the longitude to the observatory at Madras*. 

Lambton, being now alone except for two lads from the observatory school 7 , 
started out from Bangalore on the return of favourable weather, and took 

a southern series of triangles. ..through the Koorg to Mount Delli, which was rendered practic- 
able by the assistance afforded me by the Koorg Rajah, to whoso liberal aid I am indebted 
for the successful means I had in carrying the trianglos over these stupendous mountains. 
Several beacons had been erected on commanding situations pointed out by me previous to 
my descending the ghauts, some of which were distinctly seen from every part of the Coast, 
and, one of them. ..being visited as a station, ... J. was enabled thereby to intersect the flag 
staves at Cannanore and Tellieherry, arid also a signal Hag on my former station on Mount 
Delli. This branch of triangles was carried on in tbo beyinnmir of (800, and commenced from 
Mullapunnabetta f '>v,) ] and M.ysoor hill 8 . 

lAsR. X, 1808 (294). 'favugada, 57 5712. »DDn. 63 (115), 5-2-05. 'Urakonda, 2189 ft. 
57 F/1I, 25 m. Nfi. of Pavugada. ''As ii. XII, ISIS ( iini ). <• DDn. (ill ( 17-1 j. 2S-.S -05 ; MFC. l.'i-<M)5. 
1 [xMVimmg k Lawrence, aged 21. »AsB. X, IS08. 



Across the Peninsula 



241 



Closing at Mangalore in February, he returned to Bangalore and extended his 
meridional arc south to observe latitude and measure a base-line near Pacha- 
palaiyam. In May he marched north once more to establish a new terminal 
station 1 in place of Pauahur, which seemed to be disturbed by local attraction 
[ 261 ]. He returned to Madras in October 1806, after an absence of nearly three 



1 1S02 and 1S08 Lambton had observed a series of primary triangles 
over a degree in length both on the east and west coast, and connected these by 
triangles across the peninsula 3 [ 3-4, pi. 16 ]. He had measured three base-lines, 
St. Thomas' Mount, Bangalore, and Paehapalaiyam. By astronomical observations 
for latitude and azimuth at selected stations he had obtained a value for the 
length of a degree along the meridian, and four values for the length of a degree 
perpendicular to the meridian, beside.! determrnuag the direction of the true 
meridian at six dominant stations. 

He had hirlliev measured an are of meridian more than three depress in length 
astride meridian 78°, the first seetion of the Great Indian Arc that eventually 
stretched from Cape Comodn to zhe. Himalaya ; from astronomical observations at 
the terminal stations of this central arc he obtained further values for the length 
of the degree. 

His assistants Warren and Kater had filled in the greater part of a belt between 
parallels 12° and 14° with secondary triangles and intersected points, but had not 
been able to complete the hilly area of the Western Ghats, nor the country between 
tlie Ceded Districts and the east coast. 

The width of the peninsula was found to be approximately 360 miles along 
parallel 13°, against 404 given in Rennell's map of 1793, and 388 by ColebrookVs 
calculations of 1800, and approximately 365 by modern maps [ I, 179 ; II, 238 ]. 

With the assistance only of De Perming and Lawrence he had kept his 
elaborate computations up to date, and was able to submit his final reports and 
maps by June 1807 3 . The technical results will be more fully discussed ia another 
,1 — ter [258-62]. 



': : -;' 



South Peninsula, 1807-10 

As Government had accepted Lambton's proposal that his triangles should 
"form a complete skeleton of the Peninsula from the latitude of fourteen degrees 
to Cape Comorin "*, he startod towards the south in the autumn of 1807, extending 
his primary triangles down the coast from Cuddalore to Nagore, near Negapatam ; 

The work was here brought to a standstill owing to the height and the thick growth of the 
palm trees which everywhere obscured the view. The difficult and dangerous method, was 
adopted of building scaffolds on the tops of the highest pagodas, and of hoisting the heavy- 
apparatus up by machinery constructed for the purpose, but without success; no stations 
whatever could be found with the necessary mutual visibility, and it was with some difficulty 
that. ..the Pagoda at Xas;<:ro was laid duwn [ 244 ] 6 . 

From Nagore he ran triangles eastward to Taujore, observing at ten pagodas. 
A base-line was measured at Taujore during July J.S0S, but work was then stopped 
by an accident to the great theodolite. 

In raising it in its case to the top of one of the psigudiw. the bearing rope-, winch kept the 
weight from striking against the side of the building, snapped when it wns half-way up, and 
the instrument, case and all, struck with a violent crash on the side wall. The blow was 
received on the tangent screw and its clamp. The case being insufficient to protect it was 
broken, and the limb, instead of being a beautiful circle, was so distorted as to render it to all 
appearance worthless. 

Any person but my predecessor [writes Everest ] -would... have given the matter up as 
utterly desperate ; but Colonel Lambton was not a man to be overawed by trifles, or to yield 



'Bomraassiii'lra. s a«dcs clvcrvsrl 1S03-4,TS. I ( 104). l AsB. X, 1S0S I 2Gij-3S-i }. 
(US), 3-6-07; MFC. 20-0-07. 'Burrairt (27). 



■ ! 'DDn. S3 



''I, 



242 Lambtok's Trigonometrical Survey 

up his point i;i hopeless despondency without a stritiride. lie- proceeded to [ Trielunopoly j 1 , 
where there was a large establishment of ordnance artificers, all of whom the Madras 
government placed at hia disposal with the most liberal and unrestricted confidence. Here he 
shut himself up in a tent, into which no person »as allowed to penetrate save the head 
artificers. 

He then took the- instrument entirely to pieces, and, having cut on a large flat plank a 
circle of the exact size tha-b he wanted, ho£raduii.lly, hy means oi' v,--e:.lges and screws and pullies, 
drew the limb out so is to "lit- into the circumference ; and thus in the ooi.irso of sis weeks he 
had brought it biLek nearly to it- original form. The radii wiiieli had been bent were restored 
to the proper shape arid lorisnh by beating them with small wooden hammers 2 . 

Though Lambton's own work on the main triangle;-; was, thus hold up, ho had 
by now got several, capable assistant-is. whose work went on. At the end of 1807 ho 
had been given four officers [4, 317 ] from the senior class of the Military Institu- 
tion for "secondary operations"', started down the coast through Tranquebar ; 

[Your] Survey is intended to constitute the basis of detailed military surveys hereafter, 
and an important advante.se will be derived. ..from making the points determined by you as 
numerous, and near each other, as may be practicable. As the detailed surveys will be con- 
structed upon a large scale, the contiguity.. .of the points. ..will materially facilitate their 
operations. 

You will probably pass over countries of which the Cee-graphiea ] knowledge which wo 
possess is most imperfect and limited; and. ..[.he Commander-in-Chief would wish that you 
should direct your attention to a delineation of.. .those countries, if that measure shall not... 
interrupt the primary object of the Survey [ 245 ] 3 . 

One of these officers, James Bayley, ran a series of secondary ( dangles westward 
from the new base at Tanjore to connect with the Pachapalaiyam base [ 257 ], and 
continued across tho Ghats to Calicut on the Malabar coast. Another officer, 
probably Swinton, ran a series north and south through Tanjore. Tulloeh and 
Chavasse filled in the general topography by minor tria-ngulation. The following 
are Lambton's orders to Tulloeh in October 1808 ; 

You will. ..fill up the entire space between II r. Bayley'* stations. ..and the parallel of Chil- 
lumbrum 4 . ... I could wish thai, particular attention be paid to the gi-eat roads and that, by 
selecting as many stations as you can contiguous to them, you may be enabled to sketch them 
in. ... 1 could also wish that similar ai-tenl ion be paid to the rivers, a: id especially the Cavery. ... 
You will likewise be particalar ai giving a general representation, of the pusses through which 
the great roads lead, and, by choosing some stations on the tops of the highest mountains 
and intersecting all the prominent objecls upon them, you will be able to give a tolerable 
repre.sentnt.ion of the general features of the country. ... 

You must... connect your operations with those of Mr. Bayley, so that a completo 
network may be formed, but, ... as the work is more of a general than a topographical nature, 
it will be necessary for you to move with considerable rapidity as the belt, formed by the 
combined operations of Lien! euants 'Ray ley, Chavasse, and. yourself, most be continuous to 
the !M'alebar Coast. 

I have mentioned the parallel of Chu him brum as a general limit to the northward, but it 
may frequently happen... that... y out must occasionally go beyond it. Salem for instance, ... 
and in the Coin 1 hat. oor the great road from Bhavany...to the top of the GuMlehattee pass 5 , 
will take you considerably In the northward of thai parallel 6 . 

Chavasse and Tulloeh were relieved by Hodge and Riddel! after the first 
season, and during the next two years most of the peninsula south of parallel 12° 
was covered with a net of triangles controlled by principal and secondary chains 
[pi. 17]. 

Lambton himself was held up by repairs to the great theodolite till October, 
when be set out to resume work on his great centra..! arc, working south from the 
base at Pachapalaiyam to Punnao near Cape Comorin 7 . Rid dell and Swinton 
accompanied him for secondary work. 

Progress was interrupted by disturbances in Travaneoio, Lambton acting as 
military engineer in the operations which led to the forcing of the Aramboli 

'Everest tn:v vivieb ■--■:;■■■■■■ 15 a: eilai-. '-.at in ;i -1 ■:.:■ 1 1 '. e i- plaw ai™ 'L'-iol : i. 1: ■ ; ■: I v, '.vlii.-jh fits. s Geo. 
Everest (46 ). 'i'minQJIG.. 22 li-0-7, | >']);-,. 1)1 ; 27 1. H;m: : ;;ii:ik;:v.7n, 5H 3b 11. : hit. 11° 25'. 'now 
the Bhavani-KoIbii.-.l miai. 5S fi/S, 10. «di:tc.l TiidaeoMOiv, 11 10-OS ; Dl'ln. US .' lfiiJ-70 )- 'Puiraae, 
8 m. NE. of Cape Comorin. 



M 



South Pemtnsitla 



::-\:\ 



Lines in February 1809 1 [ 132 ]. Swinton and Riddel! were placed under Arthur's 
orders to push on the survey of Travaneore till released in May to resume work 
under Lambtrm to the oast, of the Ghats. 

Meanwhile Lambton was freed to measure a base-line at Palameottak during 
February and March, and take astronomical observations at Pimuae during April 
and May. He made headquarters at Palaiuoottah till .August, and at Triehino- 
poly from November 1800 till January 1S10. Much of the actual observation at 
principal stations south of Madura, was carried out by De Penning, one of his 
■ country-born assistants 2 . 

In October, Swinton, with Peter Lawrence in attendance, carried a secon 
dary service from Palamcottah eastward to Rimes .varam, and then, whilst Lamb- 
ton withdrew to Pondi cherry, took over the great theodolite, and observed a 
principal series from Cape Comorin northwards tiiri.ugh Travaneore and Cochin as 
far north as Cranganur 3 [ pi. 17 ] where, in April 1810 he measured a base-line, 
and in May took astronomical observations at Triohur. 

After completing his main series across to the west coast at Ponnani, Bayley 
was employed on a series from Dindigul to the east coast, whilst Hodge and 
Riddell workod further south through Earrmad. it iva- never possible, however, 
to connect up this work by any coastal series between Negnpat^.-a and Rameswaram, 
and the flat country of Rainiiar!, covered with pair;; tree-;, had to be left blank. 

Lambton gi'/os the following account of all this work ; 

III addition Llj thi; yri.-i.iL trial Lgit;:, carried d.jivu by iurj IVoii.i Cuddalore ( whi'ii": they formerly 
terminated } to fCogapalan!. C . t n m- 1 ■■ lie-! been a series eai-riod f'ain. .Xegapatam tint] Trail qu eh ar, 
entirely through the Tanjor and Tri.tobinopoly districts, to the; middle of the Coimbatoor 
country where I left off in L806. In these I have been, assisted by Lieutenants Bayley and 
Swinton, who at tin: same time, with the assistance of Lion.teoseit.J Ciiiivusse ami Tulloh, filled 
up the intervals. 

From the Coimbatoor, Lieu tenant Bayiey, with a part 01 my apparatus u:id establishment, 
eonLinued the triangles entirely across to I'aniany ami CaUout <■>!■ t.he Malabar Coast, siill 
continuing to fill uy the intervals. ... 

Under my own immediate direction the great meridional i Wangles, which commenced in 
the Coded Districts in a former year [240], were continued from Coiiubatoor to Cape Comorin 
in the course of 1808 and 9. From those again a series has been extended from Cape Comorin 
as far as Barn i so rum to the eastward, and to the westward through the Travail core, Cochin, 
and a part of South Malabar, till [.hoy fell in with Lieutenant l!;iyl<:y's operations of the pre- 
Ceeding year. All these last wen; executed under the direction of .Uenlouaut Swinton, whom 
I trusted with a part of my grand apparatus, and ji considerable part of ray establishment. 
That service was earried on from Lhe Litter end of 1S0S till the commencement, of the monsoon 
on the ^Malabar Coast in 1810. Thus was completed the great skeleton of the work 4 . 

In July 1810 he reported from Pondicherry, which had been his headquarters 
for the past sis months, that 

Lieutenants Ray Ley and TiirfHel! have been employed in taking 11 p data furnished hy me, and 
rilling up the whole extent of country, commencing at the groat mountains which divide the 
Travanoore and Cochin Districts from Tionivelly and "Madura . and Lor: 11 in a ting on the sea 
coast from Ramisseram to Point Calimere. This takes in the Tiiuiivelly, Madura, the Murwar 
and Tondiman's Districts [147]. Lieutenant Hodge has been acting in conjunction with 
them, but has been sick for this some time past. 

All their operations are now nearly at a eloso, when they will proce:::! hither to assist me 
in combining the whole of their lsvbonr3. 1 am now preparing the plan for that purpose. ... 
That plan will include the whole of the Peninsula from Cape Comorin as far north as Cuddaloro 
on this Coast, and Calicut on the coast of Malabar. ... 

Mr. Swinton is now on his way do .join me at fond; cherry. H is operations will form apart 
of my General Ke-pott, which will include iho higher branch of this Survey. 

In another report, Lambton says that this main triangulation 
forms the foundation of all other surveys, and has been executed with great care, and with 
the best English Instruments. ... It is to the Geometrical or higher branch, of this survey 



■:;■ 



u~l 



■j 



1 Closing the paBK 

on chart of MEIO. Uiw; 
10-7-10. 



j-n 



244 



Lambtoh's Trigonometrical Survey 



that my most particular attention has been dinaeted, because it is, or ought to he, the founda- 
tion of every other [ 233-4 P ■ •■■ 

The assistant revenue surveyors "based their district surveys on his tri- 
angles ; 

I have had an opportunity of noticing these young men who arc employed under the 
Collectors in di liferent provinces, and 1 have boon much gratified with tin; methods of carrying 
011 their respective surveys, End I am eoiihaenr, that their labours ivi.lL, when combined, con- 
tribute most materially to the filling up and completing of the General Survey, which I hope 
will soon be in that advanced st.af.-e as to exhibit in 0110 view the combined services of every 
description of person* employed, aiul partieularly tho.-ie- ivhc have been educated at the survey- 
ing school [ 139, 145 J 2 . 
The network of k'ianciles, lie notes, 

is not SO entire us ! conk! have wished owing to the dilthuitiy we met with from the flatness 
of the Tan] ore unit Mnr'.va- 3 eeana tries, for the face of those conn trios being covered with 
numerous and lofty topes we were reduced tn... selecting the highest, pagodas for stations; 
of constructing scaffolding on the topes of the Ooverums 1 and of hoisting up the heavy 
apparatus L 241 ]. By these means we were enabled to connect Iran q nob a r and Negapatam 
with the pagodas in the Fort of Tanjore, and thence with Tritehioopoly rock and the high 
lands in Tondirnan's country. The southern part of Tanjore and the East of Murwa are 
therefore left imperfect, but the basis affordeol by these triangles has enabled the Revenue 
Surveyors to finish the district of Tan jo-re [T46-7 ], and if had, besides, a scries of Mr. Topping's 
triangles by wliich I freed the position of Point C ah men; [ I, 102-3 ]■ 

The Coast from the south of Tanjor-o to trie Peninsula. which extends to Ramiseram has 
been laid down by the gentlemen who were at that time attached to me, from smaller triangles 
engrafted on these exhibited in. tins sketch. 

It is to be regretted that '■ had no previous knowledge of those countries; ibr many stations 
were afterwards discovered which would have answered for the large instruments, and, if I 
Succeed in finishing the. (lOv.herT! ;.:erf of the I'rmio.sula in. the maimer I e_\oeet, it may yet be 
■worth while making another i.ttempt, particularly as there is a blank on. the .Malabar Coast 
from Calicut to Toilieherry ( enib racing Hie Wveua-nd ) |~ i^j, i6;j 1, which I intend to fill up 
should time ami cireii'nstances permit. This blank was occasioned by ike setting in of the 
■west monsoon in 1810 4 . 

The report sent in with the geographical map 5 [263, pi. 17] was 
accompanied by a. memoir giving a. short description of the different disirici.s, such as may be 
useful in a military pci-i. of view. ... 

The southern part of the Peninsula was filled up chiefly by Lieutenant Swinton from 
Pa'amoottah to 0,:.pe. Corner-In, and also a eosWd arable pai't of the eonntry from jDindigul to 
Palamcottali which esuue within the limits of my o'.ui triangles, and the remainder, which 
completed the entire country from the western mountains io the ;:;■..'-■ tern ocean, ...was the 
joint labours of Liciuenants iSa; loy and fiiddell, and latterly Li out or. am- Hedge, all depending 
on my data 6 . 

The road and back v.- a tors in XYavaneoro and Cochin ha.ve been ccoicd chiefly from what 
Lieutenant Swinton eon id have: a. sndvt of from !.- ion tenant Arthur [ 132 !, ... but all the positions 



determined by the grcnt trinnrde.s. 
on, I had from Captain Caldwell 
upon the skeleton I sent them. 

1 Travancore ; 



jveral othei 
The rivers in Tanjore, and the Color 0011 as high 1 
and the Revenue Surveyors in that district, both filled is 
[ 146 ]■ - 

The survey was corns iderab'y delayed by the troubles r 
the Army till the lines at Arrurrdj-nny were taken, and LleiLleuanis fv-.vintou a 
afterwards in. that cc 1 daricg I lie v. hole of the war. ... 

LieutciiiuiL. Sv.-iutoii's remarks 011 the Travaiioers arid Cochin Dis! acts, being so minute, 
I thought it, was but just to send them in his own. words , I was not myself in that part of the 
country'. 

Lamb ton hi.rn;wi£- re;:?.r;lo;i tuts aioiieml survey and the 
important part of his labours,, though geodesy was '"'the 
1 entirely in his hands 3 ; 

a ib. ( 139), lfi-i-09. * Counter oftha Maravans, a people of Madura, 

J DI>n. 03 ( 279 ), 11-2-12. &li].UO. 145 I iS, 20 ) S to. to inch, with 
reduction 2* m. seaie. »i,i3r.3 of chiins ; J.)l)n. 2-i>J ( li'J- !. 54 ) & 63 i 257 i ; Register of 'Irian-dc;; &. 
Computations, Bayley & Bod<rc, Madutr., 10. Maps. W'H. 'Hi. ? DDn. 63 ( t'-ll-S ), 14-12-10 ; final charts 
and reports fie^pu :.i-i n?. I fteai ihisuhpahun 11-2-12; ib. (272). * Burrard nmk:.-s but littlfs refeence 

to the geographical work. 



r*jr* 



South Phsiwsula 



245 



I shall offer this plan as a speeimen. of what the higher branches of my survey may he 
applied to, 'ami iiow fat- piaetica.l science may be cornbined with pubhok utility, and it will ho 
gni.tiiyma to roc, after having exit- c.ddd iny operations! iVoni Capo Oooiorin to "ho banks of the 
Kistna, to see them become the fooodtttaon Ot vatci&m useful works. ... I shall feel peculiar 
satisfaction if", while my la.boiu's are directed to the advancement of seionco it: general, they 
may at the same time contribute.; 1 ■ ■ Lho mora Lirir.iiedj.ii to benefit of my country 1 . 

What I am most anxious for at present is that this survey should proceed all others, that 

data may be rea.dy prepared . and lho work become the iespti.mo e ■ f every other 

ill: 'V. iv 1 ■: a ■. d, a I .,'..!', . ■ :i:. :'!'■■! '■■. I 'i 1 1.. ■!■' v :.i working and 

combining tin; ordinary surveys upuii such a basis will, I trust, be siiiTieieiaJy- evident from 
what lias been dona in the Southern Provinces 2 . 



: ;r 



NOKTHWAKD EXTENSION" 

Haying compacted hip gonoral survey of t.iio south po"";iinsn!n, i.a.vn.litoii obtained 
permission to extend work to the north [4]. He was now ordered, to restrict bis 

work to the ts-igonosnetricai skeleton proposed in his original Pkm, and with two 
assistants only. Bay ley and Riddell, 

he proposed to extend the triangles no this coast as far as alasulipata.jii ; 011 the coast of Malabar, 
from. Koondapoor in Konura to Con ; and up the middle of the Peninsula, tram the northern 
confines of Mysoor wbora I formerly loft oil" [ 2-jt ] to the banks of l,lie Kistna ; and I am in 
hopos of completing tin: first ami last of these yavies in the course of i.iio present year. 

The operations alona tho Mulii.bar Coast must be lho arramionant of another season, an 
the severity of the Monsaons on thai side of the Poniusnlu admit only of a few months in the 
year for held service. 

When these series are finished, it is my intention... to connect them to the northward by 
going direct from !Masu;a>ata:n across the Peiilnsala through the i eded Districts, a part of 
the Nizam's and Poshwa's dominions, a part of the Soonela distract, and fsimUy close with tho 
western triangles at Goa. This be-ins; con-.pletoi I, tho skeleton ■;>:' the roninsida will he formed 
as high as the latitude of 10" ; every position on the two coasts wilt he ascertained with mathe- 
matical precision, and. tho middle series will serve as a, foundation from which to branch out 
to the cast and west, for laying ilomi every paiee of note, and may bo Ce-:il inued northerly 
without limits, for the double purpose of furnishing data lo future survey, im.il for correcting 
and extending tho geography of the countries beyond tho "Ktstua, of winch we have but a very 
imperfee* knowledge. ... 

I hope I .shall be a ble to leave this : rj the early part of next month 3 . 

Leaving Madras in February 1SI I. lie took. Ids party tip to the Ceded Districts 
to start work from the northern end of his contra! are. As Bayley was called off 
for the Java expedition, Riddell was deputed to observa tho main triangles of the 
great arc northwards, whilst Lamb ton himself', with the: assistance of Hodge who 
had replaced Bayley, measured a "base-line near GooLy, about 40 miles south of 
Adoni, and ma.de the necessary observations for latitude at a near-by station*. On 
conclusion of this important work he deputed Hodge to find a connection with 
Carting's work on the east coast 

in tho neighbourhood of Nell-ore f 1 ij ], ... and extend the trim h; its a!otvg the sea coast, and 
to a certain distance into the interior, for the purpose of sei.ee tin a stations f;a' Lho largo Theodo- 
lite. ... You will at tho same time endeavour to define the lino of coast by smaller triangles, 
clqioTidiap: on the common theodolite. 

When you have tione as far north as Onjio'o, you may quit the sea coasi. and direct your 
steps to the westward, keeping the parallel of fifteen degrees us a mean sniide, and attend 
chiefly to the selection of stations for tho great triangles. This you may do till you meet 
Lieutenant Eiddoll, who will be carrying on the primary triangles from this to the eastward, 
keeping the same parallel for his guide. When you fall in with him you will join him 6 . 

Meanwhile Riddel! commenced at Yerracondah, where Lambton had closed 
work in August 1806 [ 241 ], and carried the great arc beyond Adoni by the end 
of May. Ho then ran a longitudinal series eastward towards Masuhpatam, meeting 

E DDn. 63 (251), 28-1-11. 



2.1 li 



Lambtoh's Trigonometkical Survey 



Hodge on the way. Early in .September Lambton was catted on to release them 
[ 322 ] and replied ; 

I mention (>d tho end of August as the time which I could dispense with, the services of 
Lieutenants Kiddell and Hod;;e. Tho severity of the weather, and the constant fogs which, 
concealed the tops of tho movm turns have, however, impeded their progress vwy considerably, 
and. ..they will not, have com pie tod. what I had proposed before the middle of October, or the 
setting in of the Monsoon- 1 . Lieutenant Kiddeil has by this time but just reached the Sea 
Coast, having broi.iidrt down from the Ceded Districts a belt of Triangles connecting Gooty, 
Bollary, and Adoni with Ongole and ohdlore. ... 

Lieutenant iTod^o in tho meantime, having explored tho Country from the -South of No 11 ore 
to the Guntoor District for l.he purpose of preparing tfrei.-it stations, and. ..laid down the line 
of the Coast, tho two parties are now met, and the stations being all selected, it only remains 
to carry the triangles through. ..and. ..to connect if possible, Masuhpatam. ... It is with a view 
to have this work completed before the approaching Monsoon that I must request a further 
continuance of these Gentlemen's labours 3 . 

Government was, however, adamant, and insisted on the release of both 
officers, not only that they might spend tho regulation period of service with their 
military units, but also to reduce tho expense of the survey ; 

It would no doubt be desire b'o thai th.o series of triangles id on a both Gcasts uf the Peninsula 
should be completed, as weU as that the meridional series should he continued, ...but... it 
may be practicable. ..wi tho ut tho aid of European Assistants. ... 

The primary object of your survey was to extend a, series of i riruia'-es over- the Peninsula 
as a foundation for Future surveys, and the series... which you corn men cod in Mysore and carried 
across the Peninsula.. .embraced... every object which was a,t first, held in view, but, from the 
period at which a party of Officers from the Military Institution wore- placed under your 
orders, ... secondary triangles have been engrafted on the principal ones. ... The latter object 
...appears... foreign to the ordinal design of your operations, and. ..should be now set aside 
[238,242]. 

In considera.fi on. however, of tho delays which have been experienced by the severity of 
the weather, ...The Honorable the Governor in Council ■will consent i.o Lieutenants Riddell 
and Hodge being permitted to remain with you until the 1st of December nest. ... It is hoped 
that the services of the two assistants of tho late Revenue Kstahlislnnent, who have been 
attached to you from the commencement of your Labors, will be of essential -use to you in carry- 
ing on the details 3 . 

For the past year Lambton had done none of the tria.n211lai.i011 himself as he 
had been fully engaged on measuring tho bass-line at Gooty, making astronomical 
observations, and working out his computations. He had now moved down to 
Masulipatam whore lie- eompbt.ed the report on Ins work in the south peninsula [244]. 

He accepted Garlmg's work of 1810 [" 127 ] as a satisfactory connection with 
his own tri angulation of 1.803 [ 237 ]. and ilkki.sii had extended this to a station just 
inside Masulipatam District, north of the Ki.si.na 4 . To close all this work Lambton 
measured a base-line near Guntur. He then deputed Do Penning to cover the 
country south of the Kistna with a network of triangles westward to the 
central arc, whilst lie himself returned direct to Adoni before the rains of 1S12. 
Lawrence was aho employed, at this time, and Do Penning records a later visit to 
' : one of Colonel Lambton's stations established in 1812, when Mr. Lawrence was 
employed in carrying the prineipal triangles across the Xu.ll a Mulla Mountains " s . 

Lambton writes in September that i)e Penning 

is now on the frontier-? o.f IMysoor, having, wit h a large part of ray heavy apparatus and estab- 
lishment, taken a southerly route from the f'oremandel (..'nasi south of .Xellore, so as to take 
in the Calastry and Gurrumeondah fjistriets 5 , and connect Lieutenant Pddde.ll's triangles of 
last year with my former positions in tho Ghittoor iMv.\ .Horn raj Polla-ms, and those on tho 
northern skirts of the ^lysoor Country. 

The field operations to the northward have been attended with success beyond my most 
sanguine expectations ; the whole of the Guntoor, the Pau!naud, the ftnrammi, and Doopaud 7 , 
and Kurnool Districts a.re completed, and an entire eon not t ion between .Uasuiipa-tam, Gooty, 

•Nff. moti?oon. May to September; K.E. monsoon, October to Deucmfccv. -From .Uii.sulirmkun, 
9-9-11 ; DDn. 63 ( ' 1T> ) ; MHO. 1-10 II. »TJDii. f 56 k MMC. 1-10-11. ■'■TS. II { 2 ). "separating 
Nellore from Kurnool, 57 At/.WV. De Peani:i-s Jonrual, 1-1 2-1 S [a; n.j. i MtaliihiLSt-i. 57 0/9; Gurram- 
koml.'L, ST K/9. ■ Ccmbum, 57 JI/2 ; Uiipadu,57 M/5. 



Northward Extension" 



247 



Ballary, and Adoni, is effected, together wil h an "rjcurate skoteh of the K.istna as for as the 
confluence of the Toomboodra. ... 

When the rains are over, I propose sendmg a considerable part of my establishment through 
the western pare of the Ceded Districts, tho Ifarporieily 1 , and the Soonda countries, so- as to 
continue the triangular operations to the Malabar Coast. ... 

As Lieutenant Uailm.g bus been employed in surveying the District- of Goa " Tj6-8 ], it may 
save some trouble if I could bo supplied with his prmchxil- triangles, as I know that he possesses 
an instrument of a superior kind- [255]. 

Copies o£ Garlmy's triangle*; in Goa [158] woro incorporated with De 
Penning's work, and connection wa.i also made vvit.h iiackon/.io's Irian rmlati on in 
Kanar a [io8], 

De Penning reached Bellary in November after his long journey from the east 
coast, and after "a short time to arrange the vast mass of field work" 3 , he set out 
again through the north.- western dlslriots of Mysore. The following extracts are 
taken from his int 3 realms: journal* ; 

Wednesday, Dec. 30th. "1S12. Bellary to Harrihaul 5 . ... 

January 22nd 1SI3. Ascended very early this morning tho high bili called Looguldarul, and 
arrived at the summit about 7 o'clock, and immediately sot the people to work raising a platform, 
which was essentially necessary owing to the uneveness of the spot where the flag was fixed. 

23rd. Employed this dny end the lass in observing angles. 

Sunday, 2-Vt-lu Early this morning employed in raising a mark as an object for reference, 
mid after' brea.hfast desc^nde^ with i instrument. 

25th. Marched to Daursomdrum 6 , a considerable village in. the country of Mysore, ... 
about 10 miles vioarly S. from Hirrihauf. ... On entering the Mysore frontiers at Surakxil the 
country wears a different aspect, and is more delightful to tho eye.' ... 

2@th. Marched to Royedroog 7 . ... Ascended the hill with the instrument after breakfast, 
but the weather being dull descended at dusk, leaving the instrument on the hill, as we could 
not complete our observations. 

27th. Ascended tho hill early &,, weather be-ins; more favorable this day, we completed 
our observations and descended, after packing the instrument, 

28th. Employed vn raising a stone pile for supporting a tree that was placed over the 
station for a mark, after which descended for breakfast at 12 o'clock. This job of raising a 
pile is generally the work of a couple of hours at most, but we met an unlucky accident. ... 
The pie, after it was carried to its usual height & was on the point of being finished, gave way, 
& in an instant reduced to a confused mass ; but how great was my astonishment to find that 
not a single person was hurt by this catastrophe, which might have proved Fatal to many of 
Our followers were it not for the interposition eft-hat Alinishty and Most. Merciful God, to whose 
goodness alone I can attribute this wonder lid, or rather miraculous, escape of no less than 
8 rioor foiloivs [Vein almost inoviiahle destruction. 

The pDe alluded to is a mass of great stones commencing in a circular base of 6 or 7 feet 
diameter, rising to the height of 11 or 10 feet, terminating in a point, and supporting a tree of 
17 or 20 feet in length. It is always raised with loose stones that are found on the hill, and, 
as these are never found in any regular sjuipe, the pile is sometimes a little distorted, in which 
cases if the stones be very bad the whole pile generally fails and becomes a rude mass, while 
those who are around must meet with sonic accident. ... 

31st. Jerrymalli. Ascended the hill early this morning, hut as the Sags did not reach 
their destinations, 1 was obliged to leave tiie instrument on the hill, 

Feb. 1st. As we were encamped in the midst of hills, we were visite 
early this morning, and desirous of returning the complaisance, I went ■ 
visitors, and after some difficulty persuaded upon one to return with me to the tents, whei 
it was robbed of all its ornaments. ... 

11th. Still in the Mysore, under the Amildar of Chittledroog 8 . ... 

23rd. To Hoolycoontah, a small village in the Scran Ta-look. Mysoor. ... 

March 11th, 1813. Early this morning ascended the hill Sheegakul with instrument , 
baggage. The country between iM'nrmnaik & Sbegakul woody & infested with Tygers. A 
six we returned to camp, where we were informed that a Cheater* had marie a prey of a 
excellent bitch belonging to my friend Rossenrodo [ 164 ]. ... 



ibj-i 



s, 5-11-1 



1 Harpanahalli, 43 N/13. 'Acltmi, M-&-I2 ; MPC. 13-10-12. 3 DDi 

kindly lent hv the J jr.. Peinhnt; Si.milv in Caloiuta, 1037. 6 Hirahalu, 12 tt 

mundra, 57 B/13. 'Rayadrug, 57 B/14. =57 C/13. Holiknrtte, 673/1& 'cheetah, or Indian 

dug : but in this case mors probably a panther. 



"MS. 



I 






d 



248 Lambton's Trigonometrical, Survey 

12th. Employe" this day on the bill in watch be for the flag. In the afternoon we dis- 
covered all our flags to our great satisfaction, and after getting a very good sett of a angles 
we descended, at dusk after packing the instrument. 

Disturbed about, midnight., by the droadftd prowilngs of ;.i. royal Ty^er, which appears to 
have been only a few yards from our tent. ... 

Sunday 21st. This morning beins; foggy, I expected it- would be pretty clear between 
7 & 8 o'clock ; consequently I ascended the hill after an curly breakfast. Sadly disappointed. 
The weather sultry &. the evening very bad. 

22nd. Early this morning ascended the hill again ; the c-eather still sultry & dull, but the 
flag I had expected to see to the W. being visible, 1 got as many angles as I could, and took 
the instrument down about an hour before sunsett, imm©di(rt*fty after which all bands were 
sett to work about the pyramid, which was completed before dark. ... 

This day I received orders from Major Lambton to return to Bellary, but as I was near 
one of my parti en lar station";, from the summit of which I ra; desirous of viewing the Country 
around, I halted at this village on the folio v. .<.\.: ■ lay, ifc hi the morning very early we ascended 
the hill. 

De Penning now halted at Bellary till the end of the rains, Lambton reporting 
at the end of July ; 

As soon as tin; weather is settled .1 sb.all dispatch a parly to the westward for completing 
the survey of the Ceded District, and passing through a part of Bednoor, Canara, and Soonda, 
and terminating on the Malabar Const.-, connecting the present with my former operations in 
1805, which were then carried as far north as Koonoapoor in the Canara country [ 240 ]. 

My intention wac to have extended the :.'.;rvcy through the Soondti to connect "with the 
District of CJoa, but I understand from Lieutenant. Garling that he is now employed in making 
a detailed survey of Soonda [ tjS-cj ], which will render it unnecessary for me to pass through 
that part, ... provided I can be furnished with bis triangles [ 158,255 p. 

In September 1813 Lawrence was sent out north and east from Bellary to fill 
in minor triand.es towards Gouty and Adoni, whilst l)e Penning was to complete 
work up to the Tungabhadra on the west, and south-west through Sonda, without 
crossing into Maiilthii country. I)e Ponning's journal continues; 

10th. About 10 o'clock in the forenoon of this day I left Bellary with my wife, and arrived 
between 1 and 2 o'clock at Koodu tinny a , 15 miles W. of Bellary, near Lt. Colonel Dowse's 
camp [ 166 J. ... 

26th. Holal 3 , In the afternoon I set trie large instrument on the S.E. angle of the Fort. 
Holal is a large village about 2 miles East of the Toongabudra. 

October 4th. Early this morning I took the large instrument with me, & rode to Har- 
ponelly*, with the intention of taking a station on part of the Fort, and to return early for 
breakfast at Nichapoor, I arrived at Harponelly before daybreak, but had to wait till 9 o'clock 
before I could take any angle as the morning was foggy and the tops of the hills could not be 
seen. I returned to camp just at noon for breakfast 6 . 

Working through Shikarpur and Bilgi he closed his triangles on the coast in 
the first week of January 1814 by measuring a base-line at Kumta, north of 
TJonavai". Ho thon rejoined Lambton at Adoni. 

Meanwhile Lambton had visited Hyderabad to obtain permission to enter the 
Nizam's dominions, and to arrange for all the assistance he would require. The 
Resident, Henry rlusseU 7 , reported to the Supreme Government that he had 
■obtained the permission of the Nizam's Government for Major l.ambton to enter His Highness's 
Territories. ... Major Lambton has himself been at Hyderabad to concert the necessary arrange- 
ments with me. He returned last month to Adony where he has left his instruments and 
followers, and will probably cross the Frontier with his whole Establishment before the end 
of the year. 

Major Lambton has already brought his meridian line from Cape Comorin, on the 8th 
parallel, to Gooty, between the loth and 16th. He intends to carry it in the first instance 
to Bider and hopes to be able to extend it ultimately to Nandavi on the Godavery, which is 
about the 19th parallel 8 . This.. .will make his are the largest that has ever been measured, 
exceeding by near two degrees the celebrated measurement which was made a few years ago 
by the French Geometricians from Dunkirk to Barcelona 8 [ 202 ]. 

iDBo. 63(317), 31-7-13. ! Kudatini, 57 A/16. 'Holalu, 4S N/9. « Harpanahalli, 48 N/13. 
'48 J/15. ! 4S J.'7; Humin.1 (36). '(17S3 IS.,1? 1 ; V.VS. ; l^wil. Hyderabad ISilS and 1811-20. 
»Bidar, 56 G/9. Nander, 56 E/8. 'Meohain and Dchmbr,*, 1792 1*01 Gore (151-3). DDn. 146(1), 
16-11-13. 



% 




Northward Extension 249 

Larnbton describes his extension of tbe arc to Bidar ; 

In the latter end of IHl.'t n.nd beginning of 1814 the great merEdioiml triangles were carried 
from Adoni, in the Ceded Districts, as far North as Kotakodangi.il 1 in latitude 17° 8'. From 
thence a branch of principal triangles was extended easterly to Hyderabad and Secunderabad. 
Those from Adoni to K.o take dan gal Conned the western part of the belt. This belt extended 
easterly so as to take in Kurnool, and thence northerly to Hyderabad*. 

This was done early in the season, but, as much indoor work was required, all hands were 
employed. ..in iinLshing a vast number of computations . ... 

After that [ October 1814 ], the meridional triangles were resumed, and commenced at 
Kotakodangul ; from thence they were extended k, Daumergidda in Latitude 18" &' nearly. 
Kfeai this [ at Bidar ] the ground was found to answer for a Base line, which was commenced 
on the 23rd January, and completed the 13th February 1815. Daumergidda being found a 
convenient station for observation of the stars, tho Zenith Distances wore- begun on the 31st 
January, and finished the Gth March 1815 ; soon after that the whole party returned to Hyder- 

Ho now settled himself at Hyderabad to work up computations and reports 4 
and analyse results to his satisfaction. He was asked "the probable time in which 
this survey may be completed", but would not commit himself; 

At present I am employed in preparing my Report of the Survey of that part ofthePenin- 
sula lying between the latitude of 14° and the southern boundaries of the Xiz.am's and Mahratta 
Dominions, which I should hiwo had ready before this time, had I not been anxious to extend 
the Meridional series of triangles as far north as 18=. ... This work, which employs all hands, 
will prevent rny sending out sriy pari; till after the rains in 1816. 

The whole Peninsula is now completed, from Goa on the west to the mouths of the Kistna 
on the East, with all the interior. This comprehends a vast extent of Country and, if I live 
to finish what I have proposed, ...a foundation will he laid for carrying this survey over 
the Deekan, through Orissa and the more northern provinces, and through the Mahratta 
Dominions, should future circumstances over render it practicable ; but the time to accomplish 
these objeets must remain indefinite 5 . 

'Kodangol ( Korangal ), 58 C/12. s By Lurabton himself, v. De Penning's Journal 9-2-18 ■ see 

also TS. V (2). 3 reacliiiv Hyderabad by 1-1-15 ; DD11. 144 (195}. 'Report submiHrrl 1818- 
MR10. 145 (21 ). !'l an ...of !';■;,;,-, ;;,■,,„, /,,,„; Oi'trnHar*. ... 1811-14. 8 m. to an inch. 8 m. chart Ben 
Regr. 584 ( 12 ) ; iS m. skf.Ush w triangle, [b. 38(5 ( 12 ) ; E Hyderabad, L>-J— i> 15- MMO 8-7-15 



I'l 

■■it 



[j 



t 



T 






CHAPTER XVIII 



LAMBTON'S PROFESSIONAL DETAILS 

Mathematical Principles — I-nstrv.sne,nts — Base-Lines — Tr {angulation — Geo- 
detic lissutta — Computation & Records — Appreciations. 

THE essential features of La.mbton's proposals were that his survey should be 
based upon "correct mathematical principles" — that it should extend right 

across the Peninsula — that it suoaldba capable of extension in every direction 

that it should form a reliable basis for all other surveys — and that it should at the 
same time 

accomplish a desideratum still more sublime, viz., to determine by actual measurement the 
magnitude and figure of the earth, an object of the utmost importance; In the higher branches 
of mechanics and physical astronomy 1 . 

Though Lambton is said to have studied mathematics under the famous pro- 
fessor Charleg Hutton [ 1, 248, 316 ], and to have met the even more famous William 
Emerson, 

liis education was known to be chiefly his own work ; nor was he ever heard to acknowledge 
himself uid.ebted to any teacher for what he had acquired 2 . 

He had read deeply while stationed in America, taking a special interest in 
geodesy, and following closely the work of General Roy and of the Ordnance Survey 
of Great Britain. Ho had published papers on statics and applied mechanics 3 . In 
the Plan of his survey 4 he discussed in detail the special tirecautions that would be 
necessary to ensure these " correct mathematical prmci jjj.es " [ 234 ] ; 

It has been the nsmd practice. ..to work upon a scries of piano triangles, ... thinking the 
curvature of the Earth of too of lifctic consequent:;;; 1:0 be Lakon into consideration; and the only 
mode of correcting was by observing Jupiter's satellites, ooeultations of stars, Sua., for deter- 
mining the longitude. ... It is easy to see the errors that must result from extending a survey 
over a portion of the globe comprehending a number of degrees both in Latitude and Longitude. 
... Correction by astronomical observation, ... dunning progr-ossivcly the position of objects not 
more than fifteen or twenty miles asunder, ... is by no means sufficient. ... 

The first operation for obtaining a. rki{-nm...is, by the measurement of a base line, which 
being reduced to the level becomes a part of a, great circle on the surface of the Earth. ... 
From thence is derived new data to proceed in all directions, recollecting that. ..the observed... 
angle is to be eorroeted again to the single; made by the chords. 

But, as the figure of the earth is known to deviate considerably from a Sphere, ...it becomes 
necessary... to determine the measure of si degree upon each of these great circles. ... Having 
obtained the length of a degree upon the meridian and its perpendicular in any given 
latitude, they will servo as data, for computing this Latitude and Longitude of places near that 
parallel, and near to that, or a known, meridian. ... 

It has been discovered front experiments made hy pendulum observations in different 
Latitudes that gravity at 10" from the equator suddenly diminishes. If so, ... a degree on 
tho meridian from that parallel to the equator must be very short compared with a degree 
Immediately to the northward of 10°. It will not only bo necessary to attend to this 
circumstance in the course of a mathematical survey as need ins a correction, but as an object 
leading to something curious with regard to the figure of the earth. ... 

There has yet been no theory sufficiently per feet... with respect to the precession of the 
equinoxes. For most... assumption.-:; have been that. ..the equatorial is to the polar diameter 
as 231 to 230 ; for by allowing any other ratio the results will make the effects of precession 
different from what they are observed to be ; and yet the measurement s which have been made 



"Closing words of Memoir of 
As R. VI, 1799 ( 93-101 ; 137-61 ). 



SOI ; DDn. 61, 10-3-02 ; ETC. 3-3-03 ( i ). 'Wiuren ( 74 ) 
'Burrard. ( 3-6 ) ; DDn. 63 ( 1, el seq ], 10-2-1800. 



Mathematical Principles 



:>:.l 



on tlie meridian in dil'serenf. latitudes givo Use protuberance at the equator J : 3152 instead of 
1 ; 230. ... But tbeso measurements have not been made nearer the equator than 33° 18' of 
Latitude. ... i sb.-i.li rejoice indeed if it. sli on hi como within my pr-cv in Co to make observations 
tending to elucidate so sublime a subject. 

In another paper he writes with acumen ; 

Should the earth prove to be neither fin ellipsoid, nor a figure generated by any particular 
Curve of known properties, bin. a [isiuvo whose snevklional seeiiun is boundod by no law of 
curvature, thou wo oar: obtain nothini? until we have an aeUud measurement 1 . 

Copies of his Plan arid of Mackenzie's Plan- of the Mysore Survey [ gi ] were 
passed to Boimoll in London, and the groat geographer wo entirely mi sunder stood 
Lambton's proposals that it is difficult to think that lie could iieve read them 
through [ 119-20 ]. He was possibly misled by tie Government order appointing 
Lambton to charge of an "Astronomical Survey" [116, 234], and also by 
Mackenzie's suggestion that, for his survey of Mysore, the " principal points ought 
...to be corrected by Astronomical observations connected by a. series of -tri- 
angles " [92]. 

However it was, Bonne!: gained the' idea that, whilst. Mackenzie carried out a 
topographical survey of Mysore. Lamb ton was to conduct a completely independent 
series of astronomical observations, on which Mackenzie's survey should be 
subsequently adjusted, which he naturally describes as " one of the most extra- 
ordinary things that has been heard of" 3 . Copies of his letter of protest were 
sent to Lamb!. on and Mackenzie ;' 120 ]. Lamhton was much disturbed, and was 
at pains to write a full arid detailed refntatiou'' of those criticisms, which Rermell 
eventually withdrew [ I, 376 ; II, 264 ].. 



\ 



Lambton's Instruments 

Before telling of Lamb ton's methods and results, it would be well to describe 
his instruments. 

For his work in Mysore during 1800- 2, lie had instruments purchased from 
Dr. Dinwiddie in Calcutta [3,233], which included a zenith sector, a 1 6-inch transit, 
and a steel chain. Dr. Dinwiddie, a lecturer in science, had accompanied Lord 
Macartney's 4 embassy to China winch sailed from Portsmouth in September 1792. 
The embassy took a large collection of unusual and valuable articles intended as 
praasiits. It was thought, that, 

Astronomy being a rscisnrw piieu! surly esteemed in China, and deemed worthy of the attention 
and occupation of the Government [I, t.-jci], the latest ;;:n] 7iiost improved .instruments for 
assisting its' operations, us we'll as the most perfeot. neita.-:. m that had as yet i ieen made of the 
celestial movements", could si-arceiy B-i il uf being ia-cep table' 5 . 

[ Dinwiddie was] expected to instruct, the Clii tie se 1:1 electricity and in living balloons, ... 
but it all ended in smoke. ... The Chinese are certakdg" far behind the European world. 
They have but a very limited 1,-uowdodge of mat.heuia.tiiss ami astcononiy, although from some 
of the printed accounts... one might bo led to imagine that they wort- well versed in them. 

The valuable instruments not being appreciated were all brongbt back and passed 
over to Dinwiddie as part payment for his services, and 

on our return, ho requested to lie disehanred and sent to Calcutta, where he meant to deliver 
lectures. The novelty took, and .Dinwiddie is said to hi-ve made a little fortune 7 . 

Lambton had met him in Calcutta, before sailing for Madras in 1798, and 
as soon as his survey was approved arranged for the purchase of the instruments. 
After they had been passed by a small committee Dinwiddie wrote to the Bengal 
Government; 

The Government of Fort St. George has purchased of me the folio-wing instruments in- 
tended for a Spiiernsal Survey of the Pen ins 1.1 la. ... Itamsden's last improved Zenith Sector [1, 166], 
his spirit level, and surveying ehain, the same as received by General Hoy, with a new 
Astronomical Tent, Chronometer, sextant, and a few other articles of less worth. 



:'r_r2 



Lambton's Professional Details 



I was desired by Captain Lamb ton to show the instruments to Mr. William Hunter [1,340'] 
ami Captain Hy don ham 1 , and on their appro vm;r of i 1 1 ei t ■■ , r o .. !< -LL - -. or I hoi :i iveii o.-icked to Captain 
Sydenham, who wotdd forward them by the first- safe opnorinr/.ty to Madras. ■ Captain 
Lambton also informed me that the Government of Fort St. George would. ..procure pay in 
Calcutta of 3700 Slcisn Uriijers. the sum i-mrood on as the price. 

Capiat;] hs'yd.ooham having been prevented by indisposition from i.-n.kiiig charge of or even 
looking at the Listi'i 1 1 ? ■: ^-nts, I have shewn thorn to Mr. H'outer. Caj.ua i.n=< Coiebrooko, Huinpiirys 
and Blunt. ... Captain Humphrys, in particular, has examined them with much a 
and he is a good judge of such instruments [I, 340]. ... 

The whole .Apparatus will be- cached in five large oases in which to 1 
Madras at the espenee and risk of the purchaser. ... Captain Lambton is impatient to 
enter on his Survey which he ch-titio!. possibly commences hofore t.ho arrival of the Instruments, 
the Chain bem<r neeessury for the moasuroiuonf of a base, viddeh is his first operation 2 . 

A sum of Bs. 3,600 was paid to Dinwiddle on 20th March and the bill of 
lading despatched to Madras on 7th April 3 . Lambton found the instruments 
"in a wretched state. The telescope of the zenith sector was so rusted that it 
was impossible to move the tubes for the adjust™ em: of the focus 4 ". It was not 
long, however, before he had them all in good working order. 

The Zenith Sector was built by Ramsdon, and was perhaps one of the instru- 
ments ordered by the Directors for use by Burrow or Topping [ 1, 166 ; II. 236-7 ]. 

The radius of the arc is five feet, and the ajo itself extends to nine degrees on each side of 
the Zenith. It is divided into degrees and smaller divisions of £■:'.>', each of which is numbered. 
Ka.ch of those las.t is onain snL-di vidoci into four of 5' cadi, 'flics m.if:romoter...is graduated 
to seconds, ... but the t-eide insing largo a siun.ll fraction of a second can. be easily defined. ... All 
the astronomical observations for latitude by Major l.ambton wee taken with this Zenith 
Sector 5 . 

It is contained in two largo hoses, seven foot and upwards in length ; the body of the 
instrument being in one box and the frame in another. It requires r,o be earned by Coolies, 14fi- 

Everest writes of it in 1830 ; 

It would not now, porha r.-. be con.Liidorod a very perfect iiv-l.riLLrjC-ni:, but, [irevious to the 
construction of that used by the late Ootsoral Mudgts 7 , it whs, I believe, thought the best of the 
kind that had eve:' boon, designc' I for field operations 8 . 

It was used by Lambton in January 1801 for observing latitude at his first 
base-line at Bangalore ; it was last used by Everest at Kalh'lnpur in 1825 when he 
wrote ; 

This beautiful Tom'o.ment lies been !i>,&s subject to the effects of climate than the Great 
Theodolite, and its ti-.nnowofk is almost as entire as when it first came from Mr. Ramsden's 
hands ; but in eonsequ s.snoo of froquoni use the principal inicromci.or screw has been much worn 
and acts unequally. The object gdass of the Tube has also received some injury, which.. .1 
attribute to the too profuse distribution of spirits of wi.no, some of which. ..has insinuated 
itself between this lenses, and there left an obscure spot, which materially affects its 
clearness 9 . 

In 1881, being found in the Vlatheiiinlioai Insinmiont Department in Calcutta 
in a disintogrjitod condition, with some of its parts missing, it was set up and 
photographed 10 . In 1916 it was presented, with other instruments, to the Victoria 
Memorial in Calcutta 11 , where they have, since 1937, been exhibited in a special 
show-case. 

The Observatory Tent was nine feet square, ypecin-lly constructed for the 
sector, and regularly used by Lambton 12 . Everest however did not trust to atent, 
which" appears to me far too hazardous an exposure ; and accordingly I cons- 
tructed a temporary observatory of stone and mud" 13 . 

The Oiecular Transit Instrument, for taking horizontal angles, was 
made by Mr. Trotighton [ 191 n. 2 ] ; ... hom.ontal limb is only eight hushes ratlins, without a 
micrometer, ... graduated to 10*', and though it. is an excellent instrument, correct and easy 

1 Probably Thomas Sydenham, hefnre a.ppt. tn HyderghSd [ T, 3R7 ]. sfrnm "Dinwiddle, 3-2-00; 
BPC. 14-3-00 (138). 3 ib. 20-3-00 (27). "Cat. Jiev. IV, 18-15 (Til); irwompkie accounts of the 
purchase are given by Geo. Everest (50) and Thomas Jravis (11-5). 6 8GO. note of 1916; 

see also GTS. Xl ( 1-5 ). « DDn. <!3 ( 63 ), IT S 0.'. "Win. Mud mi ( 170-2 !>i>(.i ), Il.A. ; Ordnance Survey. 
'Geo. Everest (63). >DDn. 171 ( 332), 2-3-25. ™QTS. XI (16-8) phi. »iMIO. 3687/&-3962 : 
6-7-1916. "DDn. 63 ( 63 j, 17-3-02. ' 3 Geo. Everest (54). 



Lambton's Instruments 



:'.:,?, 



;, yet its powers arc not sufficient, for ts-ldng hoL'iiwnta! angles whcro they are 
to be reduced to the angles made by the chords 1 . 

It ig carried on its fame in a ;:>ok in the manrier of a i^i-dan rhii.i.r. It is a, full load foe four 
coolies, but for the purpose, vf expedition in climbing hills I have always allowed 

This was the instrument used by Lambton in 1801, and by Warren between 
1802 and 1805 3 . Lambton did not think it good enough for his primary work, 
and borrowed a, better instrument, from the observatory to supplement the great 
theodolite [255 ]. 

The Chain is now preserved in the Survey museum at Dehra Dun. It is 
of blistered stool, constructed by Mr. Rarnsden "I, 163], and is precisely alike, in every respect, 
with that used by General Boy [ I, 164 ] in measuring his base of verification on Romney 
Marsh [ 17S7 ]. It consists of 40 links of 21- feet each, mef is 1.1 ring, in the whole, 100 feet. It 
has two brass register heads, with a scale of si<; inches to each 4 . 

As soon as possible, ho [Larnhtou J got a new chain from England, and Ibis he very wisely 
never allowed to be tfi.k.vn !<i tin; Held nt fill, hut reserved as a test.. ... Dr. '.Hinwid die's chain, 
which was used in the Set.!, seems to have been an excellent oe_e ; it "«;;s constantly used with 
what wo may til i nose be pcrrr.itted to eall voiii^ous care 5 . 

The instruments ordered from England in 1 800 [ 234 ] reached Madras during 
1802, and consisted of the Great Theodolite, a second steel chain, an 18-inch 
repeating theodolite, a 3-foot brass scale, and. several smaller theodolites. Gold- 
ingham was not sure in 182:.: whether Lambton 

had included the cost of them in bis accounts. I...t!iink that he sent for the surge Instrument 
himself, as the quickest mode of getting it out. I saw this Instrument when it arrived and was 
first put up ; and I think it Eikeiy that ho charged the cost of it, as well as others he might have 
got out in the same way, in his public accounts 6 . 

All the instruments were charged to Government, and in 1812 Lambton submit- 
ted "a return of the public instruments'' then in his possession, including, 

1 Lsnia t.hvoo-feet Theodolite i'or ciiiTying on the IYim:i-pn] triangles. 

1 Circular Instrument for the 2nd class of secondary triangles. 

] Zenith Sector for observing l,ho fixed stars. 

I t.oiall u-'iusii tek-soojie — 2 tyteel caams I li'-onei::: U-le-^oope, and G thermometers— 

for the base-lines. 
) Standard Brass PchIo — 2 Setts of Beam Compasses — 1 Astronomical telescoin; — 
2 Small chronometers 7 . 
The G±iEAT Theodolite had been already ooiis^ruuksd when Lambton's order 
went home, and in writing of tire one bought from Ramsden for the Ordnance 
Survey in 1791 [ I, 166 ], Everest records that 

■the Court speedily had a ikc-s-invio of this very instrument made l.:.y Cary, ... which... was 
taken in its passage to India by the fismonfai-i" French fri;;aLe, landed at the Mauritius, ... 
and gallantly forwarded on to its destination... with a compliment nry letter to the Government 
of lladras 3 . 

Lambton had expected it early in 1802, and told Government that it was 
for taking the horizontal angles in the pi-in-cipa 'tries of Triangles, whore thtj three angles are 
taken and corrected for the e.ngios made by the chords. This Instrument 13 daily espected, 
and, compared v.-iih the Circular instrument whose diameter is only 10 inches, I should think 
it would require at least 12 coolies*. 

He valued it at £ 650, and when packed for transport, it weighed 1011 lbs. The 
azimuth circle was 36 inches in diameter , and the vertical circle E S inches ; each 
was read by two microscopes. Everest records that it "was originally a very 
noble piece of workmanship, and seems to have beers (1 hided with great accuracy", 
but that by the time he came to use it after Lambton's death it had become very 
shaky, and its accuracy was undoubtedly murh affected by the accident of 1S08 
[241, 254 ] 10 . It was afterwards re-conditioned by Harrow, and continued in use 
till 1866. It now stands in the museum at Dehra Dun. 

The second steel Chain was made by Worth ingt on and Allen after Ramsden's 

iJa-B.ra 1801,830, 'DDn. 63 (63), 17-3-02. »MMC. 21-0-11. Ms S. VII, 1 SOI, 321 
iCal. Rev., IV (S4). * D!.)n. PI (389), 13 5-23. "lb. (3*0), 2-8-12. B Geo. Everest (45-6); 

Everest ( 21 ). *KDn. 63 ( 63 ), 17-3-02. '"Geo. Everest ( 45-7 ). 






* 



LaMBTON'S PliOl-ESSTONAL DETAILS 



[257 J 
Be; 
at his own cost 



patent 1 , and was kept both by Lam lot on and Everest as a standard [256]. 

The 3- foot brass scale "laid off by Cary from the scale of Alexander Aubert 
by Lambton as a standard of comparison for both chains 3 

>ublic instruments, Lambton had a number of others purchased 
of the most valuable kind, improved from my own suggestion, 
and adapted both to Astronomical and Trigonometrical purposes. These I will 
readily lend to the Publick service "*. He asked later for an increase of establish- 
ment for their carriage. " The principal are ; 1st. A repeating Circle of 18 Inches 
diameter for taking horizontal amdes, with a vertical circle of the same diameter. 
2nd. Astronomical Clock " 6 . 

Of this repeating circle Everest records that 
the splendid large- theodedte by Carey, which is the property of the Hon'ble Company, was 
always ill calculate;; 1 — for principal Triangles it was probably without a 

rival in the world until ike year 1808, when in drawing it to the top of a Pagoda in Tanjore 
the aide-rope ipvc way, mul tho limb received a blow ;L;:aiii;it the building which threatened 
to render it for over useless [ 241 ]. 

The high mind of the late Supermtomient could not, brook the idea of being reproached for 
this accident, the blame of which he took 10 himself, arid he ■mitifiivi.ti'ly, unknown to Govern- 
ment, wrote to Carey to mate a circular instruiiienl which should answer both for the purpose 
oi principal and Secoudory Triangles. ... 

The largo Theodolite was at the end oi'fi months vest ore:!.,, in n, manner surpassing his most 
sanguine expectation, . .. but the circumstancerr of the case were ■n.'v(;: , : 3 believe, officially 
brought to the ii.oti.ee of Government, and the. late Superintendent preferred sustaining the 
whole charge of the new instrument; to bringing; his hijjh name at. all into qaeation*. 

The cost of this new instrument lauded in India came to £ 230. It was origin- 
ally used from a tripod, but somo years later Lambfou had a brass platform made 
for it at Government expense 7 . At his death the instrument was bought for the 
Nagpur survey and in 1831 it was restored at Everest's request ; 

This instrument during the life-time of the late Lt. Colonel was highly precious to me and 
the rest of my department, and it was a source of great grief to me that. ..no opportunity was 
left to me- of purrhfisiuLr il on account of Covrrnuient. 

It was sold, I think, for cither 400 or 500 INacpore Rupees, and \ir. Jenkins [ 52 ] wrote 
to me requestlnc; ray ae cept;j.u ce of it, ... but ho wits afteru'ards induced to modify this liberal 
offer, in consequence of a declaration from the Into Captain Stewart [ 132, 320 ]. ... T am natur- 
ally anxious to recover' possesion... because it. is an old friend and fellow traveller which has 
gone over many a. league of land with me, and stood me in good service 8 . 

In giving further particulars he writes ; 

The instrument... cost 525 Magpore Uupees. The hody of it consisted of a brass frame, 
with ( I think ) fi small pillars, above which was n. Horizontal Circle with two microscopes. 

'the Horizontal Circle: was...] s in ch.es hi d lameier, in I lie middle of which was a brass plate. ... 
Upon this brass plate wore fixed two brass columns, with an apparatus attached to each for 
sopporrh.15 tiic arm., of the Telescope. 

This Telescope was.. .about 22 or 21 inches lout;, and it had a small send- circle at one side 
of it. The Teleseopo mistlif bo taken off and on at pleasure, atid whcsii the instrtrment was 
required for astronomical purposes, if was replaced by another 'telescope iixed botween two 
circular plates ( called a vertical circle ), the diameter of which was also, I think, about 
18 inches. ... 

The Instrument, ttlion used, stood upon a mahogany tripod. The proper designation for 
it is a Repeating 1 Altitude at at A/.inmth Instrument : it may also lie ealb -d a Repeating Theodo- 
lite, because, by di-o:i : _":i.:i" a: I he end of five lever, the Telescope and its supporting pillars may 
be made to revolve independently of the horizontal circle, and by fixing the end of the lever 
again, the Telescope with, its pillars move together with the Horizontal Circle ; to accomplish 
which the horizontal circle has a double axis, one within the other 9 . 

The instrument was repurchased and after renovation was employed for s 
years on primary tri angulation.. 



'Seat out hv fierce ; oriL'in'illy laid oft' '.boai Ranisden'3 1: 

'Ceo. Everest ( M i : Kater. ' PkU ' -J 1 ™.,?. 1S21. *DDn. f>3 ( 

28-HH'l. 'DDa. 198(109), 18-8-23. 'DDn. 171 (219), 
'DD11. (105 I, 5-8-31. 



, "Burrard ( 48 ). 



TBS. 1772; DUB. 
■DDr,. 92 ( 102 ). 
6 (9(H), 4-6-31. 



Lambton's Instruments 



■2o;> 



Two other theodolites are worthy of mention, one described by Goldingham ; 

When Colonel Lambton was first appointed to the Trigonome ftrieal survey, he had no 
Instrument wherewith to commence his operations, and I. obtained pen nisskui from Government 
to lend hirn a cirouiar Inst-rumen t of smaller power than that alluded to by Captain Everest 
[ just described above ], but better adapted for vertical observations [ 253 ] ; this Ins- 
trument Colonel Lambton returned not long before his death ; it appears to have been much 
used, and I am having it fitted up again, when, if uninjured in its movements, it will answer 
mir purpose full as well, if not better, than the larger Instrument 1 . 

Tt was then, at Everest's special request, returned to the Great Trigonometrical 
Survey, and used on secondary and minor tvi angulation. 

Garling's private theodolite, which was referred to with great respect, was used 
by him on the east coast as well as in Goa and Sonda on triangulation which 
Lambton thought good enough to embody with his own work [158, 247]. Everest 
records that is was 

constructed after the model of the large theodolite ; the cost...I understand was £ 130 ; in this 
the repeating powers were wanting, which was a serious defect ; it had no vertical circle, and 
there was an additional telescope underneath, the limb, which in my humble estimation is 
altogether superfluous 3 . 

It was 18 incite;; iti diameter, and made by Cary on the model of that made for 
Lambton. The horizontal limb was divided to 15 minutes, and read by two micro- 
meters to 2 seconds. It had a vertical semi-circle of 9 inches diameter, graduated 
to 15 minutes and .road by micrometer to 5 seconds 3 . 



The following base-lines were measured between 1800 and 1815 4 , all by 
Lambton oxcept that at Bangalore measured by Warren in 1804, and that at 
Kumta measured by Do Penning. 



Year 




Place 


Lem.'th 


Time token 


Oct. to Deo. 


1800 


TjK-nsiiilove, near K'risbnarajpur, 7m to E. 


7.44 


57 


April ; May 


1802 


St. Thomas' Mount, near racecourse 


7.58 


42 


May to July 


1804 


Bangalore, near Manfcapum to JSTE. 


7.19 


49 


March-April 


1S06 


Coimbatore, near Paehapalaiyum 40 m. to E 


6.12 


30 


July- 


1808 


Tanjore, near Vellum, to SW. 


4.11 


4 


Fob. - March 


1809 


Palauie-oMfiJi, N. of TiniLovelly. 


5.78 


19 


April-May 


1811 


Gooty, 3 m. to W. 


6.17 


22 


before April 


1812 


Guntur, 4 m. to E, 


6.00 


5 


Dec. 1813-Jan 


1814 


Kumta, Lat. 14° 27', West Coast 


4.092 


7 


Jan.-Feb. 


1815 


Bidar 


5.834 


22 



The lino at Bangalore, measured between 14th October and 10th December 
1800, was the start of Lambton 's field operations. 

A series of pickets and tripods, with large wooden heads, was lined out to support 
five wooden coffers, each twenty-foot long, which were evenly levelled by elevating 
screws in the tripod heads ; alignment was made, and slopes observed, with the 
16 -inch transit instrument [ 352-3 ]. 

The coffers, built up of planks, were from 3 to 6 inches deep, the sides projecting 
two inches below the bottom to give rigidity and fit over the picket heads. 
The chain, placed in the coffers, had the rear end fastened to a stout post, and 
was stretched by a weight at the front end. Measurement was then made from 
the register scales at both ends. 

Owing to the shortage of planks there were no spare coffers, and when the single 
set was moved forward twenty men, one to every two links, lifted out the chain, 

«EE». 171 (219), 9-7-24. 'Journal, MRIO. M 63. 'fi^jj. 



256 



Lambtow's Pkoi-'issional Details 



laid it on the ground, then carried it forward, and replaced it in the coffers. All 
tliis was done with the greatest care and by word of command, so as to cause as 
little wear to the chain as. possible ; there was no second chain for check. 

At eaoh measure a therm ometer was put into each coffer, and left for some 
minutes covered by a cloth, and the mean temperature of all five then recorded 1 . 

The approximate height of the base above the sea level was determined 
against corresponding barometrical observations made at Madras 2 . 

In his report bo Government Lambton writes ; 

I have finished my measurement of a. Base I. me. ..on t!;e 10th instant. ... I have met with. 
some small impediments; owlus/ (.0 the sensor) and the rain*, iviiicli consequently obliged me to 
make breaks in the line. Eat, in these places very particniar nave wns taken to eomplete the 
distance, and I have reason to hope that no error exceed ins eight or ton inches will arise. ... I 
have directed a small mass of stone masonry to be erected at each extremity, in the 
centres of which are preserved the- points of eTirimoneenieni.. and term rna.t ion. of the Ease. ... 

The operations have taken up very considerable time, but, being a- foundation for a work 
of great extent. ... the sacrifice of a few weeks would boas- :ao comparison with the advantage 

Iii a letter to Close he writes even more clearly, ' : You will see that the rains 
have caused some impediments" 1 [234], which disposes of a fantastic story- 
told by "Everest many years later that 

the break in its length was solely caused by the action of she natives who, in the course of 
the measurement, had set to work and deliberately excavated a series of largo tanks in the 
a.etual alignment 5 . 

Government pressed that accuracy should be above suspicion, even at the cost of 
remeasureraent e to which Lambton fully agreed ; 

It is of the utmost importance to have the fundamental principles of this survey estab- 
lished on the most unexceptional basis. And, as the measurement ms.de near Bangalore is well 
situated to become a base of verification to the triangles crossing the Peninsula,, as well as a. 
foundation for extending the operations northerly, I bad always the intention of measuring 
those breaks which appear on the plan, and I think when the season is favourable the whole 
had better be examined, and the chain run from one extremity to another so that, in case 
there shook! have been any error in counting the chains, it. may be detected. 

In the groat space from the Coromar.del to the Malabar Coast, there ought to be at 
least three more measurements niaeio, one on the coat,t near Madras, one somewhere near 
Vellore, and another towards the Malabar Coast ; perhaps on the sea-beach would be best, 
as I am informed a straight line may be drawn on that beach to an extent, of Heveral miles, 
without interruption. 

Lpon these several bases the series of principal triai'iidos should be (Outinued and com- 
puted with the greatest niathemataea I precision, as they will be the foundation for every 
other series that may bcres-;ev be extended northerly and southerly 7 . 

As already noted, none of this early work was embodied in the records, and a 
fresh has,- at Bangalore was measured in I 804 [ 3, 239 ]. 

Early in I 802 Lambton made a fresh start nea.r Madras and measured a base-line 
that would serve both for a degree along the meridian cud for his f riangles across the 
peninsula [ 3, 237 ]. He chose a site just to the east of St. Thomas' Mount. Por 
the measurement, which was begun on 10th April and completed on 22nd May, he 
now had the use of the new chain just received from England which he kept as a 
standard, making comparisons with the working chain before and after measure- 
ment. Various improvements of detail were introduced, and as a further pre- 
caution Warren was deputed the following year to make an independent measure, 
without coffers, 

partly to see whether any errors have been committed in numbering the chains in the former 
one, and partly to know bow far a line measured on the surface of very level around will differ 
from the truth 8 . 

The height of the north end of the base above sea level was obtained by reciprocal 
vertical observations between the beach and the top of the race -stand, four miles. 

1 TS. I (37) n-c. >!'■:;- v:iv:-vti>>n< of Iohl;?!! .-.hie to tntcic.'Mire. "> Lionbtm'a fic^-uat ; .-l.s R. VII 1801 
(320cis; 5 ). »BDa. 93 (IB 1, 22-I3-O0. ' Mb. ( 20),23-lMM). C GT8. XIV, II ■ v }. >DDn B2 ( Ig ) 
&64 (36), 24-9-01. 'DDn. 63(49), 18-10-01. s ib. ( 84 ), £0-5-03. 



Ease -Lines 



->:y, 



apart, and short lines oflovel were run from t ho beach to the low-water line, and from 
the race-stand to the extremity of the bases 1 , Lambton reported that the work had 

heen conducted with wit li ■"--. t'cy po=^:i:de attention, and v/iisa ai! ap--:;ir;t;,Li,-: fit led to ensure as 
much correctness as the nature of any mechanical process will admit of, ... I may venture to 
consider it, as perfect a thing of the kind as has yet he en executed 2 . 

Experience with his new instruments led La cab ton to reject his first work in 
Mysore [236], and in 1804 Warren measured a new base on a more favourable 
site, completing it between 2Mb May and Hth July in the same manner as 
that at St. Thomas' Mount, except that undulations had to be observed and 
reduced to the horizontal. According to Lambton's calculations the measured 
length differed by only 3-7 inches from that, brought up from Madras by trian- 
gulation 3 . 

The original intention of measuring a base on the Malabar Coast was abandon- 
ed [ 256 ], and the next one to be measured was at Pachiipalaiyam, on the meri- 
dional arc, about 135 miles south of Bangalore. This was completed in 1806, 
between 20th March and 19th April, and its measured length differed by only? -6 
inches from that eomputod from .Bangalore. 'This height of the south end as derived 
from the tri angulation was 920 foot above sea level 4 . 

The measurement at Tanjore being made along the ground without coffers, took 
only four days, and Lambton writes ; 

I have never yet beer, wide to en; npn.ro this mode of measuring wit h thn.t. made in the coffers, 
hut I am fully perrsnfided thn.t. there cannot ho any teiisihlo difference. The most delicate part 
of it is in keeping the chain steady ai. r,hc: following end, while the mark is brought to the arrow 
of the leading end, but a very little experience will teach the persons! at the capstans to yield to 
each other, and remain firm as [en;; as they like. ... On the sea-beach it often answers ex- 
tremely well 5 . 

By the regular comparisons made between the two chains, it was found that 
the measuring chain steadily gained in length over the standard, until the measure- 
ment at Gooty in 1.811, when the excess was found to be less than at Palamcottah 
two years before. Tins led Lambton to suspect th^t-the standard might not he so 
invariable as ho had assumed 6 , and at Bel.lary in I/W3 he made the following test 
against the three-foot brass scale [ -254 ]. 

A low brick wall was bni.lt. the top surface carefully levelled and coated with fine 
plaster. Into this surface was built a series of polished brass .studs, the first five at 
21 foot, and the remainder at 10 foot, apart. A length of 2i foot was then taken 
from the scale with a beam compass, and transferred to the first live studs to give 
a length of 10 feet; this ten-foot length was then transferred to the remaining 
atuds in succession by means of a .special beam compass, till the full 100 feet had 
been laid down. 

Tents were pitched over the full length of the wall, and the standard chain and 
its thermometers laid out in their shade, and as soon as the 100 feel, had been laid 
off the chain was stretched along the top with one end firmly fixed and the other 
carrying the weight and stretching apparatus. The chain was found 0-034 inch 
longer than the length marked on the walk and from this Lambton deduced a factor 
of correction. Similar comparisons', wore made at TT\ rlevs had the following year 7 . 

The base-line at Bldar whs measured in J 815 between 23rd January and I3th 
February, Lanibtoii charging 41 pagodas for 

anew set of Machinery for adjusting the. Coffers, ... consist inir oi" eleven new tripods, with each 
a Male and Female screw, and Iron pantiles [ handles ? ? |, constructed for elevating and do- 
presriinrr, and finished, in a most eeinplete and improved manner 3 . 

Lambton's work was not superseded until after 1865, by which time, precise 
standards of length had been introduced, giving a trustworthy unit of measure, 
such as did not exist in Lambton's day [ 267 ] . 






lAsB. VIII 1 137 03 i. -DDri.Olt ( 7ii ), 26-6-02. 
'ib. (38). Everest \v,i->) stales t.h. it. it, had h-.-.cn allowed 1 
cleaning. « l)T')n. USS ( 276 1, 30-S-36. 'Burrard (3-0). 



>A$B. X, 180S ( 306-S). 
■ become rustv anil had lo: 
fi DDo. 62 ( 333), 1-2-14. 



Lambton's Pkof.i;jsslonal Details 



Triaxgulation 

It has already been emphasized thai, the first object of Lambt oil's survey was 
to provide an intensive and reliable basis for all other surveys. Whilst the deter- 
mination of the length of a degree, both along the meridian and along its per- 
pendicular, was essential to the- computation of geographical positions [ 250 ], the 
deduction of refined geodetic values for the figure of the earth was a secondary 
consideration. 

The following was the plan which Lambton followed for his triangulation 
across the peninsula ; 

"With respect to the maimer and direction of the fu.li ire triangles, since they are intended 
to establish a series of primary and fundamental points, ... the most likely means of avoiding 
errors will be to extend this series of points as nearly in the direction of the same parallel of 
tathude as oiroLitxisnmees will admit, or in the di reel inn < f some e:ie vidian. ... 

I should extend the first series of namts, bi«/ii)m!is on the Coromaiidel coast near the latitude 
of 13", partly on account of the Buse having already been measured nearly in that parallel 
hi the neighbourhood of Bangalore ; and partly bece,u- : e...l know the. country to be favourable 
to the purpose. ... 

After having crossed the Pen insula, i" would then commence again from the Base near 
Bangalore, on account of its boina newly half the way from sea to sea, and proceed as nearly 
north as circumstances would admit, ... combntLiig the principal triangles us fur as the Kistna 
or T^orrihoexh'a.. ... From the same has" ancl.iiH',- series mi;...! be evi .--, ?rv : T"l in a certain distance 
southerly, at least as far as whore the Eastern ft hauls meet the raimo of mountains running 
from Sh.evagTii.igii i-nd fievendroog. ... 

"When these sere-:.? of triangles are completed, it would then be a mutter of indifference in 
what direction others were iuu.de to branch out. Whatever object, might be most desirable- 
could now be accomplished with little risk, and i_mnn those points a general survey of the Penin- 
sula. ..might- then he tarried on, upon certain and. iniVdlible- grounds 1 . 

Although he eventually covered the south peninsula with a, continuous 
network of triangles, these were not all of one class or without design. The principal 
triangles were carefully laid out in meridional or longrhr.aihiai chains, observed 
with the 36-inch, theodolite, and coin puled independency of l.hosooonda.ry network. 
From the first the secondary worli 2 , was to be the particular task of liis assistant 
whilst Lamhton devoted himself to the primary triangles ; 

As T am in daily expoclatinn of my apparatus from Fnj.daiid, which, with the instruments 
already in ray possession, will. ..enable more persons than one to be employed at the same 
time, ... I... suggest... that were an i-issistu.nl n.tt; i.eued to me, who could be carrying 011 a series 
of smaller, or seoanda ry, Triangles, while I 11m at tenth eg to the Principal ones, both the time 
and expenses unending ties survey wi'Lilil be considerably din; leashed. ... 

Tito principal series. ..will have to be dei.emiined wiil; !:ivai. accuracy, and. one particular 
Instrument will bo used for that purpose, and, ..if another person. ..by baking up those points, 
could carry on a series of triangles eta.piirimr only the ordmnry coin potation, arid an Instrument 
of inferior powers, [he ] would be the means of at, least doubling the progress of the work, either 
by extending it. ..or by f'l.lin:' 0.0 more minutely the extent of country in the intervals 3 . 

The first operation after the measurement of a "base-line was to determine the 
azimuth of the base .by astronomical observations of Fakiris at each end. A series 
of small triangles was then necessary to connect with a side of the principal trian- 
gles. At selected stations latitude observations were made with the zenith sector, 
those at the extreme stations being made to the same set of stars [ 260 ], 

All three angles of the principal triangles were measured, throe or four times each, 
without change of aero ; spherical excess was computed from Dr. Maskelyne's 4 
formula. Observations were iim-de to (lags or opaque signals, and had. often to be 
repeated on account of hazy weather : triangular errors wore distributed after 
analysing the discrepancies 15 , a system which General Walker describes as 
not calculated to elicit results of the full accuracy which an instrument can he made to give, 
and the method e.f treating the results whs somewhat arbit.ra.ry, and would not now-a-days be 

»DDn. 61, 10-3-02. ^Observing only 2 anglea of each triangle. 'DBn. 63 ( 72 ), 24-4-02. 

■iAs-nraeeier Royal 17(15-1*11 [I, 55 n.13 ]. >TS. I (63); quoted GTH. "1 (xviii). 



TBI ANGULATION 



::;■'-) 



considered justifiable ; but the processes were quite on a par with the contemporary operations 
of European geodesists, and it would be unreasonable to expect a higher order of accuracy... in 
a work which from the outset was beset with many difficulties, and was carried on at so great 
a distance from tiio centres of civilisation and science. 

The difficulties whieh Major Lambton alludes to as arising from the haziness of the weather 
might have been materially diminished had he been supplied with luminous signals, ...but 
such signals were not employed... until after the year 1832. ... Tor very many years the signals 
were "masts, flagstaves, and other opaque objects, and then days and days often passed away 
without a glimpse of the distant objects ". As the atmosphere in India is usually most favour- 
able during the rainy season for viewing such objects, it became the practice to wait for the 
first heavy fall of rain, and then take the field 1 . 

Few stations were permanently marked. If Mackenzie and his assistants were 
never certain of the exact point on a hill-top from which Lambton had observed 
[ 206, 208 ], it was altogether impossible for the observers of the Great Trigono- 
metrical Survey to identify stations with precision sixty years later. 

For purposes of description and calculation Lambton divided his chain of 
triangles across the peninsula into six "great distances", or east-to-west sides 3 . 
From three of these he obtained independent values for the length of a degree of 
longitude, but, he writes, 

it is...desirable that many more measurements of the kind should be made, and that other 
methods should be tried for getting the length of a degree of longitude, particularly that of 
carrying a good time-keeper between the two meridians at a known distance, a method which 
has been strongly recommended to me by the &a\ ronomer Royal, and which 1 mean to put in 
practise in the course of my future operations. 

I had also devised another method, by the instantaneous extinction of large blue lights 
fired at Savendroog, the times of which were to be noticed by observers at Mullapunnabetta 
and Yerracondah, the distant of whoso meridians.. .being nearly 135 miles. The experiments 
were attempted | Warren firing 1.1 10 lights and Lambton and Kater observing 1, but the weather 
was so dull that the lights eouid .scarcely be distinguished. There is besides a difficulty in 
fixing the precise moment of extinction ; ... but the mean of a great number of successful 
results might come very near the truth 3 . 

In 1800 Lambton obtained a value for the height of his base at Bangalore by 
means of barometers brought up from the sea at Madras [ 256 ], and in 1802 he 
connected his base at St. Thomas' Mount to the low-water line [ 257 ]. The base 
at Tanjore was connected to the beach at Nagoro by tri angulation. Vertical 
angles were taken with the principal Lriangulailom and benrbts thus carried forward 
from the base-lines and the sea. In his report on the triangulation across the 
peninsula he added 

a table giving the perpendicular height of all the great stations above the level of the sea, 
and the ultimate comparisons of the height of a station on the beach near Mangalore, as 
had by computing from this coast [east ], and by measuring from the low-water mark on 
the other, where there appears an error only of 8.6 feet. This table also contains the ter- 
rostial refraction 4 . 

This close agreement was, however, largely fortuitous, and the heights deduced 
were far from precise, largely owing to uncertainty about refraction, of which 
Lambton writes in 1814 ; 

In the course cif my observation:! during the Last ten years. I have at times found the terres- 
tial refraction to he as much as £ of the contained are, and occasionally as low as l/20th. This 
great irregularity I attribute to the different degrees of moisture in the atmosphere at different 
times. 

A knowledge of the laws of refraction is yet a desideratum in physical science. In climates 
remote from the equator, where the weight of the atmosphere is constantly changing, the 
barometer has been called in to indicate the pressure of a column of air. ... But in tropical 
climates this method can never apply, owing to a well-known fact that the weight of the atmos- 
phere suffers very little variation. ... Other principles must therefore be adverted to. The 
hygrometer will be a necessary instrument to indicate the degree of moisture. 

iffrS.,I(xuO 'Thesis aides were, Carangooly JvMnaticghnr ; Kvlaashiir-Vemiconcla; Yerraconda- 
fcai P ur:.i!icn.a ; M i:!!:. ,,-.„■ ,-: i ,:-■■ -I ;;■.',■■:.: y r id rooa. The meridians passin" 

through these star :.,:].-;, as <v?-l! as -ii.iy.j.fh t;;o Oysprvatury anil Ia-i.l::a;r<:r,:,i, L .wMiisl fii- reference purposes 
those between Kftriiati^hur Lind Kyln^huc ocins nearly cixncwler.it [pi. 16]. "As ft. X, 1308(367). «itr! 



T 



■2u < 



Lambton's Professional Details 



It will be necessary to observe what the horizontal refraction is at different heights 
above the sea, ... and also what is the refraction at 45° of altitude at Uioee different heights. 
These data may enable us to discover some law by which the density of the an decreases in 
ascending from the surface of the earth. ... I shall endeavour... to attain, i-i.il this; and shall at 
all events construct a table of refractions for low altitudes determined from actual ob- 
servation 1 . 

Both his assistants helped in these investigations. Warren published An 
account of experiments made in the Mysore Country in the year U04 to inves- 
tigate the effects of Terrestial Refraction, and Kater published a. JJetcrtpHon of a 
very sensible Hygrometer*, which was a species of grass particularly sensitive to 
humidity. 

Writing of fortuitous agreements that y.re always eoii'tortuig I.CMwnest surveyors 
who seek for precision beyond the capacity of their instruments or methods, 
Walker points out several instances where Lambton's result* flattered the accuracy 
of his methods 3 , but it was Lamb-ton none the less who first led Indian surveyors to 
aim at high, precision. 



Geodetic Results 

The geodetic results of Lambton's work have been discussed in detail by General 
Walker and Sir Sidney Burrard [233 n.i ], and it is only necessary here to give a 
brief summary of Lambton's most notable contributions to a science of which he 
was India's pioneer 4 . 

The determination of the length of a degree was essential for the computation 
of triangles and the position of points and for the preparation of a table of the 
lengths of a degree, both in latitude and longitude, for the projection of maps 5 

To make this determination it was necessary to observe the astronomical 
difference of latitude between two selected stations, and compare that against their 
distance apart as measured by tri angulation. 

Lambton's first meridional are was measured along the Coromandel coast during 
1802-3 [236-8]. His only measures of longitudinal, or perpendicular, arc were 
made during his measurement across the peninsula 1803-4, being deduced from 
observed latitudes and azimuths' 1 . Treating these as preliminary values only, he 
took his main central arc as the line on which to ma : e future deductions, and the 



following table gives the stations of 
1 sections of this great arc. 



I.'i'.-.'hly 



whii/h formed ihv, terminals of the 



Apprc 



if of C'lli'JK 



North Mysore 

Gooty 

Bidar 



March-April 
Ai'iriS-Iihiv 
J uly -August 
June- August 

April-May 
J an Ah; I'd 1 



■; 1 at ioi 1 
Punnte 

Pachapalaiyam 

Doddagunta 

Bommasundra 

Nam that.; ad 

Darnargidda 

These observations were made with the zenith sector [252], and Larnbton 
made it a rule to observe to the same stars, so far as possible, at the same season 
of the year at each station. The care he too;v over the observations is illustrated 
by the building of the masonry observatory at funnac, with arched roof and solid 
pillar for the instrument 7 . 

For com m't in;:, the MT-horicn.l excess of hi« firwi ti'if.noles of 1 M:C-f', fno the lati- 
tudes and longitudes fixed from them, he took "the length of a meridional degree 

ITS III; DDn. 91-107. Ms if. IX, 1807 ( 1,24). *QTS. I (rar-r). 'For a clear history 

„r ...1 1 i-'- lU ('■ ■■:■ i'iii'l-is- v. ■). Hwi-.n-l ikire's n,-.:-i, v .,. ;->i-.l J).-. ,b l.H:*<- k ■ knit-crs lecture !,o 

Toftdiclinrry, i-t-T-W. • Burrard 
(11-23), 'TS. II (4,50). 



Geodetic Results 



2(U 



in latitude 13° as 60191 fathoms" as determined "by the French mathematicians 
and by Gonerai Soy'', and used Sir Isane Xow ton's value 1/230 for ollipticity 1 . 

From his meridional are of nearly 1° 35' measured during 1802-3 [ 236-7 ], he 
deduced a length of 604494 fathoms to a degree, which he used for tlte computa- 
tions of his new series across the peninsula. From his first two east-to-west 
distances the values deduced for a degree of longitude were not only discordant 
between themselves, but also with the assumed value for ellipticity. A repetition, 
at one of these stations making practically no difference, Lambton rejected the 
results from his first distance, for, writes Burrard, 

the observations.. .between Karangui; and Kamutal.-garh had been made under great dis- 
advantages, and Lvarnatakgiirh itself was by no moans an eligible station ; on its west was 
situated a great mass of mountains, and to the ea.stward only a low sandy plain, and Major 
Lambton conjectured that his instrument had boon sensibly affected by the lateral attraction 
produced by such fin inequality of matter 2 . 

Walker givers the following account uf Lamb tun's- problems ; 

For several years.. .Lambton computed the latitudes and. Longitudes,.. with the elements of 
the figure of the evs.rth winch were afforded by a short meridional ;xve in the neighbourhood of 

Madras, and by the mean of the two values of the perpendicular doivuYO in latitude 12° 55' 

An are of about 2° in length whs measured from...nod;-igoontah, near Uangaloro, southwards 
to Patchapollium ; it made the length ol the degree tiOr.iSO Fathoms in latitude 11° 59' 55°. 
This are was them extended northwards to Paughur, making.. ,6 01 8 B in latitude 12° 33' ■S" 
[ H°-* 3- 

Thus it was evident [either] that the elliptical hypothesis of the earth's figure was 
erroneous, for the lengths... wore apparently doo.ronsirio instead of increasing with the latitude, 
or that the operations wove. ..erroneous. ... 

Similar anomalies bail perplexed most.- of rl e geodesists of that time, and have given rise to 
much discussion ; it is now well known that they are due, for the most part, to deflections of 
the plumb line by loea.l uttraotkm at toe ast rrijn:-: ill.. :ji I station^. I:';i i al thai, time many persons 
supposed that t.aey arose troto errors in the observations. ... 

But Colonel Lambton appears from the outset to have conjectured that the discrepancies in 
his operations aro.se from local attraction ; and thus, instead of revising his tritmgiilafiou or 
his astrononui'iU observations, ho immediately proceeded to select, new stations, which were 
lessliable to. ..the attraction of hill and superficial irregularities. ... Thus Pa.ughur, being on the 
"northern extremity of a range of rocky hills running north and south", was rejected, and 
the station of Bomasurulruni, in am. open plain, ... was ad' '['ted iusi cad [ 24 1 ]. 

The result was disappointing, but 
he still. ..had an intuitive conviction that the discrepancies were duo to local attraction, and he 
attributed them partly to the influence of the groat table laud to the south of TSomasundrum 
on which Do d aero on tab is sitnii.ted, anil partly to " il vein of dense ore lyintr between the two 
stations". He concluded that, it would be impossible to arrive at more accurate values of the 
measures... until the operations, both in Europe and India, had been further extended, but 
that what had been done up to that liioe " had discovered to us an ;i.:renl. i"m thought of in former 
days, viz., a disturbing force occasioned by the attraction of mountains, and by diversity in Ike 
density of strain -urukr Iht: xtn ja<:,n, ell of which will., .cause some deflection of the plumb- 
line". — Lambton was prepared to recognize the influence, net- only of mountain ranges 
and other self -evident irregularities... but of variations in density under tho .surface, ...which 
are possibly of more importance than the superficial irregularities. ... 

In Lambton's own words ; 

In the groat measurements in Franco & England the plummet was affected where no 
mountains existed, and I have found tho observations m thus country disturbed at a station 
on the Tableland near Bangalore about 20 miles from any mountains. 

These irregularities have been so .great hi France and England that it would be absurd to 
.attribute them to errors in observing. As those observations were made at m, distance from 
Mountains, it was natural to impute the anomalies to attraction in causing a deflection of 
the plumbdine, an; i this could only be accounted tor 011 the su poo sit ion that the earth is made 
up of masses of different, densities 3 . ... 

Let the F.gure of the Marti! be what it will, we may venture to abandon the hypothesis 
of uniform density from which Sir I. Xowton drew his conclusions 1 . 

Walker continues ; 



% 



burrard (9); As R. XII, ISIS ( »r,S-8 ), "- Burrard ( 111 ). =TS. HI { II 



Mb. I (SO). 



262 Lajieton's Pkofessiosal Details 

The next meridional arc, ... an extension southwards to the vicinity of Cape Comorin, ... 
made the length of the degree 60473 in latitude 9" 34' 44". Operations were subsequently 
carried northward to... latitude 15" %' [346, -zoo], which made the length of the. degree 
60487 ■ 56 fathoms in latitude 13° 2' 55". 

As the results...were very fairly accordant, inl&r se, and with those of :&:i:n\, European arcs, ... 
and as the three astronomical sta turns were to aU appearance much less liable to be affected by 
teeal attraction, 

Lambton accepted these ami rejected his results from the intermediate and doubtful 
stations 1 . Walker points out that observations taken in this region more than 
fifty years later support Lamb ton's deductions as to the deiieci ion ot the plumb-line 2 , 
but J. D. Herbert was amongst those who ridiculed the idea. Neither he nor 
Hodgson ever suspected the abnormal deflections which had disturbed their 
observations round Dehra Dim in 1816-8, and he writes in 1830 ; 

The discrepancies found in comparing consecutive degrees in sill the great surveys of England, 
France, and India, lias beeu attributed cither to irregular itit>s of the earl.ii'sfigure or to disturb- 
ances o'f the plummet. Were this the place to dilate on tho subject, we are prepared to shew 
that a very large share of these discrepancies is due to unavoidable errors of observation, 
and to nothing else 3 . 

In 1812 Lamb ton received new values of the earth's figure from Europe, giving 
elhpticity as nearly 1/304. These induced him to throw out all his earlier values*, 
and recompute the whole of his great central arc up to Gooty. Then, after lie had 
extended it further to Bidar, to an amplitude of nearly ten degrees, he worked 
out his own constants and in 1818 recomputed the whole arc again 5 . 

In 1821, on receiving from England the report of the Parliamentary Committee 
on the Standard of Length, and Kater's reduction of Cary's trass scale to that 
standard [ 267], he patiently set to work to re-adjust all his computations, and 
derived final values given below 8 . 

Owing to its great length and proximity to the equator, Lambton's measrred 
arc became an important contribution to all later investigations of the figure of the 
earth more especially in those deduced by Everest and Eessel. The following 
,1 elements as calculated by Lambton and others'. 



Lambtcn 
Everest 1st. 
„ 2nd. 



Axis ( 6 ) 

Feet 
20851326 

208JSG56 
208351 ill 



1 :310-2S 
1 : 300-80 
1 : 311-04 



Commutations and Rkcobds 

A large part of Lambton's time was taken up by computations, for which he 
only had the assistance of the young men from the surveying school [ 346 ]. As 
he completed each stage of his General Survey, he prepared several copies of his 
report, which contained a review of the work accomplished— a general summary 

full details of base-measurements, triangles, astronomical observations — lists of 

geographical positions— and discussions on the geodetic results. He generally sent 
in advance charts of the triangles, supplemented in some cases by a geographical 
sketch, extra copies being made for Mackenzie and others. 

At the start of the work the Madras Observatory was taken as the point of 
jarture for all computations, but in 1805 the station Doddagunta, near Bangalore, 
s substituted, being nearly in the centre of the peninsula, on a table- land remote 



adv ). 'Warren ( 81 ). 'Everest ( 2 ). 



[a R. XII, 1818 



Y\ 



Computations and Rbcobds 



263 



from mountains, mid situ:! toil at- the iriterstK't'io.ri of hvo main chains of triangles. 
In the first two reports longitudes were referred to the six principal meridians fixed 
during the operations across (.lie peninsula '_ 2; J ,-S, 239 pi. 16 ]. 

In his report on the measurement of the first base-lino, at Bangalore, Lambton 
writes ; 

I have given a whorl but detailed account of the observations for determining the latitude 
and meridian linn, and. ..the principles of the computations ; an.d....l. shall for the future sub- 
join to every sketch a memoir similar to this, containing an account of such astronomical 
observations as may be found necessary, and the method by which the latitudes and longi- 
tudes. ..are determined. It may also be: proper (hat a- list, of the tru-nedes should accompany 
each Report, so that they can at all times be referred to. ... 

The principal triangles'... should be accompanied with over;-- document- to render them satis- 
factory, the correction of the observed angles depending on principles not very generally 
understood 1 . 

In a later memoir he explained that, 

the tables of latitudes and longitudes being the result of all the other operations and the ulti- 
mate object of the Survey, I have been as particular as it was possible., .to render it of 
general use in assisting the surveyors of Districts. The bible of rustauoes and the descriptions 
of stations are likewise Inlenued fin- that purpose 2 . 

The report on his meridional are in the Cam a tie wm submitted in October 1803, 
one copy being passed to the Asiatic Society at Calcutta, and published in Asiatic 
Researches 3 . This reporl forms part of the first volume of the manuscript reports 
of the Trigonometrical Survey, the second part, covering operations a-ross the 
peninsula, 1803-6, not being submitted till July 1807. In para 39 Lambton 
discusses "Amplitudes of the Arcs" and "Discrepancies in the Observations 
attributed to a deflection of the plumb-line by mountain masses or mineral 

The second report, 1807 to 1811, was submitted from iViastilipal.-am in February 
1812 [246] 5 , the General Map of the South Peninsula having been submitted 
with a memoir in December 1810 [ 244]. 

Lambton had for some time found the indoor work taking up more and more of 
his time, and had been deputing even the principal triangulation to Ills assistants. 
Jn pressing for the retention of Riddel! and Hodge, he points out 

the advantago of having assistants, ... for, had I been alone, and now altogether occupied in 
making out a tedious report, no oilier work would have been done, and the whole of my large 
establishment must have remained idle, and. ..it is to be regretted that any part of them 
should remain inactive while I am bringing up rny work indoors, which takes up much more 
time than the field work 6 . 

In submitting the second report he writes ; 
I have forwarded a copy of this Report to Die Surveyor Geneva! and skull keep another in my 
possession. Should the Honorable the Governor in Council be pleased to forward this one to 
England and wish to bo supplied with anothor, if iimy bo ion.de out at, some future date, as I 
am anxious to avail myself of the favourable season ; and to copy one of these Reports requires 
considerable time. It is however necessary that it should be done under my own eye, and by 
persons acquainted with the diiffii'iaii tables and formula;. 

laking my nest stand at Adoni, whieli I hope to reach before the setting in of 
l, and shall be then more at leisure to attend to indoors work during the rainy 



He points out to I. ho Surveyor General that the report- contains 
tables of all the principal and secondary triangles, and the latitudes and longitudes of places 
deduced therefrom. There is also the measure of degrees on the meridian from 8° 30' to 
14° 30', but the lengths of decrees of longitude have not yet boon computed, as I wish to wait 
the results of more extensive measaremeHtS in Europe r 262 ], as well as of my own in these 
latitudes, before any general determination be made. 

In the course of the present, and. ensuing years. I hope to be full', satisfied on these subjects, 
when I shall be able to construct tables of the measures of degrees,. .which will be of use to you 

As R. Vm ( 137-93 ). * TS. I part II. See 
n-quefts Welloslcv. and .lisci 

10-1L. 



iDDn. 63 (49), 18-10-01. s DDn. 61, 10-3-02. *A»8. VIII 1 187-83). 
also As R. X (29L- 38*1. ft ISM Aeill .MS. I W-vi. a .vopv c.rf:,.-:-ti-d i.v Himilv of ll:u- 
TO Lib 49 H. ft. 5 cf. As II. XII (i-101 ; iSli-SOa ) ; XIII ( 1-137). < MMC. 1-1 



-JM 



Lambton's Professional Details 



in constructing maps, and in computing the positions of placos in latitude and longitude... 
carried on by the common theodolite [ 260 J 1 . 

MS. Reports in and iv were not completed till 1818, and then not only covered 
the work from 1811 to 1814, but also gave "a retrospective view of the operations 
from the commencement to the completion of the Peninsula", with latitudes 
and longitudes of all points fixed since 1S02. computed on the new elements that 
Lambton had now deduced for the figure? of the earth [ 262 ]. Report in, besides 
containing all subsidiary series of triangles by Lambton's own assistants, con- 
tained Gilding's work on the east coast and in Goa and Sonda [ 158, 255 ] 2 . 

With the report of 1818 was a chart in 8 sheets covering t!ie work done south 
of the Kistna. This was later engraved by Walker and published in 1827 by 
Horsburgh, the Company's Hydrograpner 3 . There were 20 engraved seta and 
one manuscript in the Surveyor General's office in 1840 4 . The only sets, a 
printed one, found in 1947 is coloured by band to distinguish the various chains' 
and series, and has pencil entries of dates and observers' initials at most of the 
stations. Those ontrio?: uppoar to have been made by Joshua Do Penning 5 from" 
records kept Ijv himself and Lawrence. Other published charts include ; 

Meridional sei-ifis on Commandol Coast, and Longitudinal series across Peninsula, 1802-6. 

Central are from Pachapalaiyam to Xarnthabaii, parallel 15"' 6", Great Arc from Cape 
Comorin to Bidar, in two plates 6 . 

The" computing office at Dehra Dun now holds two copies each of these MS. 
Reports, Nos. ito iv. The second copy of Report I does not contain parti 
dealing with the work earlier than October 1803. This omission caused much 
concern to Blacker in 1824 7 , but the missing part is probably the copy in the 
Wollesley collection at the British Museim? 6 [263 n.4]. 

No charts are found in the first copies of Reports 1 and ri, nor in either copy 
of Reports m and iv. The triangles shewn on plates 16 and. 17 of this volume 
are taken from charts in second copies of Reports I andn. 

Accounts of the geodetic work wore published m Asiatic- Itwtarrjtes 3 , whilst an 
abstract of the measurement of the great meridional are appeared in the Philoso- 
phical Transactions of tin Royal Society'" of 1818. 

It has always boon difficult to eocr.pilo a connected account of Lambton's work, 
owing, as is pointed out in a review of 1845, "to the total absence of dates in 
Lambton's accounts as published in Asiatic Researches" 11 . Such disregard of dates 
has already been noticed in Reimeli's Alc/moii- of a Ma.p of 11 Lu-d.oonUtn [ I, 2811.5 ]- 



Appreciations 

Though the importance of Lambton's work was fully appreciated by a few 
wise persons from the very start, it was not for some years after the publication of 
his early reports that he won recognition from influential officials in India, and 
scientists in Europe. Warren, who had been his constant companion between 1802 
and 1S05 has left an account of Renneil's first mistaken critic isms and subsequent 
amende, honoraote after Mask civ no's intervention [I, 376; II, 251]- He continues; 

The Members of the Finance Committee of Madras appear 10 havt> had great difficulty in 
comprehending the object of Colonel Lambton's survey. The manner in which one of their 
leading members illustrated the opinion of the Committee is sufficiently original to be 
worthy of preservation. ... "If any traveller" he says "wished to proceed to Seringapatam, 
he need only say so t;i his head palankeen hearer, and he vouched that he would find his way 
to that place without, having recourse to Colonel l.ambion's map" 1 -. This committee plagued 
Captain Lambton w;t.h end loss absurd questions a::d cou-T--ionls [ 334-5 ■ : and, he having con- 
sulted his feelings rather than his. judgement in some of his answers, offence was taken, and 
the matter reported to Lord W. Bentinck 13 . His Lordship, who patronized the work out of 

'DD11, C,3 (273-82 ), II- 
charge computing office. 1832— 

s BM. Addl. m. 136: 

IV ( 80). 13 ib. "Govt, of Madras. 1803-7. 



*IO Cat. s MEIO. Miac. 1-0-14. * Ben Beg 1: 553 ( 24 i. 
™. -«sfi, X(293);XI] (294 \iPhH Trans, oviii. 'reanofcein fir. 
B. VII, VIII, X, XII, and XIII. '"Vol. VIII ( 4S6-518 ). a Gal. 



Appreciations 



™ 



i warned hlrn agaii^sl giving way to his feelings it; a public correspondence; but 
he would take no concession, and dceh.red that "if he were lo be placed, anyhow, under the 
control of persons who cois I 'I iror possibly liuiK.i'si and the i . i.tvire oi' his business, and who 
acted with ill-will towards him, he begged to with drum- from his undertaking"'. Lord Bentinek 
was pleased to overlook this proof of sturdmess, and even promised him his .support, provided 
he would learn to temporise, and attend to the decor inn of official forms. 

There were however others who strongly supported tlmworb. The Quartern raster General, 
Lt.Colonel John Munro [196 n.4], having heard that- the Government contemplated the aboli- . 
tion of the survey, waited on the (Governor for the purpose of representing the utility of the' 
operations in a military point- t*£ view, mOM eap* ia By tvs 1 shifeifced m Ehe resulte of the Topo- 
graphical Survey then eurrymg ■::n. the t-ri tingles of v. Inch rested on the positions determined 
by Captain Lambton. This survey was the work of the Military restitution [ 125-6 ]. ... He 
had the merit of stating his views in so forceful and convincing a manner, that the intention 
to abolish the survey was abandoned. 

Captain Lambl.-on also had a warm U'ioed and admirer in Mr. Scott of (he Madras Civil 
Service [9, 195 ]. ... He was first Judge' in the Court, of Appeal, hul owing to his well-known 
attainments was generally consulted by one G overmrie.nt on nil t.;u est ions us lisx-d any connection 

The correspondence with the finance committee, and the support given by 
Bentinek are referred: to later [ 334-5 '], but appreciations by William Petrie 3 , who 
acted as Governor ai'tin' .Beiitinok/s departure, and by Andrew Scott, ma.y : be 
quoted here. Petrie writes ; 

I have repeatedly submitted to the lion'bl.e Company my sp-ntio-jents of i. his splendid work. 
Its merits. ..require no proof's of my testimony. &, when the Fame of Conquest & Extensive 
Dominion has passed, away, ti page may remain on the Records 01 science to show that under 
the fostering & liberal protection of the East India Company, a Survey ha* bean carried on 
in a part of their Eastern Empire, verified &. determined by a Series of Astronomical &, Mathe- 
matical Measures, not, inferior in Science <& Accuracy Lo the Brilliant Labors of the English 
& "French Astronomers. 

The value of Major f jn.rrsht.nj-i 's work has been justly approooUed, not, only by Matlioiiiat-i ■ 
cians in our own Country, but by that distinguished Learned Body.. .at Paris. In that 
Department there 11:11 !)•■ no national warfare 3 . 

Scott writes ; 

The.. .very great importance of Major 1. an-, b ton's Survey, is. ..but little understood. I 
i but few among us who consider the ascertaining {.he lengths of three or four 
■s many of Longitudes, as of any importance, or who c> 
that much siaviil ilk: kiiij'.vk'dye, or much labour, is 1 leteessary for accomplishing it. 

The opinion:; of the Lear-nod in Europe, however, are \ v.ry different ; w 
expeditions sent by the French to the Polar Circle & Equator- --- Major Lambton will, if not 
prematurely interrupted, in a short, time have a 
Meridian than was done either in Lapland or Peru*. 

It is only by having the entree;, length of decrees of the Meridian and Longitude it 
Latitudes thai the great desideratum can be obtained, oi' establishing what the ti- 
the Earth... really is ; some may consider this a- matlov of more curiosity, without 
its real importance in Navigation, Geography, & Astronomy, &,, where France h 
much it they arc still going on in England, do not. let us be so stupidly ignorant a 
a proper vaiue on what Major Lamb-ton is doing 5 . 

Lambton was greatly hearterod by a letter from Maskelyne written a 

discussions u'itii Rea'aeii. and he replied in October 1806 ; 

Your obliging letter of the 30th May 1804 I acknowledged last year when I was on the 

Malabar Coast, having at that time extended the trigonometrical operations; across the entire 
peninsula of India. As \ on expressed a wish to he further informed on I he success and progress 
of this survey, ... I shall now give you. ..the outlines of what has been done. ... 

A series of principal trimviios lias been carried direct from Jfort St. George to Mangalore 
for... connecting the two seas by act e.a! measurement, in perforin in g I hat task great attention 
has been paid. to. ..the length, of a degree of longitude, that the comparative position of 
Mangalore with the Observatory a.t Madras might be finally ascertained. ... 

Among the subjects which ere purely scientific, the measurement of an extensive arc on 

■Warren ( 77-S ). 'Mad. Civ. 1765; amateur 
actg. Govr. Sept. -Dec. IrsOT ; Govr. PWI. ; d. 27-10-1 
4-9-08. Mb., 9-9-08. 



1 of a greater are of the 



11 different 
3 figure of 



s done s 



c the 



2m 



Lambtok's Professional Details 



■the meridian will doubtless [attract] the first attention, being.. .a grand desideratum to 
compare with what is doing in P~ngland find France, nod with what has recently been done 
at the polar circle. 

After describing his work on the central meridional arc, he continues ; 

This short sketch will enable you to form a judgement to what, extent this work had already 
been carried, the) useful purposes in geography to which it mny be applied, and above all, its 
importance hi the more sublime branches of general science ; and, if my labours are crowned 
■with the success which my ambition leads me to hope for, it will be owing to that munificent 
liberality for which the Honourable the Court of Directors are BO justly distinguished, ... and 
to the uniform support which, from the beginning, I have experienced under the Government 
of Fort St. George 1 . 

When submitting his official report to Government the. following year, he 
annexed a paper, with a request that it may be submit ted... to the Astronomer Royal, and 
finally to the Royal Society. ... This paper is collected from what is contained in the Report, 
being that part of it which relates to philosophical subjects, and which will, I trust, prove 
acceptable to the learned societies in Europe 2 . 

We have, unfortunately, no copies of MaskelytKj's letter, but it was doubtless 
through his help that Lambton received accounts of the latest geodetic work in 
Europe [ 262 ]. According to Everest the only appreciations that Lambton 
received from Europe before Warren's visit to Paris in 1816 were those of ; 
the Rev. Tf. Maskelyne, and the late Professor Playfair ; of whom the former... addressed him 
by letter, and the latter made his labours a subject of discussion in some of the ablest 
artleloa of the Edinburgh Review 3 . ... 

To this momont I remember well the gleam of gladness with which my old master used to 
refer to the fact of Nevil Maskeiyne's letter. It had reached him apparently in an appropriate 
hour, when he was surrounded with difficulties. ... With this solitary exception, until Professor 
Playfair took the subject up, ... he was to appearance forsaken of all, and left to struggle 
alone, ...whilst his labours were treated by all his countrymen... with the most superlative 
i noil Terence and neglect*. 

General Walker writes in 1870; 

Of all Colonel [..amblon's contri.l nit ions to geodesy, the most important are his measurements 
of meridional arcs, the results of which have been employed up to the present time, in com- 
bination with those of.. .other parts of the globe, in all investigations of the figure of the 
earth [ 262 f. 

In 1861 Everest, who had then been long retired, suggested to the Koyal Society 
a re -examination of Lamb ton's records regarding the Great Arc. He pointed out 
that the only published accounts were scattered through 

the Asiatic Researches, and if it is intended that these should be- permanent data, they ought to 
be collated and combined into one volume. The details. ..are to be found in manuscript 
copies; ...and, as in transcribing there is always a liability to clerical errors, ... a volume... 
ought l" I)-.: dnt iv 11 up after a rigorous comparison with the manuscript. ... 

All the celestial observations for amplitude... wore reduced many years ago ; but.. .the 
constants and formula?... have iimlia-fm) vast, alterations since that period, and of course 
corresponding reeoniputations would now be necessary. ... 

If this were effected, we shotdd at least have the satisfaction of knowing that the most 
had been made of the...operal ions, which indeed might fairly rank with those of MM. Bouguer 
and De la Condaniine, or JD! . Mauportuis, Clair nut', and others, though , from the inferiority of 
instruments and oilier causes, of course they could not be classed for .accuracy with those of 
a more modern date. ... 

It is not creditable to leave this subject in its present disjointed state. India furnishes 
the largest extent of territory accessible to Great Britain in which arcs of the meridian can 
be measured, and.. .from Cape Cornorin to the Himalayan Mountains one uniform triangula- 
tion ought to be formed. 

The Royal Society appointed a committee which made the following report ; 
No good whatever would be done by an ex urn in at. ion of the Angle-Books. It is evident 
from Mr. De Penning's statements that the utmost care was used, and the best judgement... 
exercised at a time when all Lhe qualifying circumstances of the nep-.i rare observations were 
known. ... 



s ib. (157-8), 16-9-07. 'of 1813 et aaj. "Everest (17-8). 




Soittk afe&z, Calero 



« 



<- '■ .;-- i 



A.P.i'ii.flClATTONS 



267 



In regard to the accuracy of the calculations of the sides of the triangles, ... the c 
commend that they be verified. Of.. .the computation u»ui aggregation 
irtione of the meridian, ...the committee iBsommoiid that this important calculation, bo 
sd. ...The details of thes base-measure inductions admit of easy verification, and the 
■mm end that they be verified.. ... 

The portions of the arc surveyed respectively by Colonel Lauibton and Sir George Everest 
join each other at .naro.argida ; j-md there ifi a larjio discordance between the elevation of this 
station, as given first by OoloiiolLambtou, and secondly by Sir G. Everest, and Sir A. Waugh. ... 
The committee reeouimend that. Colonel Lambton's... height. ..bo rejected. ... 

Tlits reduction of the latitude obss.-val ions war, cur re c ted many years ago by Bessel. The 
committee are of opinion thai, additional ucec,;;' cy can now be given to i.heso. e o nee ti ones . ... 

The commit tot! have had personal experience of the great inconvenience caused by the 
dispersion of Colonel Lambkin's accounts.. .through numerous volumes of the Asiatic Researches, 
and, viewing the lhr.il ed c ire id at inn of that ivork in eonrieennd binaries, they are inclined to 
believe that very few men of whence have it in their power to form a correct judgement as to 
the va-hie of Colonel Lamb tan's ;;vent work. The committee therefore recommend that, when 
the verifications and corrections. ..have been made. tiio whole be puteished in one volume, ... 
and sufficient numbers { say 500 copies (...presented to ail the known libraries, academies, 
and observatories ..if importance throughout, the world. ... 

The committee. ..call... attention. ..to the general quality of Colonel Lamb ton's Surveys 
which, though executed with the greatest ea.ro and j-i.bi.lity, were carried on tinder serious 
difficulties, and at a time when instrumental appliances were far less complete than at 
present. ... The Standards uf Iohlo'-Ii arc better ascertained than formerly, and all uncertainty 
of the unit of measures can he removed. The basedine apparatus can be improved. The 
instruments for horizoiviji.! ane'ics used by Colonel I'.-ui ibi.on wee inferior to those now in "use ; 
and one of them v.-;;;- most severe!-, injured by an aocid enia.] blow, the result of which was more 
distinctly injurious, because the circle was read by only two microscopes [ 254 ]. ... 

Though the astronomical observations were on.! eihlv i;ood lor their aire, yet new obser- 
vations conducted with such instruments, and on such principles, as those adopted by Sir 
George Everest, would undoubtedly tie better. The committee therefore express their strong 
hope that the whole of Coion.el Lamb ten's Survey may be repeated with the best modem 



l rejected. None 



On further review, the revision of computation was considered waste of time; 
and the southern part of the Great Are was entirely re- observed between 1S66 and 
J 874 as had been first roe in mended ky Everest in 1842; 

All Colonel Lamb ton's stations, both principal and secondary, thai, are likely to he still in 
existence, such as marks on rocks, have been incorporated inl.u tin: modem trigonometrical 
survey as secondary points for use in topographical work, whilst those, such, as hag -poles, that 
seem from !us descriptions to have been tif a temporary nature, have b 
of his work remains as principal 1 . 

iBurrard, ( 62 ). 



CHAPTER XIX 



MAPS 

Lower Bengal — ■ Upper Provinces — Punjab <fc Afghanistan Calcutta Drawing 
Office — Madras — Madras District Maps — Madras Drawing Office ■ — The Duccan 
tfe Malwa ■ — Persia. 

IT was very many years before district officers and other officials in lower Bengal 
had any better maps than those of RennelTs Bengal Atlas [I, 227-30], but 
amongst the few exceptions was a map of the environs of Calcutta prepared 
from Fleming's survey of 1801-2 [ 12-3 ]. To meet the police demand for such a 
map in 1800, the Surveyor General compiled a Map of the Country from 30 to 40 
miles round Calcutta from material in his office. It was on scale two miles to 
an inch, the southern and western areas being taken from Claud Martin's survey 
"ofPart of the Calcutta Lands" [ 1,51-2 ], and the remainder from Cameron's survey 
of the 24-Parganas of 1761-2 [I, 13]. 

This map was found sufficiently important in 1831 to be copied as it stood, 
and, after incorporation with Fleming's survey, was amongst the first maps helio- 
zincographed at Calcutta some thirty years later. 



Upper Provinces 

In 1800 the Surveyor General submitted a now map of Oudh, and promised to 
follow it up with one that should include the new surveys by Thomas Wood [ 26 ], 
and he later reported that, 

in addition to a new geueni.l map of llirsdostao whieb I have for some time been employed 
upon [ I, 220; II, 281 ] I have now made some progress m a new general map of Bengal and 
Bahar upon a scale larger than had hitherto been adopted and...I purpose likewise to 
construct w new map of the Upper Provinces 1 . 

The cession of Gorakhpur, the lower dodb, and Rohilkhand, later in the year 
[ 26 ] led to an immediate demand for maps, and the newly appointed Collector 
of CawMporo asked for 

maps of this part. of the Dnah formed from the Litest surveys. ... Tim email scale of Major 
Eennell's Maps 2 cannot he of much service in defining the necessary particular,?... for... furnishing 
reports and information of the country. ... They are not also so late or accurate, and do not 
include all the villages ana kinds, which newer surveys. ..hi-tve effected. 

The Surveyor General made up the best maps he could, but at the same time 

told Government that 

the Dooab [ I, 229 ] has been hitherto but io/j perfectly surveyed, and an it will be necessary to 
supply. ..a inap of his. District upuu an etilar;;n.l f-eale, and very jniinite in Hits detail, I would. 
take the liberty of recommending that an ollioer be cmpkjyed to survey such parts of it as are 
least known. ... [The Collector should send] lists of all the Purgunnahs, and Talooks, 
principal towns, and Culcheris, written in the Persian character and in Kuglish, stating.. .their 
distances in estimated eoss, :;nd directions, ... from two <>r three well-known places 3 . 

Macdougal was deputed to Cawnpore, Wood to the western boundary of Oudh and 
Smyth to the eastern boundary [ 27 ], and, in the meantime, Colobrooke submitted a 



■p of the ceded boundaries, which has been constructed from the best 



■1 the 



1 DDn. 67, 14-3-01 



1 inch. »B Pol C. 29^-02. 
268 



Upper Provinces 



iu Capital i 



r itineraries 



... This map can convey little more than a general idea of the.. .late acquisitions, as it was 
impossible that the boundaries between the ceded districts and those remaining to the Nabob 
could be accurately laid down. I have endeavoured from the best information which I 
could collect...to fix the positions of such of the Towns and Districts named in the Treaty as 
could not be found in the old maps, but these, until new surveys are made, must be considered 
as doubtful 1 . 

In March 1804 ho reported that 
the surveys...by Lieutenant H. C. Smyth and Ensign Iuacdousmi...have not been completed, 
the former having been ordered to join the Army m the Fksld, and the latter having been called 
down to the Presidency, before their respective surveys had been finished. 

The Field Books. ..will, however, enable me to fill up a portion of the new maps of the 
Ceded Provinces, which are now in hand. But, for the pnrposo of completing this work, which 
is to be divided into a set of provincial maps for the use of the Magistrates and Collectors, 
... it would be very desirable to have Persian Schedules of the names of the principal place 
in each district, and when the roads have not been regularly si 
in Persian, containing the stages ami estimated distances from i 
another, or generally between nil the principal ciiies and towns 8 . 

By the end of 1804 he was able to submit a revised general map, but 
the Provincial Maps of the Ceded Countries, which were begun some time ago, have.. .been 
unavoidably postponed, as my own personal exertions are unequal to the. ..work in hand, 
having failed in my endeavour to procure an A^isfcaid properly qualified [272 ] s - 

The amount of work w-hich Colebrooke managed to turn out, with only three or 
four draughtsmen, was enormous [ 271-3 ], and in 1806 he submitted yet another 
map of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces in Upper Hindoostan, comprehending also the 
countries West of the Jumna, drawn from trie latest surveys am! astronomical observations... 
[and had] made considerable progress in a New Map of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces 
including the Seat of the late War and Brilliant Victories in Upper Hindoostan, which I 
presume might become very useful for Military purposes in case of a renewal of the War ; but, 
aa the utmost number of co-pies of this, or the General Map, which could be taken in Manuscript 
must necessarily...be very small, I. ..request permission to publish them, whenever they may 
be sufficiently finished to admit of my transmitting them, or proceeding myself, to England 
[ 281-2 f. 

Amongst the few lai-re-s^iie provincial, or district, map' ho completed was one 
of Moradabad and part of Bare illy from the .surveys of Mouat and Wood 6 [I, 56-8], 
which shows the Ganges in considerable detail, but only gives one or two routes 
south from Moradabad and the s-'.qmoHed district boundary. Colebrooke explains ; 

First. The materials which have been collected in this office. ..are not sufficient for the 
construction of any particular and accurate maps of the Districts in question, as the routes 
which have been surveyed through them can furnish little more than a sketch or skeleton map, 
in which one quarter of the principal towns or villages would appear. ... 

3ndly. That to construct a map, even of this kind, the scale of which should not be less 
than one Inch to a mile to contain all the villages in the surveyed parts, it would be necessary 
that I should be allowed an assistant from the Engineer Corps, properly qualified to make the 
projection for the map, and to insert ail the materials. ... 

3rdly. That I could not myself, without laying by for a considerable time the General 
Maps which I have in hand and which.. .it is my duty more particularly to construct, under- 
take the map in question. 

4thly. ... I lately received a letter from the Collector of Moradabad upon this subject, 
and.-informed him of the difficulties under which I laboured. At the same time "I requested 
of him to supply me with certain Routes from the information of Natives, which might help 
me in the construction of- a map of his district, but to which application he has not 
replied 6 . . 

The Magistrate wrote in later, 0-1 Coie brooked a-dvie% and a.-ked for copies ot 
the one-inch surveys of Mouatt and Wood, 

to aid me to form a sketch of the whole district on a similar scale, which shall contain every 
village in thb district, and which I deem essential for the purpose of police, especially in a 
district which has so long been subject- to the depredations of gan<! robberies 7 . 



'MEIO. Misc. 7-CM803, 16 t 



■ a u mch. DDn. 67 ( 7 ), 2-3-02. *ih. ( 305 ), 14-3-04. >BPC. 
(L-4-05 (31) ■'in. 23-3-0? .' T-> -, ; »M0. fS-U-OS !51. ''liUO. I.'i (5:11; ji>. 17 i I'M in an ynflniihsd 
- ---» from Blrrveya of L79S-1SQ2. «DDn. 81 ( 35 ), 35-10-06. ' DDn. 89 ( 9 |, 8-3-08. 



■ 



270 



Maps 



It was in order to collect material to complete his maps of Oudh and Rohilkhand 
that Colebrooke undertook the tour that led to his death [ 28-33 ], and he was 
looking forward to working up his surveys into lar^e scale district maps [33]. 
His untimely death prevented the preparation of these maps, though the sepa- 
rate plots that he had protracted himself wore used for general mapping 1 . Craw- 
ford reported in 1814 that no record of the river surveys had been preserved, but 
all the field books have now been located 8 . 

In 1811 Garstin reported that he had 
ordered a Projection for a new map, to include all the corrections and discoveries lately made 
by the surveyor* m the Ceded and Conquered Provinces, but.. .only out person can work on it 
at a time, as it will require much care and many corrections, consulting all the Field Books, 
and. ..several months must elapse before it it possible fco furnish it ; all I can do to get it 
completed shall bo done, and my best Hands employed upon it 3 . 

For his map projections Colebrooke used Hutton's tables [ I v 248 ], with a slight 
modification which ho explains hi the following note in Saekville ; 

A degree of Latitude upon the scale of 4 miles = 1 inch is exactly 17J inches, agreably to 
the proportion adopted by me, and which is somewhat laurc than the; hits Mr. Reuben Burrow's 
measurements of a degree has warranted [ I, 248 ], though less than Dr. Hutton's medium of 
69 1/15, upon which his table of decrees of longitude is calculated. Tin; difference, however, 
is so trifling between the even number 69 and 69J, that I still use the same table... without 
making any reduction in the miles of longitude. ... 

The true figure of the eurth is indeed so dubioua that it is probable that much greater 
differences may in reality exist, of which we are not aware, or that the difference in the length 
of degrees of latitude and longitude, within or near the Tropics, may be less than Dr. Hutfcon 
has calculated [ 250 ] 4 . 

The difficulties hero indicated were largely met by Lambton's work in the south, 
and by the issue of his table for map projections [ 260 ]. 

The compilation of respectable maps always lagged far behind the execution 
of field surveys, and even as late as 18.">0 Waugh had to report that 
there exists no map in the Surveyor General's Office containing a detailed survey of the Oudh 
Territory. Two or three attempts were made to get up a compilation from the route surveys 
that were forthcoming, but the latitudes and longitudes of some of the principal places being 
1 [ I, 163 ], the former attempts were abandoned 5 . 



PUSJAB & AFGHANISTAN 

An account has' already been given of Wilford's Map of the Countries to the 
West of Delhi, as far as Gabvl and Multan, that was completed in 1804 6 [ I, 234 ]. 
Further knowledge came with the Maratha War, and in 1806 Colebrooke submitted 
a "Sketch of the Conquered Territories on the West of the Jumna 7 , shewing the mode 
of their distribution", distinguishing areas retained for the Company from those 
"handed over to different Native Chiefs". White's valuable surveys brought 
detailed information of the country- between the Jumna and the Sutlej 8 [ 59-65 1, 
-whilst a map compiled independently by Ellis in 1813, was actually copied for use- 
in the Sikh war of 1848 9 . 

The most interesting map of this period is, however, the Map of the Afghan 
territory and the. neighbouring Countries, compiled by Macartney when on Elphin- 
stone's mission [ 65-7 ] , It extended from the Punjab as far west as Bukhara on a 
scale of 20 miles to an inch 10 . Without any previous experience as geographer, 
Macartney constructs! a map of a vast area which, without any claim to precision, 
shewed the general relative positions of every place of interest He gives the follow- 
ing account of his methods 11 ; 

ilIRIO. 31 {37-11); Misc. 7-0-1X02 & hM)-34. ' DDn. 73-5. 70, SO. ^BPolC 31-6-11 (82 1 
&T)Dn. 12S (34). 'DDn. H7 ( 382 ). 4 -7 -05. -DDn. 542 ! iliHj ',. 20-lu-riii- fR I3 51 "MEIO 
7(11), lBm.tol inch. 'ib. 8 ( 1 ), 12 m. to 1 inch. Mb. 15 ( 26 ), 8 m. to 1 inch and others' 
"Five oricir-ul [UMtoetiuns. ib. 8 ( li!- 4 ;. hwiIs <).• in,.],:;- I,.-. » mil:; : ;l,. j, j 1. ,;.-.; j ( ) Urmip "MR TO 
111 { 2 ). » Memoir, DDn. 83, and .10 Map). KS. 473 ( 2 ). F 



q-pi 



Punjab & Afghanistan 



271 



Memoir t>{ a- Mnr.- of thJ; Fur* i'ib ar-0 Caw-tries to the- lYc,-: t !■:■■(!, ■■:!■ of the. in'l'j.s, e\ _ tendin;> from 
the 23rd to the 41st dwaroos of Xbrth 'Latitude, and from the OOl'li to the 78th degrees of East 
Longitude, constructed chiefly from in torrent-: on col Lee ted during the March of the Cabul 
Embassy in 1809. ... 

In the construction of the map particular anention wns paid to obtain the correct distance 
of some grand points fixed by observation, ... and the spaces contained... have been filled up 
as much as possible; by cross route;, « liich give the gtc.M bends of the road, and of course the 
position of these points, more correct than by sotting off the gross distances. 

The windings of the road cannot, bo \hk\ down wiih au.v dii-ieo of oertLiinU from the direc- 
tion given by this tialivfji; ; I lia«- i-booi-foro ;i troiidod ohioily Lo r.'i*o«s. roul o-; fcii-rung great anglfjs 
to obtain the tme bearing of the road. 

The first grand point. ..was fSi-J.-k-hur 1 , situated on ;;n Island formed by the river Indus in 
Latitude 27° 30' N., Longitude 69" 20' 0' E. ... 

The 2nd grand point.. .was Cabal ; I have good reasons for placing this a very little north 
of Peshawar, first from the bearings with the theodolite from Peshawar of ISuffaid Koh 2 , ... 
and. ..I have 3 routes from Kogoolwrfta, 2 from Dera Ismis.il Khan, 2 from Kohat, and many 
from Peshawar, all of which meet at Cabul. ... 

In the printed maps Cabal 3 is put Is", of Peshawar, but it is evident the mistake has 
arisen in placing Posliawar above a degree too far to i.he south [ I, 148 9 "[. Its latitude is 
34" 9' 30". The distance from Peshawar to Attock in king's coss is 30, and by the Peram- 
bulator it was 45 M. 1 fur. ; from this I have caieuln.ted the distance from Peshawar to Cabul, 
and have allowed one in 8 for winding, in consequence of the road being through a very hilly 
country all the way. 

The 3rd point is Kandahar. This J have fixed from the following routes. 4 from BLikkhur ; 
... 2 from Dera- Chafci Khan. ... The distance from Cabul to Con da. .ha: is sot. off at 1J miles to 
each eoss, being the king's road. 

In this way be annlyserl the data collected, and carried his map west and north. 
Elphinstone published a reduction in his Account of the Kingdom of Caubid. 
Macartney says that though in his original map lie spelt the names "as near as 
possible to the pronunciation of the Natives" yet i! at the request of Mr. 
Elphinstone I made out a fresh copy, and have adopted Lieutenant Gilchrist's 
Orthography" 1 . 

Alexander Eurnes, who travelled through Afghanistan and Turkestan during 
1832-4, made the position of Bukhara to be 39° 43' 41" N« 64° 55' E., whereas 
Macartney had made it 39° 45' N., 69° 10' E., the true position being 39° 47' N., 
64° 25' E., leaving Macartney sadly out hi longitude. Burnes also challenges 
Macartney's estimate that camels could move at, a rate of 2^ to 2-f miles an hour. 
His own estimate was 2 miles MOO yard;; per hour. 



\ 



Calcutta Drawing Office 

The Surveyor General's staff ofdi-auglifsmon at Calcutta, was never sufficient 
for the maps to be drawn. Colebrooke was just as enthusiastic a draughtsman 
as he was surveyor, and maintained work at high pressure 011 a number of gene- 
ral maps [ 268-9, 2 79 ]■ 

Fair copies of all surveys and maps had to be made for the Directors in London, 
and special copies and compilations for the Governor General, the Command- 
er -in-Chief, and for such officers as occasion demanded [33 ], whilst it was often 
necessary to furnish surveyors with copies of earlier maps of tj.1.0 areas in which they 
wero working [35-6]. 

Writing to the Commander-in-Chief on (fie subject of Wood's survey in Onclh, 
the Surveyor General promi ed to 
supply three sets of copies of each route, one to be hi iH before Government, one before the 

=-nearSuktoir,-40A/14, Imp Gas. IX ( 46-7 |. "Highest point 15,o'20 ft. ; XW. of Parachinar, 38 
K/l. 'Kabul, 31 = 32'Nh: !i!l J 1]'E. ; Peshawar, :5 T 0' K."; 7T 33' E. 'obviously Dr. Wm. Gilchrist 
[I, 249-50, 337 J ; fro;ji MiLCmtriiiy, 1 " — 1 — 1 C J : I'l.Di. 82 ( 150 ). 11 io;,r:.r.oy's n-..i.;.i is jn for Innate in shewing 
the Sind'll. of Kas':-n,ir ■;.-! (joniir-.u ..u with th? .1.1 tas II. of L'makli, from the I:i-.lus t. the Wular Lake, 
regardless of the Zoji La, 11,578 ft. E monthly haw* limited tolls. 600 in 1788 [I, 236]. 



272 



Maps 



Commander-in -C I nest", si rid one to be lodged with trie Cenernl or other oifieer commanding at the 
field stations; and finally, when the whole should be completed, he would furnish copies of 
the general plan as above mentioned. ... The Surveyor General would likewise reduce the 
several plans and insert them in a new general riuip of the Upper Provinces 1 . 

There were no facilities for print in;: maps in India, and indeed the Directors 
were strongly opposed to all this copying. They had refused Colebrooke'a 
proposal of 1796 for the publication of EtstmaU's 5-mile provincial maps [ 1, 231 ], 
and the only large-scale maps they allowed to be printed were marine charts. 
Even these could not be engraved in India, and the Surveyor General writes, of 
a chart of the liass Straits 2 ; 

As the expenee of engraving in Bengal is considerable, and there is not.. .at present 
any Artist in Calcutta who is properly rn.iali.tled for engnwing Maps, it would, I presume, be 
more eligible to transmit, the chart in question to Kngland for thi.it purpose, and any number 
of copies. ..in the meantime can. ..he furnished in Manuscript from my Office 3 . 

He made repeated requests for the increase of his drawing establishment and 
its nocommodatiorr. He wrote in 1803 that 

The additional works now in h.and, the principal of which are the General Chart of the 
Sunderbunds and Sail Agency Districts [ 13-4 ], and the New Maps of the Ceded Districts, will 
require some further accommodation, ... as. ..the additions:! As-;: stents employed On these 
Charts should work at the office, under my own Inspection. ... 

[ A note in Colobrooke's handwriting] — No answer to this Letter was ever received, and 
the Maps alluded to were discontinued ; hi.it fen- went chiefly of an. Assisfant. properly quali- 
fied to assist in the construction of them, as the Draftsmen were found incapable of 
doing it 4 . 

A few months later he writes to Crawford ; 

Some- time ago 1" was directed to prepare a set of reaps of the L'tvlei I 1 hstriers, and an allow- 
ance of Rs. 300 S. lis. per month was allowed me for snoJi additional assistance ( there being 
no ro-mlar assistant in the oi'iice i us I might require. ... 

I have procured aeeoiv finely t he help C:'.~ a.- very able el raftsman 1 , in addition to those who 
are on the establishment ; ...hut as these people are totally ignorant of everything besides 
mere drawing, you may easily conceive; that 1 do not allow them to attempt... putting.. .of my 
maps together, but merely employ them to finish a bit here and there, and to put in the 
writing. 

As I only pay this extra assistant 3 50 lis. , the remainder... must he satisfactorily account- 
ed for, and vouchers produced for the- disbursement of l.iie whole sum. I have consequently 
150 Rs. per mensem at my disposal, which 1. propose to lay out in procuring the best itineraries 
of sueh roads in the Ceded Districts as have; not been regularly surveyed, and which. ..will 
enable me, I hope, to complete the maps 8 . 

He continued to press for ait officer assistant, an Engineer for preference, but 
the Maratha war made this impossible, and about this time the last of the 
French draughtsmen retired ; 

Mr. J. B. Boisscau 7 , who has served many years in llirs office as a draf'Lsman.. .is afflicted 
with a weakness m his; eyes, and other complaints, which. ..will render him totally unfit for the 
employment of a draftsman in future 8 . 

When Colebrooke went up country in 1807 he left the office under charge of 
Garstin, then on engineer duty at Fort William, who was overwhelmed with 
demands for maps ; 

Colonel Colebrooke has left but one draftsman here 9 ; the rest have accompanied him. 
From the very little employment lhat has for several years past been given to people in this 
line, they are difficult to be procured, but, for the sum of two hundred and fifty rupees per 
mensem, 1 can engage two men. who will he a hie to finish one of these maps in a hour a month. ... 
It would on no account he advisable to permit any of the original surveys to be sent out of the 
office ; many of them are very valuable, aral have cost very lar;;e sun is in comparison to which 
the expenee of the copying will he trifling 10 . 

He was allowed two draughtsmen on Rs. 150 a month each, besides a writer 
on Rs. 40 11 , but after Cole'ororck's's death Ire writes of 

•DDn. 67 {32], 23-6-01. 2 separating Tasmania from Australia. 3 BPC. 10-6-02 ( 42). 5 DDn. 
67 ( 219 ), 10-6-03. 'probiil.lv Xi.eolf, [ ;„,-.' n . ;, |. ' DDn. fi7 ( ISili. 15-2-Oi. ' hrorlie. to Andre U.eni- 
riieerri.ii I. -y. -, 7 ": vorkoj siriirc ;,■■;• of 10 miller Civ .Minims :.:id SO. 'lalraitta. a DDn. 67 (337 ), 
1-9-04, =C.G. Niebolls [ 17 ; pi. 4 ]. 10 DDn. 47 (479), 28-9-07. "BMC. 27-6-08 ( 108 ). 



Calcutta Drawing Office 273 

a great press of business, ioiv oeooie al'.owe:! to do the work, and papers are in the 
utmost confusion. Mr. A — wrote to me on the subject of a Draftsman. I do not believe it 
possible to procure one in Calcutta, but tin; [ate General Mar tine [ I, 353-4 ] used to employ 
men of this description at Lucknow ; as did a Doctor Bruce 1 , and also Colonel Hardwicke 
[ I. 33S ] a* Cawnpoor ; some of them are probably alive and might easily be taught to be 
useful. We are greatly distress for want of such men, and their scarcity renders those we have 
idle and impertinent 9 . 

Garstin writes in 1809 ; 

From the Great number of maps, surveys, etc., that have heart copied and furnished... it 
will appear that the parsons employed on it have been very diligent; but a long arrear of 
business yet remain.:; to be brought up, as there is an immense mass of very valuable materials, 
collected during the period the late Lt. Colonel Oolebrooko held, the office, ... which has been 
uradually aeeraunttted ever since the assistants *:<■.■•■<: struck off [ I, 271 ; II, 309 ] 3 . ... 

A very considerable number of Koutes ;i.nd !''ield Hooks haves been brought to it in con- 
sequence of the orders of the 12th o:" January ISO! [ 197 ] ; which have not yet been protracted 
or laid down. ... 

Several large maps are now in hand, ...but it will require great exertion to bring the 
business of the office to the usual routine. ..by en; ploying the extra Draftsman and writers, ... , 
and most assuredly not without, the ;;re;U.cst nbtentioii being paid to keep them very close to 

their work 4 . 

The next year brought a similar tale ; 

There ha vs... beon foruy-seveu maps copied and const fueled, ...many of wiiieh ware large 
and full of close* priming, pai-tien If irly those of Bimdlocuiid. The final, survey of that 
province is now ready for transmission to the Kon'ble the Court of Directors, and will be 
sent in as soon as the printing... ean bo completed, which will require at least two months 
more close application ; Lite ciot-lim; iH-ine; only hal!' of the labour on a map, ami fatiguing to 
the eyes. 

Although the Dranghtsri ■■:::! 1 and writers have been, very diligent, yet but little progress 
has been made iis reducing the gveai mass of materia Is collected by uiy predecessor, owing to 
the many pressing demand i for iuuiiediate use, ami to the fi'ssh ;j applies 01 niaietials constantly 
coming in from the increased number of surveyors employed, who all appear fco be 
diligent. ... They furnish full employment for all the draught sm en T am able to procure, 
who work for as many hours every clay as their eyes will allow them, beyond the usual hours 
of office, receiving an adequate compensation for their labour* 1 . 

1811 brought a more cheerful report ; 

The routes this year being much fewer in numbers than in former sensors, have admitted. 
the making a tolerable advancement in the arrangement of the Voluminous mass of papers 
collected in the office 6 . 

In 1813 the Surveyor General recruited fresh blood ; 

The great difficulty, or rather impossibility, of supplying the place of the European 
Draughtsman in this Office, either from Calcutta-, or even from Madras ( should any accident 
happen to Mr. Nicholls, or should his Eyes become worse ), induces me to apply to Govern- 
ment, for an Apprentice from the Orphan School', [and lie was authorized] to select a boy from 
the Kidderpore school, to be bound apprentice... for the pterin;; of five years, upon a salary of 
sixiy ;.on;iut Roiiees per mensem. 

Andrew Macpherson 6 was appointed, though not from "the Seminary of 
Kidderpore", and did useful work for many years 9 . Nicholls retired in 1815 
with a pension. 

In their instructions of 1SI.4 for the establishment of a single Surveyor General 
of India, the Directors laid down that one of his principal duties was to be the 
compilation of detailed large scale maps, and their reduction to a general map of 
India, regular copies of both being sent to England. Crawford was appalled at 
the magnitude of the task ; 

On an inspection of tins maps. ... they turn out to be fwentynine in number, arid land down 
in 22,304 square feet of paper. To copy these productions, ... the work of many hands, would 
require mora than ten times the quantity of drawing paper than now is in the office, and 
money at present cannot procure rnore [ 227 ]. 

1 Possibly Ck-arlee Key Bruce, in Bengal 1788-1817. 'to Webb, DDn. 81 ( 40 |, 7-11-08. *&. (95), 

113-5-09. *!b. {95j, 2S--7 09; iiUC. ,1-S-i.W (HI). 'DDn. 126 (3) 24-4-10. 8 DDn. 128 (11), 
2-4-11. 'DDn. 133 (1.00), 17 9 13. « Later failed J. A. _Mac-;hi-:-sun, ETC. 22-5-23 (55). "RMC. 
18-9-13 (118) & 2-10-13 (96). 



274 



Mais 



Such is the quantity arid press of bus Li loss at present, that I would most willingly hire 
extra people at my own expence, .-.but I have in vain tried Lo procure anyone who can 
be of use- ... At present I have in hand the large map of BLUiulecund by l.ieul.. rSaek- 
ville [48-9 ], and, ... for the use of the Resident at Poonah, a very large map now compil- 
ing by myself; ...besides these, I have very lately received orders from. ..the Commander- 
in-Chief 1 to copy and send up no less than eight maps, one of which contains the dominions of 
Eolkar, Sciiidia, und the Berar Rtiju. ; another of these I inn ordered to compile from the 
papers sent round from Madras and Bombay ; added go the documents that may be found in 
this office, this will extend from the H.urdwar to t.ho Xi/.am's frontier, and from Chitagong to 
the Great Desert. 

I have had a good deal of work of the kind.. .pa 
GoLioral, yet. never. ..con Id ever make it correct 01 
the general contradictory, an satis factory, and i 
e maps, for instance, I have observed s 



mumerable rivulets are laid dow 



through my hands before I was Surveyor 
o be depended upon ; this arises from 
down work. In 
each other, and 



infinite number of squares 



e lo the establishment for the translation of the j 



1 compilation... ( having i 

:■■ print, the jrvtvii. number of tv.u 



assi.2l-.ant. ), and the time of 
i of villages, etc., for several 

ish of Government to have 

, they shall be put in hand 

eerled on as fast as paper 



in others... where t 
upon the n 
Were I e 

Still it wo aid take up rriy 
every one of oho .Do hi./:! r.-nin 
months. 

Notwithstanding these observations, ... should it still be the \ 
these maps reduced, and afterwards consolidated in one general on 
... (i.4 soon as my present, denvi'id- luive been e.'-.-npilcd with, and pro 
can be procured, ... 1,0 i. I n> best of my ability 2 . 

At the end of 1814 the regulations for the office were ; 

The sum of 78 I, as by Regulations [ of '788 p, is appointed to defray the expense of the 
Establishment, but. as thai, is noo found suiTicieiii:-. there is n further sum of 310 allowed for 
Extra peoplo [ 272 ], as then; is mors; work required from our late conquests and acquisitions. ... 
The selection and ooooslu.^ the Draughtsmen and copier.? is entirely loft with the Surveyor 
General, and obey ace mil looked u;>on...a.s puljlie servants. ... 

Drawing paper, stationery. Instruments, Colours, &e., are drawn for in a Contingent Bill 

In spite, however, of this heavy work at headquarters, ready help was given to 
the field surveyors, either in the way of «m hellish ing a poorly drawn map with 
handsome lettering [76], or by giving practical assistance such as called for 
by Fleming [ 18 ] ; 

My Dear Charles, Not bein;; ab'o, even willi your kind a.sstee., to Procure the Proper kind 
of Paper for our Survey, and neither Schalcli or 1 being export at joining smaller sheets in 
a handsome way, ... will f you ] assist me by s-u fieri llc; one- of your people to join and send 
me up some. Our Plan is only lii fees ion;? and (i JTot: 1 broad, done Oil a scale of inches to 

a Mile 5 . 

Madras 

In Madras responsibility for general maps, as distinct from surveys, rested with 
the Chief Engineer until 1S04, though all surveyors hold jealously, so far as they 
could, to the maps they prepared from their own surveys. Thus the Captain of 
Guides held charge of all maps; prepared from his nil] ib.u.'y route surveys ; Mackenzie 
held to himself all the maps he made of the Nizam's Territories and of Mysore. 
GoMingharn held all maps required for the Revenue Board. 

In 1803 the Chief Engineer compiled a map of the 

Peninsula of India, from 1.1 ic iiOth degree of nor I h latitude to C.'aoe Cemovio. siievvinf; the posses- 
sions and colonies which be io need to the Governments 0fIY0n.ee and Holland at; the Commence- 
ment of the late war. S: : oIe 2U to iles 1.0 1 inch. Coloured. SI' >ws all d i~triet boundaries and 
names*. 

This is possibly "a map for the use of the Post Office", for which the Chief 
Engineer ashed that. Goirlingham should " assist me with such. ..Geographical 

■Lord Moira, also GG. 2 DRn. 143 ( 116 ), 23-1-15. 'Office rent, Rs. BO; writer, 50 ; followers, 44; 

draughtsman, 600 [I, 216. ::(:?. mo ]. 'from 8G. tkrieid I.; M;i.i;kfny.ie. fi : 1 :> l UDti. 131 (114); Carroll's 
Code (44, 45). 'BarfuaaporM -5-14; Dim. 138. 6 MEO. Map 11 ; MRIO. 145 ( 4 ), seals 27 m. to inch. 



Matcras 275 

information he may have in his possession" 1 - Goldingham certainly had more 
material at his disposal than the Chief Engineer, and by 1803 had completed a 
Map shewing the countries under Fort St. George, divided into Circuit* & Zillahs 2 for 
which Mackenzie had grudgingly passed him a "reduced copy of the Outward 
13c.umdsi.rv of Mysore". 

For two years from 1804 the Astronomer was made fully responsible for 
maps [ 290 ], and Warren took the opportunity to prepare a General Map of the 
Penimvla of India, which was acknowledged "as a creditable specimen of the 
abilities of U1.0 boys attached to the Surveying School" 3 . 

Before the start of the Mysore survey, Warren had compiled a map covering 
"the Mysore territories and neighbouring countries" 4 , which shows the march of 
the Grand Army under Harri-i [ 233 ] and routes of Colonel Close and of the 
Governor's wife, Lady Ciive. The descriptive memoir is dated 6th April 1800 ; 

The map constructed from Lieut. Emmitt's Survey ( which is the only actual one we have 
of those parts ) [I, 130 ] has also been consulted to aaewtain the course of the Toorobudra 
River [94-5], and the position of Anagoondy, Honelly.and other planes. ... The country about 
Panganore 6 in particular is scarcely known at all by any one of the people with whom I have 
conversed. ... 

When I first began to invest i pi ■.<; thai remote part of Mvsore, I found an immense 
unexplored tract before me, the most general outlines of which arc even now unknown to 
our best Geographers. Gom'uootta [ pi. 11 ], the head Cusbah of a district of some extent. 
... is not mentioned in any of the maps which I have yet met with. From the Revenue serv- 
ants employed in that quarter, no distinct information could be procured, and it was not 
without some difficulty that even among the Hircarrahs...any one of them could be found 
that has visited thai, part of the country". 

As the survey progressed, Mackenzie classed his maps under two heads ; 

1st. Those of the surveys committed immediately to my charge, ... into which nothing 
is introduced but what is actually surveyed by myself or my assistants. 

2nd. The other comprehensive general and particular maps which. ..have been required 
from me, and which are compiled, from such authorities as can ho procured, particularly those 
done at the expense of Government. ... In such cases the authorities are always given. 

I find it necessary to make this distinction, heeau-u"! there are people here ill-informed 
enough to believe that in my plan of survey the work of others may be used, which I have ever 
carefully avoided, except ins > T1 compilations of stenoral nature, where they are always noticed'. 

The maps ooverinc his first three years work in Mysore were submitted in 
1803 [ 103 ] and the full results in 1S07 and 1808 [ 111-12 ; pi. n ]. The general 
maps of the Ceded Districts survey were not completed till after Mackenzie's 
return from Java. 

Ho was not interested in preparing genera] gcoirrapk-i! maps of the peninsula, 
and considered this a task to be left rather to cartographers such as Arrowsmith. 
TTe kept his own staff fully at work on mapping his own surveys. 

From 1806 to 1810 responsibility for maps rested with the Quartermaster 
General 8 , who was particularly interested, not only in general maps for military 
purposes, hut a 1 so in mapping the surveys of the Miitary Institution. He had 
organized a drawing office of his own, and was most reluctant to close it down 
when Mackenzie was appointed Surveyor General; 

Lieutenant Kinsey was appointed to the particular duty of arranging and registering the 
...Materials collected by the Institution since the Commencement of their survey [ 120 ]. ... 
If these Topographical Materials, which have been particularly collected for Military 
purposes, shall be taken from the Quartermaster General's office, their loss will be deplored, 
as it will be impossible to copy them, whilst they can be of but inconsiderable, use to general 



The Arrangement of those materials was but an inferior part of the duty conducted by 
Lieutenant Kinsey; for he was likewise employed in separating and comparing the various 
Geographical materials which had been received, ... and a General Atlas of the Peninsula had 

been commenced 9 . 

>MPC. 12-10-02. SME.IO. H. 145 ( 1 ] ad. hv GoMragaam. 1-8-03. 8 BtPC. 8-4-08, a ib. 135 
f 30 | =Punaar.Tiru 57 K/Il. <HMS. 4(50 i Hit ), fi -5 -00. ; So J.:uuUi.n : l!l)n. (56. 7 -j 04. a Valentine 
V'-iuifcr ■ Q\i<"i' M«, ].-;,< from IsslO; SiJ. of India, 1S23-0. 'from QJ1G. 3-11-11) ; MMC. 29-1-11. 



\ 






27(i 



Maps 



Government ruled 
the appointment of Lieutenant Kinsey... unnecessary. — It has been deemed advisable to limit 
aa much as possible t!io survoying department in the Quarter Master General's office. One or 
two Draftsmen at most are... sulfide it for copying the routes and such particular information 
as may be required for the use of that office 1 . 

Mackenzie was most insistent that the Quartermaster General should not main- 
tain a rival drawing office to his own [ 301 ] ; 

The Quartermaster General complains of inconvenience arising to his duty; but I... 
submit... inconveniences which must arise in this Office. ..if any of the Geographical or 
Topographical maps of this Presidency are to be retained, or called for at, pleasure, for the 
purpose of being copied or inserted into such general preparations. ... By these prepara- 
tions I understand a general atlas on an extensive scale, ... which... is., .contrary to the spirit 
and orders of Government and the Court of Directors. ... The first idea of £ 
atlas of this kind at ■.■ i 1 i h 1' residency, so far as I know, originated with myself, and 
suggested in my letter of 18th October 1S0S | 102, 112 ]. 
This suggestion, made when submitting his final maps of Mysore, had been 
rejected ivy Uw Directors 8 . Mackenzie went on to urge 

that any Geographical compilation of this extensive nature properly forms ti material object 
of the Surveyor General's Department, ami will require particular discrimination of its materials 
and construction, and a clear knowledge of the authorities ...To place.. .the condensed 
results of the whole detailed surveys in the sole possession of another office would defeat 
the declared object of Government, and reduce the Surveyor General's office to a mere 
repository of the mutilated and worn-nut popors which hnvo already been used in other 
Offices 3 . 

Amongst the maps under dispute was one compiled by De Havilland who had 
written ; 

During the time of my being employed with tne llydetuhad force, in the hope of my appoint- 
ment being extended to the whole of the Deckan r 280 ], I collected a large quantity of Maps, 
sketches,- and other documents and materials for the construction of a General Map, at a very 
great labour ; and I afterwards bogan, and advanced, the compilation of a general map on a 
large scale 4 . 
Mackenzie records that this map, which 

appears to be still unfinished, consists of fi sections, commit! in;' each of them from 5 to 3 sheets, 
and appearing... to consist of a compilation on a large scale of the surveys carried, on for several 
years hack, not only in the Deckan, but thro' Mysore, and Malabar, as far south as the parallels 
of Chitwaj Tanjore. etc.. and which I presume was intended to include the Son thorn Provinces 
and ultimately the whole of the Deckan iu its most extended view 5 . 

Morison, who now took over from Mackenzie [ 299 ], agreed that De Havilland's 
map should remain with the Surveyor General, and 
that to transfer it back to the Quarter Master General would he to involve on this department 

an incalculable degree of trouble in preparing from old material* it compilation which has 
already been formed. ... 

There can, however, be no qiiswtioii on the propriety, nay the ncco.-i.-iity, of the Quarter- 
master General l.ieing possessed of a General Military Map of the countries which are occupied 
by the Madras Army, as well, as of those countries in which the army may be likely to act, 
but. ..a military ma;'.) on a scale much less extended. ... 

It will of course be one of the primary duties of this Office to construct a General Map of 
the Peninsula, ... and a copy of such a, map, ..would doubtless be of material use to the Quarter- 
master General'. 

Government agreed and ordered the preparation of a general trap, besides maps 
of the three military divisions on scale 8 miles to an inch 7 . These latter were 
delivered to the Council by the end of 1814, and Blacker immediately demanded 
copies for the ^narfcenaaster General 8 . Morison's reply was unhelpful ; 

A Genera] Map of the 1'eninsula was commence:! on. ..the orders of Govern meat. ... It has 
been completed as far as I. had authentic surveys to insert in it, and it's progress on the same 
principles will proceed as fast as further surveys are finished. To introduce; vagne and 

■ MMC. 29-1-11. ■ CD to M. 3-2-10 ( 2-t ) ; DDn. 43 (259). »MM0. 2-4V-U,fromSG. 29-3-11 { 12 >. 
Mb. 4-5-lC. s ib. 2 4-1 1 MRO. mn.1.1 r,iir> ; ;,'.-: ;>/■. ■■.-,; -If,,,.., rrfl.idki, f> Secti'ina, oae mimics. «ib. 14-5-11 
MRIO. 07 ( 8 I, Una of lb n do o? tan V of 21 s ; 12 m. to inch : Madras. 1SI4, bears Morison's initials 
' ib. 10-3-12, MRIO. 133 ( 32 ) ; 135 ( 32 ) ; 136 ( S ). » DDn. 142 ( 10 ), 20-3-15. 



uncertain inf<)Tiriri-!;io:l 
whole work. ... 

The maps of the divisions, 



filling up the e 



Lns blanks would, ... destroy t-h? character of the 



being of the aimi; goiior.U nature, were completed with the 
that have been collected, ...and although a considerable part, ...with the 
exception of Myeore and the Ceded Districts, is not altogether to be depended upon, they will, 
I believe, be found to answer the objects for which they were intended. 

The time at which you may...receive an authentic general map of the Peninsula will 
depend upon the progiess...in surveying the countries which are still unsurveyed, and, with 
respect to.. .copies of the Division Maps, ... should the Government direct the preparation of 
them, they will of course be furnished to you 1 [ 160, 292-3 ], 

Lambton's general map of the Southern Provinces of the Peninsula, 8 miles to 
an inch, submitted in December 1810 [244, pi. 17], was the first geographical map of 
any part of India to be based on scientific triangulation. It is a very clear and 
well-balanced map a3 regards physical features and place names, but shows no 
adminstrative partitions or boundaries 2 . His views about other maps, written 
about two years later, are worthy of record ; 

It is not my intention here to animadvert on the geography of the peninsula as we have 
had it handed to us in the printed maps. These, it is true, are enroneous, but, when we consider 
the materials from which they have been compiled, and the total impossibility of procuring 
better, we must allow that great credit is due to ffiose gen&JitaeB who have had the perseverance 
and industry to compile them. ... 

I only hope that the next maps of the Peninsula... should be constructed from other 
materials besides... in ilitii.ry marches and perambulators. These may do in the hands of a 
Quarter -Master General, who wants the ncfcisal dU;t-inces th:i.t. troops have to march, and not 
the distances reduced to chords of arcs ; nor does it matter to him whether the armies 
march on the surface of a spheroid or of a sphere, or on the flat. But, when such materials 
are intended for ideographical purposes, it becomes necessary to have the outlines, at least, 
of a general map on correct; principles, so that, the distances, however crooked or winding, 
may be adjusted and fitted to those laid down with accuracy. Under these limitations the 
materials furnished from military marches may he eminently useful 3 . 



Madras District Maps 

It was one of the duties of the Inspector of Revenue Surveys [ 1, 385, II, 139, 
rso ] to prepare all maps wanted by the Revenue Board and, before going on 
furlough, Goldiugham sent in, 

part of those I am now preparing ; ... the whole will be reduced to the same convenient scale, 
and bound up together with such further information respecting the Revenue, Population, 
Extent, &c, as may be useful. 

I had in view, after tho.se Ifips wei'o completed, the contraction of a set. on the same scale 
shewing each Zillah upon a separate Map ; ... also a separate Map of each Circuit ; but, being 
under the necessity of going home for a time oft account of my health, I shall not be able 
to complete this useful work 4 . 

The Board acknowledged thorn as being '"'executed in a style of superior neatness", 
and promised "to forward them to His Lordship's inspection" 6 . 

Besides preparing district maps from the work of the assistant revenue surveyors 
[ 150 ]> Warren compiled general maps of the peninsula for the Revenue and Judicial 
Departments, and for the : "Court of Suddur Adawlat", shewing district and collect- 
orate boundaries so far as they could he ascertained 3 . 

After the formation of the Surveyor General's office, regular district 
maps, tied down to Lambton's triangulation, were prepared under Ward's 
supervision for Taajore, Trichinopoly, Coinibatore, Madura, Tinnevelly, Ram- 
nad, Sivaganga, and Tondiman's Country ; all on the scalo of 4 miles to an 
inch [ 150-1 ] 7 . 

'DDn. 142 (22), 31-3-15. "MBIO. 145 ( 19 ), e 

M-i. ■:!■■■, ,-:n and (Joiii-ri ; pi. 17 i- talari limn 145 i i't }. a 
1818(294). *MEev Bd. 0-13-04. Mb., 31-12-04 
19-5-12. 



by Peter Lawient 
4 m. reduction. 
S MRC. 14-3 & 



: ; ib. ( 2 1,22 ), SGO. copies by 
Bellary, 17-11-12 ; .4s S. XII, 
11-4-10. ' 10 Cat. & MPC. 



Madras Drawing Office 

Before he left for Mysore Mackenzie had obtained a store room in Fort St. 
Georgo for his maps and charts, but on his return he had to make other arrange- 
ments, and pointed out 

the necessity of assigning some rooms lor L-iio preservation of the papers and charts of these 
surveys, as I had suggested and obtained in I7OT ; but their removal in consequence of the 
new arrangements of Quarters in the Fort having exposed them to damage hi my absence, 
since my arrival hero, for thou- security mid readier access it for the eoiivonier.ee of having the 
establishment under my jminedialo inspection. I hired n house. ...But, as the geographical 
materials would be exposed to risque in carriage over lire country, or in damp godowns 
here in my absence, I hope some room may be now conveniently assigned for their preser- 
vation. ..as a Geoarapli.ii: Depot, being i.u fact inclusive of materials extensively connected 
with the Geography of the Country in flenerai. as will as that of .Mysore, which is continually 



At the close of the Mysore survey in 1807 he wrote again ; 

The rooms which are at present occupied by me in the Fort Square, being in every- 
way inadequate for the- accommodation of toy establish] nciii. and of the records relating to 
the Survey, I hope that there will be no impropriety in requesting.. .a suitable office, or 
office rent, for the short period that may be farther required for the termination of my 
labours 2 . 

He was thereupon granted an allowance from the Board of Trade for the 
hire of a house as residence arid office. 

From 1808 to, whilst occupied in geographical, historical, and archaeological, 
research, and holding the sinecure post, of Barrack master , Mysore, he was allowed 
rooms in the Fort. Most of his surveyors were sent up the Ceded Districts, and a 
few draughtsmen were engaged. Ho writes to Hamilton in the Ceded Districts ; 

t.antwar's ilidiechh... lenders, ii neeessaiy tor him to leave the Survey for a time, & I have 
also occasion for him bore soon. Newman is itucolcd to join you, anil you will give him such 
instruction... in surveying, with the intent ton... of qualifying him better as a Draughtsman. ... 
You will employ him... .both in Surveying .t Drawing, & if he follows yonr own stile in the 
latter I shall be welt pleased. 

A Draftsman has been shewn to me who has been, some time at the Revenue Surveying 
School. I had some thouglils of employing him. but us you may know something of his ability 
for Drawing I will t hank you to acquaint me. II is name is Pereira. 11 , A as lie must h,ive attended 
the School while yon were there from 1SU7 to 1810, I wish to have your opinion. 

In July 1810, hoing called on to "furnish the Quarter Master General with a 
catalogue of all the geographical materials in my possession of a military nature", 
[ 291 ] Mackenzie asked 

that necessary time be allowed me for the purpose, as the ueeumn ration of the materials of the 
Mysore Survey, ... in consequence of their sodden removal in December last from the office 
assigned me in the Fort, ami the intermixture that tool; place in consequence of being crowded 
into rooms little adapted for a proper arrangement, ... has put it out of my power to comply 
with the several orders 1 have received since 1 12 1 h December 4 . 

Later, after appointment as Surveyor General ; 

I removed the public papers, documents, and instruments, of the Mysore and other surveys 
under my charge before the 1st January last to the house I then occupied. ... The rooms 
then pointed out to me were unfit for the purpose of placing them in safely, and of employ- 
ing the establishment of writers and draftsmen with any- convenience. ... 

In consequence of the former room? in the Port being occupied by ine, trie office rent recom- 
mended by the Board, of Pagds., 45 per m., of August 1 807, had ceased to be drawn, and as 
since 31st December last I have been obliged. ..to make use of the greatest part of the bouse 
I lately occupied, together with tents, as an office, ... 1 hone. ..that a proportionate office rent 
he nil owed me 5 . 

On this, he was allowed to draw 45 pagodas a month for giving up part of his resi- 
dence to the offico till his departure to Java [ 303 ]. 



■DDn. 41, 13-7-03. ! DDn. 43, 13-7-07. 'John Vietirino Pere 
18-12-10. * to Mil. Sue., 11-7-10; DDn, S3 (66). Ho Bd. of Trade, 
11-12-10. 



m [I, 



The Deccan & Malwa 



The Deccan or country of the south, covers the area contained between the 
Narbada and Kistna rivers and the Eastern and Western Ghats. In 1800 the 
northern areas were under the rule of the Maratha Itaja of Mugpur 1 , the western 
area under the Maratha Peshwa of Poona [ 49 n.2 ], and the remainder under the 
m.vMi-m- prince, the "Nizam of Hyderabad. 

Such' little knowledge as was available of the geography 01 uns vast central 
upland was contained in Mackenzie's map of the Nizam's Dominions [ I, 245 ], and 
Reynold's Map of Hindustani that was still in the making [ 282 ]. Rennell's earlier 
Map of Hindoostan gave but the vaguest information. 

The war against the Maratha. Confederacy that opened m ISO;; [j, 57] at once 
attracted attention to their country, and a map was published in London 

611 Seat of the. MalwaUa, War. A Map of the Mahrstta Countay, the Country of the Nizam, 
also of the Nabob of Oude. together with the British Possessions 1.1 the India North of the 
River Krishna . Founded on the authorities of RennelJ, Don, etc; ... the author trusts 
that from the Emendations he has made, the geography of this highly interesting region will 

tie UK easy to be understood ; ! * 'liar, of Kngland 2 . 

On a call from the Supreme Government, Reynolds prepared a Map covering 
nartofthe Deccan scale 8 miles to an inch, showing an area from Raroda to Poona 
and eastward to Burnanpur ; it contains notes on battles fought and the marches 
of troops during 1803 s . This information was later Improved upon by Johnson's 
map which incorporated the knowledge gained during Wellesley's compaigns, and 
was put together on the spot [165 }. 

Meanwhile; Colobroohe reported from Calcutta 

general map of ITindoostati and t.lio Dakhaii, extending frc" 



} forwardness, has since.. .been considerably an- 
r General Woilosley's Marches, and other materials 
; the laborious nature of the work f to which, owing b 



considerable progress L. ... - 

latitude 12° to 30° North, and from Longitude 72° to 89° East, winch will mclude all that 

is hitherto known of the Mahratta States 4 . 

A year later this map, 

which 1 reported... last year as being i 

proved by a survey of the Hon'ble Majoi 

lately procured, but such is the laborious 

official duties, I am unable to give all the time I could wish ) that it is yet far from b 

completed [ I^4 ]. A reduced GOpy of this map, to contain the Seat of the late and present 

war with the Mahrattas, is? likewise in Land 5 . 

It was not until August 1800, after peace had been signed, that he submitted 
this Map of the Seat of the late War in Hindoostan and the Bv.ci.nn, stretching from 
Hardwar to Seringapatam, etc., on a scale of 4J inches to a degree", and compris- 
ing "nearly the whole of my geographical labours since the commencement of the 

iate I W leavl to apologise for the length of time which has elapsed since this Map was first 

!, ( >„u.. and for the delay which has mi avoidably occurred m iini^huift the copy. 

It wa= intended at first merely to contain the Seat of the late War with the Mahratta 
Powers, but I found it necessary afterwards to include a much larger cvit-i.t ..1 Country, as 
well with a view to its affording the greater information, as to exhibit the New Possessions 
nf the Brit,sh Nation in India. The Province of Cuttaek, 111 j .articular, has been inserted 
from the late Surveys, and the Country to the Westward of Delhi, and along the Right Bank 
of the Jumna, Iras been laid down chiefly from Surveys taken since the commencement of the 

k, ' e ilave 'endeavoured to colour this Map so as to convey an idea of the extent and boundaries 
of the several States, but in doing this I have not been so particular as I could have wished 
for want of the nectary info mi at ion ; for instance, the (AumU-u- b.-l-igm*. »r paying tribute. 
to Dowlat Rao Scindia, to Holkar, and the Peishwa, on the North of the Taptee and Nnrbudda 
Rivers are so intermixed that 1 have not been able for the present to distinguish thorn by 



tor Eerar [23]. 
'B Wauah deaenbes 
ion. J DDn. 67 [ ; 



'Map by J. LirPhiian, 1st May ISO*. KM. K 1!.". ( 27 ). •■ MBIO. 122 ( 21 ) ; 
:,,"•('■;.,■ U,n> „f lh-. DukhitK.. W- to ir N. ; 7-1' to 76°K.aHombay office- 
5 ), 14-3-04. *ib. ( 363 ), 19-3-05. 



. 23-2-04 & ( 432 ), 28-3-06. 



28(1 



Maps 



iverai petty Rajahships which inter 

ant of knowledge of their respectiv 



more than one colour, ...and the s 
Orissa, and Berar, I have from a 1 
by dark green. ... 

I am far from presuming to offer this Map as perfect of its kind, being conscious that it fa 
still very defective, and that it will require hereafter many corrections. I entreat the Govern- 
ment therefore to recoive it rather as a specimen of a more perfect work which I have begun, 
mid which is intended, when finished;, to include all India [281 ]'. 

The need for such a map is illustrated by a demand made several months 
before its completion by Colonel Wallace, commanding the troops in Berar ; 

The great want. ..of correct and minute Lieograph ieal information respecting Malwa and 
the tract immediately north of the Tapti and Berar has been. ..an evil of considerable 
public importance, from depriving me of the means of recognizing the situation of p!aces...to 
take the most effectual stops for the protection of the Territories of our allies the Soubah of 
the Deccan and Peishwa. Having, therefore, understood that Lieutenant Colonel Colebrooke 
...lately compiled a map, ...which is lodge in the Engineer's office in Calcutta, and contains 
much useful information regarding this country, ... [ 1 "j roquet... .a copy of this document 2 . 

Though Colehrooko's map was not ready, Wallace's needs were in part met by 
the work of De Havilland, who had pined from Madras in Julv 1805, and spent 
some months making surveys of the Berar and Khandesh border [133-4]. The 
suggestion that De Havilland should be put on special duty to survey and map the 
whole Decean could not he carried out, but he spent some time collecting materials, 
and made considerable progress in compiling the map that eventually reached the 
Surveyor General's office at "Madras [ 376 ]. 



Persia 

In 1805, whiJst collecting material for maps that were to illustrate his Treatise 
on the Comparative Geography of Western, Asia, Rennell made enquiries for the 
geographica.1 results of Malcolm's mission to Persia of 1800-1, and it was then 
found that the work of Webbe and Pope who had accompanied that mission [ I, 286 : 
H> !73 ] had. been put away amongst the records of the Madras Observatory 
without further action . At Maleolm 's request Warren employed Webbe to work up 
these sketches and astronomical observations into a map of the route from 
Bushire to Tehran, which was sent home to Rennell 3 [ 1, 375 ]. 

In 180S Malcolm was again deputed on a mission to Persia and, after his 
abortive start [ 173 ], he employed his officers on map making [ 131, 174 ] ; 

I had the highest reason to bo satisfied with the great industry and science of the officers 
of the Military Institution of this Presidency, who, under the Superintendence of Captain 
Goodfellowof the H.igineers. completed during my stay at Bombay a very la.rge and valuable 
map of the Western frontiers of India, Persia, and part of Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey 4 . 

Sir Thomas Hislop s notod later that a copy of this map "has by some means 
got into the hands of Map sellers at home, and has been published" 8 ". 

On his return from the successful mission of 1809-10, Malcolm kept Webbe at 
Bombay to prepare a map em bodying all the surveys made by officers of the mission 
through Sind, Baluchistan, Persia., and even to Baghdad [ 175-6 ]. 

The maps prepared by Sutherland on the Harford .'Jones mission during the 
same period were not brought back to India [ 176]. 

f, -, /,n .1 7 Ul '■ - 6 -'- (,n - af! -'"-< : - Mari " lS . !Si!3-L>0. "MiiH.tc of 15 1-16; MMC. 60L> 

( [816 ) :!y-3-l B-. 



;W 



CHAPTER XX 



MAPS ( Continued ) 

Maps of India :— Colebrooke — Reynolds - ■ - Arrowsmith. — Co-operation between 

Presidencies — Maps for Court of Directors C-iuslody &■ Distribution ■- - Bengal — 
Madras — Java. 

i 8 early as 1796 Colebrooke had "made considerable progress In the construc- 
/\ fcion of a new General Map of India" [ I, 220 ; II, 58 ], for which he consulted 
- 1 -*- Goldingharn regarding the longitudes of Calcutta and Madras [I, 180 J 1 . 
The compilation of this map was his own personal work; and was frequently 
interrupted by more urgent business, such as maps of local and topical interest 
[ 268-9, 279-80 j, and "owing to the very laborious nature of the work, and the 
frequent corrections " 2 , it was still in hand in 1806. After Colebrooke's death 
Garstin reported that 

a very small progress can be made in the General Map, an. undertaking which... requires great 
Dare, study unci attention. Tho late Colonel Co lefcrooko... laboured so hard at this -work 
every hour that he was not actually employed in Surveying, that, lie thereby shortened his 
life. Although he lists made some progress in it, yet near two thirds of it remain unfinished, 
A period of three years will be the shortest that can be fixed for the completion, ...which 
will require much attention and hard labour out of Ofiiee Hours. ... 

As my predecessor... moat undoubtedly fell a Martyr to his seal for the advancement of 
science, and has left behind him a Widow and nine children, scantily provided for, I. ..propose 
...to use my best exertions at all spare times to complete the General M,.[> begun by him, ... 
to have it, published for the benefit of his Family 3 . 

He reported again ten months later 
that, the General Map now in "hand, is, from the great extent of country comprised in it, necess- 
arily eonstracted on a scale by far too small. ..for military purposes, being about 24 miles to 
an Inch*,:- and containing only the eiti.es, largo towns, and principal places;. It will be a... 
valuable addition . to the public stock of Geographical knowledge, but is not sufficiently 
minute to become- an instrument of annoy anee 111 the hands of out enemies;'' [ -288-9]. 

The Directors refused to admit any private rights in the map 6 and Garstin 
had little time for such work. Crawford continued to add to it, reporting in 1814 
that Colebrooke had been 

employed on it far upwards of 15 years. He has now been dead for upwards of five, and two 
years previous to his demise' he was employed as a surveyor in the Upper Provinces, so that 
during the List 7 years there has not been any addition made to it. Since I. ..came into the 
office I have added the Upper or Northern part ; ... this is not as yet completely filled up 7 . 

. This is the last, record of any work on the map to which the Directors refer when 
giving reasons for establishing one single Surveyor General of India [ 286-7, 3»6 ] ; 

Subsequently to Lieut. Colonel Call's return to England, a general map of India was under- 
taken by the late Lieut. Colonel Colebrooke who...put together with great zeal and assiduity 
the best material procurable under the Bengal Presidency, and whose work of course must 
have superseded the map compiled by Lieut. Colonel Call. ... But although Lieut. Colonel 
Colebrooke's map may have been most authentic, and the best- performance of his time, it 
cannot be doubted tliat it was wanting in a considerable portion of information which 
existed under the oilier Presidencies*. 

■DDn. 61, 5-7-1800. ! BPC. 1S-9-06 ( 02 ) & DDn. SI ( 
4 ("V-lelir !,:>!{!• 111 17!ti> said it ivns oomeieinX'f! im scale 16 m. to i 
existing tla.t ai^lil- l«- Ck-bn >,..!«■'= is 1IISIO. f>4 { 461. 16 m. to i 
wcsl <,!' Piitnii ii:n! north oi' _M \ .-■ . ■ i . ■ . [iK'-hcir^ K^ilia^toii! - march to Pesha--' 
4-11-09. «CD to K.. 9-9-1 L'"{ifW). H)i)n. 143 ( 22 ), 7-1-14. "- ■ 



\ 



),■ 13-7-06. "BMC. 9-1-09 


(90 1 


i inch [ I, 2iO J. The only map nov. 




akeeta 


Pesha-war [ 6j-6 ]. 'Ulta. SI 


157) 


CD to B., 3-6-14 ( 5-6 ). 





■:.*■! 



Maps 



In 1820 Mackenzie, not finding Colebrooke's map in Calcutta, asked that a copy 

should, be sent out froin England 1 , but the Directors replied that 

no Map of India by the late Colonel Colebrooke has been deposited in our library. Having 
made application to Mr. Arrowsmith [285 ], according to Colonel McEenzia's suggestion, we 
are informed that lie lias no such din: anient. ... 

The map alluded to, being public property, ought therefore to have been found in the 
Surveyor General's Office. If not there, it has probably been withdrawn by General Garstin, 
to whom we desire that immediate application may bo made for its rest-oration. ... We desire 
that a copy of this map, in the state in which it was left, by Colonel Colebrooke, may be imme- 
diately tn in emitted to iis^. 

Blacker, who had succeeded as Surveyor General, wrongly reported that ho 
had found the map, giving its title as Map of the Seat of the late- War in Bindostan, 
which was quite another map [279]. His comments on these general maps are, 
however, worthy of record ; 

However valualde it might have proved in 1803-4, the date to which it refers, its merits 
now are questionable, or at all events not to be ascertained, as there is not to be found in this 
office the smallest Memorandum regarding its construction. ... 

A similar deficiency attends the eons tract, ion of Colonel Call's and .Major General Reynold's 
general maps, and of all maps of India, whether printed or manuscript, that I have ever heard 
of. since [.tic publication of Major Roimell's .Memoir [I, 214-5 ], 

It would be idle here to enlarge on the total unworthiness of confidence, as an official 
document, of any map which neglects or refuses to explain its construction [I, 225 ] 3 . These 
suspicions will be still further excited when gross errors arc delected in the positions of im- 
portant points which, being inseparable from Plans or Surveys not grounded on extensive 
I riariLiiilal.ion, necessarily attach to the above ■mcsritioiietl maps. 

P.S....I am fully convinced that the task of making a copy of Colonel Colebrooke's Map 
[ of the Seat of the late War ] will be only so much labour mis-spent, and I am therefore 
disposed to recommend that the original as it. stand may he sent Ijome 4 . 



Reynolds's Map of Hindustaun was on scale 9 inches to a degree 5 , and covered 
36 sheets [ 1, 219, II, pi. 3 ]. Its main purpose was to cover territories outside the 
Company's administration, and the greater part of its material was collected by 
Indian surveyors sent out for the purpose. Reynolds had been working on the map 
single-handed since 1795, and he had to explain in 1801 that he could not progress 
faster owing to the lack of officer assistants, and that, though ho had been offered 
the temporary loan of Moncrieff 's services, 

he may not arrive here till the middle of May, and that month will be nearly closed in all pro- 
bability before we can sett seriously to work together. The rains then commence, and often, 
from extreme dampness, render the paper too moist to be worked on 6 . 

Two years later l.lio itirocbors askod that work on the map 
should be brought to a speedy conclusion. From Colonel Reynolds' report of the 30th March 
1801 there is reason to suppose that the period of its completion cannot exceed 1802. Since 
the date of that report, we observe that two officer's, Lieutenants Dnimmond and Sutherland, 
have been appointed to his assistance 7 , but as several limited periods have been assigned for 
the termination of the work, all of which have been exceeded, we think it proper to direct that 
beyond the present year I SOS no further expmees be incurred 8 . 

Reynolds suggested that if tho Directors 
had an opportunity of inspecting the work itself, they would have extended a greater degrea 
of consideration towards me, and have given mo the necessary time to have perfected a work, 
carried on by their instructions, and with every exertion in my power. [ The estimate given ] 
ought not to have been taken up as positive limited time ; 1. could only speak, from conjecture 
...and it was not possible for me to foreseo that the country was to be overrun by 
iiostile armies, or that it was to be affected by the scourge of famine, which makes every village 



1 DD11. 145 ( 33 ), 7-1-9 
with all Survey of India maps. 

being 16, and Rennelr* 40-1, 
Sutherland, t'eb. 1802 ; Williau 



3 CD to B ,29-10-23 ( 27-32 ). Mleucc the. History Shifts now required 
*DDa. 204 (87), 11-8-24. *7-7 m. to an hid. ; Colehrooke's and Call's 

a. to an inch «DDn. 140 (49), 30h1-01. 'Dnimmond, June ISO 1 ; 

, Jan. 1803 [ 333 ]. 8 CD to Bo., 22-6-03 ( S ). 



Reynolds 



233 



■ completed excepting the Punjab and a 

reeoivo what oilier information J. may yet t 



an enemy to its neighbour, and renders the situation of the traveller in the highest degree 
precarious, and bis progress proportionately tedious 1 . 

It cannot be supposed that sueh a chaos as my mat trials formed, from being kept so long 
without assistance, could be all at once reduced to order, but every exertion has been made 
...by dividing the different departments among the Gentlemen attached to me, and.. .if 
these Gentlemen are continued with me, and not called off to perform other duties, 
the map will be completed by the end of nest year [ 1805 ]. When it is considered that the 
map wDl occupy a sheet of Nineteen or Twenty feet square [I, 219 ], I trust His Excellency 
will be convinced that nothing but the most unremitting application... could have brought so 
great a work in so short a time to its present forward state 2 . 

The Directors accepted the end of 1805 and directed that "two copies.. .be 
forwarded to us, one for the Court, and one for the Board of Commissioners for the 
affairs of India"*. 

In 1806 Koyiiolds reported that 

The conslmctiorj of the whole of it is ii' 
about Kutbaok, which will be left open t 
to procure. 

The construction of the Punjab and of the Country from Delhi e 
been made. The fortunate return just now of some of my Native Surveyors from that Country, 
bringing with them the whole of the information that was required for the full development 
of its Geography, requires much construction nocessary to introduce it. It is a matter of some 
importance... that this part of the Map should be rendered us perfect as possible. 
He asked that copies of various surveys should be sent to him from Bengal, and 
concludes ; 

There will still be sufficient room, I think, for the whole of the Punjab to be introduced 
into the fair Map before the Ships of the next season sail; and the Hon'ble the Court of 
Directors shall certainly receive the .Map by that opportunity 4 . 

The Directors accepted this further delay with forbearance ; 

In his letter of the 8th August last, Colonel Reynolds attributed to his ill state of Health 
the delay in forwarding the Map to us, which be expected would otherwise have been sent 
Home in February or March of the present year, but will now only be delivered in time to be 
forwarded by the Ships of next Season. 

We are much concerned at this further unexpected delay, and at the Cause assigned for 
the same ; but...we must consider it unavoidable. ... We expect that the Map, when finished, 
will be sent direct to the Court, and to them only 5 . 

At last, in January 1807, "Reynolds decided that the map was sufficiently ad- 
vanced to allow him to leave India, and he asked permission to carry the first copy 



j for the Board 

mediately on my depar- 
of a person. ..in whom I 

document behind me. 



home to the Directors himself, leaving Williams to complete 1 
of Control and the Supreme Government ; 

A copy...for the Board of Controul can be carried into effect ii 
ture, for. ..I shall be happy provided my papers are left in the hand 
can place the confidence that is necessary to leave every necessi 
excepting the map which is now preparing for the Court of Directors, which I propose to 
submit, to the inspection of this Government previous to my embarking. ... 

The orders.. .which for along period has deprived me of my extra allowances [I, 282 1 II, 325 ], 
did not...prevent me from continuing to employ my Native Surveyors. ... Several of these 
...have returned, and some of their information is inserted in the map now preparing for the 
Court of Directors. Much remains in the journals unextracted, which shall be added to it in 
England, and a copy of that information sent back to this country to be lodged in my succes- 
sor's office here 6 . 

The Governor and two of his Council "inspected the famous map ; 

Having this day assembled at the Surveyor General's office, and inspected Colonel Reynolds' 
Map : Ordered that it be noticed to the Hon'ble the Court, in communicating that Officer's 
return to England, that we have no doubt of this work being honored with the approbation 
of the Hon'ble Court of Directors, and doing credit to the ability and unwearied labour of 
Colonel Reynolds. ... 

Neither, when the very great scope of this unparalleled undertaking is considered, need 
...the time required on its completion excite surprize. The Main object for appreciation 

' from Reynolds, 10-3-04 ; Bo PC, 23-3-G4 ; DDn. 146 [ 6* ). ! DDn. 146 ( 2-4 ), 21-5--04. >«Im 

tailed Board of (..Vii-ml : ;,[.pi. !,v B-H.Mi C.ovl.: CI) to l.'.o. d Ml Of, ( t ). ■•Hutn-t, 14 2-0(3; BMC. 20-3-06 
{2). «CDfc>Bo.,8 3--06(73-5). 'Bombay, 11-1-07 ; Bo MG. 13-1-07. 



4 



\ 



■VlAl'S 



: ex-tended and 
actual Survey, 

by Colonel 
B information 



is whether the work be -well performed, as we trust will be admitted by the professional Judges, 
more competent... than we pretend to be ; and in that case Colonel Reynolds... will derive the... 
well earned reputation of exhibiting the first General Map of India, and of having achieved 

tho most enlarged mid iLimortaut Guuiiuiiiliiuyl undertaking ever, urobiibly, attempted bv one 

Reynolds did not forget that war with France extended to all the oceans, and 
that British ships were continually being captured on the high seas ; 

The Map and other GoogMplaenl Ptipers now proceed ing with me to Kviedand should not 
be allowed to fall into the hands of the Enemy, in the- event of the St. Vincent being 
obliged to submit to a Superior lA.irco in her voyage to England. I request you will procure 
tor me the Hon'ble the Governor in. Council's Sentiments w heUior, on such an event becom- 
ing unavoidable, it will not be proper for me to Sink the map find other Papers. The Original 
being left, here with my successor, Copies could be rasde again here 1 . 

The map reached England safely and was duly presented to the Directors, who 
expressed their warm appreciation ; 

There can be no doubt that a Map of the whole of Hindustan upon a man 
more cfvmproheusive jrale than any f.ha I- Ims been hitherto attempted, and from 
is. ..highly desirable, both in a Political and Military view, and the Map e: 
lieyn.oklj appears to he. frae.v.od in this manner. 

It is on a scale of .Extraordinary imagination, . 
than any work of the kind now extant, and from the Inspection that has been made of it here 
it is -generally acknowledged. ..to evince the most indefatigable research in acquiring materials, 
and great application and ability in compiling the map 3 . 

After Roynolds's departure Williams, who succeeded as Surveyor General, 
pushed on the copy for the Board of Control [ 283 n.3 ], and in November 1807 
asked for copies of tho latest Madras surveys, which were tactfully refused ; 

We beg to assure you of our ready disposition to meet every request, ... but there are 
reasons in tho present, case which prevent us from complying with your application. 

Tho only surveys of the territories under this Government winch, from their accuracy, ... 
are fit to be included in the compilation of a Cien-'ral Map of Ilindostan, are the survey of Mysore 
undertaken by Major Mitckerr/ae, and the General Survey under the Superintendence of Captain 
Lambton ; but, considering tho extraordinary pa ins... bestowed in the execution of these 
works, and the science. ..displayed in them, we deem it due to Major .Mackenzie and Captain 
Lambton that the result of their labours shall be submitted in the first instance to the 
Honorable Court of Directors. ... 

So survey of the Districts ceded by the JSizam has yet been made, and... scarcely any 
authentic materials have been obtained. ..of that part of the Territories of "Fort Saint George. 
... Wo are unwilling, by a communication of the imperfect materials which we possess, to 
incur the risk of impairing the general accuracy of the map 4 . 

In February 1808 another map compiled from material collected by Reynolds 
was sent home ; "a subsidiary though useful work, ... executed by Captain Williams 
and Captain Sutherland, ... exhibiting tho British territories subject to this Presi- 
dency"' 5 . 

After the copy for the Board of Control had been despatched to England, 
twenty sheets of another copy were sent to tho Supreme Government who asked 
for "the remaining 16 sheets still required to make up the full Map" [I, 219 ] 8 . Ap- 
parently these remaining sheets could not be copied until, in January 1812, 
Webbe and Sundt [ 157 ] were attached to the Bombay office for the purpose! 
In 1815 Williams obtained special authority to retain these draughtsmen "on 
their present allowances until the Maps are completed" 7 , and he set to work to 
revise the whole map from the latest material ; 

I am under orders to complete the General Map, of which a part was sent to Calcutta for 
the use of the Supreme Government in February 1809, but the pressure of the other duties... 
has prevented my going on with it, and I had lately determined to construct from the material 
left in my hands by Colonel Reynolds, and the others eolleeted by myself, a new general map 
of India., .in place of completing [that] which would be a less perfect performance. ... 

1 Bo BIO., 27-1-07. Mb. 13-2-07. 'CD to Bo., 7-9-08 (9). a MMC. 2-1-08 *Bo to CD 
20-2-08. 'IS Pol C, 9-1-10 ( 7S ) ; IS si:cet= W. of Delhi, \. of Uwalior, mr ; lu.k,. tr i-,c.,-v, <) inches to degree 

■ ■ ■ "4 ( 29 ); see also ib. 85 ( 1,7, 8). ; BMC, S-4-lo { T ) Ml'uo'. 

n by Webbe after 181-1, scale 18 niches to degree. 



:■ < ZV 



Reynolds 



■.■^r> 



The materials left. ..by General Reynolds are competent to the formation of a General 
Map of India on a Scale of extraordirmry magnitude, such us that officer gave in to the 
Hon'ble the Court of Directors, but. ..many of them quite unintelligible to any person but 
If ; ... most of them are only to be selected, and much to be rejected 1 . 



:i the s 



namely 9 inches to a degree, 

.Like that original It indicates 

end Karachoc Bunder, hiast 

of my judgement it will take 



I thought it advisable to draw this map o 
and that the execution should also be as nearly a 
Kashmir and Comorin, North and South, and < 
and West. The dimensions are 22 feet by 17, and t. 
about 12 months to complete 3 [ pi. 15]. 

This map was not completed until .1821, shortly bot'oro Williams retired, and it 
was despatched to Calcutta by ship in July 3 . Hodgson, who had just been appoin- 
ted Surveyor General made the following report on it ; 

I have carefully examined and compared it with snaps constructed from more recent and 
correct surveys which have, since the completion of General Reynolds' work, been carried on 
with accuracy and success by the officer* of the three P residencies. ... 

However highly, ... Oenora.1 Reynold!;' Tr-.a;> waa e:;t minted thirteen ven.rs ago, it loses its 
value when compared with those more recently eotissti' acted and published, and will still more 
do so when those now oompilmsr are completed. ... The map. ..is not the fruit of General 
Reynolds alone, but of.. .the officer* of the three Presidencies. ... 

It is composed of several sheets joined together and forming a whole of about 23 feet by 18. 
Its scale, which probably was intended to be 8 4 , is 7.6 miles to an inch, as nearly as can be 
measured and estimated. This scale is inconveniently large for general purposes in a map 
which is not most rigidly correct and well filled up, and too snutll for particular purposes. 

The execution of the writing and printing of the Bombay map is creditable to Mr. Webb, 
an assistant Surveyor of the Madras Kstabhshment [ ry6, 352 ]. 

Attached to his" report Hodgson gave a table comparing fcbe distances between 
principal places on Reynolds's map with those given by Lambton's "accurate 
Trigonometrical Survey" 6 . 

Though Reynolds's map was of little value as a general map of India, there 
•were many portions of it that remained the best authority for many years to come, 
and the many separate original protractions that were preserved at Bombay 6 
provided material that was of the utmost value. Of tlni.se the following apprecia- 
tion was written by Jopp, Deputy Surveyor General, Bombay, in 1832 ; 

With few exceptions all these maps are the work of Colonel 0. Reynolds himself, or... 
improved by subsequent additions and corrections by Colons] Williams, and embrace, not only 
the whole of this Presidency, Cutch. and t.lie country near the Indus, but many of the Bengal 
and Jl sulfas Province, the Kingdom of Oude, and Central India. 

It would be arrogance in me to pass judgement on the works of so eminent a geographer 
a3 General Reynolds. A comparison of his map.-; with regular surveys since made best prove 
their value, and the wonderful accuracy of the positions of the principal places as laid down 
by him. Little indeed is wanting but trigonometrical points to render all his papers of the 
most valuable description, particularly in those parts where it may not be judged expedient 
to push our regular surveys'. 



% 



Akeowsmith 8 

The most important map published after Rennell's Map of Hindoostan of 1793 
was Arrowsuiilh's Map of Hindustan, published in ISO), in six sheets 9 [ 287 ]. It 
was in considerable demand, as it was on a larger scale than llenneirs, and contained 
some later material, and in 1814 the Surveyor General charged for " 
Copy of Arrowsmith's Map of India, purchased for the Governor General. Rs. ■ 
It was however far from accurate. It? view of the N.W. Himalaya was very 
wild; nothing like so good as Wilford's [1,234]. White writes from Delhi in 1808; 

iBaroche, 3-2-16; Bo MC., 3-5-1S. 'Broaoh, 17-4-15 ; B PoL C, 23-5-15 ( 19 ). 'DDn. 191 

( 'Uj 1 ''0-7-21 & ]<JS ■■' l-:i i. <!-3 23. *Notso; it was intended to ho 9 inches to a degree. s DDn. 
196(90) 18-0-21. 'See list. Bo MC, vnh i-fi/lSS) MSli-f>7); til. 1". h trkn hnm MRIO. 124 ( 7 ), 
scale 12 in. to inch, reduced in 1818 fruits Re- velds' map. 'DDn. 2;\:> ( 20 I, 3-5-32. s An con Arrow- 
smith senr. ( 1750-182:5 ) : DNB ; st.u-toel \v,rk ■■vith F.ieien [I,;v.>ol; w,cd. by nephew John ( 1790- 
JS-nj- m-B. 'MRIO. 97 A, discoloured an-l illegible;. ">D.Dii. 131 ( 73 ), 22-6-14. 



2SG 



Maps 



Arrowsmitli's map, so much admired for its execution, though published us late as 1804 is, 
in my opinion, far inferior to Rennoll's, and with respect- to the country west of Delhi shame- 
fully inaccurate 1 . 

A more dei. ailed critical exami nation was made by Peter Grant whilst surveying 
Gorakhpur during 1818-9, and it is obvious that a European geographer had no 
chance of producing an accurate map so long as wide areas remained unsurveyed. 

Thorn's Memoir of the. War in India, 1803-06, published in 1818, contains an 
interesting map on scale about 50 miles to an inch, and TTorsburglrs East India 
Register and Directory Cor IS I -3 contains a map, scale about 200 miles to an inch, 
specially engraved "from the latest authorities''., that still shows the upper Ganges 
sweeping westwards through Ladakh 2 . 



Co-opeeation" Between Presidencies 

It had long been laid down by the Directors that copies of all surveys should 
be sent home to them at the first opportunity, and it was only after this had been 
done that copies should be made for the Supreme Government [ I, 250-3 ; II 271 ]. 

The Directors agreed that there might be formal exchange of geographical 
information between Madras and Bengal 3 [ 1, 254, 255-6 ], but definitely forbade Rey- 
nolds to incorporate the won; of other surveyors into his gonoral map [ I, 218 ]. 
In spite of this Reynolds still persisted in demanding copies of Bengal surveys 
[ 1, 255 ] and was much aggrieved at not having been sent a copy of Blunt's survey 
of 1795 [ I, 59-60 ], a survey that 

had been paid for by Government, and whs actually lodged as a public paper in the Surveyor 
General's office at Calcutta. This survey has boon kept From me with the utmost persever- 
ance ; I do not know any public reason thai, can bo assigned for it, and, if any of private nature 
exist, ... it ought not to be allowed to operate to the prejudice of the public service, as the 
reason for which I wish to possess it is.. .to render my work more efficient and useful to 
Government. ... 

It can operate in no way to the injury of Mr. Blunt. He has received his reward from 
Government, and the tribute of approbation from the public, in having his journal... pub- 
lished in the Asiatic Researches for. 1800. ... The survey is already known to be Mr. Blunt's, 
and altho 1 it should be inserted in my map, ... the credit of it from its publicity must still 
remain bis. ... It, is not from any private motive that .1. make this request 4 . 

Colebrooke responded cordially ; 

I do myself the pleasure of transmitting to you a Copy of Captain Blunt's Survey. ... 
As I am desired to transmit the accompanying Plans to you direct, a correspondence will 
now, I hope, be opened between us which may tend greatly to facilitate iho completion of our 
respective Labours. You shall certainly have Copies of Captain Mount's Surveys of Kohii- 

You were so good as to mention also that, you would send mo, before yon leave the Countrv, 
a Copy of your General Map, which would be a most desirable acquisition, and as it js not 
possible that I can leave tho Country so soon as you propose doing, it is impossible that any 
undue advantage of the Work, in the way of Publication, could be taken. Besides, I should 
be particularly careful that, the Government only should bcjiofil bv so valuable a Work. 

In this case 1" should consider it but fair to &,:nd you, in return, a Copy of my General Map, 
which will include, whan finished, all that We loiow of the Dekkun and Countries South of the 
Ganges [ 27a ]°. 

From this time there was a free exchange of material between Colebrooko and 
Reynolds, though each persisted with his own general map of India, a duplication 
of effort that was the main reason for the Directors establishing a single Surveyor 
General for all India [ 281, 306 ] 6 ; 

At each of the other P resiliencies there was also a Surveyor General, carrying on his separate 
undertaking, and pursuing his own particular geographical plan. 



IS. 511 ( 676 |. 3 cf. bhu ec-uormis views (iwcsaurl bv Mackenzie 
'3 ; BoMC.,_25-10-0S. 5 DDn. (17 ( 4fi0 !, i-l-i-04. 'See also 
"13 ( 8 ) ; also Report by Col. Dickens, 1864. 



a GG., 1829 ; DDn. 



Co-operations Between Presidencies 



1^7 



The parti aditv wl:k'li these officers would i'ool for choir own performances, and tho prospect 
which might possibly be entertained of future advantage from them, would naturally render 
them averse to furnish information to a rival map. Wo arc not without experience of our 
own orders having foiled in procuring information of tins nature when we applied for it. 

The consequence had been that, of the great sums bestowed, and the vast quantity of 
information procured in the shape of maps, plans, surveys, Routes, Itineraries and Marches, 
a very inadequate proportion has been aiTisn sod and digested into any one general map of 

It was therefore ord.ered that tlin new Surveyor General of India should alone be 
responsible for assembling the surveys of all three Presidencies into one general 
map of India. He was 

not to conduct surveys himself, but to receive and appreciate the surveys made by others, to 
arrange the materials existing, or which may hertjLifrjsr bo procured and, after selecting the best 
and reducing them to one uniform scale, to frame. ..maps of provinces or of divisions com- 
prehending a certain extent in latitude and longitude. These to be constructed on a large scale 
with all practicable detail, find to be accompanied with a Meiiiuir explaining the authorities 
and the construction of the work. 

A general map of Indus, to bo oarriod on at the same time, of which tho foregoing separate 
maps will constitute the foundation, but reduced to a scale which may confine the goneral map 
within inan.'i.gouble limits. 

These maps from the continual acquisition of ad.d.itioua! mid more correct information 
w,!] bo alw a-ys, in a- progressive state- of improvement 3 . 

It was a long time before this policy was put into practice [9] and it was 
completely ignored in Bombay wiv-re Williams continued to work on Reynold's 
map [ 284-5 ] ■ Eventually the Directors transferred all responsibility for tho general 
Atlas of India to their own geographer in London [ inf. ]. 



Mats iron the Court or Dieectobs 

Though the Surveyor General sent home an annual bst of the surveys he had 
copied for the Directors, they were continually calling impatiently for some parti- 
cular survey that interested them, or for copies or even originals of ail fieldbooks 
and journals [ 219-20 ] 3 . It was one of the first duties of the new Surveyor General 
of India . 

to furnish us with copies of thorn periodically by means of his draughtsmen, accompanied 
with a memoir or journal of bis proceedings, explaining from time to time the improve- 
ments he may have been able to introduce into the .maps' 1 [sup. ]. 

In refusing to help Williams with copies of their surveys [ 284 ], the Madras 
Government rightly expressed the official policy , 

that the national object of obtaining a correet, knowledge of the Geography of the British 
Possessions in the East will bo best aceoinplisbei] liy r.lie GeoyrajjUdfal rnaisrials at the three 
'Presidencies being separately transmitted lo the Honorable Court of Directors for the purpose 
of being formed info a general roup by the Geographer of the Honorable Company 5 . 

The geographer favoured by the Directors at litis period was Aaron Arrowsmith, 
who produced his first map of India, in 1804 [ 285-6 ], and his second in 1816. On 
his death in 1823, the new Atlas of India was entrusted to John Walker. 



Custody & Distribution of Maps ; Bengal 

Various rules wore issued from time to time to prevent senior officials and 
military commanders taking private possession of maps and surveys prepared 
under their official orders at Government expense [ I, 250-r, 256 ; II, 294 ], arid to 
prevent such maps from IjetngpubhsJied for private profit in England. We are told 
tha,t even as late as 1806 an ''officer of Bengal Infantry was shipwrecked on the 



l-6-05( 32-3 )& 15- 



Mb. 3-6-14 (SO). 



2SS 



Maps 



voyage home, losing a moderate fortune, ... and valuable plans, routes, etc., collec- 
ted during a long service" 1 . 

Inconvenience was undoubtedly caused, by the stringent rule that a field surveyor 
should give no copy of his work to local civil or military officers without the pre- 
vious orders of Government [ 289 ]. Sackville made himself very unpopular with 
the military commander in Bu.mielkhand on this account ; 

From the close pi.ir.iuit, also from the route Uikon by the Marauders, I hope they have not 
done much mischief in the British Territories, but as I have not either Maps or Sketch to 
■ - : ■. :ia\ I ciu:^t rely upon the h.formi'.r ion of iu v i-Iur: ai'lvlU.-. [ I . .h^, 2^ii - IT, 167 ]. 

The Officer Surveying the Province does not in any degree consider himself under the 
control of the Officer Commanding the District. I am not therefore at liberty to apply to 
him for a Sketch of the Country, the obhuirinq of which would doubtless greatly assist me 
whenever occasion requires the movement- of a detachment. 

The Political Agent was sympathetic and. helpful ; 

I am in the- same predicament that you tiro wash respect to the inconvenience hourly ex- 
perienced by the want of a Map of the Province. 1" have, however, applied both publicly and 
privately to the Acting purvey or, Lieutenant Sackville, for a Copy of his Si.a.'vey, which that 
officer has promised to supply as far as finished. 

The necessity of your having the most accurate Map that is procurable is so obvious that 
I have no doubt but that an application to the Surveyor General would immediately procure 
his Order to Lieutenant Sa.chville to furnish you with the most complele that his materials 
enable him to supply. 

After some delay the necessary authority was obtained, and Sackville was able to 
oblige 3 . 

Alarmed by Napoleon's threat to invade India, the Directors sent out a long 
series of orders during 1809 providing for the most rigid control and security of 
maps and surveys ; 

During the Pablie circumstances of the present time, ... no publication of Maps of India 
can on any acceuuh v.-l'ii + evc-r be aui.lKMr/.ed,.. where ibe iSi.uvuvs have been made at the Com- 
pany's Expense, cud vrbej:. they are represented to be a scale sufficiently large to render them 
useful for Military Purposes 3 . 

Considering it of the utmost importance that, the Geographical and Topographical informa- 
tion regarding India. ..should bo preserved exclusively lor the benefit <>f the Company and the 
British nation, and having reason to apprehend thai. ...many va I. an file surveys, plans, etc., 
have got into improper bonds, we direct that 1,1 10 fohowiug regular ions. ..be in future attended to. 

The Office of the raurvoyor Gnnera! being at the Presidency, it does not appear necessary 
that Copies of Surveys. ..should be made for the individual use of the Members of Council 
Commander-in-Chief, or any others resident at- Calcutta. When such papers are required by 
the Governor General... or Commander- in-Chief, the Surveyor General should attend with them. 
If they are required to be left, they are to be secured under Lock and Key, and remain in 
custody of Vae Secretary to Government, or the Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief, who 
s to be responsible that :io copies or cm tracts should I '0 made, from them ; they are to be returned 



with the loast, 
When Copi 

General, such 

General is—noi 

by the G< 
When 

cai'dci'lia 









o the Smveyor General's Office. 

e ordered by the Governor Genera! and Council, or by the Governor 
copies are Lo bo ruade in 'lie i-hirveyor General's Office only. The Survevor 
to suffer any copies of Papers in his Office; to be made, except those ordered 
r General. ... 

i ordered by Government for officers Commanding Detachments upon 
.a receipt...!:! I.o bo given io the Surveyor Ceueral. with a decoration 
that the papers will be kept secret, and no copies be taken of them. When the sendee is 
finished, they are to be returned to the Surveyor General's Office. 

AH Surveys, Haps, &c., now in the possession of the different Offices or Heads of Depart- 
ments, should be called in forthwith, and lodged in the Surveyor General's Office, and. ..no 
copies. ..on any account retained. ... 

We have been informed that a Survey of the Country from Persia through Kandahar, 
Kaubul, to Hindustan was taken on a Freiieh Agent in the Punjaub. If such paper does 
exist, it is very desirnble that it should be forwarded to Europe. It is most likely that it 
will be found at your Presidency*. 

In circulating these orders to his surveyors the Surveyor General added, 

'■BIMO. HI (2], a B Pol C. 19-6-07 (2|. S CD to B, 21^r-09 ( Q2 ). "ih. 31-5 
SI ( 177 ) ; also Ch. 65 CarroW* Code. 



: DItn. 



Custody & Distribution of Maps ; Bengal 289 

as a standing regulation, that, together with thss maps, plans, ami Field Hooks, ail surveyors 
are to give in n. declaration t.h;it they hn.vo not rota.ined or. given copies of any of the papers 
rehiring Co their surveys [I, 262 J 1 , 

A subsequent order allowed the postponement of tins declaration till after the 
completion of the survey, lest "the entire loss of the survey might be hazarded by 
the loss of the. copy dispatched " 2 [ 218 ]. 

A few months later I. ho Directors? wrote again ; 

It Is.. .become an object of importance to prevent. ..our declared Enemies, or any indivi- 
duals disaffected to our Government,, from obt attune" vain u ble mf a'mation touching the Geo- 
grapivy of British India, or any of the countries belonging to tin: neighbouring Princes or 
States of Bindostan. 

With this view we, in our letter of 31st "May 1.S00, gave you some drreotifflas, ... But as 
this may probably 00 eon-adored by you as Extending only to original Surveys... Executed 
under your immediate directions, we, ..direct that sill Copies, sis well as Originals, of any Geo- 
graphical or '!.'<■..] iiiji;r>L-['ilLi;;iil Surveys corneal nice ted from other I' rc.-adet)etes...be immediately... 
lodged in the Surveyor General's Office. ... 

From the tenor of these orders it will be suino.ient.ly understood that we attach a high 
responsibility to the Office of Surveyor Genera!, not only in. relation to his own conduct, but 
to si. strict. Superintendence over all persons employed in ins Department 3 . 

These ordors wore firmly administered by the successive Surveyor Generals for 
many years. Gars tin writes to Whit e [ 62-4 ] ; 

When yon see Colonel Oohtorlooy, or write to him, be so good as to inform him I made a 
public application for permission to furnish him with copies of your surveys, and that now 
the Governor General is returned I expert it. will be decide:! on. ... Yon must be careful on 
no account to give the smallest drawing without permission of Government. The Court of 
Directors hsive in the strongest, possible I onus repented their orders on the subject 1 . 

and to Sackville ; 

I have stood firm between you and Evil, and it was you who placed me in the gap. ... 
The regulations, ...in the most positive terms, forbid all surveyors from retaining in their 
possession any map, sketch, Field Book, or other document vvha.isoover. concerning any survey 
upon which they may have been employed. Mr. D — ought not to have applied to you for 
the Survey of the Batik of the Jumna, and when he did so he should have been referred to 
this office for it. ... Had Government adverted to the orders, in all probability they would 
either have reprimanded you severely, or directed your recall*. 

and to Macartney ; 

I shall be very glad to have the maps you promise sis soon as conveu ient, as it is a desidera- 
tum in Leadenhall Steet B . The Court of Directors seem very jealous of foreign influence, and 
have directed the most positive orders. ..to prevent any Geographical pipers being kept, or 
given to any person whatsoever, inn excepting the Governor General or Commander-in-Chief. 
If, therefore, you have given any copies to Mr. Elphinstone or others, it will be proper to 
request, of him, or them, to return such papers. 

I now transmit an extract of the orders, ...which have been re i teratoid in still stronger 
terms. I daresay, v.-hou they liejir of these particular orders, they will deliver up any surveys 
they may have received 7 . 
and to Morrieson ; 

You did right to give Colonel Mariindalo the papers he required. As your immediate 
Commanding Officer, it would have been improper to have refused, but you should apply to him 
for every paper he received, for neither has he, or any other person, not even the Commander- 
iu Chief, a right to i;eep eO'Ssessiou of si -:anc!o document.- roiating lo surveys. ... Too orders 
from Home arc so peremptory on that heart, no one must be permitted to disobey them. You 
will therefore write publicly to him, and request the whole may be roturnort to this office 8 . 

In a further letter the Directors extended these precautions to "all marine and 
nautical surveys", that they might "be exclusively appropriated to the rise and 
benefit of the Company and the British Nation" 9 . 

Crawford was much disturbed to find th-at White had been sending compil- 
ations of his surveys direct to the Governor General's Military Secretary, and he 
had the following orders issued ; 

>DDn. 81 ( 182 ), 28-12-09. a DDn. 82 ( 51 ), 2-1-10. B CD to 
31-i-lO. 1 ib. { LSI ), 1-0-10. 'India House, London. 'I>Drt. ' 

15-7-10. 'CD to B. 25-7-10 ; DDn. 90 ( 6 ). 



Map. 



Upon a Surveyor being called Upon by order of the Governor General to furnish his Maps, 
Plans, or Routes, he is to forward thorn direct, to His Lordship's Military or Private Secretary, 
as the ease may be, but in all other eases a Surveyor is required to send in his Maps. ..direct 
to the Surveyor General, his immediate) Commanding Officer, for the purpose, if necessary, of 
their being thro' him Said before Government 1 . 

In 1813 a classified catalogue of all map*, charts, and plans, held by the Sur- 
veyor General was distribute to all departments, with a note that, 

When any of these are wanted, say for instance by a Magistrate of a District, he applies 
to Government, and the Chief Soerotary is then requested to write to the Surveyor General, 
ordering such a map 3 . 



Custody & Distribution op Maps; Made as 

For want of a Surveyor General, policy at Madras regarding custody of maps 
and surveys was continually changing. Responsibility first rested with the Chief 
Engineer [I, 256:11,274]. In 1804 the Co.tmnander-in- Chief proposed that it should 
be transferred to the Quartermaster General, but Government preferred the Astro- 
nomer, or Inspector of Revenue Surveys [275 ], and referred the matter home. 
The Directors ordored transfer to the Quartermaster General, who took over charge 
in December 1806, only to surrender it to the Surveyor Genera] from 1st December 
1810 [299, 301 ]. 

In his minute of 1804 [ 123-4 ] tne Commander-in-Chief wrote ; 

The principal defect is the want of a particular Office for the record of Surveys. To this 
want may be ascribed, in a certain measure, the imperfect state of tho Geographical knowledge 
of the Peninsula. ... Surveys which the Individual zeal of Offi cure... prod need, were dispersed 
and lost from the want of a System of regular record. Surveys of our Dominions constitute 
as important a part of the archives of the State as the records of past transactions, but more 
attention and Siwsnl ilie ku'iwleiiffe is requisite for their arrangement. ... 

There are two Offices which have occasionally been ern ployed in the arrangement of Surveys, 
those of the Chief Engineer and the Quarter Master General ; and the Commander-in-Chief is 
of the opinion. ..that the Office of the Quarter Master General may bo ostuibjished as the General 
repository of Geographical and Topographical surveys. ... The principal Surveyors, Majors 
Lambtonand Mackenzie, shall continue to transmit their Proceedings to the Secretary of 
Government, and receive their Orders from him ; their Surveys will be sent from the Secre- 
tary's Office to l Jus Quarter "Master General*. 

These proposals were referred to the Directors, together with the alternative 
of appointing a Surveyor General [ 124 ], and in the meantime charge of survey 
records was entrusted to tho Astronomer as " a person conversant with that 
branch of the service" [275]. In their letter of 30th July 1806 the Directors 
once more refusod to appoint a Surveyor General [ I, 264 ], and ordered that 
all surveys should bo placed under the Quartermaster General, on which General 
Cradock 4 , now Commander-in-Chief, put forward tho following rules ; 

First. That the Quarter Master General's Office shall be made the General repository of 
all Geographical and Topographical surveys of the territories depone! ant upon this Government ; 
mid that it shall be the duty of that Office to preserve these documents with the utmost 
care ; ... to construct them into General and provincial maps, and to supply such copies. ..as 
may be required by Government or the Commander-in-Chief. 

Secondly. That all maps. ..in any of the Public Offices... shall be furnished to the Quarter 
Master General, for the purpose of being transferred to his officii and deposited there, or of 
beiiiL r copied and returned. 

Third. That- all Officers employed upon survey shall transmit their surveys to the Quarter 
Master General, in order that they may be recorded in his Office, and shall obey such directions 
relative to their surveys as they shall receive.. .through. ..the Quarter Master General 5 . 

These rules wore approved by the Directors except that, as regards 

the second regulation, ... we think the latter part exceptionable. The multiplication of copies 
of works of this nature should be cautiously guarded against, for reasons too obvious to need 



Custody & Distribution of Maps ; Madras 291 

pointing out. ... This lias baea too little attended to. You will. ..direct that all maps, etc., in 
any of the other offices be transferror! occlusive!;- to that of (ho Qiwier Masi-sr General 1 . 

In this same letter the Directors .insisted that Mackenzie and I.ambton should 
be brought under the control of the Quartermaster General. They were ordered to 
hand over all their maps, and Mackenzie was prohibited "from retaining any copy 
of the materials. ..which arc exclusively the property of the public" 2 . 

Five months later this policy was reversed on General Hewett's recommenda- 
tion [ 298 ] ; Mackenzie was appointed Surveyor General, and it was ordered that 
the Quarter Master General will accordingly deliver over to the Surveyor General the whole 
Geographical materials specified in the General Order? of the 9th ultimo f 299 ], in which will 
be included all Reports and Memoirs from the Captains of the Guides. ..before December 1808, 
and all reports 00 the surveys which, since thai period, have been carried on tinder the Superin- 
tendence of the Quartet Master General [276 ]. ... 

In like manner the Kevenue Board will deliver over to the Surveyor General all Memoirs 
or Reports on the nature, progress, and present state, of surveys curried on under the Inspector 
of Revenue Surveys. ... 

The material-; and information connected with the Mysore Survey, and with that now 
carrying on in the Ceded Districts, being already in possession of Lieutenant Colonel Mackenzie, 
require only to "be handed over to the office of the Surveyor General 3 . 

The following month a committee was appointed at Mackenzie's request to 
examine and report on all this material, and there was mueli discussion with the 
Quarter master General, Valentine Blacker, who did his best to hold on to as 
much as possible [ 276 ]. Mackenzie replied with some warmth to Blacker's 
suggestion that he should give up all spare copies of his own surveys ; 

Such plans and copies as are in my possession resulting from my own labors, or from those 
of rny friends, are well known, and have been. ..at the disposal of all branches of this Govern- 
ment, for several years past. The Report of the Committee will shortly show the number... 
resulting from tin's Mysore Survey, the undoubted property of Government, and returns will 
soon be made of the leaser J. '.eductions. ... 

In regard to other maps executed by me since 1784 ( for to that date my signature appears 
in some) [I, 349], I shall. ..state the particular descriptions of those materials executed "by me, 
and under what MroiuBstaQoea they were done; but I beg to submit. ..the inconvenience of 
calling on office:'.? to furnish copies of sketches and plans undertaken from motives approved 
of at the time, and sometimes with no public expence, at the distance of from 11 to 21, and even 
26, years after they were ( and some of them voluntarily ) executed 1 . 

A decision was eventually reached which Government considered satisfactory to 
both parties, hut Blacker was somewhat aggrieved at having now to look to the 
Surveyor General for much that had formerly been his own responsibility. 

The heavy task of making a thorough examination of all these records was not 
completed when Mackenzie embarked for .lava [ 299 ], and he asked 
that sufficient time be allowed for examining this mass of materials. ... As it has taken 
upwards of 3 months to transfer the documents from the Office where the individual value 
of each must, of course, have been known, ... time v.-iii be requisite to arrange and distinguish 
the contents of upwards of 1,000 different charts, received in separate parcels for 3 months 
past, and with little... indication of their respective uses ; the authors' names, and even their 
scales, being sometimes wanting. 

The last part of these materials, bonis 257 Pkns from on? Office, and 14 boxes and cases... 
from another, the Marine Department, have only been in tiie ofli.ee since the 4th and 19th 
Instant, and to this moment it las been, found impracticable to arrange the whole 5 . ... 

Almiras 6 have been prepared for their reception and, tho' from the suddenness of my 
departure the arrangement of the charts I had proposed could not possibly he executed till 
after the inspection of the Committee, T have reason to thin!; Ilieir security wiil be attended 
to during my absence, so as to prevent any farther loss 7 . 

The orders of the Directors for the security of maps were strictly observed in 
the Madras Presidency just as in Bengal, and after examining Mackenzie's maps of 
Mysore, the Directors sent out further orders ; 

We shall wish the many materials furnished by Li. Colonel Mackenzie- to be used by our 
Government, and a set of his memoirs ought, with that view, to be lodged in some of the public 
iCDtoM. 9--8-09. °-T>Dn. 68 ( 189 ), 6-5-10. =MMC. 2-11-10. 'Letter of 19-1-11- MMC 
8-2-11. * Letter of 29-3-11 ; MMC. 2-1-11. « Bookshelves, or cupboard*. "MMC. 23-4-11. 



% 



L",^ 



departments, particularly that of the Revenue Board, together with the soot ions of his map 
which lie propeseji to form into an ii'Jas [ 102 ]. 

But, desirous as w tire- that the public at largo should have tho gratification, and himself 
the credit, which would result irons a pmeral knowledge of his work, we entertain considerable 
dotibts of the propriety of publishing it at this time ; ... therefore no copy of his map, or the 
division of it, further than for the public offices just mentioned, ought- to bo taken 1 . 
Mackenzie thereupon sent out orders to his surveyors in the Ceded Districts ; 

It had been always tlio practice, directed shiee the commencement of the survey of Mysore 
and the Ceded Districts, that no copies or extracts of any plans, or materials of the survey, 
should be retained or communicated without permission or order previously obtained ; and... 
orders have lately been sent me by Government, prohibiting any copies of materials belonging 
to this survey being neUnned, in consequence of the Hon. Court of Directors having excepted 
against the multiplication of maps and geographical materials 2 . 

So strictly was this order enforced, tiiat when Lamhton moved up to the Ceded 
Districts [245 ], reference had to be made to Government before ho was able to 
get any sketches of triangles or of the country from Mackenzie's surveyors. 
It was indeed a very iong time before the district Collectors could get copies of 
the survey, and Government replied to one request that, 

tho' it might be convenient for you to possess the Maps you have described., they cannot be 
essential to the efficient discharge of yom: pub] it functions, and that the express ordors of the 
Court of Directors, as well as obvious reasons of policy, forbid, the unnecessary multiplication 
of works of tUi-it nature 1 . 

Morison [ 299 ], hesitated to issue duplicate copies of the maps of the five mili- 
tary divisions 4 [ 160, 276-7 ] ; 

When the orders were given for Lire construction of those maps, it was intended that one 
copy should be placed in the hands of the Olticer Commanding, H nil (mother for the Depart- 
ment of the Qiitiruir .Masicr Genorah to bo distributed to the Quarter Masters of Brigade in 
each Division. But, ... respecting tho expediency of pre venting tho multiplication of copies of 
such geographical materials, ... the measure of furnishing Officers Cumin nulling the Division 
with the maps, ... excepting temporarily when field service may be carrying on, would be at 
variance with this order, and the Honorable toe Governor in Council may probably be of 
opinion that they should rather be deposited in this Office, subject, to be called for by the 
proper authority when required in Lime of War. It is not for me to judge of the use of such 
maps to Officers Commanding Divisions. ..in time of peace. ... 
1 There is. ..a heavy and direct responsibility attached to the Office of the Surveyor General 
for the prevention of documents of this nature being made public of falling into improper 
hands. ... Whilst, those are permanently removed from the Charge of this Department, it is 
evident that the seeroey and responsibility of the Surveyor General must become of no avail. ... 
Under the operation of the 5th Para, of the G.O, of Government, dated the 9th October 
"(810, the Quarter Cluster Genera] of the Army can, and docs continually, call for any plan 
or survey in my charge. These may be extracted from to any extent, and their contents 
transferred wholly, or in part, to other preparations ; and this must also tend to render nugatory 
the rules for the conduct of this Department. ... 

If the maps of the Divisions are not to be returned to this Oilier! to be held in readiness 
until required, I have particularly to recommend that none of the blanks may be filled up 
except by the Survey >r General, and that no Kxtruet^ of ony hind should lie made from them 5 . 

To this Government replied ; 

The Governor General entirely concurs with you in opinion with, respect to the inexpediency 
of extending the number of copies of Goopi-aphwial it inn-; rials : and cc.n.adors tlurt the custody 
and preparation of all information of that description should belong exclusively to your Office, 
ft has, however, been determined... to allow one map of each of the five .Military Divisions to 
be lodged at the Head Quarters of the Division — with the Commanding Officer and under his 
sole care and responsibility. 

That Officer will be responsible that no copies or extracts are made from it under any 
circumstances ; and ho will be careful, as well, to preserve it in the state in which he shall 
receive it, and to seen re if io such a manner as will prevent all access i.o If, unless in his presence, 
or with his immediate permission. ... It will he the duty 1 if each of t hose Officers, on being reli- 
eved, to procure a receipt from <i is successor, and to transmit it to the Government*. 

'CD, to M. 9-2-10; EIMC. Ill (329). ! DDn. i 

- Siirtliiini, St hi tli era, (>:"it.r;d, Mysore. Ceded Distric:;:. 
26-8-14 & 13-12-14. 



Custody & Distribution of Maps; Madras 



H| 



I'eiereiiei; litis alreadv heen made to the dispute bet wis mi Gtllospie, commanding 
the forces in Java, and Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor, regarding responsibility for 
maps and surveys [ 135-6 ]■ 

On the departure of the Governor General in November 1811, Mackenzie had 
been appointed President of a committee "to examine and Register the different 
Charts, Plans, and public records on the Island". A Dutch officer, Major Cornells, 
was placed in charge of local revenue surveyors tit Sama-rang, and prepared maps 
for the civil commissioners, sending "duplicates of the same, and of all other 
papers or plans. ..without delav to Batavia" [ 135 I 1 . 

Early in 18Vi Raffles found that various surveys were being carried on by the 
D.QJVI.G. and his officers without official orders from Government, and ordered that. 
all their work should be submitted to the civil government, and that no future 
surveys should ho started without his orders. To this Gillespio replied ; 

The Department of the Deputy Q.uarter Master General was constituted under no express 
limitations ; the duties of it were not particularly donned, and they were accordingly regu- 
lated conformably to the visu^is of the Service. ... Topography is a most important branch of 
Military Study, on which depends the actual security of our- Kst.ablishmeiit, and the few 
records found here were so imperfect and diffused as to be of little use for military purposes. 
Major Thorn early devoted his attention to the subject, and prepared such Documents as 
circumstances would admit. ... 

A separate Department where these- could Vie preserved and improved is not known here ; 
a Surveyor General's Office has never existed, and it would follow, if they were deposited 
amongst other records of Government or sent from the Island, the D.Q.M.G. would be crippled 
in performance of his duty. ... The Hon. the Lieutenant Governor is already in possession of 
some important plans ; further information can always be afforded, and future Surveys will 
only be carried on under the orders of Government 2 . 

This did not satisfy liafties, who quoted Uenaal regulations in which it was 
clearly and unequivocally defined. ..that the Topographical Surveys... shall be in charge of a 
separate Department, ... under the immediate eye of the Government. 

It being necessarv in the first instance to collect and collate the Surveys and Charts of the 
former Government, that duty has been executed under the Superintendence of Col. 
Mackenzie whose abilities and peculiar qualifications.. .rendered it unnecessary to establish 
any separata Office of a Surveyor General. 

Under the.. .recommendation of Col. Mackenzie some Topographical Surveys have been 
completed or undertaken, and an Office has been established... in which several of the 
Surveyors of the late Government are entertained, and. ..a review and classification of all 
the Surveys and Charts in the possession of Government, will be framed, and a distribution of 
them made to the several different Departments. ... 

It will then become a- matter of consideration what, arrangement^ may be necessary, after 
Cot. Mackenzie's departure, for the due care and preservation of such as are usually under the 
charge of a Surveyor General ; but it is in the meantime indispensably necessary that all 
Surveys whatever should be delivered to Govern merit, in order that. Col. Mackenzie's report- 
may be as complete and perfect as possible, and that Government may be enabled to judge 
what further Surveys or .Plans if may be... advisable to undertake. ... 

The Lieutenant Governor consider,-) the delivery to Government of the Surveys executed 
by Major Thorn to be absolutely indispensable, as well as every other that is known to exist 
in any Department of the Service. He has no wish whatever to withhold these documents 
from the Commander of the Forces, and would on no account retain those Routes and Surveys 
which appertain to the Q.M.C's Department. ... 

As it is the intention of Col. Mackenzie to return to India in the course of a week or ten 
days, the Lieu ten ant Governor considers, it to be of the first importance that no time should 
be lost in transinittine the Surveys, &c. ... Major Thorn... cannot he permitted to proceed to 
Europe without Slaving given the assurance, so strictly required, of his not, carrying with him 
Originals or Copies of Documents which are.. .for the public service alone 3 [ 287-8 ]. 

Thorn protested strongly against the suggestion (.ha!, he had withheld maps that 
should rightly have been submitted to Government, or that he had exceeded Ms. 
duties in taking up these surveys ; 

iJCor. 19-11-11. ■ Latter of 14-6-13. 'Letter of 26-8-13; ,JMC. 26-0-13(0.3). 



X 



1 



During my absence on service...an order was aent by the Lieutenant Governor to Lieut- 
enant Bayley, who was placed in the D.Q.M.G.'s Department in the interim, to deliver up a 
Chart of the Island of. Java-, which I had been at Ljrt-at pains to discover and to obtain from a 
Dutch Gentleman. ... This Chart, the property of a private- Gentleman, thus bargained for 
and found out by me, was iiithirul.lv considered as much private properly a.s a Map of England 
would be, in possession of an English Gentleman. 

hiVjuteiiaiil 1» ay 1 o y... re~no n~;v. rated... a peroie.pU.'iy order foliow&l ■ -it was complied with 
and the Map sent. My claims to it were not even treated with common politeness ; I might 
have been thanked for Hie trouble of finding it out, as in all likelihood it would never have been 
forthcoming had it not boon for my fortunate discovery. 

The want of any correct Or authentic Maps of Java made inc turn my attention to compile, 
in the best possible manner, a Chart or Military Sketch which, being founded on the best 
materials and carefully compared arid revised, might prove more satisfactory than any of the 
old imperfect Charts found here and there. I had the honor of presenting you [Gillespie] 
with the fruits of my labours... and, in obedience to your desire, one copy was transmitted 
to H.E. Sir George Nugent 1 , and one to the Hon. the Lieutenant GovcraoA 

(iillespie submitted Thorn's certificate that ho had not retained any geo- 
graphical papers, but had handed them in to the Commander of the Forces; 
the map already submitted to the Lieutenant Governor gave the the full results 

of the survey. Barrios was not satisfied, our! refilled that 

the principal object of this correspondence is net a.clvanced, viz., to place in the possession of 

Government all the Surveys which have hitherto been retained in the D.Q.M.G.'s Office, and 

{■.he. several Doeumentu connected thoiwith 3 . 

As Gillespie stubbornly refused to hand over the original documents. Raffles laid the 
whole correspondence before the Supreme Government |" 136 ]. remarking that he had 
every reason to believe that some Surveys. ..have been transmitted to England without 
proceeding through this Government, ...agreeably to the Regulations. It was with a view to 
avoid this.. .as well as to complete the genera: .Beoorl. on the subject which T expected from 
Colonel Miic':cenzie...thaL I deemed it. necessary to adhere to ;. lie [ Regulations ] 4 . 

The Governor General in Council concurred 
entirely in the propriety of your having enforced the Regulations of the Hon'ble Court of 
Directors for the safe Custody of all public charts ami Surveys. ... 

As we are persuaded that no occurrence of the kind is again to be apprehended 5 , we... 
recommend that the Regular, tons... bo strictly on forced... as far k.-. Circumstances permit; but... 
it does not appear to us essential thet the Specific Office of Surveyor Genera,! should be cons- 
tituted. ... In the absence of the- Surveyor General, the Lieutenant Governor in Council will 
commit the Charts, Surveys, & Papers connected with them, to such public OJlioors, and form 
such rules. ..for the custody of these, Documents as he may judge expedient [ 136 ] B . 

In 1814, in view of probable evacuation of Java by the British, the following 
army order was issued ; 

The Commander-in-Chief, in prospect of General Peace 7 , and in view of possibility of having 
to reconquer the occupied possessions oversea, eonsiders it to be a just and necessary precaution 
that all important Topographical Military .Pla.ris, Map?, and Marino Surveys of Java and the 
other Islands &. possessions to the "Eastward, which formerly belonged to the Dutch, should be 
collected and... deposited among this archives of the- Supremo Co vein meet of India. 

The same precautionary measure should. ..bo extended t-o the Isles of France and Bourbon-. 

"A selection of the most valuable Topographical Surveys in Offices at Java" 
was sent to Calcutta, and the greater part of Maekf'nzie's interesting collection of 
French and Dutch maps of the blast Indian islands, some of them copied bv his 
draughtsmen, is still held by the Survey of India 9 . 

1 C-in-C. Bengal, 1813-4. s Letter of 26-6-13 ; JMC 29-1-14(86). s Letter of 28-6-13 ■ ib 3-7-13 
(18). 'ib. 13-7-13 (42-5). 'Gillespie and iw left, i.h, ; Island '[ 1 ;<->"■ E Letter of 18-9-13; JMC. 

4-11-13. 'Napoleon had teen banished to Klha "The ;uoaarp military stiff at. Foi't William in 1814 
shewed wisdom befitting :. •"a:o L ;rq->]:i.ee S«-lior.. (eninl >ee\ nr'n later ,,-d<:\ 'HSC. 6-7 II ( 7 ). 'MRIO 
Fg&h 103, 106-9. 



CHAPTER XXI 



ym 



ADMINISTRATION 

BENGAL ,- Surveyor Generals [ I, 260 rt.i ] — Marine Surveyor — Assistant Surveyor 
General, Calcutta — Surveyor General's Office, Calmtta — MADRAS : Surveyor General 
r of Revenue Surveys — Quartermaster General — -Reorganization, 1810-5 
r General's Office — Lambton's Survey — BOMBAY; Surveyor General 
— SURVEYOR GENERAL OF INDIA. 

COLEBROOKE was the first infantry officer to become Surveyor General. Being 
himself a keen surveyor and draughtsman, he took every opportunity to extend 
surveys as far as the Company's influence afforded protection, and did much to 
raise the standard of work. He held office for over 14 years 1 , his long term being 
elosed by his tragic death at Bhagalpur 3 on the return journey from a survey in the 
Upper Provinces [33 ], during which he had taken observations for the height 
of the Himalayan peaks, and organized the first, attempt to reach the source of the 
Ganges [73,86-7]. 

He was succeeded by Join) Garsttn, of the .Engineers, who hnd held charge 
of the office, and signed for the Surveyor General, during Colebrooke's last year 
up country. Garstin's only experience as surveyor had been for a short period 
in Calcutta about 1784, and, though he made an excellent Surveyor General, he 
was, from 1810, performing the duties of Chief Engineer as well. The Directors 
did not approve of this ; 

The Office of Surveyor General ought not to be held by the person in eliarge of the Engineer- 
ing Department. \v}ioso general duties at the head of that Corps must prevent his doe perform- 
ance of those -which we expeet from the Surveyor General. 

This officer ought gen orally to Ire rsneagod in roakiu;; actual Surveys of such parte of the 
country as required to be more minutely examined and el (■sort hod, and when not so engaged 
he should occupy himself in collecting and reducing to uniform scales the Geographical materials 
col lotted by himself and others. ... 

Wo therefore desire that you will revise the office and establishment of Surveyor General, 
...and that the Officers of the Engineer Corps may be relieved from the duties of Surveyor 
General 3 . 
Thereupon, 

The Governor General hi. Council, consider iiui l-t. Colonel Oa-'.v ford of the 4th Kegt. of 
Native Infantry to be an officer peculiarly well qualified to fill the office of Surveyor General, ... 
determined to nominate liitn to that Situation 4 . 

Crawford was at this time on the distant survey of Mirzapur, and it was several 
months before an officer could be sent to relievo him [ 47 J, so he did not take over 
from Garstin till 9th April 1813 5 . He was an experienced surveyor, being best 
known for his work in Nopal during 1S02-3, when he took his first observations to 
the snowy peaks [ 70-1 ] . 

On the abolition of the post of Surveyor General of Bengal, Crawford was 
ordered " to conduct the duties of it on its present footing until the arrival of 
Colonel Mackenzie at Eort William" [307] 6 . Owing to Mackenzie's long delay in 
Madras, however, and his own ill health, he was allowed to resign and proceed on 
furlough, 24th December 1815. 

Throughout this period the Surveyor General's department came under the 
direet orders of the Governor General in Council and, writes Crawford, 

lonly exceeded by Andrew Waugh. '21-9-08. 'CD to 8.14-2-12(15-8). * BMC. 14-11-12 
(157). 'Garstin .Hill sd^ as Surveyor ficnoml on E51U April, MftlO. 163(17). * BGO. 1-5-15. 



296 



Administration 



all cominuni cations relative to the Department are made to mo through the Chief Secretary to 
Government, or the Military Secretary, with whom alone I correspond. The roports and 
teturna...of the department ace sent into the Council alone, and to no other authority or 
department, as the Surveyor (V nrir.il considers him-elf immediately under iho control and 
orders of the Governor General 1 . 



Mabine Surveyor 

Since the retirement of John Ritchie in 1786 [ 1, 381-2 ], a few surveys had been 
carried out in. Bengal waters under the direction of the Surveyor General [I, 66 ; 
II, 10-2 ], but in, 1808 the Directors appointed John Wales to he Marine Surveyor 
to the Supreme Government, to he stationed at Fort William, and responsible £ot 
all marine surveys in eastern waters ; 

Resolved... for the purpose of en. Imping and improving the present limited information of 
the Hydrography of the Indian Ocean, the Office of Marine Surveyor, which formerly for some 
years existed under the Government of Bengal, be re-e^nblished ; and that Captain John 
Wales of the Bomhay Marine Establishment who, from his former employment on Marine 
Surveys, and in every other respect, appears properly qualified for the Office, be appointed 
Marine Surveyor in India 2 . 

Wales had been assistant to Blair 011 his surveys! <>.f Ohagos I. in 1786 [ 1, 123-4 ]. 
and of the Andaman Islands during 1788-93 [I, 48-9]. He died at Calcutta, 
15th January 1810, very shortly after taking over his duties, and was succeeded by 
Charles Court, who reported his arrival on 13th February 1812 s . In 1811, Garstin 
had two cooms built in Fort William "to contain the Records of tho Marine 
Surveyor's Office" 4 . 

The title Marine Surveyor General was assumed a few years, later. 



Assistant Sukvkyoe Gkseral, Calcutta 

The first appointment of an assistant to the Surveyor General for office duties, 
as distinct from duties as field surveyor or draughtsman, was that of Colebrooke, 
who was appointed to charge of the map depot at Calcutta in 1789 [I, 237]. 
In 1793, when Kyd was appointed Superintendent in the Andaman Islands, 
Colebrooke, took charge of the office, and all duties as head of the department, 
until Kyd resigned in February 1794 [ I, 261 ]. 

During his many excursions as Surveyor General to carry out surveys in person 
Colebrooke usually "left Blunt in charge of the office [ I, 314 ], but in April 1807 he 
left GaTstin, 

with a part of my Establishment of Draftsmen sufficient to furnish copies of any maps that 
could be wanted, who would deposit them for the time being in his own office in the Fort, 
without any additional charge to Government, [ 297 ] 5 . 

For several months correspondence had to be sent up country after him, till Garstin 
obtained increased powers ; 

Although I have really charge of the office. ..yet, not having been publicly authorized to 
receive it, I am obliged to send all the- Bills, .field Books, etc., directed to the Surveyor 
General, to the remotest parts of the Company's Territories, which now occasions groat delay 
and when Colonel Colebrooke shall have proceeded beyond the Frontier there will be no 
means of forwarding them, and the routine of the office WiB be nearly at a stand unless public 
authority is given for me to act nut il his return 6 . 

In December 1813 Crawford asked for an assistant to help with astrono- 
mical observations and their necessary calculations, and after a few months was 
informed 

that Lieutenant John Fleming Hyde, of the 15th Regiment of Native Infantry, and lately 
employed as surveyor of the suburbs of Calcutta [ 18 ], has this day been appointed... Assistant 



"1 



Assistant Surveyor General, Calcutta 



■2<ll 



to the Surveyor General, with a salary of 250 Sonaut Rs. per mensem, in addition to the pay 

i'ui! Ratt.a. Gratuity, and House Kent cf his- Itoiiimentsd Rank 1 . 

With sovornl spells of leave, Hyde held the post till lie took furlough to England 
in 1821. He was the first assistant to hold office in a permanent capacity. 



Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta 

Up to 1805 Oolebrooke appears to have maintained the office at his private 
residence in Chowrin<diee ; and in 1804 he pointed out that 

the allowances of 90 Sont. Rs. per month...is not adequate for the purpose of hiring a 
suitable office with glass wmdows and nues...and, as soon additions] accommodation for cons- 
tructing and copying the maps will be necessary, I most humbly entreat... the same allowance 
that is granted to all other heads of offices, viz. 250 Sont. Rs 2 . 

In 1805 he told Government that he was about to move the office, and when he 
went up country in 1807 he surrendered office rent and pay of a duru?an in exchange 
for boat allowance [ 324 J. Garstin suffered accordingly, and complained that 
I receive no sort of allowance for my trouble in conducting the business oi" this thee, and taking 
care of the very valuable and voluminous records thereof. I. ..have been obliged to find two 
rooms to contain the presses* for plans, etc., large drawing tables, and instruments, and to 
find a convenient room for the draftsmen to work in. ... The valuable records, which have 
cost the public many lacks of Rupees, could not with any propriety have been put into Boats 
and s;ent afi over the country, at a great risk of being lost or destroyed 3 . 

Government replied un sympathetically that, 
provision having been niade...for the plans and records... being deposited under charge of 
Lt.Colonel Garstin in his own office, ... Government cannot justly be subjected to additional 
expense on that account. ... Any expense which Lt.Colonel Garstin may have incurred... must 
be considered entirely a matter of accommodation to Lt.Colonel Colebrooke...to whom he is 
accordingly referred for bis re-unbursment 1 . 

Two years later, when Garstin was holding the two offices of Surveyor General 
and Chief Engineer, he obtained sanction for 

the construction of an office for the records of the Surveyor General over certain Out-Houses 
now appropriated to the Bo-yal Gate Quarters in Fort William ; ... it being, however under- 
stood that the rooms thus to be constructed will be held applicable to any other public purpose 
of utility in Garrison, whenever the Office of Surveyor General may be separated from that 
of Chief Engineer*. 

In 1813 Crawford succeeded in gelling a slight increase oi rent allowance ; 

When the sum for an office was many years beck settled at itO Rs. per mensem, House rent 
was then infinitely more moderate and reasonable than it now is ; and when it is considered 
that my office ( which consists of a Drawing Office, Tracing 1 
a room to work in myself ) ought to be well fined and glazed U 
from dust, it must appear evident; thai., no such accommodation can 
the money, and, when I add that seven uf the Military General OKicea ■■ 
1 hope I may stand excused in applying for an increase of office rent 6 . 

The concession recognized that one building should serv< 
ence, and, 

Instead of the allowance of Sa. Rs. 120 for House Rem, and St. Rs. 90 for office rent,, 
hitherto drawn monthly by the Surveyor General, His Lordship in Council is pleased to authorize: 
...a consolidated allowance of Sa. Rs. 300 tier mensem 7 . 



■oni. and Record Office, bolides- 
render it perfectly dry and free- 
be procured for- 
at Rs. 250 por month,. 



i as office and resid- 



Stjrveyok General, Madras 



Wc have already told of the many refusals of the Directors to appoint a Surveyor 
General at Fort St. George [I, 263-5 L and ° f Lor(1 William Bentinck putting 
forward the proposal again in 1804 [ 124, 290 ] after the Commander -in-Chief had 
pointed out that, 



20S 



ADMINISTRATION 



in. Bengal, where the f-cieiititic examination of local objects has been uniformly promoted by 
the liberal encouragement of Government, extensive surveys wore instituted ut an early period 
of our power; arid an office of Surveyor (leuerni bus been long established . Excellent maps 
of the Bengal l.'roviuces ha\ e accordingly existed fur many years. ... 

At Bombay, where tbe territories have been so limited', a similar Offk.e has obtained, and 
the result of Lt.Ooloucl. Keynolds's labours are likely to produce an extensive addition to our 
Geographical knowledge of t.bo Western and Central parts of India. 

A plan was submitted to Government by .Major Uaekeir/.io in 179(1 for the establishment 
of a similar Offiee under this Presidency [ I, 264 ]. That officer justly observed, * The experience 
of several years has givon me frequent occasion to remark the embarrassments and detriment 
arising from the want of permanent regular system of carrying on the Surveys on the Coast, 
and the difficulties that constantly occur in referring to what has been already done for want 
of an Offiee where the connexions of the several Surveys with their documents, and the, original 
notes of their construction, could be traced, iierioo it arises that some are lost, or being obscure 
are of little vise, while time and expence is lost in going over the same ground ' [ I, 157 ; 
II, 303 ]. ... 

The disapprobation of the Court of Directors to establish toe Onieo ol Surveyor General, 
and a consideration of the expenses whieh it would occasion, dissuade the Commander-in- 
Chief from recommending that measure 1 . 

General Stuart went on to recommend that all surveys should be placed under 
the Quartermaster General [ 300-1 ] but Bentinck's council preferred 
again to request... the appointment of a Surveyor General, and. to refer to the facts stated in 
the foregoing minute of the Commander-in-Chief as additional arguments in support of its 
expediency. ... It is resolved to tako tho opra/ion for tho xonosval of the former recommen- 
dation. ..in favor of Major Mackenzie, ...whose long and laborious service, and whose 
distinguished merit in that line of public duty, combined with his professional talents, 
render that officer. ..pouuliitrly (, unified for the Office of Surveyor General 2 [ 124 ]. 

The Directors preferred to put the surveys in the hands of the Quartermaster 
General, who made elaborate rearrangement, of his office [ 275 ], and assumed control 
of all surveys except those under Lamb km, Mae-K ennui, ami the Inspector of Revenue 
Surveys [277]. In 1810, however, General (Sir George Hewett, Commander-in- 
Chief of India, was deputed to Madras 3 to carry out an exhaustive examination 
of the organization of the army, and remedy the fault-', brought to light by the 
mutiny of officers [3, 127,313—4]. Coming from Bengal, he had no hesitation. in 
recommending the immediate appointment of a Surveyor General ; 

Looking. ..at the variety of surveys now in progress under- different establishments, civil 
and Military, subject 1.1.1 different, sLipoi-hitojideiio.e and direct ion, and nil pointLig to different 
"ive that the union of the Survey Departments under the eontroul and manage- 
5 able and scientific officer would produce an unity of system and dimimiation. 
reatly to the benefit of the service. 

us application of fbe services of the Civil and Military Surveyors and Draftsmen 
could not- fail to secure the object of the present surveys with mo-o ease, and in less time. ... 

"What may be required for Military purposes may be found in maps and plans which 
include a greater extent of information. The prosecution of distinct Military surveys.. .is 
therefore a total mi-;n.ppilealion of time, ta lout, labor, and expense. ... 

For these reasons the union of the civil and military surveys becomes extremely desirable ; 
but the conviction that tbe duties of the Quarter Muster General are too extensive to admit 
of his giving the necessary attention to the in formation and conduct of a central Depot for 
the preservation and arrangement of all tho Geographical records and materia Is... has induced 
ine-to consider how far some practical man...mn.dit. be rendered, accopl.able to Government. ... 

Military surveys arc; deposited in the office of tbe quarter Master General, and Civil and 
Revenue surveys in that of the Inspector of Revenue Surveys. ... There lias been a want of 
unity and co-operation, ... and a want of permanency in. the preservation of th-e Records. 
Maps, I understand, have been lost, and the same countries have consccp.iCTil.ly boon repeatedly 
surveyed. The same countries are also surveyed in tho Military and tb-e Revenue Department 
from a want of a general superintendent authority.' ... 

.1 object... strongly to tbe annexation <yf this extensive duty to threes of tho Quarter Master 
General. The care and management of surveys should belong to a military officer immediately 
under the Government. ... The arrangement of surveys is a- duty which requires the undivided 



ment of aor 

of expence 

A judici 



■O-i.i-C's 



s 10-S-04. "MMC. 14-8-05. 



red8-4-I0;ia to CD. 11-4-10 ( 2). 



Surveyor Generals, Madras 299 

attention of tin- cii'iiecr charged wiih it. v.dnlst. the Quarter Master ('.eneral's attention is occupied 
by the camp equip age of the army, the ijuari.eimg and movement of the Troops, and his duties 
at the Military Board. 

These observations... shew the expediency of establishing an cilice of iHm-vevor General for 
the charge and arrangement- of all surveys and Geographical materials; and this r. 
may... ultimately occasion a considerable savin;; of oxpense, 
opportunity of roaliy.ai.c its loug desired object of conferring ii 
Major Mackenzie 1 . 

These rcenmruenda.t.ioiis were immediately accepted by Government, and 
promulgated! in a General Order dated 9th October 1810 ; 

With the view of unit ins under one Mipcrinl ending authority the whole of the Surveying 
Department of this Presidency, and of providing more effect. nally for the preservation and 
nrra.ngemenf of the extensive surveys, und other geographical ruafenab at present rrndor the 
charge.. .of dilTerent oilicers. whose duties are unconnected with each other; it has been 
resolved.. .to appoint an officer of the army to the situation of Surveyor General, 

The- office of Surveyor General wi!! bo placed icnu iei!jiii(.fj!.v ui.Jer the Govto.ijueiit, 
and be subject to the inspection of the Commander-in-Chief. The Surveyor General will be 
charged with the direction... of a.'.l survey;! end the es tablishme.cts connected with their 
prosecution. ... 

The Governor in Council is pleased to appoint Brevet Lieut. Colonel Mackenzie of the 
Ooij is of I'higi.neers to be Surveyor Ceueral...frerr! the 1st of December next. 

The appointment was duly approved bv the Director-; in a letter dated 3rd Septem- 
ber 181 3 E . 

Mackenzie's own account is as follows ; 

About the end of 1S1U, the Madras Government, on a. review of the sudden increase of the 
expense of surveys hi the litst iive years, arid of the unconnected, confused, manner in which 
these works wore executed without any live:: general system, iV.und j. neic.-sary to create an 
office of Surveyor General, as aiready established al. '.he ether prenidoncies ; and were pleased 
to appoint me (without any previous communication with me) to this charge, for reasons 
that .1 had hi vain attempted to shew the advantage of for 1.4 \ ears previously*. 

He had only taken over Ins new office about four months when he was appointed 
chief engineer to the Java expeditionary force. He mailed from Madras at the en.d 
of April 1811, handing over to Morison, who acted as Surveyor General in addition 
to being Commissary General until Mackenzie rejoined on oOlh March IS15. Orders 
then arrived abolishing the office of Surveyor General of Madras, and appointing 
Mackenzie Surveyor General of India from 1st May*. 

All Mackenzie's correspondence on survey matter.-, both before and after being 
appointed Surveyor Geiiarah was carried on with the Public "Department. 



Ik s.r .moron- op Revenue Surveys, Madras 

Early in 1797 Goldingham had been appointed Inspector of Revenue Surveys 
for the supervision of the assistant revenue surveyors employed on district surveys 
[ I, 145 ; II, 2, 139 ], but no regular salary had been fixed for the appointment, 
and before proceeding on furlough in 1805 he pointed out that, 

having been up j minted... with a promise of such salary or compensation ;is the duty might 
appear to deserve, the flonorabiO Court of Director .j...cre'orcd tli.it an adequate compensation 
would be granted ; accordingly, about '.May of the year 1800, the sum of 2500 Star Pagodas 
was presented to rne for past services, but as no orovi^ion was made for the future, either by 
annexing a salary to the appointment or otherwise, "1 have received no compensation whatever 
from that time to the present, an interval of about, four years and an half 5 . 

He was thereupon granted a second award of 2500 ps., bub this time the Directors 
objected to 

so considerable a grant being made without previous reference to us, and before any Keports 
s had been submitted to our inspection. We now direct that Mr. Goldinghane.-: 



i 



30( 



Administration 



allowances on account of the Establishment in question do not exceed the sum of 100 
Pagodas per month, to i-iiminentc from the time of its foundation 1 . 

On Goldinghain's departure, in February 1805, his duties were taken over by 
Warren [ 195 ]. 

In 1807, after a review of expenditure on all Madras BfffcablishiBeirts, fresh 
regulations were drafted for the surveying school and the revenue establishment 
[ 341-2. 347. 349 ] ; 

The duties of the Inspector of Revenue Surveys not having hitherto been sufficiently 
defined, rlif.y :iv, ■ now deiem lined n« follows. 

The Inspector is to receive the orders of the Hoard of Revenue for equi] 'ping and dispatch- 
ing such boys as are to be sent on service. He is to supply... mrvgyiag instruments, ... clothes, 
and other necessary articles. ... 

He is to correspond with such of the Collectors as have surveyors under then), and on 
subjects relating to his d epart merit shall he fho solo channel of correspondence with, the Board 
of Revenue. On sending from the school such boys as are ordered on service, he is to supply 
the Collector or Survoyox undor whom thoy are to act with a copy of the... present Regulation. 

The Inspector is to receive and transmit the quarterly reports of the Collectors to the 
Board of Revenue, and to give Ids opinion on the progress and merits of the different surveys 
submitted to his inspection. He is to compile and digest these surveys and supply the Board 
of Revenue with conies of the same. 

The Inspector is authorized to correspond officially with those Collectors whose districts 
are imperfectly known, and to point out to the Board those tracts which... ought to be nest 
surveyed. And, lastly, he is to make .himself acquainted wil.li such Civil and Military Surveys 
as are on foot, with a view to employ and disLriljufo his young surveyors 3 . 

Later in the year Warren put in a claim for remuneration, supported by a 
report showing 

the number of Boys who have been admitted, and whose education was completed, in the 
Surveying School since the last remuneration was granted — The number of Assistant Surveyors 
sent into the Districts, being qualified and expert Surveyors — The number of Surveys and 
Charts which have been executed in the Department, and. ..lastly — the degree of Superintend- 
ence which these branches of my duty have required 3 . 

Collectors did not always appreciate Wan-en's interest, and the Collector of 
Cocanada 1 writes ; 

I do not feel myself authorized to enter into any communication respecting the District 
under me without orders through the Board of Revenue, which in the present instance I have 
not received 5 . 

The Board of Revenue had then to send out a strong circular calling attention to 
the regulations above quoted. 

The post was abolished on the appointment of the Surveyor General, when 
Government sanctioned a final instalment of Warren's allowances " in lieu of all 
charges on account of an establishment or other contingent expenses" 6 . 



QltARTBRMASTEB GENERAL, MADKAS 

In 1804 the Commander-m- Chief recommended that surveys and maps should be 
placed under the control of the Quartermaster General [ 298 ] ; 

A knowledge of the situation of places, of the roads, passes, mountains, forests, and features 
of the Country ; of the positions proper for the encampments of Armies and Detainments; ... of 
the course and description of Rivers ami supplies of Water ; of the character, resources, and 
facilities of Countries. ... is indispensable to the. ..Quartermaster General. 

The duties of that Officer embrace whatever is connected with the movements and posi- 
tions of Armies, the defence of encampments, and the General arrangement of combined opera- 
tions as far as these relate to the surface of the Ground. ... 

If the charge of Superinl ending and recording Geographical Surveys shah be entrusted to 
the Office of Quarter Master Genera!, it will attach to his department those materials whiehit is 
the first duty of his situation to study and to know. The measures necessary for their cons- 



«1 



ich copies of thei 



Quartermaster General, Madras 301 

truction, and their reduction to uniform scales will facilitate his knowledge of then- contents, 
and combine- the performance of Ms own jin.H.inular duties with the permanent arrangement and 
preservation of those viduuliie records. ... . 

It has been one of the defects of this army Unit .ililyiuLih Liie knowledge a]r<;udy described is 
required to be manifested by the Quarter Master General in time of War, no means of acquiring 
that knowledge hi-i-vis been afforded to him in time of Peace. It 
Guides have been placed under the Quarter Master General ; and a 
men, although frequently solicited, has not yet been allowed to that Office. 

He recommended . . 

that an establishment of four draftsmen be allowed for the purpose of arranging, copying, and 
reducing those materials. It will be necessary to grant an allowance of 100 P^odas a month 
to the Quarter .Master General for the purpose of maintaining that e^ib.i.hroent, which will 
admit of his employing a head draftsman at 40 [ and three others at 20 ] each. It is impracti- 
cable to obtain wen instructed persons of this description at less salaries. 

It will be the duty of that Office to arrange and reduce the surveys, and construct them 
into General and Provincial maps upon a regular system ; and to supply s 
as may be called for. ... 

All separate Surveys of a Sub or din ate; and temporary n 
to the Quarter Master General, and the persons conducing them should r 
from that Officer 1 . , , ,, 

These proposals were duly approved by the Directors, who noted that the 
additional establishment of Draftsmen required. ..will be defrayed from the Re- 
duction effected in the Command of the Corps of Guides [ 313 ] ", and the changes 
came into force from November 1806 [ 290 ] a . 

The surveys that were carried on under the direct control of the Quarter- 
master General were those of the Military Institution, the Travancore and Hyder- 
abad surveys and a few others, nearly all the surveyor* being officers from the 
Military Institution. Instead of the four draught sin tin suggested, two officers, 
Kinsey and Low, were employed on the examination and arrangement of the 
records, and a certain amount of map-drawing 3 . 

On the appointment of a Surveyor General under General llewet.ts scheme of 
1810 [ 298-9 ] these two posts were abolished, but the Quartermaster General was 
allowed a number of officers to be emploved on surveys of an urgent military 
nature provided that no officer sriould be so employed until he had completed 
two years with his military unit. These officers were to submit their surveys to 
the Quartermaster General, who should make copies for his own office and then 
pass the originals to the Surveyor General. The Quartermaster General was also 
given the right to call for such maps and documents as he might require frooa the 
Surveyor General's office, to returning them ' ' at the earliest practicable time" . 

The distribution of maps between these two offices gave rise to considerable 
friction, but Government insisted that full responsibility for geographical maps 
must rest with the Surveyor General [ 291 ]. 

It was later directed that the Qnaidermaster General was 
to make Quarterlv Returns to the Office of the Surveyor General of the expences incurred on 
account of the Officers, Draftsmen, and Writers, employed under bis direction in surveying 
or exploring, ... and of instruments in use in his Department 6 . 

The Military Institution remained under the Quartermaster General until its 
disbandment, though the annual programme of survey was settled in consultation 
with the Surveyor General. 

Reference has been made to the dispute between the civil and military authori- 
ties at Java regarding the control of surveys [ 135-6, 293^4 ]• T " e Lieutenant- 
Governor, Raffles, saw no reason whyBayley, an officer of theQ.M.G.'s department, 
should postpone his departure from the island in order to complete surveys which 
had not received formal approval. He writes to the Military Secretary ; 

It is well known that [ in ] all the presidencies of India the Surveyors' Department is 
exclusively confined to one Establishment of Officers, who are specifically appointed by the 

iCinC's minute 10-8-04 [123-5]; MMC. 14-8-04. *MGO. 20-12-06; CD to M. 9-8-09. 
President's m'mufe. 31 -12-10; JI.MC. 29-1-11. *MGO. 9-10-10 ( 4, 5). s MPC. 19-5-12. 



: '^ 
% 



■M)2 



Administration 



Government for the execution of such surveys as appear to the Government to be necessary 
and proper ; that the Surveyors' Department in Brazil is porfoctlv distinct from the Quarter- 
master General's and, by a recent order of the Hon'ble Court of Directors, is separated from 
the Engineer'? Department so decidedly that the Chief Engineer Is declared in capable of being 
at the same tune Chief .Surveyor at that Presidency [ 20., ]. 

In the Presidency of Madras in like manner the Surveyor's Department has been made 
dislinet nr.d *o pirate. ... 

As this Government is a dire el dependaTicy of .Bengal, and is immediately hound to conform 
to the Regulations of that Service, it follows... that the officers of the Quarter mas tor General's 
Department are not.-to employ themselves in executing surveys, and that no Surveys ought 
to be made without the special authority or orders of Government 1 . 

The civil government carried the day, but before sailing Bayley informed the 
Lieutenant Governor, as a parting shot, that, 

at Madras ( where I was engaged for near seven years, either m. the study or practice of the differ- 
ent branches of Survey, &o. ) ever since the appointment of a Surveyor General, all Surveys, 
Routes, &c, of a purely Military nature are still carried on in the Quarter Master General's 
Department, and no less than twenty Officers ( educated in the Military Institution for the 
express purpose ] appointed wider him for the conduct of the Survey Branch under his 
orders [ 322-3 ] ? . 



Reorganization, Madras, 1810-5 

The regulations of the 9th October 1810 [2991 s threw full responsibility for 
all surveys on the Surveyor General, and Mackenzie at once started to work out 
a ' ' Plan of arranging the Surveyor General's Department & generally all Surveys 
under the Presidency of Fort St. George "*. This entailed an exhaustive examin- 
ation of surveys already completed, or still in progress, and a consideration as to 
how the various surveyors should now bo employed, and what should be done with 
those who could not be fitted into the new organization. Mackenzie claimed that 
by his plan 

the saving of about one third of the present expenditure... is obtained, without infringing on 
any of the ancient establishments of the Government, Military or Civil., without touching the 
Military Institution, & with the incalculable advantage of planing the great object of Surveys 
under one inspection & direction. 

Ho had also to prepare detailed regulations to provide 
that every officer or other person employed in it, whether in the department of the Surveyor 
General or Quarter Master General, shall report...the manner in which they may be employed, 
in order that a General Quarterly report may be prepared 5 . 

Mackenzie was still working on these reports when he had to leave for Java 
[ 135 ]. an <* it was four years before he returned to Madras. Towards the end of 
1814, while he was in Bengal writing up his Java. reports, he discussed with Craw- 
ford the orgamzation of surveys in 'Bengal first, asking formal permission to do so ; 

It appearing to mo extremely desirables tivit I should avail myself of the present occasion 
...to obtain such knowledge of the Office of Surveyor General under this presidency as may 
assist an uniform system of the like duties at Fort St. George, ... I request that you will be 
pleased to submit to the Honourable the Vice President in Council the propriety of sanction- 
ing such co mmimi cation with the Surveyor General here. ... 

Having in the course of a late journey thro' the Upper Provinces paid all possible attention 
to the face and featuios of the Country, and the mode of conducting the surveys [ 83, 88 ], with 
a view to the improvement of this branch of the service under.. '.fori. St. George, ... lam... 
encouraged to hope...it may aid the establishment of a simplified system, ami... uniformity 
and...facihtatetho progressive improvement of the Geography of our Indian possessions' m' 
General 8 . 

He sent a copy of the Bengal regulations to Morison ; 

You will recollect this was an, object of considerable; solicitude 
previous to my being ordered for the Expedition to Java, ... 

the different Presidencies. ... 



Reorganization, Madras, 1810-5 



303 



In my pursuits in (.ho eoiiise of ini cs ligation of the Cleoaraphv of i.he Doc-can so early as 
1797-8, I had then seen. ..the utility of a- uoiimmniwit-ion with the Buiveyors General at the 
Presidencies of licniial and i ii.>i[A.'i.iy, with ja view of accelerate.!;.; tin; Jiepruvomunt of Geography, 
and preventing -unnecessary trouble and expense of resurveying the same ground [ 298 ]. ... 
In consequence of which mutual eorr.mnmcalions look place [ I, 2j>5 ]. ... 

The motives appearing still more forcible now, ... I. eonccdve the... opportunity while 
I am here, of obtaining -such information... for conducting the surveys on one fixed system 
best adapted to... obtaining a- more complete linowlodse of the country in an uniform method, 
attended ■.villi the [past- e^uense 1 . 

There is no doubt that the experience of other systeTns which he gained during 
his four years absence gave Mackenzie a much wider outlook on affairs in general, 
and helped him on his return to Fort St. George in 1815. A few months after his 
return he submitted 

a comparative view of the surveys executed for several years past. T consider this method 
of employing parties of Native 2 Assistant- ynrvoyors under the immediate eontroiil and direction 
of a.n pxperien.-ed S\i M-oor-'an sin I'rpror. :>-: Hi.' ni.vi. e : 're.'i I. .■ ii .r .-■;.-. if. I'Tinr.; I I:.' (General ^riTvry 
of the Company':- possessions, and that allowances ^uperl ■;■ , o the | ire^enl, salary of 60 Pagodas 
per month on such a duly is consistent with every principle of public economy and diminuation. 
of unnecessary expense, by completing them rapidly and effectually on the same plan as 
been adopted in Mysore, in the Ceded Districts, and Inteiy in Soonda 2 . 

An account of the survey parties he proceeded to raise must be left to another 
volume. 

Surveyor General's Office, Madbas 

On appointment to charge of the Mysore Survey, Mackenzie's first thought had 
been for a clerk, or writer, whom he obtained from the mule asylum In the person 
of Lucius Rawdon Burke*. Burke remained hh personal and confidential clerk for 
the nest twenty years, and in 1817 became the first Registrar to the Surveyor 
General of India 5 . 

On his appointment a* Surveyor General from 1st Decembor 1810, office estab- 
lishment was fixed at "3 Draftsmen; 3 Writers; 1 Assistant Surveyor ; Total 7, 
besides Native Writers in Office " B , whilst office rent was fixed at 50 ps. a month. 
He took with him to Java his head writer, Burke, his private apprentices, 
Lantwar and Newman, and two sub-assistants [ 164 ]. 

Ward was brought in to take charge of l.li.e office under ?>i orison [ 163, 277, 314] 
and the establishment comprised ; 

Cavelly Veukata LcchmiiUi Head Interpreter .i, Translate; in Tellin^a it Sanscrit . 

Anthony Rodrigues English Writer. 
DomfitgQ Ferrier ,, „ 

Chrlst-la:] Ar.drcss l^rn-i.l in l'V>>i.i^ht.?mim. 

besides eight, assistant surveyors and apprentices who were oinployed in the drawing 
office pending the start of fresh field surveys 7 [278]. 

In December 1811, on Warren's resignation and Ward's temporary appointment 
to charge of the Observatory [196], the office was moved to the observatory 

biukliaa:s, and Alaekenzie records that, 

upon my return ( in 1815 ), I found the office and Depot had been repeatedly moved and 
changed. On December 22nd 1SU it was directed. ..to be removed to the... Observatory 
Buildings, whereby. ..for some months... the Office rent censed to be drawn, but on the return 
of the Astronomer from Europe.., it was usitiin removed ...so suddenly on tho 1st April 1812 
that the Acting Surveyor General was under the necessity 0: hiring the only house procurable 
...for SO Pagodas per month. ... But this house being found iH adapted, ...another house 
was taken at 100 f J a;:ed;is ptcr month, and the difference. ..was meantime defrayed from my 
private funds during my absence. 

Additional to. ..that house, temporary accommodation was arranged in the out-offices 
and by tents for the increased number of assistant surveyors at work. In this state I 



•H 



: L. 
i:.f!i 



304 



Administration 



found the Office and Depot embarrassed, and in June 1815. ..the whole was again removed 
to the House occupied at present, which I was under the necessity of purchasing, in order to 
obviate further inconvenience. ... 

In allowing an House rent of 50 Pagodas per month, the intention was to provide an Office 

for the Surveyor General and for a, moderate pstaolishnietd-, ... with suitable Rooms for Drawing 
and Writing. It was not foreseen at the time that additional accommodation would be 
requisite for the bulky almiras and Bureaus containing the Depot of Charts, Records, and 
Instruments. ... 

At this momei't the Depot of Chares alone. eoi;:-iv:i.:n;; of upwards of 2,000 Charts, occupy 
8 large almiras, and require of themselves several spacious apartment:,, besides the Drawing 
rooms for the Draftsmen and Writers originally estimated. 

The Surveying Instruments require a commodious dry appartment, and it was only by 
alterations at a certain expense that the Out Offices hove been fitted up as Drawing Rooms 
for the Assistant Surveyors and Drafts-mom, and for the late Assistant, Lieutenant Ward, 
exclusive of the principal house, wherein, the Depot and Rooms allotted for the Surveyor 
General's Office occupy the v ho'lo of I. he fii-jf., »ni] parr, of I he second, floor. ... It was Bomotimea 
necessary Lo pitch tents. ... 

Actually employed at times in the Drawing Room, particularly from June to December 
1815 ; i Writers : 4 Draftsmen ; 12 AssisLam, Surveyors ; 1 Javanese Writer. Total 21, besides 
1 Assist!-; Tit in toe uf-iee Depot, and IS Native Writers, Interpreters, &C 1 . 

The "native writers" were largely employed on Mackenzie's archaeological and 
historical work [ 355-7 ]. 

It was not until June 1817 that Government decided the weighty matter of rent ; 

The Office rent., .will be fixed at eighty five pagodas per mensem from the 1st of April 
1812, ... and an additional allowance of twenty pagodas per mensem will he granted from the 
1st of December 1810 to the 21st of December 1811, besides the allowance of fifty pagodas 
n already drawn 8 [ 278 ]. 



Lambton's Survey 

From the time that Lainbton was appointed to h& General, or Trigonometrical, 
Survey, he took orders direct from Government, corresponding through the Public 
Department. As early aa 1807 he asked that he might be transferred to the control 
of the Supreme Government, a step that was recommended by Petrie, then acting 
as Governor ; 

The suggestion... is perfectiy eonsoTi.ai.it to the opinion I have Ions onto:' rained, and submitted 
in an early part of Lord Chvos G ■ overrun ent, that, from the nature, object, and comprehensive 
view of this survey, it should not be exclusively placed under the directions of a 
subordinate Presidency, but transferred to the more immediate superintendence and authority 
of the General Govern men I of India 3 . 
The transfer, though greatly desired by Lambton, was not effected till 18Z8. 

In June lis 10, as a result of orders tram the .Directors, the Quartermaster General 
became responsible for the custody of Lam. bt. oil's records, being satisfied with a list 
of trigonometrical data 4 [ 291 ], and, on the appointment of the Surveyor General a 
few months later, it was provided that, 

The object of the survey under the di root ion of Major Lambton being of a different nature 
from that of any others above alluded to, that ofEeor will be authorized to report as usual 
direct to Government, hut be viLl communicate copies of hi?, reports and plana for the inform- 
ation of the Surveyor General 5 . 

In 1811, when the time came for extending his survey northwards into the 
Ceded Districts, Lambton had no hesitation in offering to devote himself entirely 
to the survey and break from his regiment which was then leaving India. His 
offer was accepted with compensation in the way of rank and salary [ 333 ]. He 
was told that 

the Governor in Council, being of opinion that the Trigonometrical survey, which has been 
carried on under this Government for a period of nearly eleven years, should be extended into 
the Ceded Districts, the Dekan, and the Northern di.vknrs, ... was pleased to diroct that the 



Lambton's Stjevey 305 

question should be .submitted to the Kighr, Honorable tlu; Governor General in Council and 
that. ..after the departure of your Regiment to Europe yon should lie detained until such 
time as His Majo-sty's pieii.sure should be known and, in consideration of the... time which 
you have devoted to the work... which... has now become of some 'national Importance', 
...you should be indemnified, as well .as rewarded, for your trouble and services. ... 

Hie Excellency.. .has acquiesced, ..- and. ..the Commander-in-Chief' in India will be happy 
to grant you leave to remain in India after the departure of H.M.'s 33rd Regiment until 
His Majesty's pleasure shall be known, for the purpose of enabling you to prosecute the 
important surveys on which you are at present engaged 1 . 



Bombay 

By 1803, Reynolds, who had been Surveyor General of Bombay since 1796 
[ 1, 265 ], had three assistants [ 323 ], of whom Drummond was senior by appointment, 
though Williams, the last, joined, was not only senior by military rank but also far 
the most capable. This led Reynolds to ask that Williams might bo officially 
appointed as his deputy ; 

It is probable that as the season advances I shall bo under the necessity of having a change 
of air, either by going to Surat, or proceeding to the residency for a short time. ... I shall 
feel great distress at leaving my business under \lr. Ururnmond who, altho' a very industrious 
and good young man, is not equal to so- great a charge. Mr. Williams is a very steady man, 
and possesses abilities fully equal to the purpose but, from his being appointed an assistant 
only, he must of course be under Mr. Drummond who stands as my first Assistant by his 
appointment. 

It is essentially necessary thai, there should bo a Head to conduct the business should 
my absence from hence become indispensable. ... I hope you will. ..favor me with an order 
for him to act from the day of his appointment as my Deputy till further orders 2 . 

He repeated this request even rnnre urgently six weeks later ; 

It will be a very distressing ci re mil stance for me to leave my business just now, even for 
a short time, but I fear I have no alternative. ... It appears singularly hard on me that Mr. 
Drummond 's feelings should be more attended to than me.. .and that, with a heavy load of 
responsibility, I should not be allowed to take the utmost advantage of the abilities of the 
Gentlemen placed under me. God knows, I am as unwilling as any person can be to injure 
the feelings of Mr. Drummond, yet I cannot help soliciting you again-.for Mr. Williams to act 
'as my deputy. ... 

Mr. Williams is ignorant of the applications f have lately made on this subject, but I took 
an opportunity the day before yesterday of mentioning to him., .the probability of my leaving 
Cambay for a short time ; when be immediately asked me what was to be his situation during 
my absence, observing... that he would not receive orders from Mr. Drummond, for no consi- 
deration would ever induce him to receive orders from a junior officer. 
An order was accordingly issued 

that Lieutenant Williams stand appointed to the office of Deputy to the Surveyor General, 
with retrospect to the period of his nomination to proceed to assist Lieutenant Colonel Reynolds 
in his present Geographical work 3 . 

Shortly before he left. India, Reynolds asked that Williams might be nominated 
to succeed him, pointing out 

the necessity of the person appointed to succeed me being one who possesses fully my con- 
fidence. ... I therefore recommend that Captain William? should be my successor, and be imme- 
diately...put in orders to take charge of my papers from me, and that Lieutenant Sutherland 
should be nominated to the situation lately vacated by the resignation of Lieut. Drummond. ... 
For both Captain Williams and Lieut. Sutherland have as yet hod nothing but the consolation 
of their own minds for the arduous attention which they have paid to the discharge of their 
duty, which ean be never surpassed, and. ..is seldom equalled. 

In pointing out Captain Williams to be my successor, T do but. simple just be, for who ean 
have an equal claim ? And I propose it from a thorough knowledge of Ids character, which 
fits him in.. .a pre-eminent, degree for it. ... I feel it but justice to declare that, without the 

m Cambay, where the office appears to have been mnvod tempor- 



\ 



r 



Administration 



unremitted and united exertions of these two Gentlemen, my work would not have been in 
the state oi' preparation it is now 1 . > ■ .. 

Williams was duly appointed to succeed as Surveyor General, and took over on 
2nd- March 1807 [1,380; 11,323]. 

The post of Surveyor General at Bombay was abolished under the same order 
that created oiks Surveyor General for the whole of India [inf], and was notified 
in a General Order issued from Bombay Castle on 1st February 1815 ; 

In pursuance of order* received. ..from the Ilon'bio the Court of Directors, as contained in 
a letter to the Supreme Govermoent of the third of June 1 814, the Bisrhl ITon'ble the Governor 
in Council is pleased to abolish the office of Surveyor Genera I at i]u;; i-Yt-eidency. and its estab- 
lishment, from the 28th of the present month of February, and to direct that all Charts, Maps, 
and other official documents, now under the ehiirge of the Surveyor General be delivered over 
to the Cliief Engineer 2 . 

Though the abolition of his post was a serious disappoint™ sat to Williams, it had 
little practical effect at the time. For many years the Surveyor General of India 
shewed little interest in the surveys that continued to be carried on under the 
Bombay Government, most of them under the control of Williams, who signed 
himself "late Surveyor General". He retained custody of all geographical material, 
and kept up a drawing office from which he supplied his Government with all the 
maps they called for. 

The revenue survey of Bombay and Salsette Islands under Dickinson had at no 
time been under his control. Dickinson received his orders direct from the Bombay 
Government. 



Surveyor Gemeral of India 

On 3rd June 1814 the Directors issued a dispatch which revolutionized the 
administration of the surveys of India ; 

1. Having taken into our consideration the state of the Department of Survey in India 

we are pnrticuhu;ly struck « ith t lie ma<_mlf u.ie of the sums which have been expended on it. ... 

15. We have nothing to object to [ in ] the conduct of the officers appointed Surveyor 
General; on the contrary, we are of opinion that grout zestl and assiduity have occasionally 
been manifested. ... 

16. At present we cannot but deem a portion of this expense misapplied, because it is. 
bestowed in maintaining three i.lisliiict ostfiblisl.imeiils of Surveyor Gtaiural, nut only where 
one would suffice for every useful purpose, but where i lie three are liable, by pursuing separated 
objects, to prevent any one from concentrating 1 ho information procured at the three Presi- 
dencies into one uniform geographical perforin a nee [ 2S6— 7 ]. ... . '■ " 

17. ... We deem this a proper time for j-eforiiring and reijulaliny the. department of Survey. 
We have accordingly come to Lho following resolutions. ... 

18. The present offices of Surveyor General at each of the three Presidencies to be abolished. 

19. A Surveyor- General of .India, open to selection from the throe Presidencies, to be 
appointed and stationed at the Presidency of Fori William [ 9, 325 ] 3 . 

This order reached Calcutta in November, ami copies were sent nut to Madras 
and Bombay on the 25th of that month. Nomination for the hew post was 
referred to the Governor General, Lord Moira, who, in his secondary capacity as 
Commander-in-Chief, was on a grand tour up country directing tho start of the Nepal 
War*. It was not until 17th April I Sin that, he communicated his orders ; 

His Lordship has turned his attention to the selection of a fit officer for the Situation of 
Surveyor General of India from the officers of all the Presidencies;, and conceives that the 
claims of Colonel Mackenzie, of the Madras Engineers, arc the most imperious, as well on the 
ground of length of service and seniority in the Survey Department, as from the satisfaction 
Government has uniformly expressed at the many services in this line of his profession. .... 

His Lordship has accordingly nominated f'.t. Colonel Mackenzie... to the situation of Surveyor 
General of India . 



•BoMC. 1:1-1-07. -Tiio' J.Somhiiy Govt, issued imiIwl'.v of Reynold-;' si.t vices imdor JtoGO. 10-2-07 
Mid Bo to CD. 3.5-2-07 (16), dato of .kp.u-tim: is wivi-Tous 2nd .Vlarfli under <!D to I So-. 7-0-OS (10 ) 
a CDtoB. 3-6-14 ; DDn. 142 (4). » Hastings' Jwrnnt. &BMC, a- 5-15 ( S ). . 



Surveyor General of India 307 

The decision was promulgated by a General Order issued at Fort William on May 
1st, which stated that tlm appointment carried 

the monthly salary anfl tisUib]isrirnc:nt us at prosent drawn by the Surveyor General of Bengal. 
The date from which Ooloiie! Mackenzie's appointment is to ha\o ei'iee.t, will be notified here- 
after 1 . 

Further reference had to be made to the Governor General as to the date from 
which Mackenzie should draw the allowances, the Military Department recom- 
mending that this should be the date of his arrival at Fort William. Lord Moira 
did not agree ; 

Hi." Lordship i~ oi' opinion vb.it Coloi iei Maiikon/io numot in j est in- be refused Hie allowaoiAs 
of his situation from this moment of his appoint inmii by the SupiT-me Government [May 1st ], 
more especially as the office is General to all India, and has- no particular reference to this 
Presidency. ... 

Colonel Crawford will possess a prior claim to the allowances now enjoyed by him whilst 
he ■continues to perform tho duties of his offwo, which ho will of courso do until he may make 
nver rhii.riio of ii, I.o Co'lonei Mackenzie. [ 295 ] 2 . 

The Directors had, in the meantime, come to the *ame eoiiehision as the Governor 
General, and in a " separate letter " dated 10th March, 1815, sent out orders for 
the appointment of Mackenzie, to which Bengal replied by communicating their 
own order, adding thai, they were " extremely happy to find, that by this appoint- 
ment the wishes of your Hon'ble Court have been anticipated " 3 . 

Mackenzie; had leached Madras on March SOi.h. after ;ui absence oi" nearly four 
years, and the announcement of his appointment was communicated to him by a 
letter from the Madras Government dated May 13th. For the next two years he 
found so much work to do at Madras that he did not move to Calcutta until July 
1817 [302-3]. 

1EGO. l-S-15: DT)n. 142 (29). =0110.9-6-15 ( 2 ). 'BtoCD. 13-9-15 ( 49 ). 



■ 
CHAPTER XXII 



SURVEYORS 

Education — Bengal — Madras ; — Militant InMtiatkm Quartet -master General's 
Department — Lambton's Survey. — Java — Bombay. 

THOUGH the com lit ions of service foe the Company's military officers had been 
vastly improved by the regulations of 17!)6, it was some years before satisfactory 
arrangements were made for their education and training. 

From 1798 to 1808 about halt of the cadets for the Company's artillery and 
engineers were educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich [ I, 156 n.i, 
316], whilst a smaller number were educated at the Military College at Marlow 
that was moved to Sandhurst in 1812. For some years candidates for the engineer 
corps came out in the artillery, and were transferred to engineers as they passed a 
test, and vacancies occurred. 

To meet the expansion of the scientific services necessitated by the vast exten- 
sions of British territory after the Mysore and Maratha wars, the Company opened 
its own college at Addiseombe in 1809 1 . This was at first confined to artillery and 
engineer cadets, but was thrown open to other arms from I Si 1 u , up till which time 
there had been no arrangements for the special education of the Company's cavalry 
or infantry cadets in England. 

Under the Administration of Marquess Welleskiv a college for infantry cadets 
was opened at Barasat, 16 miles north of Calcutta, which lasted from 1802 to 
1811. The college for young civil servants at Fort William, at which selected 
military officers wore allowed to study Hindustani, lasted from 1800 till 1854. 
The Madras Government followed suit with a training school for infantry and 
cavalry cadets at Tripasur 3 , from which pupils were selected for training in mathe- 
matics and survey til, the Military Institution [ 2, 125, 314-21 ]. 

From 1812 the practice was started of keeping a number of engineer cadets hi 
England for an extra year after passing out of Addiscombe, in order to attend a 
special course with the ifigouomelriua! branch of the Ordnanco Survey. 

The course may lie considered as consisting of two Branches ; the first instrumental survey- 
ing, a.nd the second sbetcbiog suit.] drawing ground. 

The first Hmr.i-li v.--ns begun by lessons and essays 111 surveying with the Chain alone, after 
which the use of omaca ! instruments for taking angles was mfi-i .duced. ai id the. orael.K'e pursued... 
till the pupils were capable id' taking mstriiineiifcal surveys of Fields, lloads, etc. ... 

Essays in levelling wore given, and from theso tho j n-o HIh.-k of the ground... were, formed. 

The nature of a trigonometrical survey, and its application to regulate and correct other 
operations, whs shewn mid pTucticnily illustrated by takiug the s:nnl: series of triangles near 
Worcester. ... 

The vnn-t-h.erriiU-.ieal and mechanical art of Lanri Surveying being thus communicated, it- 
application to Military and general purposes was explained, and the second branch of instruc- 
tion.. .was to cornnmni.en.te a. method and art of observing i-md describing ground .. .with relation 
to Military and general objects 3 . 

The Directors were anxious that these: courses shotdd continue ; 

From the evident soeeess which lias attended tho plan of sending { for a few months ) 
(nil- Engineer Cadets on the Trigoiu.i metrical Survey... after they have passed their public 
)ur Military Institution, we now... adopt this measure for all t-hoso Cadets who 



Education 



:ju!» 



may hereafter bo selected for the Corps of Engineers, from ji. conviction that they will acquire 
much practical experience in every branch of surveying, wfc ether Military or Civil 1 . 

In tho event <if new ;uirvovs htinj^ rt-< jnirod in t'l'-r^.ail, or at Hu -1 . ^nTjf>n3irii-it^ Pre^idorn-u'S, 
it is presumable that officers perfectly qualified for such undertakings will be found among 
those who have finished their education at our military seminary 2 . 

As it happened, however, it was found both to Bengali and Madras that engineer 
officers could seldom he spared from other professional duties, and surveyors had 
to be found from cavalry or infantry. In Bombay alone was any large number of 
engineer officers employed on survey. As early as 1801 Mackenzie declared himself 
definitely 

averse to have any more of the Corps of Engineers on this service, being so liable to be called 
off occasionally, whence the service materially suffers by removal before the tract in hand is 
closed, and a very great loss; of time anil embarrassment is oct-oslo-Licd. ... Even the partial 
removal occasioned by sickness is very detrimental. T have been also unwilling to apply for 
any more of the Corps of Kngincers, as a partiality fov one's own Corps is sometimes suspected. 
Tho' I -was sensible of the detriment to the survey from nor having the number I originally 
proposed employed, I have hitherto been silent, waiting to see if any offered for this service 
not subject to this inconvenience 3 . 

Whilst training in survey was specially provided sit (.he Madras .Military Insti- 
tution, the only training that Bengal officers received was through the occasional 
attachment of young assistants to the more experienced surveyors [24-5, 311 n.2]. 
Spasmodic efforts were .made to hold special classes at Calcutta, and Colebrooke 
huh if tinted that 

a Mathematical Teacher to instruct the gentlemen of the Army, or others, in surveying and 
practical Astronomy would be very desirable, no one having yet been sent out to supply the 
place of the late Mr. Reuben Burrow [ I, 271, 31S ] 4 . 

Garstin comments hi 1812 on 
the srreat care taken with the education of id! the young officers o: 
They arc well qualified to be employed, first as assistants, and after ii 
may be required". 

Crawford spent two hours a day giving lessons in astronomy [ 

In 1810 orders were sent out front home directing that 
hereafter no officer may be permitted to hold any staff nr ollicia! .situation whatever, except the 
Regimental one of Adjutant, until he shall have served" five years with the Corps to which 

ho belongs [ 318 ]. ... No officers in oue service should be appointed to staff situations, 
unless they have previously acquired u compoi.-cut knowledge of the Hindoos tsniy language, 
which is the vernacular lungnage of Hindoostan, and more 01- less understood throughout 
the Decoan s . 



ineers lately sent 
.1 any way their 



[ 193 ] 



Bengal 

Tho Survey or General/a four assistants, whose posts were abolished in 1801, 
had been appointed several years earlier for particular duties, but as there had 
been no call for some time for their services as surveyors they had drifted to 
other duties, still retaining their allowances, until some unsympathetic officer 
pointed out the waste of public money [I, 271 ; II, 4]. 

New responsibilities inOtidh. however, and the acquisition of territory from the 
Marathas, soon created a demand for skilled surveyors that steadily increased. To 
start with, the engineer corps was tho obvious source of supply ; Wood, Robertson, 
Fleming, Smyth, and others, but during tho JVlaratha war a number of regimental 
officers were employed on route surveys, and of these Sackville, Webb, and White, 
in particular, became- most valuable surveyors. All fieldbooks were sent in for 
the Surveyor General's inspection, and any special talent was thus brought to his 
notice. He writes to Sackville ; 

Only a week ago I recommended that; surveyors employed with dot aft: intents should, be 
detached by their respective Commanding Officers, on every opportunity that might offer, to 

.0-01. 'DDn. 67 ( 11+),. 



Surveyors 



survey and reconnoitre the country, but the news of Lord Cornwallis's illness [31 n.i ], and 
of Sir George Barlow's 1 departure to Benares, lias prevented for the present my sending it 
in. Some regulation of ibis sort is much wan tod, 11s the Surveyor General is not authorized 
to send orders or Instructions f more than general Instructions as to what is most desirable 
for Geography ) to any offices serving with an Army or Detachment 2 . 

He did nob at this time have the right to nominate surveyors for particular 
tasks, and there was apt to be jealousy. Ho complain* to the Quartermaster 
General of not having been officially informed of White's appointment [59], "as 
well as of his being in. want of instruments". White, later, was very disgusted at not 
being sent witb Elphinstone's mission, and about dolay in passing his allowances, 
and Garstin was 

concerned.. -to observe.. .a spirit of dissatisfaction by no means warranted. ... When I pointed 
out to you what I. considered as wrong, as it was my duty to do, I certainly made use of no 
improper language, ... whilst [ was using my utmost endeavours to get, your hills passed. ... 

You take offence at my not mooting your wishes, and recommending you in preference to 
others for a new appointment, and .. .seem to eousider your services as far more meritorious 
than those of other officers. ... Surely Lieutenant Saekvillo, while surveying Bundleeund, 
surrounded by men openly at war with our Government — and Lieutenant Webb, on bis 
survey to explore the sources of the Ganges wore exposed to as much danger from the 
natives, and both to more from the unhealthiness of the climate, than you have been. 
Your merits have neither been denied or concealed, but men are not competent judges in 

When you solicited employment as a surveyor, ii is probables you were acquainted with 
the regulations respecting allowances. ... To expect one Rupee more beyond what the public 
orders assign was to indulge hopes that could only lead to disappointment. Except when 
actually employed in the Field during the rains, no increased allowances can be granted. 

Why suppose Government could act unjustly towards you ? ... 'You make the evil yon 
complain of. As Surveyor General I am desirous of assisting every officer... whose conduct 
deserves encouragement ; but, as an individual, I know of no reason why I should uiijustlv 
prefer your interest to thai., of others ; and you must allow me to say that the style of corres- 
pondence that has passed between us has not been calculated to encourage my desire to serve 
you. ... 

I shall take no steps to get you recalled but, if you think proper to resign ihe situation of 
surveyor, there are many able officers who will bo glad to obtain it 3 . 

Garstin was very angry with Tickell for his delay in submitting fieldbooks and 
maps, which he contrasted with Macartney's promptness [ 218-9 1 > 

Every officer in the Engineer corps may rely upon it, as may all -who may be employed 
under me as Surveyor CenesraL that, only those who are attentive to their duty will meet with 
any encouragement. The Esprit de Corps will induce me to give a preference to Engineer 
officers as surveyors, because I consider the practice of this branch of science to be greatly- 
useful to them, and beneficial to the service, but no motive will make me recommend those 
who are idles or neglectful 4 . 

It became more and more difficult to spare engineer officers for survey, though 
when a successor was required to relieve Crawford in Mirzapur, Robert Smith 
got the nomination by virtue of being on. the Commander-in-Chief's staff. When 
a surveyor was required for the Calcutta suburbs, Garstin had to report that 
there is not an Engineer officer in Fort William to do...e-ven the common subaltern duties 
which, for several months past.., have been done by me as well as I have been able, or they 
must have been totally neglected. It will therefore be evident that no Engineer can be spared 
for the survey required 5 . 

Smyth had to be called off his survey of the southern frontiers to act as engineer 
with a military column [46 ], and William Morrieson was in like manner called 
from the Sundarbans to become engineer at Chunar [17]. It was gradually 
realized that infantry officers made equally welcome assistants. Fleming was 
struggling alone with his large-scale survey of Murshidabad in addition to being 
garrison engineer, when he wrote to the Surveyor General for assistance ; 

I cannot help thinking it rather hard that I, an olel officer of rank, and 2nd in the corps, 
should...be kept without an assistant though doubly employed, ... although junior officers^ 



Bengal 



311 



Cup tain Sna\ th and Lieut. Morriom, have Y. 

an Engineer officer, in t.he very teeth of what Garstin wro 

unemployed, or that could bo siivon me ! ! ! ... But this in 

Crawford replied ; 

Tomorrow morning I siuill make ;; jr 1 ■ .j j 1 ■ t ■ of forwiirdLng your letter ; ... and. ..shall uid your 
request for an assistant ; but if you get one, it must be from the Infantry, as there is not a soul 
to spare from your corps [20, 61, 310 ]. It is true that Captain and Lieut. Smith ( both of 
your corps ) have each an assistant.- from tho Kngineers, but I- ieu tenants Morrieson and White 
have cat'li one from tin: Infantry 2 . 

in applying for an assistant, ...selection must not be made by the person applying, as 
Government, of course, reserve to themselves tlio patronage of the appointment 3 . 

John Sehalch, an infantry officer, was appointed, and Crawford points out that, 
in drawing assistants from the Native Corps, it is not only to aid in expediting the Work, but 
it is also that they may bo taught- their duty, fur they must all have a beginning, and if young 
Sehalch, or as it is p'nn™ii™d Shnct-, n-d.= to bn exchanged, the oilier one you might get. would 
be in exactly the same predicament. He :is extremely good na Lured, and is a very fine lad 
and, what is better, is extremely unxieui to get on in this line, and I am convinced will exert 
himself to the utmost to meet your « ishi.'S. He h.is purveyed end laid down, the Cantonments 
of Etawah 1 . 

Fleming was delighted with Sehalch j who eventually became a most valuable 
surveyor. 

In 1813 it was ordered at Curs, tin/ j> ftii^sestion. that, 
as a general Rule, ... one or more Assisl.aiu.s shall be attached to Officers employed on Exten- 
sive and laborious surveys, with a view, not only of saving time and money, but of forming 
Surveyors at. no j;i'eaf oxpeneo, and of luvv ing at. 1:0 mm and a. corhU!) nuuioer of Officers possessing 
that accurate local knowledge-. I ho app^ie-alioi! of which is so frequently required in the course 
of the Public Service 5 . 

At the suggestion of the C'otnni under -in -Chief, the proviso wa.s added that not more 
than one or two were to be drawn from ono corps, and in 1815 the general terms of 
employment were that 

there is no separate body of Surveyors ; the officers employed in that line are chosen by the 
Governor General from the Native Regiments of the line, Iho corps of Engineers- and Artillery, 
or the Corns of Cavalry. No officer whatever ^s employed in I. bis iir.ineh under the Quarter 
Master General ; when a survey is ordered;, ihe Surveyor General is requested to furnish Instruc- 
tion to the Officer proceeding on the duty. 

There is no permanent establishment of surveyors ; officers are employed as surveys are 
wanted, and when the Survey is finished they return to their Corps. Assistant Surveyors are 
to he selected from the Regimen is of I he line, as far us two subal terns per Corps 6 . 

Regarding their ins (.me lions Tor (lie appointment of a Surveyor General of India 
the Direetors pointed out that 

the Ruling principle of those orders ( Letter of June 3rd 1814 ) was the establishment of 
one responsible Officer for the management, and coni.rotil of all the Surveys of India and, 
in conformity to this principle, we direct that no appointment be made in that Department 
except on the application and eonseqaeni, responsibility of the Surveyor General 7 . 

The following is a list of surveyors and assistants employed under the Bengal 
Government between 1811 and 1815 3 . 



Name 


Corps, 




Number 
1811 1S12 


of Months employ 
1813 1811 


1810 


Wy 


Barton 


Inf. 


41-2] 




2 


4 


WpTs Win. 


l-ilidie 


Inf. 


M-&] 








Goiaklipur. 


Hb» 


Engrs. 


5-!>, iy] 


1J 


lj 6 


6 


Diamond Harbour R 
Sagav I.; Xepal War 






■9. 178] 






81 


Chittagong. 






16] 


2 






■-.'■ 1. . 1 '. Baaar, 1 laloutta. 


C'riovf.,-.! 


Inf. 


■i.i- 17] 




2!- Survey 01 


'.j -.-1 L ■ - r.v.i 1 


jlirzipur. 


Din-idson 


Engrs. 


18] 








Bum Ilum. 


FcUMSOI. 


Inf. 


47] 




i 2 


i 


Roiiks. (.'hi/hi iTiiipn-. 



iDIln. 130 ( 21 ), 7-7-13, - With Smv1.li, £isl>et ; with Smith, t [ u--:Jiir ; s..i:i , 11i1.i1 M.orrif«.-j:i, his 
bro. Hugh; with Vv'hiit-. Hodgson. :i II1!ii. 135 (5-6), 11-7-13. Mb. ( 14), 12-8-13. 5 B to CD. 7-8-13 
(61-2). "Crawford to .Mackenzie. 6-1-15, DDn. 131 ( 114-7 ). 'CD to E. 16-11 15 ( 155). »UMC. 
30-0-16 { 64 ) ; DDa. 131 ( 200 ), 15-9-16. 



: 



- 



% 



: 



Number of M-.ii'.t!:- i 



h"\---:i:<.\-J 


Engrs. 


[iS] 


3 12 


Franklin 


Inf. 


fel-BJ 




Garstin, E. 




&I-a] 


.. 


Gerard 


Inf. 




3 .. 1 


Hodgson 


Inf. 


[37-8,40-2,.. 
82-4] 


9 I 


Kuidlir.i-: i: 




[47- so] 




Hyde 


Inf. 


[18,296-7) .. 


7 


Jackson 


Inf. 


[19] 




Lawtie 




[28,90] { 


"h "i 


Lindesay 


Engrs. 


[+3, 47] 


I 1 


Lloyd 


Inf. 


[53-33 


Irregular periods 


Jl.o'.ri'.'tun, IE 


Inf. 


[17-45] 


4 7 


Morrieson, W 


Mnfi-s. 


[15-7] s 


12 12 


Nishet 


EiiL;rs. 


[19] 


3 3 


O'Donnell 


Inf. 


[47] 


1 U 


Paton 




[41-2] 




Peekett 




[19-25] 6 


a 


flukl-r^dil 


Inf. 


[38-40] 


9 1 


Playfiiiv 1 


Inf. 




6 


Eaper 


Inf. 


1 46-7] 


2 


)l,-,fJCL-:i 


Inf. 


[47J 


2£ 


-1,,-kvil.r. 


Inf. 


[24-5] 12 




Sclialeh 


Inf. 


[13] 


5 


Smit.li 




[47] 




t-mvl'', 




E4S-*] 


3 4.1- 


Stepbn' 




[23, 25] * 


8 7 


Tici.,:\\ 




[35-6] 2 


J 


Todd 


Inf. 


[55 6] 3 


6" 


Webb 


Inf. 


[55-6] 8 


i 


White 


Inf. 


!33-4] 8 


12 5 


Wilton 


Engra. 


[18, 36-7] • ■ 


3 



Murshidabad . 
Bundelkhand. 
Nepal "War; Sabathu. 

Routes ; Revenue. Survey, 

Saharanpur. 
Upper Bmb ; Nepal War; 

zapur ; Nepi I 11 ;ir. 



Cslcu 



; .\SG. 



BurdwFin boundary, 
Eontaa ; Delhi ; Nepal War. 
Mirzapur ; Rewah ; Gorakh- 

pur : Nepal War. 
Routes Nagpur. 

iUir/it[iLi' ; Sii.'ldarUiri.-. 
Pun darh ails. 
Cliota Nagpur. 
Jlouttii, Pi.oi.ri Nagpur. 
Nepal War ; Sirnrar. 
Cnttfi.tik : I'atna-Gaya Road. 
Nepal Frontier. 
iifMia'es Military Eoad 14-5 

to 30-11-1813. 
Chota Nagpur. 
r.uvitj, Chute. SM-p-,,,-. 
Cnttack. 
Murshidabad. 
.11 ir»..Tpiir ; Eewali. 
Chota Nagpur. 
Cnttack ; Benares. 
Allahabad ; Route to Reiyah. 
Routes, Ufintral India. 
0;idh k, Cotekhjjur; Kimiaun. 
Upper Duab ; Calcutta, 
Bcrhampur ; Oan£!PS--llhagIr- 

athi cut. 



Madras 

i surveyors of the early years of the 10th century fall into four main 
groups— Engineer ollieers, with tho dominating figure of Colin Mackenzie— Three 
Kmg's officers ; the remarkable genius WilhainLambton ; the scientist Kater [ pi. 21]; 
and the French emigre Warren [ pi. 23 ] —numerous Cavalry and Infantry officers, 
mostly trained at tho Military Institution under the Austrian soldier Anthony 
Troyer — the eivili.au establishment of Assistant Surveyors, bora and bred in the 
country, and trained at the observatory school. 

The surveyor whom Mackenzie trusted most was the Scotch graduate Mather, 
who had made his name on the survey of Baramahal [ E, 113-4 I and had to resign 
owing to ill-health in 1806. His other officers in Mysore were Warren, -who trans- 
ferred to Lamb ton's survey hi 1802 ; Arthur, of the Engineers, who left under a 
cloud in 180') and afterwards held charge of the survey of Travail core ; and Morison, 
of the Artillery, who replaced Warren. Arthur kept up a most interesting journal 2 
and hasleft del ightiuf accounts of.' the country and of survey life in Mysore [ 208,361]. 
Early in 1803 Morison was called away for military service against the 
Marathas and never rejoined. He had a distinguished career in after years, and 
Mackenzie was very pleased for him to act as Surveyor General whilst he himself" 
was absent on the Java expedition. 

It was only seldom, and for short periods, that engineer officers could be spared 
for survey duties. Do Havilland spent about a year as Engineer and Surveyor 
with tho Nizam's subsidiary force, a post that Mackenzie had first held from 1792 
[ I, 112 ; II, 132 ]. Blair made a start on the survey of Travaneore, and was then 



'Supt, Mil. 



■- and GEO. Lib. A h. SO. 



Madras 



moved to relieve De Havilland in the Deccan, but his wmtri button to geography 
was small. Johnson of the Bombay Engineers was employed for a few months on 
the survey of Xorth Kan'ara, but was soon called away for urgent engineer duties 
[97 ■],' as- indeed Mackenzie had rather expected ; 

Your fondness fur this line would have iinh.ic.-i 1 me long ago to surest your being employed, 
did I not apprehend that- the duties of the Engineer would not have admitted your being 
detached, and they seem to think hero that too many of our Corps lire already detached on it 1 . 

The general shortage of engineer officers in the Presidency led General Hewott 
to recommend the withdrawal of Arthur and Blah' from survey charges 2 . The only 
other engineer officer employed for long way Thomas LWies, surveyor to Colonel 
Dowse's force in the South Mariliha campaign from 1812 to 1814 [ 166 ], and later 
in the Maratha war. 

The employment of King's officers on civil duties was altogether contrary to the 
Company's policy. Lambton had, however, soon established himself as indispens- 
able, and special authority was readily granted for him to continue his survey after 
his regiment had left India [ 304-5 ]. Kater's health broke down before he had 
completed three years with Lambton, and he won fame in the .scientific world after 
his return to England. Warren's appointment to act as Astronomer was much 
disliked by the Directors, even though it was pointed out that, except for Lambton, 
there was no other possible selection ; 

We are concerned to rind ourselves under the necessity of withholding otir approbation 
front this appointment. We wish to regard the officers of i Lis Majesty's service employed in 
India with respect ami liberality, but, independent, of command and employments strictly 
and purely military, ... we consider ah situations ,-incl oiiices aiuler our Governments as apper- 
taining to our servants, civil or military, who have nothing else to look to. If Mr, Goldingba.m 
should return to his station, this temporary substitution is of little consequence, otherwise 
than as it touches upon a principle which we must inanition as in itself important ; but if it 
should become necessary to appoint a regular successor to the ofnee. we must desire, without 
meaning the least, disparagement to Lieutenant Warren, that the successor be taken from our 
own servants 3 . 

Ill spite of this protest. Warren continued to act until his resignation at the end 
of 1811. 

The Corps of Chides which had provided so many valuable .surveyors since the 
early clays of John I'r.ingle [ 1, "5 7 ] was, from 1800 to ISO;;, commanded by James. 
Colebroohe, brother to the Surveyor General of Bengal [122-3], anc l tnen 
by Blacker who in 180fi was absorbed with the Guides into the Quartermaster 1 
General's department ; 

The Corps of Guides, during a length of time after its establishment, was unconnected 
with the department of the Quarter Master General of the Army. The late Commander-in- 
Chief, perceiving the disad vantages winch attended the separation. ... annexed the Guides to 
the Quarter blaster Genend's office, but eontinned the situation and the allowance of the 
Captain of the Guides, and appoint/.;!! tin-it officer to be Assistant. Quarter Master General 4 . 

It was later ruled that the A.Q.M.G. should only draw the extra allowance of 
Captahi of Guides when actually employed on survey, and the allowance was 
finally abolished in 1810 [301]. 

A full account of the Military Institution is given later, and that of the civil 
assistant surveyors is kept for another chapter. 

During 1809 there broke out an extraordinary mutiny of the officers of the 
Madras Army, who had long been most- discontented from a multitude of causes 5 . 
There had been a series of undignified disputes between the Commander-in-Chief 
and the Government, senior military officers had been placed under arrest 8 , 
and in May 1S09 the British officers of native units throughout the Presidency went 
into open mutiny, defying orders, and placing under arrest any senior officer who 
refused to join. At Seringa patani the mutinous officers gained control of the 
treasury, siezed a consignment of treasure on the road, and held tho fort. 

iDDn. 00, 17-12-02. - 'Report, 27-0-10 ( 36, 245 ) ; DDn. S4 ( 15-9 ). a CI> to M. 9-^-06 ( 26 ) 

'Minute bvC-in-C- ; MMC. i?7-l((-00. «V\i\\ am.smt in Gaidtw's -'The. U7tr> .tfWmy". * including the- 
QMG., Col. John Munre [ 2b=, ]. 



■■i 



i 



314 



SURVEYOKS 



The King's regiments stood loyal to Government, and in several places there 
was actual lighting between Madras regiments and King's troops 1 . 

In July the Governor called on all Madras officers to sign a test declaration, 
disclaiming allegiance with the mutineers ; those who refused to sign were relieved 
by officers from King's regiments. In the whole Presidency loss than 150 officers 
signed this test. The remainder, over 1,300, were removed to a station on the 
coast, placed under arrest, and the leaders court mar tialed. By the end of August 
the mutiny had been suppressed, and tho Governor General, Lord Minto, came 
down to Port St. George to make personal investigation. After 21 of the leaders 
had been dismissed by sentence of court martial, an amnesty was granted to the 
remainder. 

The oilieers who sat oil tins ( 'ourls-martinl had. far loo much sympathy with tho mutineers 
to sentence them to Capital j'unisliment. ... Officers who hyi.l supported the Government, or 
who hud signed the. test, were subjected to a considerable amount of petty persecution, being 
sent to Coventry aini excluded J'vai; all social life 3 . 

In the end, tlie majority of the ^1 dismissed leaders wore restored to the service, 
amongst these being JDe Havilland, one of the ringleaders at Seringapatam, who 
was reinstated in 1814. Several of the 18 officers of the 4th class at the Military 
Institution, who were sent back to their corps in February 1809 for irregular 
conduct, subsequently became useful surveyors [ 318, 321 ]. Mackenzie and a very 
few surveyors signed the test. 

Lord Minto remained in Madras tall April 1810, "but before he left determined 
that "Regular and steady discipline must certainly bo restored, or rather created, 
for it never existed here. ... Discipline mvM be enforced''. He therefore summoned 
the Commander-in-Chief, Sir George Hewett, from Bengal [ 160 ] ; 

His authority, which is the highest military authority in .India, will bo respected. He is... 
firm, temperate, and judicious. ... I shall wait:, for him hero, and leave him in charge without 
anxiety when we have r.hoL'Ou.sd'ily i-ojiipared ideas 3 . 

Hewett made a thorough investigation of the conditions of the Madras army 
from all points of view, and put up proposals for its complete reorganization. His 
report, submitted on August 27th 4 , went into every detail in a masterly manner, 
and amongst his recommendations was one for a Surveyor General to release the 
Quartermaster General from all responsibility for surveys, except those of a purely 
military nature for which he would be allowed a small staff | 321-2 ]. 

His recommendations wore promptly put into effect, and had far-reaching 
results. Amongst the orders issued was one that no officer was to be employed 
on survey or other departmental duties until he had served at least two years with 
his military unit [ 322-3 ], and this involved the withdrawal of officers attached to 
Lambton's survey [246,322], the Goa and Travancore surveys, besides others 
employed immediately under tho Quarter master General [ 132, 134 ]. Exemptions 
were made in the ease of Ward, recalled to the Surveyor General's oil ice early in 1811 
[ 3°3 ]. ant l Gar ling, loft in charge of Hie Goa survey. 

At the instance of Garling the excellent practice- was introduced of having a 
second military officer posted to each "survey party. He obtained the services of 
Cornier for the Son da survey on pointing out that it was 

very desirable that, another Officer should he appoint™ I a temporary Assistant in the Depart- 
ment. ... It would provide for the due execution of the survey, and for the efficient direction of 
the services of trie Sub- Assistants, in the event of the Superintendent --'littering at any time 
from siekneaa in that unheal thy climate, ( and ) would also by a proper application of their 
joint labors fnei I i tale ihe eonchi-ioti of the work . 



Tf 



In recommending the establishment of 
[124-5 ], Lord William li out inch wrote ; 



Madras Military Institution 

school of survey for yo 



I 



Madras Military Institution 



:l I r> 



Further measure. 1 -.... appear... to he necessary for acqi iiring n topograe-hiou'i knowledge of this 
Country, ... ami to obtain a greater number of persons (qualified for such pursuits is the first 
dtop which muat bo taken. ... The individuals 1 composing the Coi-jjh of Bug incurs under this 
Presidency may be presumed to be qualified, ... bi.it iboir numbers are inadequate, and ample 
employment is already found for them in I heir im mediate line of service ; other means therefore 
must be provided. ..by the further improvement of the Institution of Cadets established at 
Trippasore [ 308 ]. ... 

I propose therefore that, a select number of the- Gentlemen Cadets at 'l.'ripassore shall be 
instructed in the art of forming topographiea I surveys, and rhat such of them shall be selected 
as may appear from their former edi.iuatlon, or better iiiiMiral capaeity, to be more qualified 
for scientific pursuits 1 . 

Troyer was selected as Instructor in "geometry, drawing, and other branches of 
Military education", and regulations were drawn up 2 ; 

The establishment will for the present be limbed to twelve Gentlemen, selected from 
Much officers lately prnmofed from the company of tlent'enien Cadets as are- desirous to parti- 
cipate. . . . 

Quarters -will be provided in Fori Saint, George, and a moss established. ... Each Member 
of the Institution must be a member of the mess, and must reside in the Quarters allotted to 
him, from which he must never lie absent at the regulated hours of study, or after 11 o'clock 
at night, without tirst asking mid obtainin ■ ; permission from the Town Major. 

The Town Major was to be responsible for discipline and for giving instruction 
in garrison duties. A time-table was fixed ; 

They will rise at brea.k of flay, wdien a certain propoH ion will at lend the lunge of the... 
Governor's Body Guard, to be instructed in Hei'se.iri;ui=ihip, and those not- employed thus. ..will 
frequently attend tiie parade at Guard mounting. ... 

Breakfast, will be served at eight o'elock. 

The hours of instruction an.' fixed from 9 o'clock Ln the forenoon until one o'clock in the 
afternoon, two hours being allotted to the study of mathematics, and two t.o military draw- 
ing. ... Practical, exercises of Geometry 0:1 the wound will bo occasionally given, either in the 
morning before 7 o'clock, or during the coolest, hour;! of the afternoon. 

The remain d or of the day will be at file disposal of the Gent Lemon... for the aequiremetit 
of the languages of India, for their improvement in ■;:: antral know lodge, and for such recreation 
as is not inconsistent with propriety of conduct ; but the whole must retire to rest at, or before, 
11 o'clock at night, unless leave of absence. ..had been previously obtained. ... 

It appears almost unnecessary to add that exact propriety of dress, siior.ee, and attention, 
during the hours of study, and decency of language and manners in every situation is indis- 
pensible, a.s these ate justly e.^pcei.rd from I In' uhaiaeter uf Gentlemen distinguished by select-ion 
for. ..this Institution. ... 

Geometry is to bo taught with the particular view to topographical surveys. ... Algebra 
is to be laid aside, and. ..all the Goemetrk-al pro ttosj lions requisite, for the purpose are to be 
explained and demonstral ed without the aid of it. The elements .of Euclid recommend them- 
selves by simplicity ; ... a proper selection must, be made from thorn, of perhaps one hundred 
propositions, which are to be ti sufficient, foundation for all the practical problems of drawing 
and surveying with a plain table ; a thorough knowledge of the elementary part may require 
en an nvorage i)n application of some mouths ; the rest of too year iron Id ho given to the practi- 
cal part, which for the most is to be taught on the ground. ... 

The Gentlemen must dispose of some hours of the day for Ic-armng one of the Native 
languages and other duties of their profession, nor has the influence of the climate been for- 
gotten, which admits of less exertion in general, and allows hut few hours of the day for an 
exerc-se in the field. ... 

As drawing and surveying are intended to be subservient to other important objects of 
Tactics in general, a proper application of thorn to several military duties is to be shown to 
the Gentlemen. They must be shown how to sketch a road, a ground which they recon- 
noitre... chiefly without instruments at a.'. 1 ., on foot, on Horseback. 

Troyer, who had doubtless been consulted about this syllabus, was an officer of 
Bentinck's staff. He had been in the Austrian army, had passed through the 
military academy at Wiener-Xeusta.dt, and had been employed for some time on 
military surveys hi north Italy. In advising the Directors of tho establishment of 

this Institution, the Madras Government write ; 



HIMH. 2SS-S-04. ! ib. 17-11-04. 



:ilii 



Surveyors 



Our president laid before us til? lteguiatiotss which he proposed to establish fur the manage- 
ment of the Institution, the inunedia i o superintendence of which His Lordship for the present 
has taken upon himself. ... 

His Lordship at the same time communicated to lis a paper detailing the plan of teaching 
intended to be pursued by the Mathematical Instructor, together with various specimens of 
Military Drawing by that Gentleman. Similar sketches "-ill Iks forward oil to your Honorable 
Court with this dispatch, and Wo trust that. they will irnpivss you with a favorable opinion 
of the qualifications of Knsign Troyer 1 . 

The first class of twelve assembled in April 1805. and a year later Troyer reported 
that they 

have now all completed the survey, in the environs of .Madras, of twenty -seven square miles 
each [ 125, 12S ]. ... As upon this occasion the Gentlemen Avon:: obliged to undergo considerable 
e-xpenee, they may be. ..allowed full Batta for the whole time in which they were employed, 
which is from the 20th of January to the 20th of April. ... 

I dure hope that the specimens of their work, ... as soon as the more elaborate copies shall 
have been finished, will prove to your Lordship.' that their efforts as to accuracy have been 
attended with all the success which the grer.t imperfection of their instruments would admit 2 . 
The grant of full batta was aUowed. 

When the second class, 18 strong, joined in April 1806, Garling, of the first 
olass, was appointed assistant instructor 

upon, a salary of fifty Pagoda.s per month. ... Hesoived that forty Pogodas per month be 
allowed for a place of instruction for the Senior Class. This will form the only Additional 
expence in adding a second class 1.0 the institution. The Senior class will find their own Quarters 
'.or class will be lodged in the house occupied by 



out of their Tent aHowflner ; 



the st 



I intended [ 



Mojithiok ■ 



j have ofter'd the threat room at the Government 
or class, which would have saved the expenco here 
proposed, But I found many objections to the arrangement. Tho Cadets, having neither 
palanquins or Bandies, would have been, exposed tiimeetssarily to the sun, both in going and 
returning. The eimriauo of their instruments am I papers W'.idi.l have beon attended with so mo 
difficulty, from their very limited establishment of stir van Is, and the me-iil of the middle of the 
day, which eould not have been taken but at their own quarters, would hswe interferred 
materially wit h I heir sLudies. The room itself. ■.-, Inch is highly finished, would not have much 
benefitted by Tenants of this description 3 . 

In October 1806 Troyer made the following report for the half year* ; 

The first object of the .Military institution having been confined to such instructions as 
might enable tile you nit : i ft jeers to survey topographs -Lilly, am. I to lie Assistants in move extensive 
surveys, a selection of Theorems was made for that, purpose ; the application of them with 
respect to surveying was shown... not without practical exercises, with all the instruments 
which it was possible to procure. ... 

Military drawing was at the same lime practiced, of which tho specimens exhibited every 
month to your Lord-hip showed tie graana.l progves- of ouch Gentleman. ... 

As the application and progress of the Gent leoaen l:a;.i gained upon time and expectation 
in the first four months, the ins: 1-1 a.-tior: n-as ox! em led to the 1 lac. trine of planes and solids, 
the logarithmic calculations, ami plane trigonometry. Besides this, another study having a 
nearer connection with military science was begem, namely field fortification. ... 

I cannot omit here acknowledging the «'alou« application and capacity which Lieutenant 
Garling, my Assistant, lies d'isplayed ju iho instruction of the Junior Class. 

Meanwhile tin; senior, after having completed the mentioned survey, were shewn the more 
extensive trltroiiouiotrieai opera! i 01 is. The reducing and finishing of the plans of their res- 
pective surveys filled the hours usually allotted to drawing 5 . 

From November 1 80b tho senior class ivas authorized to draw survey allowance 
hi addition to batta and horse allowance whilst employed "as regular surveyors". 

At the end of May I SOT Troyer reviewed the lira I two years work of the Institu- 
tion, and proposed a more ambitious syllabus for the future, including a regular 
survey of the Carnatic. At the same time he asked for orders as to the future 
employment of the sonior class • * 

The thirty oifiecrs at present, comprising the- two classes of the Military Institution have 



>HMG. 13-5-06. 



22-MXL 'His English impro 



s the years 



Madras Military Institution 



317 



all qualified themselves for being employed on topographical survey, and the twelve of , the 
senior class may be entrusted with a trigonometrical operation of some extent. ... 

Major Lambton's survey, aii-ho' moving in. the sphere of higher science, ad; nits yet.. .of the 
immediate employment of a number of Oflicers of the Institution under the Major's immediate 
guidance. ... Your Lordship has [ixed the number of these Officers to be for the present three 

Bentmok was anxious that all twelve oflieors should "be sent out on surveys 
at once, but the Commander- in -Cliiof insisted that they should first do a spell of 
duty with their units and, as both were relieved of office daring the year on account 
of the Vellore mutiny [ 135 11 ; 4 ], Trover raised the subject again in October, pointing 
out that, 

as a part of the Officers are to be attached to Major Lambton, who ia upon the point of leaving 
Madras for beginning a new series of Irian sr lea from Cuddalore towards toe South [ 241-2 ], they 
would by going to their corps lose the opportunity of joining him immediately. ... Major 
Lambton will best, be able to state its how much their siting out with him might he convenient 
with respect to their instruction avid his intended operations 2 . 

Trover's proposals were circulated to Lambton, Warren, and the Quartermaster 
General, and as a result of their advice his syllabus was approved, and instead of 
being sent to their units the officers of the senior class were distributed— 
four. ..to the General Survey under Captain Lambton — two to the Quarter Master General's 
Department — and.. .the remainder... on other surveys, as proposed by the Quarter Master 
General 8 , 
these being the surveys of Travancore [ 131-2 ], and of the Nizam's territories 

[I34T- 

The opportunity was now taken to transfer control of the Institution to the 
Quartermaster General, whilst Troyer was appointed A.Q.M.G., with full disciplinary 
powers, as recommended by t'etrie who was acting a-: Governor pending the arrival 
of Sir George Barlow from Bengal ; 

It is of the erealest importance to the interests of the Military Institution that a plan of 
strict discipline should be united with the system of instruction. ... But a plan of discipline 
to be efficient mur-it- be direct and immediate-. It must be conducted by a. person who will be 
always present at the Institution ; who, having constant occasions of communicating with the 
young gentlemen, will be able to exercise an nni.atemmterJ and continued system of.-.controul. ... 
Neither the Town Major nor the Quaiaer .Master General car., be vested therefore with the 
charge of maintaining the immediate discipline, ... and that duty must be entrusted either to 
a separate officer who will reside always at the Institution, or to.. .Captain Troyer. ... 

The plan pro posed... appears... to accomplish the intended purpose by giving the appoint- 
ment of Assist;; tit. to the Quarter Master Genera! to Ci'pta.in Troyer, i-ml | .inci;- u the institution 
under the Quarter Master General's department. The necessary decree of authority will be 
communicated to the instructor, supported by all the weight- of the Q:'. Mr. Gent's department. .... 
Neither do anv abjections exist against, that arrangement 011 the grounds of tho late order 
[i'uui Europe regarding King's Oitieers ( 313 ] ; Captain Trover holds an a (1 po intment already 
in the Company's service under the so-tition and approbation of the Honorable Court of 
Directors. ... 

The subject is of considerable import mice. ... Unless the youug ( lent 'omen at the Institu- 
tion are subject to a recular system of discipline, there are reasons for apprehending that they 
maj' acquire habits of disregard for authority, of insubordination, o.nd perhaps of licentiousness, 
totally incompatible with the military oharaeter ; ... the general irregularity of conduct... 
imputed to some of them has produced impressions imfnvorahle to the. whole plan of 
the Institution. Captain Trover, supported by the constant Assistance of the Quarter 
Master General's office, ... will be able to establish a degree of order, regularity, and propriety 
of conduct anions; the young Gentlemen, which will materially conduce to the improvement 
of the Institution, and obliterate the only objections which have been urged against it. ... 

Talents, assiduity, and regularity of conduct, divested of rock or age, are not always 
sufficient to give that weight to which a young mind will readily yield. This difficulty no 
doubt struck forcibly the late Governor, when he appointed the present mathematical Ins- 
tructor, ... a Gentleman whom experience has certainly shown to be fully deserving of the trust 

ijtfMC, 1-12-07. a ib. ; letter of 6-10-07. 'With lambton, Bayley, Chavassc. Tulloch, Swinton : 
•Kith QMG.. RjK-'stcv, WMjiolc t.o Travancore, Biss. Hams, Bnlgiiinis ■ to i'i ydtTfibad, Tiurrssti, O'Donnoglnic 
*MMC. 4-12-07. 



\ 



Surveyors 






placed in him, but who, from his recent admission in the British army, and inadequate knowledge 
of the system of its service, probably d err lined the task of uniting military command with the 
other branches of his avocation. Every praise is no doubt due to Captain Troyer for the 
universal satisfaction which he scorns to have given to the Gentlemen who were placed under 
his tuition, but probably ho would not have boon loss fortunate bad ho, at the period of his 
first appointment, been invested with more extensive authority. ... 

As in the present instance no increase of establishment- can possibly bo admitted, Captain 
Troyer is the only person in whom this authority might he- vested without in conveniently. ... 
His salary as Instructor being sufficiently handsome, lie- may well perform the duty of Assistant 
Quarter Master Genem-I without claiming any additional allowances. This appointment, 
placing him ostensibly under the first public officer of the army, will no doubt ( combined 
with the mildness of his manners ) give him sufficient woigbt to maintain discipline without 
much reference to his principal 1 . 

It was no fault of Troyer's that the prevailing spirit of unrest infected the 
Institution. Bevan records that "towards the middle of 1809 the Military Insti- 
tution was suspended by Government" till the mutiny was settled 2 [314]- General 
Hewett found, however, that the Institution was well worthy to be continued ; 

Of the advantages of this establishment... T can entertain no doubt; ...it is at present 
confided to hands in every way qualified. 

I am therefore a warm advocate for the continuance of a 



j apparently 

well calculated to diffuse a genera! spirit of military study aod improvement, among the officers 
of the army, stimulated as they will be if proficiency at- the institution is found to lead to 
preferment in the more scientific, branches of Mm general staff. 

He objected however to 

beginning at the- wrong cud, leaching young men the higher walks of military science before 
they are acquainted with the first duty of an Knsign. ... I nliall, therefore, submit the propriety 
of not admitting officers to the benefit of the Institution who have not previously served a 
term of 3 years with their corps, and who cannot produce certificates... that they possess a 
perfect knowledge of the Hindoslaoneo language. ... 

The Government, for tho purpose of encouraging the progress of the Institution, granted 
very liberal allowances to these young men, and with the same view appointed the whole of 
the first class soon afterwards to the principal surveys [317]. ... Most of these officers are 
stdl employed in the same manner, and several others seleci-cd from the succeeding classes of 
the Institution have also been appointed to surveys. 

■ The whole number actually employed amounts to 23, including one lately appointed to the 
Institution, and the salaries of all of them remain the same as was first established. Most of 
these young men have never joined corps, and have not been longer than three or four years 
in the service. Their employment upon surveys should be considered as a means of completing 
their Military education at the Institution, and should not entitle them to greater allowances 
tlnui ure sufficient to cover their unavoidable expenses*. 

The following order was accordingly embodied in the regulations ; 

The officers at present attached to the Institution, who have not joined the Army since 
the commencement of their service, will, at the expiration of 2 years from the time of their 
having begun their studies, be directed to join their Corps, and when they shall have served 
for the space of two years and obtained from their Commanding Officers the certificate pre- 
scribed, ...they will be considered eligible to bo employed in the department of the Surveyor 
General, or that of the Quarter Master General*. 

From 1813 it was further ruled that "no officer shall be appointed to the Military 
Institution who has not done duty with his Corps for the period of three years" 5 . 

As regards futuro administration, Government ordered 
that the Superintendence of the Military Institution should rest with the Commander-in-Chief, 
who will no doubt avail himself of such of the offices the General Staff as be may think proper 
for that purpose, but. ..all surveys.. .be made. ..in Communication with the Surveyor General, 
that that officer be enabled... to direct the employment of the students. ..as may be most 
conducive to tho General objects of tho Department. ; and the Governor General in Council 
■s also dc-s : rou= that the result of their labours be forwarded to the Surveyor General 6 . 

In his proposals for field season 1811-12, the Quartermaster General reports 

that the students 



'.MMC. 1S-12- 



= DDn. 84 (93), 27-8-10. 'MGO. 9-10-10 (5). 



Madras Military ■ Institution 319 

commenced their studies in the month of March 1810, and will... have completed the two 
years of instruction.. .11 few months hence. ... Two l..wi'a of field survey are absolutely necessary 
to confirm their practice, and gain the full borttsilt of their lectures. ... It requires sis months, 
calculated from the first of January, when the surveying season commences, to complete the 
field ■operations and subsequent drawing of the plans, and. ..it will be for the good of the 
service to permit the officers to prosecute their si udies until the Is:; of July nest. ... 

In forming the next class, by assembiing them on the 1st of July instead of at an earlier 
period, the advantages of two field practices w\d be secured, without oxceedni<; the period of 
two years attendance'. 

As Garling was now on survey in Goa, his place as assistant instructor was 
from May 1811 taken by Walpole, also of the first class, and in October it was 
pointed out that Walpole, " from delicacy towards Lieut octant. Garling ", had not 
drawn allowances for the post. A separate allowance v.-;s,s therefore granted to 
Garling for charge of the Goa survey, leaving Walpole those of assistant instructor, 
[332] a second assistant, Cameron, being sanctioned in 1812. 

From July 1812 Montgomerie and Mount.ford were employed on compiling 
the survey into general maps [ 129, pi. 12 ], and this brought up the question of 
permanent accommodation ; 

The house lately occupied by the .Military Institution, winch was taken for them at the 
Kent of 90 Pagodas per month 2 . ... was vacated by them on the 1st instant, when they pro- 
ceeded on Field 'Practice. ... 

Cornet Montgouierie and Knsign Mound-. id. employed in the reduction of former surveys, 
continue to occupy quarters in the same house. Hitherto Hie "I Iouko Rent- for the Military 
Institution ha.s ceased when tin: Officers have been scot on Field Practice ; but material incon- 
venience has arisen from this arrangement, in consequence of the frequent difficulty of procur- 
ing a suitable House on their return to the Presidency. 'Hie only remedy would appear to be 
...an arrangement, by which it. could he engaged for a certain number of years. ... 

Twelve officers only. ..can be accommodated, mid eight- were obliged to provide quarters 
for themselves at St. Thome, paying each from 7 to If) Pagodas a month house rent. The 
house. ..has beou lately pureiiascd by a. Native, who has offered to build additional accom- 
modation... in case the rent of 100 Pagodas per month be secured to him for 5 years. ... 

It would remove the- inconvenience which has been annually experienced ; ...it would 
likewise place all the Officers on an equal footing, secure their residing near the place of their 
studies, besides removing t ln=! necessity of a. certain number getting in debt from their incap- 
ability of defraying both their mess bill and house rent at the Presidency oat- of Ensign's 
Pmy 3 . 

The original system of taking in one class every year, and inainl.ainmg a senior 
and a junior class in residence at the same time, had been changed after 1810, but 
was again brought in from 1813 on the Quartermaster eneral's recommendation that 
it will be more expedient- to admit .10 Students each year thin 20 every second vear. ... As the 
period of study of the present class of 20 .Members will not Vie completed until the 1st of July 
1814, the proposed measure will have the effect of placing 10 additional Officers at the Institu- 
tion during one year 4 . 

The lease of the residential building for five years was sanctioned, but for the 
new class 

the owner of the Garden in the vicinity of the Institution Buildings had engaged to let the same 
...from the 1st July. .No written Hngageinei it having been taken, ... the owner lately accepted 
the offer of a more desirable Tenant, and there is now no House of sufficient accommodation , 
conveniently situated, to be had for 50 Pagodae per Month. In this predicament a Native 

Maist.ree ha.s offered to construct 10 frame- u- or I; Runcalos. roof?;; and \i all wd. with mats and 
thatch, at a less expenee than the amount of 12 months rent, and that they shall be perfectly 
Waterproof anil comfortable. 

The suggestion was approved 5 . 

The Institution was closed down hi 1816, as the Directors had by then mado 
satisfactory arrangements for their cadets at home B , and found that there was no 
need to incur the expense of their further education at Madras 7 . In a vain protest 
Sir Thomas Hislop [ 280 n.5 ] recorded some of the achievements of s " 



In the same your i iSjo | the expeditions against the lsl.es of Bourbon and Mauritius were 
fitted out, and eaeh had iis pro-port inn of Cilice rs from the Institution. They were employed 
on the fall of these Islands in surveying thorn iind their Coasts ; and I believe that copies of 
these surveys win: sent to Rutland. 

On the expedition to Java 8 Officers were attached to His Majesty's Ke^iments fco do duty 
with them until thoir services jr. their own par titular line should be tailed for. So soon as that 
settlement was taker; they were f ami I so general ly intelligent is mi useful that- I luy worn employed 
on other duties. Lieutenant Jordan mis appointed a. Resident ; Lieutenant- Hanson, Secretary 
to the Commander of the Forces : .Lieutenant Dalgarnes, to command the Malay Corps ; 
Lieutenant Stewart, to the command of the Pioneers ; Lieutenant Bayley, an Assistant 
Quarter Master General on the Island: and Lieutenant Clode. ^oerei.aiy to the Governor. 
This latter Officer was i?u frequently required to proceed in the capacity of Engineer with an 
Expedition to the Coast, of Sumatra whore, after construe ting a Kort, lie lost his life from the 
efforts of fever 1 . 

Though no confirmation has been found for Mark h ants statement that "it- 
was Mackenzie who suggested the establishment of the Madras Military Institution''' 
[ 124-5 ]' y°* ko hold a very high opinion of tho training given by Trover. In later 
years, when looking round for surveyors ill.- for eliargo of surveys, he writes ; 

Mr. Montgomerie had the first elauu to be employed : afterwards Captain Jourdan, Captain 
O'Donoghue, it such of the 
they wish it, and such of as 
remembrance of former 

I could wish you to get 
Institution from first to last- 



employed under Colonel Lambton in 1HI0, jf 
the Goa survey if t-iiey desire it ; there should he some 



10, if possible, a list of all the officers employed in the Militai 
It- might- bo right to advert, to it some day 2 . 



For loss immediate! reasons sueh a list is now appended. 



Class P. Joined April 1st 1805. 




J. Bay ley 


J. Dalgairns 


W. Bias 


J. Garling 


T. D. Burnett 


W. Harris 


W. Chavaase 


J. J. CVDonnog 


Class II*. Joined April 1S06. 




E. Barges 
C. G. Alvea 


J. Hanson 


H. G. Jourdan 


T. ClodE 


C. Kinsey 


C. F. Column 


0. LftthbVidgc 


M. H, Davidson 


J. Low 


C. Elderton 


W. Murray 


Class III'-. Joined June 1807. 




D. Agnew 


J. Fyfe 


N. Alvea 


E.Y. Hancock 


J. Cameron 


J. T. Hodge 


B, Christian 


H. Kyd 


P. E. Conner 


J. Le Page 


11. CS. Ooasdaile 


H. McGlashaii 


C. D. Dunn 


P. H. Newall 


Class IV. Joined 13th February 


1808 ; these m 


R. Allan 


G. Heath* 


W. Allan 


R. H. Hodges* 


W. H. fisdd* 


X. Maelcod" 


B. Christie* 


R. Marklovc* 


M. CJiarte* 


W. Low* 


T. P. Ball* 


1 1. .\[(j|jr-i-LV* 


C.St J. Grant* 


W. N. Pace 


R.W. K. Hansard 


H. W. Poole 


Class V. Joined between December 1809 ar 


markedf had been r 


ominated in M 


the mutiny [ 314 ]. 




H. Bevan 


J. S. Kin^y 


A. Borthwink 


C. Kippent 


H. Boulton 


C. Maxtone 


T. Clifford 


A. MnokijitoFh 



J. C. Uaester 
J. Swinton 
A. Tuliooh 
H. Walpole 



A. Stewart 

i '■- SViui^ton 
J. Torriano 



H. C. Woodward 
R. Yo-ung 



C. Snell* 
A. E. Spioer* 
E. W. Stopford* 
J. W. Taylor* 
W. R. Taylor* 
R. Williams* 



and March 1810 ; those of Classes V and later 
9, but were prevented inun joining by 

F. Mountford 
J. Sinclair 
W. R. Taylor 



'Minute of lii-l-Lii; .YIMC. 39-3-16. "To Men at ford, 4-:<-1<i ; Dl'hi. hi'i (49). =MMC 10-1-07 • 
roC«!,(3S4], *MMC. 11-11-06. 'MOO. 30-5-07. «ik 13-12-0$ & ls-2-0ti. 'ik 13 12 09 Mlio' 
10-12-11 & DDn. 127, 12-2-12. 



Madras Military Institution 



*, 



Glass V.— (Contd. ) 




J. H. Criapt 


E. Miicpheisc: 


L. Din w id die 


J. G. Matbrd 


H. S. Gale 


U. Montsrom-L. 


A. Grieraon 


F, W. Morgan 


Class VI 1 . Joined 1st July 1812 




E. J. EUawayt 


D. MaoQueen 


J. Glass(a) 


H. Masse y 


W. Hamilton 


11. N.Nuijle 


H. Harris 


H.W. Poole 


G.J.Horn 


G.P^^ur 


G. Lee 


W.N. Pun; 



Ctess FH a , Joined July 1813. 

W. N. Burna A. M. Campbell 

H. O. Butta J.J. Hammond 

H.W. Byro E.H.Hodges 



ssj P/il*. Joined July 181^ 

J . W. Clevelandf 
R. Cuxton 
H. Coyle 

J. Livuric 



T.R.C. Mantell 

A . Mack intoah 
C. Snail 



VY. Su-.Lhan 
A. Truman! 
H. White 



J . W. Taylor 
J. Willows 
!■]. Wiralhou- 



Glass IX i . Joined July 1815 ; tlic; last elass admitted. 

W. Cnningham J. Macdonald 

.1. QibbingH - H. Mathews 

R. Oibbinsa V. Mathias 
J. Grimshaw 

Officers whose names appear in more than one class, had probably dropped 
out of their first one. 



R. W, St**le 
W. St.okoe 
W. R. Thomsc 



QjUARTEKMASTJiEt GeNKKAI.'S DePAK,TMJ6SKT, MADRAS 

In his original proposals tor tho Military Institution, Bon ti rick had foreshad- 
owed tho eventual employment of so Rio of its oificors to form a. corps of surveyors 
under the Quartermaster General. From the first two classes six went to Travan- 
eore [ 131 ], two to Hyderabad [ 134 ], two to work in the Q.M.G.'s drawing office, 

and othor 011 survey;; of .lews importance. 

In 1810, whilist recommending that all regular surveys should be transferred to 
the control of the Surveyor General, General [leweit suggested that 
a cortain number of ibe officers educated at the Military Institution might still be employed 
under the Quarter Master Gen.CTnTs OiTiee in Surveying Routes. Pusses, arid such provinces as 
have been least explored. ... These on-ieers might, he divided into Lhree classes, the salaries of 
the first, or Superintendents of Surveys, might consist of 70 Pallidas in addition to their full 
Batta ; those of the second class, i.if 21 Pagodas each, ".villi their fi 1!! Iliitra ; and the 3rd elass 
of 25 I.'agodi-is eiieli, besid.es i..ii<:ir Cull Katta ; bat. those salaries should i :■...-»- or all expences. 

The whole of the nam tier to he cmpiOyod upon 1.1 1 is dul y .might be limited to twenty, to be 
selected by the Commander-in-Chief, as occasion required, from officers who ha.d been educated 
at the Institution, and had served with corps 6 . 

The General Order giving sanction to thoso proposals provided that the first 
class should "consist of two officers, the second of eight, and the third class 
often" 6 . 

The same order directed thai officers who had served less than two years with 
their military units should forthwith be posted back to military duty [314], an 
exception being made in the ea.se of the Coa survey, where 

it would be disadvantageous 00 kl :,ho cNe.ense of their preparations became fruitless, and the 
present opportunity of olTeel.iug a desirai.de object lost. It has accordingly boon determined 
to allow them to remain, in r,he Oea territory until the survey <jf it. shall have been completed. 
But as that survey is not of the particular nature- described... as belonging to the department 



322 



Quartermaster General's Department, Madras 



of the Quarter Master General, ... they shall prosecute the woik under the direction of the 
Surveyor General 1 . 

The Quarter Master Genera] re eonrm ended nine officers as fit to be graded in 
his new department, and to continue on survey in spite of not having served the 
prescribed period of regimental duty, 1 but Government remained firm, and sanc- 
tioned the appointment of only two, Nelthropp and Davidson, who complied with 
the conditions. Davidson was transform! to the commissariat in 1813, and in the 
same year O'Donnoghue, Cameron, Stewart, and Dalgairns, were added to the 
establishment, which stood in March 1815 a ; 

Survey Blanch ; 1st Class — O'Donnoghue ; Stewart. 

2nd Class Poole Nelthropp Dalgairns 

Swasistone Cameron Strahan 

White Riddell Hamilton 

This separate survey branch was abolished shortly after, but many officers of 
the Q.M.G.'s staff did u eful work during the pindari wars of 1816-8, and many 
of their hold sections arc preserved. 



Lambton \s General Sttovey 

From 1800 to 1802 Lambton worked si.ngleiia.nded in Mysore, except for the 
companionship of James Colebrooke, Captain of Guides, who filled in some of the 
detail [236]. Lambton had already got into communication with Warren, his 
fellow-subaltern of H.M.'s 33rd Foot whoso transfer was effected in October 1802 
[117, 119]. He was, however, called away early in 1805 to relieve Goldingham as 
Astronomer [239, pi. 23]. 

Before starting tri angulation across Lite peninsula in 1803, Lambton obtained 
the services of a second assistant. TTeury Kal.er. ofH.M.'s 12th Foot. Like Warren, 
Kater did valuable work running secondary triangles in advance and on the flanks, 
and sketching the main features of the country. Unfortunately his health broke 
down, and he returned to England early in ! S08 [ 240, pi. 21 ]. 

At the end of 1807 four officers of the .Military Institution wort: posted to Lamb- 
ton's survey, which at the Commander-in-Chiefs particular request was to provide 
a basis for future military surveys of the south peninsula [ 242 ]. The surveyors 
posted in December 1807 were Bayley, Chavasse, Swinton, and Tulloch ; Chavasse 
and Tulloch being relieved later by Hodge and Riddell. In addition to running 
important secies of principal and secondary (.rii.i-ne.les. and tilling in with lesser tri- 
angles, they sketched in the main features of the country, and ran perambulator 
traverses along the roads. 

Under the new orders issued at tho end of 1810 [314] moat of these officers had 
to revert to their military units, but Lambton was allowed, to keep Riddell and 
Hodge for another twelve months. He had specially asLod for Bay ley, who was 
an excellent triangnlator, but he was wanted for the Java expedition. Riddell, how- 
ever, did noble service, being entrusted with the main triangles of the great central 
arc, and a longitudinal series to the east coast [ 245-6 ], Amongst the argument* 
which Lambton urged in his efforts to keep "Riddell 11 rid TTodge wa.s the possibility 
of his having to accompany his regiment on its return to England [ 304-5 ] ; 

If I be alone, I shall not bo able to finish the two coasts arid ci-srcy the middle triangles 
into the Nizam's territories ; whereas, if these gentlemen remain with me. ..I shall direct 
them to take different routes to the westward. ... I shall in the meantimo recommence the 
meridional series. ..and proceed... 1,0 Lhe banks of the Godavery, should t he country bo favourable. 
All this.. .will i>e performed before tins setting in of I he west monsoon in 1813, about which time 
I may know what the King'? plea-sure may he respecting m.y remaining ii.i this country. 

With this publicl; object in view 1 .ieu tooanl;! Riddell end t'lorige may be permitted to 

remain permanently a Li. a died to this survey. ... Lieui.-eiiiiiit Riddell in particular has been at 

'MMC. 29-1-11. a SG.'s Quarterly Return for 31-1-15 ; MFC. 17-3-1S. 



Lambtok's General Survey 323 

much pains to insirunt himself in the theo.oi mai jjriin.'ipks neeessa-ry, ... and has, besides, had 
considerable experience on the higher practice branches thereof" [ s i>: ] And 1 have no doubt, 
from Lieutenant I lodge's yna\, of his huihi becoming ccnally proficient 1 . 

Government, however, remained firm, and Lambton had to give up his military 
assistants from lat December 1811, and continue with such help as his country- 
horn assistants were able to give. 



Java 

Though several surveyors of the Institution sailed with the expedition to Java 
[ 3 20 ], no regular provision was made for military surveys, even though Mackenzie 
himself went as Chief Engineer. Surveys were, however, made by two King's 
officers, Thorn of H.M.'s 29th Light Dragoons, and William Colebrooke of the 
Royal Artillery, and by James Baylcy ol" the Institution [ 135-7 ]• 

After the Lieutenant Governor had taken over full control of surveys [ 136-7 ], 
two Bengal officers were employed ; Baker, who belonged to one of the Light 
Infantry battalions raised from sepoys of the Bengal Army who volunteered for 
service in Java, and George Everest, serving with one of the Bengal Artillery units. 
Everest, as every one knows, became the most famous of ah Indian surveyors, but 
o record of other surveys by Thorn, Colebrooke, or Baker. 






Bombay 

Monerieff, of the Engineers, had been on survey in Malabar before 1795 when ho 
was officially appointed Assistant Surveyor [ I, 273 ]. In spite, however, of repea- 
ted appeals from Reynolds for his presence at Surat, he was too useful in Malabar 
to be released. In 1797 he raised the corps of Pioneers, and was fully occupied 
with surveys and road making. Saturated with fever, he was given a few months 
leave in 1801, which he spent helping with the groat map at Surat, and, to Rey- 
nolds' inhnito sorrow, died at, Bombay on 1 us way back to Malabar, [ I, 357; II, 282]. 

Between 1801 and 1803 Reynolds succeeded" in collecting a staff of three assist- 
ants ; Drummond of Engineers ; Sutherland, and Williams', both of whom had at 
one time been nominated for the same corps [305 ]. Williams who became the most 
notable of the three, had been second-in-command of the Pioneers under Moncrieff 
and done a good deal of survey iu Malabar [ I, 132 ]. 

After Reynolds' departure, Williams succeeded as Surveyor General [ 305-6 ], 
with Sutherland as assistant, whilst Nntt was brought in on Drummond's resigna- 
tion [338 ]. In September 1808 Sutherland was called off to Persia with Harford 
Jones, and Nutt took sick leave overseas shortly after. For survey of Gujarat and the 
western frontiers in 1809, Williams obtained Cruikshank, Byers, and Grindlay 
[ 171 ] 2 , whilst for his revenue survey of Broach, [ 188 ], he had Cruikshank Towsey, 
Ovans, Adams, Newport, Lenn, and Rochfort, ah infantry officers. Sutherland 
returned early in 1814 and resumed his place as first assistant. 

Dickinson, revenue surveyor of Bombay and Salsette had an establishment distinct 
from that of the Surveyor General [306]. Being himself an Engineer ho collected 
his staff entirely from that corps. There were constant changes, but in 1814 he had 
Nutt and Remon on Rs. 250 each, and Jopp, Maeleod, and Tate, on Rs. 120 each 3 . 






l TJDn. 3ij (272), !t-9 -11. sjJoMCI. 20-12-0$ et 



'Bo EC. 2-2-14. 



CHAPTER XXIII 



ALLOWANCES & EXPENDITURE 



Surveyor Generals — - Bengal Surveyors 
tion — Madras Surveyors, 1807 15 ■ Lmn-bton's Survey 
iditwre — Survey Expenditure, Madras, 1810-5 



Military Institu- 
Lambton's Establishment 
Bombay Surveyors. 



IN 1785, as a measure of retrenchment after the long war against Mysore, the 
Surveyor General's salary, beyond regimental pay and allowances, was reduced 
from Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 500 a month [ I, 274], and in 1800 Government refused 
Colebrooke's request for an increase [ I, 275 ]. Though this rate was less than that 
drawn by a surveyor, viz. Rs. 618 a month, the Surveyor General drew all charges 
for establishment and officii separately, whereas the surveyor had to provide not 
only Ms instruments, but all travelling and establishment charges as well, out of 
his salary. 

In 1807, when Colebrooke went up country for the survey of the Upper Provinces, 
he drew "the boat allowance of his rani;". Rs. 630 a month, which was "not to 
commence until the Surveyor General shall be prepared to proceed from Port 
William ". Eor this he had to give up the rent of the office and pay of the 
durwan, Rs. 94, and his house rent Rs. 120 1 . 

In 1811 Garstin made another unsuccessful attempt to have the salary 
increased, calling attention to the Directors' appreciation of "the high responsi- 
bility" of the office [ 289, 295 ] ; 

The im.porta.nW! of the si I nation being allowed i>y sufihliigh authority, I respectfully submit... 
the smallness of the salary, ... tho allowance of the (surveyor General being by far the lowest of 
any similar appointment in the service .; much under tbo.se grunted to the lure Murine Surveyor 
General [20.6] 2 , sin] even less than those drawn by every surveyor employed in these provinces. 
How far it is inadequate 1.0 tho, responsibility attached, or to the labour arid skill required, ... 
would be unbecoming in me to state. ... 

When nay predeeossor.. .was nominated to the appointment he fluttered himself with the 
prospect of obtaining a remuneration for a lent: life of labour... from a publication of a General 
map, but it must be evident, by the orders issued from Europe, that all aauh emoluments ( for- 
merly so considerable ) :l are eompletoly at an end. ... 

It is not only the ultimate promotion of this branch of the service but. ..there are 110 
intermediate situations between the office of Surveyor Gene;'!'.'. and Land Surveyor to recom- 
pense and encourage tho exertions of the most deserving and labourious officers employed 
in it 4 . 

About three years later Crawford pressed the matter again ; 

When the present allowances were settled twenty eight, years ago, our possessions were 
bounded by the Provinces of I Senates and lialasore, since which period they have been extended 
nearly to the banks of the Kistns, Nerbndda, and Indus. ..- Within these three last years, the 
Hon'ble Company bavo- considerably inereasod the responsibility of the situation ; and it may 
be also worthy of remark thai one half of tho General .Military appointments receive upwards of 
two thousand I-tupees per met 1 sum, and tho othur half opwn r,h of three : whilst the Surveyor 
General, who ought only to obtain tho appointment after many years or hard labour to get the 
practice, and many years of study to gel. ' he Theory, In all its hrimehes of Surveying, does not 
receive one fourth of the above allowance 5 . 

Government admitted "most fully the correctness and justice of the remarks'', 
and asked the Directors to restore the salary to Rs. 1,000, but they had now decided 

■BMC. 19-3-07 (111 )- "Officially styled Marine Surveyor [ 12, 206 ]. "Rcnnell was the only SG. 

to publish an v of his hiuji*, mid his proi'lts ratmnt !i<lyc been r^ni'jivnbk [ 1,213-5,327-9 ]. 4 DDn. 126 
(74-6) 7-1-11. ■"■■ 



6DDn. 143 (7 ) 7-12-13 j BMC. 18-12-13 ( 101 ). 



,,- 



StrKvsrsr&B Generals . 325 

to abolish the separate Surveyor Genera] at each Presidency, and to substitute a 
single one for all India [ 306 ] ; 

We deem the pnstim stdnry and (:Sfat:!is!nre:ii of the Surveyor General a.'., four Presidency, 
inclusive of this addition made to it in Jane 18-iS 1 and amour-fin:: rlta^tlicr to Sa. Rupees 

.1 .To'i '.i 2. f'l.ilK euttal I o what h- '.■.:: i I v.: :■-.":■--■-■.■ i y o idlow I or the . \o ,- , .■-;. ',"- !u - ,- { ;,f ■■-;,:.. 
Surveyor General of India,, and that. ..a saving of expence will ensue neailv pqtiai to the full 
establishment, do ho abolished at iho s'l.tiiOidinii!.:: Presidencies. ;c!n-ll or am mint ins to the 
equivalent sttliny and oilier est:--; hi is! unem ;:■" iir-atvy .-: o.OOO sterling 11 . 
More generous counsels prevailed ; 

Ilnving taken into consideration ivi- very extensive and imoivt.o.: omie.s which. ..v. :i I be 
confided to the Surveyor General of India, to reside at Fort William. ... We hereby appoint 
him. ..-with a- salary of 1.5',i0...s;.r-;-it rupees per month., exclusive of lite y>ay nnd batta of his rank 3 . 
Office establishment was drawn in addition. 

In Madras, Mackenzie's pay 0:11. appointment to charge of the Mysore Surrey had 
been fixed at 400 par/oda,^- ::„ mouth ; 'inchidmg incidental charges, but exclusive of 
the establishment of prtblic servants" [ 330 ]. This was reduced to 200 pagodas in 
1801, with permission to submit bills for con i,i nge.nl charges, but was again restored 
to 400 on his appointment as Surveyor General in 1810, with a further allowance 
of 150 ps. a .month for writers and draughtsmen, and 50 for office rent 5 . 

Whilst acting in Mackenzie's absence Morison drew one third of this salary from 
November 1811, this being debited against the Java Government with whom 
Mackenzie had boon detained [ 135 f. It was only after long correspondence that 
Mackenaie was able to draw his allowance as Surveyor General for the full period 
that he was absent in Java and Bengal. 

In Bombay, Reynolds, appears to have drawn, besides regimental pay and allow- 
ances, staff pay as Surveyor General Rs. 702 -establish men t ehargos 876— and a 
special allowance from the Supreme Government. 800- ■ -totalling lis. 2,378 a month 
[ I, 282 ]. Ho drew, in addition, allowance for a draughtsman assistant, and pay 
and batta for Ms escort [1,301-2], and finally the Directors allowed him a 
gratuity of two lakhs of r 1.1 pees on completion of his map [1,380]. 

On succeeding as Surveyor General, Williams drew the same staff pay, Rs. 702 a 
month, and establishment charges Rs. 750. For the survey of Gujarat [ 170 ] he asked. 
to enable him to meet the extra, ex pence, -of Horses, Cattle, and Camp equipage, as well 
as payments to the natives whom he ratsst employ, that he be allowed an addition. ..of 
Rupees 750 a- month, and that in event of this sum proving hum I equate., .he be permitted to 
charge for !iis fin-fier disbursements upon honour 7 . 

Though the extra field allowances were granted, further charges by contingent 
bills were not approved, and on a later application the Governor remarked that, 
from Brevet Major Williams' letter, ... it would appear that he is in expectation o f receiving some 
gratuity or reward for the execution of the duties confided to him, beyond the salary and emolu- 
ments attached to his office. ... I am willing to bear full testimony to the character and afcility of 
Major Williams?, bid miring the whole course of ttei-viee for which he claims additional Reward... 
beheld the rank of Ceptain only, and. ..I am very doubtful how f * 1 1- his claim. ..can with propriety 



be admitted. 

His personal salary as Surveyor General appears 
with fixed allowances as follows ; via.. 
Pay of his Regimental Rank, iff Rs. 



ibe 



Rs, 



7iV' 



Half Batta @ Ms. 3 ... ... ... 90 

House Rent ... ... ... ... ... 50 ggg 

Additional Emoluments receive! I while employed on the Western Frontiers:— 
The difference between half And Bull Batta, @ Rs. 3 ... 90 
The difference bet'.vecn House Kent <u;d Tent Carriajlw ... 50 
Tent purchase at the rate of Rs. 800 every two years ... 33-01-33 173-01-33 

Total per mensem ... 1171-01-33 

iIiiercasE efBs.340 to eBtabliehmsnl aflowsBcef^a, 274]. a CDto B. 3-6-14 (25); iJDn. 142( 4 ) ■ 

I' lie annual expense iveif sUUetl — licitc^l t -M V.i— \! : ::!r.-is 3.U-IS -B™ib>.v 1 :10!i 1 CD to B 10-3-1 -i 
1). * about Rs. 1,400, according tooxclianffe. "DDn. 81 (0 ! i'7 s 1.0 , i'.Vin. Mll-'C. l6-2~lo >BBn 



X 



Allowances & Expekditube 



.to be drawn up to the 30th of 

f tin! Western thin tier, and.. .be 

mbay on tho following 

; s additional establishment, within the time limited, ... 



The additional Emoluments, namely Rs. 173-01-33, were 
October 1810, when he was directed to discontinue the survey 
preferred Lis claim to their eontimii.uiee up to the time of his refci 
grounds. First, that, he could not reduce hi 

and secondly, from being employed on his way to liombay in examining the Teak 
neighbourhood of Balsaur [ 168, pi. 15 ] J . 

Under the orders of Government dated the 11th April 1811, the additional allowance of 
750 rupees for establishment was continued to be paid up to the 1st May 1812, though his 
personal Emoluments of repass 173-1 33 were withheld. ... 

The examination of the Teak Forests was, in my opinion, a Service completely within the 
line of his duty as Surveyor General, to which station an established Salary ie annexed, and 
therefore no pretence whatever could exist for the continuance of any further allowance to him 
daring tho execution ot" the Service . ... 

In the month of April 1811, 31 aj or Willium* was appointed Revenue Surveyor with a personal 
salary annexed, in addition to this salary of Surveyor General, of 500 rupees per mensem [ 338 ], 
when the additional establishment of 750 rupees per mensem was reduced to 250 ; ... so that, 
subsequently to the 1st April 1811, his personal income, independent of establishment (in- 
cluding tho Military pay and allowances ), has amounted to rupees 1,498 per mensem 2 . 

Williams was accordingly called on for a "statement upon honor" of the parti- 
culars of his expenditure whilst employed "in Goelwar and Wallank" and in the 
teak forest, and replied that, when granted the fixed montlily allowance, 
I understood it to be in lieu of all extra charge, and consquently .1 kept- no account of the parti- 
culars of the expenditure at any period of the service. I can however affirm that from the 
commencement of it to the date of my return to the Presidency the allowance was not, one 
month with another, more than sufficient to cover the charge incidental to the undertaking. 
The distribution.. .was to people. ..for procuring information, ... in providing and carrying 
extra camp equipage, insl ruments, and necessaries of all kinds, and in the measures that were 
indispensable for conciliating the Rajpoot &. Coaly Tbakores who occupy the Northern and 
Western confines of Guzerat ami Waqur among whom my operations were principally carried 
on [175-2]. ... 

Between the 31st of October 1810 and the day of my return to the Presidency, vrst. the 
11th February 1811, ... the extra allowance of 750 rupees per month was discontinued, and J 
only drew my Garrison pay and allowance, including of coarse the Surveyor Generals fixed 
establishment. From these.. .were to be disbursed... the charge of my field establishment of 
people, cattle, and camp equipage, as well as those of transporting all appurtenances of the 
office back from Guzerat to the Presidency ; ... it really is not at present in my power to state 
in any but this general way the manner in which they were applied 3 . 

On his representing, at the time of his retirement, the great kiss he suffered by the 
abolition of the office of Surveyor General, the Directors granted him a compen- 
satory allowance of Rs. 200 a month from 1815 4 , to be drawn in addition to salary 
a^ Revouue Surveyor. 

Benoai. Surveyors 

The allowances fixed for Bengal surveyors in 1785, [I, 277] were at the rate 
of Rs. 618 a month, except that during the rains, June 1st to September 15th, 
they were reduced to Rs. 250 on the ground that it would not then be necessary 
to maintain field establishments [327]. Assistant Surveyors were to draw Rs. 
100 a month. 

We have already referred to the difficulty of obtaining full allowances for field 
work carried out during the rains, or of drawing the reduced rates for more than 
35 months after close of work [ I, 278 ; II, 219 ]. It was not till the end of 1807 
that Thomas Wood obtained full payment for his survey through Rohilkhand and 
down the Ganges [ I, 58-9 ]. He had completed field work between November 
1799 and April 1800, and then spent till December 1801 protracting and mapping, 
full allowances for the 51- months field work were withheld till copies of fieldbooks 
were received, and the period for reduced rates was by special favour extended to 

i, Bo MC. 4-10-15. a Bo MC. 25-10-15. 'Williams, 14-8-21 ; 



Bengal Surveyoks 327 

four months. On completion of his maps Wood claimed reduced allowances for 

a further period up to December 1801 ; 

In the month of DBombii J SOI. by the desire of Marquis Weilosley' { whom I was ordered 
to attend at Allahabad ), I forwarded to the Surveyor General my application.. .for the expected 
remuneration, lint,, after waking patiently for four year:"; ..tsicl a half in hopes of an answer, HO 
communication was ever made ti) me. ... Despairing. ..of any Notice being taker, of it, I applied 
in May 1805 for the reduced allowances daring the time 1 had been employed in finishing and 
copying my Survey, and. ..the rejection of my claim... mortified me in no small degree. ... 

I have no hesitation in asserting... that what 1 surveyed in five months .aid ton days would 
have been satisfi.u'tority rf:!t-eiw)d.,.as the work of ten month;'., e?ct'.lu-iive of the. protraction. ... 
Hy Bill is made out for fourteen months and a hall', during which J. most solemnly declare 
upon my honour I was employed upon this work- on an average from four to six hours 
every day 9 . 

The Military Auditor General relented, and explained that lie now saw for the 
first time letters from the Surveyor General sn.yi.ng that Wood's "exertions in con- 
ducing this Survey in so short a time as five months exceeded anything which he 
remember to have been performed by any Officer", and irorn the Commander-in- 
Chief saying that "after liis Survey should "be protracted his claims to further 
remuneration would be considered". He continued ; 

Having inspected the draft, of his Sur\ ey and also las Field Book, 1 cannot have any hesi- 
tation in stating that, had he hi en disposed, ho might without subjecting himself to any censure 
have spun out his Survey at least for another year. ... 'Under these circumstances, I cannot 
have any hesitation in submitting the t-n.se.. .to the favourable eon sale ration of your Lordship 
hi Council. 

The bill was at length passed on the Surveyor General's comment that 

the sum drawn .. .under the head of reduced allowances... for protracting the said Survey, vifc., 
Sont. Rupees S.(>!2,5, does not appear to mo to be more than an adequate remuneration for the 
trouble and time which he expended 3 . 

Extra allowances as for " a Surveyor of Rivers", Rs. 240 a month during the 
field season only, were allowed in the Stmdarbans, and on other surveys which 
entailed the upkeep of boats [ I, 277 ; IT, 14 ]. Engineer officers employed on the 
survey of cantonments were allowed only Rs. 1 00 a month, but were provided with 
instruments and establishment at G-overnment expense [ 329 ] 4 . 

These rigid regulations continued to put individual surveyors to heavy loss, 
and drew frequent remonstrances. The Surveyor General asked for a relaxation 
on behalf of White, on survey through the Delhi hot weather j 

Although by an old Regulati on... surveyors are i.o bo called in during the rainy season, and 
this rule has been i Li ways observed in Bengal, yet...nueh a regulation cannoi, be necessary for 
the higher parts of the country, where the rains are neither so heavy, nor last SO long, as in 
Bengal and Bahar, and where also from the higher level of the country and the nature of 
the sou the water is drained oft much sooner. 

I hope therefore thai, no < ibjeci.ion M ill tie made to Lieutenant White's drawing his allowance 
for the mouth of July 5 . 

In 1805 it was ruled that ; ' the allowances of Surveyors are not admirable subse- 
quent to the actual period of t lie Survey" 6 , and in the following letter the Surveyor 
Goneral points out to White the effect of this rule, explaining incidentally why 
Wood's claim had been so long refused ; 

I shall... recommend... that you may be indulged with some allowance for protracting the 
maps after the cessation of the appoint.rnorU , (.hough. ..none is allowed liy the? regulation, ... as 
it is supposed then that all the extra servants and people have been discharged. This, I 
believe, is the principle on which the allowance js given, and it. is granted in the rainy season, 
not for the trouble of protracting the survey, but to pay the ext.ni people who are supposed 
to be kept in pay when a survey is to bo resumed on the recommencement of the dry season, 
as was the ease with yours last year. 

I know that neither Cup tain Wood, nor Lieut. Snvrth of the Rrigineers. could get any allow ■ 
auce of that hind after their apfitiint.nioii.f-.--. had ceased without a parlLt.'Lih.r a. p plication, and it 
was only granted to the former, ... for a short time 7 . 



328 



Allowances & Expenditure 



For one reason or another it was often a long time before salary bills could be 
cashed, and on one occasion White complained of 

want of cash to defray the mpi-rsc? of my establishment, civ., havhisi been under the necessity 
of borrowing throw thousand rupees from the Sharaffs 1 a.t Delhi for that purpose, when my 
allowances as surveyor are no less than ten months In arrears 3 . 

Both Tod and Lloyd, with the Residency escorts at Gwalior and Nagpur, were 
allowed Rs. 100 a month for their route surveys ; but though Lloyd was later 
allowed to draw this allowance without submitting regular fieldbooks, Tod was 
not so exempt, and the Surveyor General writes to him ; 

The map.. .of your Route from Agra to Saugor is just arrived [ 55 ] ; as soon as your Field 
Book makes its appearance, certificate shall be sent to you, and I shall take an early opportun- 
ity of showing your map, both to the Eight Hon'ble the Governor General and Mr. Henry 
Colebrooke, and giving the testimony in favour of your labours I think they well deserve. 
This is all that I have the power of doing ; but frora the experience of many years service I can 
assert that no person who makes exertions for the public benefit; ( though they may not obtain 
the remuneration for their labour so soon as they evpeet ) is ultimately d isappcanted of it, 
and I would therefor*: recommend yon to persevere in your researches ; they will obtain you 
reputation, and wealth follows good fame as certainly as the shadow does the substance 3 . 

He reports to Government that Tod 
lias employed several Hircarahs to visit places to which he eonld not gain access [55], and 
has certainly been at a much greater expense, than the allowance of 100 Rupees a month for 
keeping a route will defray. ... Lieutenant l.loyd [ins furnished the Field Rooks. These two 
officers have taken ;-ieut pains to Tender their ^"orks correct ; they scorn to have made good use 
of the opportunity afforded them. ... I... submit... that these 1 lentlemen be allowed to draw half 
surveyor's allowances, ... Or Such other recompense as Covernment may think proper 4 . 

To Tod, who had complained of audit objections and delays, Carstin writes ; 

The Military Auditor General, who is guided by regulations alone and not by the evident 
justice or the propriety of the ease, will object- to your bill. There are certain forms of office 
which he cannot dispense with. ... J have laid the business before Government stating yore 
services in the mo-a- fttv curable terros, and have recommended that- an addition should be made 
to your allowances. ... If more had been applied for, probably none would be given, for there 
never was before so rigid a system of economy observed; iodeed it- was never so necessary. 
If persevered in for five or six years, and we remain at peace, the Company'3 affairs will 
be re-established; if not. thev must fie ruined, and from whence is our pay and Batta to 
come? 5 ... 

As Garstin probably foresaw, the Government reply was not favourable ; 

Those officers appear to have been very laudably ana successfully employed, but.. .they 
have received an. appropriate remuneration, both of thorn having a clear allowance of 100 
Rupees per mensem, with permission to charge their contingent; expenses to Government. 
His Lordship in Council does not think it necessary therefore to gr;mt- them any additional 
allowance or other reward at; present. 

As... Lieutenant, Tod is employed in eon stiuc ting a map of the country lying between the 
Nerbudda and the Jumna, ... His Lordship in Council \\ ill, on receiving that work, take into 
consideration the ce;;":edi":icy of granting him a suitable rem itineration 6 . 

Tod asked what- expenditure might he fairly charged; 

In collecting routes and sending Cos ads [ I, 2S6 ] for that purpose, I hiive paid many small 
sums and, as there is greai danger, to those from >hvcwnr T especially, wore it known the informa- 
tion they afford eel me, every route from place to place has cost me S, ID, or 12 Rs. On quitting 
the Residency and Travelling a'one through the country, I am of course subject, to much addi- 
tional charge from living at ioy own eivpeiiso, and additional oq ilpage and carriage, and hi 
passing through the different States I found my progress much facilitated by presents, which 
procured me additional protection. 

For instance, I have given to one a brace of pistols, to another a Sabre, nv.d you are per- 
fectly acquainted with the necessity of sati^iyi:y- II, e f'hobdars and oi her servants of these 
petty princes, in order to procure supplies, guides, etc. The party that went to Jesselmair 
consist of a Hindoo writer, ... and 2 1-Iircarrahs, and besides: handsome pay are to have a 
reward in addition. ...Besides the Lascars tic the Perambulator and ilfhcarvahs with me 
here, I left pooo'e with. a. second Perambulator in eamp. 



Bengal Surveyors 



329 



, ■who does hiss fluty properly, that 1. do not endeavour to 
comfortable as possible, but the economical regulations 
i frequent troublesome references, in. which 



i stieveying 



All the additional sums would amount to 1.500 Us. or thereabout (besides the instruments 
I have, I expect from England soon some that I commissioned to the amount- of £ 100 ; were 
I to make h. charge; of tln;ms, Government might uimsider them their own property [221-4]'. 

Garstin writes to White and Webb, both of whom had complained of delays 
and cuts in their bills ; 

I am concerned that so many obstructions should bo thrown in your way by the Military 
Auditor General. His anxiety to recommend Himself to the Court of Directors gives much 
trouble to every one in the Service, but 110 one is permitted to interfere with him in the business 
of His Office, and this Gentleman and I differ so much in opinions on Public grounds that I 
have no influence with Him?. 

I have sent cert.i ficates; to tin- Military Auditor General of Laving roeeiveel your Field 
Books, ... and I shewed your letters to the Adjutant Cooeral and afi.erw;mis wrote to him, 
expressing my opinion that T'i is Excellency tin: ComnuuKier-iu-Ohief miidit direct that you should 
be allowed the full allowances. TtuH is the only means I have to prevent the Bills from being 
retrenched, mid nothing 131 my jiow.f to obtain for yon the very u 
will admit of hits been neglected. 

There is no officer placed under n 
the utmost to serve, and render as 
often frustate my best, endeavours, and 1 
my representations are not always effectual. 

1 recommend you to send your bill for surveyor's allowances whilst employed ii 
cantonments, and your procuring I lie (.'. miniumler-io -Chief*, signature, for if it was s 
Officer that was thus employed the Military Auditor General could only nbmv him one hundred 
Rupees per month, but you are not an Engineer. If he strikes at you, I will mention the 
subject to Mr, Colebrooicc 3 ; more is not in my power 4 . 

To Morrieson in Bundelkhand [ 49-50 ] he writes ; 

All that is in my power to get you t,lie vholo of yot:r allowances shall he done, and I hope 
to be successful, thinking you entitled to them to the day the detachment was dissolved, when 
of course they r e eased. Officers employed with any army are considered to have time enough 
to protract their surveys and make fair copies on the days they hs-i.it., find ii.'irl.icularly if, as 
your Detach merit did, lliey make long halts 6 . 

On the whole it does not appear that the average surveyor marie very much 
profit out of his allowances for, besides the pay of establishment- and transport, 
and the purchase of instruments, he had often to bear misfortune by the loss of 
equipment. White, for instance, reports in 1809 ; 

I hope...l shall he enabled to recover my full ailed iinees for .T.ily. By (lie orders of His; 
Excellency the Commander- in -Chief 1 was employed (hiring the whole of that, month in (Survey, 
and owing to the extraordinary inclemency of the Season suffered very severely in my Health. 
Since my return to Delhi I have lost four Camels, winch J. entirely attribute to the fatigue they 
underwent in the marches of .July, August, and September 8 . 

He applied unsuccessfully for the allowances of a river surveyor during his 
survey of the Upper 'Doah, on the grounds that lie had to hire boats for survey of 
the Jumna, and Crawford writes ; 

I will recommend your being allowed river surveyor 'a allowances, ... but...0ioverr.:rient 
are exceedingly averse to granting fheni unless it appears indispensably necessary and greatly 
calculated to promote the puhlic service. Do recollect that the Surveyor General receives 
only oOO Rupees per month, and no sort of emolument whatsoever [ 324 ] and they are 
herefore ever 1 reluctant in. increasing those of surveyors under any preto.'soo whatsoever 7 , 

For the closer control of expenditure the Surveyor General was directed to 

report annually on the liii.li .Time I lie number of officers employed in survey ing, the nature of 
!■.■:■■!] ■■■■-■; ive surveys, and whether finished or or her wise 8 . 



Mysore Suiivijy 

Salaries for officers 011 the .Mysore Purvey K-t-va fixed bv ( iovemor General before 
he left Madras in 1799 ; 

'DDn. 32 ( 212 ) 7-8-09. "To Whits ; DDn. 126 ( 2 ) 29-3-10. ' Henry CoLebrooke, Member of 
Council. 'To Webb : DDn. f.1 j 200 ) ^.1-1-10. Mil'Xi. 120 j ;V3 ) 1S-7-10. ''IliJic Si ( 16)24-10-09. 
'DDn. 126 ( 1S3) 2-6-12. "CD to B. 12-3-13 ; DDn. 129 (51 ]. 



330 



Allowances & Expenditure 



The Governor General in Council, having deeintd 11k; salary heretofore i, TanH!li to y° 11 °& 
surveyor to the Nizam's Detachments [ 1, 281, II, 132 ] to be inadequate to the extent and 
importance' of the survey now ordered, or to the expense which you are likely to incur in your 
travels, has in lieu thereof granted you a salary of four hundred pagodas per month 1 , including 
incidental charges, 'but exclusive of the establishment of public servants allowed for this 



His Lordship has permitted Dr. 'Heyne to draw a salary of seventy five p:-.u;< 
in addition to his pay and allowances as an assistant surgeon, and Mr. Math 
to receive- his present salary of fifty pngodas per month. 

The liberal footing on which your appointment has now been placed wi. 
afford such assistance to Or. Heyne and Mr. Mather as will render the abo\ 
than sufficient for their extraordinary expenses 2 . 

Warren's allowances were to be substantially those fixed rn 1" 
being additional to his basic pay as subaltern. 

Captain's Subsistence ... ... ... ■-- Fags. 

Captain's ^-Batta ( the other half being already drawn in cantonments ) 

Horse allowance ... 

Tent 

Puckallies. 

Interpreter 

Lascars' Pay & Batta 






12(5 -02-0' 



Arthur drew similar allowances, except that being an Engineer he only drew the 
batta of actual rank, whereas other officers were allowed batta of the next higher rank. 
Tents and their transport or an allowance in lieu were provided by Government. 

The Directors considered these allowances far too generous; 

Whilst we admit the utility of the proposed survey of the Mysore Territories, we are of 
opinion that, the same might be conducted upon a scale of greater eeononsy. The salaries and 
establishments... cannot he estimated ut less than between 15 ami 10, 000... Pagodas per annum. 

We therefore direct that the salary to Captain MeKen.de. ..be reduced to Pagodas 20O...per 
month, being the salary allowed bim for similar services in the Dominions of the Nizam. The 
salaries and establishments of the other Gem. lemon eniployi.nl in this service must likewise 
be regulated upon a scale of greater economy. Our orders cannot be considered as a hardship, 
since the officers,. .are in the receipt of the pay and allowances annexed to their respective 
ranks and stations". 

The allowances, covering both salary and establish in eat, wore accordingly reduced 
from 1st December 1801 to 

Captain Mackenzie, Fags. 420 — Mr. Mather, 116— Lieutenant. Warren, 100— Ensign 
Arthur, 100— Dr. Heyne 100 8 . 

This created profound disappointment, and Mackenzie expresses his disgust, 
to Lambton ; 

You enquire of future plan? ; whatever these might, have been is nearly overturned by the 
late order of Government reducing the several surveyors so very considerably. ... My own 
salary is reduced more than half nominally, but in fact still more, as I disburse considerably 
for contingents, according to stipulation in giving me a salary. Upon the whole I look upon 
it that they wish to disco iiiinuo the survey. 

I am concerned to observe yours also subjected to t.his diminution, but how nruoh I do 
not know, as I have no idea of the amount of your establishment, 1 . 

Mather's original allowances had been 148 ps. 24 /. 72 c, including apprentices, 
lascars, and followers. Instruments were free of charge, but he had no separate 
regimental pay like the military officers, and Mackenzie writes sympathetically ; 

I do not at all despair of j»ett:Tisi your case considered in proper point of view. ... The late 
severe orders are entirely from home, from the Court of Directors, who I am convinced will 
see their error on having the results before them. ... The gentlemen at Madras are not hostile 
to tho survey. ... 

1 cannot beheve but these allowances must be... exclusive of the establishment, as it 

ISO has =- I/imam : 12 [anam = I p'j'jodu — iiiioi.it :t.v nipi-'-.-i ur S shillings. 
nlirrcHkih,!! tensbiKm^adiiv. < MMC. l-J-ISOU. 'CD te. M. 10-15 01 (IS) 
DDo.6S( 42) 10-11-01 ; BPC. 26-7-04 ( 5). ' DD.i. 66, 30-11-01. 



Mysore Survkyoes 



331 



would be absurd to suppo.-;e, when they [ the apprentices J are meant fur accelerating the 
work and rearing them up, that they should bo defrayed by the surveyor 1 . 
It was eventually ruled that Mather should draw the full allowances of a surveyor 
from the date of his appointment 2 . 

Mackenzie writes to Warren, who air early had thoughts of transfer to Lambton's 
survey ; 

I have addressed a letter to get to know whether the Lascars may bo returned or discharged, 
or the boys returned if they come within the diminuation. I can hardly think they do, yet- 
when such unfavourable orders have come from home there is no depending on former maxims. 
I find many others suffer, or a,re likely to suffer as we. If you can get anything better, I think 
you are certainly right- to strive, to maud your situation . Thr. pittance left is by no means adequate 
to tiic toil of the survey 3 . 

He was himself granted some relief by the Madras Council ; 

From the period when the reduction in your salary as Superintendent... was carried into 
effect, the incidental e-baages Incurred by you on honour on account of the Survey shall be 
reimbursed to you, together which the addition:-!.] expenses to which you have been Subjected 

for tho employment of extra Writers and draftsmen 5 . 

Jt is obvious that, in making these cuts, the Directors had no conception of the 
costs of instruments, camp equipment, assistants, followers, and transport, that a 
surveyor had to provide out of his salary. 

Militaky Institution 

Trover's salary as instructor to the Institution was 250 ps. a month, and that 

of his- assistant 50 ps. 

During their first field surveys round Madras the students were allowed "to 
draw fullBatta 5 for the period during which they were so employed", but for their 
second season which took them further afield, they drew survey allowance on tho 
Governor's recommendation 

that some remuneration should be granted to them while engaged on a duty of groat fatigue 
and of no inconsiderable importance. ... 

They have been educated in some men sure at the expense of the Company, by whom their 
instruments and other materials for drawing have been uniformly provided. ... I would there- 
fore propose to limit their additional allowances in the first instance to the Full Batta of their 
own Rank, and to die Staff Pay and Horse- allowance of regular surveyors. ... 

The Field allowances of tlieir Bank, with the addition of Borse allowance, are sufficient 
only to defray their expenses while on Survey ; the Staff Pay therefore of Ten shillings, per 
diem 6 may be considered as the amount of their remuneration [ I, 275, 279 ]. ... 

I do not consider the salary of the Mathematical Instructor to be more than a sufficient 
compensation for the very zealous and successful discharge of ins ordinary duties. As that 
OfficeT therefore will be laboriously and actively employed in Superintending the proposed 
Survey, I conceive it to be just that he should receive in the Bret instance the full allowanco of 
a Sui'vevor as established by the Regulations'. 

Troyer and his assistant instructors uonUntiort to draw regular allowances when 
in the field, even though the Directors protested that his "labours while employed in 
superintending the survey could not add considerably to t'.iose of his Original duties" 3 . 

The officers who, from 1807, were posted to survey under Lambton and the 
Quartermaster General continued to draw these allowances, but after the re- 
organization of 1810, students were limited to the salary of third class surveyors 
of the Q.M.G.'s department, viz., 25 ps. a month, besides balki* [ 321 ]. 



X 



i. 



Madras Surveyors, 1807-15 
In 1807, when Arthur was appointed "Surveying Engineer with detachment 

iDDn 66,18-12-01. * Govt, to Mackenzie, 15-12-02; BPC. 26-7-04(7]. a DDn. 66, 29-2-01. 

'DDii BS ■' rjl I'M l-')3 k Bi'C. 2P-7-04 ( 10). "Full buita. L'n^n? .V t aimer j, ;)'. 2M-10 ad ; Lieut-., 
37_30-^4 'ps. 37-21-0 [ 330 ]. 'M1IC. 11-11-06. 'OD-toM. 3-8-09 ( 186). 'SG.'s report, 1-5-13. 



Allowances & Expenditure 



surveying in Travancore", his pay and allowances totalled 

As Lieutenant of Engineer ; 

Pay aa Lieutenant for 30 days ... ... pugs. 

Half Eatta as Lieutenant 

Qtatuifiy as Lieutenant 

Tent allowance 
As Surveyor ; 

Captain's Pay tor 30 days 

Difference between the ha hand fall Gntta of his rank 
( Lieutenant | 

Allowance for ;;■ Draftsman 



IS-31-iO 
18-31-40 
7-10-40 

12-00-00 



Additional Tent 
Pay and Batta ti 
A Guide 
Alio wane e for 



H. Ffoi-M 



Boat 



pags. 37-21-00 

18-31-40 
15-00-00 
. S-00-00 
6-00-00 
6-21-00 
4-26-32 
6-00-00 
9-00-00 



112.-S5-- 



The Quartermaster General considered this insufficient ; 

The important; and the difficulty of the survey of Trs 
..sXpyslieiiey of placing it. in :;n iy)c.:.i !'■.-.:■ .i: .- in rsgard to e 
other subordinate surveys, but in both those respects tho survey of Travancore has been 
regulated on a much more rod net's! scale than the survey attached to the Hyderabad Subsidiary 
For™, ... although the Miwtovs Dominions pi'osont i.n.u.'h fewer im pediments to the operations 
of a survey than Travancore. 

Allowances were accordingly raised to equal those ''of the Surveying Engineer 
at Hyderabad, with, the addition of tho small establishment of boats already 
sanctioned" 2 , but in 1810 General Hewett's report shows that Arthur's survey 
allowances with "office establishment-" amounted to 150 ps. a month, whilst Blair 
in Hyderabad drew 100 only 3 . 

In 1809, when Garling took his party on independent survey [ 127 ] he was 
granted 25 -ps. a month in addition to 50 as assistant- instructor and field allow- 
ances*. After his move to Goa, and the re -organization of 1810, the 25 ps. 
allowance was dropped, and in 1812 he had to surrender the assistant instructor's 
allowance to Walpoki [ 3 .1 9 ] , being compensated by a special salary of 70 ps. ; 

The personal allowances which (save hitherto been drawn by Lis niloiiM.nl- Garling on account 
of the Uoa Survey were in ai! respects the same as were drawn by the other Officers attached 
to tin. 1 same survey, ... n.ini J. consider that ho was ti.-n ply remunerated. ... 

Tho resolution in favour of Lieutenant, Walpolo will jiemrdinsly reduce the personal allow- 
ances of Lieutenant Garling from Pasrodas 114-2-20 to Pagodas 64-2-20. The latter sum is 
not in ray opinion sufficient for- the rennti)ei;iti.on...as Suporini.eiislcsit sif tho Goa Survey. His 
Assistants receive each an allowance of 60 Pagodas, and the full batta. of their rani;. From 
these allowances the Assistants Slave only io provide their Insears, and the Superintendent of 
the Survey ( by the res! notion of his salary of 50 Pagodas... ) would he placed on an allowance 
somewhat inferior. ... 

I would therefore propose that Lieutenant Garliuji shoulil lie permitted to draw salary of 
70 Pagodas per mensem and the Full Batta of his rank, as allowed to the Officers lately attached 
to Major Lambton, and as laid down in the loth paraeraph of she General Orders of the 9th 
October 1810 for the first class of Officers... attached to l ho Q.imi-h.-v lUiustei- General's Depart- 
ment [323 ], and llitil: his Kstabiishmem should continued to he kept up at the public expense. 
This arrangement will give him a not allowance of Pagodas 89- 15-60, causing a reduction from 
his present allowances of Pagodas 24-31-40 per mensem, but leaving an allowance which I 
consider sufficient'. 

Garling ! s pay was increased the following year to 150 ps. a month, to cover 
all expenses except lascars 6 . The pay of other officers, employed under the Surveyor 
General was fixed at 

full Batta mid the salary of 60 Pagodas, ... inclusive of all allowances of whatever description ; 
out of this it is expected that they will defray the charges of tho Establishment of Lascars, 



SMMC. J8-7-07. -ii>. O-li-07. 



3 t>l)a. 84 ( SI3) 27-8-1.0 ( 251 ). 'MAIC. 2-1 -fit). 



•From 



Madras Surveyors, 1807-15 333 

Packallies, &c. s attached to them, which n.re no longer to be continued at the expense of the 
Company 1 . 

Officers of the Quartermaster Ceneral's department were graded in three classes, 
the first to draw 70 ps., the second 35, and the third 25 ps., a, month besides full 
batta [321 ] a . 

Survey allowances were not drawn until the date of tailing over duty, and 
were suspended duriri;; absence on leave 3 . 

Lambtok's Survey 

On Lambton's first appointment in February 1800, he was granted, extra- to 
regimental allowances, a salary of 200 ps. a month and pay of establishment at 
something over 100 ps. 4 . Uncle;.' orders sent oat by the Directors in 1801 [ 330 ] 
this was reduced to 280 ps.. all inclusive 5 . 

in May 1811 this was substantially raised ; 

A monthly salary of pags. 100 will be-; ill lowed to you from this dale, exclusive of your 
establishment; and. ..when .H.M.'s 33rd Regiment sbnll depart, tor Europe, you will be per- 
mitted to draw an extra salary equal to the Company's allowances of your Regimental 
rank [ 304-5 ]. 

This extra Sii.ln.ry will of course ho made to correspond with, the Company's allowance to 
a Lie i; tenant Colonel when you shall have attained that, rank roaimeidally. and in both cases 
it will be regiilaiei 1 accord my to the Company 's allowance of a i Taj or, or a Lieutenant Colonel 
on thw peace establishment 6 . 

Warren's allowances on the Mysore Survey had been reduced to 100 ps. a month 
but were raised by 35 ps. from 1st Octover 1802, the date he joined Lambton, 
on his appeal "for the expense, of a Pa. 3 an queen and the hiro of additional coolies" ; 

In carrying on the present rapid work, where evet'y stride is generally along day's march, 
... although my atkiwaiicos be L;ho same, my snualioo in pi a 1 J. of nfLi-riiigc anil other charges is 
too re expensive th.au it was when employed in Mi sore, where, instead of crossing sen-oral pro- 
vinces in the course of a few months, I have a; times been detained a whole year within the 
limits of a District. ... 

Moreover, in carrying on.. .the present, survey uninterruptedly through the different cli- 
mates of the year, the use of a Paianuueen may lie considered not merely as a matter of 
convenient sy, but o-f real necessity, as afhayhiig when inii h nosed the means of resorting to place.-; 
where medical assistance can be obtained. This exjienec.iny present allowances of 100 
Pagodas per mouth do not admit of, and so precarious has the states of my health been since my 
survey of Lite eastern Pulliams in .Mysore;, that 1 have to request...; 111 additional sum of 35 
pagodas per month, ... to -provide for the above experices 7 . 

Kater was allowed 1 his same allowance from February 1805 s . 

Lambton's officers front the Military Institution drew r.he allowances laid down 
in 1806 [331 ], but from March 1811 they were allowed 70 ps. a month in addition 
to batta, "as they will now be employed on a scale for superior to that of any other 
description of survey" 9 . 

Lambtok's Establishment & Expenditure 

The establishment allowed to Lambton on lirsi; appointment [ 234 ] comprised 1 " 

1 Writer, per month, Pag. 15 d Draftsman, '2'..) -Horse allowance, 6. 

Tents 



I lascars, bamboo coolies, and carriage bullocks, & the usual 
1 Necessary [" complement. 



»MGO. 9-10 10 (U): ruling bv MAG. Julv 1811, DDn. 127 (49). E MGO. 9-10-10 ( 15 ). 

aib. 5-10-08 ; MMC. 16-8-11. 'it,. 4-2-1800. s DDn. 41, 10-11-01. •TJDn. 62 ( 112 ) 21-5-11. 'ib 
(43) 22-7-0:i. "DDn. 63 ( 117 ) 21-2-05. 'DDa. (12 ,' OS ) ;5-12-10 & MMC. 8-3-11. "UDn. 62 ( 1 ) 
6-2-1800; MMC. 4-2-00. 



¥ 


i^ 


Hi *■ 


1 



Allowances & Expenditure 



1 Car pent £:'. and batta ... Pag. 4 Fms. 12 
Interpreter ... „ 10 1 Smith ... ,, i „ 12 

8 Lascars ... „ 20 Fms. 02 2 Hircarrahs "... „ 5 „ 06 

Before leaving Madras he pointed ont that 

my net allowance nas ■ iot- been mentioned. ... At. | .resent I am provided with one large tent, 
one observatory, two baggage tents, and a necessary. I shall also ha veto provide a tent for 
the two hoys who are to attend me, De Penning and Lawrence [ 346 ], and there is another 
observatory tent eoioe with tins large instrument from liengal, constructed purposely for il 
[252]. ... The e\-peneos for tout carriage. Tent lascars. and Bamboo Cooiies. must be very 
great. At present it amounts lo sixty -two pagodas per month, and I do not know how I can 
reduce it. ... 

I ana allowed eight hilars for... carrying instruments, etc. That number was sufficient to 
carry what I had, but the instruments that have come from Bengal take up five large cases, 
which are at least two Handy 1 loads, and yet they are so valuable that I cannot leave any 
part behind 2 . 

Government, was unusually liberal : 

His Lordship relies on your discretion for conducting the survey entrusted to you with 
every proper degree of economy and. ..the Civil Auditor wilt ho instructed to pass your charges 



e actually and 
1 allowance of t 



of transport ; 

used, they are carried i 



for the above purpose on the- certificate of your honour that they v 
incurred. ... 

For the expense- of the two boys employed, you will reeeh 
each per month for the present 3 . 

After his return from Mysore, Lamb ton asked for an i 

In England, who™ precisely the same kind of instruments a 
carriages constructed for the purpose, and furnished at the expence of the Board of Ordnance, 
but in this country every thing of that, nature must bo carried by Coolie on account of the 
badness of the roads. Such I u strum cuts require great. care, and if once injured they are not 
to be repaired here. The people who carry these m-ticles .must be always attached and present, 
so as to move every tiring at once in any direction. 

During my time in the Mysoor, f made various changes in my establishment, until I got 
into a system the most perfect I could fall upon for expedition, and, notwithstanding the 
great number of people I had with me, J do not recollect that my monthly expences ever 
amounted to Four hundred and thirty Pagodas, except some casual expence happened to 
increase them, which rarely happened 4 . 

Such casual contingent expenses were 

incurred in preparing the apparatus for the measurement of a Base line, which consists of 
Coffers, elevating screws, piekets, and various other articles. ... There have been, and will 
occasionally he, other sma II contingent expences peculiar io tins kind of work, such as building 
and keeping in repair an observatory tent, bell tent, and signal flags ; blue lights, etc. 

A permanent establishment of 43 eoolles was than authorised for transport of 
instruments and special tents at a monthly charge of two pagodas a head 5 . To 
guard his instruments he was allowed to entertain his own escort whose 

expenoes shall be brought 011 in a month ly oonfeingent account. [359]. ... Also a peon 
for... keeping up a communication with the post Road, as I shall rarely lie within ten or fifteen 

miles of the track of the Tappal, by which means all regular correspondence will be 

interrupted 6 . 

He further obtained special authority for his bills to be met by any convenient 

Collector or Military Paymaster 7 . 

It was only natural, that during the strict scrutiny of expenditure made after 
the close of the: 5V1 aratha war Laiubton's survey should come under notice, but all 
the same he was much disturbed by a query from" the Committee of Finance" 
as to whether it was not "practicable to reduce a part of that expence" 3 . He 
replied that, 

as every augmentation to my establishment have been regularly authorised by Government 
in consequence of public communication from me, ... and as the objects of thoso communica- 
tions were deliberately considered, ... 110 dhainaaiion can be made without lessening the 
means of efficiency, and consequently cheeking the progress of the survey*. 



Lambton's Establishment & Expenditure 



33o 



s drawing a 



We have not found his less dignified protests which Warren describes a 
rebuke from the Governor [ 264-5 ]■ 

The Supremo Government took up the attack the following year, pointing out 
that "a rapid augmentation appears to have taken place" in the survey world ; 
Mackenzie's survey had cost 12,237 ps. in the year, and Lambton's 7,132, whereas' 
several useful surveys had been suspended in Eerigal for lack of funds [ 12, 60, 112 1. 

Lambton once again went over all his expenditure to show that every economy 
was exercised, and that, 

if the extant of my labours keep pace with the ability granted me to perform them, ... every 
addition to my establishment will prove economy hi the end, and that to reduce any part of it 
will only serve as a check to my exertions, and impede the general progress of the survey 1 . 
He was strongly supported by Bentinck, wdio replied to Bengal ; 

This may he justly called a great national undertaking, extremely r.f-ful ks the foundation 
of future geographical maps of which none exist ; and, as I am informed by those competent 
of judging in point of science, deserving of i.^m- classed amongst tbo bo.it surveys of England 
and France. The opportunity of meeting with an Officer in India possessed of the same 
acquirements and equally qualified for so important a work may never again occur. I cannot 
therefore but recommend in the strongest manner that this survey may continue 3 [ 265 ]. 

The survey was not only allowed to proceed, but from 1807 to 18Z2 its scope 
was actually widened, and expenditure considerably increased by the appointment 
of officers from the Military Institution [242 ]. After the withdrawal of these 
officers, and the limitation of the survey to main triangulation only, the monthly 
bills dropped to under one thousand pagodas ; 
Allowance to Major William Lambton ... ... ... 400-00-00 

Addition, equal to the Company's allowance to 11. Major for half- 

batta & Tent allowance ... ... ... ... 100-13-10 

Allowance for carriage of lijsiruments ... ... ... 60-00-00 

Pay of one Haviidar, 3 M'tiius, and M Supovs, with Katta ... 77-07-40 

Pay of 24 flag Coolies and 1 Tappal Peon ... ... 50-00-00 



Allotvaneo to 4 Sub -Assist nil i.vi 
Horse Allowance for „ 
Tent Allowance for ,, 

Ten Lascars for 



7 1 :■: 20 50 



Contingent account for November 1SI3 ; Base line apparatus ... 

For preparing the different Instrument Boxes of the Large 
Theodolite, the Circular Instrument, the Astronomical Tele- 
scope, and the Transit for the Besr iisies 

Aid given by the Inhabit nuts at thy stations of — — , ., 

( 3 stations ) 

Mr. J. De Penning caaiangeiit account for October 1813 ; Aid 

given by the inhabitants at th;i seveirt; stations of , , 

( 8 stations ) 



Doduet libsi i-,:,i.:r, of' stoppsiej si 
Fund committee [ 357 ] 



Total Abstract 
> the i-ioeretary le the Xativo 



" 



\ 



.Net Amount to be paid 



SUE-VEY ExPENuITUKE, MADRAS, 1S10-5 

Unlike the Surveyor Generals of Bengal and Bombay, the Surveyor General of 
Madras had to keep an account of expenditure on all surveys, whether under the 
control of the Quartermaster General, Lambton, or himself 4 . 



'MFC, 14-7-07. 



*j*ao. io-9-io. 



Allowances & Expenditure 



At the end of April 1811, before sailing for Java, Mackenzie submitted 

a statement of the aot\ial expence incurred ibr Lbo different surviijing establishments under 
this Presidency on the I -it of December lust, con-, pi led from the several accounts communicated 
to mo from the offices of Audit, Civil and Military. ... This Statement affords sufficiently 
authentic Data of the real expects attending the fun nor establishment, with the exception 
of the different, stoves, Instruments, and siationery supplied from Europe. ... 

Tlie amount of the last Quarter is pagodas S,W-1 44-45, but as the expen.ee of the 
Travaneoro and Jahtah surveys have- entirely ceased since: that period, the expenee of tho 
succeeding quarter will be so much less. 

The establishment for tin-', office of the Surveyor General has also been susponded, ... and... 
by G.O. of tho flth October an establishment of ISO pagodas per month for draftsmen and 
Writers was allowed. ... It has now been ascertained by 3 months experience what persons 
are necessary, ... making at the utmost pagodas 645-11-40 per u;on-..h, instead of 600. I have 
not included Ensign Ward, the Assistant, in this office acting during my absence on the expedi- 
tion. ..as this also was not foreseen till very hut-sly, and may ho considered as a tsmporavy 
expenoe. ... 

The rest of the est-a i lis I: mom- will he con tin nod.. .on l-he Materials nl' 1.1 io Geographical and 
Statistical survey of the Coded Districts, which on the 1st December lust amounted to pagodas 
391-12-40 per month, but. ..is near approaching: to its conclusion 1 . 

The Surveyor General submitted regular quarterly statements of establishment 
and expenditure, ox plaining sue.li details as extra allmvanees for officers and draughts- 
men with the Quartermaster General, and for surveyors working for the Inspector 
of Tank Ropairs. "From August 1811, however, surveyors with tho tank depart- 
ment and with the Collector of Madras were omitted, as not being available 
geographical work ; 

The current monthly expense... has now "been reduced t- 
or Pagodas 45,224-39 CO annually and ,if to the 
on account of the Military Institution when tho students nj 
annual expense will still amount to Pagodas 50.116-17-05 2 . 

The (li.sUnel.ioit between military and civil expenses was not always clear; 

While the salary of the Surveyor General and (he establishment of Ids Office are properly 
included under the Head of General [ civil ] .Disbursements, the salary and allowance of his 



a Pagodas 3,78-833-25 per n 

be added. ..the expense incurred 
e sent out to survey, the current 



o both Military v.- 






i General Disbursements, 
e of Major Lamb-ton are 

uesUon, being a work of 
and must therefore be 

i exhaustive review of 



e stated as Military. ... The Principal and his Deputy 
their duties must be exactly similar. ... 

Again, the expenses. ..in the Ceded Districts... are rightly stated 
while those of tins Trigonometrical Survey under tho superintends 
considered to be partly Civil and partly Military. ... The survey in 
science and of general utility, is more than a national concern 
independent of all Military considerations 3 . 

On Ms return to Madras in 1815, Mackenzie undertook 
the department, and with his final report submitted 

a coneise view ol" the Expense, accompanied hy a Table showing the Annual and Quarterly sums 
applicable to each hraneh of this Presidency for these last- I've years, from the Establishment 
of the Surveyor General's Department on the 1st December 1810 to the 1st December 
1815. ... 

The magnitude of the sum expended will tiatura-.dy at true t the first notice, since it exceeds 
so considerably the sum of i 20,000 p. annum considered in the Honorable Court of Directors' 
Letter of the 3rd June 1814 as a subject of immediate reform. The abolition of the Office 
of the Surveyor General at the Presidency was one of the first steps ordered towards bringing 
this expenditure within a moderate Compass, while from the accompanying Table it appears 
that the System on which that office was introduced. ..was attended by a- very considerable 
reduction of expense, rh more effect in the execution of the Surveys than had ever before boon 
obtained. In vindication therefore of the economy of the measure... it becomes necessary to 
examine more minutely into the Heads of this expenditure. ... 

General Department — comprehend in;; what is properly civil, including commercial, Finan- 
cial, &, Political. <fe .Xa.utieai Heads. ... 

Military Department- — comprehending Heads, Military Svivvey, .\- Military objects. 

Such agricultural Surveys as have been executed under the Ih.s\ enue Board, unci Profess- 
ional Surveys under the Kii^ineer Department ft Tank Department- have not. been included. ... 



i M.VIC. 26 4 1 



.. 10-12-12. 3 ib. 10-12-11 



Survey Expenditure Madras, 1810-5 



:j:jt 



The Account for the year 1S10 would amount to upwards of £ 34,000 [ 85,000 pa. ] for 
supporting the different establishments. ... In the first year, ending the 31st October 1811, 
the aggregate expense was reduced from Pags. 85,514-3-60 per annum to 52,439-42-27 ; — 
General 32,540-14-30 -Military 19,899-27-00. 

This reduction was effected.. .in the Civil Branch.. .by the transfer of nine Native Surveyors 
[ 348 ] to other Departments ; by the abolition of the Surveying School, and of the Inspector 
of Revenue Surveys & Superintendent of than Establishment— In the LUilitary Department— 
by the recall of 5 Officers out of eight on the Survey of the Territory of Goa ; of 4 Officers 
from the Trigonometrical Survey ; & 12 Officers from the QrMrGenl's. Department & from 
Surveys in the Nizam's Country & Travancore, ... and of 2 OfBoers of Engmeers withdrawn 
from the Suporintendeuee of Surveys. ... 

In this year 1811 the Survey of Lhe Ceded Districts & of the Goa Territory, of the Southern 
Provinces, of Tmu-velK, Tanjofre, etc., were transferred to, & carried on under the Surveyor 
General's direction. Tanjoto m entirely completed. 

In the 2nd year, ending 31st October' 1812, a further Decrease took pUce &■ the aggregate 
amount was reduced to P^odas 4(>,.'J54-H- 00 ;- -General Establishment Pags. 20, 913-39-30— 
Military Establishment 13.641- 5-25. ... 

In the 3rd year ending 31st October 1813, the sum total waa to crossed... Total in 1813, 
Pags. 50,511-17-52— General... Pags. 34,567-27-75— Military... 15, 94 3-3 4- 57. 

In the 4th year, ending 31st October 1814; Total.,,53, 655-8-10...— General... Pags. 
36, 242-28-40— Military... 17, 412-24-00—. 

In the 5th year ending 31st October i;!i.j, a. more 0.0ns iderabiw diminution takes plaee, ... 
chiefly from the abolition of the Surveyor General from the 1st May 1815. ... The Soonda 
Survey was completed & that of Koorg begun, but difficulties in finishing Dindugul prevent 
the commencement, of the Survey of Tva van core. — General Department... fags. 34,465-27-75 

Military... 14,1 32-6-12. The expenses of the Ceded District Survey entirely ceased in the 

month of July 1816. 

The agsresrme expense of all the Surveying aiul Mi-itheriiii.t.icial Branches or Impend it tire... 
amounted on the 1st December 1810 to about Pags. 85,514 per annum, ... The aggregate 
expense had increased rapidly from the year ending 30th April 1803, from about 23,150 per 
annum, and perhaps in 1703 from about only 7,000. 

The Trigonometrical Survey had incurred an expense in 5 years of 55,502 ; or per annum, 
11,100 [pa]. 

Of tho duties of this officio, its utility ic> ihe Service;, evinced in the saving of a sum of no 
less than 165,000 Pagodas in the course of 5 years, exclusive of the fact of bringing for the 
first time into one collected view the results of all the Surveys, ... I wish to refer rather to a 
future o 






Bomeav Surveyors 

The standard daily allowance for casual surveys in Bombay was the regulation 
staff pay of ten shillings, or four rupees, that was authorised in Madras as early as 
1767 [I, 279]. Officers detached on regular survey-, were allowed monthly "500 
rupees in lieu of everything", and this was the rate drawn by both Emmitt and 
Moncrieff, assistants to the Surveyor General. 

Drummond was appointed in June 1810 on Ba, 120 a month, and on Moncrciff 
succeeding as first assistant, was recommended for promotion to two hundred 
rupees per month ; 

Should this meet your approbation, Sir. Drummonds situation as my second Assistant 
becomes vacant, to fill which I beg leave to recommend Lieutenant Sutherland, a nephew of 
the Commodore's 2 , on the same salary of one hundred and twenty rupees 3 . 

When Williams offered his services, in 1803 lie made it a condition that he should 
to continue to draw the Madras allowances which he drew with the Pioneer Corps 
in Malabar, Rupees 638-7* ; 

Star Page. F. C. Rs. As. 

P;iy and Allowances >:-: Surveyor ... 85 — 33 - 40 ... 300 - 1 

Tent Allowance ... 12 - 00 - 00 ... 42-0 

WiwW n-port ™. ih-i State, of tU ftr^iiij Department at Fort St. Geotgt. MRTO. 11..%], 30 4-1.6. 
^Jimiei Sutherland : IS,: liarir.e iConmiodore, Ibmh:;y 1 TyS-lSOl ; Master Attendant, 1802 -5. "BoMC. 
10 -2-02. : 15o MC. March 1803. 



Allowances & Expenditure 



Extra Hslf-Batte, for 31 days ... 19-15-60 ... 67-3 

Pioneer Allowance ., ... 19 - 15 - 60 ... 67-3 

Pay & Allowances of rani; ... ... 45 - 315 - GO ... 160 - 2 

On Drummond's resignation [305,323] Government offered Nutt only two 
rupees a day as draughtsman, but consented to the normal four rupees on Williams' 
protest : 

The nature of the duties that we have to discharge in this office require a degree of ateady 
attention and assiduity, which in few 7 ether si tii.int.1 oris am known or neeussary. Without 
forming & adhering strictly to a system of unvaried industry for myself and all those employed 
under me, I am certain that many of the great objects in the view of Col. Reynolds... would 
be lamentably delayed, or never at all attained. These were my ideas when I took upon 
myself to propose an allowance or' 120 rupees per mensem for Mr. Mutt. ... 

I shall use mv endeavours to :;rt a- voting man to under fake the duty en the terms which 
theHon'blethe Governor is pleased to grant., but he will most probably be wholly inexperienced, 
and it takes a considerable lengtli of practice to acquire tf;e adroitness in this work, which is 
when acquired so useful 1 . 

In accepting the rates of pay proposed for the survey of Gujarat at the end of 
1808 [ 170-1 ], the Military Accountant General remarked ; 

The Surveyor General... propose-:; that Captain Sutherland should be continued on his 
present salary, and that, ihe other assistants should have each Rupees 250 in addition to the 
field allowance of their respective ranks. 

As I was not sufficiently acquainted with either the duties on which these gentlemen would 
be employed, or the expense to which they would bo exposed, to offer an opinion, ... I had a 
conversation with Captain Williams on the subject, and, ... I really think that, considering 
the nature of the service, and the probability of its only being temporary, the allowances he 
proposes... are moderate. 

To each of the Assistant surveyors... a. previous!;, arranged plan is to be entrusted and, 
as they will be dispersed over an extensive tract of country, they will be obliged to keep up 
distinct establishments- for their own accommodation. ... 

Captain Sutherland draws at present Rupees 0OC1 a month as surveyor, exclusive of his 
fixed salary of Eapees 2I!0 as Assistant to Captain Williams ; I should think, however, that 
Rupees 500 a month would he an adequate remuneration 00 the present occasion 2 . 

Garstin's comments were that, 
if the officers selected for tins duty are, as they certainly ought to be, able, industrious, and 
intelligent men, tin; allowanee granted to them.. .is eorudnb moderate ; for roust undoubted!; 
they must either he at- a very considerable extru expense- for the transportation of their baggage, 
camp equipage, instruments, etc., as well as to procure the decent comforts of life at Such a 
distance from Heme, or be compelled to suffer great privations; which, loijetber with the 
hard labour a surveyor is una void ably forced to undergo, must tie attended with great risk 
of health and injury to their constitutions. ... An addition to the common allowances will 
operate as an encouragement to men of science to stand forward, and the importance of 
having able men employed on this line of the service is very obvious 3 . 

Dickinson's salary as Revenue Surveyor was Rs. 400 a month hi addition to 
Rs. 295 for establishment. William's salary as Revenue Surveyor at Broach was 
Rs. 500 [326], whilst Sutherland still drew Rs, 20(1 "as first. Assistant to the Sur- 
veyor General : ' besides an extra allowance of Rs. 100. On both survey sthe senior 
assistants drew Rs. 250 and the remainder 120 each.' 1 . Dickinson had been aDowed 
the temporary assistance of Macleod on two rupees a day as draughtsman, but this 
was advanced to regular assistant on Rs. 120 a month in order to expedite the 
outdoor work 5 ; 

On his first appointment to the office ho was merely directed to assist in fi.ieishing certain 
plans. ... This change of situation immediately brought- en him the expense of keeping a 
palankin, etc., as his constant attendance wn-S required badly in the office for the first fort- 
night. ... 

About 1 hat time I received fcom the Governor a verbal order for the survey of Colaba, 
and was.. .desired In- him to employ Ensi.im Macleod on this duty. ... He was, in concert with 

•DDn. SI (78) 13-3-09 & B Pol 



Bombay Surveyors 



;'.:;<) 



Lieutenant Gordon and myself, for some time employed each day in surveying between 
sis and seven hours, and plotting th<i work of the Ibrmor day in the ;>iliee, and Ming up any 
spare -time there b-y assisting in drawing the plan ul.' Humbaj, Since the 24th July he has 
been occupied, with the exception of 3 or 4 days when the «r-all aa- would not admit of our 
working out of doors, neve" ]e=s than !! hours of the day. ... 

The expenco :iccessarily i:ii:mTed by Ins a I srinlar; iv in I his off; (is:... amounts to nearly 50 
Rupees a month, to defray which, and remunerate him for has extrnor-diriary laliours in survey- 
ing, he receives only the allowance for dmwiog, ... vi/.l. (iO Rs. a month [ 176 ]. ... Such being 
the duties unavoidably attendant oil whomsoever iiiey think fit to add to this Department: 1 . 

When Sutherland accompanied Harford Jones to Persia [ 176 ], he was allowed 
to retain his allowance as first assistant to the Surveyor General throughout his 
absence from India, even during his stay in England* ; but on the other hand Nutt's 
request to continue his allowance during ten months leave cut. of. Tndia on medical 
certificate was firmly refused, and "his observations on the occasion" declared 
"irregular and improper" 3 . 

There was much correspondence about the allowances io be drawn by Malcolm's 
surveyors in Persia [ 174-5 ], who carried out many hazardous journeys. Christie 
and Pottinger were allowed full surveyor's allowances Oh. .Lis. 618 a month, in addi- 
tion to their political allowances of Rs. ".00, for their adventurous journey of 
seven months Across Baluchistan [174]. Government overruled an audit objec- 
tion which pointed out that the sum of Rs. b'18 was originally intended to cover 
an establishment of assistants and followers [ I, 376-7 ] which could not have 
been required under the circumstances. 

With regard to Frederick, it was considered that he was more than a mere 
surveyor of routes, but not to such an extent as Pottinger ami Christie. In his 
ease therefore the allowance of Rs. 018 had to include the political allowance. The 
remaining off i cor.-, wens granted lis. I 00 each in addition to po.li.t i.eal allowance 1 . 



M4. 



Pol C. 5-11-12 ( 4 



'CD t 



. 14-4-13 (27) & Bo to CD. 27-12-13. 



»Bo M0. 38-12-14. 



in 



\ 



CHAPTER XXIV 



CIVIL ASSISTANTS 

— MADRAS: Surveying School- -Mackenzie's Sub-AwiMante — Lambton's 
Sub-Assiaiants — ■ Assistant Revenue- Survet/ors — Pay & Allowances — Nominal 
Boll. 

SO early as 1T6S tin; Paymaster General find expressed disapproval of any person 
who was not "in the Company's Civil or Military service " being employed on 

survey [I, 268 ]. This prejudice persisted forty years and longer, and even- 
tually led to a definite prohibition against- uric instruction of any "native" in the 
art of survey [ I, 283 n.8 ], or the employment of any local man, however efficient, 
even as a draughtsman. 

When Fleming asked for permission to employ a very useful half -Portuguese 
draughtsman, "Francis i)c Cruz, the Surveyor General replied ; 

When Lieut, Webb was sent to the Gimjout-ri, or source of the Ui.mjj;e«, In; was accompanied 
...by Mr. Hcaray a pensioner of the Aiahr^iia Ilei^o who. t> lion the survey was over, 
surreptitiously obtained a copy of the survey, and had the impudence to send it to the 
Court of Director;;, as if ho had been the- discoverer of this Jdoly Fountain's head [ 77]. On 
Lieut. Webb's layiji.'j; th'o ease before- Qin-einmerM, they ^-"-ol; -n»- : affair up very warmly, and 
have since expressed a 0:11a', dislike 10 any iialf-oasic. or indeed any one out of the service, 
being employed in any branch of the surveying line. ... With those examples before me.. J 
could not po.ssibH" fake sipou me to recommend De Cruz*. 

Fleming made a private appeal ; 

As I have no ujTi-H'ii, informal ion of the very reasonable objection that Oovemnient hap to 
employ people out of the Service in the surveying fine, I. ..have- a hopo, sis it is only a survey 
of the city, and not a province or district, that 1 may be indulged. T-o you privately I say 
that I only employ him, lie C-mz, in making my plans, as "I am not a very good draftsman, 
and my eyes are so very much injured by this very duty { Purveying ), that I could not, ... 
without a great deal of time and trouble, .yive in such a plan as I could wish 2 . 

Crawford then asked Government to sanction, the ;~>-o- months allowances already 
earned by De Cruz, but commented privately to Fleming, "It strikes me that if 
they grant DeOruz an allowance, they will not give him Rs. 125, where an officer 
only costs them 100 ; but we will see ". The application was refused on the grounds 
that previous sanction had not been obtained 3 . 

The pay of fill such assistants was really provided for in the surveyors' allowances 
[ I, 276 ], and we find that Webb kept a draughtsman of his own, whereas Hodgson 
was not so fortunate, and writes bo Use Surveyor General ; 

I should be very glad if I could engage a good draftsman or copyist in my service, not 
being able myself to make my maps so ornamental as 1 eoidd wish.. Will.,,, your draftsman in 
the office... enquire if such a man ( a native ) eon id bo liirod and sent up to me, to he ready to 
assist me in the recess [ 31S ]. Could. I meet with a. man of that kind I would gladly retain 
him in my service o:i literal terms 4 . 

Crawford could not help ; 

"Drauabtsio.in arc so difficult l.o be procured, and so exorbitant in their demands, that 
General Gars tin sent round to .Madras to procure, without success [ 273 ] s . 

Most of the surveyors casually picked up for temporary work were sailors, as 
was probably Alexander Melville, employed under (he Marine Board between 1814 
and 1816 to survey lands in the neighbourhood of Diamond Harbour. 

135 (14 ), 12-8-13; 129 (55), 



Madras Surveying School 



The situation in Madras was entirely- diuereiit, thanks to the foresight of Michael 
Topping, and bv 1800 over a dozen boys had been trained at the observatory 
surveying school, and sent out on survey, whilst others were still under instruction. 
They were articled as apprentices and bound to the Company for five or seven 
years [1,284]. 

Besides language and drawing masters, an assistant instructor, or usher, was 
appointed in 1801 — -John Robinson, of the iirst class— whose health was then" not 
adapted to undergo the fatigue of actual service "*, When lie left in 1807 "for the 
survey of Tinnevelly [ 141 ], his place was taken by William Scott [ 344 ]. 

When Goldingham went on furlough in 1805 [ 195 ], his place in charge of the 
school was taken by Warren, who submitted in 1807 

four plans of certain lands near Madras surveyed by some of the apprentices now receiving 
their education in the School, and some sketches intended to form and steady their hands as 
drafts-men. In drawing the attention of Your Hoard on Uieso juvenile productions, I am 
for from presenting them as perfect profession:-!.! performances. They are the first regular 
at tempt... made here to combine practice with Theory. ... 

This survey litis been made with my own instruments, ami the la.-jcars who attended the 
Boys were my pvivaLe servants. They were therefore of no additional expeiiec to the Public 2 . 

T-n forwarding these to <!overnnient tlio Revenue Board wrote that they 
considered the .system of education pursued in the school to be susceptible of some improve- 
ment, ...so as to render it more adapted to qualifying the young men as practical Revenue 
Surveyors, ... 

The practice of iiepui.ii.ic; young men, hnperfecf.lv- educated smi without experience, to be 
cit oriee employed in a separate eapaeily under Co dec tors, had been the groat, error. ... To 
remedy this defect, it is proposed in future that offer a shori, preparatory" course of education 
at f.he school the students, or, as they are termed, apprentices, bo stationed with Centleiucn 
employed in an active iine of nrofessionr.l duty, to be by then', completed in the practical part 
of their profession, and thai then, and not before, they he deputed to act in a separate capacity 
under the Collectors 3 . 

This had indeed "been Topping's original intention [ I, 273 ] and now, under 
Warren's reginu; the majority of the apprentices were posted to the Department 
of Tank Repairs, or to survey under Mackenzie. The following extracts are taken 
from new regulations drafted l>y Warren [ 347 ] ; 

The system of education introduced in the school under Mr. Topping [ I, H5-6 1 ( which 
is the same as that followed at Christ's College ) 4 is to be continued with the few following 
alterations. 

After the Iirst twelve months ^vi-i-y apprentice is to be taught the use of the Plane-Table 
[ 145, 150 ] and ho made to practice in the vicinity of Madras twice a week. ... 

After sixteen months the apprentice is to be taught trip use and adjustment of a Cir- 
euinferent-or and '1'heodo.lvt.e, the method of taking angles eceurately, constructing a series 
of triamdes. and running levels ; and, when conversant in this practice, he is to be 
plaeed two years under the Superintendent of Tanks and Watercourses, or some other 

Should the Sub-Assistant have- served two years under the Superintendent of Tanks or a 
survevor, and be returned to the school, lie is then to be considered as qualified to be placed, 
under a Collector ; but, should his services! not be immediately required in that line, he is. ..to 
he taught the use and adjustment of a Sextant, both for the purpose of Astronomical observa- 
tions, and of taking Terreslial angles : he is also to attend the Observatory with a view to make- 
himself acquainted with the most useful problems of practical astronomy. 

Instead! of the Tamui kmcuago. hither in taught in the school [T, 285 ], the apprentices are 
to learn the Hindustani tongue. 

Some encouragement being necessary to create emulation, ...a sum of not exceeding 
B.i Pagodas per annum will be at the disposal of the- Superintendent of the School, to present 
those boys who have been noticed during the year for their snort conduct and proficiency with 
useful books or professional instruments [ 347 ], ... 

iJIEC. 31-7-01 ; Robin Jim lenl married in 17;)!'), when aged or 
16-1-G7- 'Ties mil'!".-?'s Unit 'I';:. piling himself :n;iv have been et 

389]- 



1' 



■M2 



Civil Assistants 



As the boys... are educated for the service of the Revenue Department., uunc are to be 
employed in the dopa-i-linenfe wi.t-i.iout particular order,; I'toiii Government- [ 184 ] . But as 
draftsmen andsub-assismnt. vuililat'y surveyors arc frequently wanted by otlicers on the general 
staff of the army, ... they are permitted to send boys to be educated at the Surveying School. ... 

A boy receiving bis education k to bo termed an apprentice 1 . 

Another class of boys was sent into the field early in 1808 ; 

When the Monsoon 2 is over, it is my intention to detach the Boys. ..to the adjacent tracts. 
and to carry the present survey to the whole extent of [.lie Home Farm [ I, 94, 142 ]. ... 

Most of the Boys now in the School having gone through their regular study indoors, 
their time cannot be bettor employed than in actual surveying in the Field. I have therefore 
taken measures to send them for the ensuing two months to survey in the vicinity of St. Thomas's 
Mount. ... I have supplied them with my own tents, that 110 additional charge might occur 
ro the public on that account. 

The school draughtsman, John Pereira, was kept busy ; 

His duties are net merely eonfined to the work your Board may occasionally command 
from him, but. ..be has also Co attend to the direct calls oi' L'. t , ,-,-.;: ..uietit upon this Office, and 
occasionally from the Marine Board, which together with the education of the Boys. ..in this 
branch of their profession leaves him very seldom unoccupied. 3 . 

In the urge for retrench in out (hat swept over the Presidency about this time 
[ 112, 195 ], the value of the school did not escape question, and the Revenue 
"Board pointed out that 

the annual expenditure has progreesively, and of late considerably, increased. The fixed 

charges of the Superintendent of the School. ..have amounted to the sum of Pagodas 
383 per month, viz., salary 50 Pagodas — allowance for the maintenance of the students 100 
Pagodas— pay of Moonsheo 8 Pagodas— and of Draughtsman -2i Pagodas. ... 

But besides this sum... various contingent ch-rfivos have frequently occurred for the equip- 
ment of boy;? proceeding on service, purchase of instruments, etc. ... 

In the present, circumstances of affairs when, from the necessity of reducing the public 
expenditure, many eijl-u-blbl intents of acknowledged utility have been suppressed [334-3], it is 
the duty of the Board. ..to suggest that the whole of the foregoing charges... might be imme- 
i liaie'jV dispensed wi;!i by ike abolition of the Offices r.i question*. 

The school survived this crisis, and there was constant demand for the apprentices 
who also turned out useful work in the conrso of training. Two boys 5 were attached 
to the Military Institution under the immediate supervision of Trover, who reported 
that he 

found them perfectly instructed in the method of taking observations with the Theodolite, 
as well as in the calculations required. ... They shewed.. .a sufficient foundation of Mathe- 
matical knowledge for. ..the various applications thereof relative to Civil and Military 
Purveys ; and as they are, besides, by no means deficient in skill and neatness as draftsmen. 
I cannot but declare that they have been useful to me, and will be useful to any Military 
Surveyor*. 

In 1809 Warren submitted 
a plan of certain land between the North of the Mount, ami Pool! amy lee, trie result of the short 
campaign lately made by the Boys now on the foundation. ... I also submit the section and 
plan of two series of levels, carried from a ecrlain spot on the Hanks of the t'ooum "River to the 
Bank of the Tank at Madrava. ... 

The tract here rentes en ted is contiguous to that which was surveyed by the Bo3's last 
year, ... and may be extended at pleasure without any material expenee to the public. ... As 
these plans... may prove of utility to the Collector of the ■.'o::l , .ir'\ ... they 1111! y bo forwarded... 
to be deposited in his Cutcherry 7 . 

In 1810, it was decided to abolish the school ['I3<h34y]> and transfer to the 
Surveyor General suoh boys as were still on the establishment. ' Warren reported 
that 

it has been reso-ved that these Hoys he paid individually ike amount of their subsistence, 
hitherto drawn by the Superintendent, of tho School. This allowance is 10 Pagodas per month 
for each Boy, which includes the school sevvcu ts ; wages ( consisting of a Maty, a Cook, a 
"Water wo in an, a Comiudonr. and a Peon ), their diet, clothing, the furnishing of Instruments 
and Books necessary for their instruction, and other contingent charges. ... 



Madras Surveying School 



W.i 



As all charges on account of the school are to conw: on the first of December, the servants... 
will be discharged from that day. ... It ie the Board's intention to keep these Boys for some 
days in the School buildings; ...some of them are mere children, and. ..there is no provision 
made against their immediate wants. 

He further asked that pensions should be granted to Pereira, 

the draughtsman attached to the school as Instructor in drawing, ... and Srenevassa Chatry, 
Bramin, the Malnhar and .H indoytanee Moonshec entertamed also for their instruction. ... These 
two valuable servants have attended the school ever since its found ation, and have had ample 
Testimony of good conduct from Mr. Topping, Mr. Goldingham, and myself 3 . 

Pereira was granted si pension of 12 -px. a month from May 1811, but the Brahman 
was found to be already employed as one of the observatory assistants. Of the 
sis boys remaining three wore immediately found full employment by the Surveyor 
General, whilst it was reported that 

B. C. T. Balfour has been altogether removed from the School at the request of his Mother, 
Mrs. Jane Balfour, and his indenture has been returned to her. Thomas Anderson is still 
subsisted at the school, and is employed in the Surveyor General's Office, and Charles Barneb 
has been permitted to reside with hi-* mother in the l-'orf. where he has the advantage of attend- 
ing a reading school for a part of the day, and of being employed for the remainder of the 
day in the office 0!" flic Commissary General 2 . 

The post of usher was abolished, and Scott was found work in the Surveyor 
General's office, whilst still holding charge of the younger apprentices. 






Mackenzi t:'s Sub-Ass istants 3 

After passing through (.he school the apprentices joined one of throe groups — ■ 
those employed under Mackenzie on the surveys of Mysore and the Coded Districts 
—those employed under Lambton on the General or Trigonometrical survey- — 
and those employed on district surveys under the Tank Department or under 
Collectors. 

The first to join Mackenzie was James Ross, who accompanied him to Hydera- 
bad in 1798 [ I, 286 ], and remained with him till passed to Mather in 1803. Get- 
ing into serious trouble the following year, he was discharged and sent down to the 
" Presidency in disgrace [ 0,7 ], but to Mackenzie's disgust was taken into the Tank 
Department shortly afterward [ 164 ]. 

When Mather was appointed to the survey, he asked for two apprentices instead 
of the interpreter he had boon allowed in Baramahal ; 

Surveying requiring a man to be constantly on the move, and to often visit Hilly and 
unhealthy situations, dud the boy I had formerly having thereby suffered much, I would 
recommend that 2 your,;: hoys should be taken from fho Asylum to travel Alternately ; it would 
then fall easier ; they would have, practice combined with theory, and as being companions an 
emulation would ari^o, partieiiinrly if the terms of their Apprenticeship was to be limited to 
the time of their beeormiiK Master's of their business. J am convinced they would soon become 
cheap Ji-ud useful servants fo their employers 4 . 

One of these boys was Michael Dunh-a.n who became a capable surveyor and 
served nearly thirty years in the department. The other, Baillie, was a failure, 
and was replaced two years later by Henry Hamilton, who was a great success, 
becoming one of Mackenzie's best draughtsmen. Baillie was ro -admitted to the 
school ; 

His being returned from the Mysore Survey by no means would infer that he should be 
dismissed the Service. His return.. .to the Seminary at the Observatory... was from motives 
of humanity, ... to- give the lad who was very young every further opportunity of improvement. 
He obtained employment in Seringapatam in 1804, and was engaged by Mackenzie 
as an extra writer in lfe'09 5 . 

Mackenzie fully realised the value of these apprentices, and wrote to Mather 
who was going down to the Presidency for the monsoon ; 

iM. Eev Bd. 10-12-10. 'ill. 26-9-11. > For definition v, p. 347. *MMC. 6-11-1799. 

"DDn. 83, 4-8-10. 



344 Civil Assistants. 

During your hours of ease at, Madras ! would recommend you forming a Iteause on practical 
survey suited to this country, (Hid your sugso^fcing a plan of employing some young lads on 
■ ■■>;■: : " uirig l ■ ! i ■: h details of Provincial surveys under your oim management 1 . 

Mr. Petrie, the senior .Member of Council, is very desirous to give; you every aid in his power 
in bringing forward your useful labours and, ;.-rs I propose to Government in my report that 
four more boys from tbe surveying school should, be attacked to you ( in all 6 ) as a kind of 
practical seminary of .survey, I would recomorien.d to yon... to wait, on him i.o merit ion your own 
ideas on the subject. 

I would wish you to prepare a plan of a mo derate esaabmsimient of this kind, including the 
horses, tentage, lasears, and month Ly allowance, estimated la the most reasonahlo maimer, the 
present allowance, of 11 pagodas heiug calculated for the Collectors, who are stationary [ 349 J 2 . 

He wrote to Warren about tho same time ; 

I wrote you on 2 1th December last, that no boys were then m a sufficient forwardness to be 
sent out from the school. ... Mr. Mather was allowed two boys in lieu of an interpreter's 
allowance. ..what assistance he derived from them I know not, but, lie acquaints me that one 
cannot be very useful In that line ; and from his age the other could not yet, I presume, be 
entrusted with any serious operation, though alter some practice anil experience I think they 
may be useful 3 , 

Benjamin Ward and William Scott joined in April 1801. Ward joined 
Mackenzie and in time became a first-rate surveyor ; he was given a commission 
in the infantry in 1.810, and afterwards held charge, of several important surveys. 
Scott joined Warren., and accompanied him to Lamb ton's survey, and then to the 
Observatory, where he became usher of tho school [ 341 ]. 

In February 1803 two more boys, James Summers and William Howell, were 
sent up with Mather, whilst Mackenzie kepi Dunigan and "Ward down at Madras 
to help with the maps ; 

I was only able, after all my exertions, to send in the works of the survey to Government 
last week, and there now only remain the General Plan of the surveys and of the Triangles for 
England, which are at, the point of completion [ ioz ]. ... The last is a matter of some nicety 
and requiring great accuracy. As the lad Dunigan I conceived could be useful in assisting 
at some of the copying, I wish to retain him till the whole was sent in. T got Ward in the mean- 
time permitted to attend the Engineer's drawing room ; this I hope will be of some advantage 
to his plan and map drawing, and also to Dunigan 4 . 

Being still detained at the presidency, Mackenzie sent Ross up to Mather; 

As he has been accustomed i.o the fatigue of the Field work with me, .[ hope he will be 
usefully employed with you in extending and filling up your Primary Stations in some of the 
smaller .Districts or Subdivisions, as by employing such as yon deem qualified on separate 
parts an emulation in the extent and accuracy of the work wilt naturally be beneficial to the 
Survey and advantageous to themselves. 

Relying on your own experience and prudence, you will of course employ them in such 
manner as you judge best adapted for the general object of accelerating tho Survey, ... by 
employing the most advanced &. best qualified of the youiis; men to fill up so much in detail 
on your Primary Stations ; but the .Stations should previously be established by yourself. 

Tho' I have accustomed him. to keep a field book of the Koads &- Boundaries on a certain 
plan, I would recommend your directing him to keep one in that method best adapted to 
your own method, for the sake 0!' 1 : 1 1 i formity. 

He further directed that the young men should not be detachet I too far from Mather's 
control 5 . 

By 1805 the apprrsritico* wore turning ou1 utsofui work, and Mackenzie- reports that, 
for want of a sufficient number of European Assistants, ... recourse was necessary to other 
measures to carry on the Geometrical work ; & one of the readiest... was to employ under 
my own immediate direction some of those whose previous instructions under Mr. Mather in 
the Elementary & Practical, part prepared litem. ..for the. ..Surveys of .Roads, Hi vers, laying 
down and sketching Ground &, tin: ureal, features of the Country, &, their application to 
Military purposes. ... 

In this manner since riejilciu'ier 1S01 two of these young lads at intervals were employed 
directly with me on the minute Ceornetrical Details, whilst, the younger part ( three ) were 
with Mr. Mather [ 106 ] fi . 



66, 



Mb. 17-3-03. s DDn. 43, 1 



M'_\cki:-\"/,ie's Sub- Assistants 



He took great offence at being called on by Warren to submit a formal report 
on the work of these apprentices ; 

I have acted near 15 years before Mr. Warren on the Company's Surveys ; ... even Mr. 
Mather is 6 years senior iii this branch. ... I hope therefore every -useful end may be obtained 
without departing from the accustoir.oo o.-l'soI to Seniority 1 . 

In 1807 William Lantwar was brought in a.s surveyor, having been employed 
privately as writer since 15th December 1799, and since Mather's resignation 
Mackenzie now became entirely dependent on the assistance of these young 
men [109-10]. He soon became reconciled to making periodical reports to Warren, 
who informed the Board of Revenue in 1808 that 

Major Mackenzie speaks in favorable tunny of the profusion;! J assistance which, he has received 
from his Sub-Assistant Surveyors, lint- he coiupUlul-s loudly of their demeanour in several 
instances, as to want of respectful conduct, inattention to his or dor.;, and in some case-s oi' 
direct disobedience, §4fms of t&ese yOti&g men, it., would seem, presume on the circumstances 
of a want of ooiiirrniriisiaEioT-, bet-.vcen the Ci-.-il mid .Ucvor.nc Ocpart'.ooiitj of Survey, and 
fancy themselves independent, in a great d.e.srcc. of a- principal which does not act under the 
authority of your Hoard ; A sort- oi' corn I nor. which requires immediate inter]; wit ion as, although 
placed under a Surveyor, they are nevertheless.. .subject to I he ei'fcel.s of your displeasure in 
the same manner as if pln.ced under a Collector 2 . 

On being asked for further details, Mackenzie infused to press hia com- 
plaints ; 

Among the young men with me there are none at present but what. I apprehend may be 
rendered useful ; I observe no fixed vicious habits, unless that unaccountable obstinacy in some 
that I must attribute to new ideas ; there is one of them to whom I may have to apply the 
remedy of a reduction of pay. .1. am averse to the mode of removal ; ... it would be imme- 
diately losing the benefit expected from their service ; I am rather for making them useful 
meantime by applying a remedy immediately when necessary. 

Ken: if: of them deserve thy best, commeinduti.ons ; Ward and Hamilton are i\ ith ease directed 
to the best purposes, and if errors have occurred in others, I am willing to forgot it in their 
subsequent better conduct 3 . 

On close of the survey Mackenzie collected all six iu Madras to work on the maps 
until early in 1809, when four of them, Dunigau, Ward, Summers, and Howell, 
were sent up to the Ceded Districts [ 153 J, followed by Hamilton and Lantwar 
a year later. A boy named Newman who had been recruited as draughtsman 
[ 156, 378 ] was sent to Lantwar later ; 

Ho should remain some months with, you for instructions in Practical Geometry, & after- 
wards in the easier first branches of Purveying, in order to (.jim ii ly hire, the hotter for being a 
Draftsman of Via: is. Ma us, i' Purveys ; A- I propose, after bo has boon some time with you, to 
send bun afterwards 10 Hamilton. ... I expect yon will put him on some suo-h course as Mr. 
Mather did yourself. ... He is not to have the management- of Money while with you, as at 
his age it is not proper. He will give you the last of Apparel. Ac. be brings with him, & 
you may assure him that his frugality, obedience, A diligence in loa.rnine; bis duties will 
en tit It i hin'i to every re;: son able .u.-oin-uro incut from me 4 . 

A few month* later Mackenzie wrote to Hamilton ; 

1. some time a>:o directed Mr. Lantwar to write to you to send Newman down hither as fast 
as possible, as 1 have occasion for him here, & I bope by this time he is well advanced Oil his 
journey. ... 

I yesterday despatched (''red. Kiehd. Kicker, a yoa.ng lad reared at the Surveying School, 
with Orders to join j ou as scion as possible : he is a lad of good, disposition, well instructed, 
& I trust will be of use to you on the Survey, ... while T expect at- the same time that you will 
treat him with kindness &, give him every nossible instruction.. .and keep a vigilant eye to his 
Morals 5 . 

As the survey of the Ceded Districts came to a close, the suh- assistants were 
withdrawn to Madras for mapping, Dunigail being the last to come in [155 ]. 

Two other boys were apprenticed from the Orphan Asylum in December 1813, 
John Gould and John Mustie, and served for several years in Bengal. 

Mackenzie's kindly interest in all these surveyors is well interested in the follow- 
ing letter; 

1 DDn.43( H0]18-6-05. 'M.RevBd. 2-o-OS. = DI>n.43, 15-6-OS. 'DDn. S3, 11-10-10. sib. 












ua 



Cmx Assistants 



I beg to enclose t lio application of a young kid, the son of a deceased Capt. Lantwar of 
your Corps [ 352 n.i ], for a grant of a house at the Mount built by his deceased father. ... A 
plan of the ground accompanies, taken by the young man himself. His mother is married to 
some European at the Mount, .and <u\n givo you the necessary information. ... I have taken 

pains to get it this 'onsjr-h to oufibie the pour ocopio to est;) Mist, their ri^ht to the property, and 
I dare say you wiil readily concur in (Joins; this service to the family of an officer of your own 



Lambton's Sub -Assistants 

In August 1800, shortly before moving up to Mysore, Lambton obtained two 
apprentices from the surveying school, Peter Lawrence and Joshua De Penning, 
and he reports in 1804 that "they are now competent in point of practice to every 
kind of calculation necessary in this complicated work, and are to me invaluable'" 3 . 
Again two years later ; 

It is almost impossible for mo fco do real justice to their merits, ... and I trust that when 
this survey may cease, they will be found invaluable acquisitions in conducting any service 
which the I fount of Revetrjo msy think proper to employ them in 3 . 

In 1804 two other boys, one of them Joseph OlUver, joined Kater, but returned 
to the school early in 1806. In March 1807 Olliver and William Rossenrode joined 
Lambton, and from 1812 when all his military ji.nsi.fit.fu its had been recalled [ 246, 322 ] 
till 1818, when he was joined by George Everest, Lambton had no assistants except 
these four. Lawrence had to be discharged at the end of 1817 [351], but the 
other three remained to do excellent work for many years whilst Olliver and 
Rossenrode left sons to continue their loyal service in the Great Trigonometrical 
Survey. 



1 January 1807 
1, remaining till 



to Persia 



Assistant Revenue Surveyors 

The majority of the appreul ices were employed on district surveys, as had been 
intended from the first, either under the Collectors or under the Tank Department. 
There was a continued demand for their services, more especially after the final 
transfer of the Caniatlo districts to the possession of the Company in 1801 [ I, 107 
n. 6 ; II, 139 ]. The most successful were Robinson, William Webbe, and Turnbull, 
but several had to be discharged. 

Robinson was assistant instructor at the school from 1801 till i 
he was sent to take over charge of the survey of Tinnevelly [141, 341 ] 
its completion in 1814. 

In 17ftS, at the age of 15, Wohhe ji.ocnmpanied Malcolm's first n 
[ 1, 286 ; II, 173 ], and on his return was posted to Malabar 

under Major Mac-lend i 'E50 |, where 1 served under differ (.tit- det.H.clnuents, in a very unhealthy 
climate, exposed to nsiieli fai Lrue and danger, till the rebellious state of the country made my 
service no longer required there*. 

He was then employed under the Collector of Madras — -then at the school — 
till at the end of 1808 he was again deputed to join Malcolm at Bombay, and 
accompany him to Persia once more [175-6]. Returning to Bombay he was 
detained there "completing the surveys he made in Persia", and assisting Malcolm 
"to form a general Map of th&t Country". During the field season of 1811-12 he 
joined the Goa Survey for a few months [ 156-7 ], and then returned to Bombay to 
which presidency he was now permanently transferred. 

Turnbull had star-ted work in 1797 in Devicottai for the Superintendent of Tank 
Repairs [ I, 108-9 ], beinsj transferred in 1798 to Dindigul, and then to Madura in 
1803. From 1805 till 1814 ho held charge of surveys of Tanjore and Madura, taking 
up the resurvey of Dindigul in 1815 [ 140 ]. 



. Art. ; DDn. S3, 18-7-10, 



■IIDa. 



1 (105) 24-6-04. »ib (147), 



Assistant Reventte Surveyors 



347 

Early in 1807 revised regulations were issued for the surveying school and 
surveyors who lia.il passed through it [341] and their designations were thus 
defined ; 

A boy who is of a<;e and vho.se anpronl ieesiup is over, an Assistant Revenue Surveyor. 

An assistant who has son ed tho Company twelve ye;;,rs from tSio date of o:v pim-tien of his 
appro:) (,ii-t's.!iip, a Jo's en ue Surveyor. 

And indiscriminately, when employed under surveyors wlio have gentlemen for their assis- 
tance, they are to ho termed Sub -Assistants 1 to those surveyors. 

Further rules were ; 

Although jteutlemen employed in civil or military mii-voys are only a.eco ant able to Govern- 
ment for the mode in which they omploy their sub -assistants, yet. as it is intended that the 
establishment of the lost it.utleri bo a 'way s kept o.anp!o:.i.t, but not !.o exceed [.-.volte apprentices 
under a course of t;due;ition, those gentlemen an: not to discharge their su!i assistants without 
giving a previous and early notice of their intentions to the >Siipe.rin;endent of the Surveying 
School. ... 

The Board of Revenues hold the Collectors who allow Assistants, having Sub -Assistants 
placed under them, to draw the pay and. allow an ees of the latter. i,o he responsible that their 
Confidence is not nLisa], plied, there being too much reason to beiieve that Assistants frequently 
apply to their purpose that money which is designed for the support of their Sub- Assistants 2 . 

A curious commentary on this latter rule is given by Warren when reporting the 
good conduct of Lamb ton's sub-assistant Joshua De Penning, 

and tilao tho imirkcx! talents, assiduity, and good conduct, of William Scott ( who instructed 
the Boys in the practical survey now submitted lo y«iir urspcetion ). I have. ..presented 
De Penning and Scott with a. ease of Mathematical Instruments and a silver medal each, with 
the Jiisrnptioii Th.a Rr.irurd of Mt-.rU a,i:l A] i pi -J.yi /■;.<;■■■■■ en waved upon it 3 [ 341 ]. 

It is to be ho perl that this 'irst. ai tempt, to create emu ha ion aLuong the Assistsiots employed 
.Out of the Seh 01 si. will tarn their thou ants from what, i fear, was too oil on their object in wishing 
to be employed under a Collector in preference to a Surveyor, namely to defraud their Sub- 
Assistaiits from Mioir salary, and to diminish the nLiuiber of lasso ars which the Collectors 
credulously allowed them to entertain without number, in order to appropriate their pay to 

The Inspector of .Revenue Surveys carried out his supervision from the com- 
fortable distance- of the Observatory, so it is not; surprising that professional work 

in the districts was seldom of a verv high order, and Warren notes in October 
1807 that 

Pope and Faulkner have sent to this Office two plans and Field Books ; the latter being more 
a minute revenue deserlptiesn of their Districts than a regular savfes.-ioual performance. Their 
plans are imperfect and bear no marks of accuracy. T feel, however, inclined to be indulgent 
on the merits of their work, considering that they are among the few who have sent anything 
to this Office for inspection, and that this. ..affords mis iho moans of improving and correcting 
their practice. 

Johnson has excused himself IVsnn send-ori any pbi.n t.n ho inspect ixl on a. pretence that ho 
hiss no Colour Box. lie aelds f-ha.t if one bo sent him, lie will then comply 5 . 

Another note explains Robinson's reference to various uncomfortable interviews 
with his Collector and unpleasant loiters from Madras [ 142-3 ] ; 

Owing to the ssilutory measures adopted by the Hoard with respect to John Robinson who 
is employed in the District of Tiri.neveliy, this young man. after having subjected himself to 
their censure, lias now entirely amended, and for several months [last has given every satisfac- 
tion to Mr. Hepburn. Ho lins sent his Field Books, but no plan of his operations*. 

A strong tribute, on the other hand, was paid by Lamb ton to the good quality 
of the work done by these young surveyors [244]. 

In 1810 in addition to the two already attached lo Lite Military Institution 
[ 34 2 ]. Richard Long was attached to Garling's party on the survey of Kalahasti 
and Tirupati [ 127 ], and Samuel Godfrey was attacked to the Quartermaster 
General's office. 

General Hewctt recommended the disbandme-nt of tho school and its establish- 
ment of revenue surveyors [ 139 ] ; 



iThis term ; 
3 (302) n-1-07. 
j. 26-1007. s il 



3so 



1-iXl t:SO jl.i] 



lade t. 






v Bd. i 



wm 



348 



Ctvil Assistants 



It may bo. foi.mtl impracticable to dispose at once- of tin; whole of the young men educated 
in the Department, of the Inspector of Kmiiani ^Surveys, but they can be gradually attached 
to other departments, and will most probably be provided for in that manner in the course 
of a short, period of time. 

Some of the young men. ..are employed under Collectors, and some are attached to Major 
Lambton, to the Snperititendeut of Tank Bepairs, and to llajor .Mackenzie. The Establish- 
ment is useful, but by no means in prop or t ion to it* i-reat. expense . The young men attached to 
Collectors, for want of efficient control, ate idle nod dissipated, those under the Superintendent 
of Tank Repair?; morn iiurrcerons than can he employed with ndvn-nt.fi.go, and those with Major 
Lambton perform the duties of "Draftsmen 1 . 

On the abolition, therefore, of the posts of Inspector of Revenue Surveys and 
Superintendent of the school, all the district surveyor,-; except those under the 
Tank Department and the Collector of Madras, were placed under the control of 
the Surveyor General [ 342-3 ]. Their number was to be reduced without causing 
individual hardship, and the Surveyor General was to inform those whose terms 
of apprenticeship had expired that 

they are at full liberty to leave the service, whenever inclination or the opportunity. ..may 
oceur ; but that, they will be continued in the employ of the pu the on their present allowances 
if they cruise to remain, and that their services will be liable to be employed on whatever 
survey, or in such of the public- departments us the Government, may deem to he expedient 2 . 

At the time of this reorganization there were six apprentices still at the School, 
and 36 employed on surveys [ 163-4 ]- Of these 

fifteen only were employed in the Revenue Department., that is under the Collectors and two 
Superintendents of Trail; Repairs ; ... sixteen were employed under different "Military Officers, 
and. ..the rest consisted. ..of a few Surveyors, either i-ntiiein-il to the Mohool or lately returned 
thither from duty in the Provinces 8 . 

There were not more than three or four resignations ; several were employed in 
the Surveyor General's drawing office, whilst others were posted to Goa to replace 
military officers [ 156], or were employed under Robinson and Turnhull to complete 
the survey of the southern districts. 

The Collector of Tinnevelly protested against the Surveyor General's office 
sending instructions to the surveyors direct, but afterwards explained that he had 

received no Copy of General Order of October Ot-h ; thatllaior Mackenzie nave him to understand 
that he was still to control the surveyors in hisi district, and that, their "Pay is drawn under the 
authority of the Hoard of Revenue ■ bur. that be himself is glad to be rid of the responsibility, 
and nas directed [he surveyors to correspond with the Surveyor General 4 . 

One of the assistant surveyors, Charles Ca.mpholl, accompanied the expedition 
of 1810 to Mauritius, and was employed on survey of the island, first under Robert 
Smith, and later 

under the direction of Lieutenant Swanslou of this Establishment, who I understand has since 
proceeded to England. ... His services, however, arc not required in this Department, and if it 
should appear that he lias procured employment in another line, which I think very probable, 
it might be advisable te strike him off the Horveying .Establishment of this "Presidency 5 . 

Campbell was shortly after given a commission in His Majesty's Houvbon Regiment. 



Pay & Allow akces 

At the founding of the school it was ruled that the Superintendent should draw 
the sum c-f 100 Pagodas per annum for each of the boys ; ... this charge is considered a very 
ample allowance, and,, .it may be understood to include every contingent charge of whatever 
description incident: i- 1 te the Establishment*. 

This allowance originally applied to an establishment of twelve boys, and by the 
custom of the times both Goldingham and Warren drew the full 1,200 pa. whatever 
the actual number of boys present 7 . The Superintendent drew a further 50 ps. a. 

*De Penning mid bawi-cncr Enid alruaiiy teen emploved on observations and recording of 
tri;m«al;iti"ri [ 2±< '[ : DDn. s4 ( !13 ) ^T-S-10. 4 MMC. 29-1-11. 'DDn. 127 ( 4 ) 29-4-11. *ib. 
17-12-11. ; M. RevBd. 21-11-11 i MPC. 11-6-13. «M.Bev Bd. 5-6-1795. 'Warren was unfortunatc 
iu lic.iii" brought to book on this count, & made to rotund tim rams draini ; •-. eoriT.jporidence closing 
with M. to CD., Mil., 29-5 IS ( 18B-9 ), and CD. to 1.1. , Mil., 2S-G-20 < 13 >- 



Pay & Allowances 



■Mi) 



month as personal salary, "besides a grant as Inspector of Revenue Surveys limited 
to 100 p8. a month [ 299-300 ]. 

The boys were apprenticed to bin; Gumpiiny for .-seven years, a few for only five, _ 
being clothed and fed by the Company. The Collectors were allowed lips. p.m. 
each for their maintenance [ I, 285 ; II, 344 ]. In 1801 it -was decided to continue 
this provision after the expiry of the seven years ; 

On the institution of the son-eying school, the lads -.'.-ore selected from the Male Asylum at 
an early age, and apprenticed for a period of seven years only. By apprenticing them so young, 
and for so short a time, two incnnvenLoncPS result. Tm the first instance, they become their 
own Masters at a time of life when they are incapable <>f judging properly for themselves, and 
are liable to contract. vicions habits, which their youth and ir: experience expose them to ; 
further, the greatest part of their period of indenture empires while they are still under tuition, 
and the Company benefit on iy by their serv ices during the remaining unexpired term, when they 
consider themselves at liberty to follow their (.ran inclinations. 

"We recommend that those lads whose period of approntieosiiiis shall expire be still kept 
under the immsdiato ooKtrol of the Superintendent... until they arrive at tha age of twenty- 
one, by which time it is fair to suppose that they wiil havo inquired an industrious turn, and 
become useful Members -I" the Community 1 . 

It was then ordered that after expiry of apprenticeship the hoys should chaw a 
monthly salary of five pagodas until they reached 21 years of age, their expenses 
continuing to be paid by (.he Superintendent. 

In 1803 the saiary allowed to those who came of age was increased from 16 to 
25 ps. a month, with 4§ extra for the keep of a horse. On this they had to keep 
!, though Government provided "a small horse", and also 

e and a private tent, both very small wit-n carriage for she same, and lascars, to 

convey the Surveying Instruments and put up the tent, ...six of these 2 . 

The revised regulations of 1807 ruled that the boys should, 

if under 14 years of a>se. be bound aeprenl ieos <.:> i.iie Company mitij t'-sey irra of age, and if older than 1.1 



i* 






A Sub -Assistant who. ha 
\:l Assisi.anl it ho ha- se 
A Siib-Asiistant who ha 
An As-.i.-tan!. v. bo has soi 
ship, if l'SiH irLi'f' mi 
represented, ... who 
A Surveyor who has ser 
,V\B.— -The three latter : 



not served his time, under IS years of ago 
red his time, and is of age 
not served his time, above IS years ... 
.■si i six years iron) t!:e ■"■iipiratirei of his aapreucie' 



;a (a: 



.the pre- 



») 



u!oui:.hly sum of Star Pagodas 7. 

A Revenue Survey:); or Assist;;.."!, placed alone i 
rrveying lascars. An Assistant having a Sub-Assistai 

When a boy's apprenticeship has espired, and it 



n obligation by which he binds f 



. together thev shall be 'ufnisirid willi a Subaltern's 
sual allowance of star Pagodas 14. 
him, he is to be allowed an addii ioiail private tent, 
2m. For this the Collector will be allowed to draw 

ider a Collector or Surveyor will be allowed three 
under him will be allowed ilvs jiiTveyins: la-sears. ... 
propose! to employ him as an Assistant Surveyor 



c Company in that eap;ieity 
, and each sub -assistant drawing le 



n Eev Bd., MRC. 31-7-01. *M. Rev Ed. 31-12-01. 



■' 



i 



Civil Assistants 

List of clothes and other iioiiossury a-rlich-s to be fnniishixt i- 



surveyor ordered o 
6 Shirts 
6 Pantaloons 
6 Sleeved Jackets 
6 Handkerchiefs 
6 Waistcoats 
6 Towels 
4 pair long drawers 

1 Bine Jacket 

2 Pillow cases 
a/ hat, « 



ixclusive of his old clothes, 
1 Pillow 
1 Camp Cott 

1 Tabic, 3 feet by 2% 
1 GountryHor.it', with si'.rirli 
and bridle 
Sundries 
] 1 Trunk 

1 Looking flass 

2 Combs ( small too! h } 
e cloth 2 Spoons 

A Knife i-nd V-Mi 



3 Sheets 

1 Mat 
Three coolies at the rafe of" 2 Pagodas per month 
reaches his station, ■.-. ium they are to l;e discharged 1 . 

The following is au account actually submitted to 

month's pergonal expenditure 3 ; 



apprentice or sub -assistant 



2 Cups ami SiJiioers 

2 Tin Pots 

I ijjini-lifji-n 
1 pair of scissors 
6 cakes of Soap 
1 Rattaned Guglet 
1 Coat Brush 
"i Shoe Brush 

3 cakes of Blackball 
Five Pagodas in ready c- 



Uowed to carry the above until the boy 

Collector in 1804 for a 









Ps. 


Fs. 


CW7 








To 1 Servant's pay for Feby 


& Batta for 9 days 




2 13 


40 








1 Cook's do. 


do. 






13 


40 








1 Housekeeper's do. 


do. 






13 


40 








1 Grass cutter's do. 


do. 




1 


34 


40 








Washerman and Iron man 








21 


OO 








& pence for the Horse 






3 


21 


00 








"My Table cspence 






10 


00 


00 








Shoes, &c. 






1 


00 


00 








House [lent 








00 


00 








1 Peon's pay. it BaLla for 9 days ( for 63c 


orting tfie Hon'ble 














Company's surveying 


Instrument) ... 
« hy. and for the Jou 


Pagodas 
rney to Madras ?— ... 





37 


64 










29 


- 


00 




Krirs. Charges in the month of F 










4 Flat plate; ... Pagodas 24 00 


A pair of scissor- A- so 


08 


Pagoda 








4 Dishes 


1 30 2S 


needle and thread 















+ Clap.- and saucers 


1 6 


2 Blacking Cakes... 
1 Coat & Shoo Brush 
















'lea, Hugar, and Milk pots 


I (i 








'* 


36 





3 pairs of knives and forks 

4 Tumblers 


1 10 40 


1 Dozen of Candles 











30 


ii 


1 18 


6 yards of llai:- Ribbon 






It 


24 





I Kettle and Lan thorn 




1 Country J5os 











36 





1 Larj!e-& -small tooth Comb ... 


30 


























12 


31 


66 



Nominal Roll 

The following is an alphabetical list of the hoys who passod out from the school 
[ I, 284 ] with a summary of their subsequent employment. 



Name 


Birth 8 


Appren- 
ticed 


Employment 


( .'a* n allies 


AIKIN, James 


Oct. 


1789 


1803 


Tanjore, 1805-10 ; Madura, 
1811-4; Dindigul, 181 0. 


10 Bombay, 1823; ret. 
1833 


ALLAN, James 


May 


1782 


1794 


De.vicottai, ]7Si7-S ; Dmrjigul, 
171*8-1804; Tank Dspt., 
1805-10 ; Tanjore; School, 
1810; Tank Dv.pt., 1811. 


dism. 1-7-11 ;" a use- 


ANDERSON, Thos. 


June 


1796 


1810 


SCO. Madras, 1812. 




BAILLIE, Chas. 


Sept. 


178.j 


1797 


Mysore, 1800-2 ; School, 

1802-3 ; other employment, 
1804-10; School, " 1810; 
SCO. Mn dras, writer, 1811-4. 


iv id. 1^J4; rc-employed 
1810 


BALl-'Ul 11, jJciijamm 




1797 


1809 


removed from the School, 












1811. 




BABNETT, Chas. 


June 


I soo 


1809 


SGO. Madras 1812. 


with Nellore Svy. 
1S43 


'DDn. 133 (302 


, 17-1-07 


>M 


RevBd 


23^-04. ■ Evidence not alw 


ys consistent. 



Nominal Roll 
Nominal Roll— { C'ontd. ) 






Name 


Birth A 


jpren 


Employment 


" : -. - : : = . T t j g 


BIRD, Wm. 


March 1793 


1805 


Tank Dept. 1807-& ; School, 
1810 ; TinncveLly, 1811-3; 
Puui.kkottai, 1S13-4; Diiv 


d. Ellure, 30-12-20 


BURKE, Marcellus 




1806 


diguL 1813. 
Mil. liistn. 18\0 ; Gua, 1810-2 ; 
Sonda, IS 13. 


to Bengal. 1813; with 
DW«. ll.v.Svv. L.-H31 


CAMERON, WfflU 


March 1739 


1807 


Tank JJept. 1310. 


d. Nllgiri Hills, 
11-7-35. 


CAMPBELL, Chas. 


March 1793 


1807 


Mauritius, 1810-12 ; Bourbon, 


2/Lt, JIM. Bourbon 


Mackenzie 






1812-3. 


Regi. 1814 


CHAMARI./IT, Andrew 


Maxell 1793 




Tanjore, 1S09-10 s Madura, 


m. Seeuuderabild, 


fci or.L; 1 £»n»ril! ions i'ol- 






1811-4; Dindjgul, 1815. 


3-10-20, Katherine 


lowt".; ir: survey. 








Johancss, spin.; d. 
Poona, 18-12-48 


DAVID, Thus. 


Sept. 1783 




viiatviiputam, dept. 1798. 


d. C. 1799 


Dn 1'KXNI.YG, Joshua 






With Lambtun, 1800-18 ; 


!■■>.-■ I. 1 ' ! 2 i : l!'-f;rr!!ilijv- 


ir. Bio. Notes, 






GTS. 1818. 


ed 1832^3; d., 
Calcutta, 2-3-45 


DUMGAN, Michael 


May 1784 


1798 


Mysore, 1800-S ; Ceded Dis- 
tricts, 1S00-14 : SG.O. Mad- 
ras, 1814. 


ret. on penaion, 1826 


FAULKNER, John 


Mareh 1785 


1803 


Trichinopoly, 1805-1.0 : .School 
1810-1 : Java, 1811-2; 

SGO. Madras. 1812-3; 
Sondn. 1813-5. 




FICKER, Eretlk. Riohd. 


Dec. 1792 


807 


Ceded Lists. 1SI 1-3 ; SGO. 


111. Amelia — ; father 


possibly son of Henry 






Madras 1813. 


of John, b. 2-2-21 ■ 


[i'ltki'i-, appd. Ounduct- 








&., Madras, 2S-12-26 


or 1790; at .\"c?np.'.;- 










tam 1S03. 










FLETCHER, Wm. 


March 1786 


1803 


Madura, 1803-6 ; Timievelly, 


dism. 1812. 


GARDNER, Robert 


Jan. 1781 


794 


Dmri^ul, 1796-8. 


d. 1798 


GODFREY, Samuel 


April 1784 


1794 


Vi/i.:., :-';. hi. 1.798 1806; 
O.nmbatore, 1.307 ; Madr.i.-. 
lSdfi-10; QMG-.'s office, 
18IO. 


r'e-sd. 1310 


HAMILTON, Henry 


May 1786 


800 


Mysore. 1802-S; SGO. Mad- 
it.*, 1S0S-10 ; Ceded Oists., 
1310 S : SGO- 1813-5. 


to "Kcugal, 1818; d- 
Cakutta, 6-6-21} 


HILL, The*. 


Mareh 1786 


803 


Tinnevelh-. 1807-13 ; Madraa, 
1814. 


A. Madras, 20-3-46 


HOWELL, Wm. 


March 1791 


803 


Mvsorc, 1803-8 ; Ceded Diata., 
1809-13 ; SGO. Madras. 

1814. 


t:> .Bengal, ISIS; resd. 
1819; living, Madras 
1S51 


JELLY, Joseph 


April 1789 


803 


Tank Oept., Nellorc & Arcot, 
1803-15. 




JOHNSON, John Ambrose 


Sept. 1779 


794 


Madura, 1797-1 SijfijTJindigi,!, 
1300 4; Madura, 1804-10; 
at at, Thome, 1807 [141]: 
Madraa, 1S10. 


n;. Marlca*. 29-11-01S, 

MISS iSllzallfti r; Viol- 

gan 


KEYES, Wm. 


Oct. 1 88 


803 


Cohnbr.toro, 1307-13 ; Puduk- 
kuttai, 1813-4 ; Dindigul, 
1815, 

withLambton, 1800- 1S;SR0. 


d. Calicut, Feb. 1825 


LAWRENCE, Peter 


Aug. 17S3 


797 


disch. 1-1-18 ; re- 


i-fad wife and o small 






Madras, 1S18-20. 


emplot ed ; 


children 1817. 








d. 21 -10-27 


LINCOLN, Henry 


Jun-e 1780 


794 


Tank Dept. 179S-181S. 




LONG, Richd. 


26-7-1791 


805 


Mil. Instu. 1810;Goa, 1810 2; 
Sonda, 1813. 


d. Secunderabad, 
7-10-55. MI. 


MACKAY, George 


Sept. 179-1 


S05 


Tarij ore, 1309-10; Madura, 
1811. 


d. 1311 


MACMAHON, Chss. 


Oct. 1791 


&03 


Coimbatore, 1809-13 ; Puduk- 
kutt.ai, 1813-4; Dindignl, 
1815. 

with Collector, Madras, lSOfi-9. 


in cJi. Salum Svy. 13-1-1 


MACRAE, John 


June 1788 


803 


d. Madras, 22-4-10 


y.WJ OlM, -John 


March 1793 


807 


Java, 1811 ; SGO. Madras, 


Cornet, Skinner's 


possibly oat. son of" Sir 






1812 ; Sonda, 1813; resd. 


Horse, 1819-22, .;!. 


John Malcolm ( !7ti!l- 






1819 ; re-admitted 1322. 


Bombay, 19-12-37 


1833 ]. 










im., Madras, 17-5-15, Miss Sophia Bu 


naby 


lint [([entity uncertain. 





1 



Civil Assistants 
Nominal Roll — ( ContcL. ) 



MEAD(E), Wm. 
OLLIVEE, Joseph 

Had several 50ns ii 
ORTON, Duke 
FERETfiA, Christian 



Topping from IT! 
READ, Andrew 
ROBINSOX, John 



ROSS, liavifi 
ROSS, .lame* 

';;..... soldifit, who d. 
Madras. 10 1^-tMi. iirlfl 
bro.o)\David[> ( p]. 

!.;:::• -;\i:ui)E. Win. 
His son followed him in 
survey. 

SOOT'i; Wm. 

-Several genera i.ioiis fol- 
lowed in Survey, i.'. Bio. 



TERRY, John 
TURNBIXLL, Thos 



WEBBE, Chas. 

probably ^iro. of William 
[£»/]. 
WEBBE, Wm. 

iJonofNcrst-. Webbe, ol 
Madras Kit. u. Bio. 
Notes. 



Sept. 1TS2 
April 1784 



(PIG.'* office, ISO 1-10. 



T*nk Dept. 1807. 

ivithKater, 1S04-8 ;Lambton 
from 1807 ■ GTS. 1813. 
799 1 Tinnevolly, 1802-6. 

Madura. iMio-iO ; Taujore, 
1810; Madura, 1811^; 
Dindigul, 1814. 

Persia, 1799 1S01 ; .Malabar, 
myl-i: Tanjore & Trichi- 
nopoly, 1804-10; sick, 
1810-1 : Madras, 1S12. 

Tinnevelly, 1803-6. 



794 



rr-fused to work under 
Blanker; dism. IS ill 
d. Madras, ijfi-t-lifi ; 

rl. Madras, 31-!li-:3t5 



■School, assi. 
Tiunevc'lv, 
na-d, ISii, 



istr., 1801-6; 

S07-1S ; lliim- 
D Tank Dept. 






1 1842 



disch. 1-12-06 

111., Dee. 1817 ;d. Tra- 

vancore, 20-7-13 bur. 

Xiiidi-.-lvur.i. Qui!o:i 
d. Madras, 23-11-18 



di.m. 1S07 ;i.l. Madras. 

3-2-10. 
111. Madras. S-12-S7I!!!, 
Sophia l.'osara ; d. 
Madras, 24-2-1848. 



Tank Dept., 1S00-1O; with 
Sup.", lir.gr. Madras. 1810. 

IIydera.br.fi, " 1TS1S ; Mysore, 
1790-1804; Tank Dept. 



With Lambton from 1807; 
GTS. 1*1*. 

Mysore, 1801 ; with Warren 

'to Lan-.btc-n., 1802; Obser- 
va.torv, !80.~> : Sti.ool Usher, 
1807-11 ; SGO. Madras, 
1811-6. 

Mvsore, IS02-S ; Ceded Disks. 
1809-13 ; SGO. Madras, 
1813. 

Mil. Instn. 1809-10; Coa, 
1810-3 ; Sond*, 1813. 

Dovjcottai, ITO'-S ; Dindigul, 
1798-1804: Tanjore. 1805 ■ 
10; Madura, lSll^t; Din- 
digul, 1815. 

Jtvsnre, 180I-S ; Ceded Dists., 
1810-3; SGO. Madras, 
1811-6. 

Dindigul, I796-S. 

Persia, 1709-1801 ; Malabar, 

18(12-4; Madras, 1804-T ; 
School. 1807-8 ; Persia, 
1809-10; Bombay, 1310 : 
Goa, 1811 1 Bombav, 1812. 



MI. 

d. Madra 



i-11-25 



d. Kvdej'abad. Sepr. 
1819. 

d. 2-0 :i 1 



3 these boys from the surveying school, Mackenzie collected a few from 
other sources [ 156, -278 ], including 

Lucius Rawdon IfU'KKK (dfirk, thci first Registrar to the Surveyor General ; d. Calcutta, 
13-4-29 ; leaving sons with the survey. 

William LANTWAR 1 , engaged as writer from 15-12-1799 ; asst. surveyor from 1807 ; d. 
Madras, 29-5-17, leaving a widow, son, and 2 daughters [110,15611.3 ]. 

John NEWMAN, engaged as draughtsman c. 1808 ; d. Madras, c. Aug. 1818. 

These three, whom Mackenzie paid for some time from his own salary, and 
regarded as his personal staff, accompanied Mm to Java and Bengal, 1811 to 1815. 

*Son of Wm. Lanhvar, Mad. Art. ; Ens. 1779 ; Capt. 1784 ; A. 1789 at the Mount. 



CHAPTER XXV 



PEOPLE & COUNTRY OF INDIA 

Indian Surveyors & Explorers — Writers <k Interpreters — Lascars d- Followers 
— Escorts — ■ Care of Health — MEN & MANNERS : Upper India — Mysore — Lamb- 
ton's Survey. 

WE have told of the Indian surveyors, or explorers, sent out by Reynolds to 
collect material for his map, and how that on leaving India, he pensioned 
them off, leaving Rs. 22,000 with his agents for the purpose [ I, 288-9]. 
On hearing of this the Directors took over official responsibility, but settlement 

was not concluded without long correspondence, which dragged on till 1825, six 
years after Reynolds, and most of these surveyors, had died 1 . In no other case 
was the employment of Indians openly approved by the Directors or by local 
governments in India, though most surveyors working in the wilder regions wore 
only too glad to make use of such help. 

Colebrooke, as Surveyor General, encouraged every means of gathering informa- 
tion, and in 1804 he writes to Crawford, who was then commanding his battalion 
at Sultanpur 3 ; 

A Native has written to Lucknow for me, to procure routes from that place to Pilleebeet 3 , ... 
and other places. Should you meet with any intelligent Hindus at Suitanpoor who Lave 
visited the spot where the Gliogm, or Sai-joo, issues from the hills [ 26 ]*, and which I under- 
stand is a place of worship [ ;y2 ], a mute to that place would be desirable ; or you can despatch 
thither the man who is already gone to !>>it,ool, afr,er Lis present, excursion 5 . 

On going up country himself in 1807 he took '"two Native Assistants", "who 
"explored routes he was unable to travel himself [ 28-33 T- 

White's map of Shekhawati 7 and Bikaner included "information.. .from a very 
intelligent native who traversed the Country in various directions, and kept a 
Journal of Ins route" 8 ; whilst Tod writes that 

for some time past I have been instructing a very respectable, enterprising, Native in the 
mode of keeping a journal and the use of the Compass. He ia directed to proceed direct to 
Udipur ; from thence: West to Hyderabad...on tho Indus, visiting in his way the source of the 
Banas B., which I believe to be about 25 or 30 Coss W. somewhat North of TJdipoor. From 
Hyderabad he proceeds a.iong the bank of the river to Multan, and is to return from thence 
by Jusselmair...to camp. 

It is doubtless an arduous task, hut I hope from the spirit of enterprise the man possesses 
he will overcome all difficulties. He only waits for the arrival of bills of cxehnnge from Jaipur 
on Multan to depart., find they are daily expected. 

A. pair of Matwar* I iercarrahs at the same time leave this for Jesselmer, and proceed W. 
to Bukr [ 271 ] on the Indus, and return in as direct a route as is practicable to Udipur 10 . 

Both Lloyd m Nagpur, and Tod in Pajputana, employed a number of harkaras 
collecting routes [53-5], and Tod spent a considerable amount of private money on 
them. Webb also employed men to collect accounts of routes into the mountains, 
and this led the purveyor General to put the matter before Government ; 

I caused one of the Routes. ..to be translated from Persian, and conceive they will all 
be of great use. These native surveyors work hard for small pay; they can penetrate into 
parts of the country inaccessible ro Europeans, and collect valuable information. ... 



'BoMC. 18-10-20 & CD to Bo. 5-2-2 
bhit, C3P/14. 'The Sarda, or W. branch 
=Butwal, 63 M/6 ; DDn. 67 ( 489 ), 15-2-04. 
'N. district of Jaipur State, 44 P, 45 I, M 



(50), 



mil. iot-.iT Xo. 13 of 9 -2-25. 2 63 J/3. = Pl":i- 
:™rn bills (iiiCt ; KjLrnilli. E. branch, li'2 H/6. 
liiLri-iliy to Boair,.;;. Juk ro iii'-'.'i. J..S0S : i'Mhic MRIO. VI 323. 
= DDn. 82 ( 35 ), 11-10-08. " of Jodhpur. « ib. ( 70 ), 






35-1- 



Peopde & Country of India 



The charge mentioned by Lieut. Webb has actually been incurred j this officer was 
prevented from protracting the work by severe indisposition. ... Lieut. Lloyd.. .has sent me 
two protractions of Routes laid down by him from notes of an Hircarrah who he has taught, 
containing very valuable information concerning the sources of the Sone and the Nerbuddah 
rivers, erroneously stated fey Major Rennell to spring from the same source [ I, 30 ], whereas 
they rise at least twenty- five miles distant from each other. And Lieut. Tod..,has employed 
a man who appears to be very intelligent, and capable of filling up intervals between his 
measured lines with great ftccaraay. 

There can be no doubt of tliia method of procuring intelligence being very economical, 
ling trifling, but I do not consider it respectful to encourage it without the 

n of the Right Hon'ble the Governor General in Council 1 . 

C The Military Accountant General did not like the idea, as he found 
no precedent for allowances having been granted to any native for taking a Survey. Although 
a Surveyor may accidentally find some people of his Establishment capable of performing a 
part of his duty, & may take upon himself the responsibility of employing them, I do not 
therefore peree;vo sufficient cause for burthenmsj 1.1m public .villi any additional expence. 

On his advice the Surveyor General was told that the employment of 

natives in taking Surveys. ..is a practice winch Government are by no means disposed to 

encourage, or to authorise any remuneration to be made for such Services [ 34° ] 2 - 

Somo time later Hodgson, who was very much interested in the geography of 
the mountains, submitted 

a Route taken by a Man whom I have ent.m^cd in my sen-vice, from Ku-lour 1 — Lat. 37° & abt. 
6£ miles N. from Ludiannah — ...isTthly. bet woo 11... oho Tartarian Mountains — nearly East to 
the famous Mansoar Lake [78-81 ]_& hence in N. Westerly direction to Ludack, ... near 
the Rawee River 1 . ... Thence S. a little West to Argund, ... & thence by Jumboo 5 , ( men- 
tioned in Forster's Journey [ I, 233 ] )> dowl1 to Valour. ... 

I dare not vouch for the corroetoess of tins route, but I have reason to believe that tha 
Man tried to go to Maansir himself, but suspect that the remainder of the Journey back he 
may have got by information. He is a Bramin, & was formerly in the Service of Lieut. Webb, 
who says he taught bio something of the use of a Compass, but I found him deficient & gave 
him some instructions. The man is intelligent and enterprising, -writes Hindee, some Persian, 
& a little execrable English, & has [ posed ] as a Pilgrim & Native Doctor, with Medioines for 
those who are so unfortunate as to become his Patients. 

He brought some Specimens of Gold Dust from the Sands of the Rauvee, and several 
Trinkets of Gold made there, <fc is of some Substance, having several Attendants. 

1 endeavoured at Meerut 1.0 get an Anl.mlabo or small Quiulrrail, for him. meaning to teach 
him to take Altitudes of the Sun and Stars, that I might check his future routes ( but I could 
not get such a thing ], & to send him off to resurvey this route, & to make hhn purchase a 
compass himself. When near Meerut I was taken very ill & obliged to go there for Medical 
Assistance, & was for some time too ill to speak to anyone. & this man then, either honestly 
misunderstanding me, or being impatient to be gone on his journey, went on it, having him- 
self purchased.. .a good compass in one of the shops for 60 Rs. ... 

I regret his goirna away without the further Instruction I meant to furnish him, & also a 
pedometer. When this man returns I will protract his route which 3 do send now, not caring 
to put anything in the shape of a Map for which I haven't satisfactory Authority. ... 

The Bramin says he had, & used, a Compass as far as Udsein, 8 Coss N.E. from Burmour, 
& that it was there broken. J doubt his having had one, & indeed much of his Story, but 
such as it is I send it for want of a better, trusting it may not with duo allowance be altogether 
uninteresting. 

I had some thoughts of sending him by Cashmere to Cash Chut", wind! .1 suppose is abt. 
40 Journeys from Cashmere, ... to get some Idea of the Distance & Route to the nearest 
part of the Russian Dominions, but, apprehensive that he might attempt to pass himself for 
an authorised Agent, of Government. & misbehave, ...I gave up the Idea for the present 7 . 
Hodgson further records that he obtained several routes from Colonel Ochterlony, 
"taken by an intelligent man in his service, from Ludhiannah to Cashmere, Ladack, 
& I believe Kashghur" 8 . Buchanan records that he employed "a alave of the 
Raja of Gorka" [ 72 ] to construct a map of Nepal, and also 
in the rainy season of 181 4... employed Hariballabh, a Brahman born in Kumau 8 , but has 

■DDn 128(57), 7-3-12. 'BMC. 11-4-12 (31). 'Phillatir, 44 M/16. 'really the Indus. 
fjairrmu, 43 L/14. 'Kashgar, 42M. 'EDn. 130 ( 93 ), 14-11-13. 8 DDn. 136,28-5-14. 'Kumaun, 



IV 



Indian Surveyors & Explorers 



;ir,r, 



long bean in the service of the Garhawal Rajas, and has travelled much in the adjacent 
parts. A map of the western parts of the dominions of Gorkha, now also in the Company's 
library, was composed by Hariballabh, with the assistance of Kamal Lochan. The same 
person gave me another map explaining the country which extends some way west from 
the Sutluj 1 . 

Hodgson's enthusiasm was doomed to disappointment, for the Survey General 
rpgrotfully wrote that 

the Government have now notified to me tliat they wish to throw cold water on all natives 
oeiiiif tan gilt, oi* tin ployed in. making GioogriLph ica.l discoveries. ... 

Captain Tod... taught and employed natives to go with Compass, Feramlmlators, & Pedo- 
meters, and, after collecting a valuable set of Routes which were regularly forwarded to this 
office, he could not without the greatest trouble get any remuneration. ... and was thus 
(JosirerJ to disc-on Liu. i.r.'.s tin; practice 2 . 

TJoyd was also stopped from pending out harkaraf. on survey "as Government 
were anxious to prevent the Native:-; from obtaining, or being taught, any knowledge 
of the kind" 3 . 

Fifty years later this official distrust had been recognised as a bogey, and 
surveyors wore allowed to enlist them for special purposes. There were disappoint- 
ments from time to time, hut Indian sarveyttts have made noble contributions to 
our knowledge of Tndi.a, and of trans- Himalayan regions in particular. 

The only record of Indian surveyor.-; being employed in the south, other than 
men of the Madras corps of Guides [ 122-3 1, fe one of several routes surveyed in 
Travancore by "Hakhad Coonum Coolungarry ", submitted by Arthur in 1811 
[ *3t-2 ]". 

In the published accoutre of his mission to Persia Harford Jones includes several 
maps, one of which is stated to be 

an original idea of a map by a Persian, who, in consequence of the natural ability he evinced, 
was afterwards employed by Col. James Sutherland in taking various routes through the 
001.1 n try f 176 ] 5 . 

Amongst many Indians employed on revenue surveys [ 181-2 ], Dickinson had 
" a Native Assistant practised in Land Surveying, on a salary rupees Twenty 
five per month, also 2 measurers Es. 12 each" 8 . 



Wkiters & Interpreters 

Except for a few draughtsmen, we have little record of the employment of 
Indians on office duties in Bengal at this period, but in Madras a large establish- 
ment was kept- up by Mackenzie owing to the variety of languages in which vernacular 
records were kept. Interpreters and trans]. a tors were required for the collection 
of statistical information [ 93, 107 ], and also for the historical researches on which, 
with Government encouragement, Mackenzie devoted a large amount of his time 
and energy [ 111, 153 ]. 

When he started the survey of Mysore, his establishment comprised a European 
writer' 7 and a draughtsman with 

1 Head Inter prater aad Translator on Pag. 30 ; 1 Canara Interpreter on Pag. 5 ; [whilst a] 
mounshee for the Persian language will occasionally be required, and an extra Writer and 
[Ji'tifLSTriiiTi ;;t. the end of the surveying season. ... 

The pay here proposed as Hesd Tnuvrnreter for Cavsily Boris,, a Hrarnin employed by rae 
for several years, is suggested rather as a mark of approbation of the fidelity and attachment 
he has manifested for several years, ...and to defray the sxpeiice of several people occasionally 
assssj tog him 8 . 

Cavalry Venkata Boria died on 7th January 1803, and was succeeded as head 
interpreter by his younger brother Cavally Venkata Lechmya [ pi. 2-2 f. By 1808 
after the close of the Mysore Survey, Mackenzie was employing about a dozen 






■ 



If" 



People & Country of India 



interpreters, on pay varying from five i.ci forty pagoda:* a month 1 . 

C. T. Lechmya, Bramin. Head Interpreter &■ Translator. 

Abdul Azi/., ... auid extra Persian Translators. 

Baslioiah. Bramm, ... and two other* ; Canara Interpreters. 

Durmia & his son [Jams] ... „ ,, 

Moba Row, Bramm...and Sc.va Row ; i\!ahra(.ta Interpreters. 

Rauiiisvi-no-ny, Bj'amin " brother to Lechmya ] ; '.1'el l;ii^;i Interpreter. 

Sreerievassiah, Bramin . . . Tamil , , 

Swaranua, Bramin ... Saastree „ 

The merit of some individuals has been of great utility in this work, and. ..for several 
years back, & gives claim to some perm an en. t. ptuviriii.it; ; the formation of this part cost much 

time, & its dissolution must be viewed with rosrel The Principals could bo usefully 

employed assisting on various branches, from their general knowledge of upwards of 10 
different. Dialeets used under tins presidency 2 . 

He made special provision for 
the family of the di'i leased C. V. Hoi-ia. Bramis, the Principal ImenyLeto.!' oil tho Mysore Survey, 
and previously in the Dekan, to whose ingenious conciliatory talent* mush of the successful 
results from native intercourse may be fairly inferred. Both himself and his younger brother 
died on this service, leaving fbniilic-; nn.nrovided for. a;jd. to the -zeal ai'.'.l fidelity of the 
surviving brother, C. V. Leehmya, Bramin, I consider myself mdoblod for following up with 
effect the Plan traced out by his brother for investigating the Civil & "Religious Institu- 
tions of these Countries 3 . 

Lechmya 4 not only served till Mackenzie's death, but afterwards spent some 
years arranging tho celebrated collection of manuscripts left at Madras. The 
subsequent history of this talented family is typical of many disputes of Indian 
family life. Boria and Leelimya had an elder brother Narayanappa and two 
younger brothers, Venkata Eamasami and Cavali. Sitayya. They also had a sister 
who married (.he zwmfimeker o 1' Vlasanapet, who borrowed money from his brothers- 
in-law. On the zamindar's death in 1810, the brothers continued to advance 
money to their widowed sinter. 

In due course legal proceedings ensued as to the succession to the Vissanapet 
estate, and were actually carried to the Privy Council whore, in 18C7, the estate 
was finally assigned to the descend ants of Boria 5 . 

Before Loehmya left Madras to joirt Mackcnzio in 1817 in Bengal, ho became 
involved in litigation over money matters, to Mackenzie's great distress. He 
writes to Riddel! from Calcutta of his complete faith in Lechmya 's honesty ; 

With this integrity and accuracy in unmounts then, you will notn rally ask how he comes 
to be so deeply involved, & this I will endeavour to account for. The i poor brothers when 
they came to my service were Iht: younsesr of a numerous famhy that, tho' of considerable 
respectability in their own class, were absolutely rained. They had no property whatever, 
& all the pay I could afford for many years could lLU,Lo enable I hern to assist. & support their 
mother, younger brothers, & the families of three elder ruined brothers. Prom Pagodas 15 
to 20, 25, & finally 35, was the utmost they had, & this was little enough to support 7 or 8 
families at Ellon;, Jlasulipataici, &■ Madras, while these poor people travelled with me for 
several years. 



Ibeli 



he might live in quiet. ... To mortgage the Village newly 
but what is to be done else ? ... 

I also wish enquiry to be made 



ive Lechmyah \vm then in debt. ... 
I had designed for him a certain 
his relations urged him to get this 
t was fallaceous, ... & I am afraid 
e I made turned out equally frnit- 
aing that involved him in expence 
inion his family ivaa unjustly dealt 
i in his welfare. 

he could save a little from his pay 
House I bought for him at Madras, 
him is very mortifying, 



the disposal of the money given to him in 1310 to 



Writers & Interpreters 



;J57 



•/an lent to a Zamindar, a Sister of his, & the 
. I had my doubts of some of his Friends. ... 
ping the nice sens'.! or disgrace they 



purchase lands in the Circars. I undoi'skind ii 
Porwannsh for it was in ray hands some time. 

I cannot help :'til] bi.ni^; urn-asy Fur the poor ii 
attach to being put in Gaol 1 . 

Mackenzie was allowed to maintain this establishment and continue his collec- 
tion of historical manuscripts whilst his assistants carried on the survey of the 
Ceded Districts. No fewer than 13 interpreters were borne on the strength of the 
survey from 1810, one of them being Narain Rao who accompanied Dunigan and 
Ward [ 153 ]. The following notes are typical of Mackenzie's consideration for 
his staff. In a letter addressed to Lechmya regarding Xarain Rao he writes ; 

You should tell him I order a Shawl for him for the New Year's day as a mark 'of my 
approbation, & I will write to Mr. Ward today to pay the amount of it in Canoul, or where 
it may be most satisfactory to him, & a Cloth to his Assistant 2 . 

To the head surgeon at Bellary he writes ; 

May I request you will have the goodness to give your best advice and Medical aid to my 
Servant Narraira Row & his companion ; they have been taken ill at Comply of fevers, & I 
have recommended to them to get up to Ballary as fast as possible 3 . 

He obtained a pension for the widow of one of his 
Bramin Interprets, Sooln-i Cow, who had served unremittingly with the Mysore survey from 
its first commencement in 17H0, and whose health had suffered in consequence, having died 
on the 15th December last, leaving an aged mother and wife and a female child unprovided 
for, and in distress. ... I have included the sum of Pagodas 4 per month in the estimate as 
pension for this distressed linr.Oy. The amount is only equal to half the salary he received 
from me, and. ..lie w;i = a subscriber m the native fund*. 

This Native Fund was a form of provident fund that was established at Fort 
St. George in 1807, and open to all Government servants born in the country. 
All Lambton's sub -assistants were subscribers, the subscription hoing about Rs. 3 
a month. 



Lascars & Followers 

We have given particulars of the followers allowed in Reimell's time [ I, 289 ] 
and of the provision made for them in the Survoyors' allowances [ I, 276-7]. The 
following establishments wore allowed to surveyors on the Mysore survey [ 330 ], 

and paid in addition to salary ; 



To Mackenzie's head quarters ; 

2 Hirearrahs 

1 Tindal & 8 Lascars, with ba-tfca, as 
allowed on the Nizam's Survev... 
Addition for Mysore 

1 Tindal & 12 lascais ... 

1 Packally ... 
Artificers 

1 Carpenter, with Batta 

1 Smith 

1 Bellows Boy &- 1 Hammerman 
[ Mather m; allowed-' ] 

6 Lascars, with Batta. ... 

1 Hircarrah ... 

1 Puckally ... 



per month Pag. 



s for carriage of tents were provided in addition. Sub -assistants were 
allowed 3 lascars each for carrying instruments, "but when 2.. .are employed to- 
gether 4 lascars arc supposed Burlidon.t"*. Batta was calculated at the rate of 
2 fanams a day for a tindal, and ljj for a lascar [ 330 n.i ]. 



-.•" 



People & Country of India 



noted that, when the students of the Military Institution took 



i number will be sufficient, 
) each Gentleman of both classes of 



The Go- 
th o field, 

One Tindal and Eight Lascars are allowed by the E 
Lieutenant Trover has in formed, in is that in the present c 
and I accordingly propose that Six hilars be al! 
the Institution aixiui.. to be emploved on Survey 1 . ■ ■ ' 

This number "was not suffioient for Blair on the survey of Travancore ; . : '"' 
. I. have- as Engineer with the Travancore llctaehment 1 '1' in da I and S lascars, of which 
when I have allot Led two to the measuring eh a in, two to the perambulator, two to my Theodo- 
lite ( for I have fount! one to be i ; t h i ; i 7 i i L « *ii l- ). one to carry my lie.dbook, and one ray sextant 
and glasses, you will perceive that 1 shall not have out: man left to carry poles, pins, nor any- 
one to detach with flags, or carry the umberella ( sic ) that is to keep the glare and heat of the 
sum from the Theodolite. 

The titles alone require a great many people in this country . when they must be conveyed 
in boats whenever you require them, and of course cannot in: shifted about quickly. I consider 
therefore 1 Tindal ant! 12 lascars in addition necessary 3 . 

The 1 807 regulations for the assistant revenue surveyors laid down the number 
o.f la-scars to be provided [ 349 ], and their pay ; 

Tin: pay and bat I a of lascars be.ina '1 I's. 114 Is., I ho Collector or Surveyor is allowed to draw 
at that rate agreable to the number of lascars above Specified. ... 

Collectors are not on any pretence to allow their surveyors a greater number of lascars 
than has been stated. ... 

They will not, permit surveyors who have obtained Icrivc of abseace to rake their survey- 
ing lascars along with them, as their allowances arc deemed fully adequate to their travelling 
charges, and that surveying lascarK art: understood to be allowed them when actually employed 
in surveying only 3 . 

Garling worked out carefully the numbers of lascars necessary for the Sonda 
survey ; 

The principal series of triangles cannot bo uninterruptedly prosetjuted with an establish- 
ment lens than '14 lascars. 

The average number of stations occupied at the same time h\ Hags must be considered 
to be six ; to keep each of these lings in their proper si! nation requires two people to look after 
it, for one man will not by himself ascend a high mountain & pass the dangerous jungles, nor 
can the duty he performed by V..-s. than two per, pie ; the average ciumber for keeping the flags 
properly erect on the stations j- therefore 12. 

For each station when visited ;-) new flags may be sent tint, with each of which 3 lascars 
must be sent ; a less number cannot carry the ting, or place it- ; 'J lascars. Two or. three lascars 
are required for cart: of the instrument &. its tent, and for communication. Total 24. ... 

Exposed to constant, fatigue, and thai generally in situations where the climate is bad, 
a proportion of the lascars is always sick. In the Pofaius'. in IW10, with an establishment 
of SO lascars, IS were fit- Tor dal\ : al floa. in the beginnim: of 1 SI 1 , one third of l-be establish - 



Escorts 

Escorts were no longer a matter of necessity for all surveyors as they had been 
during the ISth century even within the Company's territories [I, 300-1 ]. They 
were still required for surveyors 011 active service, as for Saekville and Morrieson 
in Bundelkhand [ 48-51 ], and White beyond the Delhi frontiers [ 60-4]. 

When Colebrooke went up country in 1807 he was given a strong escort from 
Cawnpore ; 

The Surveyor General, being about, entering on a Survey of the .Northern Frontier, is to 
be furnished with a Permanent Kscort from the Native Troops at Cawnpore. to be composed 

of a Jemadar, !-! Havildars, 2 Xaiks, a Drum *: Fife, and 51) Sepoys, under lire command of 
Limit. Webb. ... ordered for thai, purpose U: impair immediately to Cawnpore [ 31 ] 5 . 

To reinforce this escort on the northern borders he obtained tho services of 



2) 17-1-07. 



Jl SCOUTS 



:;.-,-.) 



Captain Hearsoy "attended by four Hindoostanee Sowars" [74] and the infantry 

escort was increased to a full company ; 

Having learned ftt Lucknow...that there are two notorious rebels...on theHawa'b's Frontier 
in the vicinity of Mohomdy 1 , and near to whose lurking places my Route will lay, I have 
applied. ..for a re-inforcement of an Officer and a Company to escort me to the place where 
I sbe.II pass the Xawaub's lioundary. ... 

My Origins! escort Commanded by Lieut. "Webb being, by the sma!! oarties sent with my 
native assistants [ 31,353 ], reduced to 40 men, I thought this a necessasy precaution to avoid 
being attacked ami probably plundered by the Rebels in question, -,;.r. T ■unrlp.t'st.and that they 
have occasionally contended with a much larger iotee than my party consists of. 

To obviate the necessity of any future applications of this sort, ... it would be very desirable 
that a General Order should be issued, either to augment my escort to a complete Company, 
or to furnish me with such occasional ro-infmveinents from the *<->vf:t; : i1 Stations I shall pass 2 . 

On the Mysore survey Mackenzie prided himself that he and his assistants had 
maintained such excellent relations with the inhabitants, that protection had been 
rarely required 3 , but Lambton always had a guard for his precious instruments, 
and in 1802 obtained sanction to maintain a, permanent escort of his own ; 

As I have found it necessary to have a small guard of sepoys to move along with me for 
the protection of my Instruments, and finding it most convenient to have the same party 
constantly attached to me, I am induced to address the Honorable Governor in Council for 
permission to entertain one Havildar, one Naiq, and Twelve Sepoys, to be furnished with 
arms and accoutrements from the I'ubli.-f,- stores, and to be clothed and payed the same as 
regular Sepoys [ 334 ]«. 

Further detachments were added for Warren and Kater, bringing the strength, 
in October 1803, to 1 havildar, 3 naiks, and 24 sepoys, at which it was maintained 
after the withdrawal of these two a ' ' 



Care of Heaxth 

Though many parts of Bengal and the Upper Provinces were extremely un- 
healthy at certain times of the year, as witness the disastrous attack of fever that 
overwhelmed Smyth's party in Chota Nagpur [46 ], yet it is from the south that 
we hear most about the crippling effects of eiii.r.^te and fevers. 

Mackenzie himself was a constant martyr to ill-health, and he was all the more 
considerate to others. On the formation of the Mysore survey he welcomed the 
appointment of Dr. Heyne as botanist and assistant surgeon [ 113 ] and was 
most disappointed to find that Heyne was far more interested in his botany 
and other scientific pursuits than he was in the health of the establishment. The 
climate of the country "above the Ghauts" had a particularly evil reputation, 
whilst "the coast" was considered a comparative health resort, and a sea vovao-e 
the complete cure. 

Both Warren and Mather were frequently on the sick list after moving up to 
Mysore ; in fact Mather's start had been delayed for several weeks owing to his 
"troublesome complaint", which seems to have been a form of rheumatism, and 
Mackenzie writes to him in June ; 

I was much gratified by finding your health was so far restored a.s to enable you to begin 
your survey with the effect you asentioiti. I leave the order of going on with the districts 
entirely to yourself, the rather because your state of health requires your pay ii ig some attention 
to the nature of the country, and during the rainy and cold season I would recommend by all 
moans your avoiding the- jungles, as you can manage them better in the hot season 5 . 
The rams of the following month, however, drove Mather down to the coast. 

To Warren Miickcni'.is writes ; 

I am much concerned at the prospect of your Complaint returning, which I know too well 
requires precaution to a person once affected by it, and I think you do perfectly right to... 
retire to Bangalore for your health, as the best means to get rid of a troublesome complaint 
the constitution so much 3 . 










11 



360 



People & Country of India 



In December and .January Maebcavzie's own party was overwhelmed by fever 

near Sandftr on the north- west frontier [ 97-8 ] ; 

I have been impeded by severa.l i-ireun.s-i liiiiis, the most mortifying of which was Mr. 
.Arthur's being taken ill of a fever the next, .hiy after we ported, end I was on the point of 
returning 46 miles to take measures for conveying linn to Chifctledroog, when I got notice of 
his being "better ; he is not however able yet to do duty, and this aeeidont makes it prudent 



e of being taken 

r natives, but the worst 
i have now a very few 



■■c the upper country, and 
ves mo extreme pleasure 



o separate far again till tho a 

ill we can assist each other ; I have ha.d a slight ague, and several of c 
of il seems past- ; we have lost none ; all our Sepoys are well, and ■ 

ce.nvaioscents 1 . 

Closo notes in reply that, 

since the I.crnunat-ion of tip monsoon, fevers lia.ve heen geneva! all. ov 
as they hfive been rather of a malignant kind in some districts, it g: 
to. find that your party, after having been so sickly, have E'ecovered s< 

However the fevers came on again, and continued at intervals till the end of 
March, and Mackenzie had to ask for medical help from the garrison at Gooty, 
Dr. Heyne burns a\vay bo kuri/.t! iy at .Rn.iignka.u. Tie writes to Mather; 

I was concerned to see your survey was likely to undergo a temrnorary suspension from 
the illness of your party ; it is the same thro' all the coi mtry, & cannot be helped. We are 
here suffering very severely from it, but the sackness is not mortal, iiini by tho use of emetics 
and bark may bo surmounted 3 . 
He writes to General Campbell, who had sent a doctor from Gooty ; 

I can never sufficiently acknowledge your kindness in sending Mr, Sorrier, whose skill and 
manner of acting fives me every confidence, and relieves me from the unpleasant- task of 
attending to the sick, a business I did not well understand. He joined us on 23rd in 4 days 
from Ghooty, and we came there yesterday. I wished by halting a day to give him an oppor- 
tunity of seeing the cases which are- mostly Agues, and unfortunately he has no bark, and my 
little stock is nearly exhausted. If any can be sr.ill got mixing your medical scores it will be 
a valuable relief, and may be sent by post to Bellary. ... We have still about 20 sick out of 
200 nearly of our whole party. ... 

For myself I am not very well, and st.il! have seme symptoms of the ague hanging on mo ; 
I am however awaiting to know of the bearers being posted that I may proceed towards you ; 
the r.uange of a...' » i'.l uadouiifed !y be of nervine'. 

The "bark" here referred to was of course the bark of the cinchona, a plant 
that comes from the western mountains of South America. It was known as a 
febrifuge as early as the 17th century, and, having been brought to Europe by 
Jesuit missionaries, was gonerally known as "'Jesuit's Hark". We find an advertise- 
ment in the Calcutta CazeXlc. of 3rd March 1785 ; "Bark. Fresh Jesuit's Bark, in 
the Quill ; just imported from the Brazils. On Sale". The Dutch succeeded in 
growing it in Java in 1854, and live years later its cultivation was introduced into 
Tndia and Ceylon 5 . It is now well known as "Quinine". 

Mackenzie now wrote to Heyne suggesting his return ; 

We lifive had the nssi=ta.nee or' a. Surgeon from ( ii.rnp lately lint us lie necessarily returns, 
the natives of our parly, who have suffered in common with others in tin's general sickness 
in the upper country, stand much in need of medicines, and some proper person able to give 
them. We have thrice got medicines from C.hitllocireag, and also from Camp*. 

To Mather he writes ; 

It is with much concern that- I" understand.. .thai your rhemnatio complaints and the sick- 
ness among your peoole have again returned so severely. In such a case there, is no other 
remedy U em to re tin; Lo any place ivkero :e<xi icai a-itl can be got. 

Tho' it can be of little comfort to you, yet it is but justice to us, you should not suppose 
that in this quarter we have been better off, as the whole party was nearly laid up, having 
30 sick at once ; Mr. Arthur obliged to go to the coast, and .1 have only remained myself against 
the opinions of the surgeons. ... 

Health is a valuable blessing (,00 often sacrificed in our Indian pursuits ; but you. ..are not 
the only person whose vocations oil! them into situations detrimental to .health, and that partic- 
ularly every military person in the Company's service has no choice where their duty calls 
them' [sic]. 

< DDn.il, 24-12-1800. = DDn. 68 ( 248 ), 18-1-01. a DDn. 41,18-1-01. 'DDn. 56, 12 & 26-1-01. 
s Thc capture of Java by I be Japanese ba 19*2 kit India and 1 he allied Ebroea ■!■ aperati h snort of quinine, 
.m<l stimulated the development of other cures. 'DDn. 41, 5-2-01. 'DDn. 60, 25-4-01, 






Care os- Health 



361 



Heyne did not rejoin till August, at the same time as Arthur, who went down 
with fever agam almost af once. Mackenzie writing ■ 

. S .S™«v eSte. 2T *?*? f C ° ,m ' ,T b " d ™ S **^ ™ «*«i* ™ 

.-peso.] 

bvl),. Il~- - " , "f il ' c " J ™ 'ejom.ed daml tint, rur.e at Hoi^r 

«S„ ,'',„■'.' 7 ' "."" 1 '' ' '"■ '"'"""■' "'" '""" " f "■>■ '•'"•"• * the other 

ttaN E Bo„X' »'»««"■>'> '"' *•*%« closing the raining ,p, rt g 

He writes to Arthur, who remained poorly for several months ■ 

Aa^SJm "" "T '"S"* be '"" » rh °i>e you «H «• o« raceipt of thi, ) ,„ ,„, oft 
domg anything „ a, m , pfmg OP mlilg „ y _ ^ liljo||r ^ ^ application .?» 

mind...,, detrimental „ such cases. Such ha, been recommended „!,„„- toS^JB 

venture to say ,„ „„„„ ..thout interfering with „„ „r„y„ | , ;'. „ j™ ' f ™ r 

done tnl T °°,™ ™l,"" 1 7 g r T "Z^T " """« "">'""»'= <° "» »*!»• Enough 1, 

owlgtSS SI. :.. s " d *: ° mpl ° T B ° rko '' "■"! "» -» « ™' 

pron.r'to Sto 1"™" T""'" ,,'' ^C iIh ~ " ° f ~° h " °"°" " «° ~*r it 

whether I SS^—SK^SS!' P °"" ' '*"*> '" "" "*"* ™ ~">- " d 

.S. I would recommend you to keep up your spirits, as the surest support is in vour 

'- mi; '"'^''' v 01 el.' not to prey on your mind and is hurtful. 

Get irom my butter any thmga you may be m want of. I have all the tea along with me ■ 

let in, know il you want any 2 . "'oug wien me , 

Early in 1802 Arthur again took leave to the Coast, followed by a sea vovase 
Mather" 18 ' ill "' km ^ hi ™M Wthdrwr to Madras, whence he wrotf to 

It is difficult for me to describe the embrrassment I labor under tor .ant of writer, and 
draftsmen [ „« J. P„„ r Br»to, eoutroy to my ad™., having boon ill of. di Lr„™„™hT.h 
youthful unprudence ha, exposed h„„, has for near 20 do, , bo™ absent from m. and ? vmd„ 

for fear his beollh should be ruined". animus to get him near me again 

Again from Madras in January 1 804 ; 

I am glad you are so far recovered. At Madras many have of late been subject to rheumatic 
complaint, ( of which I have not been free ) from th. .!„,„ hot raU ,„ fo iowrT ^veiy 
heavy rams. I hope th, yonng m .n will preserve their health in the dry a^™ change of 

Z to Tin l". bfatlT" '7° """■ "*■ * " rB °" " » PP ~ tod *"» ""OmplnSm. 

up, Put ± shall not bo able i-o >_'i> for =..imc timo vol [ 114]* 

, „ In "P .*? of Ms »™tant ill-health Arthur took a keen interest in life and ha, 
left a viv.d account of his experiences [ 2 o8 ]. He records in his journal 

f„„r^™T~dt;f.lLr fr ""„ ™ T " eo ' """"^ to "*™ "»? «*- or 

" "■;" I"".--"" 1 '■•"••■<■ fcom do,„ s ,m.,a, !„„...„, ,h, bapoi. of the Survey and the 

greatest part of „,y people w.re taken ill „f the fev.,...which i, of a very £££££?. 
the patient's ,k„ and eye, after the first day become, quite yellow and, when it To„ fetal' 
he genendly dies on the 4th day , ,hr„ „, my followers, two women and a m.7 e"vi ctun. 
to it. Mercury 1, the only medicine that succeeds i-i curing it 5 victims 

Dr. Leyden who now took Heyne's place went sick himself very soon after 
furtlierlid 5 ''' ™' ° D m ° V1 ° g we8toarda *° ae Gh5te . Mackenzie appealed for 

I understand fevers are prevalent at this time of the year and as we have hsd no n I" i 
A,,i,t<mce...fo, n„r 13 mouth, pa,, from the absence of ,h. surgeon on"ccou„. rf bad heal h 
^^t^TT "" b6 " km ' -■j«*8>« 3 Mower, /y ,i,W, »d a ep,y frot a 
fall, .mce Apnl 1„,, and b.mg now to remove to a considerable di„ f„ .,„ ri utLdroog 

vijlltll 1 Cm i ; nt) ,,nl :!„■ mo. rl. nJm ,„, ,,,„ „i „ ■ j , omu.miotg, 

rr ' etui t,.i!. fl .,., ,.a M . s 1;na received svorv duo attention®. 

He wrote two weeks later to Mather ; 

I have r,„iv,d iuformation l.tely...th.t the Surgeon at Bednor, will have orders to give 
Medical Assistance to th. Surveying parties , y„„ wffl of cour,, apply ,h.„ i, any i, „e,„Sy! 



in 



t 






i 



i DiOn. 42, 12-7-03 ( 25 ). » DDn. I 

to 15LJ! Jsw. 1805 ; GBO. Lib. A b, ■ 



>. 23-1-0-- 



362 



People & Country of India 

to find your party continue well. It is however proper 



ffl 
I 

| 



com SoringapiitiiTii ; if yon want any they o:in be 
n had two or three sick. & Ward has been ailing 
p pears to me to want some good warm coat for 

e yon expect some elosfhiug for him 1 . 

i seasons on the Western Ghats and in South 



the' I am happy meantime to find your uartv C( ■ ver proper to have 

every precaution taken. 

I have lately got a supply of medicines f 
sent. We are well here tea ay, but of late w 
of late, but is now well. Bye tho bye, he s 
tin"* approiichine colli weather, but. ho tolls a 

The following year, after two s 
Kanara, Mather's health hroke down completely and he had to resign [ 109 ]. 

Curiously enough, though Eater's health broke down after two years on the 
trigonometrical survey, we hear very little from Lambton himself about sickness. 
This is unlikely to have been due to any particular immunity, or to the work 
being of a more healthy nature, but possibly to Lambton'? studied avoidance of the 
subject in official oorresj.iondence. We have far more of Mackenzie's day-to-day 
letters preserved, and consequently hear more of his troubles. 

The revenue surveyors on district surveys suffered from fever and sickness 
continually, and Keyes writes from Coimbatore in April 1812 ; 

On the 3rd of last month I., .repaired 00 Danai ken coin- with the h-ost part of my followers 
very ill with the bilious fever, ... & within the interval of my having staid at Danaikencota 
for the purpose of having the men cured, which was till five days ago, both Sub-Assistant 
McMahon and myself had been afflicted with the same disease for a few days. ... Nothing 
was done during the List month [ 148 ] a . 

We End the following delightful letter from one of the Collectors in the Ceded 
Districts 3 , whom Morison had asked to help with medicines ; 

Immediately on receiving your letter I sent off tho list of medicines enclosed 111 it to Mr. P., 
and as I was then writing to Mr. Swinton 4 I requested him to say to you that Mr. Dunigan 
should have as much medicine as he wanted. 

I now find, however, that in sending thnt- inossage I reckoned without, mine host, or at 
least without my Doctor, for Mr. P. writes me that his stores will not admit of his supplying 
ail Mr. Dunigan's physical wants, and ho accordingly ho-;:- sunt him only as follows, via. ; 
3 dozen Calomel pills of 1$ grains— and 2 ounces of Bark ( N.B., about equal to none at 
all )—i an ounce of Jalap— and Dra.chm of Ipecacuanha, so that the most essentia), the Salts, 
and the less essential, the Rhubarb, are wanting. 

I think you had better send up a parcel containing a quantity of each to the party, for our 
Doctor parts with his medicine with bid an indifferent grace. Not from any ill will, or reluct- 
ance to oblige, but for tliis good and substantial reason, th.it lie cannot get them replaced. 
Doctor's indents are liable to be cut down as well as other people's ; they, like other folks, 
have their grievances, and when grieved they growl. From this I draw a wholesome consol- 
ation that though poor Collectors have the greatest- share-, yet others have also some portion 
of his misery. How ure Commissaries off in this way s ? 

Adieu, my Dear Sir, do not fear giving me trouble ; I am paid for it, and am happy when 
T can make myself useful. 

Tungatoor. . sd. Charles Robert Rosa a , 

18th May 1812. Coheotor. 

Johnson has left an interesting note on the fevers of Malabar [ I, 131 ] ; 

Regarding Diseases of the Malabar Woods. ... Long experience & continued suffering 
enable me to describe my own feelings. ... 

The Forests of Malabar are extremely un healthful, regularly pr-nlncing fever and Ague, 
and more particularly from the latter end of the rains, when vegetation had been forced to 
its utmost height-, to the time of burning the grass, or from September to January. ... 

To wear flannel next the skin and. on the feet, more particularly whilst asleep ; to lie high 
from the ground, and keep a fire in the house or tent during the night ; not to walk out while 
the grass is wet with dew ; to smoke tobacco while the air remains damp 7 , and to take regularly 
as much exercise as the. ..strength will, without, feeling fatigue, admit of. 

The worst complaint, attendant on this fever and ague is an mcvefi.se and duration 3 of the 
spleen, which remains enlarged for some .years after the fever has left the patient. Many 
remedies have been tried to remove it, and Mercury given with but little success. 

■DDn 43(141), 16-13-03. E ."DDu. 127(226), 1-1-12. »ib.(265). *Not identified. «Mwison 
tj»irt» Columnar r ;-:-:;:v.d. i; S.:,> - -f r^ri;^ ii^s ! 17-IO-lSO-l ) Mud. i-!ngt*. | J.jS?]; bapt. Madras, 
27-3--17SS; cl. Manulipfitam, 26-11-16. 'All csf-clliint prcca^iciis upunei; moiu-jitffi ! ! 'hardening. 



Care of Health = ' 363 

Jtoiq experience I assert that every remedy that tends to weaken the powers of digestion 
equally tends 'to increase (.lit; spleen, and nothing but kef-ping the body ban?, taking continued 
and even fatiguing ox-ereiso, will effect a cure; perhaps warm bathing might decrease, the 
spleen, bat, li great care is not taken, one cold caught will increase it, again. ■ ■ 
He recommends opium, as taken by the local people, bat "Nothing appears to me 
equal to a moderate quantity of tnts best wine, and a free use of spices" 1 . 

Garling found Sonda, or North Kanara, most unhealthy [ 158-9 ] ; reporting 
the continued indisposition of near half the Establishment. It has been necessary to 'send 
the Assistant R. Long within reach of medical assistance, ... The season during which Field 
operations can be continued will close with, the present month, wtai it is intended to 
remove the whole EsUitiUshment to Onore 3 , there to take up Quarters during the monsoon 
The proximity of Onore to that part of Sonda in which the survey will have to be resumed has' 
made me confident of jour not objecting to Ibis arrangement, while i 
salubrity make it preferable to any part of Soonda 3 . 

Williams had a doctor attached to the revenue survey of Broach ; 

Mr Assistant Surgeon Kemball'a exertions in commum^tiug Che benefit of v 
to the Purgunna and to many villages of the adjoining districts have been attended with 
complete success ; ... and it may. I imagine, now be safely stated that every individual in the 
Baroehe Purgunna who had not had the small pox lias boon vaccinated, and. rescued from the 
daagers of that disorder. 

A most satisfactory proof of the efficiency of what had been done was afforded by the 
appearance of the small pox 4 or 3 months ago on the border of the Purgunna ; and in some 
of our own village, near it winch have not been visited by Mr. Keraball it committed verv 
melancholy ravages, w.lidsf the vaccinated villages remained perroct.lv free from the infection', 
and formed a distinct and effectual barrier to the progress of (be small pox 1 . 



i conveniences and 



L 



Men & Manners — TJppee India 

Occasional references have been made to opposition encountered by surveyors 
but, considering how far afield they carried their surveys, even during the actual 
course of military operations, it is really surprising that there were so few cases 
of serious obstruction. On the other hand, thefts of instruments and cash by 
casual thieves or wayside prowlers were not infrequent [ 58, 223, 225 ]. 

Reference has been made to White's adventures in the Sikh country east of 
the Sutlej in May 1809 [ 63 ]. Though be held passports issued by Kanjit Singh 
and was following a route authorised by the political agent., the villagers ordered 
him back with armed force, and thrashed his chobdar, a servant, of Kanjit Singh 
Orders were then issued both by the C omm an derdn -Chief and by the Governor 
General that White was not to survey the territory of any of the Sikh chiefs along 
the left bank of the Sutlej, am! Ran jit Singh sent the politest apologies. 

Seven months later he had another, even more unpleasant, encounter east of 
Bhatmda m Patiala territory, in which several of his party were hilled and much 
bugguge looted \ 64 J ; 

I arrived at Batinda on the 9th [December 1809 ]. ... On the 14th. I reached the desert 
but conceiving it imprudent to cross it or turn to the north, which would have immediately 
led me into Runjeet's country, 1 revived on tracing the bonndurv of the desert in a south- 
easterly direction towards Bfttneer a and Futtehabad*, and with this intention proceeded as 
far as Buktoo where, hav log satisfied myself m to the general northern limits of the desert from 
Hissar to Pak Putnur- and Buhawulpoor, and, thinking it. inadvisable to venture into the 
Bhattee country, I took the direction of Uansah'- 1 , a tort of considerable note b^on-in- to 
Sahib Singh [ Raja of Patiala ]. * 

As Bajee Sing, the person deputed by the Rajah to attend me, frequently assured me in 
the most decided manner there was nothing to apprehend, I did not thing myself justified in 
relinquishing an important point in the survey on iho chance information of a few villager-. 

On the .1 /th .1 left Uuktoo 1 ", with, the intention of encamping at Tulwondee, a small town 
belonging to the Rajah, ... but on my approaching the place, which is surrounded by jungul, 

« n?° PC ', 13 "*t'- 'Honiyar, 48J/7 [I, 25 ). >MPC. 21-6-14. *Bo EC. 28-7-13. > 100 m 
&. of Lahore. *„.-,«• H„:,um:in ( :ar.a, it K.-6. • r';iMh;-h.v;. 40 Or,. * Puki^f^ u F'7 « Man-, 41 
0/5,35 m. S. of Belinda. "Kot Bakbtu, 44 J/16. 12 m. S. of KL.nnd, ■ 25 n Ml . of. CW 



1 



m 



People & Country of India 



several shots wore fired at me, and I immediately thought it advisable to take the direction 
of Batinda, encamping that day at the village of Joudpoor, five kos from Tulwundee". I, 
having however during my survey of the N.W. frontier been frequently fired upon, ... began 
to think but lightly of this affair, and the more so as Bajee Sing, when particularly questioned. 
Still persisted... that I might proeeod through tbo country in safety. ... 

On the morning of the 18th, ... 1 was informed about 25U people had collected... with the 
design of attacking me. I immediately turned off into t.hrs jwh-M, relinquishing all thoughts of 
proceeding to Mansab. ... I.. .encamped this day at Chaoki 8 , ... but before the tent was pitched 
an alarm of horse was given, and in a few minutes about a hundred hart made their appearance. 
Well knowing this body would soon be greatly increased, ...I thought of... procuring safety 
in a village which I knew to belong to a Chieftain friendly inclined to our Government. 
Having therefore secured the moat valuable part of my property, I commenced my march, 
leaving my tents and a- number of things on the ground. ... 

The horsemen, being joined by about sixty foot, ...armed chiefly with spears and bows 
and arrows, began the at lack, but At so respectful a distance that I would not harrass my men 
by returning a useless fire which would have greatly retarded the march. 

By the time I had gone one kon tl.o enemy had augmented to about 500 men. ..from different 
Villages, and began to press on me so close as to force me to commence firing ; but although 
tho enemy were individually brave, particularly the foot, who frequently came so near as to 
spear the sijwheea, yet I was enabled to proceed two kos further, without allowing them to 
make any serious impression o: 



As the aipahees 



)f';.'l]|!|U)u 






r Un-ouah fatigue?, having marched fifteen 



kos through a woody country and fought upwards of two hours, I was forced to sacrifice the 



a string of sixteen camels, 
be relinquished, and endeavoured to encourage 
which we were but one kos distant. ... 

On our arrival however at this village, ... w 
itants join, the enemy, and, with this addition 
in; opinion we 
any attempt to proceed further 



'.' thousand 
q a country 



hich were severely wounded ) and order : 

he men with hopes of relief at Pukoke 3 , from 

were greatly disappointed to find the inhab- 
• their force, I do not hesitate to say that in 
. ... My si-pahec.-s now began to fall fast, and 
with jungul was evidently absurd. The 



only chance of saving the party waa that of storming the village and procuring shelter amongst 
the'houses ; this plan was accordingly adopted. ... 

I immediatelv dispatched two ku.rkarahs to Colonel Ochterlouy soliciting to be reinforced. ... 
Early next morning linn Sing, the nephew of Juswant Sing, arrived. ..to my relief. Tranquility 
was immediately restored in the village. 
Meeting further assistance on the way, White reached Ludhiana on the 22nd. 

The loss on our side, is 3 sipahznx killed, 11 wounded, 3 servants killed. 3 servants wounded, 
belonging to Captain Skinner's 4 Irregular Corps ; wounded, 2 horses. Lieutenant White's killed, 
4 horses belonging to Captain Skinner wounded, 2 of which were left at Pukoke as unfit for 
further service. The whole baggage excepting the ammunition and the Soobidar's property 

I "had requested Government that during my survey I might be accompanied by respect- 
able Vackeels from the different Chieftains through whose territory I should proceed. ... The 
person sent by the Rajah to accompany me was...not near so respectable as a common hurkarah. 
He even the first day begged of my servants one anna for his subsistence ( I immediate. 
ly ordered him ten rupees ). ... 

The loss of baggage can bo easily repaired, hut. that of my books, papers, maps, and a 
series of information which T had collected during a four years' survey, the great part of which, 
in the hopes of its being rendered more perfect, had not been communicated to Government, 
is a loss of a very serious nature, and the more so as...I am fearful no other survey in this 
part of the country can any longer be considered as advisable 3 . 

He claimed compensation for the loss of tents, camels, horsey cash, clothes, 
camp furniture, and surveying instruments to the value of over 8,000 rupees. 
Government sanctioned the full amount claimed for the books and instruments ; 
compensation for the horses at regulation rate, and "for the remainder. ..according 
to the rates allowed for an officer of his Rank, ... plus 3 months full Batta" 6 . 

Efforts to bring the leader of the gang to justice were unavailing, though his 
identity was well known : 

4 0/1. 



i.Todlmur f'akkar -14 X'4, PI in.fi. of Clink Bliakio.i ; Tiil»Nir,di Aklb. It O.Vi ; 'hi.lwmdiSiibo, 4 
= Chaoke, 44 N/8. 2:> m. K. of ilhuUndn.. MV^ko. -14 N/S :5 m. \E. of Ck.iokc 'James Skinner ( 1778- 
1841 ) ; Cc-nidt. Sldnne: 



'a Horse from 1S03 BNB.; DIB. '■Ludhvma Rec. ( 149-51 )- 'BMC. 6-3-10 ( 10 ). 






Men & Manners — Upper. India 365 

It appears that the head of the gang of robbers who attacked and plundered Lieutenant 
White was Phola. Sing, an Akauleo, who is a subject of R.mjeet fimg, i; nd joined the troops 
ol that Chief. ..wen he found that the arrival of Run Sing prevented him from accomplishing 
his purpose, which seems to have been not merely to plunder, but to destroy, tho party 1 

As the report of Phola Sing, the head of tho -nog, ... having found refuge in Runjeet Sine's 
camp proved to bo unfounded, L. .foreboro making an application on the subject to that Chief 

Having hoard thai, ho had taken reduce in Dnmdumah*, his liKvif I place of reqidenae which 
belongs to Bajah Sahib Sing of Putteealah, and is about 80 miles to the southwest ward of 
that town, ... troops were accordingly embodied and detached to Dumdumah [ by the local 

He is himself [ Phola Sing ] an TJkaulee, or Sikh priest, and it is well known that people 
of that description, whatever their moral character may be, are held in veneration, and that 
then- persons are considered as sacred and inviolable. ... The event was such a 
expected. The place was taken, but the murderer, being a priest., wn* suffered to 

On quitting Dnmdumah, Phola Sing fled to TJmritsar, where he still continues, and.V.there 
is little prospect oi Rnnieet Smg ; s being induced to consent to the seizure of his person. 
Phola Singh was found to have been "both t&e instigator and the loader of the 
murderous attack made upon the .British mission | under Metcalfe 1 whon camped at 
Umrifcsar m the month of February in 1809 " [ 62 ] 3 . 

We have already noticed the adventures that SackviUe had during his surveys 
in i:'>um ielkband [ 49 ], but his work down in Orissa was peaceful ; 

The Orea dialect or language... is so totally different from the Bengalee or Hindustanee 
that our servants are as little able to understand them as ourselves. We have therefore been 
under the necessity of pickiag up a few words most necessary in our general enquiries, and 
hope iei the course of a short time to become holier ac^u minted with them 4 . 

Morrieson met with occasional trouble in "Btindelkliand. [49]. He tells of one 
incident the Sundarbans, well known as a haunt of dacoits ; 

Marching from Boodooria 5 on the bank of the Issamuttee, ... my people were attacked and 
Several of them considerably hint, by a numerous body of armed men, headed by the Jeme- 
dar. ... This attack seems to have been entirely unprovoked on the part of My people, and I 
am sorry to say that, in addition to the maltreatment, a few articles, tho' of small value in 
themselves, yet of consequence *'"> the people to whom they belonged, have been detained. 

On my arrival on my Ground, and hearing the complaints, I despatched a Naik and Eight 
sepoys, being all I could spare at the time, with a message to tire Jemedar, importing that I 
was astonished at his behaviour, and begged that the articles stolen might be returned as 
also a. person might be sent to make some apology for the outrage. 

The Naik reports that on approaching the Village armed people, to the amount of 5 or 
600, ...retreated into their huts, and that a large party with die Jemeda.r scoured themselves 
in a Pukka house in the centre of the Village. The Naik, bavins delivered my message, was 
answered by a torrent of abuse, and was desired to tell his master that, until summoned by the 
Judge, they would not movo from their village, and further accused my people of having 
plundered their village and carried off Several women, which assertion I can positively deny' 
Tn forwarding this report, the Surveyor General suggests 

that these People have some interested motives to induce them to endeavour by violence to 
prevent their Lands from being surveyed ; probably some Tract of Country has been brought 
under cultivation which they are desirous to conceal'. 

When sending Stephen to survey Benares district the Surveyor General warned 
him to be discreet ; 

The country you will pass through is inhabited by a variety of casts of Hindoos, particu- 
larly the singers, a very turbulent race of men. It will be incumbent on you not only to avoid 
giving them offence yourself, but to be careful your servants do not in even the smallest trifle 
give rise to complaint. 

They will probably object to their lands being measured, and it will be wise to conciliate 
their chiefs by assurances that the survey is made for general purposes, not to enquire into 
the Tenures of individuals. Probably a little attention will produce you every attention, the 
contrary may occasion bloodshed, and a number of difficulties being thrown in your way. 
During the cold season I would reeommend every exertion in your power being made whilst 
the weather is mild and the country dry 3 . 

iFromResrlt. lit. Delhi, 28-12-00 ; Ludkia-na Etc. (157 ) 
7-5-10. *DDn. 82 (138), 1-3-LO. s Baduria, 79 8/14. "] 
'DDn. 126 (91), 18-6-11. 9 ib. ( 117 ), 14-12-11. ' 



1 






I 



:m 



People . 



Country of India 



He advised Blake who was eo.Ing up to Gora.kh.pur to 
use the greatest milliner towards the natives, preventing your servants & followers from 
plundering or in any ray ill treat in!; them ; ihe advantages of such conduct are obvious 1 . 

Accounts have already been given of Raper's difficulties along the frontiers of 
Chota Nagpur [46], Pickersgill's adventures with the Nopalese [39-40], and 
Hodgson's dealings v.iih the Gurkha commander in the Dun [ 83 ]. 



.\I.\>;O.KL:I 



Throughout his seven years in charge of tho Mysore survey Mackenzie main- 
tained the most cordial relations with the Resident and the State officers, and 
took vigorous steps to remedy any friction or bnpleas.ard.iies= arising between his 
assistants and local olboiais ; regular arrangements were established for local guides 
and peons, and sepoy guards were furnished from the nearest military stations 
whenever these were necessary [ 94, 98 ]. 

Trouble occasionally arose in out-of-the-way parts, and more especially when 
Mackenzie passed over the northern bonier into the unsettled Ceded Districts 
where Munro had just assumed charge [ 98 ] ; 

My Moons hie... writes me a most laments, bie story that his horse, which the poor man has 
used now since 1790, hois beer, actually claimed and. taken from him at Adony by a Byut, 
who says it has been missing only 10 weeks, for Heaven's sake, jirm.ro, do not, suffer sneh a 
flagrant imposition to pass unnoticed. 

The inunshie was sent by roe forward to Adony 2 ; ... I want him much with me ; ... I 
expect lie will not be detained nor his property taken from iiim : ho tells me it. is the same 
horse he carried from our pariy, and enr uoiiplo can identify the horse ; at any rate I will be 
contented that tho horse or its value will be restore*! if tlio proof is made good, but I hope the 
man's character will not be arraigned without, some enquiry. The poor fellow exclaims "What 
justice is this ? to .have my horse taken from mo anil be accused of stealing ; and under British 
protection". I expect you will have many of these stratagems played off when yon get near 
the Mulmulla- Hills 3 . ... 

I enclose you all I can get here of the Moonshie's horse ; Unless he has changed it since 
10th December. ..there can be little <ioubl in Ihe ease. ... it is probable they may have lost a 
horse, but it is very unlikely that this man should in this short, spa.ee steal it, or buy it from 
suspicious persons ; as, added to bis own character, 1 have always discouraged promiscuous 
trafficking among our party 4 . 

Munro does not appear to have heen convinced, even. by a last appeal ; 

I send two sespoys, two lssca rs, and a relation of ray .\!ooush;e"s to be examined regarding 
the horse he had « ith as for seme time, and which he rolls roe was delivered over tn the claimant 
without even exn.rr>mi rig (.he i.liree witnesses iie lied on Ihe spot.. T request you will interpose your 
authority to have these men examined, and evidenee not suppressed. ... As a servant of mine, 
travelling in my employment, I should expect- of any of my aequain fence interposition against 
ill usage 5 . 

Two months later there was trouble with the headman of Kayadrug 6 , also in 
Bellary District, and Machenide writes to General Campbell ; 

I cannot express to you the insolence and even cruelty of the Amnldar and his people 
here ; the deliberate disrespect and inattention to the Army in general, ineuleated by some of 
Major Munro's peojiic from the coast, deserve notice, in any opinion. For my own part I am 
determined to relinquish the survey for ever rather than to submit to further inconveniences 
from these people. 

In Mr. Arthur's situation [5S J, [ eon Id gee. only 4 coolies and 3 guides (out of three wanted ), 
if it was to save him from death ; and only advancing the- hire-. The insolence of the language 
used by the Amuldar end his audoriings I will not attempt to convey. ... 

To prevent mistakes I sent, a llavaldar to deliver another message that it. might be trans- 
mitted to Major Munro ; their insolence to the Havaldar ant! to all concerned I am at a loss 
to describe. Hard ! that when we are sacrificing our constitution for the service we should 
he subject to such if :.-■:"■. ici ive delays fro [:i (lie refuse of mankind. ... 

"Adorn, 57E/6. 'DDu.66, 28-12-1800. «ib., 4-1-01. *$>., 12-1-OI. 



— -VM 



MYSORE 



367 



I suppose you have heard of the very handsome charge brought against me by Major 
Munro'a Amuldai of Raidroog, of putting the Sub - Amuldar ( whom I have never seen ] in 
the sun for a whole day, and making extraordinary demands ( equally absurd and equally 
false ) alledged to be customary with me in Mysore. Although I treat this with the contempt 
it desrves, I am not the less surprised to find it countenanced by a person of Major Munro'a 
reputed good sense 1 . 

Mackenzie was still bristling over this ease several months later, when he warns 
Arthur that 

it lias become very common to send in complaints in Mysore against officers, and perhaps 
sometimes with reason. ... In fact, no blame can attach ["or listening to their complaints, hut 
proper enquiry should be made, and no person should have blame 'even insinuated without 
proof. In two eases that occurred with Major Munro all evidence was avoided, and yet he 
presume:; Lo reascsn on what never happened 2 . 

To Mather he writes ; 

I would recommend to you by all means to conciliate the minds of the people you have 

to deal with, as the readiest way of forwarding your business, ;ind in particular to keep a 
vigilant attention Lo prevent any injury to the natives, in person or property, by any of the 
followers or guards. This I am confident I need not to recommend to you, but several instances 
that occur in various parts of the country render it necessary to t-.ive tins caution, to prevent 
any misconception of the general conduct of the survey 3 . 

It was found expedient to drop some of the statistical enquiries Grst proposed 
[ 103, 105 ], and Mackenzie writes to Mather ; 

Your idea of Purniah's being hostile to the survey I do not. find to be very just, as he 
seems very willing to support it, but in a certain light you will recollect that the management 
of the Rajah's revenues is on a very different footing to thy Company's, and that there are 
prejudices in a Hindoo management, which il is not easy to overcome ; nor indeed is it our 
business, as we must confine ourselves 1.0 what- is permitted. 

Anything that looks like going into investigations of revenue or population will not be 
relished, and you may recollect my observing that .1. could never get any account of the latter, 
except- by houses*. 

The Resident writes later j 

The Dewan has expressed a desire that all further enquiries respecting the number of 
Ryots and inhabitants of either sex in Mysore may be put a stop to, as such an enquiry tends 
to alarm the health of the people, from their ignorance of the nature of tins research. I have 
therefore to request you will have the goodness to., .refrain from requiring a list e 
of the number, ages, or other piirtieuiurj respecting the inhabitants'' |_ 213 ], 

Mackenzie reports later that 

enquiries into the Revenue were altogether avoided, as tending to create a 

possible counteraction that would have riossibly retarded the progress of the other branches, 

without deriving siiilieieuv advantages 6 . 

In another report he writes ; 

The same conciliatory method was recommended to be observed... that I had found so 
productive of the best effects in my own investigations. ... I. ..notice the full and cordial 
support afforded to the Severn! Branches of the survey by the lfoads of the Civil and Military 
Authority in Mysore. In the whole of its progress a sufficioni, security was furnished in the 
most exposed situations by the Guards furnished by General U'chesiey's order [ 94 ]. ... 

The arrangements formed by Oolono! Close at the beginning, and afterwards adhered to 
by the several gi.'ntlemen of the Residency, procured the means of every information and 
aid. ..by the Dew;;n's sui.iordinitto oil ice rs v, itli a pi'oi n;:ti tilde a 111 1 exactness... that was new to 
me among natives, while it was extremely satisfactory in answering its object 7 . 

He pressed the value of his statistical and historical researches [ 03, ill ] ; 

At a moment when the attention of the Governments of India, and the Legislature in 
Europe, is turned to the imiolioration of the state of the nath e subjects ; the means of con- 
ciliating their minds; of exciting the habits of industry, and cultivating the arts of peace 
under the security and milder influence- of fixed Rules, it is presumed that such investigations 
cannijt, he viewed with indifference 8 . 

As we have already told, Arthur was removed for the survey in 1805 on account 
of complaints made to the Resident [ 105, 107 ]. Mackenzie took these the more 
seriously as Arthur had been charged tiie year before with 



25-S-03. 



b., 6-2-01. 
:o Pte. S 



s DDii. -U, 2U-G-01. «DDn. 66. 2>s-12-01. s [>T)c. 6S 13')") 
43, 1-5-01 ( 8 ). 'M>n. 42, 13-7-03 ( 32 ]. »ib. 1-10-03 ( it ). 



H 



! 



il 



1 



36S 



Pi':or.r,E & Country of India 



paying insufficient Trices for Provisions and Labours— Nut paying at all for carriage from 
village to village— Personal Violence to inhabitants— & their attendance unnecessarily & 
mcoio. enicutly required 1 . 

The English Gentleman employed on the survey, Mr. Arthur, having proceeded to Seringa- 
patam to celebrate the Feast of Chr.i stints, returned to the District on the 8th January, since 
when to the present date he has been daily collecting gold and silver earth, etc., and melting 
the earth brought from different quarters. ... The following is the list of such persons as are 
required to be stationed in attendance, vis., 

The Chittys of the Pettah ; dealers in Bice, Dall, and other articles of consumption for 
the bazaar — Chuuani people for the purpose of manufacturing whatever charcoal may be 
required. 

Pariah peopie to fee ready to blow bellows with leather — Sadlers, Tanners... — Fishermen 
■with fish. 

Of the people called Toties & Tollaries, four persons ; Five other persons for other different 
purposes. 

For the purpose of bringing in earth daily, from 10 to 20 persons as occasion may require 
must be realty to obey orders without tin: ^urollest delay. 

Six cows must be brought from the villages, and kept in the Cusbah to furnish milk in the 
morning and evening 2 . 

In passing these complaints to Mackenzie, the Resident pointed out that he 
had already written that it was 

inexpedient to entrust to Lieutenant Arthur the conduct of a separate survey involving cir- 
cumstances of some delicacy. I now think proper to inform you tha.t, upon inspection of tlio 
records, ... tbo greatest- dissaiisfac'.-'on has prevailed on his part, as well as on the part of the 
local officers of this Government : the consequence lias been the receipt of repeated complaints 
from those officers of the unauthorised demands made by Lioul. Arthur on the one hand, 
and on the other of oompiaiul.s by Lieut. Arthur of the want of Assistance. ... 

With the exception of Lieut. Arthur, every person attached to your Department has united 
with his labours the cordial concurrence and assistance of the officers of this Government. ... 
The singular exception of Licrit. Arthur constitutes clone h, very powerful reason for distrusting 
either his means, or his inclination, to use a, sufficient degree of prudence and conciliation. ... 

it is accordingly my direction thai, you immediately recall Lieut. Arthur from the separate 
survey at present entrusted to him, and that he may bo in future restrained to such duties 
only of the survey as can bo executed under your immediate orders and inspection 3 . 

Arthur was ordered to dismiss his private servant who was considered primarily 
responsible, and to adhere strictly l,o the orders for bidding detailed enquiries into 
private statistics. The type of complaints he had himself been making may be 
gathered from his journal ; 

This was the weekly market day ■called in Canarese a haut, and was well attended by 
merchants from the neighbouring towns ; eoai-so boiled rice was hero soiling at S-J seers per 
sultan fanam, although the rate furnished me by the Ai.iuldar was only If.!-, and other things 
in the same proportion dearer than the rates anions themselves, which proves the advantage 
the natives of this country will take over an European when they have the opportunity nod, 
if .he does not immediately comply with their demand, however exorbitant, they forward a 
complaint couched in all the craft of Indian malignancy, in which to them truth is by no means 
a necessary quality, and as it is difficult to investigate their authenticity, they .are too often 
bc'ieved when positively without the least foundation*. 

Arthur's point of view appears Utile different from (.liar expressed by Mackenzie 
himself when complaints were laid against his men and himself a few years earlier 
[366-7] ; but he now extended no sympathy to Arthur and, on receipt of a further 
report from the Resident, Arthur was discharged from the survey ; 

I yesterday received a representation from the Dewan against Lieut. Arthur, who it appears 
BO overloaded the coolies engaged to carry his baggage, as induce':! them to complain of the 
grievance. ... The Ryots employed as coolies... were made to carry a palanqueeh heavily laden 
with various articles, which by their account would require ten men instead of tout, the number 
employed 5 . 

After Arthur's departure, there is no record of further friction, and at the close 
of the survey in 1807 Mackenzie wrote to the Resident ; 



M. ! DDn. 68 ( 324 ), 15- 
*DDn. 68 [ :S53 ), 22-4-Oa. 



s DI>n. 68 ( 318 ), 24-1-04. i Journal, 



:m 



Mysore 3q9 

In returning the Bircarrahs which hove been attached to me by the Diwan...I consider 
tS^^^IT^* *° "fKI" '""'"'""t' — l»ta«ee...th,ve „vp.rf.„ced...froin .11 
ranks oi tho public Glneoiv, and inhabitants since the survov commenced in 1 SQO with scarce 

to fnTb.*'"' "• S W h ! ,°°' P< T™! ""f " ""** "' °™ Pr0part ? 1 «" «***>Y attended 
te ,n the mere remote dislnct,. Guards or Peons b ra „r-...rel„vcd from one district to another • 
and during the whole penod, ii while travelling m the wildest part. „■' „,„ oonntry not one 
— or the other has been attempted to be violated 1 



instance has occurred where the o 



as crop up 



Lambton's Survey 

Lambton and his officers were working under circumstances very different from 
those of the Mysore Survey. They were moving over the full extent of the peninsula 
from one province or slate to another, and had no chance of intimate co-operation 
with local officials ; they wore not concerned with focal boundaries or statistics 
but their major concern was the ready access to mountain lops, and ample provision 
of transport and suppiies. There were occasional difficulties such I 
frequently m the later history of the Great Trigonometrical Survey 
In 1803 Warren wrote to the Coffector of Chittoor ; 
.Kefthe, myself, no, the delegate which you «t», were aw™ ofaayPoliga, retaining 

Btdl any authority, Civil or Military, ,n your Districts end. ... i,«,„,c„l Dro„. Lin. one of 
my points, without any farther ceremony, I directed one of my hag, to be placed on that hill 
and the morning followed, unending n, observe at that station 

th ?°r,°' > h t t°, kle I"! ° ffC " <l r 1 ' °" t °" d ** b0 °° d '"■'<" "° d J "°S k " M ° h •arrormd, 
the Fort, but I not,™ a number of men hurrying from the v lii„ee...w,tl, ,„„ chloeks sword, 
and daggers, who entering the jungle at various places met in my ».y...,nd opposed with great 
clamour my proceed,,,- any further. 1 thought at fir., thai lie, only waited to see my 
passport [ i 4 g „., ], „ that they questioned how to I w,„ authorise,! Iw „„, t„, ,i,it the Fort 
of rismicat Droog, but in this I wa, mistaken , they answered to all that I urged that I had 
no business there without tho Pollgnr's leave, and that I must return to ,1,,, tillage until it 
was obtained, end meanwhile that I wotdd meet with due attention there 

As ,t would hare been v,» to resist, 1 directed my beereis l.o return, and resolved on 
acquainting you with whet had happened , I mnsl add that I had no other attendants with 
me then but my p.abinqaam boys, and that, baring no mathematical ins, reacts with me at 
the tunc, I boy could no, have taken „„ exception to thesis. 

The Collector replied ; 

Had I been aware of your intention to observe from Nardil Droog I could have informed 
you of the reception you were likely l„ experience from the Poliga, there, who has been for 
some months back m a state of disobedience and refractoriness. ... I therefore think it would 
be improper to hararb an opportunity for l.bc roootitioi, of similar insult by insisting on aceom 

pushing the ob. r of you, public functions in K.raoul Poliiam, and that it won Id ho preferable 

to . l'-.,i. fit: ircrn I. lie attempt 2 . 

Shortly after, Warren met with similar treatment at another hill in the same, 
district ; 

Having had occasion to send a Flag to be placed on Bungany Droog Hitl near Mivdee 3 

I gave directions to my Lascars to that effect and, as you were so good as to assist me with a 
letter to the Poligar of that place, ... I oonelnded...that no possible objection could be mad, 
to its admission. To my no small surprise, however, the people [ sent informed me that 
they were stopped by some Tannah Peon,, who signified to them that they could not P .,', 
withont the Pol, gar. leave. On this my Lascar delivered your letter v. inch ,vas conveyed to 
him by one of his own people. The poligar returned for answer that he could not allow the 
Flag to be placed m the Droog, by the reason that as it commanded a view of his habitation 
.his women might.- ,x. e_x\>r.wi to view. ... 

As I was prepared to meet with some difficulty, ... I had directed my Lascars in that 
event to place the mac on timother i-sdjaeent Hm... which would havo answered equally well 
my purpose b ut to this also the same objection was made on account of its cornmandine a 
v.ew oi the Pettah. The Pohgar's men meanwhile pointed out a. small Hill in the plain at 
some tl istimce, «,v.i to.d my ! ^acars t.hcy could j.bhco their Flat: there if thev chose 

I must place myself on such hills as will descry preeeeding and succeeding points These 



a 






I 



>DDn. 



, 4-6-07. ^Letters of Sept, 25th & 27th, 1803; MFC. 14-10-03. *M,,g a li, 57 K/16. 



370 



People & Country of India 



in. a hilly tract like this are generally the highest,, and almost everywhere the stronghold of a 
Poligar 1 . 

la acknowledging this letter the Collector replied that, 
from the consequences of the two trials you have now made of the temper of the Poligars, 
and from, my own experience of their disposition, ... f Koe no ground, to hope that the other 
Podgars will be actuated by sentiments different from. ..the Polia:ars of Xaraeul and I 
I would therefore ai.ssuado vols from any farther end e-nv ours io continue the isurvoy ii 
Chittoor Polliams for the present [ 127, 238-9, 246, 35S n.4] 3 . 
Lamb-ton had then to inform Government that he had abandoned the attempt to 
carry triangles through Chittoor*. 

Two years later Kater met with trouble in the north wsstoi? Mysore, aitd Lambton 
writes to the President ; 

It is with serious concern that I have to acknowledge the receipt of your other letter- 
stating the disagreablo and nadanchoiy circumstance of a murder havicg been committed by 
one- of the Sepoys of hi, [ Ivater's ] guard. I have this iuatanb dispatched two of the Amuldar's 
peons with orders to Lieut. Kater, directing him to proceed with all possible expedition to 
Kowlydrcog, to investigate Liu; charge, and to deliver up the Sepoy to ptibliek justice, taking 
every person with him that. can jrive the least in format ion on the subject. ... 

As I am induced to believe thai, this ciriumistmco is entirely unknown to him, I have no 
doubt of his tsikiiv.r every measure in his power to arrive at the truth respecting this dis- 
agreable event, and also that ha will pioduoe a statemont...th:it will... lessen the enormity "of 
those acts of violence with which he himself has been charged ; for, though he may not be 
altogether prudent, yet I cannot help thinking, as you do, on the improbability of some of 
them 4 . 

To Kater he writes in a nithorly manner that 
it will bo peculiarly. r;rati tying to me, if you can prove, the falsity of those ehai'ges by which 
your character has been so darkened, and that you will >>■:•■ led from this to reflect how necessary 
prudence and forbearance art; in our transactions in life, before we can attain what is truly 
desirable, the just ro; sui ;if inn of being good ami amiable 5 . 

In forwarding Kater'a report he says that he felt 
peculiar satisfaction from the manner in which Mr. "Kater Sifts acquitted himself. That giving 
exaggerated representations, and even false testimony, are circumstances which to my know- 
lege too often occur among natives of India, where there is any object, of interest in view, but, 
where to all appearance no such object can exist, that one man should endeavour to swear 
away the life of another is inexplicable. 

The concern which Lieut. Kater has felt. ..will, .1. am persuaded, make him partieiiliru-Iy 
careful that no future acts of violence be offered to the mhabit.aiits by any of his people, and 
I shall direct that the, sepoys be forbidden such practices.. I am well aware that servants 
and camp followers, ii not kept under tbe i iiykionco of fear, are too apt to assume; and, so 
forcibly was I impressed with this idea when I assumed this survey in 180.1 that I made it a 
rule, if a complaint should be brought to mo by an inhabitant, to inflict corporal punishment 
immediately on the person complained against, on the bare reoort of the complainant, presum- 
ing on the probability uf his being right. .1 had occasion 1.0 put this rote in execution twice, 
which put a stop to a.! iriaa^i/darities in my camp 6 . 

In commenting on this ea.se Kater remarks that his 

sepoys and followers bavkrg... remained two days without jocd requires some decisive steps to 
prevent the I ip ■■ nine in future. 

The Dewan is not perhaps .aware of too difference between thia survey unci others of an, 
inferior nature, nor ef the assistance which is sometimes- necessary to the preservation of the 
valuable Instruments used, and the subsistence of tlie persons employed. The violent gusts 
of wind and rain prevalent in the western parts of .Mysoor at the comm en cement of the Malabar 
monsoon render every precaution .necessary. ... At Cowly Droog, the observatory tent was 
blown away, and the I a strum ants would have shared its fate, bad not two of my coolies 
thrown themselves on the frame, and with difficulty preserved it. The case in which it is 
carried, though held by two men, was dashed in pieces on the rock. 

Generally encamped near hills, at too sjreat. a- distance from villages to send for provisions, 
it would bo difficult to proceed without the accomodation of a. I'!a:air iron.; the nearest village. ... 

AtW — the danger from the wild elephants is known to be great, ... yet I was left there the 
first night of my arrival with only my own followers, who were then few in number. Fortunately 

' MPC. 1-1-10-03. * DIta. 63 ( 120 1, 27-5-05. 



Lambton's SUEtE 



371 



during the time I remained there, which was two nights, th.ise animals didnot visit the hill 1 . 

District officials may well have beon disconcerted at the amount of help which 
Lambton expected from them. He writes, for instance, to the magistrate of Nellore ; 

I have detached Lieut. Hodge, one of my Assistants on tin.; Genera,! .Survey, to explore 
the Coast and interior from Nellore to Masulipatam, for the purpose of selecting stations [245-6]. 
In this service he will probably stand in need of some assistance from the police peons. 

In the course of a few weeks a considerable part of my establishment under the direction 
of Lieutenant Eiddell, who is conducting very extensive operations from Gouty to the sea- 
coast, will also enter the Kelloi-e district, when he will be joined by Lieut. Hodge. They will 
then want considerable aid occasionally from the inhabitants, in clearing roads up the rnoun- " 
tains, and will also want bazars to attend and remain with them. ... It will save much time 
and trouble if you will have the goodness to order all your Darogahs and other publick servants 
to attend to their applications, and allow one or two peons to be attached to them while they 
are in your district. 

They will have to detach signal Hags ( blue and white ) to different parts of the country, 
and it may "be necessary to give some previous orders to prevent those flags, and the people 
who attend them, being molested ; Lieut. Garling teports that at one place his flag coolies 

e driven away by armed poligars. I could wish that such circumstances may if possible 



I shall myself enter the Nellore District in a few days with a large party on my way to 
Masulipatam, but I do not know that I shall traverse the country. However, if you will give 
directions to your public, servants to attend to my wants, T shall be much obliged to you 2 . 

The very same official who made trouble with Kilter in 1805 n pain raised trouble 
in 1813 with De Penning, whom he accused of having cut down a pipal tree 3 and 
of failing to pay for supplies. De Penning retorted ; 

I have not as yet ascended any Pagoda or Place of worship in the Mysore, and I have 
always been very nice and particular on that subject, being fully acquainted with the delicacy 
of the Hindoos in preserving their sacred and religious places unpolluted. 

The Amildar nT Shioavpoor* saw me at Kowvaspoor before the flag was placed on the 
Pagoda, and as. I was very Civil to that Chief, and he could speak the Tamil language ]>erfectly 
well, in which language he conversed with me for some time, he could have easily told me 
that the Xn lives were averse to placing a flag on !hc Pagoda. ... 

The report says that I left the Talook without paying for anything. This is a gross piece 
of falsehood, as I am confident that the Head Man of the village was paid by my sorvant, for, 
upon taking leave of us at Woodagiinny 5 , I questioned himself in his own language, when he 
acknowledged that ho woe paid satisfactorily, and had given in Iii B receipt. 

It is an invariable custom with me always to see the heads of the villages before we parted, 
and to question them myself, to know if they were actually paid, in order to avoid imposition 
on the part of my people, at the same time to give them an opportunity to state any grievance 
they may have met with. That, the Inhabitants may not be frightened or impoa'd upon, 
I always received the Headman of every village I camo to into my tent, spoke to them in their 
own language, giving them to understand the nature of the survey, the probable length of 
time would be in their Talooks, the assistance I would require, and finally, if they should 
have any cause to complain of, I would remove the difficulty upon their letting me know in time. 

A book is open for receipts, and every village receipt is booked by the Chiefs themselves 
after receiving payment, and...I have therein enclosed true copies of 3 receipts that were 
furnished us by the villages, acknowledging to have received payment for- everything 6 . 

The case was sent up to Government, who informed the Surveyor General that 
they found the explanation satisfactory, though Lambton regretted that Govern- 
ment found 

it necessary to send an officer as far as Shikarpoor to enquire, on the spot, into the grounds 
and particulars of these complaints. ... 

In cases of this sort, however, ... some import must be attached to the respectability of 
the parties, and I think it but justice towards this young man to state that ho has now been 
acting under my orders for fourteen years, and of late has often been detached from me ; and 
never before the present instance has there been a shadow of a. complaint o-gsjnst him. ... 

Upon enquiry I find that, the Amildar of Shikarpoor is the very person who, in 1806, 
preferred in a most infamous manner a long list of complaints against Lieut. Kater, then my 



■DDn. S-L ( 13 ), 5-7-05 ; of. 
VII. ISM 4 (306-7). *DDn. fi3 ( 
8 m. NW. of Shikarpur, 48 N/7. 



m 



by Brig. Sir CI inter, Ltn 
24-5-1 1. 'Finis n.Ugio/- 
m Bilgi, 48 J/15, 20-11-1 



, livijiin Suney (tfair.ie. No. 54 Vol. 
'Siiilinrpur, .IS N/7. 'Udar-iitie 
: MitfC, 13-12-13. 



■M:'- 



less than twelve Ooverams, and 

through the ooLin try. At Kamisseram 
: the cell which contained the Sawmy, 
on of the Christian Religion being pro- 



Go vernal ent was g 

were much exaggera: 
considered to ho highly r 
with the indispensible 



People & Coumtky of India 

md among other heinous accusations, charged him with being instrumental to the' 
murder of a man. ... So satisfied was Major Wilkes 1 of.. .Lieut. Eater's innocence that he 
wrote a public!; letter to me in terms of the highest. approbation. ... 

With respect to placing flags upon pagodas, mounde in forts, etc., I have only to say that 
when I crossed the Peninsula, in 180-1-5, there was scarcely a pagoda or Droog in the Mysoor 
country that was not a station, and I never met with the smallest objection to placing flags, 
either on one or the other. 

Even in the bigot-ted country of Tanjon . 
without those; lofty buildings I never could have gc 
I was permitted to place- the Instrument directly o> 
and al! that too when there was a general appreher 
pogated 2 . 

1 to learn that the complaints against Du Penning 
, but his conduct in striking 1 tho public- servants at Chundoryooty in 
reprehensible. ... You will impress both him and your other Assistants 
essity of oonduefing themselves with justice and with gentleness 
towards t-}is iuhshitants of every "District in which they' may be employed. 

You will further warn them that any outrage against the religious feelings of the natives 
will not fail to subject the offender to the severe displeasure of the Government 3 . 

Incidents of this unpleasant character were not frequent, and as a rule the 
surveyors met with all friendliness, such a-s the timely help Do Penning received 
just before meeting this surly amildar of Sliikarpur ; 

Feb. 17th. 1813 ; Marched to Heereeor*. on the Chittledroog to Serah road. ... Being short 
of cash & not expecting n.y supply for some time, r was obliged to borrow some money from 
the Shroff of this place, which I easily obtained through the Amildar, a very obliging sort 
of man. The sum of 20 pagodas was borrowed, and a bond for the same, payable °in 15 
days, was given to the shroff 5 . 

When planning extension into the Nizam's Dominions, Lanibton was at some 
pains to gain the co-operation of the local officials, and suggested a visit to Henrv 
Russell [ 248 n.9 ], J 

in order to state to you my particular objects and wants, that you may give full explanation to 
Hie Highness the Nizam, or the different Vakeels residing at his Court ; for unless there be a 
readiness everywhere to aid and accommodate, it- will be impossible for me to carry on a work of 
this nature, especially if any obstacles bo thrown in my way. 

I am aware of the jealousy of all the native powers, as well as that of their- subordinate 
chiefs, on seeing any description of survey carrier! 01. within their districts; but, mine being of 
a more general and extensive nature than those which they have been accustomed to notice, 
and not embracing statistical objects, or such as excite their suspicion, I am in hopes that by a 
little address they may bo induced to visit it without alarm 6 . 

Russell replied that 
the nature of the survey which you propose to make in the Nizam's Territories is certainly 
calculated to excite the jealousy both of his Government and of hie subordinate officers, 
but I trust that your own caution and address, assisted by the- orders T shall procure for you to 
the managers of the different districts yon will pass through, will prevent- the occurrence of 
any serious obstacle to your success. It will give me great pleasure to see you at the Residency, 
and to adiavl you .'.-very assistance within the reach of my influence and authority 7 . 

By the thoughtful arrangements and goodwill with which all preparations were 
made, as well as the tact of Lambton and all his assistants, work through the 
Nizam's territories progressed smoothly for the next three years and, after extend- 
ing hi3 great arc to Bidar [ 249 ], Lambton was able to write ; 

My excursion into the Nizam's Country was fur the sole purpose of getting 3 degrees more 
to the Arc, and it was with some hesitation that I entered it at all, from being apprehensive of 
interruption occasioned by the jealousy of the inhabitants ; but all impediments have been 
removed by the truly libera] support which I have met with from Mr. Henry- Russell, the 
Resident at the Nizam's court. ... 

I at first indeed experienced some delays when my signal flags were sent forward, and that 
from not knowing 111 what district they might fall ; hut when that happened, an order to the 
jaghirdar 3 was instantly procure.:-; from the minister, and the difficulty removed. But when it 
became generally known that I was not surveying their little districts, the alarm ceased, and 
I met with the same willingness to assist as I found in every other part of the peninsula, 
especially among tin; (.lentoo' J inhabitants 10 . 



"■Mark Wilis. ( 17(10-1831 ), Mad. Inf.; Rrsdt. My-jure 
14. =DDn. 61 (62), d 3 14. "fflrivur, 57 (J/0. 
3. 'ib. (4), 5-3-13. Maud-holder. 'Hindu. '»y 



105-7 ; DNB. ; DIB. • Mm, 63 ( 337 ), 
5 Penning** Journal. "DDn. 146 (3), 




0.MJP2*Y Sc a 




FCRTHEB ABBREVIATIONS 



. . Aide-de-Camp 


Comzn/t/y. . 


ComryLsKar/iat/v 




Inv/d. 


. Invalid/ed 


. . Adjutant General 


Comn/r. . 


Commisaion'/er 






.. Agent to Governor 


Comp/ns/r/g. 


Compnt/ationa/er, 




JAG. 


. Judge Advocate General 


General 


Contt. 


Contingent- 




JR. 


. Justice of the Peace 


Assistant .Political 


Corn. 


Cornet 








Officer 


Corr. 


Corresponding/enc 








. - Assistant Quartemraster 




created 




KC/B/IE. 


. Knight Commander of 


General 


Ctml. 


Courtmartial 






tils / -B'Llii / Indian 


. . Astronomer Royal 












. . Asiatic Society" of Bengal 
( now Royal j 


D/A/Q MG . 






K/H/LS. 


• Knight of the/Hano- 

•.■•!■:.:■■:< 0;:lo-|. : ..r. and 


Quarter M;vtcr Gmprui 




Tin. 


1), mii; 0-mmiBei 






Su^ ' 


General 


r> d. 


DfiWiir :jf Divinity 




kd. 


. killed 


. . Aceompan/ied/y 


DSG. 


Depi: ty Sl ;r vfiYorGonf-ra! 


Kt/Bach. 


. Knight/Bachelor 


. . Acting 


d. 










Adjutant 








LLD. 


Doctor of Lawa 


. . Admiral/admitted 


Dep. 


Deputy 




LRCS. 


[.icentlato of Royal 
Collce/c of Surgeons. 

. Latitude 


Administra/tion/tive 


'Dett. 


I'i'ti.ailiini:-! i 






Ad vertise, 'VI. 'men t 


Disch. 


Discharged 




Lat. 


. . Allowance 


Dist. 


District" 






Lieutenant 




JDiv. 


Divisi <n 




Long/1 


. Longitud/e/inal 


.. Apprentice 




Draughtsman 




Lt. 


Lieutenant- Light 


. . ;\n paint /ed/mc-nt 


Dsm. 






Lt/Col/Govi 


Lientenant/Colonel/Gov- 


. - Application 




died without issut 








. . Arriv/ed/ing 












. . Artillery 


EI. 


East Indian 




M. A. 


. Master of Arts 




«d. 


edited/educated 




MAG. 


. Military Accountant 


. . Assistan/t/ce 




edition 






General 


. . Aatrononiioal 




1 V.ir Bar 




MCS, 


. Madras Civil Service 


. . Attached 


Ena. 






MD. 


. Doctor of Medicine 


. . Attendant 


Est. 


Establishment 




MGen. 


. Miij or (Jeneral 


. . Author 


Es/Engr/Offr 


Executive/Engine 




MI. 


Monumental Inseriptioii 


tiengal Civil Srevice 


Expn. 


Officer 




MM I, 


. Madras Military Jnstitu 


Bombay Civil Service 








MR. 


. Member of Parliament 




ELS. 


Fellow of the linneau 




. married/mile 


. . baptized 










medical certificate 


. . Baronet 


FRAslS. .. 


Fellow of the 
Astronomical 


Koyal 


Mad Eur, 


Madras lioropean Kci!!- 


. . Battalion 


ERGS. .. 


Fellow of the 


li-;y:':l 


Magte. 


. Magistrate 






Geographical Hocietv 




. Major 


. . Biograph/ical/y 


W R S. 


Fellow of the 


Royal 


Mar. 




Barrackm aster 




Society 




Math. 


. Mathematic/al/s 




Ed Engr. . . 


Field Engineer 




Matric. 


Matriculation 


. . British Association 


Et Wo. 


Fort William 




Mdpn. 


Midshipman 


. . Brother 


Fori. 


Furlough 






Measurement 




Fwkr. 


i'irev.urker 




Med. ' \ 


Medical/service 










Memo. 




GCB. 


Crand Cross of the Batl 


Merch. 


Merchant 


. . Companion of the Bath 


GCSI. .. 


Grand ( : ross of tl 


e Star 


Mil. 


Military 


. . Chief Engineer 




of India 






month 


, . Commanding Officer 


GTS. 


Great. Trigonometrical 






. . Central Provinces 




Hui-vny of India 




SB. 


North Britain 


. . approximately 


Gen. 


General 




a" i. 


Native Infantry 


. . Cantonments 


Gfather 


G^nuiaiai- 




N P GW1. . 


.Suti-.iiaU.-'oririitGi-.lkrv 
Nort-j West Provinces n'f" 


. . Cap lain /Lieutenant 








NWP. . 


. . Cathedral 




C:.ri- i«; i: 






Bengal 


, . Cavalry 








Nat, 


Natural 


. , Cemetery 


HEIC. .. 


Honourable East 


India 


nd. 




Chiipt-er/filiiiTgr- /chief/ 




Company 








church 


H M. 


Hi d Majesty's 








. . Churchyard 


Hdqrs. 


IfeidOMartftr? 




OS. 


Ordnance Survey of 
Great Britain 


. . Civil 


Ho. 


House 






. . class 


Hon. 


Horior/able.'arv 




Ob. 


Obituary 


Colonel 


Ht. 


Height 




Obs/d/g/n. . 


Observ/ed/ ing/ation 


. . College 


r. 


Island 




PA. 


Political Atrent 
Privats Secretary 
Prince of Wales Island, 


. . Collector 


Infn. 


Infovmatiun 




PS. 


. . Committee 


Inst. 






P W I. 


jt. Command/ed/irig/er/ant 


Inat/n/r 


Instruct/ion/or 






Penang 






i 



Fttrthee Abbreviations— ( Concld. ) 



pm. 


per mensem ; monthly 


Regr. 


. Register 


Suppt. 


Si.:;.i"ll '.■iliT.t 




Prebendary 


Regna. 


. Regulations 


Surg. 


Surgeon 


Pit;sa;t ; W 


Presiden/t/cy 


Regt/1. 


. Regiment/al 


Sur./d/jt/r . 


Survey/ed/ing/or 


ps. 


pagodas 


Repr. 


. Reprinted 


Svy. 






Private 


Ecitd .''..■':■- 


. Residen/t/cy 






Pymr. 


Paymaster 


Res/d/n. 


ticsi;_;ri/ed/ation 


Topo. 


Topographical 






Bet. 


. Retired 




transferred 


EA. 


Boy al/Academy / Artil - 






Trig. ; 


Trigonometrical 


RAS. 


Royal Astronomical 
Society 


8E. 

S&M. 


Superintending Engineer 
ijs.jjiifM's & Miners 


Trg/n/te/tg 


Triangul^/iun/e/ing 




8TS. 


Superintendent, Trigo- 




University 


B As Son. . 


RdyaJ A.iiatin Society 




no metrical Survey 




unmarried 


RE. 


Koyr.l Engineers 


Soo. 


So ciety 






EM. 


.Koy.i! Marines 






V. 




11 M/A/C 


Ii'.'V.i.l J.Ulitarv/AciLd«riiv, 


Sergfc. 




Vet. 


Veterinary 




Woolwioh/Coliege, Mar- 


Sq. 


. Square 




videlicet ; that is 




low or Sandhurst. 


St. 


. Street 


Vol. '. 


Volume/ Volunteer 




Royal Navy 


Sub-Asst. 


eiii a- Assistant Surveyor 






ES. 


Eoyal Society 




Su bsidiary 


yd. 




Eecce. 


Pci-i'iii;, 1 . ssance 


succ/d. 


. succeed/ed 






Recd/d/g/n. 


Recomend/ed/ing/ation 


Supd/g/t . 


S u perintend/ing/ent 










BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 



n 



IM 



If 





? 







ADAMS, Henry. Bo. Inf. 

b. 21-1-1789. d. 4-6-29, Satara. 

Ens. 1-1-07 ... Bt. Capt. 1-1-18 ; Capt. 14-7-22. 

.Son of John Adams, of Aberdeen, seedsman. 

m. 11-11-11'. I.'lr'.si b'l'.a Louisr. sb.'lcr of J:'.: Hi!.; C111ik3l11-.uk 

[393 1 

ilari.ii 1812. joined bt. svy. [Smash r iSS-Q, 323], and 
employer! on rev. svy. till death. 

ALICES, Charles George. Mad. Inf. 
b. 8-6-1786. d. 21-11-62. 
Lieut. 17-7-05 ... Lt Col. 20-7-36 ; ret. 17-6-41. 

Son of John A. ;■<-;, oha nicer :;s in to the .Poke of f'lieo.lcagh. 
and Janet MePberson his wife ; hm. £0 Nathaniel [ in/]. 

m. 27-3-lil, Jibs Mary Browne. 

April ISiiti, inn., cl.jt [320]. 

"iM.VIC. 28-1008, appd. Travaiieore Svy. [133]; MGO. 
14 2-11, rejoined, corps. 

.Hunt! esse War, ii2o-d ; survd. iuuib 1'adaung f.o 'I'auugup 
Pass; DDn. 219 ( fi ), 30-6- 20, "lately in civil charge of the 
Province of Basseiu", submits [nap of Irrawaddy Delta, 
compiled tiddly "(rous information 1 ...forms a more correct 
map of the Delta than any "we have before been possessed of'" 1 . 

HMS. 672 ( 33!> ). 5 3--30. Hep. JAG., Moulmoiii. 

ALVES, Nathaniel. Mad. Inf. 

h. 20-3-1788. d. 18-7-75, Jersey. 

Ens. 20-9-05 ... LtCol. 1-1-36 ; ret. 10-9-41. 
Km. tci Chnrlrs * ienrgc [sup ]. 
Oriental Club. 

June 1807. M.Vii., el. Ill [320]. 

BMC.'. 24-1-10. ami. Cideur.a after sick leave to China; 
MMC. 29- 1-i 1, rejoined corps from isvv. under QMG. 

1828, 'I' A. P.l.opid ; ACQ. Rainainua : .[.mc \?m. wounded 
in diatur ban™, Jaipur. 

ARTHUR, Thomas. Mad. Engrra. 

b. 12-5-1779. d. 1-5-17, Quilon., 

Travancore ; mi. 
Ens. 18-4-1796* ... Capt. 15-11-10. 

Son uf Re.v. Roller! Arthur, of Rosohs. eu. I'.&s, MB., and 
Anne, Ids 1*1. wile, rlis'.i. of Capt. John Monro of Jtraemore ; 
an uncle in Madias IS0J' inn, pn's'ljiy her bro., Cot. Munro 
of Pointer] eld. 

Mysoro War, 17'ili ; Siege of Bering. 1 pat am, under Mackenzie 
[ qv ] on N. batteries [ I, js,[ |: wit.li Warren [ qy ] on svy. 
of the fortress after its capture, til! taken ill. 

23 - 1.-1800, anpd. v-o M\ -ore Sv y., joining- .\lar-kenzic 
at Bangalore, and with him nit svy. of IS", frontier 
[95= 97, 118]. 15-12-00, attacked by fever; Feb. 
1801, to Madras, Mackenzie -writing to Resdt. ; 
"Mr. Arthur, whose zeal prompted liiiri to remain, 
though iivrgerd'.g under the efl.'nefs; of a fever different 
from the agues; thi.it attacked the rest, at last was 
obliged to proceed to the coast by the decided 
Opinion of the i nodical gentlemen. I heartily con- 
curred in tins as the only effectual way u!" getting 
rid of his complaint [ 98, 360-1 ]*. 

Mackenzie writes to biro at Madras, 30-5-01 ;■ " With 
regard [(• yonr coming up to Mysore, you can imagine I shall 
be very well pleased how soon yoii win attempt it with safety 
to yourself ; In: IVum yuiir skv.ation by your last, I think it 
would be-, very sdvisalde to think" seriously before you tempt 
the air of Hallaghaut [153 11. 1]. .1. recollect being in Julv 
179& oblige:; to go down to the (tIkuiLs for a similar en inn lain":. 
[I, 352 J. But in this you ought by all means to consult 

•MEIO. 174 ( 7 
.IB)!!, m. 17-4-03. '" 
( 127 ). 20-7-05. 



376 BIOGRAPHICAL 

the medical people, and fallow iinp'i^iih; tkeir advice, with- 
out minding a moment what ;;ie busy ivus.l will say ; besides, 
the work I have recommended will employ your time very 
properly at Madras r.s we.': I as if you were up the Ghauts 1 . 

2-8-01, rejoined Mackenzie at. H ii-iyur, going sick 
iron. S-i'i 01 ami e 0.1 ployed ■m light duty, 1 r.eli;.; :iiig 
1 trgn. and meast. of base-line at Dod-Ballapui 

[98-100, 119-20, 36611.7]. 

28-1-02, after repeated attacks? of fever returned to 
Madras "Health eoiitinidnf; on clio deoliiio", granted 
leave, 8-7-02, for see. voyage to Penang. 7-1-03. 
returned to Madras, reporting there to Mackenzie, 
and moving tip to Mysore in Feb. to take up svy. 
ii!' Melueote Dist., X. of Soringapatam [ 102 ]. 

Complained of biek i_.f nss'ce. from State officials, whilst 
they on the other hand -said that hi. demands were unreason- 
able [ I05„ 307-8 ]. This frietior. led Resdt.. to ask that he 
should not work near the Coorg border; "the manner of 
communication wii.fi the natives eveil.es: considerable doubt 
in my mind of that Gentleman's using a- sulkeicnt decree of 
conciliation to i.prili.fy bis healing any dcrec of intercourse 
with the people of Koorg" 5 . Arthur expressed deep regret, 
but the Besdt. was not satisfied; "Although, however, 
Lieut. Arthur appears to me to have failed :u pro '.hieing any 
substantial vindieation of his past conduct, the earnest 
desire be has manifested... to [vgaiii...t.he Liund opinion he has 
forfeited, may be entitled 1.0 further en us id oration. Lieut. 
Arthur would seem 5.0 posses- q-.i.i lilie.Lt iujis which, if properly 
directed and eia.T.ro ilea, rn.iy lie usefully employed". 

Finding thai, his failure to pay for .supplies could be "attri- 
buted to tie agency of a- native servant", die Resdt. ordered 
that "the absolute dismission of Ram eh under Row from the 
service of Mr. Arthur must acrordingiy precede any permis- 
sion for his being soparaieh- employed | jbd J. He found 
moreover that Arthur lied iieen amity of "personal violence 
towards the inhabitants; ...the effects of repeater! illness 
may famish some pretention, hut nt> sufficient apology, for 
personal violence"'. 

Arthur continued svy, of dists. within reach of 
Sering;ip;it;im fill 1805, when the Ro.sdl. ngy-ui com- 
plained of friction with local officials, anil asked that 
lie should be removed. Mackenzie, being much 
disturbed by those eompiauits, showed no sympathy 
with Arthur, and had him abriipi.ly dismissed. 
Arthur writes to hull on July 20 ih, a.eknowledging a 
"letter of the ISt.h, informing me that I am relieved 
from the duty of Assistant in the Survey of Mysore, 
which I had. seen with no little surprize in General 
orders on my arriving at- I'auohvir on the 16th inst., 
after having fuii.shed the fiehi part, of the Survey. ... 

"This measure having 1 user, piaee in so sudden a maimer, 
without any idea of it.-; being likely, or 1 knowdedge on my 
part of a cause existing, grieves me much. ... I cannot but 
suspect that it arose from some recent- disss! isfaot-iou on your 
part with my conduct on the Survey ; ... yon will therefore 

head, that 1 may know the grounds on which I am thus 
separated from your command, to whom it. was always my 

■-!'".■-■■■-■■ vi-U !'i :d'V :^"c:"V KUisflCtlOn""^. 

Mackenr/.ie. replied; ''As you are pleased to intimate 
suspicion of your relief, ... while you refer to your washes of 
alwsiys sarisfviug me, 1 in us"... observe that nothing was ever 
e ■: peeled... of you by me beyond. .. cord ial co-operation. ... For 
this I will refer to :.he whole of ray ov.:i official ,.'or!'e^T>on."lcnce 
and reports ( ever suice your restoraliou last year) & of the 
embarrassments atten:hi_ r that part of tiie survey. 



2« 



a thereon were not unknown to you. 
before I left- Scrtngapataiu last, any suggestion that I could 
i...-. hi ill] cui.ed bv ■ iipe.isjli.,iu. i * li: utf i p ■:■ r t e rl on the face of 
official documents appear to mo inapplicable. ... Whether 
-hc.se motived. ..had influence in relieving you by an ofEoer 
of your ov.Ti Corps, who ecrtaiidv ue;cr solicited for your 
appointment, is uoi. for mo to deter mine. ... And as you are 
pro c e Piling to the Presidency you can there more properly 
obtain the inform ation... yen; mention t.ban is in my power 
to furnish, which, in preventing iinr.ieci.s.-iiiiv correspondence, 
'.rill enable sillier of ns to turn our: attention ram- effectually 
to out public duties [ 107, 368 ] "'. 

Though Arthur may have boon ut;.v.i.-;e, his jourriEl 2 
shows him to have been of a simple and friendly dis- 
position, by no means overbearing or aggressive. 
The following extracts show his keen interest both 
in the people of the eoutitty ami their customs, and. 
also in. wild life. 

"Sera, Dee. 3rd 1801. ... The Tomb of Malik Italian, the 
first, Mogul General who eon i.\ neve; I iies country, and built 
the present Fort at Sera :— the Building is a Mausoleum o!" 
blue stone with cue or two Domes, well executed ami neatly 
adorned with caned work. ... Under the rock on which the 
cedga- 1 stand.-! there is an extensive Cavern, from which 
tradition say--; there is a subterraneous passage to the Baba 
linden Hills, and it is eoir.oou;^ .isscd.ei! :...a ; - a cock which 

Hhoptmunga. and came nil at another cave tr.ar. opens there. 

"The country about ,Sera abounds with Antelope-;, foxes, 
deers, jaekak'. a lew wolves, tigers, and a variety of water 
fowls: Bustards arc sometimes seen here, with a few ti'lorikm. 
Many of the valLies ism 1 covered with date trees that afford a 
good" shells';', and in same seasons food for a great number 
of wild hogs thai inhabit them ; they are sometimes hunted 
by the natives, who have strong nets made of rope for the 
purpose, with which, they siirrooiul the paths and openings 
in the thickest part of the jungle, widen they then traverse 
in every direction with dogs, who rouse the game, and pursue 
them into the toils, which arc so managed as to entangle 
them as soon as they come into i.hem ; others are turned out 
of the cover into the open lie Ids where ihey are run down by 
tic- tloga and 1 hen speared. ... 

"Jan. 13th 1802. Having obtained leave to 
:l to the coast I intended going- on to day. but 
; prevented by a severe return of fever -which 
obliged me to halt, ... 

"Jan. 17th. Descended the pas.s today, and went 
as far as Saatgur, which I left^ on the 19th, and 
arrived by slow marches on the 28th at Madras, from 
whence some lime after, my health 001 it inning on the 
decline, I was obliged to take a voyage by sea [ 102 j ... 

"Fob. litii ISO.-!. f Suing now pretty well recovered 
of the Revere and tedious illness with which I had 
been for a long time hack afflicted, ami which had 
obliged me to go To sea, I commenced this morning 
my journey towards Jfysoro in on lor to resume the 
Survey, ... and in undertaking it thus a third time. 

1 earnestly breathed a- prayer that I might be enabled 
by a continuance of health to make up in some 
measure for the time which wont of it obliged me l<> 
spend in searching after that, blessing. ... 

"15th. ... fitrcparmardore is a handsome, clean, village, 
chief! v occupied by flr.imius aifeoeiaiit on a iargi- handsome 
Piicoi'la here: ... '['he Ohoultrv at which i put up is about 

2 miles further on, where are'a collection of small huts, and 
a guard of Tanuah Peons for examining passports and taking 
e.ji straggling Europeans who have I hem not [ 342 n.3 ]. ... 



"lath. On my arrival [n the Choultry 1 found there a 
poor man lying on the ground wiih a broken leg, and almost 

that this accident happened to him throe days ago, since 
when he had been lying hen- '.vitluv.it any person having, the 
humanity 1.0 <?ct, him carried to Areol.. onlc ■ > miles distant, 
where Ids relations were, or assist him in any other' way, and, 
when I employed two men to entry Slim thither, tin; people 
here, who are mostly b'.amins, e\- pressed astonishment at 
my interesting myself about a complete stranger. ... 

"doth. Continued 01; journev 'tils morning to a Choultry 
at the Foot of the Pass" with the intention of' asceia.ling it, 
but w'a.s prevciaed by the nori-i-.r. rival of my bullock handy 
with my stationery box, etc., which had broken down some- 
where I'.eyond Auiliooi', ana obliged me to send some people 
am! Bullocks to bring on the tilings. 1 was informed that 
the pli.ee whs very much infested wi-.':i thieves, but fortunately 
none of them paid me a visit. 1 shot several quails here, 
v.-here they abound. 

"28th. Although my h„llock -R^Ay W not yet made 
ils appe ,1 ranee, I -.vent on this morning to Vone.atgarTy b , as 
besides the iuc nil voider, 00 of want, of supplies, this place has 
the Character at present ■■■!' b-ng infestec with thieves who 
lately have robbed several people unveiling this road. Mile-' 
stones have lately been phiced al; aiong this road by Lt. 
Warren of Hi.-; .tfaiest.y'.- :i:{rrl I'.egt. | qv j, late Assistant on 
the Mysore Survey, and entirely at Ids own fix paries, which 
certainly deserves the thanks of the public, as passiog them 
tueni isil ■ I ;. ii-ii I; is t: e ro»(] less tedionsi 

"'The distance to V'cm.'i'.tegherry is '1 aides and very good. 
Around the latter place there are seieral tanks abomsduig 
ici'.h fish, and much tYeqooe.teo by Hue'; and Teal, the liberty 
of biking v.kico is rented to pari i; uliir persons hy f he Oirear : 
the wild fowl are here taken in nets, into which they ars 
inveigled by strewn tig grain on the surface of tbo water, ... 

"March. 5th. Want 011. today to Ban galore, about 
16 miles of very good road, but thro' a country 
perfectly barren to witbin a, short distance of this 
place. ... Bangalore on my near approach to it 
appeared to be invelioped in mist, ... occasioned I 
suppose from its lying relatively low in the Surround- 
ing e-.itmtry. ... 

" ISth. Seringapatain. ... From hence, being near, 
I went to visit the ground where (lie advanced posts 
and enfilading batteries on the north side of the 
River were in 1 700. aiii! whore i had served during 
the latter part of the siege of Seringa pat-am [ I, 118, 
351-2 ]. What a change ! What was then a scene 
of bloodshed and desolation is- new converted into 
fine cultivated fields and flourishing gardens, and 
those trenches constructed for the purposes of des- 
truction are now changed into breams of water [for 
irrigation ]. ... 

"25th. Set out to day from Xagjuunguh.uti [ 102, 
208 ] with an intention of fixing a station on two 
hills about 5 miles from it, and as much from each 
other, but through the food offices of the Amuldar 
the guides and people I directed to go before to- the 
first hill went to the other by pretended mistake, 
and the person sent along with myself to shew me 
the road led me with much difficulty 011 horseback 
to the top of a ridge of hills by a path which he said 
would lead me to the other bill 1 wished to go to, 
but "when too late 1 T found that the- path was made 
by Tygers and other wild beasts to whose dens it 
brought me ; wheTe 1 got- so entangled among rocks 






s 



»DDn. 



; OHO. Lib. 



3 kigah, muhanimu'.bin playing platform. 



S7 L/9- 



w 



lilOO It A PHICAL 






and bushes that it- was with tho ntmo.se diffiduity ami 
danger to the horse that I got extricated, after run- 
ning for two hours in every direction in search of an 

outlet 1 . ... 
■ "27th, ... T shot, today a beautiful small bird which 1 
think is ike bird ul' Paradise kind, of the sr;o of a small lark. 
the back and tail of a roddislt brown colour, belly white, 
neek and head crowned wil li a beautiful crest of a dar!; blue, 
bill large, rather broad iu proportion, the upper jaw hooked 
at the point, with strong hairs issuing front its base ; the 
tongue small and hat ; large open cars ■ in the last there arc 
two narrow feathers 'J inches long. 

"31st. Man;- oi these people who are enile'.i llhyragc 
keep one arm straight out from ihr-ir body with the hand 
closed, till the nails of the ring- rs grow thro', and curl tip 
like so many horns at the back. One vramm of this descrip- 
tion coming hither on the road particularly atirnetcd my 
attention; she was a 'veil loo".;:-:!, rather young, girl, '.veil 
dressed, and ornamented with the (lowers of the iielplltra 
and other ornamental sh ;ui:s ; a wive of silver was run through 
both her checks and tongue so as to connect them ( no had 
cure for an unruly m ember 1. with something like a. pad- 
loek to prevent its being taken out. 

"But what especially engage:! my observation was a 
number of people who attended her, -some- spreading w'ebs 
of cloth on the roi.ii.! before her one nf.cr the other successively, 
over which she advanced wkneut tonchim: the ground with 
her feet, while others fanned lie;- will, ehouiys. at the same 
time sheltering her from the sun w i:.h ;t silken -,ini brellu gilded 
all over, and every psr.soo thai met her on the road made 
her a profound obcysance in the manner of adoration, ... 

"'April Stli, ISdM. I tlii. maiming ascended... a rocky hill 
near Marphclly, and wbile niljiistiug the theodolite a large 
male beat, rushing from a cavern below me, almost upset 
mc at it. He immediately turned towards me, and as he 
seemed inclined to do a mischief I dlselci'ged a musket at 
him, which I had fortunately ioa'led by me ; this wounded 
and c*aspora J ,:d him so that he attempted to attack me, and, 
tho' gone to some distance from mc, .inly just gave me time 
to load and fire a secomi time, -.-.hc-h hai iog upset hint, I did 
the rest with the bayonet. I'.esides that I saw two more hi 
this one hill. The country he.-c is jungly and abounding 
with all descriptions of wild animals, ... The bear lives 
chiefly on fruit and hone v. , 



..rued, i 









through a very thick jungle in which I saw a very large 
animal of the deer kind, with branchim; horns of a grey colour, 
ami spotted all over 1 . ... 

"20th. ... A poor man was the oilier day carried away 
by a tyger in this neighbourhood, in the presence of lib two 
daughters, who were doomed to witness i.;:e tragical fate of 
their parent without the power or yielding him any assiat- 

"June "th. This afternoon in. the neighbourhood of 
Mulling lielly a i cry large, ottlloek was killed by a royal Tygcr 
in the presence oi" several people who could by no means 
frighten the savage animal from his prey. ... 

"August 8th. Wtsnt this morning to a hill on the 
Seringapatam road about 10 miles from this place 
called Bebibetta, in order to ascertain the situation 
of several [mints that e-ieapc-d me when here on the 
7th April. A circumstance took place here which, 
altdio' relating j.irb n.' ij.nl ly to myself, I hope to be 
freed from the- charge of egotism in entering it thus 
in a public journal. ... This is art encounter I had to 
day with a Koyn! Tyger of very hir.ge size. ... 

■'Having placed ike theodolite on the top of a rock at 
the summit. ,.1" the hill, on tho rigid dendivity of whioh con- 
siderably below me ad the people that had nceorn pan veil me 
were sitting, I was looking through the telescope in the act 



of obser', iuo. ao ;\/v_'io, when a Rovil Tvi'er, who had ap- 
proached very near auioi'g tin: craggs on my left from the. 
rear unobserved, had aetu'illv etna inclined iii- L'enefaliy fatal 
sprit- g towards me : at tin: t in ii :n en t fort.-.ionlely I happened 
to look behind rno. and seeing him in this act I had just 
time and recollection enough to throw my hat (the only 
thing at luind ) in his face ; the hat was surmounted with a- 
black feather, and being so unexpected seemed to startle 
him, as although he had made his leap he fell a few yards 
short of rne, and, ■,.. if ashamed of his failure, he Immediately 
turned about ami ■■calked away roaring in a hideous manner. 

by his roar, altho' few or none of them. saw him, that it was 
with difiicult.y I could get. them to move for some minutes. 
I pursued him a little way with a- loaded m.isket hi hope of 
getting an opportunity id shooting him from some of the 
rocks, but he soon disappeared among the hushes. 

"I then after finishing my observation; was pcoriaring to 
descend the hill, hut reflecting that an enemy in ambush 
was more to be dreadc l then in the open held, and eonsider- 
mg it. probable that i.e mieht he lurkhig in our way, I deter- 
mined if possible to muse liim as the sides', plan. "For this 
purpose T stationed myself, well armed and accompanied by 
a sepoy, about half way down the hill, i direct.etl the people 
at the top to descend _t:c.li,.i1.v making a noise and throwing 
stones among the rocks, hut they were so possessed with fear 
.ai to bo unrihie to do if with effect. 

"After waiting in this way for some little time, i happened 

furious animal who had concealed hhns'af there rushed out 
towards us opcnmoulhod, with a terrible roar. On quitting 
the bush ho halted lor a moment, probably to mark his first 
victim among us. and in that critical instant 1 disciiarged my 

Siece, which I had the happiness to observe produced the 
esired effect, as the savafic beast 'ill to the ground changing 
his roar into a groan ; but. lenriug that ins might bo only a 
stun and knowing the danger of our situation in that case, 
I immediately ran up to him anil, lodging Ine coo ten ts of a 
brace of pistols in his chest, 1 trans pier tied him with the 
bayonet which finished his struggles. Most of tho few that 
had ventured down with me made a precipitate retreat at his 
appearance at this lime, except a boy ul" the name of White 
from the Male Asylum- 1 , the tieapriy, one of my servants, 
and one or two peons of the Country. 

' ' This was a very powerful male animal, measuring 10 feet 
3 inches in length & required gli perjple to carry him. ... 
Nothing was found in his stomach except part of tho bone 
of a human hand. ... 

"Oct. 5th. A iSi'amin belonging to this place was a few 
evenings ago bit by a Cabro de ( 'ape-lie j snake ol feet. lone 5 , 
ilis friends came. ..to rcquesl some medical assistance from me, 
to whom, having no other stimulating medicine at hand, 
1 gave 100 drops of t'alpu'ti oil diluted in two glasses of 
brandy, with directions to give the patient a little of this at 
short intervals as bis stomach might receive ft, and lo apply 
a little of it dropped on cotton to the wound, after scarifying 
and cautc riving it with a hot iron. 

"By the time tiny re turned the. ei!V;.:s of the poison had 
advanced so far as to bring on a locked jaw, and tow signs 
of hie were rem ai nine; however, by persevering as instructed, 
and forcing some of the mixture down his throat by opening 
the jaw with a koil'o. sen.-atirci began to return in about £ of 
an hour, when a violent jit of vomiting came on, and, the 
spasms subsiding, this wo; succeeded ijv a profuse perspira- 
tion, and by continuing to :ake a little more of the medicine, 
the effects of the bite entirely disappeared in a .few hours, and 
he came in the morning to thnni; me in person. ... 

"Dec. 20th, 1803. Understanding that the Survey 

of An;uls'>da fi was the next to be undertaken, situated 
on the Western Boundary of .Mysore, here where it 
adjoins with tho Dominion of Koorg | 105], & not 
having procured hitherto . 









■vm 



j direction Tor fjstciblisliins the situation of 
the hills in the western range. I am desirous of having 
a Station on the Mysore hill whioii, with the points 
to the Northwards, would answer this purpose. I 
therefore p rcsp area to set cut. for that place, intending 
to take the liberty of sporcdins a few of the holydays 
in Society in Seringapatam in my way, having suffi- 
cient materials to emnloy me in the interim, &, in 
hopes that this indulgence would not, bo disapproved 
of [ 368 ]. 

"25th. This btiing Christmas day, the usual 
Ceremonies wero observed, and I was sorry to 
remark that the beggarly custom which obtains 
so much among the Servants in Modrass, of going 
round, on this day to Goi-;c!ii,:i:'s houses with presents 
of fruit:;, ilowcrs, fee, in h.o-oos of .getting an usurious 
return, has spread its baneful 1 contagion to this part 
of the world. ... 

" 31st. Employed in doing n. little nt tha papers of 
the Survey, ... I discovered, to my groat astonish- 
ment and disappointment, by a list of the Districts 
to be surveyed furnished me by Major Mackenzie, 
which had escaped me, ... that the whole of the 
present district of Madia-poor. ..ought now to have 
been included in l-ho same- ai irvey. This inadvertency 
I must acknowledge highly reprehensible, and. ..I 
miiat only rely for exoneration of this oversight 
on the indulgence of my superiors, and endeavour 
to remedy ii in some dog-roe by returning to complete 
that part as soon as possible. 

"Jan. 1st, 1804. The nen year was, ushered in by the 
firing of cannon, .ami the day was spent in rejoicings 'usual 
on the occasion .among Britons in every part of the world 
where they hapjieri to be, atid outfit i,o carry the edifying 
reflection to every thinking mind that each revolving "sun 






: bourn 



past time eaunot to recalled, or future ho d.opendod on, it is 
their indispciislble duty In Improve ii. I.u tils best .1.1 van I aye, 
so that they may 100k forward with Lone to the day of rotri- 



yieldcd l.o powerful medicine*, of the emetic and cathertie 

"25th to 31st. For the first few day? -addle in a state of 
coiivalioceure, ! was unable Co do much at too survey, but 
when well enou.go I employed mysfli in bringing up tile 
different papers belonging to i;. unci, having finished she 
protraetion part, commence;] a ("air copy of the map. 

It was at this point that Ari.linr wii.s called in at the 
request of the Eesdt. [ 105, 367-8 ], and moved to an 
area closer to Seringapatam. He writes to Macke.n7.ie ; 
"It gives me much concern that my returning to 
finish a part of this district that, occupied me at the 
time I reported the survey of Narsepoor 1 completed, 
should have met with your disapprobation. ... It is 
with the deepest regret I find that the disatisfaction 
I have had the misfortune of lately incurring has 
occasioned my being reoniied from prosecuting a ' 
separate survey, but am not without hope that I 
may be indulged in the undertaking of another 
district " i . 

To continue the journal. -May 1S0-1. Suffered much, froi" 
fever and dysentery. "June 1st 1804. . ' 



my attention v/as attracted hv -a very uncommon ery among 
the rocks near mo thai, omen resembled the howling of a 
tyger, whieh the natives .ibir; with me said was occasioned 
by the rock snake, a reptib i.liat grows to an enormous size 
and is sometimes very dangerous, act from ar.y deleterious 
effects of its bite, out from its immense strength and power 
and its carnivorous appettife. ft does not jruaw or dismember 
its prey, but swallow; it, entire, and its oowcr of distension 
in this operation is wo no erf .ill . fV.jipient historians have been 
known of its swallow i::..; a. sneoo. hnv :i < !!:iL : ;i [;, juil s: -,. ni i 
fold of much Is.rgor animals. .„ 

"Oct. 9th, 18D4. Finding myself extremely unwell and 
by no Ufnsr | to day to Hoolioo-r- 

state than an o'osenre vil 1 , n d unhealthy 

situation. On nay arrival at Kooiioordroog I found there 
Major uanibton and Lieut. Warren on their way from tietan- 
droog 1 to Seringapatam in prosecution of their pp 1 ,.-! iool 
survey [239]. 

•'i4th, Having constant rain lading during the whole of 
the day had so wet the mad terraces with which many of 
the houses here are roofed, that several of theua fell, iu con- 
seqoenco of the incumbent w-ight becoming loo heavy for 
the wood intended to support, it. This was the ease with 
an oiil Choultry kind of" a house with which I was furnished 
and obliged to put up iu, as my tents were perfectly wet, 
and I myself coniined to bod sinne my arrival here by the 






appea 



■'Very forlm.a: ijy the craekir.g ot the wood a little before 
it gave way warned me of the danger, ami afforded me time 
to remove from the sou!, .!. was men in, the roof over which 
fell in about a minute a iter war: is, and alter thai, in several 
other places. The situation to which I wis now reduced 
wa.s indeed deplorable in. aa.v thou had l.ir of heaith [was 
obliged to retire to a small comer of the Choulicv whioh 
happened to be tiled, having t!io water miming 'through 
every part, and seoieeiy a spot Uiat did not 'eat; sumcieiitiy 
for my cot to stand in, and this was the cas;; jbt several day's 
while the rain lasted, during whieh time 1 understood there 
was scarcely a dry house in the i'ettah, or "Port, a strong 
proof of the ni isera b!o -tile of building that obtains here. 

"17th. The wtather now bogins to clear up, and with it 
health begins to return to i.;:.e party. 

"Here again a number: of natives were brought labouring 
under a variety of diseases, in ho':es nf born;; cured bv iliri 
magic power oi' 1'eringi medicine. Among tiiem was a line 
young man in a very dangeraus situation, whoso youth and 
iiiisfirtur.e excitco my pity, and determined, me to try some- 
thing for his relief, us he otherwise evidently must 'fall an 
early saeriiiee. H'S complaint was stdcUirc "in the urethra 



101:1:0.1 w:m oi! till t!w 
ok place in a few davs. 
uce to show how mueh 
lis way by people wu.'n 
md with the simr'esi 
no medical aid ,s acres- 
.aborning unaor diseases 



: Hole Xarsipur, 57 D/I, 5. 



-DDn. 



"18th. I was joined on my way to the 
arning by Dr. Leyden [114-5], assistant 



J Huliyurdurga, u7 H/l. »Sa7andurga, 57 H/5. 



I 



ARTHUR 3 

Survey, whom Ihijor Mackenzie... had been good 

enough to send to afford me ir.edli.ad assistance on 
hearing of my illness. ... 

"29th. Made my baggage halt here today while 
I traced the course of the Covery for some miles 
down to where- the Company 's country crosses it on 
the north, aide. Within this ^paco tho river is confined 
in a very narrow out deep rocky cnannel, which the 
force of the water semis to have excavated. Hero 
there is a kind of continue: 1 : broken t'idl for nearly two 
miles, and it is so regular and narrow as to appear an 
artificial canal. In one place- the whole body of the 



k impending o 






10 fi 



) BIOGRAPHICAL 

Jungumrajpilly" 5 ; MPC. 21-10-06, "still confined 

at the Presidency by a severe indisposition contracted 
durin;: his residence at. the Mines". 

MGO. 28-7-07, appd. Survg. Engr. with dett. at 
Trsivaneor© [ 331-2 ]. ilrnployoi.l from June to Nov. 
reporting on bnildinga at Vellore, afterwards proceed- 
ing to Travancore, where he made various surveys 
himself besides supei'visine work of officers from 
the MMI. [131-2 3. MGO. 4-2-09, thanked "for 
distinguished conduct in action at Q'.ukra", 15-1-09. 
Snpdg. Engr. Travancore ; 1815-6, svy. of 
disputed boundary, Travanc ore-Cochin. 

death; "Capt. 



,eGeog 



■,ii_i lii 111 



"Dee. 6th. Surve; 
311 fixing several p 

nfi willl 11 i.rus'o of : 



■V [eSe[aral Oil ill 1.' illltS. 

but 6 . ... Capi. Arthur is 
lovere:] a Coal mine, or 
.. His friend .Dr. Heyna 

Ij; "PoorCiipt. Arthur's 
tie has ('.'.It behind him 
II ircll, as they ijenerahy 



as having died a 
ne 12ft to 13th 

til. Had unfort 



:'.-. iu-ide '.vhie-h there is 
n;: sera-hie hill's where 
ten were confined, and 
I, 125, 348 I, were here 
On the ton there are 
e of which was kept for 
e general vero|>ta!le tor 
i, in order i.u I) listen the 



rain almost daily. 
1 me during this 



The journal closes hero, avid two weeks Later Arthur 
received a chilly note from Mackenzie ; "Having 
received intimation of 3rd inst. from the Secretary 
to Government that you arc relieved of the duty of 
Assistant on this Survey, it will be unnecessary for 
you to proceed any further with that you were 
directed [ 107, 368, 376-7, 4" ]" 4 . 

For the next two years was employed on engr. 
duties at the Presidency. Oct. 1S05, sent to examine 
a lend mine in tho Kellore Dist., and in Dec. sub- 
mitted report on lead and copper mines "near 



BAKER, Godfrey PMpps. 
b. 1786. d. 4-8-60. 



t.HM 



f LlilKh 



■ . TLnperary, 



"m., Idiaiiiie-ea^ire. 22-7-17, Mary Lydia Drthois do Saran. 
dan. of the Registrar. 

Hodson, I ( 77 --S ) : Oriental Club. 

1811 ; with Ben. l.-t. Ini". Vel. Bait, l-o oceupatiars oi Java 
[323 Ji' 1352 ' at Jokyikan.a', employed hy Re.-idt., ,lo!m 
Crawfurd 10 ,"'"" a ieu months in makin:; pinna of the neigh- 
beiirine Country, such a? uouid ftriHH er ii1LL.11 I'.ry purposes, tho' 
without the crr.eih'.vment ef hislrnriicnts. This could in my 
opinion be ei'l'eeted without girma any 11 nne cess ary alarm to 
the Sultan" 11 . 

JMC. 17-1-14 ( 5 ), appd. Supdt. of Buildings at 
Solo. 1815-6, frequently employed on svy. in S. 
Java, occasionally co-operating with Georgo Everest 
[137-8, 216-7]. . , 

10-6-16, loft Ba.tiivia fur Caleurt,!.. remaining there 
foi- several month* Tirepa.vim; map of Java. 

ISi-l, Assl, See. to Govt., Mil. Dept., Ft, ffm. 

BARTON, EzeMeL Ben. Inf. 
b. 4-12-1781. d. 4-6-55. 
Ens. 21-10-1800 ... MGen. 3-1I-4I. 
Son of George- Barton. 

' '. 1 ' ...".:,-, lv di; account of!iis talent as artist, acrid. Lady 

. . ■: ..■.,,;.,,■,-.!- i- 1 ■ I veni a Dfin, meeting Hodgaon 

f 40S] who writes : : 'At Smisar liara^.-.L-ady Hood & Lt. 

Barton, Draftsman. l''Ol: gixxi views of it, as v. 

oicluresque scenes, Mer Ladysnip leli '/'irdwi 



this morning, via Moradabad, Eareilly, i 



1 of other 
forCalentta 
13.4361- 



1 Gout's Lcau, 57 H/7. -K;il,l,:l D'jrsa. S.. : i:>0 ft., 57 I'-'t/T. -ef. reports en _V 
43 18-7-05 5 MMC. 21-10-05: cf. Dr. Hevnc ! ii 4j ; Imp Gaz. XIX (10). 

>DDn 156 (212), 6-6-17. s Mad. Wills, 1817. » on S. coast, 110° E. "(1783 
Java 1811-6' Ch. Coram'. Rangoon. 1820-7. "J iiiseC. 13-4-12. "Hot Springs 



i concentration camps, 1942-5. »DDn. 
•John Munro (177.1-1858) | 10611,4], 
l^W)- Ben Med. 1803: PW1. 1305-10; 
m X ofDehra. "DDn. 136, 29-3-14. 



■ Hoo 



: l«t 



Barton abandons! liis in tent ion 
and under BOO. of 5-11-14 was appd. Asst. Survr. 
to Hodgson, witli whom lie joined Marley's cokiimi 
at Dinapore for the advance to the Nepal frontier 
[41-2-3. Hodgson writes on the journey up the 
river, 16-10-14 ; "We have had a hard Tug to get 
so far; m shall be at Monghyr this night, I think. 
At Monghyr we shall learn everything about the 
expedition ; at Boglepour it was guessed that there 
might be peace, f think by the 24th we shall be at 
Dinapour [408]. ... 

"Barton is putting ihe finishing hand to the copy 
of the Map [ of the Dun ], & I will send it from 
Dinapour ; he is malting srrwit pmewss as a practical 
Astronomer ; with the 2 reflecting circles we obstsrve 
the Latitudes of all places of any note where we 
bring to at nights [ 42 1"- ^^ again, 22-11-14, 
"I have got on so far, &, shall be at Dinapour to- 
morrow. ... I send the map. ... Barton took great 
pains &. trouble in making it look so well, but it 
took up a vast deal of time aa you may suppose ; ... 
the labour on the mountain part wjw great [ pi. 10 f. 
Whilst survg. along the Nepal frontier Barton lost 
his theodolite — "the enemy have got it"— and he 
had to send the BG. a draft for Re. 1,200 for another ; 
April & May 1815, on svy. of frontier between 
Baghrnatti & Tista rivets [3"]i rejoined unit 
31-5-I5' 1 . 

BGO. 22-12-15, at Hodgson's reaiiest appd. Asst. 
on svy. of Garhwah Sirmiir &. Hindur 5 [ S4 ], but 
under' BMC. 1-3-18 ( 84 ), allowed to resign on 
account, of ill-health, taking urn -voyage, extended to 
Europe. 

From 1-1-17 on QMG's staff, controlling various 
mil. svys. ... Dec. 1817, Jan. 1818, with Ooliberlony'a 
"reserve Army" to Jaipur, helping Hodgson once 
more with svy. and astr. obsns. 

BAYLEY, James. Mad. Inf. 

h. 5-7-1783. dsp. 11-8-40. 

liout. 21-8-fti ... Maj. 21-6-27 : ret. -i-l-iii. 

I'l'lie Admiral's iSwuh provided that accident [ S3 n.S J. ■ 
5 old name of NalaWl S1 ite, Simla Kills. 'ancestor of M>] 
'Visual signalling. S JMC. 28-5-13. >109"E., 1° 20' N. 



April IS05, tSML el. I [320]. Dec. 1807, posted 
to Lambton's General Survey ; 1808, ran 2ndary. 
series of triangles across peninsula from Tanjore 
through CoiinbatoK- t- Malabar coast [ 242 ]. 1809- 
10, minor trgsi. Triohinopoly. Madura, Tinnevelly, 
etc.. reioiniii" Lambton at Pondichevry, July 1810 
[243-4]. Zvitl and abilltv (niini't'iended by Lambton 

r ^3, 3" i- 

MGO. 9-4 11, appd. to Java c-\pn., attd. to HM. 
14th Foot ; March to Aug. 1812, in eh. of Barrack 
Dept., having to "visit the Telegraph' a great part 
of that time". J Mise C. 14-9-12, appd. AQMG-, 
Java [320, 333 ]; eonst.ru;- ting barracks at Cornells, 
and unofficially survg. environs of Batavia [ 135-6, 
294, 301-2 ]. 

J GO. 4-0-13, being AQ-MK. Madras Est., ordered to 
Madras, but iud«ni to return via Benga 
nearly nine year.- iri the 



laa! itsuM .: 



have been a 
e without h living hcen 
1 I have had several sev 
attack- 1 of fever ilurin:; my ltesiden.ee 
tbut. a .-hurt i;t;iv liuriiv- iho cold seasoi 
of material service to my health"". 

Before hi ;wing, to':-!- pare in eiivm. ;;-.';iim.; ; Humbug on '■'■ . 
eoast of liornen, beim: thanked in dnspatches of 3-7-13 ior 
gailant conduct, in leading ilie co.unui and "cutting a. passage 
tbro' the iungle" 10 . 

Accd. Gillespie oji tr. from J jam, bcin-; granted. Mi". 
o-2 14, leave to be ab.-n-nt on di.l.v in Bunjral. On Giilsapi.-'s 
staff in the Upper Provinces. On return iriii to ,lut,y With 
Madras Army, was due U> reach Allahiioad 10-8-14, sii'l 
authorized to svy. route through Rewali and Nagpur to 
Jalna [ 53-4]". 

Foster { oi ), serial- 207-S at I'.)-, coloured prints of Battle 
of Sitabaldi from drav inys by Ja.nes Bayley. 

BIRCH, George. Ben. Inf. 

b. 25-8-1781. d. 23-2-65. 

Ens. 25-10-179!) ... Mai. 11-7-33; furl. 1822 ; 

ret. 15-1-24. 
Son of Rev. Tims. Birch, DD., and Mary Wright Ins wife, 
m. 15-6-31, Lvdia Diana, dam of S. F. Das Is wood, of 
Si:«iloi-d. Notts. 

Hudson, I (143-4). 

Oct. 15-29t.li, IBdti. survd. route of 23rd NI. Barwlly to- 

°B^C 4-7-15 (11|, AP0. with Ochterlony. GarhwoL 
lirmur. ft Simla lull,, till 1*22. F.,m Regr. 250 (101) 
Map of Jnunsar & Bawar [90 n.13 ], 1816. 

BISS, William. Mad. Inf. 

b. 1783. d. 8-8-19, Kutalum, Tinnevelly. 

Lieut. 21-0-04 ; Bt. Ca.pt. Jan. 1818. 
you r.f William & fiusmmali Bisfi. 



MRIO. M 575. 


a DDn. 136. 


Mb.:ilod gs 


V. G. P- Hodson 


anth. of Us 


v.f Olfrm :■/ 


»ilO. 28-7-13. 


"BPolC. 


-11-14. 



¥ 



BLACKEB, Valentine. Mad. Cav. 

b, 19-10-1778. d. 4-2-26, Calcutta ; 
Mi., S. Park St. a 



4th a 



i. !■>■■ his 



IMS !. Mad! Inf. [4011. 

I*4i' i, iLl:!. I.H. : d. ■ 

of liLiriisr Hall, V,,.. 
OW.dt. of Horde & i'. 
m., Minkas, 3-12-IW, J 
n.4, 380 n.6 ]. 

ra., Madras, 22 [2-1 



family. Elm Par! 



lacker 



1 liri.lfsrl"' 



alight 



nasi., !!>:;<;[ vol. m]. 

in ; with oav. of Xianu army. 
iiamu on \V. frontier of Mysore. 
.:;::. ii.-i >■■■■. ^m in 1' inn e veil j, "1,1-, 
1st C:t(a[ry...v.-as piked in two or 
ould not desist until our Lriurs j.m-S-!* 
". 7-6-01, "Lt. Blacker's troop 
of the rearguard, came up and pot 
i behind a choultry, ivhieh 
iji which skirmish Lieut. 



..du 



IS03, appd. AQMG. & Capt. of Guides, serving 
through Maratha. War. I SO l-C ; t-ompilod map of part 
of Chittoor Disl ., other mn|K bearing his rtaxriw being 
Skatcli of tin- wintry hrl-.i-rri- S--r!nij:t;iatn.hi ,{: Coimha- 
tore, 6 m. an inch, 1810, and 2 Vie coast from Anjemm 
to Parka, undated [ 123 ]. 

Aug. 1806, appd. DQMGL [ 313 ] ; Jam-March 1809, 
on special duty in Travancore during suppression 
of disturbances [132]. Feb. 1810, at Sironj with 
Madras survrs. afctd, to Close's force from Poona 
[50]. 

April 1810, appd. QMG. Madras Army, holding 
appt. till furl, to England, 1819 [ 275 n.8, 352]. 
Throughout his connection with QMG.'s Dept. 
Look particular interest in svys. and mapping ; 
1810-1, had spirited dispute with Mackenzie arid 
M orison, rega-rditiy rtsp uisibility for maps [53, 128 
n.3, 275, 291 ], 

His name is s-.il! gist'ii to Blacker' < Ont'ir.ns, Teynampet, 
Madi'ii.-, a plot, of 9 a.sres taken up by him in 1 806 on the west 

BLAIR, John. Mad. Engrs. 

b. 23-3-1774. d. 23-3-12, at sea. 

Lieut, 23-3-1793 ... BtMaj. 25-4-08. 

iSon of Rev. Dr. John Blair, Preb. Westminster Abbey, 
* Aims.- i'ersode, his wife. 

cd. Westminster, IV. . I ( 95 ). 

MMC. 8-3-05, appd. Engr. & Survr. Travaneore 
[ 131, 225, 358 ] ; survd. small area near Trivandrum 
which Ward later found "very accurate". MGO. 
14-1-07, appd. Engr. & Survr. with HyderfilnTu I 
Subsy. Force [134,312-3,332]. April 1811, being 
relieved of this charge and having applied for furl. 
on mo., offers his suna. insis. for sale to Govt. ; 
"I am happy to dispose of the. Instruments on any 



*2 BIOGRAPHICAL 

terms, as I am scraping as many Dutie.s [ ? ] together 
as I can. The rest I shall send to some shop at 
Madras, and see what I can catch for them" 11 . Govt, 
paid 138 ps. for his sextant and theodolite. 

BLAKE, Benjamin. Ben, Inf. 

b. 6-8-1788. d. 12-3-38, Shva Oasis, 

Egypt, en route to England. 

Sou of George ;:od Ann Blake of Portsmouth. 

fiodson, I (162 |; II (622). 

1808-9, survd. Metcalfe's route to Lahpre [621; 
1809-10, survd. various routes with his batfc., Rewarj 
to Sabaranpur, Saharanpur to KamaJ, etc. [ 36 ], the 
magte. reporting, "Lieutenant Blake Iras not been 
officially... under me, but. .J availed myself of a very 
polite offer of that Ceiitiemii.u's (0 accompany me on a 
tour of the District, am i to make a correct map of it " 4 . 

June to Dec. 1810, "Employed during my illness 
during the remaining part of this year in protracting 
off my surveys on the large scale, also furnishing to 
the CO. one of this District". 

18-3-11, survd. up to Kal.si [ Ivaulsee, pi. 3 ] on 
the Jumna, and sketched the foothills [ 36, 82 ]. 

Dec. 1811 to March 1812, at Calcutta completing 
map of his svys. with sonic assistance. In submitting 
this to Govt.. SG. comments ; "It has been compared 
with the other documents in the office, and from its 
approximation to them, may be considered as accu- 
rate, and as doing credit to Lieut. Blake who under- 
took so extensive a work. Beginning his survey in 
a country into which no European and ever before 
entered, and which might in future in- Inaccessible, he 
was unwilling to let pass such opportunity of being 
useful" 6 . 

Govt, replied; "The labors voluntarily undertaken by 
Lt. B. Blake,. .in taking Surveys in i.hs u finer Part of the 
i'toonb ;tre highly oroditable to that, offerer, tint, no allowances 
can. consistently Mill; the Regulations or usage of the .Service, 

directed to undertake the Work" 6 . 

As some compensation, however, Blake was appd. 
Survr. in Gorakhpur, to sticc. Webb who had gone 
home sick [34-5,311,366]. His work met with 
much criticism from the SG. [ 35, 201, 219-20], who 
remarked that ins earlier map "was copied, printed, 
and decorated by my head Draughtsman" 7 . 

Took obsns. to determines position and height 8 of 
Dhaulagiri [6, 87]. Relinquished svy, to rejoin batfc. 
for Nepal War ; severely wounded at Kalanga, 
27-11-14 [go]. 

BGO. 15-11-16, furl, to Europe. 

BLAKISTON, John. Mad. Engrs. 

b. S-S-1785, Dublin, d. 4-6-67. 

Lient. 1-1-Ofi ; ret, 28-7-15. 
Son of Sir Matthew Biakisfon. 2nd Bart., & Anne dan. 
of John Eochfort. od. Winchester & RMA. 

m. 26-9- H, Jane dau. of Rev. Thos, Wright, Rector of 



'Mid 13-9-U &DDn. 127 (52). *DDn. 82 ( 240 |, 30-a 

'. 14-10-14 (107). JIRIO. S3 (22), SGO. copy of Blake's syy. 



&m 



"BLUNT, James Tillyer [ I, 313 ]. 
h. 1765/6. d. 20-10-34. 

Ens. 15-2-1785 ... Ca.pt. 1-1-06 ; f 





were to have 


cd. Vs '.«■(■ inLiit. Tuvlors', 




had... marked 


rn., Calcutta, 3-9-179C 


aplojed in my c 


stomary duty 


John Bristow ( 1750-1802 


ghtly wounded s 


t the battle. 


.',,-..,, 4»t3»]. 



out the Camp, and 1 
of surveying the grou 

Dee. 1S03, survd. Wellesley's route Berar to Poona, 
120 m. in S days [165]. 

10-7-05. escaped alone from S"c?-ll«r>s ■*■; niasssier:;. and 
returned to the rescue from Arcot with Gillespie 
[135^4]- 

1805-10, witli expri. to lliii.iritii.is, returning to 
Madras Jan. 1811. Appd. ADC. to Sir Samuel 
Auehnmty, C-in-C. ATo/lras, sailing on expn. to Java 
30-4-11 ; arrd. Malacca 1-6-11. With Mackenzie 
[ 424 ] on ri"'''f" !'ii...'. 1 -.-!■:; :\r r'huii.i\o.ciiii?£, Java, 
14-7—11, recordr,;! detailed account. At stormim; of 
Comelis "blown some f!i stance by r.n explosion in 
the Redoubt". Returned to ilaorasj before end of 
1811. 

Feb. 1312, left Madras [ 230 ]. March 1813, joined 
Wellington's srjiO' in .Peninsula ; post™ tea King';; Itesl.. 
veaLHLiin^ in 1815. 

Aut.il. of 12 Totfr.s- "f MUU..H.I .-!■•.' ;■.•:..!.■: "r.- in Thrcc-qitttrkrn 
0/ ike Ol'ib".. 2 vols. 1S2B, and oi" I'kwmfi/ i/enr-s id RitiremcnL 
2 vols. 1836. 

BLAKE, George Rodney. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 7-1-1791. d. 18-5-21, Lurlliiana. 



ed. Cli.uterin: 

Hodsoii. 1 ( li 

BMC. 2S-3-0 

duty with Art. E 

BGO. 11-11 

with Sackville 



I.We 



iippd. ■ 



appd. .-\sst. Survr. under in 

Cuttack ; returned to the Presdev. 
June 1S10, "able to conduct any survey himself" 
[ 19, 24-5, 192-3 ]. 1811, stvrvd. Sagar I„ extending 
thissvy. to the E. during IS 13 [ 15-6, 177-8,202, 3x1 ]. 
1814-5, Nepal War ; Survr. & Asst. Fd. Engr. to 
2nd DIv. Dehra ; wounded at Xa.kuiga, tlie only 
Engr. officer present. With Ochterlony's column 
survd. Slnntir and Cliaki'il ta. From ''before ■lytuk" 
3-4-15, submitted results of a tour with Win. Fraser, 
[90]; "This division has been stationary, & 1 was 
not permitted to prosecute mv r e sea re lies alone. 
" ! control of the 



> to 



irregulars, and by his means we we! 
a very respectable eseort from this 
our knees in snow" 1 [ 398 ]. 



to Delhi, survd. by Macartney [ 






lemploj 


from 1S17 till hia death on rest 




-v't' ™< 




By w,ll made in 1814. he le 




father, b 


"all effects in Camp & in Delhi 




i'mid Lie 








..> La :vi : . 


and Wi 


Morrieson, both of whom died y 


:y shor 


V after. 





Two years later pasted co He.rcourt's force engaged 
in conquest of Cut-suck and Orissa from the Ma-rath as 
[ 23, 418 ]. Aug. ISM, OC. reports "I have selected 
Capt. Blunt. ..to act as engineer and surveyor on the 
present service, as he lias surveyed the province of 
Cuttack, and possesses much local information" 3 . 



and confidential s 
with the whole of 
Rajah" 5 . 

June 1805, re ' 



.uty in Khurda, Col. 
11 du ■.:'.'(] to select Cant. 
1: :n : 'li .il-. mi', morlcra- 



nce in Cuituck, 
rail acquainted 
to the Khoord 

t Ft. Wiiliam, 



the Banai.:]; Dcpt. ; 
and in 1807 "afr.or almost 2-1 years soivico in nicna wit-nosm 
fui'lou."ii, his const.] t.nt inn ln'iii.^ »ii's lly deiiiLit.alerf, lie took 
leave to rluvope, ...and seelni; no further prospects of pro - 
motion he retired " ami settled in .Devonshire 1 ; accd. home 
by "wife, 3 dans., and a son. 

BORIAH, Kavali Venkata 7 , Brahman. Mad. 
Translator, b. 1776. d. 1893. 

Son of Kavaii Veotata Subbiah, of tax Arveli. Xiyogi 
Brahman family. Had 3 bins, in setvko oi Ci'm Mackenzie, 
\nravananpn, 'Ussntiiniah, and ftamaswiiniv* [ j.y^-6 J. and 
another bio., Sitavyn, ivluue dt-seendiois lived in Madras 
many years filer. A sister in. sannmiar of Yissannnpcttiiii. 
[35S]. 

m. "v:.ii!!2('r sister of Vrnkatfi Chiil.ir.si, znnimdar of Kasim- 
kota (list., arid left an only dan. 

ed. at "Mr. Morgan's sehool " at Mr, -.ml i pa tain, and 
employed there an writer in sines of Mil. Pymr. 



'MRIO. M575. 'BMC. 20-11-01 (80). ^Gurwood, III (406). 

( 1-9). *BIMC. HI ( 292 ). 'Mostly from in fn, bv Prof. C.S. Srmivasaeh; 
Sketches of Dehkan Poets, ptibd. Calcutta, 1829. 



\ 






Took service with MV:k unite a' Hyderabad, and, 1797, 
liCjit. journal of martii to Madras on Maekein.io's journey lo 
b«om E OB. of Manila OS pr,. [I, 350]. 

1798-:i, with Mackenzie 00 Mysore faiupaign ; present at 
aeiga and st.raiine of Sermgapatara, and described "in 
:i:.i:i, .-. . ver-" trio planning of the- Eriti-ih colours on the 
mm,«ir;,[I, M^jo-il 



BRADLEY, Gregory. Mad. Engrs. 

b. 22-8-1780. d. 14^3-09, drowned 

at sea. 

Ens. 19-2-1796 ; Lieut. 25-8-01. 

Son of Robert and June Bradley of London. 
lain, aurvd. marches of Ae;netv's ruhirrms against poligam 
in S. India [ 123, 382 ]. 

BROWN 1 , George. Bo. Inf. 

b. 1781. d. 17-11-09, Sirur, 40 m. NE. 
of Poona. 



Dec. IS08 to Feb. 1M1J9, Survd. route of Poona Subsy. 
i'Vjros against piitiliirls on X. border of Khandesll [134]; 
ii:.--- i ■■• ■■ valuable " survey by Jopp ! . 

BUCHANAN, Francis [ I, 315-6 ]. Ben. Med. 
b. 15-2-1762. d. 15-6-29. 

Aast. Surg. 1734 i Surg. 20-6-07 ; ret. 14-8-16. 

Son of Thomas fSr.cliamm, of Sjjittal, Nil. and Elizabeth, 
dau. of John Hamilton, his 2nd wife. 

FBS. 

/««.; »//.!. ; 13uch;utfm ; B&n P ,1: /'. I31S ( 190). 

1810, adopted nioi.bcj'a name II ami I ton, hemming 
f> lie i i juiiii- Hamilton. 

1795, with Symea' embassy to Ava [ I, 84-5 ]. 

1800, -pent over a year on svy. of na.t, history, agri- 
culture, arts, ami commerce, of M> sore, Malabar, and 
newly acquired territories in south, and pubd. 
account in 1807 with map, MRIO. 143 ( 1 ), compiled 
and drawn by Crawford 3 [ 113, 116, 148, 392 ]. 

1802-3, attd. to Knox's mission to Nepal [ 70-3 ], 
making valuable collection of plants and historical 
and geographical materials, and pubd., Edinburgh 
1819, Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, with map 
stretching from the Ravi to Bhutan [ 73 ]. 

1S0S— 1, Surg, to GG., sad started mensgelie at Barrack- 
pore, the origin of th/j Alipore zoo. 

lSuo. Hitii Lord \\ ehe.l-v to Majlard. returning to India 
1807. 

1S07-I4, Em [■!■! •■■:■ : o:> .■,!■■:-' i:-. I svy. of Bengal- 1 , eolleet- 
ing further ioln. ahout the Illrnaaivan reo-joos. which was of 
great v;,hie during Xepal war of 18L!-o [" .jo, 354-5]. 

5-4-14. apod, to succeed Dr. ftoa-bmgh | I. to=j |, asSupdt. 
Botanrtml Gardens at. Sibpur, but owing to ill-health re- 
turned to Scotland the following year. 



84 BIOGRAPHICAL 

BUCKE, Nathaniel. Beit. Inf. 

bapt. 7-5-1779. d. 8-9-25, Calcutta ; 

mi. S. Park St. com. 
Ens. 6-1-1800 ... Lt Col. 13-5-25. 
Son of Nathaniel and Anne Bucke. 
Hudson, I (243-4). 

21-1 to 20-5-08, survd. route of dett. through BahraicM 
Dist., and again from 22-7-to 1-8-08 through part of Oudh 

[271- 

Under Dett. Order of 21-11-00. survd. routs Xinpiira" to 
" II v.ior Ghaut", 21-1 1-Oij to 2.:j-l-I0'. 

Burmese War, 1324-5 ; Arakan. 

BURNETT, Thomas Dickason. Mad. Inf. 
b. 1787. d. 20-10-11, Jalna; mi. 

Lieut. 21-9-04. 

Son of Thomas and Kli/.aoefli Unicoi I. of Kensimd.on 
[1,3%]. 

Crofton II ( 120 ). 

April 1805, MMX, cl. I [320]; Dec. 1807, appd. 
to svy. of Nizam's; Dominion* 1800-10, snrvd. route 
to Sironj [ 50 n.6 ] ; Dec, 1810, on svy. round Jama; 
Feb. 1811, rejoined unit [134]. 
BYERS, James Broff. Bo. Inf. 
b. 21-11-1785. d. 2-9-70. 

Ens. 22-5-01 ... CapS. 29-10-Ifi ; ret. 18-6-19. 

Son of Isaac and Anno Byers. 

m., .Bombay, 21-3-08. Miss Maria Margoty. 

After retirement, to Queen's Coll. Cambridge; ordained 
Deacon 1819 ; Priest 1820 ; 16-1-24, Vicar of Lamphey, 00. 
Pembroke ; 17-10-48, Rector of Xcwehuroh, eo. Kadnor. 

June 1804 to Dec. 1805, with Benjamin Sealy, 
survd. route of Bo. column under Col. Murray through 
Malwa and Rajputana [ 54, 1(15 ], for which, though 
"not tnathem.iticsi.lly constructed", he received 
Rs. 1,000 gratuity, in default of allces 8 . 

1809-10, asst. under Williams, on svy. of Gujarat 
[171-3,323]. 
CAMERON, John. Mad. Inf. 

h. 1791. d. 15-6-38, Hyderabad ; Mi. 

Soo of {".'apt. Alexander Cameron and Clementina Gordon, 
ofMortlack,™. Banff. 

June 1807, MMX, cl. Ill [ 320 ] ; 1810, with Garling 
on svy. of Kalahasti till 13-4-10 [ 127 ], when 
deputed to Hourbon expn. 

1812-3, Asst. Lnstr. MMI. ; I-II-13, Svy. branch, 
QMG.'s Dept., 3rd class; M.GO. 21-1-15, promoted 
to 2nd cl. 

Maratha War, 1816-8, Fd. AQMG. ; 1-9-20, leave 

CAMPBELL, Robert. Bo. Inf. 

bapt. 1-12-1784. d. 3-11-07, Bombay 9 ; 

MI. 
Ens. 14-9-04 ; Lieut. 11-9-08. 
Clin Campbell, No. 212. 

1807, survd., with Thatcher, "Aurongo & Maun 
Rivers 1 ', and teak f'-.::'f/Sis (if Dhannapur A- Rajp.ipla 
[ 168 ]; report, dated Nov. 1807, attd. to Thatcher's 
map, MRIO. 126 ( 21 ). 



'Map, MRIO. 118 i G i she 
'p.did. postbumons^y, 1833, by r;L- 
Montgoaisria Martm. 5 63 E. 
gives 23-10-07. 



i him Capt. Browne, Bo. Pioneers. = DD11. 235 (20), 3-5-32. ! Buchanan. I (pref). 
■•i-.ri< : n Nr ■'.-«:-■■ ii-ii- 'iien 1;3S, as Tbj lli'ltirit, .4h<iV,o;.",o>s, ...(,*' Emturn India, ed. by 
! 63 E/5. >DDu. 81 (25, 37 ) ; S2 ( 20, 31 ). "CD to Bo. 17-1-10. »Ori>n.trdOb. 



.noti-:s 



OARTW.tlieiriT. William Perrv. -Ben. TnF. 
b. 1778. d. 24^11-04, Hazaribagh. 
Ens. 23-11-1795 ... Capt. 21-9-04. 
Son of Kev. Joseph Ci,;-Uv right of Dudley and Mary his 

jii„ Frances , bv whom he left son, Henry ; in will, 

30-12-03 1 , asked wile, l.hen at Kazaribiijjh, to proceed, fit his 
death, to his father's nai^c in Worcestershire. 

Hodson, 1 (315). 

Between 1801 and 1804, survd. routes from 
Ifa'/.aribagli as fiir as SiirjAipui and lumbal pur f 44 ]. 

CHAVASSE, William. Mad. Inf. 
b. 13-8-1784. d. 20-7- 

Lieut. 21-9-04. 

Son of William Chuvasse, siag. of liurford, Oxon. 

DNB. ; DIB. ; GM. IS14, II ("49S ) & 1817, 1 ( 379 ). 

April 1805, MMT, el. I [ 320 ] ; on svy. of Rya- 
poram [125]- 1800-7, specially selected for trgn. 
[126]. 

Dec. 1807, posted to Lambton's survey; Tran- 
quobar ; Pudukkottai ; asat. to Bay toy, Tanjore to 
Malabar coast I 24a, 322 ]. 

MGO. 17-11-08, to Bombay for service under 
Malcolm [ 131 n.io ] ; March 1 80!.) to Travii.ii core svy. 3 
[ 132 ]. April 1S10, with expn. to Mauritius, having 
sold soxtant and planetable to Govt, for 35 ps. ; 
MGO. 28-7-12, leave from Mauritius to England; 
submitted to Admiralty sia ; L:<:stion-: for improving 
long, obsns. [I, £51 J, 

Made return journey overland, mtoudin;,: to explore roul.i: 
;.f Greek- descrined ~'i Xjonjph el's Ana 1 . :m : taiion prisoner 
by Kurd.;, released after naymeuc of ransom. Died on raft 
on Tigris, i mt ahove !i-i. : -;"-!-::.n I, 0:" " hraiu lever", and burled 
on river bant. 

CHEAPE, John. Ben. Engrs. 
b. 5-10-1792, d. 30-3-75. 

Ens. 3-11-09 ... ret. aa M Gen, 1857 ; Gen 6-12-66 ; 
Co) (Jo mat. ICngrs. 
Son of John Cheape, of Rossie, co. Fife, and EBzabeth, 

m.,'lst, St. Helena, 5-3-35, Amelia Franoes, dan. of 
'I'revor John Ohiehely Pbmlm, .SOS., widow of George 
Maxwell Batten, BOS., idiom be divorced 1841. 

ed.' RM.A. : K 1; l-i.i .,'HV 186.",. 

DNii. -. ir;: ■ k .■ ■ <. , us 1 ■ if.d^oa. I i:s:n o ■.. 

BMC. 22 „' 11. rep,..ted rlt for tr. from Art. to Engrs. 
comn. being mandated , *uS J. OK. reports, 9-1-12, that 
"' Ktisijjn John Cheapo of ;■, Nngmeors, employed as assistant 
under Major Wood at. I.k;,n j.v.irn. appears to me.. .to be 
steady, and able io runduol. a survey on a small scale ; Ins 
japao.ily has been tried, and in a few weoits he would learn 



2r.d son of .faints Christie ; ITSli-lSiJS i, 1st 
cm of Christie & Co. ( DNB. ). 
1807, Survd. route to Baroda ; "the disti 



ctinticer of 
; nod the 



how 



,doit 



a than 



P.GO. 13-S-M. apixl. to ivv. Ciiii i.n- ■■■.:■■> dist., rOTilinuir.- 
throughout Nepal War [ ig, 178, 311 ]. 

Account of filer anrvevs nr-...i : as c in, '.si ■■■\\'--A mil. career will 
be given in Vol. III. 

CHRISTIE, Charles. Bo. Inf. 

b. 1780. d. 31-10-12, kd. at Oshanduz, 
Persia \_inf\. 

Ena. 6-3-1S0O ... Capt. 1-2-11. 



ISO!), tximdg. escort with Hankey Smith's 
to Sind, and survd. route Hyderabad to Tatta [ 168-9 ]. 

1810, exploration of Baluchistan and Persia under 
Malcolm, with Henry Pottingor ; landed, Jan. 17th, 
50 m. NW. of Karachi, and had adventurous and 
difficult journey through Baluchistan— disguised aa 
Afghan horse-dealers [7, 174]. Separating after a 
few weeks, Christie took S, route through Herat, as 
described by Pottinger ; 

''His cloatli- Ac. wen:., of r lis* ~amc description as my own, 
and. ..be eoixun.i.e-od mai-.y difiiiailtics, though they were not 
of so long duration, from [ho distance of Herat proving 
nincb less than to Kirman. This was, however, quite un- 
nxpeclwit, a-K hi* Route at the time of our separating - ¥ ss 
aaid to he nnitli more perilous and dilhe.ilt than that by 
which I travelled ; and. tiiou.0'1 this tcpn:t afterwards proved 
incorrect, it does not. in the ^iaditcs: decree Wesson the merit 
of 1. hat officer. 1:10 selected what he .-:ic;i...Hcd to be. the moat 
difficult task for himself"*. 

It- forwardici! their memoirs and maps later on, Malcolm 
writes; "The Memoir of Lieutenant Christie, who was 
entrusted with tin: o.vectitbn of llns Service, and to whose 
spirit, firmness, and Judgement, I must fhietly attribute 
its success, is not =0 [nil as that of Lieutenant 1'ottin^er, 
who acted under his orders. ... The former nus, imnicdiately 
on his return, det.aoiied to Tnbree/. ... As the route which 
they both travelled from .Sornnieeanab to Xooslty 8 , ia laid 
down by Lieutenant i\.i tinker. I. did not think it necessary 
to include it in the cooy of Lieutenant Christie's route"' 
[339]- 

On Miilc'iim'.! retutn to India, Cori-'tii- ■.'.■as left 00 deiiuta- 
tLon as hiskuctor with the I'ersiou army, and was kd. in a 
frontier skirmish with llussiau troops, which had arisen 
ilirouirh a misnndeist.indiiii;. I It- '■ fell a victim to the very 
embarrassed situation in which himsoil auri the other Briltsh 
Officer:- were nlare.d, .lurit:.; ;i Kurpn/.e oil the morning of the 
31st. October, ^nd aiinek early in the morning of 1st Inst, on 
the [ Persian ] Prince Royal's Camp at Osbandnz, by a 
Russian force under i : ie Coniai:i:nt of C.ciutiiI Kottore.ski "' '. 

OLIFFE, John. Bo. Engrs. 

d. Carlisle, 14-4^21. 

Ens. 17-3-1783 ... llaj. 27-2-27 ; ret. 1S07. 

Conollv 103 ( 21). 

MltlO. 93 ( 12) d,.'ien;ful little svy. of Perim I., Eed 
Sea. 1,000 yds. to inch. Jti-fi-1799. 

CLODE, Taomas. Mad. Inf. 

b. 1786. d. 28-0-12, at Baokft I., 

ofF SE. Sumatra. 

Lieut. 10-9-05. 

Son of George and -arati Cl.01.le, of Kcrkshire. 

ed. Eton, 1799-1802. 

April 1806, MML, cl. II [ 320 ] ; 1807, MRO. Map 42, 
map of Karanguii 9 , by Ctode and Harris ; 1810, in eh. 
tank repairs during absence of CO. Johnston, 
survd. part of E. Ghats near "Palamanair", N. 
Arcot 10 [404]. Jan. 1811, to rejoin unit. 

1812, Asst. Sec. to Govt, of Java ; d. of fever while acting 






»I3»1- 



i 



1 Ben. Wills. iSo.V 
B Pol 0. 2,1-6-12 ( 9 ). 
18-9). *BSC. 1-10-13 (69). 



Map of Trichux. (' oS .B. ; 2 1. 1S09. MHO. Map 401. »DDn. 120 ( 134). 'DDu. 278 (162) 

' 35K/11 ;Nushkj, 34K/2. 'CPolC.2 0-.il ( 7-'J 1 ; of. Murrav, II ,' [g 25 ) ;' Davis. 
7P/14. "MRO. Map 266. 



OOLUBROOKK 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



COLMBUOOK.E, Henry Thomas. BCS. ■ 
b. 15-6-1765. d. 10-3-37, 

Writer, 1780/11 ... Supreme Council, 1807; 
ret. 27-12-14. 

2nd son of &ir L-teorge Colebr^jke, 2nd Hurt.; banker: 
Chairman, SIC, 1769, 1771 [I, 326]. 

1st cousin to Hubert Hvdc & Juries [ in,/]. 

m., 2-7-10, Elizabeth, dan. of Johnson Williamson of 
Portman Sq. 

Bio. by ins son. oif T. E. Colei.ronke < IS 13-90 ) ; marble 
bust. SiASB. I'idcuitn, bv CI.iLiLi.L-y, 1320. ■ 

FRK.; DWB.; DIB. 

1782, arrd. India. ; 1789-93, Asst. to Colir. at Puraea, 
making the first ubms. to Himalayan peaks from the plains 
■.,. deteEmiue &ejght [ I, 77 ]. 

179S 1801 : journal of mi-sion to Xagpur*. 

1807-14, Eresdt. of A8.ll. ; H mscrit scholar ; 1820, one of 
the founders of R As Hoc, London. 

Took keen interest in HimFdaya Mountains, 
ouoo untying and iwlrmig ail attempts at Svy. and. 
exploration. After' ivureira'iii pubd. important papers; 
On the Sources of the Ganges : ... [ 6, 76-7 ] ; Oh the 
Height of the. lihrt'dayn MowiiainD [87 S J ; Variation 
in the Snow-line 3 . 

DT)ji. 156 ( 151 ), Mackenzie writes to Webb, 
16-3-19; "The enclosed Paper on the Himalaya. 
Mountains which lias appeared under the initials of 
H.T.C. in the Journal of Sconces & Arts for August... 
is printed in the Calcutta Journal for last Sunday, 
& I understand the Table of Heights and Positions 
was omitted only for want of a Type for such a 
number of figures. This is a pity as it would have 
been desirable to many. ... 

"I take it for grniiled that tho init.ii.ifs are those of 
our friend Mr. Colebrooke. ... You could not have 
an abler expounder, or more zealous defender of 
your labours. I have not heard from, him this 
season, but I understand he is much engaged in 
Geological pursuits, it is a loading member of that 

After retirement U'eaiiiO !■"■! ally blind. 

COLEBROOKE, James. Mad. Inf. 

b. 1772/3. d. 18-1-16, Madras ; BEE. 

St. Mary's cem. 

Lieut, 1-4-1793 ... Capt. 7-5-1S00 



Ltd 



•SU/.J 



Bro. to Robert Hyde [in/] and 1st cousin to Henry 
Trios, [sup]- His younger bro. John. Mad. Cav., acod. 
Malcolm to Persia, 1800 [ 173], 

CB. 1816. 

MMC. 8-10-1799, appd. Capt. of Guides; 1800, 
survd. Welles toy '= marches in pursmt of Dhoondiah 
on and beyond NAV. frontiers of Jlvt'P) ; very neat 
and artistic, MRIO. Misc. 1-O-08 [ia»]; 1801, 
Jan. to March, survd. route of Stevenson's column 
thro' Wynad into Kottayam 4 f 123 ] ; Sept. to Nov., 
minor trsrn. and svy. o f roads with Lambton in 
Mysore [ 94, 100, 118 ]. 

1802, survd. district of "Bulium", in W. Mysore 
[ pi. 11 ] ; 1803, survd. rnnro.Fies o Nizam's Suhsy. 

*BI0. List of Factors, gfvea 1780. 'BMAddlMS. 13*51 
13. >DDn. 23» (2!)). 3-5-32. 'whose grt.-gr.-son Rl 

London, 1946. 'Full n.irt.knlats before L-IOO given in Vol. I. 



Force under Wellesley, classed as ''valuable 7 ' by 
Jopp in 1830 s . 

1-10-13, appd. Dep. JAG. Madras. 

COLEBROOKE, Robert Hyde [ I, 326-9 ]. 

Ben. Inf. 
b. 1762/3. d. 21-2-08, Bhagalptir. 
Lieut, 9-11-1778 ... Lt Col. 2-11-03. 
SG. "Bengal, 1794-1S0S. 
Eidfit nut. mi, hv Marv, wife of i!ob,>,t June.;, of Rbt. 
Colebrooke, of fhi.hsvm Castle, Kent, I1M, Minister to the 
Swiss Cantons, 1762^t. 

1st cousin to Henry Thos. [skjj] and bro. to James 
[ suv ' : : 'near relation'' to Jolin first in | tjv., 391 ]. 

1:1., Culeutta, 31-7- n ( J;"i, Chi'.dotae dan. of John Bristow 
o survived him with 9 children— Mary Anne 



Lo. 



3 Her, 



«(i: 



>-75), 



ilb-iiatnn in possession of Taylor family f jot, pi. 19 |. 

Hodson, I (381 }; III ( 758 ). 

1781-5, with Ben. dett. under Pearse to Madras, sarvg. 
return route along coast [I, 41-2] ; 1787, asst. to Kyd. on 
3vy. Penfuig [I, .}fi-7] ; 1760, a.»t. to SG. for office duties 
[I, 237]; 1789-90, asst. with Kyd on svy. Andaman & 
Xioobar Is, I I, 48-93. 

1731-92, 2nd Mysore Wur. survi.-. miLtol'.os ol armv under 
Cornwallis '" 1, 112-3 1 ; .1.703. kekf'ch. of ,SG-.'s Dept. during 
absence of Kyd, succecdm^ hs S.G. 7-2-1794 [I, 261]; 
1794-0, survd. channels between Ganges and Hooghly 
[pi. ig »]; 1795-7 survd. Ganges. from Jaiangi to Colgong 
[I. 63-5 1 7 . 

15-8-01, leaving office under oh. of Blunt, accd. 
GG. from Calcutta ; extended svy. of Ganges from 
Colgong to Patna, arriving 6-10-01. Leaving GG.'s 
fleet, survd. Ganges up to Allahabad before return 
to Calcutta [ 21-2 ]. 

1802-7, employed at Calcutta as SG., compiling 
and drawing maps with no other aaeta. than three or 
four dmn. ; one of these was- a new Map of India 
which he was never able to finish [ 4, 58, 123, 134 ]. 
He writes in 1804 that he found " his own per- 
sonal exertions. ..unequal to the quantity of work in 
hand", and concludes ; "Excuse this scrawl as I write 
by candle light, and my eyes are beginning to fail me " 

[33. "7J S - 

Thouch too busy to keep up the astr. obsns. ho 
had started at SGO. [1, 168; II, 191I, he maintained 
keen interest, and corresponded with Coldingham and 
Warren about longitudes of Calcutta and Madras 
[I, 180-1 ; II, 190 n.l, 195 ]■ 

He fully appreciated value of Lambton's work, and 
in 1800 had been member of com. which inspected 
the insts. bought from Dinwiddle [ 252, 383 ]. In 1806 
lie wrote to Warren, "I have not heard for a long 
time what progress .Major .Lambton has made in his 
survey of the Peninsula. It ia a pity that a survey 
conducted on scientific principles is not extended 
all over India, as far as we have free access to go" 5 . 



8(1). Ms R. XI ( 437-45 ) ; XII ( 25-! 

,t Hyde Colebrooke Taylor, 1>. c. 1927, 

» >o Crawford, DDn. 67 ( 489 ) 15-6-0' 



t seq). 



49 M./9, 
; dying survey, 
DDd. 47 ( 20 ), 



i ((IX VET 

of tine. 

CHOOMIE 



J$ ' 7t // Co /Ui o <^«- 













I 



-Jt 



Reproduced from 



■.■r.y.i'^i map. M.R.I.O. 167 (a). 



COLEBROOKE 



England in 1805, 

him, taking two 

rned in time to travel up 

^kea several references 

iched Lueknow, Dec. 



Ho intended to have accd. hi: 
but withdrew appn. ; she went 
oi/aft* with the ehildreu 1 , but ret 
country with him in IS07, and ha n 
to her or the children until they r 
2lBt[ 311,389 1- 

1807, after urging for some time the importance 
of a avy. of "the Ceded ami Conquered Provinces" 
[ 28-9, 60 ], he left Calcutta, 14-4-07, to undertake the 
svy. himself, travelling by way of the Sundiarbans. 
and Dacca [ 22-3 ]. He took a couple of droa. and 
a clerk with him, but left the maps and routine 
duties under eh. of John Garstin [ 296, 401 ]. 

Extract,-; have already been givon from his letters 



lfcry b 



1 interest 



ighly, 






"April 14th. Being deputed by the Governor 
General in Council on a survey of the Ceded and 
Conquered Provinces in Upper' Hindoostan. I left 

Calcutta at 5 p.m., and arrived a little after sunset 
at my boats which I had previously sent on to 
Garahaut. This village ;s situated on the northern 
bank of Tolly's Canal [ I, 65 ], about midway between 

the Hoogfily River and the SiindivrbEms 5 . ... 

: '23rd. At 25 in the m-ortung began rowing down the 
river. ... At 6S we were opposite.. .an bulssro Work. Took a 
walk on shore and iiu many curlews, paddy birds, and a 
few snipes. Just below this place they were burning the 
body uf a li.ini.ks> '.'lost on the mar,~in ofi-he water. ... 

"At 4| p.m. we oamo to near a village called Buggn-h. ... 
There a- vast concourse of people were assembled and held 
a, fair or weekly market, which wo visited in the evening. 
The only commodities expound for sale eonsisted of course 
eloth. rice, tobacco. ... etc.. and the oniy noncv which I saw 
rupees must nave been 



''The people Honked round me and. my young lady and 
her children' as if we had been wild beasts. Certain it it! 
thai in tiiis t I t .aa have jcen the face of an European 
Coi' 1 obssrved a degree of wonder in their countenances which 

Then follow.-.; ;i chatty account of the journey through the 
Sundarbans. interspersed with tiger stories : "May' 10th. 
Set off at £ past .', o'olock cod walked about two miles 0:1 
shore before breakfast. ... A little way further the liver 
appeared to have made considerable encroachments upon 
one oi the villages, and the bank was covered with trees and 
bamboos whit-Si appeared to have Wn lve-oiiv undermined 
and fallen partly into the river. The breadth of the river 
appeared to be much greater than it is re p re sen rot 1 in 
Major iveiinelfi. maps and in other rcsoeots I could trace no 
village in particular, viz. Pialapoor, 
» 11. >,!.<: Bengal A.i-las ; I, ^.27-30 1 to have i.een 
us importance, 1 lo.jked ("or in vaiu, and I was 
, it had been swept away by the river, [.lenities 
unlv found o.-ie pluf... in twt-Gtv miles that 
with M^joi flei.onli's map, no.i that in the name 
as inserted 011 the wrong side of the river, but 
iv been owing to the removal of the village 
1 to the other, as is frequently done in conse- 



resembianee. . 






and e 






mistake of. be su,vevor"[ I, 64]. 

."•rayed l_> ■:;.<>,:■ .11 1.1,-., ■,;, ; (i'auaneed vis.ti. wita Xaw.ab, 
and kit May 28th. 

"June ytn. This inonsina' bef ire the bo its got under way 
I took 11 walk wi:h my gun, bur the ground being wet from 
the rain I did net pruooed very far. I started, however, a 
few brace of quails und 11 hare, but the lock of my gun being 
out of order it missed lire ;is often as I drew the trigger. 

I saw likewise some wild dunks, two of winch wore shot hy 
the mii-njec of my boats. ... Having son-eyed :iiis part of the 
Ganges in ;i,e year 1797 ' I, 320 | ["was astonished to observe 
the altoralii'iis in the formation o;: sand which bail taken 
place. The main :;tiMaui...;iiid receded to 11 considerable 
distance anil loft only a navigable creek which in one place 
lias scarcely deep enough fur ray pinnace. Several islands 
raised eon si dor ably above the surface of the water, upon 
which cattle graze arid corn is sown, now occupy the spiee 
which was formerly filled by the principal stream of the 
river, where the current ran w'tii immense velocity, and the 
water was in sunn- pans at least 30 feet deep". 

June Kith, rcimhca Bagcariirola 3 , above Murshidabad : 
iMth. Colgong, and ills!. Mougiiyr. 2:ird. visited the hot- 
springs at yitakbuml. four in. below Mongi.yr [390], and 
cap fun id an alligator ; ■ '1. did not reach my boats until near 

II o'clock, when a comfortable breakfast refreshed me after 
the morning excursion. In the afternoon they bought me 
word that the alligator was tlead. They had kept it under- 
water tieti 10 the boar.-, stern, whereas thev should have 
kept it in 11 cool plmic above water, and plunged it occasionally 
into the slreun or have b.-.iUn-d it witli buckets of water as. 
they do Tut I le at sea | 1, (j 7-8 '. I really entertained hope-, 
at first of preserving this Aii(;:-.tor alive, at least for some 
time. ...The bugs and inseets proved so troublesome' ii 
the evening as to force me to retire to rest sooner than i 
should otherwise have done. Sky clear but weather close. ... 

"July 14th. The air became so cool this morning 
( 'l.'hernir. 81° ) a? to oblige me to pull a sheet over 
me before I got up. At half past 5 o'clock, having 
taken another look at. the Great Banyan Tree, and, 
a sketch of it, I set sail arid proceeded il miles up' 
the Goggra [29 ]" 9 . ... 

"15th. ... We passed several villages, at one of 
which called Fulwary many boats were building 
from the timber of the Gnranckponr Forests [ I, 
33,3 ]. ... After sailing about 18 miles we brought 



' BPC. 24-12-00 ( 29 ). =DDn. 73-n, 80. = DDn. 79. 'Founded Bstptis 

■Charlotte, if 18 at marriage, would now lie 30; Mary II, and blizabeth 9; there i 
•78D/7. 'joins Ganges at Chapra, 72 C/9. 



1 in India, 1793. 



\ 



w 



COLHHKOOKK 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



I 



to at tho village of Nwhan on. tho N. side of the 
River at half past U o'clock. I stopped there early 

to wait for one of my unlive assistants, who was 
measuring the road with a perambulator on shore 
[ 31 ]. ... Saw this day several Pelicans, the first 
I had soon for a considerable time, as they are not 
commonly mot with in the- Causes higher than the 
Sooty. 

"At Eraspour which wc parsed Ibis morning there is an 
old Fort. .".from the top of whiob I took some beoringe. ... 
The numerous r-'orts...in Hindoos tan served only formerly 
to keep the country in a perpetual state of warfare — rebel- 
lion. No sooner did a ;emi:idar rind himself in arrears in 
tho payment of his Kists Uifl.ii lie armed himself and his 
followers to defend what in' was so unwilling to pay, and the 
.contest- which ensued was freijiier, \]y desperate and bloody, 
though in the end the rebel was usually obliged to yield to 
supn'i:>f loi-ee [ I. 133, 291]. 

Cole brooks took- his svy. up the Gogra, and then 
up the RaptL beyond Oorakhpur, making his first 
obsns. of the Himalaya!) peaks [6, 86-7 ]i July 27th. 
"In the afternoon the snowy mountains being 
visible, I took some bearings of them with a liaisrs- 
den's theodolite. ... The station where I took 
these bearings was 3 furlongs w-esl of Gnruekpoor 
Fort, the opposite side of the river. ... August 6th. 
At Gorrackpoor ; obsns. to a high double peak of 
snowy mountains". 

On 10th, lie :i- entered the Gogra, and reached Fy/.abiid ; 
"'August 22ml. We reached the principal glisjit or ferry 
of the Goggra between the city of Oinl'd ind the province 
of Gorrackpoor-. ... Tim city of Oudh standing on a project- 
ing point of the Goggra, we fairly sailed round three siiles 
of it, and at +1 minutes past one o'clock arrived as near to 
Fyzahud as I. lit river u-.:nilf! allow, 1111 pail .. . E" I. hat city being 
nearer 5 liar: about a rode from the river. ... 

"30th. This day we passed the worst part of the Uoggra 



of the Goggra near 



d lut!,er 



Frith. 



"31st. We were detained this morning for one of the 
boats which had not passed the quicksands until 9 o'clock. 
As the day broke i could very distinctly hear the drums at 
lihcwriguiige. a military station belonging to the Nawab, 
about three miles on the north side "f the river, and Srrora 3 
which is occupied bj our troops. 

"There are only live comoaiues stationed there and live 
more at .Byramghant. 'flic firmer station for the troops 
in this part, of the \"awnb's country was fa-raj, ..a- Beraitchh 
but it was found that the lieinily ol the hills and jungles 
rendered it. extremely unhealthy". 

The survoy was taken 00 in. above Btihrumghat 
till the boats eould go no further and the men grew 
scared of the dense forests. On return Colebrooke 
turned np the Sarju R. for a few days, and then 
back to Oudh. Sept-. 28th, and 'reached I. he Ganges 
once more, Oct-. loth, having an exciting time get- 
ting through tho siioals at month of Gogra- ; 



c had ■■■ 



ioulty 



tho boat, and by di 
Haying 1 cleared th 
in our favour at tl 



, the wind blowing us 
!ri were not very active, ... 
and the boat i mined i at elv 
-ening before [sic], 
ose to the bank, 1 jumped 
"'' "' *hey righted 



ivitk. ■> 



. E. of Pyzabad. 



ffthaat 



every prospect of reaching t 
Maiiif<; before noon. 

We hiid yet however to ciicounter the quick sands, and... 
about IS miles from Llie place we had left in the morning 
we suddenly took the. ground and healed over as usual on 
one aide. I observed that it was a very extensive flat, 
(.hough not so dangerous a one 11. we had been on the evening 
before. It took us however an hour and a half to clear it, 
which was in fad- by die boat cutting her way through the 
quick sand. 

"It was curious to observe the elfect of the water and 
sand bubbling up together from under the boat's bottom, 
and the Dandies pushing down tin; sand with their feet. 
As often as the boat lay with her broad side to the stream 
and consequently healed over, a whirlpool immediately 
formed on the other side, which seemed to threaten to swal- 
low her up. I can readily believe that a crazy Liazorow or 
11 sharp built I'innai-e might easily have been, though 1 did 
not give much credit to this rooori unl-ii I bad mvself seen 
these terrible quick sands [ I, 26-7]. 

"Having got, clear of the quicksands we proceeded as 
rapidly iis before and. taking care to keep in the channel, 
we fortunately arrived at the mouth of the Goggra and 
brought so near tiio point- of eoi.fbienec at half an hour past 
one o'clock. The Coggra when it joins the Gauges is about 
half a mile across, [--inning a: this season in one stream which 
is tolerably free from sands and shallows". 

Colebrooke now continued up the Ganges, stop- 
ping at Buxar anil then at Gli&iipur , " 'It was here 
that. Marquis Cornwallis died on his way up the 
country in October LSOo. This ilium rious nobleman 
had only recently- arrived, for the second time, in 
Bengal ; when, being anxious to put a stop to the 
war we were then engaged in with the Mahrattas, 
bad embarked at Caio'ar.t.i. soon aft or his arrival, ... 
and proceeded with all expedition up the river. 
[ His J constitution... was not. proof against the sultry 
climate of Bengal and Bihar at the close of the 
ratnv season, added to which t.:ie noblo marquis w;ts 
in the decline of life when he accepted for tho last 
time the important anil highly laborious office of 
Governor General of India. His Lordship began to 
be seriously indisposed soon after quitting the Presi- 
dency and continued in a declining state until he 
reached this place, ... I went on shore to visit the 
tomb which stands about 300 yards distance- from 
the bank of the river [ 31 n.i pi. 18]". 

Reaching Benares Oct. 23rd, lie found "the water 

eon turned up tho Ganges. 

"November 17th. Went oat in the morning to look for 

Game, bat with the excention of one flare which I started 
met with rso-.hhig hut smct pigeons and doves. In the mean- 
time my Boats went on and I met thorn about two miles 
from whore they set out. ... 



snakes to swim off from ths 
ts at any time of the year 
i\- seen and driven off with 
die side of tho boat or the 
i, they usually attempt tc 

V clew, and on walking or 



., from 1802 called 



24' 



COLKIiROOKh] 



minutes as wet as if 1 had waded through a fund. I saw 
three antelopes arid put up sunn: qiuul. but .iln.it only a Teal 
and a Curlew. The wind getting up from the "-est again 
imriodcd "nr progress, au.i by livi. in t-li': u-it^noon ,vo had 
not advanced above Bight miles". 

Reaching Ciuvnpore on _\~ov. 30th, Colebrooke paid 
off his boats, and halted a fortnight preparing for 
his land journey to Rohilkhand. At his particular 
request William Webb was posted to command his 
escort [ 31 n.3 ], and with, family and all he set out 
for Luoluiow. "My tris'.-olflng c qui page now- con- 
sisted of 4 elephants whiHi curried two market's and 
6 private tents ; live camels for my haggagre ; a 
palanqueen, a mahana and dooly, the latter two 
carrying my two children, and their nurse 1 , 12 
bhangies a , 12 coolies, 12 lascars for pitching the 
tents, and an escort of 50 sepoys'. 

Thev stayed at j.urknow v.dt.h the Kcsdt. from Dec. 21st 
till Jan. 1st; "Due. 32™!. liodo into the lines. TheSavaub 
paid a visit of ueroinonv to the Resident, co congratulate 
him on his recovery. Wont to see toe houuc and villa of the 
late Map General Mar tint a; Coo:it;-;nii;.i-. v.'lncli is unique of 
its kira!>[ I, 354]- .. 



His J;,r, 
the usu:, 



the Nature of C 
that his being p 
I deemed it an t 
it to the Purvey 



CI,: 



ffith c 





City in the 




■uspoci-t the 




■ h uttractt'd 












' -ratifying. 








V introduced 




■esentcd the 


11 Ilk-, 


md re-.?!™! 


f the 


Case, f felt 



"Ins 



■1:11,1, 



■ Mehldai' Khan Kutb" and of "_ 

Inscription taken lioni the Jtimmah MiKsjid "!>. 

About this tiiae he got into ir-.adiie with the General 
Officer at Mcerut- : "Major Geiii-ral Dickens 10 . ..has thou. dm 
proper to e?,;it K e me with grout disrespnu; for not ha vTne 
reported to ban my nrro-ul i.-i tain die limits of his Com,,, ^vf 
and for not tali:,,- .],. : . ],..u.-.t LmtLt-e of him us the Oricr-ii 
UhiucrCarnre.andin"/ ,!,..: Field Army. ... 



his family at knekuow, 


the Cot 


we hear no tiling farther of tutm, and lie obtained an 




reused escort as piotiii.:- ion against ^ongs of lobl-ers said 




.ie near the .\. frontier, and • ■:.g..n;cd 1 f ■ -:i :-.-.=r v '.'.[to sowars 




nil ;.:,,:, : ,uiiiri to his party [ ;js.o]. From Hardily lie 




ved up to foot of 'he iiill.s Lo the p'liut where i.Uo o'uijli, 




Sarda, breaks out [ 31-2 ]. 


paying 


■Jiiuoarv 30th ■ iSoS ]. I'-Min. 'file Kumuon hills were 


iosh 11 


1- partly covered with the snow that had fallen in the 


,' !l :'''"' 



l""[S4-5l- 

1 Kasdiipur 
rookepicked 
1 the svy. to 

t lie reached 



night. : i ti: ; uiipenrcd to be "Lid kdlimi oit some 
mits. With 'a glass I could plainly di. tingnl-r. 
una iiicv interouved, as r.iic ;ii-:. 1 ■ .:' ;).- 
whew the snow pad iulien did not ■■> ■!■■ .1 "h r i 

appsnrniirc ivas very ddlere.nl. fro:.. ,:, ■ : 

range virion which snow is seen all (he year roun 

Working along the foot of the hills t 
[pi. 3], meet-in;; swamps and forests, Cole' 
up an i a term it-tent fever, and lia-d to loin 
Webb for several days. After a short re 
Moradabad Feb. 17th, and was delighted t 
to get- more ol.isns. to snowy peaks. Leaving Wr-bb 
to continue the svy. of IJohilliliant!, lie went on by 
himself through M.eorut to reach Delhi March Hit-h. 

Ho was now feeling so poorly that he decided that 
he could not carry out, bis long ciifausknd scheme of 
exploring the Ganges above Ilardvi'ar, and he asked 
Govt, to let him send Webb instead. This being 
sanctioned, ho made preliminary arrangements with 
the chief at .Srinagar through the agency of the 
Resdt. at Delhi, and Webb v.-as able to start from 
Hard war early in April [74]. 

During I: is vis,;!- ■■; Delhi Ooiehreoke stayed with the Rosdi. 
who writes to Govt. ; "in conformity to ancient Custom tlie 
Z^oa-ro/.e Festival was celeomled on the ilst M'.ach, when 






s iveli a. 






land huv'ti 
hapnened 



ln-Fbir. 



vere indisposition. To this Genera! 

.Dickens wns pleased to return a polae ans-,ver stating thai- 
he had received Orders from the Commander-in-Chief to 
reinforce my es:.crt, and tlesiring to waive the ceremonv of 
waiting upon him i lit: nevt d:iy as I hud proposed to do"" 11 . 

He now moved down to Bare-illy where he arrived 
17-4-08, and occupied liimself protracting his .=vys. 
and working up Ins map.,, and taking further obsus. 
to snowy pe:iks while waitrng for Webb's return. 
Webb arrd. at the end of June after an adventurous 
journey [ 75-6 ], and, a month later, Aug. 1st, 
C-olebrooke set oat i'voir. Hareiliy by boat down tho 
rtaoiganga, making surveys as he -went. On the 
lOt.h he turned up the De-.vih anil snivel, four days 



up 



a Pali i: 



Aug. 1.5th. A squall with ruui eatue on at i o'clock in 
the morning, but the weather cleared up La-lore 3, at which 
time, it being moonlight, we got under way, ... Hearing 
some living, which on enquiry proved to be nothing more 



'Did he and Chariott? share i;,s palankeen | ;o; u.6] 1 =portera. ^cf. Hastings' Jo'irn-d i Hiii ). * ft. B. Gregory d. 
1S24 ; Ben. Inf.: Ilodscn. I..I. I 333-4 i. ; 'dourn;Ll. i)Un. H!i. ^Akbur II S'seed. S-,ik A lam lS;):i. : lii runnes tu one ~o!:l 'nvjh'tf. 
»B Pol C. 25-4-0$ ( 1.1 ) & 2 ;> OS I 3S). of. ilevnckls' prssenl.ation at Delhi in 1794 [ I, 30V-? ]. »DDn. 73. «M Gen. 
KichardMark Dickens; d. iUuttra L'ii-i-i.ia ; OW. I j 2ti0 ). "BMC. 25-1-1)8 ( 69). « Deona or Garrn ft. ..ueeis Kaij^am-a 

54M/I6. Pah, 54 M. '14, 25 01. S. of Shahj.ahanpur, 



I 






n 



COLEBRUOKK 



BIOGKAPHICAL 



"17th. Set off 



i was so violent from the 
on rid Slid unable to pro- 



Daviight &...uf 7 rt/aebed the outlet oi 
i'.IH. or l)ev.ah)Kivci ; . ''.. Keloiv imi-s the united streams... 
the. Gnmberah, wh i-r-h di'inibngnss bi ibe domes at 

Ili.l (.Ihailt-. ItS InV.Liilil ir.. ■!■■ :l. -:■■.■: _T I -L ■ 1 IJ " L . I % " tl'OIli illlf 

hah t'lirl ir,.'.: tO ti\.T;fi linJ.^p, but its whult BJUElt. (ioCi 
^tH'l !;!>;.lit miles. We ent.en'd the Gu;gos : 1 .. u.-Jtri LE I u! V 

si: iii! hour- prist urn-. Initial drifted tint slo.vly with the 
nit, owing to a strong S.KIy. wind. On entering the 
t River, which was very high and the enmed. r'Lpid, our 

ress was somewhat accelerated At 6 o'clock no 

■-■■I at M ly (jkaait, and lji-oLiah.1 t.. at t.lio outlet- of t.ho 



t the 



of K 



i far 



effects of a Dysentry. ... 

"At i) o'clock wo re-uinied and roada-d llio (ianges before 
10, hut we iiad not pro, •.;•■.■:. led f.iv hei'oie wo were thrown up 
on ii Quick .-Mini. iVom which we end not i:\inoa.le ourselves 
until half an hour prist 
rapid and the weather i 
rate after clearing tho .- 
iive hrouaht to on the [i 
River hud partly overlie 
ground nuverod with trre 
room to cook their viof 



b.-mg 






udf an hour 
iver. ... There the 
but a slip of firm 
our people ample 
ecp and Goats to 



"10th. ... At i- past '..I o'eloel; passed irk-Toor 5 on our right, 
a very aricienlciiv, and lid I of Tempt..-:, and in U-k l'.nildings" ... 
Tho place is I believe famous in the annals of the Hindoos, 
iiod dipt. Wilford [ L 390 7 ';...nii-nrio!i- if as tho occasional 
residence- of the Patriarch Noah. I f so, it must- have been 
founded by him. It is romr.rlcable that this place and 
Adjudia or Oud [ yi J, where Ihe Tomh of the Patriarch is 
shewn, are the rally iwo places in flindoostan where the 
Patriarch is supposed to h:-ie resided. That in the decline 
of life the aged and hoiy Patriarch should have travelled to 
Hindoost-an i.s not improbable, as tho heat of the. climate 
might hrive been more congenial to has health i: constitution 
than the mountains ul" Armenia: hut he might- have had 
another and more important motive for doing so, which 
would have been to mark tho progress whicb was made by 
his children and descendants in peopling the earth and build- 
ing Cities. His authority aiueng 'hem would have been 
little less than that of n 8ove:injn Prince, and as be survived 
tho flood three hundred years, lie might easily have lived 
to see tho extensive regions of the upper Hindoos tan, as well 
those of Persia, Armenia, an:! ihe. Punjab, which he had 
left hehind him, in a tolerable state of population and 
improvement before bis death". 

Colebrooko ami. nr Caivinpore 10— S- 08 [ 33 j, and 
on 26th wrote to Webb, "As ray complaint has; 
become much worse since I came hero, I have deter- 
mined to leave Cawnpore the day after tomorrow, 



'Outlh. : now meets Ganges opposi 

which. jo!:i:i <v,'.ii bank oi Ganges. o4 M/1U. 
8 John Wilton (e, 1756-1835); BCS. 17715. 



being, convinced Hint, the Kiver air is Iulss; Ltnfavoui'- 
able for my disorder than that of tho Cantonments. ... 
Tt ia most likely 1 shall bil;n my passage for Europe 

On tho 28th ho sf>ixts h.is p.iurnal ,-i^nin ; "Having 
stayed at Cawnpore since the 19th very ill of a 
Dysentery, f took my departure from it this morning, 
a little, sootier than 1 !i;i<i into; 1 eh-: 1 ., being pers 11 tided 
that the Air of the River was tnore likely to bring 
about a favourable turn in my complaint than all 
the drugs which had been prescribed to me at that 
place. Set off at 8. 

"30th. ... Very ill today of the Dysentery, ... 

"Sept.. 3rd. ... Passed M.ir/.a:xior at 7 o'clock & soon after 
met the fleet of General flewott. Commander-in-Chief [ ;oS 1, 
pras-eedins ro 1 he Upper Provinf-- 



"5th. 



off a 



.. Canto 



id'.aidpeor, where we arrived. ..id halt noon. ... At 2 p.m. 
Ghazypoor, and ■Liter drift.i:ig abmit 10 miles against a stron^ 
Easterly wind, which raised a. high sen and agitated the boat 
a good deal, we brought to. ... The Pinnace sprung a leak 
this day, which renden-.n I i: necessary to keep some hands 
hailing out the water during (he greater part 01 the 
night. ... 

""til. Having stopped the leak we had sprung during 
Urn boisterous HeadioL- of ye.-it.-erday ami i.he day before, at 
11 o 7 dock we got under way. ... Wo experienced as hot an 
afternoon as 1 remember. At fi p.m. brougbt to. ..about 
rlO miles by water Iroin .Biiiar. ... 

"Hth. Set off at J paat 5. ... At 10 p.m. passed the 
Month of the Oa^ra, which I'iver I surveyed laat year 
[ 29-30 } [ to ] 300 miles from its outlet, and whose issue 
from the Mountains a!- liurrnmdeo" I visited in January last 
[-6, 32. 3S0J. At, Hi passed Ohnpra, anrlat. half past's the 
Cant.oiimeiil.s nf Dinapoor. At o-J p.m. brought to at Mr. 
Wilton's Ghaut at Bankinoor-'. The day proved eveeasively 

i)th. After a very hot and sultry night wo left Patna at 
Sunrise. ... A violent squall with rain from the N".W. came 
on and obliged us to bring to, distanee from Patna about 



Strong "Easterly v 






; tho 



nd and eloudy weather, with 
let ofT at 0, & drifted with the 
: time the sails and tacking 
e evening at 6 brought to... 



, setting ; 

aeross the channel. . 

:> miles ali-ive the Fort ai 

12th. Rainy morning, with long continued peals of 
thunder & lightening before na.vligb:. Therm, at 6, 81". 
Set off at 8, and a: a j- bof.e-e 10 a-an. broncho to for a little 
while opposite to the Seeiaeoou '.veil | 387 i'...to iiU a jar of 
water from the well. The liramins sbc 'fauml me out. and 
came running doMii to the Boat to hov 11s usual, A Iter tilling 
the jar, I gave them a rupee to dii ide amoogsi. them, with 
which however they did not seem to be well satisfied, as 
some of them continued murmm-irig and asking alms until 
the Boats were under way. 

"We continued drifting but slowly during the remainder 
of the day, wliieli [in ived extreme I v isloudv, with every 
appearance of an approaching storm, and at « p.m. arrived 
opposite the Juru.-Ldri.-i; R;>:.:k .-,'', n-hcru wo brought tu for the 



night. 



"13th. The « 






o bad a 



obligi 



,. all day at Jut: gee:-;*. .Rainy and Meirmv n^di! 
"14th. -'«. 



< to lay 



The journal breaks off here, though a page may- 
have dropped out, and Colebrooko would have reached 
Bhagalpur this day. September 14th. the final stage 

of his joumeyings. 



1 fCanauj. 3 no traverse kept down the Ganges, 
j-iithur, lil! Kti, 12 m. above (Jawnporc. ' D.l.ln'. ,-C' [ ot 
1 Rocky island at Sultangaiii 72 K/12 ; litii Gaz. XliT ,' 7: 



Liij, on the Kali N. 
Baramdeo, 62C/4. 
10 DDn. 73. 



241 





Plate 20 




John GARSTIN { 1756-1820 ) 

Of Bengal Engineers. Surveyor General of TSongal, September 1 
office as Chief Engineer at the same time [295], and continuing ai 
General, till his death in Calcutta. 

From a portrait by John Opie, R.A. (1761-1807) 



08 to April 1813, holding 
such, with rank of Major 



NO'I'KS 



Kii died in the early hours of the 21st, and Carstin 
writes ; "By the death «f Colore;! Colebrooke I have 
lost a near relation and a ilea" friend; the Service 
an able, zealous, and active officer. He fell a victim 
to his exertions in the cause of service" 1 . 

Oolebrooke had spent 30 years in India, with 
never a day's leave out of the country. His last 
19 years were entirely devoted to survey, and he 
was over 14 years SG. It did not fall to him to 
make any historic innovations or discoveries, but lie 
never missed an opportunity of adding to geogra- 
phical knowledge, and he introduced order and 
regularity into the methods of the few surveyors 
who won; allowed to him . Probably his mosi notable 
contributions w?re his svy. or Pent-se's route along 
the East Coast, 1784-5 [I, 41-2], — of Mysore, 
1791-2 [I, ii z - 3 ]_of the Ganges [I, 64-5; 
IIj 21-3] — his ohsvis. and iteductioiis regarding the 
height?; of tlio ti itiiiilayan neuks [ 85-7 ]. He was a 
great diarist, as well as a pleasing urmst [ pi. 19a ] ; 
his journals kept in .Malaya | 1, 327 ] — the Andaman 
and NieobiU' Is. [I, 48-, 327-8] — his essay on the 
Ganges i I, yj.g ; his -rketehivj in Mysore ' 1, 32S-0. ], 
and the journals of his last travels in the Upper 
Provinces [ 20-33. 387-150 ], are all most fascinating. 

Hia family had probably left, lor England soma time 
before Ills d'iiUii. but we iiav.- no renord of this. Though 
the Direr; torn would oof. since ut (4<ire tin's request that he 
should be alioned to comi'iete and pub. the General Map 
of India for their benefit [ z3i I, tiny ,-n.ids M ra . Cukbrooke 
a small donation cf £ 300. Her eldest son Richard .served 
in the Ben. Inf.; a dan. Kmma, b., Gtloutta, 1-12-1799. 
tinnr; out again to India wii.li rj-ar^tin in ISIS, and was m. 
at the Call)., Calcutta, 20 12-20, to Win. Colebrooke, 
RA. [ inf], wailii one of her eider slitrns rn. Jusenl; Taylor. 
Ben. Engrs. 

Tlio Taylor family at ouo rinse hoki a portrait in oils, now 
hut. but still hold the rroriiar.ure in water -col ours [torn which 
the portrait on lis. .1 3 is reproduce!. 

This miniature aiirr-.sars to h.i.ce been n.iirn.eJ in Calcutta 
betwnsn 1790 and 1795. tha latter year, being that of his 
marriiice, hfjiiu; the most probahle. The uniform shewn, 
saarlet with d.>:k blna oollar, appears to have been ishat of 
an officer on t!m stalf. 3 vii. \mh. to Si;-;-, from Juiv 17SD. and 
later 3G. [I, 327, 329]. 

COLEBROOKE, William Mae be an George. 



JMC 7-6-13, in el 

!.:eni'fj : IS !;->-<!, ;., a ,.-;.; 

1831-5G, 
Indies. 



of DQ.MC.'s Ilept.; Nov. 1813, 

Java as DQMG., till evacuation. 

Lt. Govt, and G. 



rppts. 



W. 



b. 1737. d. 6-2-70. 
2/Lieut. 17-8-03 



RA. 



1. 26-12-05 ; 
Col. Comdt, BA. 25-9-59. 

Sou of iViolH. ViVilberei./olebrooke Id. 1318 ), Lt Col, RA., 
by a dau. ol"M Gen. Grant. 

m„ Calcutta. 20-12-20. Emma Sophie, dau. of Robert 
Hyde Colebrooke [OTup], 

KH, 1834 ; Kt. Bach. 183" ; CO. ( civ. ] 1848. 

1S11-3, MS. to Gillespie, Comdr. of the Forces, 
Java; Nov. 1811, "Descriptive remarks on the 
Route & Country along NE. Coast of Java, Written 
on the March of the- British Troup* from Samarang 
to Sourabaya" 3 . May 12th. Recce, sketches at 
E. end of Java ; Aug. to Oct., survd. Solo R., com- 
pleted later by George Everest |" 135, 137 ]. 

Ho Sackville, 5-10-OS ; DDn. 81 (213). 'Confirmed by Si 
Bengal, 6-3-23 ( 13). 'Blafiden (241 ). "MlilO. 63 ( 27 ) ■ 

affidavit, 4-2-06, with nauYI Tiapers. 10, and in MR but in corr 



COLLINS, Charles James. Mad. Inf. 

b. 18-3-1785. d. 6-12-04, Ganjam. 

Lieut. 30-7-01. 
Son of Charles Collins, of Swansea. 
1803, Route svys. during occupation of Orisaa 

[23], including one along Mahfmudi R. for about 
80 rn. west from Cuttack, Oct. Nov. 1803*. 

CGLVIN, John. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 20-8-1794. d. 27-1-7 L 

Ens. 15-9-10 ... Lt Col. 20^-35 ; ret. 4-9-39. 

Son of Thomas 1 'oh-in. inerr-h. of Claaoow. 

en., Li.rdioff. Salop, ilT-J-.Jfi, Jo.tefihln- Purest, dau. of 
Capt. Joseph Baker, RN. 

od. Addiscombe. Oriental Glab. Hodaoa, I ( 388-9 }. 

BMC. 22-2-11 ; tr. from Art. to Engrs. [ 308 ]. 

ib. 13-1-12 (167-8 ), to examine Palmyras 
Point for site for a lighthouse [ 24 ] ; Oct. 1813, Aeat. 
to Blane on svy. E. of Sagar I. [16, 311], on' SG.'s 
report that "Major Garstin is anxious that Ensign 
Culvin of his:; Corp-:; sdioukl get- an iii.-shrht Into survey- 
ing, and the young Gentle man himself would be very 
happy to attend upon Lieutenant Blane in that 
capacity" 5 . 

Dec. 1813, to Allahabad ; MRIO. M 397 ; 17 ( 51 ) ; 
Svy. of "land to be given to H.H.. TJmrat Rao", 
Hundelkhand ; 30-10-16 to 4-11-15. 

CONNER, Peter Eyre. Mad. Inf. 

b. 5-8-1789. d. 29-4-21, Hyderabad, 

nam. 

Ens. 23-2-07 ... lit Capt. 27-3-21. 

Son of John Connor 4 , of co. Donegal. 

June 1807, MMI., el. in [320]; from Jan. 1810 
under Garling onKaialiast i-T'irupati svy. [ 127, 399 ] ; 
Nov. 1810, to Goa, Knrvij. route Bangalore to Manga - 
lore ; 30-6-11. relieved from Goa svy., being granted 
further 6 weeks "to complete rirrsughts of survej - 
before joining Corps" [ 156 n.5, 164 ]. 

MMC. 21-9-13, appd. Asst. in the SG.'s Dept., 
and joined Gnrli:;^ on svy. of tionda, N. Kanara 
[158-9,216,314]! MPC. 8-12-15, appd. to ch. 
Coorg avy.; 1817, to Travancore svy. ; 1821 to ch. 
Hyderabad svy., but died immediatolv after taking 
over [130]. 

COURT, Charles. Bo. Mar. 
d. Calcutta, 9-9-21. ■ 

Vol. 15-4-1789; 2/Lieut. 18-7-1793; Senr. Capt. 
24-12-16. Mar. Survr., Ban., 13 2-12 to death. 
m., Mary Anne, dau. of Ceo. Kirs-ley ILilroyd, bam, later 
Judge of King's Beech ( l)}.'H. ) - she d., Calcutta, 15-5-13, 



Patrick Cadell. following BGO. 11-7-1737 
. 0. 03. »DDn. 1*3 ( 3 I, 21-10-13. «1 

ip.ijidinisi: al'Vsw^ Conr^.T. 



If 



COWPEIi 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



1S04, "Captain. Court, who had a high character 

both as a se:.ii)in:i ami a man of si-ieiicts, look command 
of the 'Panther', with Lord Valentia...on board, 
and two midshipmen, ... Hurst and Crawford, while 
Lieutenant Maxfield [ 16S ] had the tender "Assaye". 
... Sailed from Bombay on December 4th 1804, 
surveyed purr of the Dhnlnc Is lands... JatiUFiry .[SOB. ... 
The result of the surveys. ..are given, in a chart of 
the Bed Sea in two sheets in Lord Valentin's 
travels "'. 

1807-8: Sec. to Marine Bd. ; 1809-10, furl, to 
Eliri' ■ni:. 

COWPER, WiBiam. Bo. Eisgts. 

b. 12-4-1774. d. 27-5-25. 

Ens. 1-41-1793 ... BtLtCol. 4-6-14 ; ret. 16-12-18. 

Son of Will. rind Hirv Coivper. of I-Milon. 

6(1. RMA. 

ra., 12-S-1S, Lydia, dan. of Dr. Richard Reed, of London. 

EIMC. Ill" i 195 ) ; "Appointed Assistant to John 
Johnson, employed in surveying the Coast and 
interior of Malabar [ I, I3 1 . 34 1 1 witil whom he 
continue;! for several years, until obliged to relmqiisih 
from ill-health. He then took the iisnal routine of 
ill tv, distm.sui :j !iL;i.c bLiiself !jy the corroetnc^s and 
highly finished style of his plans and surveys... till 
1804, when he wns called t;> the field as Chief Engineer 
to the army under Lt-Ctaicral Sir Richard Jones". 

Bo MC. 13-1-02. selected to comd. Pioneer Corps, 
but refused owing to ill-health. 

1801—5, serving "in the double capacity of Sur- 
veyor and Field Engineer", survd. route of "the 
Division of the !'<>nibay Ai'ioy ;;?.n:!er the command 
of General Jones during the war against Jeswunt 
Rao T.Iolkar. from Baroda to Ohurtpoor" [ 165-6 ]. 

D.Dn. 246 ( 141 ), date Hnfcri., survd. route from 



CRAWFORD, Charles. Ben. Inf. 
b. 1760. d- 23-12-36. 



--1770 



1 6 IS -. 



En8. 2( 

SG. Bengal, 1813-5. 

!iro. to .Taints Crawford ( Caesar', d 
( 408-9 )[ ix/], and to another brc, w 
tamo to India [ 231 n.3]. 

m., in England, between 17S6 and 17S9. 

ltodson.I(408-9). 

1781, e::mii;L!.r,i .i.rairjAr RV : a if Hen. 
serving as Asst.' Enir. nf ciipmre of ! 
"01 Kills I 

2-S-1785, applied from Buxar for 
permitted [<> retire for this purpose h 
[I, 167]; CM. 11-2-1789, normitte 
taking his wife. 



robably never 

^Louisa [>/]*. 

res [1,351.8,394]; 
jaigarh. 10-11-1781 ; 

. 315 ;H, 45]. 



Bii.O. 12- 



1793, ) 



u . 

1, V T.I 

ingland o;:i'lj 


"teovi'-Kia applying for restorat 
Krishnagar, 10-1.1-1736, that 
■ years as aa Assistant .Engineer 
,er maid, Mary Slater, were gi 

to 17BQ. 


te had "aerved 
en passages to 


1S02-3, c 


mdd. escort with Knox's 


mission to 


\ T epal and. 


with hdqrs. at Katmandu 


for ah out a 


fear, made 


svys. and maps, with astr. 


obsns., trgtg 



Surat B. to Songarh 8 ; About 1 
liuikli ig "f naval docks at Bombay. 



l ch. of the 



the valley of Nopoi, and fixing position,; ami heights 
of snow peaks [ 6, 7, 40, 70-3, 85, 89 ] ; granted Es. 
3,000 reward ; missio withdrew March 1S03 10 . 

Drew map to i! lustra to fhiehanairs tour of Mysore 
& Kanara, original, MRIO. 143 ( 1 ), bearing his 
signature [ 11311.3,384]. 

Comdd. batt. at Sultanpiir 11 , making oea-s-ional svys. 
in nekrhbourhood. Doc. to Matdi, 1JH04-5, ran svy. 
from Bihar to Koliiikhaod., to skotch mountains and 
rivers, and fix heights of peaks [27, 35, 71, 73, 85-6]. 
Interrupted by pind-iri invasion, distinguished him- 
self by defence of '' Puttiirghur " fort, 3 to. from 
Najibabid and 25 m. from HardwiLr 12 . This was 
: ' productive of the happiest i-ffocts by establishing 
coe.fidimee at a vcv; critical period, and by preserving 
from pi I lass a p'aon which, at this time, was rendered 
singularly important by being the repository of the 
wealth and valuable effects of tho inhabitants of the 
Northern part of the Province" 33 . 

1809-10, survd. Kki.wah Cant. ; date unkn., survd. 
Benares Cant., ohsg. latitude, quoted by James 
Prinsep" [ 28 ]. 

May 1812 to Feb. 1813. on svy. of Mirzapur Dist. 15 
[193], with Hugh Morrieson of his batt. as asst. 
[ 45 ] ; being nominated SG. in Nov. 1812, was not 
released from svy. till relieved by Smith, and did not 
ussuras office till 9-t-13 [ 6, 16, 45, 47 ]. 

'Mwkham ( 7-3). >45 G/13- a 3kiir, ■« 315. 'fandliarpar, 47 0,'3. 40 m. W. of Sholapur. * Probably Tbos. 
lia^e Montresor ( 1774-1-^3 i. comd;;. Poena Snhsy. Pore-, 130:!-"" : rkit on p. -^ being .Toln M.iiui.v-irjr ( 17ii--P,n5 ), eomdg. 
H\l. 7'th l 7 t. '» Ro MC. 2-2-14. ' Ninths E^;n;o's i,a>d-yl 3a\t:-'/ <>i i'rd.ind. nor " !-!c-n«al Willj : ' n've " Ohni'les " amu.-ursi 
brotj-"^ of "Chota Crawford". » Cil. ll-:"'-.>;i. ^i::-uied n,<,=.* :W * to ludti. M1M.C. 2!-H -171)0 I -IS i. lc ib. 24-3 Oo (76). 

>-o;<ja »ii; ? -;-;-. .-:viv ( 12:1} & xxu ( hit i^rnVn AC,: r . :sa 10 5 as ;35?). «.1jS. xv Apps: ( 191 ). 

"MLTBapar taMhowMav l:ji:2: Mliow to Rotas. Get. 1813 ; DDn. 270 ( S3 ). 



„™„ p , 


ifetming 6hs« 
I travelled upl 






ring tlie liciglil- of the 
Kl !:i:le;;. nnd a:-.r^u:i- 


tlm'iin^ 
or«:l •:■ 

'■ ■ 


unwillingnesa ol 
quired, and wit 
ntiftiisily ksut 
n the morning" 5 


-Lk- 


■.vino 
am t 


Hatiier, made repeated 
during the day, alti-.r 

I could not have pro- 
.king any rest til! 2 or 



NOTES J 

Being &n experienced survr. his instns. to the 
survrs. in the field, very few of whom he ever saw, 
were full of practical advice [ 35, 84 ]. A keen astro- 
nomer, he restarted regular olrane. at SGO., holding 
classes for officer pupils [ 193 ]. 

On appt. of Mackenzie as SG. of India, Crawford 
continued as SG. at Calcutta pending Mackenzie's 
■arrival from Madras, but "in consequence of 
my general health and strength being much 
weakened by ray late residence in Calcutta" 
read., and left Calcutta 24-13-15 to embark at 
Sagar Roads. 1 

Settled at Bivia House, Goodrich, Hereford, vrhere he riled. 

CRUIKSHANK, James. Bo. Inf. 
b. 24-4-1788. ci. 29-11-53. 

Ens. 14-9-04 ... M»j. 25-5-29 ; ret. 30-4-31. 

San of John (InilLahanL-, i.Ierk it. f.ha Nnvy OffieB, find 
Barbara Sutherland his wife: cousin to Jaraes Sutherland 
[qv]; Ms sister man-io;! il.i.Ti:y Adams [ 376 ]. 

m., Lo:idon. 13-11-33. VAv.a- rLi.-e- -t-.i-phiue, dan. of 
-Josoph I.lothamley. 

July 1803, attd. sv-y. ; 1S0B--10, Asst. Survr. under Williams 
in Gujarat, and drew rci;uii,ii;j aiap | 171-3, 323 ]. 

From ISil, As.it, Survr. or. svy. of Kroach. and continued 
on rev. svya., Gujarat, i i 1 1 end of Service [ iSS ]. 

DALGAIRNS, James. Mad. Inf. 
bapt. 3-1-1787. d. 5-11-73. 

Lieut. 21-9-04 ... Lt Col. 15-5-34 ; ret. 29-2-40. 

H-.y:i ijf Andre-.!- and i'.v.ariolte llaj^u^i-i oi'oo. Forfar. 

Oriental Club. 

April 1305, M.M.J.., cl. 1 [ 320 j ; Dec. 1807, to Travau.core 
svy. [131-2]; Not. 1303 to April 1.8C0 under Muicolm at 
Bombay [131 n.io", reaming ',0 Travancore. 

MGO. 14-2-1 i, to ;■;.!,■■) I:i,s eorps, 7th NI. ; ib. 9-t-U, 
to Java expn., doing duty situ HM. 14th Rcgt. [320]; 
1S13, with Am liny nose Corp?, daia : ,J_\IG. 2-4-14, to 
act as Town Major. Batavia, and ADC. to Lt Govt. : Out. 
1815, on Rev. Com.; July ISIS. Sub-Tiwisuw and Civ. 
Pymr., Bat.avia. 

MMC. 27-1-13, appd. 2nd class Asst, in QUO.'s Dept 
*vy. Rrn.-.en [ 3 22 ]. 

jb. 30-12-17, furl, to Europe. 

DARDELL, James Francis f Jacques Francois ). 
Bo. Engrs. 
b, 12-3-1773. d. 6-1-05, Cochin. 

Ens. ( Bo. Inf. ) 19-3-1791 ; tr. to Engrs. 24-3-1704 „ 
Capt. Lieut. 11-1-02. 

Son of Rev. David Daniel [sic'\, pastor of Neufchatel, 
Switzerland, .in:! M:--iar;uc d'.Ivcroy, his wife. 

m„ Cochin, 2-0-1703. Pc-troej !a ilari: ire ilia Vanspa.l] 
■ ■ --- Colin Dardell ( IKlii 1.-331), 



(Dutch); fattier of Jai 
Mad. Inf., 

1798 till death, stationed at Cochin, and made var 
svys. [ 131 ]. 

DASHWOOD, Henrv William. Bo. Engrs. 
b. 28-5-1796. d. 15-11-20, at 30a. 



1 England, as cadet for 



CD to Bo. 13-12-13, r 
course of svy. [308I. 

Bo KG 1L'— 10-14, lately arrd. Bombay; :: .*iii™ idle' 
posted as asst. to Rev. Svy. Bombay I. 

»DDn. 131 f 155 ), 17-8-1 
Lambton's Calcutta agents. 



3 DE HAVILLAND 

As J. 1821 ( 200 ), Conspicuous in numerous sieges during 
conquest of (3. Koakan ; d. at sea as Lieut, on board the 
Hannah "of a decline". 

DAVIDSON, Charles James Collie. 

Ben. Engrs. 
b„ Calcutta, 24-10-1793. d. 31-3-52. 

Ens. 10-12-14 ... Lt Col. 31-3-JO ; ret. 23-10-41. 

SHon of Alexander Davidson, Calcutta meroh. 1 , and Anne 

Ellen his wife. 

111., Glicorra. 3 2-13. Lei.il.ia Crum;.. Hodson II [ 15 1 
DDm 131 ( 138), 2o-3.I5, J fttl . "to llmi Islti, ,w«l 

Dum Dum cant. | [3, 311], and road from Calcutta, F,m 

Segr. 10 ( 58 ). 

DAVIDSON, Michael Hyndman. Mad. Inf. 
b. 7-12-1789. d. 12-6-28, ] 



Lieut. 9-9-05 ; Capt. 3-3-24. 
Son of Andre-v Davidson, shipmaster of Greenock, and 
■ I "T.-:'.rr.i. his wife. 

April 1S06, MMI. el. II | yia |; 1310. after 2 year,; recti 
fluty, employed on svy.; ;\JG0. 12-8-11, alki. to (JlIG.'s 
Dept,., svy. branch [164]; ill. 18-J-13, apod, to commt. 
dept. [ 322 ]. 

DAVIES, Thomas. Mad. Engrs. 

b. 7-11-1789. d. 18-5-18, kd. in action 
at Malegaon, Deeoan 3 ; set. St. Mary's 
eh., Ft. St. George. 

Ens. 10-11-09; Lieut. 6-1- or 15-11-10. 

Hon of Thomas and Margaret D. ivies of co. Denbigh. 

1-11-12 to 17-4-14, .Survr. will, field force under Don-*' 
ir> S. Decean f .66, 313]; M Pol C. 23-12-10 [11, 13], 
commended by rllnhinstone and SG. 

1817-8, on svy., Maratha War. 

DE HAVILLAND, Thomas Piotte [I, 334 j. 
Mad. Engrs. 
b. 10-4-1775. d. 23-2-66, in Guernsey. 



Guar 



of H.iv 



., 1st Madras, 3 -!) (IS, Mli/.abet.h, rla... of Tims, de San. 
nit-re* ; she d., Madras, 14 3-13. in. St. Mary's Cem. 

m., 2nd, Harriet, dan. of A nthony Gore. 

DXD. ■ DID. : Vibart, II. Oriental Club. 

17y!l-IS00. sketch of C.:irrd..aion; and l.imdicul 1 [I, 114, 
Ii3 ] ; 1300, Engr. at Serhigapiitara. 



'.SOL ■ 
ami Caii 



"the 



e Mar. 



Aplin, ... eaptui 



by the 

parole 2 2 U! ; ordered t'> lit- ernplnyed "or: any Military 
Service in this Country inci-pl. in :n;ts of immediate and 
pc-rsop.-d hoiitdii.v air.iinjl. the French", and "in the tatcrior 
of the Conntry"*. MGO. 21-10-13, released from parole. 

MMC. 15-4-05, ported as Engr. with Hylnrabiid 
Subsy. Force [ 3 ], with directions to complete svy. 
of Decean besun by Mackenzie [I, II7-8 ] ; joined 
on borders of .Berar and survd. N. frontiers [133-4, 
280, 312-3 ], 

Jan. 1807, to oh. of repair;; at Sermirapr.tam ; 1809, took 
lea-.ij-!;: nsrt in nr.it inv ■" 315-4 ' — elected for ot:nI. — scntcncpd 
to bo cashiered— dsmd.'aad not stored till ldI4[000j*. 

1812. Gavf. h.iii^nt his naarrs and i-Mt;. for 000 pi., tho' he 
hid valued them at 2,500 ps. or even £ 1,000 sterling [ 2-^-6 j. 
3 years. 






DE PENNING a 

costing about 6uO d.i. ; Amongst (lis maps was one of Egypt, fur 
the original of which the Director.; had paid him £100; 
there ma also a map of "toe -.rack of toe Rockingham, & 
the shoa-1 struck upon in ISul in the Red Sr-a"i and map 
of S. India in o diccts [ 276 ]. 

From 1S11 aeig. Inspector Taok repairs 7 147 ] and GE. 
Madras; took '.i.kl ohms. ; "a dakm lioe" known as Do 
Havilia.nd's Beuohmark msv vet In; seen on a stone let into 
the wall at Fort St. George.-". Built St. Thomas' Oath., 
designed by Caldwell [ |, 3,1 ]. Mackenzie regarded him as 
"im active enterprising man" who aspired to "e«lat ,13 a 
Geographer". 

DE PENNING, Joshua,. Asst. Survr. 

b. 9-8-178i, Chmgleput. d. 2-3-45, 

Calcutta. 

Appro, at Obsv. School, 21-6-1798 [351]; Sub-Asst. 

<!-[t-M ; Asst. Survr. 1st el., j;-. :l . LSI. 7 ; ret. Nov. 1843. 

2nd son of Peter D.: kennir!-. serge, of Mad. Art., who m. 
Mnris Isicc. of Tra.aquoiiar & [•i.ndkhcrry, 24-7-1780'. 

Joshua, with his !.ir:>. I'eter, was brought up with the 
eons of Lord Ilobarl' at Govt. Ho., and thtiu sent, to ob.1v. 
survg. school [341]. 

m., Pondicherrv. IS 10, Marie Ku.-.aacil: llvpoiitte Gille, 
b. 8-7-1706 antl therefore under 11 years old,' by whom he 
had M children, of whom il grew up arid !) survived iiirn. 
The 9Mi child, h. 18L4-, was named Wm. Lamb ton, and went 
to sea; the Ilth. Ccorge Alfred, b, Madras 7-7-30, left 
descendants, now living at Uld Court Hr>. St.. Calcutta, who 
conduct the business oT Patent Agents under the name of 
l)i: Pen:->,iTH! ,.(- IM Ptnnhyj, ami still preserve documents 
left by Joshua, from whom many oi" ;he following particulars 
were oSetaincd. The vol ingest .son was r:.iru<>d Duocar 
Montgomerie, after the bSG. Madras [ 3 ry, 321 ]. 

Joshua was "bron.ght up in the Military Male Orphan 
Asvlurw at Madras, whence he was oritdnaily bound aivoront ice 
to a Mr- Addorioys who. on .eturnir.rr to" Englarid.Vcut him 
to the licence Surveying School 1:1 June 1798, to serve out 
the remainder of his I ime, which was nearly 5 years" 8 . 

Aug. 1800, joined Lambton's svy. [164, 346); 1-1-07, 
awarded by Bd. 01 Rev. a silver medal and a case of math, 
insts. "as a mark of 1:1 mi r appro tuition" [ 347 ]. 

DDn. 62 ( 88 ), l.i .1 09. promoted to 35 ps. a month on 
compaction of C years- from expiry of appoo. ship; "Mr. J. 
de .Penning had been vviih rne since the year 1-H'.>0. and from 
a continued course oi nnil'onii good conduct and attention 
to his duty he is i-aiil.h.-d to the .strongest recommendation... 
both as to iiis moral character and 10 his superior ouaiiii 
cations in the compile a tod line in which he lias been em- 
ployed"' [346]. 

1809, made nil the obsns. on Great Arc, S. from 
Perriomalli, lat. 9' 13' [ 243, 264, pi. 17 ] 3 . 

1812, on ij-ffia. Nellore to BeHary— Dec. 1812 to 
March 1813, Bellary towards Chitaldrug — Sept. 1813 
to March 1814, Bellary to W. coast and back 
[ 4, 246-8, 335 ] having measured base at Kumta 
[248,255]. The following extracts are taken from 
his journal [ 24S-9 ] ; 

21-3-13. "After sunset was putting up the instrument 
to descend, when one of our people cried 'A Bear, a Bear', 
upon which we looked about, k true enough we discovered 
a l.tear roaming about unconcerned or. a neighbouring decli- 
vity. ... I turned the tsiescope to the animal, and I had the 
satisfaction to make a discovery whteh t probably will never 
again lift able to do, and which I never knew or heard OI 
before. This is that, the bear carries its young on its back 



i BIOGRAPHICAL 

while too young to follow the mother. The young clings 
fast to the back, transversely, its neat: and forelegs on one 
side and the kind 1 '.- part on the other. ... 

"24th. Marched to Busgapoor. at the W. foot of Rung- 
yandroog'. ... I got a very curious large red squirrel shot, 
the carcass of which I now have by mi.-, dried and stuffed. 
I have also got a large curious spider pickled, whieh I happened 
to meet with very luckily by some bamboos that were cut 
down for my use : out of a hollow of one of theso this spider 
came out before it was quite dark. ... 

7-10-13. "Marched to. ..a small vdlage about 6 miles 
nearly E. from Hurryhurr [95 n.2 ]. Ascended the hill 
with the Instrument. Destroyed a honeycomb which we 
discovered on the rock with the help of our people, as the 
inhabitants were afraid in approach it. ... The villagers 
would not give us any assistance to get at the bees, imagin- 
ing from some superstition or ignorance that the bare attempt 
to destroy a Honeycomb would he attended with instant 
death, and that no one else could dare to destroy a comb 
but those wdioee Inline..., ,,r 'rade it was, and who of course 

alone a person could succeed. As I was determined on having 



I got. the v 



.1. ray people - 



ehone 



after some hesitation at last succeeded without meeting any 
accident, and to their groat surprise and shame, they dis- 
covered that fear was the only enemy they had to encounter. 
The bees are very revengeful when they are disturbed, but 
when fire is applied l.o the curd' Ihcv .scctu to lose- all their 
sagacity & power, and instead of venturing to sting their 
adversaries, they adhere faster to their comb, as if deter- 
mined to perish with it". 

The. journal makes no mention of the trouble with the 
amildar 07" Shikarpur towards the end of IS EM, which raised 
a storm in official circles. De Penning had failed to get the 
asstce, he expected in the way or" supplies, ami unfortunately 
-track one of b&e looa] aflieilUB | syr-2 ]. 

March 11th [814. lej. [Salary io join t.ambton at Hyder- 
abad. 

"16th. Marched to Adoni. ... 

''t>0th. Marched to Raehoor 1 '. ... Killing crossed the 
Toongabudra, were now in Si-tam's Territories. The in- 
habitants insolent and haughty, and provisions &c. in con- 
sequence were obtained with iuni.v difficulties. ... 

''22nd. Crossed the Kistna. 

"29th. Marched in to the Freneh Gardens 11 
culled Raymond pert, where we jo-mod .\htjor Lamb/ton 
after a separation ;jf mr.nths ;ir,<i It! days, which 
took place 011 the 10th of September [ 1813 ] at 
Bellary. The Kreiieti Gardens, ... on the S. bank of 
the Musi River, about. 3 miles E. from the City E. 
gate, and about tho sumo distance from the Residency 
in a direct line, ...may be distinguished at a 
distance from the Monumoiit erected by the late 
Nizam in honour of ilr, Raymond 1 -, and which is 
held in great veneration by the R.C.'s and also by 
sovornl iMiissulmcn. ... 

" Our friend & associate Rossenrode [ 246, 352 j left us in 
April for Masnlipatam, t.o be joined in wedlock, and returned 
Hath his wife in May. 

"Since my arrival here I have been frequently taken ill 
of a fever, which I suppose to be of the same nature I was 
at.taeked with at Bellary, .My wife was safely delivered of 
a daughter on the morning of ! he 20; h of April, ...and I 
have been attacked with a fever, as also my wife, on the 



■' C"!itrnl .;'' 'ifanvrr. in pi'Session •if 

A. (d. 1791 ) of co. Cork; OW. I 

his step-father. Lard llobart, who left .Madras Feb 179S » SG. to Govt. DDn., Ills ( iSb" t, 30M-23. 'from 

Lambton, DOn. 62 | U2 j, itt-12-09. "DDn. 4 12 ( 2-1S-SGS 1, lis-ii-lLk para. 153. Miaogvanad.irL'a, 2.307 ft., 51 B/2. 

i» iiiieii-Ir, ,18 H/-S. ] ' h'ormerly o::euoieil bv Riv.u.md's farce disbnicd 1798. i I, 117. 175, 350]. " Michel J. M. Raymond 
( 175f>-98 ) ; arrd. India 1775; comd. French force Hyderahld c. 17S5-3S. DIB. ; MI. Hydarabad. Crofton II (33-4|. 



24» 



same, day, and the enild taken ill of a (lux a. few days after, 
from a change of milk, i recovered on the 19th, but my 
poor wife still continues ill. as also the child. 

S-S-1B. "The Colonel sett out for the Cant, at 3 j ftoasde. 
lost a turkey by the dogs. 

"9th. Killed a whipping snake iu the Orlice necessary"'. 

In reedg. Do Penning for increase of salary in 1817, 
Lamb ton writes that he was "so fully qualified in 
1813 that I entrustc I him to carry a, he It of triangles. 
principal and secondary, between the latitudes of 
13$° and 15° entirely across the Peninsula, and he 
accomplished Ilk task in a moat, masterly manner. ... 
Mr. De Penning stands in a very superior height, 
both as to his attainments and the rtvspfifit ability of 
his character. He is competent- to iho practical pari 
of this Survey in all its various branches, thoroughly 
acquainted with the adjustments of all my instru- 
ments, is an evc.elli.nT. pi-so t ieo. i A;trK'.os!or, and his 
great lengtli of zesdous am! valuable services entitle 
him to my t hunks and tlm highest consideration of 
(.a;-, eminent" 3 . 

He was permitted to resign from tli<; GTS. with a 
pension from 1-2-24, and was then employed in the 
SGO. at Madras until called up to Calcutta by Everest 
at the end of 1831, to take ch. of the computing 
office ; he held oh. of that office till he ret. Nov. 
1843 [266]. 

DICKINSON, Thomas. Bo. Eagre, 
b. 16-4-1783. d. 19-4-61. 

Ens. 21-9— 17S>8 ... Col. 14-6-12; ret. 10 -3-13 ; 



>, dau. 



: MGen. Josh 



ed. RMA. 

Bo GO. 17 & 31-12-1799, attd. to Inf. 

Bo RC. 19-2-12, appd. to succeed Hawkins [ qv ] 

in (sh. of Rev. Svy. of Bombay 1,, with appt. of Rev. 
Survr., which he held till 1821 [8, 186-7, 3°6, 323, 
338. 355 ]■ 

Hud healed iUs;m!e with one of Ids sorvrs., Jnsliuian Xul.t 
[ qv 1, from whose correspondence l.he following extract is 

"The 1st and 2nd mornings of going out. after Captain 
Dickinson's arrival, he quitted tee oneampment before us 
without saying a word, arid we joined him on the road; 011 
the 3rd. however, it was our fortune to set out first, and we 
arrived on the ground j of an hour before him, on which he 
-said he had been waiting 10 minutes, and then visited ray 
tent to ascertain '.the.ro we ..ere, end ordered us in future 60 
stop for him. It-iii a ruing home, however, some one observed 
it- ivits nearly 9 o'clock, on which he remarked that his watch 
wanted ,} an hour of that time, and then ascribed to this 
cause his having been so late, and that he hail nvcrslois; 
himself. 

"One day he ™ 
showed rne how to make an erasure, 
ignorant of the method; another tim 
to show me how to divide a line ii 
merely mention these things ti> ct iota 
jeets he could find fault". 

Guvt. ordered that "being of op 
Service would not be benefitted c_. _. 
remaining as an Assistant, ...[they] have. ..placed him 
m another situation, but that on a full consideration... 






1 that the Public 



5 DINWIDDIE 

believe that Caplnin Dielaiisuii has shown a want of temper 
on several occasions. ..and hope that the duties of his situa- 
tion will be conducted in future in a way that may be most 
likely to ensure a hearts- co-open, Lion of tilt! officers'emploce.l 
n: i.:j~ department' :J . 

DINWIDDLE, Dr. James. Scientist. 

b. 8-12-1746, at Kirkland Farm, Tin- 
wald, nr. Dumfries, d. 19-3-1815, bur. 
St. James' chyd., Peritonville, Islington. 

Sot a s-urvr., but in 1S00 sold svy. mate, used bv Lambton 
[3. 433,251-2 3- 

«:>n of John Din "oody, who d. May or June J. 746. Changed 
name to Dinwiddie : cousin of Itobt. Diuv.aldic Govr 
Virginia, 1751-8. 

ed. Dumfries Acaacrnc and Edbib.rr^h l.-niv ■ MA 177S 
LLD., 1792. 

m. before 1777 ; bis oa'v child Ann d. 2>i-l\.-30 a"->(] 53 ■ 

ehp n, r^mac D. ICr.^l- ~„ „ ». ,. 1.— -C1^ *-_.■_.. , ., - 



Itobbins I 1KI ) .; Carey, I j <li! } ; Fatnily records : ■•.Bom: 
lores on Du.mfri?.< Miic-aiirmUts... by A. Cameron Smith. 

i schoolboy made clock of original design in local 

nia nad afflicted by squint; 

^....__„ O v..i.^.._......,o^. ,. .mself to science. Worked as 

private tutor till, 17, 1, appd. head math, master, Dumfries 
Academy. Hon. iju::;c;s. Dumfries, 177o. 

>S;»nt i 150 on providing math, irists., theodolite, micros- 
tope, parallel rulers, compass. is, doable cone, and inclined 
plane, which, with :S:i<) books, ii:.' left at the Academy i, ber 
iic iett Dumfries, 1777. 

Visiied principal town of ^ced.laod and 'Ireland on lecture 
tour Cork. 1730— then F_o.idc.ri and Paris; constant finan- 
cial trouble : Lecturer! on steam engines — diving bells - 
balloons- -Siege of (iioraltci' — . ■ot ton s piecing. Had schemes 
I or salvage of shins, ia-eai ling .'",'.-. v--.c' '';■:.,,/■■;.■< [' [, 317 J. 

1702, Appd. to Lord Macartney's embassy to China 
[251]; title of "Machinist or Mechanician" changed to. 
"Astronomer" at hi--: own request. Embarked. Portsmouth 
26-9-1792. Besides the inst-s. later sold for Lamb ton's svv.. 
he was to demonst-tele air-jam:.:, lenses, pia-nct-armm, hallo-in. 
diving-bell, making personal asesti:.-: and deseerns in two l.ist. 
The intended presents not appreciated as expected -, 
several of them lefr tvdth ienwiddic in payment tor services 
Leaving embassy to return to I'iurope. he ami. Calcutta 
27-9-1794. 

From 1795 to 1S06 gave frequent lectures in 
Calcutta "on Natural Philosophy & CI nan is try ", 
charging 10 gold ■mohurs i for course of 35 to 30 
lectures 3 . Gave tloynonst-mtinns of gohanio battorv. 
10. Tract 44, "Analysis of a course of Lectures in 
fCxpc rirnontal Philosophy". Calcutta, 1801. 

BtoCD. 24-S-1795, appd., probably from Feb. 1795, '"to 
assist the Board of Trade in [joints of Ohemislry, Mechanics, 
and Natural ['jiilas-iiihy, rciatir.s; to the al'Vairs under their 
charge, with a salary of Sicca llupees 500'- per month for 

The work covered research and experiments with indigo, 
cochineal, saltpetre, gunpowder, dax". and hemp, besides 
inciigenoas limber snilable for house ami ship tmildinst. 

1797, Council reported that ''having called on the 
Hoard of Trade to stale how far the object of ids aupoint.mcn! 
had been answered, ...it did not appear to us.. .that the 
prospect and advantage to the Company was sufficient to 
justify a coutinminec of ills salary. ... We determined that 
his salary and npp.-jiritmem. should cease from the end of 
January last"'. 



\ 



• lis. Hie- 



-Carey, I ( 1SI J. > m<C. 27-1-1 



DOUGLAS J 

During Larni.it tin's snort stay in Calcutta, he must 
have met Dinwiildie and seen the scientific insts., for 

as soon as he had. obtained oppi-ova! to his svy. in 
the south, peninsula, he ptT.suad'.id ;.■]■.: iladfus Govt, 
o purchase those ho wan tod, at a cost of Rs. 3,700 



and after iospectit 



e packed off t 

ml 



6 BIOGRAPHICAL 

ELLIS, Robert. Ben. Inf. 

b. 22-12-1780: d. 31-10-14, fed. in 

action at Kaltinga ; mi. 

Ens. 2-11-07 ; Lieut. 1814. 
Son of Thou, and Khirahcth Ellis of Llannor, Wales. 



iiodson II ( 



::,!.!. bv > 



■unrig Genlle- 
'.is ExechVaey 
ve employed 



& Co.,"pdulers fe publishers oi Dumfries. 

DOUGLAS, Alexander Sholto. Mad. inf. 
b. 20-4-1785. d. 18-2-13, Rajahmun- 

dry ; Mi. 

Ens. 17-4-03 ; Lieut. 21-9-04. 

Son ofVa'.ct Snoltn Douglas. 

18101, on svy. in Viiii;Mi)'.tam Dist. f r.ij, r6o, 164]; 
his map still the W iwailablo in W2*. Li Da. 127, 4-9-11, 
'Lieutenant .i>"ii.- 'i •'-- ■:'■! ■. i'v: I. :■'!;■.! :i" l.ti^-.e- lc qui red, he 
will he directed to join his Corns, ^iirveyioc: allowances are 
nor. to be draun bv him beyond July Hist". 

DRUMMOND, James Samuel Robert. 
Bo. Engrs. 
b. c. 1782. d. 12-3-31, Bath: probably 

Lieut. 26-5-180O ... Lt Col. 29-7-25. 

Son of James .Drinnr.aoud, i.:. Co], Bo. Inf., and his wife 
Aonei.'roes; his sister Jane in. Tinjs. l.'ba teller [ qv]. 

Bo GO. 17-12-1799, posted to "2nd, tSatt. 3rd. NI. ; later 

Bo MC. 13-6-01, appd. Asst. to ■-'■'..!.. but not- •:orisidered fit 
lapping in SG.'s absence [ 282 11,7, 305 ] ; resd. 



[ 323. 



8], 



t. Ex-Engr. S. .Div. Gujarat. 

DUNS, 3 Charles Denis. Mad. Inf. 

b. 8-4-1787. d. 16-8-64, Bath. 



m.. 11- 
June IS 

ill' \ .■ 1 


)7, 1T.MI 


Adda. Snow, 
el. Ill [3* 


i.n to< 


1812, 

MitO. ' - 
2° -4-1S, 1 




'-p-de 


Hy L 


lie;, it 

crabfu! 



ENHT8, Willi; 



on aotivo 
porvice. 



service of TrimlKikjee Daigi 

EVEREST, George. Ben. Art. 

b., Greenwich 7 4 7 1.790. d. 1-12-Oti. 

Lieut. 4-4-06 ... Lt Col. 7-3-38 ; ret. 16-12-43 ; 
Hon. Col. 28-11-54. 

■S'l'.'.-. 1523 [ 252.-J. 262. 267 I ■ .SG. & STP. lsS0-43[ 9, 190 ]. 
Son of Win. 'tristcoiu !■ vers.il. solicitor, of Cre.enwk-h, and 
Lucetti; Mary his wife, 
m., I7-11-J6. Emma, dau. of Trias. Wing, of Gray's Inn. 



Hia 



II (MS ). 



a ( S3 95 



... L. If. Jivs 



: /J.T3. 1 



vercst and his famir 
f 13, proposed by 
Ingra, ; ed. months, 
rich. 
B.'-FRGS.; CB. 26- 


John 
BMC 

2-61 


■nty Brit. ; DIB. ; He 


dsou 



njar ou pol. duty'-. 

1812 or 1813, to Java on regtl. duty; June 1815 
to Aug. 1816, on eivy. of Solo R. from Samarang 
[ 137, 216 n.3 ] ; July to Aug. 1816, recce, of har- 
bours along S. coast 11 [138, 3S0 ] ; JMC. 29-7-15, 
retained in Java ,: conducting nn irnportnnt Survey... 
which it is... desirable 1 hut he should finish " [ 323 ]. 

Ooi'l. Oaz. 21-11-18, on evacuation of Java, sailed in Lady 
Barlow from Batavia 2.-i-!!-lB— AIliUlwii 8 10-1.6— Caieutta 
30-11-16. Ptaang 0'.i'.., Ii>-1IM6 ; ; 'On Wednesday came 
in the two transports. Ja,;:io : ; Dnnnniond and L;o:iv Barlow, 
with troops returning from Java to Bengal. We were sorry 
to haar they were .lompelled to put in here in consequence 
of the smallpox having made its appearance on board the 



lAtAB. 1805; 12-11-04. °-DDn. 19.4 (123), 5-8-1 
»Bell (54). 'not b. at Gwfrnvale, 00. Brecknock, as stat 
^Director SIC, 17.35-8. 17S2 ISIIil. 'Fellow of the Royal 
11 10 Maps. MS. 24 is labelled as Everest's journal, but ap) 
Everest's ftlblis. ; several of his nine; are preserved [ 137 n.5 ]. 



FRANKLIN 



FLEMING, George. Ban. Ertgrs. 

b. 1760/61. d. 3-7-18, Calcutta. 

Fwkr. Art. i Ens. Ens™. 35-11-1778 ... Col. 4-6-14. 
Son of George Fleming, of Dublin, and Thomasin Tucker 

m., Dacca, 30-1-1794, Margaret, sister of David Burges, 
BCS., Collr. of Piirnea -widow of James Ayton and 
mother of James Alexander Avion ( 175)1-1832"). Flem- 
ing's dan. by an curlier mama.;!' T '; 1, Sophia Thomas in, m., 
1st, Henry Manlsy ; 2nd, Chmsura. 16-10 20. the aforesaid 
James Ale sander Ay ton 1 . 

Hudson, I ( 191 )j III (733). 

Bl'C. 14-0-177!'*, -Asst. l-'d. Engr. with Goddard's army 
near S'urat [ I, ;;q 1 : Bl'C. 4-!-17S6, Fd. Engr. CawnDorc. " 

l.iih. l.ugr. at Dacca, supdg. buildings of gaol j BilC. 
4— 4— 1j !)'i ( 35 j, ap;>d. to report on mea-suros necessary to 
protect llangpiir against inundation by Tista P.. 

1801-2, survd, environa of Calcutta [ 12-3, 191, 
199 a.a, 268, 309 ] ; Sept. 1802 resd. on account of 

iH-hnaltli. njt.nrniaj,; !.-■> t'lndiampore. 

From Sept. 1812, survd. city of Murshidahad in 
addition to other engr. duties, which included con- 
struction of bridge over Gobra R. [18,227,312]. 
Greatly appreciated appt. of Schalch [ 310-1 ] as 
asst., writing to Crawford, SG. ; 

"From whai. you have said of your young friend, I feel 
much satisfied, & happy in the idea we shall do very well 
together ; in fact I now have but one thought about him, 
viz., how & what 1 can be able In do to accomodate and 
make him com liiri i.Ma Mv Bar.L-a.low that 1. now live in is 
eery small indeed. & Mr-. I'Vming being with me renders 
r that will 



■tlor. 



alf 



otheC 



ean that Mrs. Fleming 
snail go into Co.ntts.. for t would not on any ucct, suffer her 
to reside in such a dirty a '.on.iinablc nlr.ee. lor, as my charm- 
ing -Man said, if she was to lias l> months there she would be 
dead in them. 

My arch will. I hope, be able to spare my escort ft attend- 
ance at the end of next month, when, please God, I mean 
to go into a Friend's House in the City, & then Mr. S. & I 
shall, I hope, be able to do very well "together. If he calls 
upon you, or if you vvrik to I Tim pre, ious In hi, journey, prat 
kill hi in the above, k say I hope if he conies before Oct. he 
will be able i.o bring a tent- with him, and the same time I 
hope he will not think of bringing anything inwards House- 
keeping, as I trust -.ic shall be V.jippv caiinLf.is well as Working 
together, and it wd. be putting Rim In an unnecessary 

"I hope chance has thrown a good Theodolite in his way, 

aa the one I have is very ;:ra/y, i.ho' 1 ma.de an effort soiiie 
time ago to gel, another, I co-ihl not succeed. 

"Mrs, Fleming desires her B'hut B'hut sslam 2 , & with 
me regards your kind Attention to my Stepson, Lt. J. A. 
Ayton I sup ] to whom may I send the enoloscd, wh, covers 
an introduction to you"; 3 and two weeks later; "Mrs. 
Fleming, with B'hut sulam, says she thanks you for sending 
H.-er better i.o Her Boy, it w. hope that Ho lias been to pay 
His respects to you. T hope vou like your situation in A LB 
points of view; in One (as it favours your Penchant lor 
.Science) I am .-jure it does, but I hope it doe3 also in an- 

Reference has already been made to the dmn., DeCrnz 
[340], about whom Fleming writes; "If thro' your kind 
interference you can arrange ><- so that I may have Becrnze 
confirmed to me, 1 shall like ii. much better than to have an 
Assistant from the Infantry ; not from any dislike to, or 
disinclination to know, any ,.,£ them, but because I teei Giy- 



...... with Him than I could with any Ojjlar, and 

further because he protracts and makes my plan for me 
■e you therefore, my dear 



ind does it very prettily, 1 a 



= Ben. Inf. 1S07 ; resd. in 
■'DDn. i:i() i 65 1, 32-8-13. Mb, 

"Govt. 0:,.;. 9-7- IS. s ]i... Qi Will 



that it is my Wish" 5 . 

Thi« Mursihiditbrtd svv. way finished 1 by July 1814, 
and in BGO. of 3-2-15, Fleming was posted to "the 
charge of the Engineer Department... consequent to 
the departure for Europe of JVIaj. Geid. Garatin" 
[ 402 ]. 

His friend Hugh \torrio3on T ^z t writes to the SG. shortly 
ailer l.demimrs dcsdi. 'The accident.,, to...Co!ouel Fleming 
was a fall in his bathing room : ho fell noon ins head and cut 
himself severely. ! a!, iir.it understood tha.t t!,[, IVila the cause 
of his death, but I. have since, learnt that he had his fewer 
bi.il ore, ami that Ids fail n:-oci,eded from wenkneas""- 

scorded that he "had served the llon'ble Compnnv 
years' 1 '. His wife had 
leath on account of her 



without intermission of lurk 
returned to England befori 
health 8 . 



TRAXCKUN, William. Ben. Inf. 
b. 1763. d. 12-4-39. 

Ens. 31-1-1783 ... LtCol. 16-12-14 ; ihvd 1-10-15- 
ret. Dec, 1825. 
Sou of Rev. Thos. Franoklin, vicar of Ware 1759—77 



gs, dan. of Dr. Jan 



( DXB.& o)l7.I,349). 

ra., Calcutta, 0-3-01, Mark 
Collie. 

e:i. Westminister; DM Hi DIB- llodson [1(13-4) OW 
1(349). ' '' 

1783, travelled thru' Persia, inscribing his name on Per 
•■ polii M^.viiy, 1787 I 000 ] ! . 

1793 4, on escort duty with Omines Uevnolds I I, 310-2 1 
and again with ,)a:„.;v. Jlccat, 17U.1 3 [ I,' 56 ]. 

Benares, Jims. \ »'>■>, complied a sketch of Hariana from 
material supnliml bv Ccori;.- Thomas | 57 ]. 

ISI'2 till retirement, Itrgnkiing Oiiiccr, Bhagalpur ■ Nov 
1814 to March 1815, survd. Cbamhm R. from source near 
Deoghar to junction with Cmges .,; liin.ra.lpur. Compiled 
man of ,lu:ialetc-ry Dist.. [iow dantJI 1'areauas, showin- Ids 
marches 1813-20'°. 

An:hiir of 0!,."r«itii:>ii.' wide, an ■itir,:i from B-mqul to Persia 
]7«(i-7; pub. 179!) -l/iiion/ •>! In- Reign- of Xh-ik- Avium 
1798; repr,, Allahabad, 1915 Journal of'::. Route fnm 
Rnjemehol !o (Jour, IS 1(1-1 1: 1812— Tii- MJitan, .Vlemoin 
of Mr. George Thomas; London, 1805. 
Prominent member of ASB. 



FRANKLIN James. Ben. Cav. 
bapt. 6-5-1783. d. 31-8-34. 

Corn. 26-3-06 ... Jlaj. 7-7-33. 

Son of Wi!!ioidi:im and Hannah Franklin, and Wo. 
Sir John Piv.ni.lin " 1786-1817 | li\„ FRS.. the atc*io 
plorer. 

ui., Cawnpore, 1 4- l.->, .U:;:g :!■:.-- Maria Chnm^its, dan 
Gen. Sir Thos. Brown [ 51 ], 

EIMC. Ill ( 97 ) ; Hodson, II ( 214 ). 

On voyage to India, 1805, took prii't i 

of Good Hope. 



14; d. 10-8-33, in his 
■9-13. sib. (2,1), 13- 
'Cnrzon, II (157). 



■ >: Cape 



"BMC. 23-1-10 ( 72 ), appd. See. to Col. Martindell , 
& "Postmaster to tho Troops" in ISurtdelkhand ; 1811, 
survd. routes of Lt Col. Brown's detfr. [ 51 ]. His 
maps are well drawn, and one of them, MREO. 
81 ( 8 ), has as title-piece a neat little sketch of 
Kalinjar Fort. 

linnaoe nr, linage iin'he ( H.odscu ':. '* I. .si i-iw-ioots 

-13. 'DDn, 156 ( 136), 12-8-18:147 ( 150 i. 17-8-1,-, 
"MHIQ. 164 { 10 ) ; Misc. 1-0-1775. 



s 






BIOGRAPHICAL 

[ the valley and capital of Sreenagur, for the 

■ ■ - ■ ' .-mem. !,f tin: Country i.-hii-i; 

' ■ f i ■ l> i 'i .:i-i:is. and of aiding- Haj Gfii. 

!l.i:. ..■..:.. .1 ■ i'/hadl ■:■"■ ns-iv ll;-.vi> oeeasion 

5, reports; "It occurred to me that 10 or H 

■e usefully employed in vi jit-ins; fj ic interior, to 
a degree of local knowledge, and if possible to mate 
future operations. With this view I left 
the advanced camp at Xounee on the 5th inst. ...accom- 
panied by Ens. Blane, of [he Ungmeers, towards Joobul 
[90,383]- I pafs.s: thB Mjiiiwv Kidsc of the Uhorv range 
[ pi. to J un l.lnj Otli, and n-i-.ehed .S-.irai in Jubul" . 

May 18th; ''From hence 1 shall proceed to, and visit, all 
the intermediate tracts between ;he M.W. point of the Choor 
range of Mountains, the Palur River, and the countries of 
Bischur'. ... The inhabitant* of the Hilly regions are warmly 
interested in the cause. ... Since the eommenocment of this 
letter, the Chit-Is of rlischur cam viaiied me and accorded 
their devotion and attachment to I.iv RriHsh Government '*». 

1813, in ch. settlement of Csrhwal ■ 1S27-30, as member 
of Bev. Bd. at Delhi, held control of rev. svys. of Upper 
Provinces. 1830, appd, AGG. Delhi, being assassinated 
there, 22-3-35. Portrait, Delhi Record* (15)1); ML, St. 
.Tamos' chyd. Delhi. 

FREDERICK, Edward. Bo. Inf. 

b. 23-&-1784, Bombay, d. 1866. 
Lieut. 26-5-1800 ... Bt Col. l-12-2!t. 
Son of Charies Frederick ( 1748-91 ), RE. & Bo., Inf.. 
n "artha, his wife. 



Persia: May 1810, apod, super 
' to investigate elrcura- 
.iap of hi.- route [' 175, 



ERASER J 

16-10-13, appd. survr. of 8. frontier of Bundel- 
k.hand[6,5l-2, 312] ; "In October 1813 I was ordorou 
to survey the frontier line of the British iitjstiossioris 
in Bundeleund, hOLr'iiuuig at Gur^urh unci ending at 
the Chumboi River. I was then on service with tlie 
Army before the fort of Alwar, and could not com- 
mence my labours until Jan nary 1814". Writes to 
SG., Rewari, 11-11-13; "Colonel Brown has nomi- 
nated mo, and Major Gonoral Marshall has appointed 
me, Major of Bri^ivdo to the Cavalry hi Camp"'. 

Interrupted by the llura'.-ha. War, Franklin con- 
tinued svya. in Bundolkhand till 1S19, tying them 
together by rough trgn., and producing a very 
valuable map [ 193, 201, 230, 231, 312 j. 

FRASER, James Baillie. Traveller & Author, 
b. 11 6-1783. d. Jan. 1S56. 
Son of Edward Satchell & Ja.no Fraser, of CO. Inverness ; 

bro. to Wm. Fraser, WJ.S. [ ur.mil to G. .1". Fraser j 1300-12 ). 
Ben. Cav., and rev. survr. 

DNB. ; DIB. ; Murray, II ( 430-S ). 

1815, visited hiw bro. Wm., who was on pol. duty 
in Sirmiir [in/]. Loft Delhi 9 !! 15, reaching NiiIih.ti 
14-3-15, in time for successful .dose of Ocht.erlony's 
ftaiiipa-Lgn in SirrnOr [89-90]. Accd. his bro. on 
tour to fciutloj valley ; on. return journey, whilst Win. 
returned to Srinagar, .lames asoonded to the source 
of the Jumna, and then crossed to the "ijliagirat.hi 
valley which he as e.i;ru.ff.'d t.e Gansrotri, ix'iiijl the first 
rmirope-a.ii to do so [ 78 ]. 

Tho' no m.irvr., made :i rough map of the area and, 
being a capable artist, made a sories of interesting 
pictures of mountain scenery, iviehidin^ spirited views 
of troops in action against the Gurkhas at Malaun 
and elsewhere. These were pubd. 1820, as a set of 
20 or 24 aquatints, under title Views in the. Himalaya 
Mountains ; VM. exbts. 2014-33 2 . 

1324, pubd. another series el" aquatint Views in. Gakutla, 

VST-exMa. 1671-34. 

1821, travelled in Persia; IS33 -34. further travels to 
Constantinople & Persia. 

Aiith. of Account of a lo'trae:/ ?y the source* 11J the -fura/ia 
:md Bh.tL>jiro!hi fluisvs. ivith alternative title. Journal 
of a Toitr through part of the Snowy Range of the 
ili,nalaya iilo-iiUnirt*, a.ri In 11:/ Xaura* nf the Rivers Jumna 
and Ganges 3 . 

Referred to in lira's ffistiifa, I (15), as the -well- 
known author of the Kiriziibash'' ; ivrote a Military M::moir 
of LtCol. James Skinner l^o^n..]], ISol. and also eome 
fiction. 

William Fraser ( 1784-1835 ], his brother, had been 
Sec. to Ochterlony at Delhi, 1805, and Sec. to Elphin- 
stone on mission to Peshawar, 1809 [65-6]. As 
1st Asst. to Readt. at Delhi wa.9 attd. to Gillespie's 
column that entered the Dun, Oct. 1814, and his 
■ "zeal for the iSorvi.ce md.ueed him to accompany 
...tho Assault of Kaluoga, on which occasion he was 
wounded by an arrow [ in his throat ], participat- 
ing in the danger of the Troops; [90]"*. 

It hiiii been ordered "thai IK 1'Yaser sin-mid accompaay 
the Detachment? to be employed hi the oi;c ligation uf Deyrah 

>DDn. 130 ( 101 ). *eng. by R. Havell & pubd. by Messrs. Rodwell & Martin, Uond St., Mureh Srd. 1S20. a ^J R. XIII, 

1820 (171-249); reviewed, Ca!. Rev. [V ( 102). • BSC. 29-11-14 { 16 ]. Mb. 6-12-14 ( 77 ). Mb. 18-4-15 ( 42 ). 'Bassbahr; 
Upper Sutlej vaiiev. " B8C. 9-S-l.' ( 22 j. 'Journal, 1,^-n- to 10-9-10; DDn. 270 I 43 I. "IJesUrnati-iii tiWen in letter of 
2B-I-04, de=eribina journev «p and d:!ivn Jumna; EM Addl MS. 13">23 (56). 



CB. 

1809-10, with Malftolrti !■ 

stanees of f.Jmut's death 9 , sohniLttin. 
339, 403 ]. 

Not. to be cord '.;-(!■: i iinh his lirn.. l.enno, ..,'■:>!:!> Frederick, 
Bo. Engrs. ; ens. 1;'J9 ; Oapt. 1821 ; d„ iiombay, 1832, who 
made it smil! chart of f !(■>[■(■ ilassn.n in Persian Chili", before 
1810 ; MRIO, 101 ( 16 ). 

FYFE, John. Mad. Inf. 

bapt. 28-12-1789. d. 17-11-30, at sea. 

Lieut. 23-10-OG ... Cay*. 10-6-20. 

yon of Capt. James F\i- x, Do.lv .McGi-l-or iiis wile, of co. 
Banff. 

ra., 6-10-21, Mias Armstrong, sisU'r of Gen. Edward 

Armstrong. 

June 1S07, mil., el. Ill [320]; 1S09-10, on Kalabasti 

svv. under Gar.hr- :; [ T2V '. and with hi in to Coa, being: rev cried 
to his unit, Sept. 1811 [ 156 11.5 ]. 
hater, Resdt. Tanjore. 

GAGOIN, Michel Pierre. 

b. c. 1754. d. 12-10-18, Delhi. 

r:hevi:lie:- de l'Anjuebnse de St. M11I0 c:i Bn-lagne, 

France 10 . 
From about 1754 in service of t!io Raja of Jaipur 
and other chiefs; came to Cawnpore. 1800, and 
arrested by British, to whom ho presented his sketches 
of various routes W. of Jumna, made since 1797, 
taken with a few astr. obsns. [ 57-8 ] and a map 
stretching from Surat to Lahore and Lucfcnow. 

Visited Calcutta 1802, and returned Delhi 1803-4, 
making svys. along Jumna as far us -Siwaliks [ 82 ] ;. 
for these maps and svys. Govt, granted him gratuities. 






repai 



1 the wall i 



ib, 28-11-09 (15), Resdt. reports that repair of the 

damft.ee to palace gates sus:ninod or! July 2Itli I: !iave Lean 
corn ploted m a style fti-j.,1 superior ',. the ordinal vorkmnn- 
.ship, an<! l--ln:fhi»suraofRs.-t.:.>;i:;-i;.;}nh-ri:i^ been esnoiidfid 
I owe it to iuM.ii:!> and to Jlonsiour Gri.eoin to declare that 
■ :i " ; ~ '■■>'■ ■ '■ »Wy to be sttri flitsd to 9 most eooBoientioas. 
di.ichargc, on his pail, of tire duty which lie undertook to 

"He himself looked into every detail. With hia own 

hands he made the moulds and east the beaut if a! brass 
flowers with which the gate.* are covered, and by minute 
cvammatain of the old materia Is, ho round that some articles 
which he at first believed to be unserviceable were eapable 
of being converted to uae. 

"i?«7r. 1 i.-i-. 3 V.iK Croat Gates of the Fort of Delhi, which 
are from I!) to "21 fees. hi K h, and from 13 to M b.-oid " 
Commenced 28-7-09. 

GARDEN, William. Ben. Inf. 

bapfc. 8-3-1790. d. 29-7-52. 

Ena. 39-11-13 ... lit Col. 2-8-50. 
Son of Alexander Warden mid Crizcl, r.lau. of Alexr. 

CB. ; ADC. 

Uomsou, if {2+6) 

BGO. 14-10-14, appd. Asst. on svy. of Chittagon^ r 19 1 ■ 
withdrawn. I!MC. 28-1-15 (94). "to job his corps" for the 
field.. .which has but four European officers, besides the 

snrvr. in QMG.'a dept. ; QMG. 



nt". 
Later bar! useful e«.re> 



G-ART.KG, James. Mad. Inf. 

b. 16-5-1784. d. 4-8-20, Hyderabad, of 
cholera. 
Lieut. 21-9-04 ; Bt Gapt. 1-1-18. 

Son of John Fndcriek &. Caroline (.Jading of London. 
April ISOo, MMI„ cl. I f 320]; April 1803. appd.' Asst. 
Instr. on 50 ps. pro., being allowed » further 25 in the 



Riddcll writes ; "1 
the 2nd. ... On the i 
Capt. Troyer select* 



is appointed to ' ] 1 iii'st class, ... I to 

ane of the Institution to two classes, 
.11 as an assistant, ;i:id he read Oupr. 



while 



Nov. 1808 to April 1800, with Malcolm in Bombay, 
employed on mapping [ 131, 280 ]. 

Dee. 1809, reectd. for independent eh. of dett. of 
students, e;;tend:ii); Urnbton's triangles to Kalahasti 
and Tirupati, 60 m. N". of Madras [ 4, 127, 215, 347, 
371 ; pis- 12, 16 ]. "This officer has lately received 



V GARSTOT 

from England, at his own e.tpenco, a large 
Theodolite similar to that... employed by Major 
Lambton[2 3 r, 253, 255], and his attainments ...qualify 
him to conduct a Trigonometrical survey on the 
principles observed in Major Lambton's operations" 4 . 

Nov. 1810, marched his party across India to 
undertake svy. of Goa, which he completed by Jan. 
1813 [ 2, 156-S, 164, 194, 229, 314 ], and then took 
up the svy. of Sonda or N. Kanara, after completing 
whioh he returned to Madras in Sept. 1815 [130, 
15S-9, 216, 248, 358, 363 ]. His toga, was accepted by 
Lambton as fit for incorporation with that of his 
General or trig. svy. [ 3, 158, 246, 347 J. 

From 1816 tilt death held ch. of the svy. of Nizam's 
dominions. 

GARRARD, William. Mad. Engrs. 

bapt. 6-1-1780. d. 2-9-36, Ootaoamund. 
Ens. 7-8-97 ... Col. 1-12-33. 

Son oi" William ft Ann Garrard, of Heading. 

in., Lilmbrnirn, Berks., Jalv lSOii. .Martha Francis- their 
eidest dau. Glrza m., 27 9-40, Ho.,,v :,;,u,;«L Man oV !{\f 
54th foot. 

Mysore War, 1793 ; attd. to Xi/.ara's Subsy. Force under 

SX ie dut,- : '';"'- : tr" "■'''.'■ ''■■'■; -:' r'-usi /theii.- 

rl the grou-i ,. ,.- . M.-i , , the Commanding 



p-itions; 



Officer, dra 

of the Head Quarter iiav of the -Cira-id'lrmy ; ..__ 

intend the removal of; 

or to the Free oiimumnicUiou bct'.c:;;!n die tu-o cviiris" 

[L350-!]'. 

IS II!, prepared soy. tra.versn tables, adopted by SG 
[217], and pub:!., f.'.deutts. I.S16 and 1827 under title 
■-THytmnmatricai Tables...". 

GARSTIN, Edward. Ben. Engrs. 

b, 6-2-1794, Chunar 6 . d. 13-7-71, 

Bangalore. 

Uns. 6-5-15 ... Gen. 1-3-67, the first Fjngr officer 
to become General or Col. Comlt'. 
2ml sou of John fhirstia [ in/ ]. 
m., Calcutta, 26-7-36, Mary Anr 
Hodson. 11(232-3). 
Xenal If,!,-, Siijil. .L.-iU, appd. ■ 
Paton, us asst. survr. Hod"-;.io 1 
river, 16-10-14; ' : The ; ■■:■<- - 
ahead, but I have not aee:i thea! 

:'n. ar-'diaes of Learnim: .'■: Abi.i 
■' 1 East- " 



dau. < 



Aiiarn I!ulli:i. 



: sited 
i the 



peopio there that the oj 

will quite astoniah the w 

then) if ( go on the [titer Surrey ? I can very well dispense 

villi I heir assistance [ 41 ]"». 

Young Carotin made several route avys. along IN'epiil 

frontier during ep.mpi.Lgri of 1S14-0 [42]. In pressing 
for slices., he write; later ; " Proni the period of Ca-.it. Hodg- 
son'.- joining the Army in the !"idd under the command of 
Map Gen. Marley, the operation;! of the ■Surrey were not 
confined to the movoincni.s of that Army. ... The Brigade 
to which I was attaehed , ...ivii. : i, and continued to be, on 
aetive service in advance of Xau l.poor, and. ..it wa3 not till 
the 2nd of June that T was abio to quit that Detachment, ... 
and. ..I then continoo:.: out doiim fof S-arvoyor's work (and 
which I had done From March 1S15 ).. .until the 2nd June, 



'Colehrooke to White, DDn. 81 ( 61 ), 20-2-07. .Joaeph Lancaater ( 1778-1S33 ] ; pubd. 1803, Improv^tnl s ■ 

atmn, DNB HU>ri. !ol ; 12!1). 4-2-fS. ^trern !(ifG„ 22-12-M1 : MMC. 2-1. 10. SEIMTJ. HI ( H77 !. ■ CO. 20-2-S 
ckeray. » DDn. 136. 'Gregory's Bde, [ 389 n . 4 ]; Fdbk. M 334. 






when from ill-heiiLi.li and bad weather 1 was forced to leave 
off the field part, t-luv I continued ^instantly em ployed... in 
Drawing the Plans belonging to ifc" L [ 223, 312 ]. 

At the end of IHUi, posted to Hodgson's svy. in the Simla 
Kills, resigning the following year. 

GARSTIN, John. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 1756. d. 16-2-20, Calcutta ; mi. 

S. Park, St. cem. 
Ens. 1778 ... MGen. 4-6-11. 
SG. Bengal, 1808-13. 

Son of Margaret- Carstiu of Hid:' Moon St., Piccadilly, win, 
had another son, Edward, who 111. Mary — and i.l. 1779, leav- 
ing a son, b. 19-cV-!779, Edward Jol m James, nephew to the 
SG. Maraaret d., 1: widow, in Savoy Precincts 1 . 

Claims" kinship with Robert Golehrooko [391], which 
which accords with tr.iduion in lmi.li families, pointing to an 
irregular connection. Corn; eft ion with Brugaustoun family, 
co. Louth, not proved. 

m., I Una pore, 21-1 l-hsu. Mary, dan. of Rei . John Loftie, 
Ben. chpn. ; slio d., Calcutta, 28-7 1.1. and "only grieved 
her i.ushand when sin- died" 1 ; JIT. S. i'.irk St. cem. 

Father of Alfred, Hen. Cav.— Edward 1 sap ]— and f> other 
children, of whom ClmrJotr.fi m., Calcutta, 26-S-I4, James 
Charles Colobrooke Suiferhind, grauilsnn of Sir Geo. Cole- 
brooke, Bart, [ I, 326]. 

DM.; H orison, II ( fKS-t ) ; [ '0M.mi1, ( pi. 20) from oil paint- 
Country cadet, 1778. 

1 780, examined n;u - igiduittv of C(.>i>sirn!jfm"ir 11. 
above iVIurshidaMcl [ I, 63 ]. 

Before 1784, employed 011 large-scale plan of 
Calcutta with other Kngr. officers [ I, 52-3 ; II, 18 ]. 

17R-I- r), statioiici 1 Hi- Put 1 in, drawing; si.irvn-c. nUces. 
till March 1785, and employed on eonBtruetioQ of 
Granary, or gain, at, Onnkipore. 

"This structure, consisting of a brink building in shape of 
a bee-hive*, was | erected ] as a- storehouse '"or grain, as pari 
of a plan to guard lignliiKt famine, the intention being to 
build such granaries at various point-. ... The granary at 
Uankinorc was never iilk-i; ; ... it in an enormous structure : 
the Walls arc 12 feet thick. Two spiral (lights of stairs 
( outside ) lead to the top where is an opening for filling in 
the grain. ... Over one of the doom is a marble tablet with 
the following Inscription ; ' In pari, of a genera! plan ordered 
by tie Governor General in CMuni.il. January 20i.ll 1784, for 
the perpetual prevention .if famine in those provinces 5 , the 
granary was erected by Cap;. John Garstin. Engineer'. ... 
TheGolahas never been Idled, and the close of the inscription 
remains binnl; ■ the building siands a useless monument- 0! a 
mistake, inasmuch as the doors at the bottom open inwards. 
There was a Granary buiir a.|. Fori. Wiiliam under the same 

Anotlier account records t.liaf "it is [anion.- for the wonder- 
ful echo, the slightest ruovement or sound being repeated a 
hundredfold". 

The following is taken from Gar-sun's completion report. 
4-10-1786 ; "The Granary ordered.. .on tho 20th Jany. 1784, 
and. ..entrusted to my care. I* completed. The Dome was 

Heats of the Season, it is much drier than would be expected, 
and will I think he sufficiently so ;■■■■ reecf.c Grain after the 
hot Winds of the next year have blown thro' it. 

"Tho Dimensions of the Bunding are rather larger than 
those laid flown in the Plan, which I attribute to the stretch- 
ing of the chain, a. circumstance that could not lie foreseen, 
or if it had could not have been prevented without tisquing 



3 BIOGRAPHICAL 

their being diminshed. Tho difference is but trifling, being 
in the interior Diameter IMS feet instead of 107-6, and iu 
the interior height 04 Feet instead of 93$. ... From the 

most accurate measurement, and from the quantity of the 
" '■ ials used in the "Building, 1. tina the solid contents to 



s folloy 

Floor and Foundation ... 
■flie Foundation [ of Walls ? ] 
The Roof of the Dome 
The Spiral Stairs & Parrapett 

.Solid Fee.t. 



1,0 



">-(.. 2-t;i-!.! 



■'The sum of Monev what has been expended in the Erec- 
tion of this Building" amounts to U.S. J,f>!!,o72-14-3, besides 
the 10°;, allowed me far my labour, whicli makes the total 
Rs. 1, 75,040-2-10, which sum I have at different times 
received, giving my Receipts lor the same. 

'"The labour required to carry tac Materials up so great 
a Height, and the .Vnmber of Workmen necessary to cut, 
rub, and fit the .Brinks to tlie Bevels. ..being considered, 1 
trust the charge nili be found to he uncommon iy Moderate"', 
Many rude remarks have been passed on this famous 
building 8 , which is now protected a.- an ancient monument., 
and Garstin has been ridiculed for making the doors. 
open inwards. He had, however, nothing whatever to do 
with the design, which was worked our. by the CE. at Ft. 
Wsn., presumably Henry Watson [I, 39.1 ]. On the other 
hand his completion report, quoted above, accepted the 
building, as cor... ir noted, a- perfectly satisfactory and ready- 
Lord Moi.ra gives the following de-.criniiou ; "Aug. 13th 
1814. ... This is a brick building, rising i;s a dome, eons true ted 
by order of Ifr. Hastings as one :.f many receptacles for grain 
which he meditated establishing with the view of guarding 
against famine. This building seems admirably calculated 

for the purpose Four doors, on a love) with the ground, 

afforded facility for taking o U i. the grain'. ... \o second Gola 
has been built, and no grain has ever been lodged in this 

1 1787 



'BMC. io-11-16 (70). 'Somerset He. . 
Lit. July 10311 : /Ucvrds, 8 of I. XIII, 1917-1S. 
was proposed after Bengal f'nnne, 1944. 
(32). 8„. Archer ( 1 15 ). 'Nothing here 

14-12-0?. 



Garstin remained at Paina till 1793, when be was fcr. to 
ch. of works at Chimii-r, where Edward was horn. Before 
leaving Fufna his housf-holii was involved in a caso of breach 
of promise of marriage that appeared before 1-1 i.e> Supreme 
Court, aitd is fully reported in the Calculi:'- Gaz.. of 24-1-93. 
Garstin himself was one of the chief wil nc^.es tor the prosecu- 
tion. The plaintiff was- .diss .Barbara I, mile, his wife's sister, 
who "was living at bis house at Bankypore neac t'al.na- in 
April 1701, when siie first saw and became acquainted with 
the Defendant. In July of the same year. Miss Hunter, 
sister of the Defendant:, came to live, in Captain Garstin's 
family, and continued there till February 17&2. when her 
brother was appointed a Judge of the Court of Circuit in 
Behar". The defendant, William Hunter, a civilian and 
Judge, was an obvious catch, and Barbara won the sympsthy 
and verdict of the Supreme Court and ils jury, to the tune 
of Rs. 20,000. 

With this dowry she m. .Mast-in Fitzgerald, oi the IMt-h 
Ben. Lt. Cav., and amongst her sons were John j ITOO-ltciI ), 
of 2nd Ben. Lt. Cav.. and Wm. Robert ( 1797-1844 ), Ben. 
Engrs., who made some useful siys. She th, Bath, 2-4-47. 

Dec. 1797, Car-tin moved from ('liuuar to the pfesdc.y."to 
prepare to go to Furope for the benefit of his Health", and 
he sailed with his family S-S-I7;»S. On return he was 
employed at Ft, Wm. ; 1804, "travelled to & from Cuttaek 
during the Hot Season", and put up proposals lor a trunk road 
from Calcutta [ 24-5 ]". 

I, PPC. Webster, proved lti-S-1781. = SG0. file 111 ( 1925 ) ; cf.Ben P i,P. 

flan i- Section, HJI. K 115(48, e, fj. s The erection of grain-elevators 

P.,,. !' ,1- P. U <2SB-n); but ef. n.9 [in/]. „ 'BPC. 31-10.1786 
>ut inward opening, ™ Hastings'^ Journal (S3). "DDn. 81 (167), 



1807, took over ch. of the SG.'s drawing office 

when Colobrook.e went on svv. up-countrv [ -z<~i ]. 
The same year he was entrusted with the building 
of the Town Hall. We rind advts., 1792, calling for 
subscriptions; "Cor the Hrection of a Public Building 
for the Generis! Accomodation of the ae'tloment", 
and "for suitable designs and estimates; Building 
should be well adiijikid (.■:;■ the Olimato, and contain 
a spacious Ball Room, Concert Room, Dining Room3, 
Card Room!?, Dressing Iloonis,. ;nid other convenient 
un.d necessary apartments;, ... suitable? Offices; sepa- 
rate Entrances for Pal :in queens and Carriages, with 
detached Sheds for them and for Horses". By 
Dec. subscriptions had rca-ehed Ks. 31,168, including 
Rs. 1,000 from Mark Wood [ I, 397-8 ] and Ks. 300 
from Win Kirkpaurick [ I, 344-5 ]*. 



Ben P & F 


VII ( 181 ) record- that "Fundi 


:>r th 




struction of tr 


■a Town 




■ ' bv y^utl; 


lott 




Kin! suincient lend-' Ilt 






iumuUtod 


in I SOB, plans 






iciioned ■:: 


180", 




Colonel John 


QarsiiG 


the Chief E 




entrusted 


with the construction 


of it. The bu 


alice was 




need 


on 1st Decern 


ber 1807 


find caonlH.uii in 1S13. 


. To 


vardj 




of IS1 5 appnvieosio: 






id in 






of the buildiu 




the 


great 






floor of the se 


considerabl 


eaused by 






m placed at 


diat 




from each oth 




thing was don 


till 1818, 1 


heui 








of the pillars 


in the ijpii 


t haL 


had 






sequence of t 


eir bavins; 




built 


of bad mate 










thorough re pa 












erected, and a 






ceii under the bo 


vded 


floor. The ex 








bora 


e by 


Col. Garvin a 












A marble slab in th 


plinth desonl 


33 Garstin a. 


the 


rchi- 


teet. The re 


mstruet 


on above desc 


ibed was n 


this 


Only 



had collapsed. He writes to Webb, 25-1-10; "When 
tour letter of the 4l.h of January reaehed m.:, I wa.s suffering 
under a dreadful misfortune, viz!, the fair of the Noble Portico 
of the Town Hall the very day after the Building was finished. 

Ait.lL.ui^ri vni-y -i-'T." pr^-autio:,.-, ..eve ?:l:;ou ro :e;i:hr tb.-.m 

secure, and r he t. I fool; up;':. uivsek lo fr-abo them 12 feet 
wide instead of oie;ht, yet the fou:, lations i;ave way. No 
blame is imputed to any one, and I hope soon to ire; the 
business settled. The portico mrst he rebuilt, and more 
expense incur red to renter them substantial" 1 . 

• that a 



Garvin replied, 25-I-lu, : Tnat the ivhoio of the aortico 
of the Town Hall fell is as re:, h.„, as that it was bo, it. ard 
the dreadful violence ;u 2 whole 

building and oeoasi onetf several of the walls to settle and, 
a.-i they ilnl so uuequallv. [urge cracks in several directions 
appeared, & for ten davs vomir.u.sl to widen. I believe the 
whole has now irac to its hcaririrs, are! have not a doubt 
bet, at a roes, h-; tie -y-,en,-. > em, and will, be made 
absolutely as perfect as anv edifice in the worlds 



ials O] 



of foresight, and that 

make finer work, 
and if they do I 



will easily apply a remedy 

'"Colonel Kyd is gone; I expect to takfi the Command 
tomorrow, ar:d hope to act on in spite of misfortune" 8 . 

Garatin hud been acting CE. during I HOG — V when 
he took ch, of the SCO. for Oolobronke I 206, 207, 3S7 J, 
and on the Iatter's death ssueeeeded as SG., holding 
both appts. after Kyd's departure, until Crawford 
was made SG. in April 1813 [ 5, 55, 192, 218-9, 222, 
230, 270, 273, 281, 295, 310-3, 324, 328 ]. 

He writes to Webb, 7-6-09 ; "I have been lately much 
troubled with the stone, and a violent tit. of it disabled me 
from stoopinp to the Desk, winch threw ray iiusinoss much 
in arrear ; though better, I have not yet recovered my 

" r ' 1ta " 1C desirous of m,,.k:'.:n< an exertion 

whenever I may have the power "'. 

I. ■ • " , r he appears to have t:a; veiled up to the 
N'W. ;.-,•■■ ; - :!-v f! advi-> or, defi-nces. f ur Hodgson 
writes, 15-I1-U9; "I hope you bad B p'. . tut journey down, 
aod r 11. ■!■, ,,-..-■ . ... fjarsj;.:,, had just 

Ii Mar-h IV0 he wr.t.-s to S.,ck"vili.' ; "I expect to he 
ordered to Snueair. and I.,, report on the Light House at 
Kedgeree, a very d:*.u;rueabio duty, tie; iusrjnn people sayin.T 
it is absolutely useless" [ II, 15, 24, 419]. Again, "I havl 
had many letters, from Europe; private oewa aftrooablo, 

31-5-1U, writ's to White; '"I am so unwoil as scarcely 
to be able to write", and to Govt, 2-10-11; "A seyere 
ind- ■■' ■ ■ :.. , '■ - led with groat ;r,o,br,e;s in my Hands 
and Feet, has r or nearly three ir.o.'ili:.-, pvevented mj writins 
or giving the attention to business I am always desirous of 
Shewing "M. 

i.nrly Yugent, wife of the C-iu-C. [ 23, 409 |, uraloss several 
references to Gar.sLin i„ ber interesting Journal; — "March 
18th 1812. Amonr: my visitors this rri.imin.s was a General 
Garstin who bored me sadly, and I thought I should never 



Sent » excuse to Genera 

EanklDore gola ; returns to f'aleuttr.. l-S-13 [ 23 ], 

- 1 . :lrd 1SI3. ... Al! 01,- Svaff di-ied wltii General 
Gnrsdn. We were alone. ... March 3rd 1814. ... General 

Garstin' s Dinner; ... a large evening party". 

Lady Nugent also notes that on "Oct. 10th. In the 
evsning. Mr. Ohestnev (a natural son of Lord Holland's) 
dmed until ui" 11 . 

tit hot ween 



WO 8-6-:9-8-.j lS-ia-92. "Total < 
-The town hail is still s!.:iu:iioL-. 19-S5. in e^ed ■ 
[ I, 347 ]. DDn. 81 ( 198 ). » ib. ( 121 ). »DD 



; about 7 lakha ; 



avth ( off f. ' DDn. SI ( 200-1 ). *i)Dn. Hi ( 70-1 1. 
1320. 6 Kvd was, CE. from De;. 1307 to .fan. 1810 
;i ( 2 ), 20-3-iO. '°ib. ( 10 ). "Xogent, 1 ( 121. etc. >. 



w 



■?■[!,' g:;i:ii,o:i furl. oil 
2il-l-15; "For S.i.lo. 
In: sdH by Public Air. 

..of Mai. Genl. J. Garst 



Hastings with Miss Julia Garstin 
1. Calcutta 15-9-18; BGO. 2-10 
. Dept. and seat on Mil. Bd., holi 



2 BIOGRAPHICAL 

A son, John ( 1801-86 J, MCS., ret. from M Rev Bd. I860- 
another son,, Goo:,;,.. > ISOo-31 ) was Lieut. Mad. Art. 

His dau. Harriot Marion, m. Edward Lake ! 1703-1330) 
Mad. Engrs., auth. of ,S'i.-.pss- o/ i/n; :l/n,/im- .-Irmi/. 

15-1-1788, aast. to Topping [1,171-4] ; 5-2-1796, 
Astronomer ; 6-2-05, leave England ; 31-1-12, 
resumed office, Madras; 1S30, ret. 

Also held office as Supdt. Survg. School — Inspector 
of Rev. Svys.-and Mar. Survr. [ z, 190, 195-6 ], 



. 180 



> Ihiglasid |> 



•o]. 



brought c 



! him to his 1 






ofH 



1 Calcutta by Gar 
ire Street. 



GERARD, Alexander. Ben. Inf. 

b. 17-2-1792. d., Aberdeen, 15-] 

Ens. 9-9-QS ... Capt. l3-4-2o ; rat. 15-2-3 
Sou. of Gilbert Gerard, D'D., of Eiifs College, A 
aucl Kclen his wife, dan. of John Duncan, provost of Aber- 

Bro. of Patrick, Ben. Inf. ( DIB, ) and of James Gilbert, 
Ben. Med. [ DNS. ; It! H. ) -. rieohew t ,f John j i7(io-1321 I. 
ileo. !nf.[I,337i- 

DNB. ; DIB. ; Hodson, II ( 259 ]. 

1812, Jan. -Feb., suxvd. route with Ochtoriony to 
Lahore avid back : Oct. -Nov., survd. route I.udhiana 
to Baroilly [ 65 ]. 

EGO. 21-10-14, appd. to rev. srvy. in Saharanpur 
under Bd. of (Jimr.rs,. having" commenced 12—1-14; 
'.-,;'.' : . ■■■:.■,'.■ r f, :■!■ rri'!. .-;■.■ r\ 1 ;.■■:.: 6 1 1 rj [ 7. :So, ;ji i ]. 

I' in-the-.- sorvitsi.i as Jurvr. a -id explorer described in next 

GILBERT, William. Bo. Inf. 

b. 5-2-1781. d. 5-11-66. 

Ens. 20-1-1797 ... SI Gea. 10-1-37. 
Son of Joseph Gilbert. 
1813-7, on svy. of forests, Kanara [ 108 ]. 

GODBY, Christopher. Bern. Inf. 
b. 28-1-1790. d. 8-13-67. 
Ens. 31-7-OS ... LtGen. 22-11-62. 

Son of ChiLrles and ftfiu? God by of London. 

m„ Calcutta. 2!-6-2:i ['Yiioce/'Bnrbara. 3-d dau. of Jacob 
Vanrenen. lieu. Inf. 5 ; :lh;: il. IWi a"ed 86. 

fJB. IS-ifi: AUG Uod..or:, II (377). 

BS & Pol. S3 -5-15 ; 10 ). nrpiiared "Map of a Route to 
Katmandoo diro' t.ho ficeik i'uss ', from inu'ei-ia! collected 
by Magte., Tirliut. 

GOLDINGHAM, Jolin [I, 337-8]. Com- 
pany's Astronomer, Madras. 
d. 1849. 

m„ 1st., Madras. 20-l-i7!(6, Miss Louisa U;-ia I'upcam 
2nd., Madras, 20-2-15, Miss Anne Baxter. 

•Either Frances or Emma [386]. 'Paolo Frisi ( 1728-1731} pubd. Trgjitiae. 1"702, Lucia; fCncv. Brit. 'G father of D. C. 
and A.D. Vanrencn, rev. survrs. t>. A Xotabis l!,;ord ■ K Joubrit Do la Kert-;, London .1920. * Had been civ. engr. 
Madras, 1800-1 [I, ^S'j ; DDu. 127 ( 130), 2.5-10 -11. &GBO Lib l'f 126. *SAS. I. 1*26 ( 549). '1,000 Pagodas = 
£ 350 [ I, 27S n.7 ] ; Com Cor. 18-1-38. 



t !:ie for a comprint in 
ied state of the Lirer, 
i of that rjrgiisi several 
seldom so nrgsr-t. as to 
it him from following 
ordinary occupations, has been graainllv getting worse, 
particularly during the last two rainy seasons ". 

Feb. 1805, granted leave to England, nomiually 
for 3 years, but absent till March 1811, when 
permitted by Directors "to return to Madras to 
resume the charge of the Observatory, a situation 
for which they derail yon peculiarly qualified ; but 
you are not to interfere with the Engineer Depart- 
ment in any manner whatever" 4 . 

Deo. 1S1I, arrd. Calcutta, thenco to "Madras In 
resume eh. of obsy., 17-2-12, with farmer salary 
of 192 ps. pro. [ I, 280 ], "but with no other duties 
beyond tha.t of Astronomer", as the training and 
supervision of survrs. was now vested in SO. [ 196 ]. 
In 1S14, however, lie Tens a-jjpd. Supdt. of the Male 
Asylum on salary Es. 150 pm.. as well as Inspector 
of Govt. Press and Editor of Govt. Qaz., for which 
duties In..- drew a fxirriier Ka. 100 pm. 

182 I. -2, li'd expu. i.o ^uiiia'.T'i. ;.i: id adjacent islands 
to determine length of seconds pendulum on the 
equator; pubd., l.S2o, Report* "logathar -with a, deduc- 
tion of the Figure- of the Earth , by comhirring the 
Equator, Madras, and London Experiments" , with a 
full account of expn. 8 

Pub. 1S-2", gra.nted leave to England ihr recovery 
of health, and allowed 1,000 ps. :-i yeiir for three years, 
though pension refused 7 . 

HAS. (mn) X. 1850 ( SO ) ; "John Goldiughaui Esq. is 
known to science by bis long occupation of ibe post of Astro- 
nomer at Madras :1s Astronomy- he published two 

volumes of observations of the length of the pendulum, of 
the velocity of sound, of -netcoMo-i,-!! phi-nomcna, as well 



oft! 



: longitudes of the tl 
is not appear that 
ation with EuropCFi 
Indian life; and to 

now afforded by o 



386]. 



iety, it is perhaps to be attri- 
have been made by him". 



GOODALL, Thomas. Ben. Inf. 
b. 1781. d. 26-8-06, Agra. 



I 



.\OTKS 



Crawford [ 392-3 



ra, with Col. Ball's 



COODFELLOW, Samuel. Bo. Engrs. 
b. 5-7-1774. d. 14-6-60. 
Ens. 20-1-1797 ... Gen. 1859. 

.Son of Samuel .t Ann Good follow, of London. 

m., Ahmed n; igar. May ISO.). Chadotte Anne, clan, of 
l.t Col. John Capon, Bo. Inf. 

Oriental Club, 

1799. Mysore War; 1801, with Barrel to P! K vpt. [-,(;]: 
1803, Maradia War. coniilo. pontoon train- tlica. Bo GO. 
o— 4-03, or: svy. ila/iioaas I's'.j.i.tv, f oniony f 185-6 ]. 

BSC. 16-5-05 ( 236 ), on svy. of "lino of communi- 
cation'" between Poena ai ;.■:.! .Banket, i:\irt Vic to r:;j 2 , 
on W. coast. Bo GO. 5-6-07, appd. asst. to Johnson 
on svy. of forests in Kanara, and sucod. to ch. 
[ 167 1- 

MfiO. 26 -5-09, supervised work of ollicovs of MML 
at Bombay, Nov. 1808 to .March 1809, drawing map 
of Persia for Malcolm [ 131, 280 ]. 

GORDON", Robert. Bo. ESngrs. 

b. 2-4-1786. d. 7-8-34, Bombay. 

Ens. 1-5-04 ... Maj. 20-2-31. 

Son of Kev. l_.ev.is Gordon, minister of Dniinie, Eh/in, X 
Elizabeth Logan his wife. 

m., Calcutta. L3-3-lii. Fin.-ila Biu-nisw, widow of Huoh 
McPherson. 

1805, snrvd. routes of Poona Subsy. .Force thro' 
Khar.dosh, in oh. of pontoons, via Jamgaan. "Na.ik, 
& Ivantbi.ri Ch.1t, 3 [ 133 ]. 

July 1812, attd. to Pioneers ; Oct., appd. Oast, to 
Dickinson on rev. svy. of Bombay [ 1S7 ]. 

Feb. 1814, tr. to svy. of forests m Malabar, arid 
again to forests in Travail core till end of 1817. 

X)Dn. M 330 : posaiblv survr. of an undated route C4«fl >itr"a 
to MalhS-pur*. 

GRANT, Nathaniel Phillip. Ben. Inf. 

b. 18-11-1744, New York. d. 15-4-10, 
kd. by Kurds in Persia. 
Ens. 1-9-IS00 ... Capt. 19-11-07. 

Hudson. 11 (318 ). 

1806-8, Survd. various joules is Upper Provinces [ 27 ]. 

Jan. to May 1809, survd. route thro' S. Makr[u. 
under Malcolm's orders 6 [ 174 ] ; 1810, sent to Iraq 
by Malcolm with instructions to find route from 
Baghdad to Isfahan. .[lis la., letter, dni.ed Baghdad, 
28-3-10, reported that he had ami. there on 17th, 
ancl meant to start for fjfahfm the. following day. 
According to guide who survived, he was held up 
and murdered by robber band when passing 
thro' dofile bo had been warned to avoid. His 
companion Fotheringhaui and Armenian servant 
wore shot in cold blood after being taken prisoners 
[7. 175 J- 

GREENWOOD, Samuel Adam. Bo. Inf. 
b. 20-2-1780. d. 21-11-10, Cambay. 

Lieut. 30-1-1798 ... C apt. 23-7-05. 
Son of John and Frances Greenwood. 
Left a nat. son, Charles. 



Made svys. in FLathiawar, embodied in "Hardy's 
W. Gujarat, 1807-9, [ 169 J. 

1S10, sen. ttsst, Baroda Resdcy. 

GRINDLAY, Robert Melville. Bo. Inf. 
b. 23-10-1786. d. 9-12-77. 



". Couimcrcll of 
ndlay, Birehin 



UAiin/rox, Wait, 



.UNCOCK, ttdw 
bapt. 21-2- : 



11 iiidahasti svy. 
n.3.399). 



HANSON, James. Mad. Inf. 

bapt. 29-1-1786. d. 2-2-41. 



132.-J, DQMG. M;ul..<. 

HARDY, Edmund. Bo. Art. 

bapt. 11-3-1785. d. 2S-2-1S. 



Col. ■■ 



-5-33 : 



■i-12 33. 



i Bhoy 



, 53D/8 ( ? 



' DDn. 278 ( 52-3 |. 



Lieut. _M-o-04 

lS..-i of Pv. Hardy. 

<■■:,., Bridstow, May 1H23, Grace, dan. of Whale.'/ Armitagc, 
of co. Hereford. 

S1MG. Ill ( 375 ) ; Oriental Club. 

18i)7-9. snrvd. motes in Kal-hiiuvar. ;ind contp:l,_-,i man 
[ I&9 ]■ 

HARE, George. Mad. Inf. 

bapt. 26-8-1781. d. 4-5-21, Kulladjee. 



'Journal, JUAsSoc. 



f 



HARRIOTT 



TrARKIOTT, John SfcujiLo* 
bapt. 30-9-1780. d. 



Ben. Inf. 
1-2-39, Paris. 



BIOGRAPHICAL. 



IB Ruina Argentini. 
3rd April 1801, of e 



HARRIS, Hem-, 
bapt, 21-3- 

Ens. 7-4-09 ; Lici 



Mad. Inf. 

?89, Madras 



d. 1-12-19, 
Bolariim . 

, & Jano Charles 



n "ARRIS, Michael John. Mad. Inf. 

b. 6-G-I788. d. 9-9-30, Madras, an. 

Lieut, 21-9-04 ... U Col. 22-1-30. 
V.n -..•f.loim & Hester llirr;: of London. 
MRIO. Mll'rti. list of Haps submitted lVoni Travaucorc, 
1S-1-I0, sd. by John Harris, Lieut f 133 n.8 ]. 

HARRIS, Wllliara. Mad. Inf. 
b. 1783. d. c. 1838. 

Lieut, 15-12-1800 ; Capt. 8-1-13 ; ret. 34-4-16. 

April 1805, MM., el. I [330]; Feh.-April 1308, on svv. 
Madras Environs; I SOT, forest iinip <jt Kaonsruli, surtd. 
rind drawn, 3 sheets 1 , bv Wm. Harris, 6th XL and Thos. 
Clode [ 3S5 ]. 

MGO. 17-11-08, to Bombay for work under Malcolm 



HAWKINS. John. Bo. Engrs. 

b. 19-4-1783. d. April, 1831, at sea 

Ens. 21-9-179S ... Maj. 5-6-29. 
Son of Richard i Mary !Irn-ki!i« of Kin:_;s bridge, !>ev 
m., 1st Bombay, 10-ii-o'j. kraiices Schutz Drttry, 
2 1 -1 ih IS ; -'nil, S -.jiji ii, v I in survive;] him. 



ERS. 



oEC. 



k his i.ieiiiL? !'>.|:..:.- 

;t da.ngi.-r of p rod 1.1 1- in 1; :ii. 



' |,i! >- 



of the Brain". 



HEARSEY, Hyder Young. 

b. Dec. 1782. d. 5-8-40, Kareli, near 

Budanii, 

Sat, son of Andrew Wiison Ib'srsey 11 ; Ben. bit. (liodson) : 
second name uri-inaUv "Jm>2 : ': hnlfdiro. to .lolm Bennett 
Kearsevf 1703-1805 ),"Ben. Civ. I Hodsun, II { 4-23 ) ) ; and to 
Charlotte, m. Paris Brsdshaw [ 3S ]. 

Parentage proved by Bon. Land Boy. records ( NAI ) ; 
pel-ilinn. 4-il-id, lVoni Harriet Hcarsoy on death of her bro. 
Hyder Young, butii being ciiillren of" Andre iv Wilson II. ; 
parentage irive-i; by DMJJ. thiT'd'cT incorrect. 

ed. in England ; 111. "a princess of Canibay", who brought 



the following year. 

B Pol C. 20-2-07 i ,-.j2-5 ), Govt, refused to raise his allces, 
to those he received from .Marathas, and "the Corps of 
Irregular Horse I had the ho[i:.--.iv to command »m called in 
and was discharged the Scrviro of the British Government 
on the 12th Dec. 1806". 

BMC, 18-1-08 ( 78 ), engaged by Colebrooke, with 
4 of his sowars, as additional escort along the S. 
borders of Rohilkhand [ 74, 35S-9 ], and aecd. Webb 
onsvy. of Ganges [74-6]. Sent copy of Webb's svy. 
home to Eermell in attempt to gain personal credit : 
"When Lieut. Webb was sent to the Gungoutri...he 
was accompanied, among others, by .Mr. Hearsay, a 
pensioner of the .Mi-i-hr'atta Horse, who, when the 
survey was over, surreptitiously obtained a copy of the 
Survey, and had the impudence to send it to the 
Court of Directors, as if he had beon the discoverer 
of this Holy Fountains' Head. On Lieut. W.'s laying 
the case before Government, limy took the affair up 
very warmly" [77,340]*. Hodgson states that 
.Hearsey made this map from Webb's papers whilst 
Webb lay sick at Kareilly [ 77 n.8 ]. 



BPolC. 1( 

Fatehgarh for 



1-12 



. by AG(: 



"beir 



2 ( V.S ), Govt, orrkr his eviction from his jtr/ir. 

need that Cap', Hear-say had been evccedinT 
of Jagir- holder in collecting Toll en Timber 
riii-r through his jagir ; and also that he bad 

ae: to attack and take po-isos.-hoij of the I'loon, 
'■ii i. In 1 t. ■ . 1 r : ■_'..- -.= or trie S'-l IH-m, .11 ni\-..ei.-i 

.nnnfthoCovs-nmciitofXepaur'. ' ib. 22-10-13 

■■■ j'iylr res to- re- a, ami also his arms and ammu- 

inslgnihcan-. in number and value". 



ib. 25-6-12, Hearsey applies, 3-5-12, "to withdraw 
my former application for leave to enter into foreign 
service, anil wish for permission to accompany Mr, 
Moort-roft in a- Tour into the Hills ; as he proposes to 
.set off very soon, an answer to this letter I will 
thank you to forward lu my bro idler Mr. W. Hearsay " 5 . 
With permit from the AGG., Hearsey and Mooraroft- 
left before the end of May, crossing the Niti Pass, 
and visiting the Man e sj.ro --.v a r Lake f 80-1 ]. 

On their journey back, being in disguise, and 
travelling with caravan of long-haired goats, they 
were held up as prisoners by the Xepnlose for two 
weeks [So]. Hearsey kept rough svy. of route and 
produced a; 1 interesting map for which he received 
Govt, donation of Rs. 4,000. Lady Nugent notes a 
visit, S-12-13, "from Capt, Hearsey, a very ingenious 
but uneducated man, who has been making a tour 
into Chinese Tartary ; he showed us a map he had 
made of that country, and sketches of different- 
scenery" 6 . , 



'SG. 1 



\sr, (ii. 



The original maps of tli is ex on. appear to be drawn 
by Hearsey himself, and shew him an able dmn. ; 
amongst tlio miny int.prmsf.ing entries is one telling 
of their searching r,he hill -sides with their "Perspec- 
tive glasses". The maps are "dedicated to William 
Moorcroft Esq., by his companion and Friend during 
their arduous and perilous journey". 

Seven of i'.i.-i sketfrbcn of mountain, views art. with Hjcrh 
Comnr. in London*. 

1815, Kepd War. supplied useful «!™-iies and infn. ; 
1 of irregular Eohilla 1st: 



ISIS ; 



cidcd, ami 



13) o 



:eivcd of him 

r.-^.irdiii,. 



MRIO. M lb'O. July 171)8. visited Hyderabad, where 
he met Mackenzie ; ' : As soon as my business in the 
drears admitted of absence-, f set. out from Samuel - 
eottah, as well equipped as my cirf.au nst an cos would 
afford. ... I was a little surprise:! at Lite request of 
my Dubash 7 to accompany me. 

"My suite consisted of near 40 persons, 12 Falan- 
queen beys for myself, and one Mussaljee 8 , sis boys 
and Mussaljee for my Dubash *s Dooly, four cowry 
coolies to carry my baggage and provisions, one 
draughtsman, two Plant collectors, two Peons, one 
servant, and four Invalid Seapnys, etc. 



Xcp.il - the RohDlaa, I 

after the first fire ; he ■ 

BSC. 7-10-15 (40 



ice cBr.iiJiji.cd in the Dim 
■ held by Survey of In 
a the Dun in 1SU0. with s 



HERBERT, Jamos Dowling. Ben. Inf. 
b. Aug. 1791. d. 25-9-33, Luoknow. 

Ens. 18-3-08 ... Capt. 3-6-24. 

Son of .To-ieph fowling Herbert- 

m., Calcutta. 28--I. 23. Marv .liaison, p.issiblv sister to 
Jaiaes Manson { 1701 -IS&2 ) Ben. Inf. 

Hodson, II ( 434 ) ; III ( 727 ]. 

May 1814, survd. route of dott. marching through 
disputed territories N. of Gorakhpiir [ ig8 n.7 ]. 

Nepal War, 1814-5 ; with unit, 1st Sth NL, Dina- 

Had distinguished svy. career later, in Garhwal 
and Simla lulls, and at hdqri.. Calcutta [ 262 ]. 

HEYNE, Benjamin, Botanist. Mad. Med. 
d. 6-2-19, Vepery, Madras. 

Asat. Surg. 30-1-1799 ; Surg. 21-1-07. 

A Dane by birth. 

m., Jagannikerpuram. Way ISiiU. Clndotto Rebecca, dau. of 
■' I.. C. To;>a:i.-if;r, prnimlily Duveh : die d. IS:-:iL'abre. il-S-l 7 

MD. ; FLS. ; Crawford, II ( 143 ). 

UPC. 2-2-9-1 7D3. Rjx'oinvh, the botanist 5 [I, 105 n.6 ], 
who was in ch. of the penper & ;-.inr;amori pliotal.ijii; at. 
Sa-malkot", ordered to Bcil-ai fir i: j.i. of the Sibnur botanical 
gardens on death of Hubert KvJ j I. 347-S], writes l.hat 
"'Dr. Heyne is arrived from Tranquebar, send appears. ..to 

"Foster ( 107 |. »82 C/3. *Prinsep, I ( U3 ) ; ef. 
1815). «65K/4. 10 in. X. of Oocaaada ; L:i -,r;rv- 
05 D.O : JfRIO. 67 ( 5 ) is sur 



Diauioc',1 
,.l.j,...-id i. 



X,-pr., t ; P„ vs r< (iS3u). 



I 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



with (.'apt. M. to the 




ney, where I w'as introduced to 


(.'apt. Kirkpatriok 1 ,... 




ecsivetl me in the kindest man- 




ck 


as n brother on the Bengal 


fi-a-.iblishiuent" [1,75. 


344] 




MMC. 4^9-1799, 




i. Botanist to the Mysore 


Survey under Mack 




with "salary of 75 pagodas 
his pay and allowances as 
inging several of the botani- 


an a^^taut - ■■■> 


cal Staff from S;ui::U 




ith him [ 91, 93, 113-4, 330 ]. 


The following ex 




are taken from journal 


kept by Hoyno through 


out his time with the svy. a 


Ho left Madras with Mack-en; 


-27th. In them 


rnin 


; went with Capt. Mackenzie 


up the tiau'it.shi.u' Hill. 


.. I went afterwards up the 


Maha Devie Gudda 


one 


of the highest Peaks. The 



Hills are Sienite. ... 

"April 1st. We bade adieu to the Caruatic, & 
ascended the Ghauts thro' the Poodomaig Doorgum 

Pass, which is the steepest, hut, I understand, the 
shortest tli.it ieads into the Mysore. ... '[.'] its Pioneers 
were still employed in repairing it. ... 

"11th. We arrive at Bangalore; ... encamped on 

the Glacis of the Fort, from whence we had a fine 
view, ... "From the 12tli to tfltii staid at Bangalore, 
when I receive.; a Letter fee; 11 ( 'aiu . Mackenzie direct- 
ing me to come to Seringapatam with all speed, for 
which place I net out immediately, travel linji { both on 
my w;sy there and. back ) oight arid day, I had no op- 
portunity of making any remarks oil the Country. ... 
''From 22nd April to 7th May, my attention waa chiefly 
' 1J .'a Garden '.ela.'a had been delivered 

little time 1'ir minemiegi.ral or ol.bor 



,l,s. I Had 



V'aikai.agiri, a trip which caused Macken-de um 
concern, as foreign to his duties with the: Mvs< 
Survey [ 114 ]. H.cyiie's journal continues ; 

"May 13th lSCll. Arrived at Bangalore. Having lost 
r 2/3rd of ray servants, m-^dv -i.-k kit hehii 



I bulloo 



, the 



; Mackenzie became ver 
-.zic refused (e c-jem.erd:; 
:opper mines ; an accr 
lite Mackenzie's letters a 
iif; spirit; "I have bee 
( though it hs painful t 
.he light in which you 



:vy. detts. 1. 
Early ii 



1802 he obtained leave 1 
ill -health, and by April 
, of Mackenzie's svy. [114] 



Bangalore is 'IS'- 
gunga will be 11 
Madras". 



1700 ft. higher, and n 



then 



■ble products, soil, mi 

<y. 20th 1300. Early 
aago of the kUladars of the 

thai rat! been oaugh- ia.it 
5 Hill Fort close by the i 
it was found to be, hall been 



try'. ... About 

it as I found 
wed slowly. ... 



)a.;e:.l by 



could only come over a iu :t. ■!■■.■;! :i. 1 ■ .-jeered 
by a thin mat. At the bottom of the pit they had fixed 
five pikes by which he was sorely wounded already ; he 
seemed mil. \vi tint iirifiinjr intent ecion nothing bv revenge ; 
i.rowli:i-r wiieri men came near the oit. A tried to get at. i.iiwn, 
J.li- was killed liy ;■' single muiqaet Ball that went in at his 
shoulder plate. 

About Oct. 1800 Heyne had left Mackenzie's 
camp on the N. border of Mysore to return to Banga- 
lore where he spent several months on botanical 
work at the Gardens. He then moved down to 
Madras and visited coppice mines near Kaluhasti and 



Though the Directors— CD to M. 2o-l 0-0(3 ( 36-8 ) 
— approved his appt. as "Botanist &. Naturalist to 
superintend the Gardens at Bangalore", the appt. 



. hot died 
entiled Tours 



through India' Tracts, E 

HILLIARD, Georj 
b. 3-5-1783. 



Ben. Ciw. 



Corn. 17-9 



,11 of Bdm 
in.. Chnnar. 10-11-0S, Louisa 
ed, RMA. 1735-9 ; Christ Ch. 
HodKm. 11(454). 
22-10-10 to 7-1-11, survd. 
Thos. Brown in Bundelkhand [ 



13-3-13. 

&, Elizabeth Hilliard of Loudon. 
Ann Anstruther. 
3mm.; matric. 1801. 



1 James Achillea Kirkpa' nek ! L71J4-1M' 
Inf. : Ko,,dt. H.vde.rae.fol. I79:i-t> [I, 344 ]■ 
CJtv area umi'i laro.= between 'lOOP and 3, 000, 



>l!1?v 2.iS i 213, .155 j. 



KOTES 

HODGE, James Tiiomas. Mad. Inf. 

bapt. 25-3-1790. d. 13-9-18, Hyder- 
abad ; an. 

Lieut. 5-7-07. 

Son of Peter Pender & A I Ii-. ■ Hodge of Cornwall. 

to., alary — , who was aduiiia.e.a !.u ljenoiil.s of Lord (Jlivu',. 
Fund, and proceed;;;! ;o rJncknd, MMC. 19-9-19. 

Crofion, 11(39). 

June, 1807, MMI., el, III [ 320 ] ; DDn. 91 ( 83 ), 
9-11-09, appd. to Lambton's Gonortd Svy. ; fcrgn. 
and topo. sketch through Sivusrsmga, 20 m. E, 
of Madura [242-4]; rejoined corps, Nov. 1810; 
re-appd. to Lambton's svy., MCJO. 16-3-11. Assisted 
in moast. of Cooty bn.se -line ■ 245 I. and then recce. 
for Riddell's trga. through Nolloro [ 164, 246, 371 ]. 
Rejoined unit 1811 [ 263, 322-3 ]. 

MMC. 19-5-13, leave to Europe on mo., "frequent re- 
lapses of a Bowel ■_■■ j ■ 1 1 j jli 1; 1 1 1, and obstructions". 

CD to M. 3-5-17, permiUed to raini to India; posted 
to Hyderabad yiib.-iv. !\.-rc" : SL'.'.ltli V, ■■■■ !'.17-8; appd. 
a.ss!..";asvv. 01-am.k ol yMU.'s Dim-'" : tI. ij ' . ; . . ■„-s. \-. : . v . 
ISIS- "At the rcquos: of the Re,.! ■ ■ ■.!,■,. .■ d. Lie lit- 
ona.iii Hodge was directed to place i itas'-.f at that 0,Kccr" n 
disposal in G.O. ... lit May I8LS; ...was pee von ted .from 
so doiag in consequence of the Resident being unprepared 
to loceive him, and he consequently cnntkiued employed 
under .iiv orders to tho day afiii^ decease, the 1 2>.h September 
last"'. 

Mackenzie hiid LT'inil .-jpinkni of him, and writes to tho 
Resdt. at Poona, 7-9-18; "In December last I took the 
liberty of recommending to Brigadier General Thomas 
M.imro* an omccr who ha, yaiod orotenskius to be employed 
on survey. Lieutenant Hodge. ... I should think he might 
be very appropriately employed on mien a survey; he has 
been formerly employed on the TriiiO no metrical kS.mvey, 
whence he had strong 1 tosthaLmials ; it is from these ! speak, 
and from the testimony -.-.: dille-rent friend-', for I have not 
the pleasure ;>l" boinir acquainted with nun persoaally ". 
Ridded, however, write.', 2fi-2-18; "1 do not think Hodge 
would do for th.at country, lie is a man of ahililaes and vcrv 
g:ea<. apjilication. lii:i. has 'lu unfortunate temper, and would 
-lot succeed ^■ie.'vi; conciliate -v manners were required "- 1 . 

Jliieken/ie writes. IS-lO-t-S, "One id" 'be excellent vuung 
oaen I recommended to Mr. l<;ip!iins;onc...is dead of the 
Cholera Morbus" 4 . 

HODGSON, John Anthony. Ben. Inf. 

b. 2-7-1777. d. 28-3-48, Ambak ; ail. 

Ens, 19-1-1800 ... 31 Gen. 3-11-41. 
SG. of India, 1S21-3 [ 285 } ; 1826-9. 

ESde.it son of Geoiyte Hodgson of Cishop Auckland, uo. 



17 HOTXiSO^ 

but he now devoted Ionised" with assiduity to tiiose studies, 
and especiady to practica.l astronomy. The earliest of his 
observations ( an immersion ■>£ JupiteVs first satellite, Octo- 
ber 23, IS!2, observed at Sitanoor cantonment". Ondh 1 
is printed in the memoirs of the Society, Vol. II". 

1803-5, served in Ceylon ; 1805-0, Maratha War ; 
1809, with his unit, 2nd batt. 10th ST., with Ochter- 
lony's force at- l.udhhann: survd. rotito " from Ludhiurm 
to Karutch in. the Humana Country, by Nart>ah...& 
Jind, ... to Hanai & Hissar, ... doing duty with the 
Hon. Mr. Gardner who is settling the District [ 64-5, 



e with SG.. tiatitiu. who had 
a [401], Hodgson thanking 
"■ —to respc.-.i ing the 



. SO 



. taken from 



origim 



family'. 

ul., Calcutta, 2-2-2, Matilda Emily Aon, dau. of I' ho ■ 
Xorris of Greenwich, and widow of C.pt. G. F, Har.-io, f 
i 1730- ISIS >, Ben. Inf.; die d., Calcirlfa, 2S-II-28. ;s >e;l „' 

Hodson, II ( 460 ) ; Oriental Club. 

RAS. (ma). IX. 1849 £69). "Received the principal 
part of his school education at the oraniraur sehoel in the 
city of Durham . . ill wi- !'..■■ ■<■-•■ -i-jr designed to follow 
the profpssioi! i.t "e- '1. .. ir- ■ ; ■-.- of his Pnga.gcrueiLt 
he availed Id' -- ' .- ■ ■ _- ■ - - 1:. liporMJuity of enter- 
ing the mdkarv s.-vec . d 7.:,. ] l.. r . .11: a l.o- bast India Comprmy. 
In the year 17!!!!, at the age of 22, he embarked us a cadet 
for India. ... Until this lime his attention had not been 
direct,. J ei; her co ;i;e Orient :d ianym-Ljes or :o genera; science. 

'MMC. 2-12-18. »v. DDn. 158 (313), 27-12-17. =DDn. 151 { US). 'DDn. 154(27] »SQ0 file lli/mi'-i 6 fB 
A/10. 'DDn. 82 (M). 15-1 1 -OH. Ml.. (75, 4-1-10. » DDn. l,n, ; 131), ( 1-. "JoumM MIOO M ,47 -t'ate 
st available [ S 4 ]. "53 L. "of. Burrow's cm pc den «; in this locality JI. 161]. 117,'L'o .-,. 



Thia opened a correspondence 
met hiui on a visit to Ludhian 
the SG. far "the hint and adi 
maps, and will avail myself of it 

have not, if true, tiu-i taleet <>'' -■■!-.;■ '■! . ' ,' '! as much 
as I can add neatness to ^eoirraph e d eiactnen'. 

1812, SG. report' that Hodirso-i "i.a- hi-en ujeiitioued to 
mo. ..as being v,-\-.',\ r|!au.;kul : , (.:'i.'i:"t arn- -u-vey, and to 
have a useful mechanical turn "' [ 223, 227 ]' 

Early in 1813, appd. asst. to White on svy. of the 
Upper doab, and notes; "April 1st. Continued 
Survey in the, Doab, from Syeedabad, Lat. 27° 26' 
54". 2nd. This, country abounds with Thieves ; 
they carried off my tent walls and other things" 10 . 

Working thro' Annpslm.hr and Saharanpur, ar.rd. 
Delhi June 27th. Wrote to SG. from Moradabad. 
July 18th ; "If any exertions of mine shall be fortu- 
nate enough to give me your approbation, I will be 
perfectly content & on the subject of allowances 
quite indifferent. During this season I will take 
latitudes of principal places in this zillas of 
... Rohilcund is very poorly surveyed. 
and a surveyor could do a lot of good work, specially 
towards the hills [82 J" 11 . 

After a halt for tho rains, his journal continues ; 
"Oct. 1st. Take the field ntjaLn, commencing at the 
ferry of Ghur Mukteiser 12 , Lat. 28° 49' 23°. 41. 
17th. I was obliged to make only a short march 
this Day, that I might apply to the police to search 
for tbievos — who lasi nigdl. ."ofihod inn nf two valuable 
guns, Hircarrah Camel's; Housing, & other things at 
the last village without .success" 13 . 

In Oct., appd. to take over ch. of the svy. when 
White's health gave way [6, 37, 201-2, 228], and in 
Jan. 1814 entered the Dim beyond Salul.ranpur, taking 
care to obtain the consent of the Gurkha governor at 
Nahan [ 82-3, 88, 366 ]. Climbed Bhadrajl* and other 
jiromirjunt hi% ; took obsns. to snowy peaks s and 
sketched as much of the country as He couid. Writes to 
SG. 20-3-14 ; "As I was re-entering our districts, 
I met with Lady Hood going into tho Doon Valley 
[ S3 ]. and, as it was her Ladyship's wish, I thought 
it incumbent upon me to conduct her thro' the valley 
to Hurdwar. In this trip I was of course obliged 
to retrace some of my steps, & could only make 
cursory observations on that part of the route I had 
not before traversed ; however, I have materials to 
fill up the maps of the valley [ pi. 10 ]. ... 



1 



! 



■ Hoo 



:■ U. Bar 



Early in May Hodgson was offered oh. of a svy. 
of the Himalayan river.-; and peaks, which he accepted 
with enthusiasm [ 354-5 ]. He was at this time trying 
to get permission from the Gurkhas to make an expn. 
to Oangotri, but had no opportunity of doing 30 till 
three years iater [ 77-8, 232 ]. He writes to the SG. 
telling of the friendly attitude of the local Gurkha 
chiefs, and discusses the prospects of war against 
Nepal; "It was my wish to have paid my respects 
to you in Calcutta, hut I find ail my time will be 
required for the maps. If you should come up with 
Lord Muira.*, which T hope you will, I will have great 
pleasure indeed in waiting on you. As Col. Mackenzie 
will tell you, he was so good as to direct our attention 
to a number of points highly interesting, ... and Lady 
Hood will explain our projects to l,;.ird iloira" [88-q] 5 . 



his astronomical Observations, and ,,, possess ;di that Lave- 
for it which is necessary to carry on thro' difficulties. He 
has now considerable local kiiiv.i lodge of the countries border- 
ing on the Tract 1.0 do explored. ... Xot having hoard from 
him since May, I rather hope 10 fail in ■.villi him some day in 
Calcutta, lint 1 could not hi jus Lieu lo Illy opinion of him 
neglect the occasion of saying so much to yon"'. 

As the rains had now set in, Hodgsou was called 
down to Calcutta to prepare for his now svy., and he 
writes to the SG. from Cawnpore, 12-7-H ; "I am 
making the best of my way to Calcutta, but a circum- 
stance occurred which may delay my progress a few 
days. When at Kass Gunga, I received an express 
from Lady Howl, requesting that I would escort her 
Ladyship down the River till she should overtake 
her relation Colonel Mackenzie, as the Hon. Mr. 
Gardner 8 , a friend of Lady H.'s family who had 
accompanied her thus far, was obliged by his duty 
to return to Delhy. Consequently I came down by 



8 BIOGRAPHICAL 

Dak, & leave this tomorrow morning, & hope at 
Benares or Patna to find Col. Mackenzie, when I will 
proceed speedly to Calcutta" 9 . 

Aug. loth., Hodgson stopped near Dinapore, and 

met the GG. and the army chiefs who were planning 
the campaign against the Gurkhas, and were delighted 
to see his maps of the Dun [ 40 ]. He was doubtless 
happy to be able to record that "Lady Hood goes 
down the River the Day after tomorrow". 

3-H-14, he writes - : ou the river near Bogiipour" that he 
had submit (..■.! "Map. ,t .Memoir-; of Hie floon" on 27th and 
set. out fur Calcutta. :1 but leinpeMuou* ■.ic.-iti-.cr !is = on-imci'ied 
me to take shelter :.tcf|;icnfiy in (he inlets". 

After about a month in Calcutta, including some 
time on the sick list, he returned up the river to join 
the Dinapore column as Surveyor, with Barton, 
Garstin, and Baton as assts. [41-3, 312, 399]. Ho 
reached Dinapore on Nov. 27th, and set out for the 
Nepal frontier on the 30th. Instead, however, of the 
triumphant march to Katmandu that had been 
expected, the troops were feebly led and spent the 
next four months pottering about in the tami, and 
the survrs. had little opportunity [ 6, 42, 194 ]. 

Hodgson writes, March 31st; "I trust that tou will maka 
allowances lor the ombarresiucn-.s a Surveyor is placed in 
with an army; for, however desirous I was to ■„, out that 
did not depend 0.1 myself, k it was e.oi without aihiiei'iitv 1 
could get sanction to be abs.cn! for a few davs"". The war 
was brosigfu. lo a -uece.^ful do=e by Oehierionys column in 
Kirniur [S3], and Hods;:.,.,, withdrew eaiiv in '.}»,»■■ ]«].-> a 
*ick and tired man, wit!, little accomplished. 

fie writes. May 12th, "1 am better than I was, but weak 
& giddy & hazy. I mean to go to Irm-aienn^aur [ Muzaffar- 



;t] * 



1 I hop 



Again, on 31st, ■' I. propo-e sooodin" the™,,. 
atMu/ufar:vi2irur. ... I soould much l,i«, to have the pleasure 
of seeing v., 11 in Calcutta, but dread Itic ccjience of toe trip 
&. the temptations to throw away inonev t'fall into. ... "At 
Oolanah I was taken seriously ill with 'the Jungle Fover & 
Ague, and as the fits came on in the evenings, & with creat 
violence, T cd. not attend to (he stars for Latitude. B»t, th» 
weather was also thick & rainy". 

At the end of June be settled 111 for the rains ■ "Mnnaffer 
pour being the Station of the Court A * ullccbcsnjp of Tidio,,' 
is a place of some Utile ermscqaeni.e. ... 'fhe rains have iiecn 
so oeavy since my arrival that I have not been able to take 
any sort of observation, bat am jireparing to ob.-eree Lati- 
tude., &. fa-.ngil.udes iiy the moiiirs tran.-iits when the weather 
;■ clear" 11 . 

At the end of the rains he returned to SaMranpur. 
and started preparations for the important svy. of 
the hill countries won from the Gurkhas, that will be 
described in another volume [ 1 ]. 

HUTCHINSON, George. Ben. Engrs. 
bapt. 23-7-1793. d. 28-8-52. 

Era. 23-12-12 ... Lt Col. 4-9-39 ; ret. 28-8-41. 

S.I! o! Pi-. I lew. ilutchir-.r.on. Ml)., ,if liar- ,.j ri j.|. ■ bro 
of T.F. Hutchinson, Ben. Inf. 

m„ 1st., Calcutta, 20-;l-:I.'(, Martha Williams, dau. of 
James Williams, <>i lV-;:th-. nislow. Essex ; she d. at sea 1-4-26 

m„ 2nd, Calcutta, ^1 J— 1— :1i"j. Kli/a Harinzton dan of' 
Bev. T. T. Thomascm, sen-, com;, j 192 n.7 j. 

cd. Addis-combe, 1309-10. 

Hudson, rt ( 513 ). 

a-CU. 



1813, Assi:. Survr. with Hubert Smith Ltl S. Mirzapur 
[47]; Nepal War; BGO. 15-iI-H, appd. Asst. Fd En.gr, 
"with 3rd., or N\V. Biv. i'f army mider Oehtcrlonv, am! 
employed on svv. thru' SiiaiiJi- till" May 1815 [90]. 

Auk. -Sept. ISIS, as Assk I'd. Eugr. under John Colvin, 
with Arnold's tick) foree. snrvd. m:,!n H.insi io HfssarA 

1823, Supdt. of foundry, Fort William. 

HYDE, James. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 21-10-1783. (J. 29-7-21, Aligarh. 

Ens. 1-9-03 ... Opt. 1-7-12. 

Son of James Chicheley ttyde of E.I.Ho. and Dorothy 
Fryer, his wife. 

Hod™, H ( 518 >. 

ISi'13-l:, look levels and other detailed ■ ws. of Calcutta 
[17]. 1804, in Bundctkhand with Martindell [48 n.i ]. 
1810, snrvd. r.«-k-- m b-- . of -lunula tliat 171're a danger to 
navigation : h. -■ i d- ■: "ji'ii a.- being nut oiih "■ imper- 
fect", but also "perft-. th. i.-, uteliigible''*. 1814," Calcutta, 
studied an- -on „a." ,.., , .' ■ 1 ,.vfo?d for S months [ 193 j. 

31-3-13, at Kill-si, Ladv Xi:;:eiit notes 111 her journal; 
"Capt. Hyde, of the Engineers, who we met at Katlmgar 
(and who appears a very silly man J... was commanding 
officer. ... Capt. Hyde.. .dined with us. Jly opinion. ..is 
confirmed. I had ail the histories of all the Hydcs from the 
flood" 3 . 

BMC. 21 -(5-10 ( US 1, progs, of gen. ctml. held it Cawnpore, 
23-11-15, for trial of Capt. .lames Hvdo. l-h-rrs., sent to CD. 

Gov!. Ga%. 18-6-17, appd. to supd. i.'ubhc Works at Almora. 

HYDE, John Fleming. Ben. Iiif. 

b. 28-9-1785. d. 12-5-46, Calcutta. 

Ens. 3-7-07 ... Capt. 1-5-24 ; struck off, 11-3-26. 

His mother bo: ame Certrjiie Duwbng on 2nd marriage. 

m„ 15-2-13, Eliza I'oarson, who d., Cakutta, 17-11-17, 
a»ed 23. ML, S. Park St. cem. 
' Hodson, II (519); III (802). 

BGO. 11-3-13, appd. to svy, -niburr)* of Calcutta 
[ 18 ] ; DDn. 141 ( 6 A ), 23-4-14, appd. Asst. to SG. 
[ 296-7,312 ]. BGO. 3-12-14, permitted to make a 
voyage to Now !>. W.i.los for the recovery of his 
health ; granted extension and resumed oh. of SGO. 
7-2-16. Read, post 1821 ; furl, to Europe, returning 
to Calcutta to become See. to Lottery Committee. 
JACKSON, James Nesbitt. Ben. Inf. 

b. 16-8-1788, Calcutta, d. 8-6-32, 

Calcutta. 
Em. 27-1-05 ... My. 2-3-30. 

Son of Wu. .Taek-'on, Registrar of Supreme Court 
Oakutla, aod his wife Margaret. 

m., 1st., Cawnpore, 2fi— 2-11, Augusta Katharine, dau. of 
Col. Wade, 2Si.ii l.t. Uragoous ; si e .1., i.'akutta, 5-1-31. 

■ca., 2nd, Calcutta. Id 4 32. .Mary, sister of Malcolm 
Nicholson. 

liaison, II (.,:-!■>); Ill (729). 

BMC. 8-1-14, appd. from duty with Ramgarh Batt. to 
svv. boundaries between ISurduuu, HungoU 1 , <v. M.idnuporc ; 
recalled, 6-1-15. lor Neoal War r i9 , 312 ]. 

From 1-1-17 with Q.MC-.'s dr-pt. ; occasionally on svy. 

JERVIS, GoorgR Ritso. Bo. Engrs. 

b. 6-10-1794, Madras, d. 14-10-51, 
Boulogne. 
Ens. S-6-11 ... Lt Col. 16-8-43. 

Son of John Jorvis, MCS.. and Elizabeth, dau. of Capt. 
G. F. Ritso. RE. ; bra l.u Thomas Rest dei-vis. It.;. fhir;r.s.. wiru trie requesu eji '.dpi. ■ju.m*'.m, ijli.^ihiuuiil uavmg * 

who founded the Geographical Section at WO., 1S55. pledge in the established character of that officer far better 

■MRI0.81(12.13|. » BMC. 21-11 -10 (28); 25-1-11 (29)- 3-11-11 ( 154). =Nuger,t ( 120 ). *B©n. 278 f 27 ). 

'Bo.SC. 30-7-17. 'Supphi Drtp. III. ' HLikiston. I i InS 23" I * Garwood ! 52 11. 15-12-03; ef. Cokbrooke, I ( 65, 91 ) ; 
Cadell ( 140 ) ; Welsh ( 172. 218 ) ; Vibart ( 387, 394 ), ' .'JDn. 66, 7-1-04. 



m., 23-7-21, Harriett, dau. of .). G. lire- 1, of 01.1 Srompton. 

1814, survd. route- thruuirli Gujarat*, lulu, April to Aug., 
asst. to euilheriaiKL on svv. "of E.' borders of Gujarat. X. of 
Xarbada R.° [pi. 15]. 

Later beeaiuc Cl'l. Bombay. 

JOHNSON, Jolm [ I, 341 ] Bo. Engrs. 
d. 11-2-46. 

Ens. 31-5-1785 ... Bt Lt Col. 4-6-14 ; ret. 15-8-19. 

ni.. n.derk'a Moinoiing, p-ubahlv Dutch. 
CB. 4-8-15 ; EIMC. I ( 220 ). 

Surveys in Dessau & Malabar from 1790 [I, !2S, 130-1 J. 

1800, in eh. engr. works at Goa; 27-10-00, ordered 
to " HuLIihall ", near DlidnviAr 6 , intormpting his svy. 
of Sonda acraugod by Mnckeoiio [96-7, 158, 318]. 

Bo GO. 3-3-02, appd. to eorad. Koneer3 ; writes to Wol- 
lesley, 29-6-02, from ■' Hulliball in Soonda", askiag for 50 (lavs 
leavi! to Cannanori'. havini; been appd. so;ne tiaie ago to conid. 

the num. ■(■.;. and h 1 no - 1 ■■■ -■ j . 1 ■ ,1 i , ■.;.■■! w -,,• (■, i,, ■, 1.1 , 

Malabar. Wcilesicy refused mii.il llie work .1!, f-fulliliall was 
Snis fied ; '"because, however iionortant. tin-, works may be 
which are carrying on ay the Pioneers io Malabar, I conceive 
that those works could not lie superintended by an officer 
moro icaloui or more eapnlse...i.rLan Lt. Williams [ 323 ], 
who has had charge uf ;.h<-. I'nioeers fa nearly 2 years ;;i:im- 
Capt. Moneiieil' 111 idled Malabar fa- a is Health. [ I, 357 ]". 

1803-5, Maratha War ; in ch. of the Engrs. of Wellesley's 
army, and distinguish ca hinrseif at laraadaa^ar. Gawll^arii, 
ami Assaye. Riakiston writes ; "The conduct of Capt. 
Johnstone of the liugineera was the iiieme of admiraiion 
from the Genera! downwards. Inane;! I think ho was, with- 
out exception, the best officer 1 ever served with. To great 
natural and acquired talents he joined a zeal and an ardour 
in his professional duties which I never saw equalled. ... 
Having no one to assist him in the duties of an engineer he 
was eomnelled i.o .live constantly in the trenches daring the 
siege [of Gfuvilghar ], "but a strong constitution enabled 

U-'elh'siey hiuisolf wviio.s ; '' l'ki:.agb.out i.iiis c;im- 
paign that ciiilcf'r lias iiorrormed tin; most important 
service in the depart-mcaii of tiie Guides entrusted 
to his charge ; and I have no doubt but that his 
surveys will ho a valuablo :>iil.)li.c aeijuisition" 8 . 

His purveys were indee'a of ti;c greah::-i value, and .Mai.keusie 
wrifcea to him from M.idrns ; "Having been desirous of 
improving our maps of the rurfhern parts of the Dokan, I 
shall be much obliged to von for anv thing vou can com- 
munieate of this kind; the marches, in particular, from 
Bourhanpour 10 Aur11agah.nl and I.,., Eiliehpore, ... with any 
latitudes you may have nhsorved ; for if any surveys with 
the army have boon sent down they are kept secret, and I 
have never seen any yet, and scarcely will. 1 suppose, if I do 
not get them from yourselves direct, f wish you eould... 
coummmioate conies of them, even if l.hev wore onlv traces 
inp B ncil" ! . 

At the end of the campaign Johnson completed 
"A Map of the Scat of the ivar -in th? D?khim in 1S03 
and ISOi, which remained the .standard authority 
until supersede:! by svys. of the sir of 1816-8 and 
after [ 165-7 ]■ 



Nov 
[ I57-S 1, a 



juted to I' 



take 



f Slops". 




sciuity of any speculative iidvcnturer, 
1 in him wiil not be perverted to any 
J public good"'. He continued in oh. 
!, "qh crutche;, bavins bsa:i severely 
i 1S03 obliged 



■3]- 



L;-ft in 



and who supplied the Xav 



agaui 






JOURDAN, Hcurv Gson-'e. Mad. Inf. 
b. 1-0-1784, d. 10-11-60. 

Lieut. 17-7-03 ... ttOA. 0-7-33; vet. 1^-3-38; 
Hon. Col. 28-11-54. 

Son of John Jourdn.n. weaver, f!~ London, and Susannah 
bis wife. 

m, Java, lSI.i, Mary .Johnson, dau. of Lt Col. H. P. 
flolcombe. CB. ; RA. 

April 180(1, M.VIL, ol. 11. [ 3 >ol; 3IAIC. il-C—10, appd. to 
svy. branch, QM:;.'s I.lcpc. [ 321-j ; ; 1809-10, on svy. Berar 
I in alii- r. and osai Hyderafigd [go a.6, 134, 166]; Feb. 



MGO. 9-4-U 



I3'<> 



Mad 



;:1 Re.idt. 






KATER, Henry. HM. 12th Foot (now 2iu 
Batt. Suffolk Regt. ). 

b. 16-4-1777, Bristol, d. 26-4-35, 
London. 

Ens. 25-4-179fl ... Capt. 68ad Foot ( now 1st Batt 

Wilts. Pest. ) c. lriuT : to .',-p.av from 1814. 
Son of IIoarvKiiu.-.-. of German descent. 
.CR!S.. IS Li; &.V«. ; portrait, N P Gall. [ pi. 21 ]. 

!'.!■■ :'i-,!,::-s ..in;,!!), 170-1 : p;ircha:.ed eoimi. in 12th Poot 



joim 
lot 



n Vim 






.od* 



certainly shine one day conspica 

letter"' [312-3]. 

Kater was first employed 
from the sea to the Mysore 
recce, for the main trgn. ueri 

»HMS. 493 { 143 et seq 
12-10-20, DDn. 149 ( 152); J 
'Valentin, I (381). 'DDn. f 



>n svy. of the Polar B- 
frontier, and then on. 
53 the W. Ghats down 



■ the 



• w , 24 j 



BIOGRAPHICAL 
259-60, 322, 346, 359]. 



Lord Valencia records a a 

"Feb. 20th [ 1S04 ]„,I have met with Mr. Cator, a gentle- 
man who was assume; Major L.itnbion with his survey ; and 
it. win [brill ll its that. 1 did so, fw T found shortly after that 
a cool;- had run away hi She iml-I;!. with all my catnbloa and 
bi.MKIi.r alia.o-.iNis. He kindly assisted !ne in repairmy 
tlie loss, and in tiie evening we moved on together a few 
miles to a spot where he pitched his tent, and I slept in the 

"21st. Alter 'jr t .akfa.-t we rode forward, on Mr. Cator" a 
horses, throng -,: continuous jangle to Kidmagherri I on the 
\ ■■.'liore-Mir.-niiraiiatan! Road ). leaviny oar; palanqnins to 
follow in the evening "' [ 333 J. 

ISiJo, Kater was deputed to run a series of 2nd- 
ary triangles N. from the Malabar coast, and thence 
E. across the peninsula ' 240, 370-1 ]. He carried 
on till his health broke down in Jan. 1806, when 
Lambton advised him to give up. [362] ; "As your 
constitution doi-s not appear to be competent to the 
laborious duties of your situation, I shall strongly 
recommend you, bath in justice to yourself and the 
public service, not to remain any longer in it ; and 
I assure you at the same time that I have a just 
sense of the merits of your Into service, and shall 
give a faithful repr*-s".'ntatioi; of them in my next 
Publiek Report"' 3 . Kater's rests, was accepted 
6-2-06, and he was granted furl, from 11-2-07, 
a year later. 

After return home, lie was promoted Capt. in the 62nt[ 
Font without purchase, r.ud was for sonic years Bde. Mai. 
at Ipswich, hdqrs. of toe E. Diat, 

Invented prismatic compass e. 1812 [ 232 J. 

Made pendulum obsns. at the chief stations of the 
Trig. Svy. of Gt. Britain, and designed new pendu- 
lums. L821-3, made obsns. for long., Paris and 
Greenwich. 

5-3-23, writes to Lambton, not knowing of his death. "I 



ising - 



lall ir 
esc opes and rr 



altitude 



1 plan. The t 



aper 



fs diameter mi Dover Castle " *1. '■ 1 Qrfnez 

with perfect distinctness. The lower circle ii only one foot 

seconds. An angle taken (rith life ■ srittu il : .■■ titioti...9eldom 
differs more than a ■r:-.-:n.l from the determination of the 
Great Theodolite"'. 

A zenith micrometer, with telescope of 6 feet focal 
length, as reedd. by Kater, was sent out by Dollond, 
and as it arrivoii after Lamlmm's death, was bought 
by Govt, for the SG. a 

DDn. 204 ( 133 ), 31-12-24, SG. reports purchase 
of standard scales and other incisures sent out for 
Lambton, "havki;: been made under the superin- 
tendence of Capt. Kater, one of the most active 
Commissioners for the enquiry into the state of the 
Weights and Measures appointed by H.M.'s Govern- 
ment at. home". 

As Vicc-Preadt. US. read, 14-5-30, a Paper on Salurn's 



the ; 



year 



ted the 



1-10-05 to e-U-Ooj; MPC. 26-11-05. 

ispli Ilaselwood ( d. 1S44) Mad. Inf.; Ee 
( 133 ), 11-1-06. 'DDn. 220 f 313 ). 



*EIMC, I (220). 'Mackenzie to Morratford 

. 1701 ; LtCol. 180!): inv. 1811, 'Warren (82). 
n>]);i. 107 I 114), 24-3-33. 



»tf w 




Henry KATER ( 1777-1835 ) 



As Ensign of H.M. 12th Rcgt. of Foot, appointed ussisriint ■ni Larnbton's General Survey, 
1803 [238]. Resigned 1806 on account of ill -health, and subsequently had a distinguished 
carrer as scientist and Fellow or Hoyal Widely | 2SZ j. Amongst his interests wore pendulums, 
standard measures, and llic design of instruments. 

From a portrait by George Eiehmond in possession of the Trustees of the National Portrait Gallery, 
ami iT-pr(n!iji:«!l with i heir permission. 




Jean-Baptiste Francois de WARREN ( 1769-1830 ) 

As John Wai'ien, arrived India 17!!;i. anil cam onioned 17US. us Kti.siiiri, in H.M.ifSrd 
Regt. of Foot, Assistant, Surveyor on Mysore Survoy 1799 to 1SD2; assistant on Lambton's 
General Survey 1802-5; acting Company's Astronomer, Madras Observatory, 1895-12 
[pp. 312-3, 449-53]. 

1816, succeeded to family title as Comte de Warren; readmitted to French Army aa 
Lt. Colonel, ami created Chevalier of the order of St. Louis ; 1624, Chevalier of the Legion 
of Honour. 

Retired to Pondieherry where he died. 

The portrait in t hi- possession of his family in Fram.-o. i,f tibioh the above is a copy, was obviously 
taken before. July 1791 ivheo hi' first left France. 



gold medal for the. mveni.ion of it doatine vertical collimator, 
inscribed in Phil Trr.r.s., 1828». 

Other oapers include one on length of Pendulum, Phil 
Trims. 181S CW-102). and another ok length of French 
metre in English units, ib. ( 103-9). 

KINSEY, James Strange. Mad. Inf. 

b. 3-8-1788, Trichinopoly. d. 14-9-24, 



Ens. 21-10-0!) : Lieut- 22-l-!5 ; inc. 1-8-18. 
Son of Qen. V.'m. Kinsev, Mad. Inf. &■ Isabella his wife, 
lot a bro. of Chris. Kinsey, .Mill. el. 11 [320]. 

m, 7-1-20, Miss C. S.E. Welles, dan. of Dipt. Welles. 



nent have been assiduously and advantageously e 

n the offica" [ 120, :>7--o 301 j ■ ordered to 10111 11111 

MMC. 1S-10-.19, with Mad. N. Veteran liatt. ; 



two sons. Thomas who d. Dm-. IS2;>, and William Lamliton. 
ivho. with his father, was living in 182!!*. 

d. num., leaving two irvl.. ohiSdren. Williinn & Eliza. 

FRS. 9-1-17 ; Corr. Viembe-. institute of Franee. 

DNB. ; DIP, : I'M Cat. V : SIMC. Ill ( 100 i : Warren ■ 
Jngledew; .4 * N Man. XI (165); Markham ( 60 | ; Geo, 
Everest ( 4-5, 22 32 ) - Statesman, 13-1-1923. 

The articles in DNB. and A & N. Mag. were both written 
by H. Manners Chichester, and based largely on fngledew. 
who appear? to have d'awn from loeal resea-rob. Warren's 
sketch was hi the form of ;■. sorics of loi.i.ora pubd. anon, in 
Mad. Govt. G'.iz., nod rem'iiitcd in li-.tt. H'lrixm, and read at 
&SB. 3-9-23 ; V. As J. XVII. April 1824 ( 377 ). 

"These letters were written by one who lived on terms 
of intimiiev with the subject of I hem for twenty years. The 
style of them, as well as many :;\ the expression?.' seem those 
of a foreigner nor. quire familiar with r.he idiom of the English 
language. (If out conjecture as to the author of these 
lettors be correct, he apnears to have paid tin- doht of nature 
himself very soon aflor be Kid '-niv-; -<,■- : ,1 duty to 



KNOX, .Robert. Mar. SurvT. 

b. c. 1784. d. 6-6-10, Calcutta, mi. 
S. Park St. com. 2 

Arrd. India 179S. 

A ship's officer, engaged by SG. to svy. the coast 
and islands from the Ganges along the face of the 
Sundarbans between Dec. I 802 and June 1803, comdg. 
the gunboat Scourge [ JO f. Then employed to 
svy. creeks along right bank of Hooghly till Nov. 
1803, when ordered to sail the Tiger to Hahisore and 
report to Lt Col. Harcourt, comdg. in Orissa, for 
svy. of the Mahanadi R. and coast to Palmyras Pt, 
[11-12,418]. 

Interrupted by ill-health, and "a rheuniatie affec- 
tion of both kneos". Knox continued svy. of Orissa 
coast till end of 1805, when the svys. were closed as 
a measure of economy [ 18, 23, 191 ]. 

He writes 1-12-05; "I embarked for India on the Hon. 
C-onn--e- SrrvJT on lii- Maj;--av"s Ship La Ve^enie, with 
,;„.'■ ■ ' <■ .- r ■ -„■■■! die" Noi.le Marquis Wellesley'. 
and remained in the sani- --nip. ..until I was emi)loved...p.s 
marim- Surv-vor: -nc- whica time I have commanded the 
Gun \'fj\-\ S. ■ i-Lj'-. Sun i-vinj in the o'uinie. lancis. After- 
wards I was sent' in charge of the Agent Vessel Charlotte 
n-itli Colonel ii.ircourf. on the Ux-peditioo aiiani"!- the JIah- 
rattas. and since then I have been in charge of the Gun 
ing the Conquered Country 1 '". 
.06 [12]. 



Vessel Tiger, surve 
Pisch. early in I 



iv.ij:: in i'oiois.-. viiiieh a p pea iv-.i in Calcutta 

ntains the bio. sketch. 

toils by Win. Havell, Hyderabad 1822. 

R As Soc., London, in 1828, by Sir Wm. 
iumbold* ; contemporary roiniiiture with S of I. 

No contemporary reeord of birth bus b-een found, and 
.lie date 1756 is that sii«c'est.e<i bv Injlcdcw. iVarren civos 
I753 : '(Ki the credit of the following anecdote. ... 'Being on 
lut-y with him in the Coorg country i 
Ian.. Larubtoi; lolo nie that, a fvv 



e said ( he observed to me ) 

uibton's age at his death is 
73 to 67, which would give 



LAMBTON, William. HM. 33rd Foot. 

b. 1753/6, d. 20-1-23 Hingaughat 6 , 

near Wardha, in CP. ; an. 

Ens. 8-5-17S2 ; Lieut. 1-3-179-1 ; Capt, 25-6-1303 ; 
Maj. 19-S-US ; lit. Lt Col. -1-6-14; STfi. 1-1-1S. 
Parents not known 7 , tii.V Warren say> that their condition 
was humble, and Lambton told a friend "that much of his 
early savings had gone to support'' one of them. 

He had a sister Dorothy, who m. Thomas Lye, of Yorkshire. 
and d., Feb. 1827. leaving her hushand surviving. She had 

ij/smoirs BAB. IV. 1S31 ( 33-7 ). 'Oriental Ob. Ill ( 131 ] ; Ben. Ob. 185! ( 95 ). 'Chart, MBIO. 101 ( 30-1 ). 

• Arrd. Caloufta as GC. 17 5-1798. MiPC. 2-l-()ii ( 26 ). "18 in. S. of Nagpur. 'Elisabeth La mpu™ 

oughby ( now Borrowby ), bur., ^3-10-1762, at Leake, 



I.ngler'ew states thai Lumhton was born at Crosby 
Grangp. a families.:! near the Grenc North Road, "a 
quiet and beautiful spot", a mile from Thornton-le- 
Moor, and 4 m. W. of Leake and S. of Northallerton, 
in the N. Riding of Yorkshire. 

He was ed. first at- Borrowby, aboui. 2 -in. from CrosLy 
Granc\ and then admitted us si free scholar to the Grammar 
School at _\'oith;i hereon thro' tne [>a:i';iu:iae of 3 gentiem^n 
of the neighbouiliood 1 '. A cendition of sod. adinission was 
that the free scholar should he the cmld '"of poor pa rent 3 
of the parish". He is said to huve rinisbed his studies under 



1-3-3!) ; B-1455. 1S20-30. 
Jervis ( 15 ) ; .Everest's copy 
Smelt, of Langham Lodge 



„ „„ai his mother. 'Orders in Chancery: 1 H2H-M-2-I01, 
tnerin Win. Pnhuer & Co.. Hvi'c.rani.l. ^Warren ( 74). "Thos. 
iiv withGBO Lib., Q. 66. " "'I'hc Rev. tleber. of ThornLo : i-ie-[5ean?, 2 m. from Crosby; Leonard 
Rev. John Wind, of Tiurldebv near Thirsk. 



BIOGBAPHICAL 



::i--o ponied a.-; ■; ■;iir<<cy,>r, .i,-.-l ,|-i-.;'.. l;:i;l-7ii , v:lli emjiloved 
in making a ma.p of \'oivci,.si,!t and its suburbs. 

Warren suggests that Lamb-ton "owed his initia- 
tion into mathematical studies" to "the famous 
mathematician Emerson" 2 , who lived near Darlington, 
■ about, 15 m. K. of Northallerton. "This is render- 
more probable by Ins bdnq fond of repeating anec- 
dotes of Mr. Emerson, having relation to his singu- 
larities of disposition iLinl person" [250], 

There is no further record of Lamb ton's early life 3 till 
2S-B-1781, when hi; was appd. Ens. in Luril Fauconijerg's 

;;■'■ •■ * ; ■ ■: -1; ■ ■■ .-lit, ,,„<! \VLlkL=,o/ 



1S01 






E-osewa.yi31-3-.nS-1, Lam !j ton was still Asst, Kngc. Shelburne. 

During mid-winter at end of 1784, he aeed. Benja- 
min Marston on a 70 m. svy- from Fredericton to 
St. Andrews, and on to St, John, by the Oromocto 
R 5 . By this journey they determined the sepa- 
rate course of the Magaguadavic R. which the 
Americans claimed as identical with St. Croix E„ 
laid down by Treaty of Paris, 3-9-1783, as W, 
boundary of New Brunswick. The survd. route is 
shown on Sproule's map of 1786 6 , and Lambton's 
original map is still preserved at Frcdericton. Bald 
Mountain, New Brunswick, was shewn as "Lambton's 
Mountain" in some early maps- 

1785, Lambton was Asst. Engr. at Fort Howe, 
St. John 7 , in New Brunswick, and under Royal 
Warrant, 4-8-1785, was appd. "Barrack Master of 
the Barracks for Our Forces in Our Province of New 
Hnniswick in America "*. 



Wai 



"Suoti after t!ii-jnx:i 
:' arid particularly tht: 
Ocueral of the Array 



KDr. Hutton (.11 
1781; .-1 Omrs?. 1,' .If,-;) 
-'frecv. «.-;,'.; Z>,Vfi. 3] 






1 procured him the 



LLD. 



world'! a 
obtained no 



I ,!>!> us Bkrur. at Frcdericton. 

In 1793 Arthur Wollesley was appd. to comd. the 
33rd and, says RM Otd., "seeing an officer so many 
yours stationary... with out knowing anything of him, 
gave in his name for promotion, and to his astonish- 
ment he ( Lambton ) found himself a Lieutenant". 

"In 1795" writes Warren "the Duke of York 11 , 
having resolved on reforming the British Army, ... 
determined to clear from it all its useless members ; 
and ordered that all officers who held civil appoint- 
ments... should declare by which service they meant 
to abide. Lambion consulted his old patron, Kir 
Brooke Watson, who, impressed with a persuasion 
( very common in those times in Kngland ) that to 
go to India, and to acquire a fortune there, were the 
same thing, advised him to prefer his Lieutenancy". 

In Aug. 179G, Lambton received orders to join his 
regt. in the E. Indies 12 . The 33rd reached the Cape 
July 1796, and sailed in Nov., reaching Calcutta. 
17-2-1767. In Aug. it sailed to Malays 1 with the expn. 
intended for the capture of Manila, but the expn. 
being recalled it arrrl. back at Calcutta, Oct. 1797 [ I, 
350]. It is not known exactly when Lambton joined, 
but Warren's account, derived from Lambton himself, 
says he rejoined "in CaV-itta a.ter 13 years absence" 13 



u-.ths., and 



> Wai 



without means of piirdiiisiic; ;,ro:.uotion and v.- [tho lit" in Crests, 
anything bur brilliant, nod lie. feared "tinst. he iiAil lieedlcsslv 
ca-st off his sheet anchor' as he expressed it". However 
Sir Brook Watson'? introduction to Sir Alured Clarke" on 
whidi lis: had pl-u.-i.-il lit tit ichaiice, prove:! of value and 
iH-ouaUt mm the .iapt. ,,1' (!<!,■. M.,;,.y - : R\-,^\, Ti-i«im ill the 
Pre.sdcy. of Fort fit. George". 



FES. ; Professor of" \ialh„ F.M.A., 177rl-[SIi : Auth. of Math. Tables, 
1785. 'Win. Emr'son ( 1701-32); h. &, A. at Harivorth, near Darlington. 

America points to previous experience as such. '43" 40' N. ; 6.o° 30' W. ; 

1-3-1935. 'Mi-::- :i 1 1".- : 1: ■■:.■.:: i:il' -haiv of ;jiis r : i tj is si.il] preserved in hi? 

W: lt::v, 1.1U:. liS. I'lia,!::. S'ro^s.'iTid S„. VI! : 41:1 1. Mr, ,n'V- fit;- 

itnmv. G»n. X. Amenta 1TS2 3 : DXIi., Lord May,-. I - . n. 1705-7 ; or. 
IZI15tus( 1733-13J7 t. -■!'. -on of K:::- (.iiiLTilc; Til ; I'll. V - ■ ,:l. 1711 J ; C-in-C. 
o ,,j,;.-. „u....a ,1 ,....■,!:. i.4L> 519,1- 3-193;-.. w,l ,1- A V,t; ( . > iy,. tt.at Muster 

«. VI, 1799* (9 I I 1 I 1 1) 1797-1800™" 



-• v-.w hy the- bnr.lilv s!i-c:!i£;lh of t. lit- si-Mitt- 
■ ■.. ■ nk ...' If the neathcr had iui Ih-i-Ej more 
ii. is usually, we must all have been lost. ... 
less than I at- first imagined. a;id ',ve have tine 
very prospect of a- favorable iiassage ' ' . 
i another latter; ,; In a few day? I .dial] send 
t.-om plaint, against Cf.pt. —'a Office for having 
? 'in board the stup.s. ... Instead of .-endirn/: up 
r it, it was taken in!;, -lie uasks at. Calcutta 
jsh. It is unpardonable, a.? I named niui of 
!-t upon thi? occasion has been the death by 
ii? line men as any kp, had, a-nd of i.he sieves- 
. iiolc regiment, rtiy.^eii not excepted ''. 



dtsaiipohiied in the. expectation hat: 
C-in-C.'s fiUTiily 3 . was invited by Ct- 
uirii him. ... \Varren...who was a'.-' 



Ilia hospitable roof. Warren advised him not to be too 
hasty, and fold him he was sure the Colonel had a high 
opinion of him. and Lambtoii replied; 'I would believe it 
if he would do me the honor to speak to me'. He was 
persuaded to cotstintic as Welksley's guest all the time the 
rr-imen; sjayeii at Madras". 

Tho' Lamb ton did tut aw. the regt. to Mysore the 
fclhtnin.' i.dier written by Weliesley to his bro. Henry' 



For the Mysore campaign I.ambion was uttd. to the 

iif King's Irooiis. ant: the followini: is Warren's account of an 
incident at Sultar.net that has been often told*. "On the 
4th of April 179'-!. Genera! ISaird received orders to proceed 
during the night t.o scour a Tope where it was supposed that 
Tippno had placed an advaneed viost. Capt. Lambtoii 
aecouioatiiei-i him as his Stair, and, alter having repeatedly 
traversed the tune withou! iir/lin:; anyone in it, the General 
rosnlvcd to return to camp, and prof-eeti^d accordingly, as 
lie thought, towards Ho.idouartrrs. However, as the night 
was clear, and the oonstelial.ion of the Grea! lienr was near 
the t ni.' ri than, Capt. Lnmbton noticed that instead of pro- 

i..,. riling southerly. ;is was nceessa'y 1. '■■ '.".'- t.:° "-—.p. 

the division was advancing tnn'ards the north ; that is to say, 
on Tippoo's whole array; and imr-i- Ii itclv warned General 
,f!iiird of the mistake. But the General (who troubled himself 



the folk 



night 



and Wclleslev had their 
[1.35'J. 

Lam b ton';; brilliant leadprshi^ al List's final assault 
..if 8erin.gaput.aru, 4 S L7'J9, is describe! by Allan arid 
Mackenzie. Allan writes ; "The left attack met with 
serious opposition ; ... many oftieers were killed and. 
wounded, but dipt. I. ambton ( Bvig-ade Major to 
General Baird j. putting himself at the head of the 
troops, forced the siicmy to give way. This eolciirin 
was severely galled by musketry... till a handful of 
men. ..drove the enemy from it [ the inner rampart ]- 
Capt. Lambtoii who had advanced abm£ the outer 
rampart, halted tin- same time opposite this sallyport 
through which the enemy were retreating. ..in -the 
greatest consternation. The slaughter trader this 
^iituwav from the firing of both our parties was 
prodigious. Capt. L-arnuton proceeded along the 
rampart, stationing small parties in the works, and 
joined General Baird on the E. face. ... In one hos.ir 
tin) ramparts & every part of the fortifications were 
occupied by our troops [ T, o, 308 }"'. 



Mac 



of the 



oalliiij 



same incident; "The sight of 
iturally gave a check to the 
officer to lead or direct them. 



t for D 



roopa 



Brigade Major Lu mil ton who. 
p.r. ■. iou- t'> cssm:? the River, had been scat bi thucral 
fiaird to the Left attack, ami Capt.. G., happening to be boih 
present at that jimet.ir.-, and h'r.iioir a read;, obedience to 
their orders, they ;sti ev.:?y a?siitanee in their power by 

niost advantage" 8 . 

After the fall of Serin jjapcttim, cohirmia were sent 
to the W. frontiers of Mysore to reduce hill forts, 
and various hostile gangs, the chief, of which was led 
hy Dhoondia. Lttmhton aced. the hdqrs. of the 
Grand Army, and lias left a journal of the mar-lies 
from 10-7 to 22-11-1791). Gen. Harris with the 
main body marched thro' Chitaldvi.ig to the Tunga- 
hhadra, whilst ivlvanced coHuims captured iihinio^a 
and other frontier towns, but, Dhoondia eluded them 
aad escaped into Sonda [ 96 n.4 ] and Maratha 
country 9 . 

Harris handed over to U'ellesloy at Homiali, 26-8-1799. 
and for the next 'J months La-uttan coolituiod on the hdqr. 
-■a-T presnniablv :nesdug with Wdleslcv. Thev advanced 
thro' Rhika-rnr'-" and readied Sotida on 11th Oct.. without 
- .■■.,;.■_- - urli with Dhoondia. Returning :■■;>' :iait!er 
, _- ,,'. j ■ _ . -. ■!-■ liehir. T.iTubton K 



-11-1 



y[9'3- 



iRivcr water at Calcutta must have been horrihlv polluted [387]. Gurwood, I. 
a PS to Lord Moriiington, GO., the eldest l>r;>. 17SS-it; !.-■ ^.r.'r. Ceded Provinces, 1801 
Davitl liaird f 17S7-1829 ) DNB. 'Siuha (53); of. El:':. ![[ (100): Lusliioetou | 
Mackenzie 1 !- Journal. EM Add! MS. BtiliS (-Jil-GO), -ivev iL ■■ : ,, n '- i, v Lambtoii himself. 
13@6S( 138), »cf. Gurwood, II (53-122 ). >°48N/7. 



.■ ilesdt. 



* [ I- 35i | II, 275 1. 



LAMBTON 

avys., it is more than likely thai 
lamented the earn pie to lack of in 
tal knowledge of the country, i 
conceived his scheme of a Gene: 
right across the Peninsula, ui 
principles- He had already , 
knowledge of trgti., geodesy," an 



:■> the ASB. i 



IN Hi 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



[ 115-21, 207 ]. Accounts are given of Ms assta. . 
personal est. [ 322-3, 333-5, 34 6, 350 , 369-72 j. 
We hear very little of Lambton being troubled by 

climate, or out of health. In that rcsoect ho was far'n 
''" than either his contemporary Mackenzie, or 



>r other 



, both c 
roubles. 






Uintly racked 

mgalore in 

- Lambton 



discovery 
investigai ei 

.-.«%■,■; the co 



the completely nodci <■!■■ , ,. \| . ,,,.], 

On MB return to Seringapatam with Wellesley, 
Lambton proceeded to the Presdcy., and submitted' 
his proposals, which he had already discussed with 
Wellesley and probably Close, to the secretary Josiah 
Webbe, who passed them to Mackenzie, asking Mm 
to advise Close how they would affect his own plans 
for the svy. of Mysore. Mackenzie's letter to Close, 
6-12--1799, is the earliest reference- we have found to 
Lambton's proposals [ 233 ], and our next is a letter 
from Wellesley to Close, 3 1-1800, saying that Govt, 
had expressed full concurrence, and had told Lambton 
to write to Calcutta for the insts. he wished to buy 
from Dinwiddle [ 231, 233, 251 -2, 396 ]. Official sanc- 
tion to Lambton's new appt. was issued 6-2-00, and 
his detailed plan was submitted four days later [ 234 
251-2 J. 

Warren says that "the first idea was... confined to 
the throwing a series of triangles across from Madras 
to the opposite roast. ... His plan boing luid before 
Colonel Wellesley, the lat lot- handed it up to Govern- 
ment, with his recommendation and support. Mr. 
Josiah Webb, then Secretary to Government, had 
also a favourable opinion of the undertaking ; and, 
in consequence of the rep res en tat ions of these two 
gentlemen, the first patrons of the project, Lord Olive 
and his Council sanctioned it, & directed Major 
Lambton to prepare the necessary estimates" 3 . 

A summary of his professional work is given in 
Ch. I [ 3-4 ], with fuller details in Chs. XVII and 
XVIII [ 234-67 ]. In Ch. VIII a full section is given 
to refute Mark.ham's statement that Lambton and 
Mackenzie did not work harmoniously together 



1787. 



•Roy's Account .n, 
1784-1801, 2 vols. London, 
joined him in Dec. 1807 [ 342, 322 ]. 



the north of the line w 
there with the degre 
Spanish and French 
abours across the M 


flue li-.'lr 
es to the 

e. He "info 






1 ■ 1 . 


tt'o ha,' 


already told of Ren 



proposals r I, 376 ; II. 251, 264 ], and 

finance com. to reduce ids exoeociti.- 
the whole he was given all the help h 
iioi.kioir his first, suggestion for the trans 
control of the Supreme Govt., he 
liberality of the Government of Ft. 
uniform supojrt :ind acq .descend* hi ov 
have had the honour 10 lay before them 



aditions, I have been enabled to ob 
iic.li otherwise must have e.mbarrassi- 
'■"•t(id the uiriaiate oi eject, of my Uboi 



■: 1,1, 



it ciniciikv 
16,2903, 

Mysore, and nearly 



After his, first year's 
two more years on essentia! preliminary work 
twoen Madras and Cudiialore on the E. coast, he left 
Madras in Oct. 1803, and spent the next three years 
on his first great achievement, the bridge of triangles 
across the peninsula from eoast to coast [ loo, 123, 
124, 212, 238-41, 379]. His general 'Notices of Malabar 
were pubd. 1844, Bo Geo Soc. I. 66 ( 10 ). 

He spent the nest twelve months at St. Thomas' 
Mount grinding oat his oompns. and then worked 
south till held up near Tanjore by an accident 
to the great theodolite [ 3, 241-2, 253-4, 3*7 ]■ 
Spending several months at Triehinopoly over the 
repairs, he set out again in October 1808, to 
continue his great arc south to Cape Comorin 
[127, 139, 145, 242-5]. 

From now on he deputed more and more of the 
actual trgn. to his assts., and even allowed his senior 
sub-asst., Joshua Do Penning, to observe at some of 
the southern stations of the- great arc [ 243, 304-^ 1. 
He devoted most of his own energies to the astr. 
obsns., the meast. of bases, and eompns. [194, 
255-7. 260-4]. 



\sR. VII., 1801 {3 

en (76). *Vale,)tia, l" ( 315 ). 

Account of thp,...npcrnlions in eras 



NOTES 4 

After iissisl-ini; ::i the I'm-cmi- of the Aivtiis ;)iili Linus (is a 
roil, engr., 10-7-09 [ 132, 2.52-3 ], he spent, most of 1810 on 
maris and '.'ompii'. at Pond [cherry, where his son was b. 
12-7-09. 

He moved N. to the Ceded Cists, early 1811. 
and when, at the end of the year the last of his mil. 
assts. were withdrawn after- taking trgn. down to 
the coast between Cuntijr and Mastilipatam, he left 
nearly all the trgn. to De Penning. The last series 
he obsd. himself was the section of the great arc 
between Gooty and Bida-r, 1813-4 [4, 130, 158, 164, 
=43-9- 291 ]. " 

>een caused regarding his ] 






il.e »-n.i 



i, Madras Presdcj 



it I remain in India with a view 
■ under my direction, which must 
I in the event of my relinquishing 
hat it be continued, I.. .hope that 
on the part of this Government 

. in the 33rd ilBsimmt after it 
jngaged to go on half pay, which 

irry oil the present work without 
Jiafc account forego all regimental 
entirely out of the line of active 






■.) decide V 






ami pa. 



■eoftl 



33rd [; 



y sis years a Bubaliem. two 
.1 my full pny anil half-batt.a 
.le.ry. amounts to only Four 
. 1 have never yet applied 



5 J- 



After closing his Great Arc at Bidar, March 1815, 
Larnbton settled down at the Freneh Gardens at 
Hyderabad [ 249, 262-4, 394 ] to worli U P results with 
the asstce. of his four sub-assts. No further fiald- 

work was possible 'ill after the (dose of the M.aratha 
War of 1816-8. In reporting on the prospects of his 
svy., he writes, 15-9-15 ; "The most serious impedi- 
menta that I shall have to apprehend to the north- 
wards will bo from, sin: i.iaues of [ ■! l j :.ir i( to i-s which infest 
that quarter when the Army is not in the Field ! It 
will, however, ho adesirnble object, towards promoting 
general geography, as well as for giving a basis for 

»OH»* (103); John Orrok, of 33rd Ft., son of Col. Wm. Orrok, of Mad. Est. "DOn. 62 (100), 21-2-11; MMC. 

5-3-11 *AsR. XIII (7 }. *Uf>vri 'lid! reeords 11 !. } m. I!, of H.ijl.Mirii;hisr, of Lnvla ami C-W,.-:. I.,vi:-, Mho-.rer-i : I* tier 

kd 15-4-15 at =tormim.. of Mahi-.o ■ 'so,, of S. H. rial's [ I, ^3 j. - KiUmjar. (iS C/S. s l'\lb*s. 11. RIO. M 3S5, 547, 
Map lb. 30(89). 'of. Eraser ( 18, 37 ). « 53 A/18 ; tfqpottl Poptrs { 593, 808, etc. ). 



local surveys to extend this work as far to the 
northward as possible, and to enlarge it...so as to 
take in all the g/reat military road;; leading from the 
Ceded Districts to J trains , Kllichpoor, Nagpoor, 
etc. ; and when that shall be completed, and the 
triangles extended from JIasulipatara to Point 
Palmyras, all which is a part of the work before 
me, I trust that I shall have contributed my share 
towards roe advji.ruier'iO!il of Indian Geography. 

'■iSbouid I live to accomplish all thai, there wil] 
then, be, besides the great extent of Territory already 
comprehended, a foundation laid for extending this 
survey over the whole of the Deekan, through Orisssa 
and the more Northern Provinces, through the 
Marhatta dominions, and finally into the Upper 
Districts of Hindustan: and T sincerely hope that, 
after I relinquish it, some one will be found possess- 
ing y.oal, constitution, urn! attainments, wherewith to 
prosecute it on the principles already followed. It 
would indeed be gratifying to me if I could bnt 
entertain a distant hope that, a work that I began, 
and which will then be broiight to so considerable a 
magnitude, should at seme future day be extended 
over British India" 3 . 

At this time Dambton was at least 53 years of ago. 

LAWTIE, Peter. Bon. En-grs. 

b. 25-2-2792. d. 5-5-15, Ratangarh, 

Bilaspur State, Simla Hills*. 

Ens. 15-12-OS ; Lieut. 23-12-12. 

On/ 1 .' son of floor ire Urquhart and .danei Lawtio, of Cal- 
cutta : his sister. Harriet h'aruh, m., 7-1-11, Lt Col. Geo. 
Hickson Fagan, Ben. Int.. then AG. Bengal [ 41 ]. 
si. BMA. 

Apod. E'wkr. Art., tr. to tingts., 19-12-09. 
DDn. 126 ( 134), 9-11-12, CE. reports; "Ensign 
Lawtie of the Engineers roiurnod from Calhnger J to 
Delhi. I have bnt little personal 'Knowledge of this 
young officer, but his reputation stands high. 
Colo, ltd... Kyd meirbumod [din as giving great promise, 
and the Hevd. Mr. Thomson [ 192 11.7 | says he is emi- 
ne rilly q-.i;d:li;'d as a mtitheru atari an ". 

1810-2, at Cawnpore ; survd. cants. [ 28 ]. 
1812-4, at Delhi, survd. city [ 61 ] ; Nov. 1813, 
survd. route of Gen, Marshall's force, Rewari to 
BaUadurpur arid back to Muttm" [ 312, 398 ]. 

Nepal War; BGO. 15-11-14, appd. Fd Engr. & 
Survr, to 3rd or NW, Div. under Ochterlony ; kept 
fdbk. of svy. Nov. 1814 to Jan. '15 [ 90 ]. Distin- 
guished himself at sieges of M'alagarh trad other hill 
forts 7 ; ADC. to Ochterlony. 

CO. 1-12-14, Ochterlony writes to AG, telling of the 
capture of .Ka'airarh : "I hav*j feeblv expressed my sense 
of Lt. Lawtie's services, whose youthful energy carried him 
to points which 1 could not nave a=ce;ided, n:id whose active 
and intelligent mind furnished mo with the most useful 
information". 

Mentioned i\f:niii in dv-oatch of 17-1-do iov -i 1 s? "character- 
istic /.sal and activity" ii-iih the nigh! attack which led to 
capture of Malaun 8 . 



% 



iwell when be left u 



purr 



of e 



and 



jri from ;j dread that the General 
lave prev^nt-id him from proefed- 
■t Rattungur, 



death ; ' 

month ft 

he concealed his i:idisoosi'.i 

would, had lie known of it, . 

lag. ... On 37th he waa rm 

where he received every possible medical c 

But his disease w,is ..if too long striding to admit of remedy, 

and about 7 o'clock this mombiu ire lost in him one of the 

most gallant & worthy young men that ever existed". ... 

Dett. Orders. "The Maj. General requests that the 
officers will wear mocrriiny for one month. ... The disease 
itI:i:;!= put an untimely end U> Lt. Lawlie's life was a malig- 

CG, 2-6-15, long ob. notice ; MI. St. John's oh. Calcutta. 

LENN, William Charles. Bo. Inf. 

bapt. 13-5-1792. d. 29-8-18, Broach. 

Ens. 3-5-11 j Lieut. 1-11-17. 

Son of John arid Elizabeth Lean. 

m.. SariLi. i 11 hi. i::i;-:v)-^ I to y n ( , ] ,1 3, niece of Gen. 
Charles lievnolds [ I, 37S ]. 

Bo KC. 20-111-12, appd. As,'.. Survr. Branch avy. r 12s 1 
remaining there till death. 

LETHBRIDGE, Christopher. 

bapt. 12-2-1789. d. 18-10-68. 

Lieut. 17-7-03 ... Lt Co!. 23-8-34 ; ret. 2-1^3. 
Sun ■!:' i'hn,.LOp. ; i!!r and .lane I .eth bridge. 

" " "6 aged 20 ; m., 2nd, 4-4-39, 
■kie of Sidmouth. 
April 1806, MMI., el. II [ 320 J— 1810, under 
Garling on Kalahari svy. [ 127, 399 ]— 1811-2, on Goa 
svy. [ 156-7, 164, 156-7 ]— MMC. 10-12-11; "Is at 
present in. good Health, but is employed in the 
interior, where he is exposed to conrnierable risk in 
contracting the fever". MGO. 10-7-12, "Relieved... 
from 30-6-12, but permitted to remain at Goa until 
! of Western Monsoon before joining Corps". 



Drew fair map of'svj 


1817-25, or later, in 


29-11-17; "Lirineii:.-,; 


zoaloua and tlc,;,;,-vi-i g 


: .u superb:: ond in ■,:■ ;', 


of hi- Corp., from this 


without some difika.t 


U.iiiUuTihLiit Leth bridge 


he magged the forests 


that 1 am induced.. .to < 


at :ii'/ disposal. ..iriin a 


attached :':> bis hits clia 


factory to .'lis iixosliene 


for the irnpruvemerit 




MMC. 1-1-1-18(41). 



*y-[I 



;pl.: 



Titing 



t the disposal of the Resdt. i 



L-EYDEN, Jolms. Mad. Med. 

b. 8-9-1775. d. 27/28-8-11, Cornelia, 

Java, of iot-yt. 
Asst. Sarg. 1-1-02. 
Son of Scottish l.j-rder shr-oherd; of Denhol'n, Roxbui-di 
BSB.;bI8.;3i>i. . ■:%(.•<-'. L1I. !;!Jii; !; ;-' Js .< ,>.-,:• /;„„-,>, 
Rev. J. Norton, f.oo ion, 13! «; Cr-nvford [1 ,' 1.57 j. 

e:.i. Kiinourgo : Licensed prsn.-oer. Oil. of Scotland, Viv 
1798 ; JID. ICdioburidi ; LRCS. St. Andrews. 



6 BIOGRAPHICAL 

Poet; Oriental Linguist ; "the renowned Orientalist 
formerly the friend and literary associate of Sir "Walter 

19-8-03, and. Madras ; MGO. 14-1-04, appd. Asst 
to the Mysore svy. in succession to Dr. Heyne, "to 
afford medical assistance to the establishment, and 
to prosecute enquiry into the Natural History and 
Productionsof Mysore" [ 114-5, 379-8o, 406]. Salary 
50 pa. pm., in addition to pay and allces. 

DDn. 43 ( 103 ), 12-4-05, under med. treatment 
from Nov. 1804 ; leave to Malabar Coast, and 
then sea voyage to' PVVI. reaching OUeutta Feb. 1806 
BPC. 2-10-07 ( 3 ), series lent to Bengal for 
appt, as Examiner in Hindustani and Asst Sec at 
Ft. Wm. CoH. j BPC. 5-10-10 ( 9 }, appd. Assay 
Master, Calcutta Mint, 



> Lord 



1811, with espn. to Java as Malay int 
Minto, who describes him aa "a perfee 

Leyden's learning is s!. upend on.-:. ;i:ul he i.- a v.iry "universal 
scholar"*. 

Rattles writes; "The bard of Teviotdale... expired in ray 

arms a few days after the landing of the troops. From hia 
profound acquaintance with eastern lani-uagos and Indian 
History ; from the anoeasing nativity of his great talents, bis 

lationat migrations from the 



LINDESAY, George. Ben. Engrs. 

h. 6-2-1792. d. 10-10-21, HooghlyR. 

Ens. 28-10-09 ... Capt. 1-10-19. 

Son of Patrick Undesay, olVoats. ,t Mare A y ton his wife ■ 
bro. of H. B. Lindeaay, Ben. Inf. 
ed. RMA. 

Hixiuon, III (52). 

DDn. 128 (125), 10-1-13, survd. Mirzapur & 
environs, Nov. 1812— DDn. 131 ( 21 ], 9-2-14, Gap*. 
& Fd Engr. to the Rewah Dett. under Lt Col. 
Adams' ; survd. Chunav to Rewah, and Rewah Terri- 
tory, Nov. 1813 to July 1814; sd. Fdbk., MRIO. 
M. 376, Benares, 9-9-14— MRIO. 185 (4), svy. of 
Ta.rra ijanl. Mirzjipur Dist. 

The maps of Rewah, or Baghetkiiand, completed 
partly from native infrt., are well drawn ; MRIO. S2 
f 33 ) has artistic little titiepicce [47]. 

Nepal War, Dinapore Div., Asst. Fd Engr. — DDn. 
131 ( 137 ), 23-3-15, Asst. survr. Gorakhpur— BMC. 
1-3-lfi., Survr. to Oohtorlony's column — ib. 11-10-16 
( 100 ), submitted to SGO. "a variety of drawings 
of the Gurkha Stockade, Muckwanpoor, and Snow 
Mountains, executed in a very elegant style. ..which 
must have taken much time and perseverenee 
[43]". 

1817, Supdfc. of Embankments ; 1S19, at the Presdey. 
making svy. of Sooiuo.-, !k:(. it-'.-r. 1(4(432]. 

1321, drowned near Kljri, Mooghlv R,, "through the 
upsetting of a pinnace", 111., S. Park St. corn. Caioutta. 



M , o^ 110 ' YT 1SU - * Jjhn L ">" ,c;i ' <S**Pf*w. <* Burma Fron 

May 1942. > Serampore Letters. > iLin.lv ( 253-0 ). s Rattle? If.,,. 

X"- l ' J '^ !3J'*,™rvl. route tf v.lera bad -Sir.i^r-Krdpi-Cawnpore, fdbk. L>0n. 1S2; co.n.V. R01 



Mvitlu'ina at Japane:o occupation, 

J. W. A-iarus ( 17S4-I837 ) ; Ron. Inf., fiodson ; 

' Fd. Force, 1S13-4; later M 



LLOYD, William. Bon. Inf. 

b. 29-12-1782. d. 16-5-57. 

Ens. 6-11-1800 ... Maj. 22-10-24; ret. 1-1-7-25 ; 
Hon. LtCol. £8-11-34. 

ami of" Rieoard and Mary Lloyd, of Bias Madoe. VVa;c!j. 
Father of Georsri;, probably a nat. son, b. 17-10-15, who 
ed. his journals, lS-!0, and d. i(i-U)-l3, nr. 'i'hsbe.i, Egypt, 
from gun accident. 

Kt. 18-7-3S. Ui'ulml (h:ntf-i; ElMC. Ill ( 146-67 > ; 
Lloyd; Hodsoa, 111 (63-9). 

July I8QJ. comdg. murines in Bombiiy frigate against 
Miiefcee 1 , on W. coast of Sumatra. 

26-3-06, oomdg. escort to Resdt. Nagpur, left 
1 Li!7."inbiiL r !i 25-2-06, survg. route to Nagpnr ; 
continued svy. in Nagpur territories with help of 
harkarax till sucli asstce. was prohibited [5, 52-3, 
312, 328, 353-4 ]■ Resdt. writes, 14-12-22; "He has 
at various periods of public: exigency afforded both 
to the Resident, and to ovcry comrnandlis;; of!:oor 
of troops at Nsi-gpur, riiirtes and sketches of consider- 
able moment to the prosecution of military opora- 
tions. ... The maps hr-ive been extremely useful to 
me in fcraeing the movements of the Pindaris, and 
counteracting their measures. ... The Magpore Hseort 
bore h distinguished fiby.ro in the Miihruita War of 
1B17, and particularly at the battle of Seetabulcles, 
in which Oy.pt. Lloyd wii-a 4 times wounded" 8 . 

Has left, MBIO. 183 £ 16 ], an excellent map of 
Nojrrmr, Ofld p.-MSf;.-? to inch, with account of action at 
Sttab-ikli, 26t=j & 27th Nov. 1817 3 . 

Jjri-O, »a dinon rid room, at («;:;ort- remair.o;; ai.td. io ';■■(!.■■■. 

Jan. 1S21. yisited Ila.rdwar ; 1822. made kiih-rssti'>i" 
Journey into kills through Simla mid Kotgarh to the 
Bocrzndo or tiaran Fa,-. --.W.ch !oa.'.. ; r,i upoer Ton.* !.o 
!'..aspa Valley. Leaving ('awnpor? 22-12-21 with his 6-year 



■■ b : i. 



Battalion 1 


hich is str.t; 




;:l:.ivs ii-sl,:, 


lire hours in sc 




inyy o 1 ' lot- 






ions of pi. 






Gerard, mi. 




■, C.irard, 


Osborne*, n 




L-hti'ul par 


Lloyd's d 

reached the 




/for! 



ie beca 
n their 



1 reached Kot- 
friend Captain 
1 of the fioorka 



nakin</ eol!e.:l- 
. Captain Ales. 

■lviI. together with Lieut. 



rawiftd 



AUCntssrh. lulh., '-\Ye. were visited. ..by the son of the 
Rajah, ...a handsome bo v. ton vc^.rs old. v.lio is a great and 
deserved favourite of "Captain P. Gerard. ... He...so0n 
formed an acquaintance -—ii.ii my son in iviiom he found a 
joyful playmate". 

On the road to Sast'.vnr, 9th Jane; "Toe valley of the 
Pubbur was insufferably hot. ... 1 was unwell. ... We besan 
by ascending, ... Elevations of between 8,000 and 8,000 



feet. ... The villagers were trunk and kind to me. Man; 
the «,imc:i '.ioco yery handsome-. Their eompiiouoiis 
hii:- and bh;sli ![;■■. All the hamlets in the Bus.shccr 1 
:.:■ j-ii: -'hut by :; breed of very j'ii-rcs dogs, peculiar to 
moimfjin.i. ... Tho path skirled iho cdi'i; of i-h..- i..;_.li> :■!■ . 
1. aver saw. The Pubbnr foamed in too narrowed ;/ii.-:i 4 
fret bdow. ... % head cled by cii/zir 

and f ■la.-; eon.irqiiKi.tk' oMiiicd lo take bold of the gui 
hands till I had passed. ... 

"Sustw-iiT 1:; a smad hamlet on the monnxains, ...lool 
iif.i to'-vard»ti;e Hiir.ala. ... Wo sw i.-,-,- D y:-rv h„ :i:J - !l 



LOCKETT, Abraham. Ben. Inf. 

b. 21-S-178I. A. 10-5-34, Capo Town. 

Ens. 18-1L-01 ... Lt Col. 21-1-29. 
Hoaof-iohnLockett. 

m., I'r.acomali, Ceylon, 14-3-17, Maw Hornet i-, nrobabiy 
.si=ter of Hurjb L. Barnett, Ben. Inf. ( Hodson ). 

UBS " 'I : Dim. 270, Feb. to March 1804; DDn. 67 
I 337 ), 28-8-04 ; April & May IS04, sutvd. marches Delbt 
loS.difru.Ti'ir, ... -I 0:1 !ciH:inis;;:', ItiLrisyu.i', ;i Tiiar.a. 

1827, Mi(i. Bbaratpnr: April 1832, AGCi. Rojpntana 
States; Xoy, ISS3 ieuve to Cape 02 mc. 



U>FTIE, William Henry. Mad. Inf. 
bapt. 24-5-1781. d. 22-3-16, in 
Cap*. 15-3-10. 



2/I9th 5INI., survd. 
i!a and Tangabhadra 
ranni', 1818, Garling 

fe I have had of the 



Son of Win. and Ke 
Before 1810, its Li 
oute from Bcllary to 



LOW, John. Mad. Inf. 

b. 1788. d. 10-1-80. 
Lieut. 17-7-05 ... Lt Col. 2 
Son of Col. Robert Low, of Clatto, 



From 182ri. Pol. Dept. 

LTJTWLDGE, Skeffington. Mad. Inf. 
b. 23-5-1779. d. 3-2-54. 
Ens. 4-R-1738 ... Et.Maj. 4-6-14; ret. 29-3-lfl. 

Son of lien:;,' unu Jane Li r ;db;i', of Liini;ashire ; ed. St. 
.foil-,'.; Cambridge. 

m., Poodjcherry, 19-3-11, Mary Margaret, dau. of Gen. 
J, oe I : hart of au. Lanark. 

Syys. in Berar, date nnkn. ; "Jaulrnili Gaiyr.ie-Chiker- 
gaum ; Ajnntaii ',...■ Aflkapoor" | 134, 163 ]. 



'probii [Mc. ni ( 151 ). 3 ef. Imp Guz. XXUI (■!9-."0). 'Ma^. Rob 1 ,. Clo=e 

( 1785-1^57 ) ; Ma. I. Cav. f8:;l-2fi; oooh-.v of ^ir Hnr-v C:\ >:■<-, and is 1st :;o;:sin ',0 Valine liladier [ yij], * Henry R;(-.hc 
O^boml 170S -IBlLt I Bon. loC. 1821-19; 1st X'Lsri Bat:. 1S22-3. "Lloyd, 1 1' 133, loO-;. liiii-7, 225-9). '48 N/5. 'DDa. 
IK;., M;i37. 2-3-18. 



MACARTNEY 



MACAElYEY, John. Bon. Cav. 

b. 8-8-1781. d. 23-i-ll, Meemt. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



iia surveys were really faia privat 
! having by his Observations, Plain 
>, &c, of the Isle of France while 
hat Island, rendered the Govemraen 



o Quarter- Jitters; (!■;> 



1 map of Punjab, Afghi 
igloos [65-7, 218-9, 2 



r Highly [II-*]; 






infor 



MC. 



MAODONALD, Jo! 



Had. Inf. 13 
i-30, Tabriz, Pei 



CiiT.U, comrjl-stiii:-: Lin-.' fii. wjri; by I >.-;■?. 1810, " with ■"'_'' . '. ' .', : .'.'"'" .'' ' , ' V , '' ,' '" 

iuLhiits ici'.l.i.sstT-y in n jiiiisioi'iy manner \ 67 9, 383 ]". <-.<„, ■■ '" t 1 ■• " , . ' 1 L -"- l' J, 'l : ■!■'■ 1 

Ills maps were left incomplete at his death, and m. .Sir John JUimjrn. 4-6-07. Ams'.li.i a.-.:. 

tht.Ti.- wks S!t:!i(; iliffk-uity in ..■■liriirin-..: up his paporH ; IV -i ; I ■> - > ■ ■ , ■ n \ iO V> -<;<>. 
no will was founJ iiil 1 S 14, but probate wns then ^ : ■ . .'.'. -'' ' ' '' ";; 

granted on statement of accounts, da tec! Kanial ■.. 1 . 1 . . .. , 1 

17-6-10 8 , endorsed, "Should I kink, all this with tion nf si.vh nnmf tins l>3i.'n tr.>:c-.-l. Appr. 

'now Reunion. L'i' J S.,56° E. "Does not fit with Macartney's story [ *«p ]. a Minto (242). « Benkulen, f 
4° S. ; 102" E. MiPnlC. 12-1--U9 ( I ). l Bsi. H'ii's, 1814' "BMC. 31-5-16 {74). a PWI. Wills, II (77). 

»flo. Cot, 1837. "Petition to GG.. 11-1-05: KPC. 21-1-03 (15). "B Pnl C. 5-7-04. 12 BP("!. 19-0-05 {14,22*. 
"not the J. Miiivlondd .it. M\(T. from .inlv 1S15 [ 321 ]. 



NOTES i 

Kinneir in Cary's Map of Countries between India and 

EurojK pobd. '.. 1 S2J : MRU). 97 B ( 3 ). 

From April 1808, with Malcolm for mission to 
Persia [ 175, 339 ] ; BSC. 10-4-09 ( 26 ), super- 
numerary Pol, Asst,, Persia. 

March to May 1810, with Monteith survd. line from 
Bushire to Basrn and then t Shiran, taking 3 months; 
"The information wiiieti dipt,. Macdonald has ob- 
tained... will afford great information regarding the 
state of the Southern part of Persia". June to 
Sept., compiled memoir on Persian geography ■ 2 Ho |. 
Proceeded on leave with Monteitb to Knrope, travell- 
ing overland to Aloppo with Malcolm '5 despatches; 
reports to .Malcolm from Baghdad, 21-10-10; 

"I am excessively sorry to have oonasiori to notify you 
the loss of our paeket.i. I ivas attacked by a party oi' Arab.-! 
within a day's Marsh of Heit, on my way to Aleppo ; the 

p."-: ■ I..!!., 1 , 

we"?' so oowari-lv- or so tr-a. a.;o:i;- l!i:i: ikev imruediatelv 
fled, and left Joe and myself in the lurch. The Aralw struck 
mc off my came! 11 iio their tip'-iL r.-, titripeed us of irar Clontlis 
which, tagvih'sr ■.villi our iir.ile property, they carried (lit in 
triumph, leaving lis ir: Ike He.-a-rt, where we skoi.dd prohakly 
have neriahed for warn, of water, had riot, one of our own men, 
more attentive mar. the other.,, kept u? in s:i;ht. We resolved 
to return to Batroad, iiy: arrived J 1 ■ ■ ;■ ■:■ hsi night in a most 
deplorable condition, & poo:' Joe 1 has been ill ever since. 
and is now unable to rise from his couch. ... I lost, property 
to the amount of two or three thousand ilupees, and Bills 
for seven thousand , however, 1 do not mind this, provided 
the papers are forthcoming. ... P.S. The villains have 
sera tolied mc on the hand with a .-pear, yet severe enough to 
n holding a peri for some time to come"*. 



CD tr 

have par 



M. : 



a II ..;[)<.„ 



vedat Bushire" 1 



lady, , 






.MACTJOUGALL. William. Ben. Engjs. 

b, 6-7-1776. d. 16-9-07, Calcutta; MI. 
S. Park St. com. 

Ens. 15-1-1799; Lieut, 15-4-06. 
1 of Allan Mncdougii.il, writer of foe si.Lrr'.o:, KdiLil;-.r>-|i, 









1, HI ( 1! . 

1802-ii. 0:1 svv. of Oawnporo Di't. : tr. to Piesdcv. Before 
!jmpkf.ionr-27, 268-0 |. 1S0S T, Asst. l-'i-ofe^ir-, Hi0.lu3t.ilni. 
it Ft. Wm, Coll. 

Ma.de sketch of Qtir.b llinar near Delhi, reproduced in 
Pranoklia's L ; .h of Gr-ir-a T*oe..i; [397]. 

BPG. 2-1-07 i tin), to select site for lifd.tbouse at Kijri 
m iiooghlv R, [401]. 



9 MACKENZIE 

Left Rs. 25,000 to Setter Maria, dau, of John Herbert 
Hari-vgl.oo of Calcutta ; she had ami. Calcutta from England, 
July 1806, not havoi.e kiiov.n M.r.Moiicyd! before. 

McGLASHAN, Robert. Mad. Inf. 

b. 21-12-1789, Kingston, Jamaica, 
d. 10-7-18, Jain* ; mi. 

Lieut. 14-10-06. 

Ron of John McGlashan. 

June 1807, MM I ., el. Ill ( 120 ] ■ from Jan. 1810 0.1 trgu. 
under Gariiojr [ 127 ] ; oov. LS10, n> Oua, sorvg. route from 

sy-,. tili A:;-. ISII. VL..I. r.v'.-.rtrd io'iiriii. " J2I-2]. ' 
From Deo. 1S5-1, Adjt. Trichmopoly Lt. Inf. 

MeKAY (mackay), Alexander. Mar. Survr. 
b. 1750/1. d. 25-6-17, Calcutta 5 . 

EDO. 67 ( 155 ), 13-11-02, reedd. by BG„ "well 
grounded in M ^tliero atioai knowledge", to be asst. 
to Knox on mar. svy., on salary Rii. 250 a month 
[ 10, 411 ]. After 0110 season on the month of the 
Gauge;;, joined McCarthy, J one 1803, for svy. of lower 
ITooghly [ 418 ]. 

Sept. 1803, with McCarthy in the Scmixge to the Orissa 
coast, rcp-aioois on that «vv. till end of June, when Mar. 



1 Kfew...M»p of Calcu 

. Land Surveyor" [ 
imployed under Collr. 



■a'', descri'iios himself as 
3], BRev Bd. 18-3-17 

■l-.Parganas, aoii described 



MACKENZIE, Colin [ I, 349-52 ]. Mad. 



b. 1754 s , Stornoway, Lcr 
d. 8-5-21, near Calcutta, 
r Stornoway. 



mi. Eye chyd. 



Ens. 1G-5-17S3 ... Col. 12-8-10. 

SU. Madras. 1810-n ; SO. of India, 1815-21. 

2nd son of Murdoch i- Hal-ban; Mackenzie, r.f Sto-riovay. 

m., Batavia, IS -11 12, Petronella. Jaeotuioa Bartcls, from 
Trioecoialee, Cevlon. 

CB. 4-0- 10 ; YkS. 10-0-li) : DSB. : DIB. : BIMC. Ill ; 
Wilson, H. II. 2nd edn. 

Portrait, siar;diiig '.vith '.', 'd.'drasi n.u- riibsT-s of his staff" 
[ pi. 22 ], painted bv" TIioh. Miekov, Mad:;;:, io 1 16 ; original at 
10 s .: aouario; copies at 1.0.. — ;!.!■:. ^(c-^. Clmtham.— and VM.; 
puhd. ooeies, S of I Records VS.. 19 M 5: i?a!iacs I { 164 ) ; 
Ben P <t- P. XXVII ( CO ). 

Account of" oarly svys. [riven in voi. I of thesi-s 
Records, the most important- being those of Nizam's 
territories 1792 to 1798 [ I, , 1 1 1-2, 116-8 ]. Construct- 
ed main siege batteries that led to capture of 
Sorh lira jjl; t;i m, 4-0-1799 ; [iropared ii-.npn to help sub- 
seqoeiit so! tloio.e o.t of 00110 d; :Hos 'I, tto ], arid return- 
ed to Presdcy. in Juiy on account of ill -health [ 376]. 

"On my return to Madras, the Governor General... 
was pleased in the him:! sorriest maimer, without 
solieitation or any personal J; now led go, to appoint 



1 ap7Jareiit!y oiek'.a^.-." 
*<7«l4ftI*K, ' ^sdeter 
peon Kiskuaji : identitv .di.sens 
Traill & Co.. EI. Agents of H 
Stonioway Town Hall. 



brWm. Monteith [qv], s BPolC. 9-2-11(6). Mh. 25-3-15 ( S |. ^ Alexander ( 7S-83 }, 
lined by a forroar Pr.-jioiat of Stornoirav. ; Tn1.nroret-e.rs 0. V. [.echmiah ; I'iurmia, Jain; and 
edpl. 22 n. sPoftriii-. ■Jr.-serde.I to 10. ::i ls:>^ b\- H.e-o-v Ttvl'.. tjoj'j-- lilv of Pastons. Coekercll. 
nover Sq., " My excellent friend .\fr, Traill " of letter to Ch-rrl.es Grant, 7-7-15, preserved in 



MACKENZIE 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



rvoy Mys 



assisted by an ostablisamenl 
onomioal scale of expenditure 
1 undertaking [ 2, 91 J" 1 . 
mo. before Mackenzie conip- 
. He writes, 9-11-1799, "I 
5 of going myself into the 
.■ connects with the surveys I 
have been carrying on in the Nizautsi Country. ... 
My anxiety would have induced die to enter on it 
immediately, did not the earnest advice of the 
medical gentlemen, ami common prudence, weigh 
with me to postpone the attempt, for some time 
; for tho* my health is considerably recovered, 



aited rurhi 



leted liis ptepaca! io 



northern c 



and my compla; 
not only danger 



t entirely overthrow the plan 



"My journey to attend Genera! Campbell for a short time 
I also hoped would be conducive to restore my health; I 
accompanied him from Goo'.v on the i ' ? 1 1 1 10 this place whence 
he returned oil the 2tK.Fi. after m inspection of the. hill Forts 
in the Ceded Diats." 8 . 

To Moncrietf he writes, 15-3-01 ; "I am now embaraased 
by my knees anil anus beinjr weakened 11:11 1 effected so ai 



Colonel Reynolds ? 






'iting. 



■ J>o : 



from 



m, and acquaii 
how tie does." [1, 300 J'. Again, to Close from Bellary, 
27-3-01; "I have been bete upwards of a month, partly 
crime raged by ttie ooenness ot "he o^.ur. try and the line air ; 
bat of late owing 10 the nv.-Liiiness; of my joints being followed 
by a contraction in the right knee. All ".lie .Surgeons have 
been urging me to go to the Coast, but, as the loss of time .. 
would have been very detrimental, I still avoided this, in 
hopes of recovering .-tieriniJi slough to go on; and I am 
glad to say that within these few day.;, the contraction haa 
suddenly gone off, and I propose leaving Bellary by the 

About, this time he was much worried by disputes with 
local officials over t'.vo ot three mutters which had gone 
wrong [98]. The Ceded Dists. hud nn!y just been taken 
over by the British [152, 181], and the local people were 



lan of powerful physique and it 



A3 in all other official busia.os;s Mackenzie made 
; preparations with groat thoroughness, and 1 



1 the 



s aud o 



:cied Pla 



of < 



1 [9 



-234, 251 '. covered all possible ospe.-ts or" the work. 

Leaving Madras, 10 S-IS00, with Dr. Ileyne [406 ], 
he picked up another asst. Thomas Arthur at 
1 San gal ore. visited Seritiviipii tarn, and mover] up to the 
W. frontier; "I reached Chittiedfoog on May 21st; 
Soonda was in a very disturbed state; on 2nd July 
mot Col. Wellesdey at Gei.iriove , where the army was 
advancing against the Poligars " s . 

Arthur Wellesley was an old friend as they had. 
marched up to Herraga.pnta.m together in 1799 [I, 
351 1, and upon ho" .id. 1 . !■■'■ M :.■■;•■: e.-.u- .-pen t tho next- 
two months surveying the TLingabhadra R., which 
formed the general boundary to tho NW. [ 93-6 ]. 

Working down the river towards Sandur, the 
iv bole party was attacked with fever at the ond of the 
year. Heyne had ahead;, goes? off to Bangalore, and 
Arthur had to be sent to the ("'oast ' 170 ]. Mackenzie 
himself was as bail aa the rest, and they 
been in a bad way if medical help had 11 
from Gooty by Con. Camp tell , eomdg, i 
Dists. I 97 o, 360 ]. Eeporiang bis vis 
Mackenzie write?, 26-1-01 ; 



oukl have 
been sent 
the Ceded 
to Gooty 



ihtignes of 11 



iside table degt 



returning io h.ii a ■. 



point of leaving Camiapore 5 , I 
complete that part ma much a: 



i.he 2nd of 1-h ii~ : i ii 

meet of the fewternairi- 
■ vory, 1 left them with 



iving as 1 was on the 
d me to persevere to 
". Again, 26-2-01 ; 



ailments that are unavoidable j rl -i ]V | rnjFrm climate ; he had 
an imraenae enthusiasm for his work, and never spared him- 
self. On the other hand his liability :o sickness made him 
thoughtful of others, and he was always most considerate 
of the health of his assts. ; many examples of his, cite having 
been given elso-.vherc | 359-62 ]. 

We have taken .some pains t-> shew hi.- friendly 
relations? with l.amtiuui, and their mutual co-opora- . 
tion, in order to refute a suggestion to tho contrary 9 
[ 1 15-21, 414 ]. We have told of the suuport. which he 
gave to Lamb tor 1 'n first proposals [3, 115-6, 233, 236], 
and of constant exchange of iiif'n., and. at the same 
time have pointed out his great satisfaction with 
the agreement between his 01111 work and the admit- 
tedly more refined work of Lambton's svy. [112, 
121, 206-8]. He was delighted with their meeting 
in the field during Oct. 1801, and at the opportunity 
;if seeing l.aiabtou's great insis. in position, tho' these 
did not yet include; the Sfi" theodolite [ 118, 253]. 
He writes to Lambton, 14-9-1SO0, describing troublo 
with palanquin bearers ; "Till I came to Chittoldroog 
i had seldom eci'ii'-ietL to use then, as 1 always rode 
or "walked during the survey. Their life with me 
was therefore a very idle one, but being taken ill 
there, and detained a month, they deserted me the 
very might before I came away, at a time 1 was most 
in need of them". 

lie had the rrroafest -enard for Mather, not only for his 
urorcssiona i ability, hut siho fir: libs sietlkm character, arid 
he was much concerned thai M'lliua droit far smaller allocs. 
than the rail, assts. [204, 312]. He writes to him about 
his, stores of wine ; 

25-10-01. ".By the bearer I send a basket of L L > bottles 
of Madeira, winch 1 request your acceptance of. It was my 
intention to have mentioned it at meeting, but the hurry 
of the time prevented". 

18-12-01. "1 will lie tnnch obliged Co you to get- from 
Mr. Mathewson ai. Bur, galore any obi nine chest that can 



MACKENZIE 



Cherry Brandy 1 doien 

11 (1 

19-J-02. "Being in want of wine here, I bhonght » 

I left :il- .Deooelsy preiersdile for it- age, and ihi-rair.iv a 
days apij sent my l-irs.iJ-.Ll '.vi: ii uii.r-1.-d. c.itilc, ete., tij bring d' 
one •.■hes: of wii.o a-siss a chest uf mineral, stores, etc. ; ... 
oi.hc: chest of v.dno i wish to leave, as 1 may want it, an 
is of superior quality". 

IS -5-02. "I cannot coinnrcheiui how t-'ney eame to a 
['oris instead of Boer. 1 wish you had sent the claret al 
with the ri.ndal, as that wine will not keep. As you 
. ] ' i- ■ - . I . : . i s 1 ■- . ■ r ] in tins beer, 1 'us/ you- a-i:ci:|il.:isu:e of a do 
of Port, and if you oaonol. get tb.> reMis-ining claret, 1. 
disposed of at prime cod-, ... or taken by the n 
Bangalore for an equal quantity here, I beg the favor ( 
sending it by coolies to me lien's, aa it is better than ti 



wine: perhaps I shad want t 


wo. 


I have been 


utisvcly passive in the business., and ready to 


etc., packed up... till I return 


up 


go then or no 








Before mov 


is.' up to Mysore in ISO!, ho wrote to the GG., 


Madras; "I will -end up a 






tin! appreciation L-iven to his maps and 


ts of wins so noun as I have 




reports; "Til 




le of those above the ghautvt 


rill 


that- has for 


ome time detained me from ■•vhar. (aksht be 


venientand useful to take the 




considered as 


■in- pnp-'i' F:dd of the My .-so re Survey, yet. 


No. 3 








Old .Madeira 7 do 


iT 


materially all 


1 ■■ : .- :.o;> IV ■ ■a tis's siii-elM-.i.is- 


Port 1 do 


of the JTield 


up '..it.'j 1-, which is compensated by the 








f ;i- Jiody or materials, that under the re- 


f.loerry Brandy 5 do 






of my Health will enable me more. elle'tnid^ 


T" 


~~ 


to gu into the 


■.ULl:Un:n_' purl, of the Actual ivirvey. whereon 






1 the 



itsp 



Llthei 



eil.emoorance ; si.e drislkiri,; '■!' wsil.iss- was w i-.ely avo. less :M'i. 
to quote Dodwelt ; ,; During the ISi.b Ooi.urv Madeira was 
the popular wine for India, .and was considered the only wine 
that, improves in the Climate of India s consequently it is 
the only wine of v,-hich largo sis: inks were to be found in private 
Cellars. The tors-ding of the sea voyage, was thought to be 
particularly good for ir. ... A present of a well- mat 11 red 
Madeira from "dad 01 s wa- thus, a present worl hv of acceptance 
by anyone. .Madeira was drunk not only as a dessert wine, 
hut also at meals raised with water. ... The real rivals of 
Madeira were not to be found in other wines, but in malt 
liquor and spirits. Even in the 18th century the Indian 
demand was recognises: by brewers, aa is still shown by 
' fins!: India Ales' and ' India l'orter' " 3 . 

Mac. ken /,ie now stayed down at- Madras for over 
two years, being fully occupied 111 compiling maps and 
reports and milking numerous copies [ 101-4, 275-6 ]. 
He took a house in Y'epeiy where ho hud Warren to 
stay, writing ; "You may find me at- Kilpauk, to the 
North of Mr. Latour's, formerly Mr. Webbe's house, 
& on the banks of the Kilpauk sNTalla. You will find 
a Boom in the ijungidoe ready for your reception & 
every other convenience in my power to give. It is 
about three miles from the Fort. I need not tell 



you I will be glad t 


see you 


after s 


many fatigues 


pone through" 3 . 
He was called on t 

Marhibas : : ir- the be:;ii 
release him IVoiu the s\ 


?° 


m the 
of 1 


s%: 


oving against the 
Govt, refused to 
Arthur, 17^1-03 


,L [ 'wsis pssrlk-ularlv we 
for aoine time had discu 
.1 hope you have entire 
and will keep him at : 






lave is. 
t is ex 


it usual attendan 
our fever I mean! 

ing anything tha' 


may provoke a relapse 


th 


know 


i sufficient ex peri 

remely difficult to 



added a considerable portion" 5 [ 203, 213, 

He moved up in June, and tool; an active part in 
extending the avy. to the W. Ghats. Early in 1805, 
he survd. the Mysore -Oooi-p b;> inula ;■■--, and assisted 
the Resdt. to settle several outstanding disputes 
[ 105-6]. In Aug. Arthur was removed from the 
svy. at the Resdt. 's request, as lie was always in 
trouble with the local officials, either laying com- 
plaints against them, or being accused of bullying 
the villagers. It was typical of Mackenzie that he 
shewed Arthur little sympathy ; ho was extremely- 
jealous of the good reputation of the svy., and, 
having a high personal sense of discipline, would 
have nothing to do with an officer" who failed to 
follow the Resdt. 's counsel [ log, 107, 367-9, 376-7 ]. 

It is curious n-gain that a year later when Mather's 
health broke down, and forced him to retire to the 
Coast, Mackenzie was only concerned that he should 
remain to complete tlio arra.'is^en.-.enl of his fd. svys., 
and records. We find not one word of sympathy or 
regret for the departure of hia most trusted asst., after 
more than 6 years devoted work [ I09-I0, 429 ]. 

From this time till the middle of 1807, Mackenzie 
was left with no assts. other than the young men 
from the obsy. school [ 343-6 ]. Setting these to 
finish up the svy, of 8. Kanitra and various scattered 
corners, ho returned to the Presdcy., June 1807, and 
settled down to compile the immense amount of 



uiiLl-srisii n 



Il- 



eal ans! ; 



ipprci ■. ■ i 

the last 
little ;- ijr 



" 1 ',vas near the end of f'ehrsiarv directed to join the army, 
■o visional!}-, oy i.he nesrir-isiie,: of next month, s.iat- Govern- 
or,! chose that I should remain ;:i complete what T had in 
ind, and the. General, "1 hear, has access.::) :.o their reasons. 

s DDn. ae, 22-7-02, Mb. 



degree, and was never to be hurried. __. 

society [ 424 J, the' he was ram - hearted, and . 

friends; almost- the whole of his time was given n'p te hia 
svys., maps and scientific researches. 

As early as 1796, after the death of Topping, he 
had pressed for the appt. of SG., being fully con- 
vinced that such an appt. alone would give 
the maps that were essential for admn. and 
mil. purposes [ I, 264-5 i ££, 298 ]. He returned to 
the charge repeatedly, but it was not till 1810, 
throngo. the intervention and advoenny of Sir George 
Hewett, that the opportunity and reward came to 
him [ 3, 161-1, 298-9, 423-4 ]. 



: DDn. 43 ( 57 ], 1-5-04. 



«CDti 



1-1797 



MACKENZIE i 

For s, few inositols m I SOI he had oceii rbe .r:nor officer of 
Engrs., not only in Madras, but. irt the iihole ot India, and he 
was moat disappointed that ins charge of the Mysore Svy. 
wns held to deba: hi:u iroin cxer-ci-iur:: authority in Corps 
matters. He writes to Gen. Campbell; "I feel too much 
what I owe to myself to wish to ial end.: in opposition to the 
authority of Headquarters, which I cannot help thinking 
new and contradictoiy to practice- ; perhaps tb.ere may be 
some mistake. ... "For I am told that all ollicers, though 
employed on other duties, are still entitled to receive the 
monthly State nf their Corps" 1 . 

We have already told of his deep disgust with the 
reduction of uilces. and esls. on the svy., even after 
partial relief by permission to charge contt. expenses 

[112, 325, 329-3I]. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



He > 



inued h. 



::.edly employed i, 



n Oct, 



"I hiti 



had g 



ned 



He tells Mather; "I have got my answer from Govern- 

cannot he restored without order from iiinae 1 '; and again 
".My salary has not been road nutted ; I. a:n however deter- 
mined '..0 p:a.-;cvc]-e ; it may be remedied in time' 1 *. 

The nireci.ors refused, however, to reconsider tliotr 
orders ; " We sec n.ifiiing in the arguments urged by 
him to induce us to increase his personal salary" ; 
but they did not. object to :''.io " additional espouse... 
for the employment of writers, Draftsman, etc., 
beyond his fixed establishment" being charged in 
special bills'. Mackenzie (.continued to brood over 
this decision. In Oct. 1804, the Madras Council 
again asked the Directors to appt. him SG. [ 298 ], 
but about the uanie Limy iefu:-od to roleaso him from 
ch. of the svy. to supd. the reconstruction of 






Up till April 1S05 lie 


had been allowed 


as Kns;i\ & Karvr. to Hi 


Subsy. Force at t 


m-.-aaid-: 1 lliii. in; (odd .-.it 


11 foster the geogra 


whilst in ch. of the My 




of the C-in-C., the post 




yn, '■ who was sent up to 




('.-lined ruled tiiat. "in is 




monts whuib Majo-Mae 








surve;-. comparatively w 




■:■ '.,': -:' i-ii.'.,,: t.. 




of.diith.Iuiie. lii'jl | 5.;:j 








drawn "by him in his capacity of Surveyor 



t Hyderabad, 
159-11-65 per month of 30 days" 8 . 

Mackenzie had becai so ciiuhdent that the Dii 
sanction the restoration of his orkdnal salary, i 
he would then have to surrender this '-gratoitou. 



hour attached 
less favorable 
by the orders 
m tin ne t.o him 
loant hitherto 
he Subsidiary 
1 ot" Pagodas 



that he did not draw it until IS07, 1 

He pleaded his ease or.ee more t 
Bentinck...has taken occasion more man once no mention 
my caae to the Court 0; Directors ; and t.ho' I must reeret 
that no more immediate remedy could be applied for °my 
relief than the distant prospect olforc-d in the appointment 
of Surveyor General, ... T am not the less sensible of the 
attention to my ease. I may, boiceve,-, be permitted still to 
request the H.E.'s notice of my situation, & whether 1 
temporar 



Of tOO 






o the GG.; "Lord Wm. 



; be found ii 



claim, 



On this, Wellesley wrote to Bentinck at Madras ; 
" Your Lordship is fully apprized of my sentiments 

with regard to Major Colin Mackenzie of your 
establishment, of my anxious desire to obtain for 
this active, diligent, imrt able; public of'iieer some subs- 
tantial reward for his long and useful services. ... 
Having repeatedly, wii bout; ;i;iy a. d equate success, re- 
commended those services to t.be Court of Directors, 
I am satisfied that the only method of rewarding 
Major Mackenzie is by some arrangement in this 
country, which shall place hii'i'i in a situation propor- 
tionate to his long reside: 
successful manner in whic 
laborious duties as a survey- 



i discharged his 



"This 



rangen 



excepting bis rank in the Corps of Engine 

that both your Lordship & Sir John Crs 

just sense of Major Mackenzie's services, bi 

anximis to secure for iiim a respectable si 

Government, Ihcor M.icbcu'le wi!: bo entirely satisfied v. ith 

a Barrack Mastership, & such an appointment will afford 

him leisure to continue his attention to the improvement of 



"Indeed the situ 


tion 




1 he would be most advantage 








interests would be in the 








o[ all Surveys which may be 




















pos 




it such an appointment may 


be annulled by the 




t of D 


rectors, and, as my object is 


the safest mode wi 


'be" 


t.'conf 


rantry for Major Mackenzie 
r upon him some respectable 










In ISOSMsckeni 






sitirgestion that if the Mysore 


svy. was sufficient 






he "rnifdd. resume ch. of the 



There remained also "the h^ivy work cntaiied in compilation 
of Memoirs. ... Since Septemaer 1-Htil p:u 'ocularly... I have 
been engaged in an uoreuiii.ted series 01" personal e.iertiou, ... 
seehaled from a;;v relief of social intercourse, or present 
Medical Assistance, for 22 months, on the detailed Survey of 
the Mountainous Tract bordering on the Western Ghaats. ... 
In this sacrifice of my health & of my professional 
pretensions., .under drliculties onlv known to tiiose engaged, 
I looked forward with anxiety to its close. ... 

"The resumption at this moment of a farther Survey in 
the Dekiin would 'no immediately attended with the incon- 
venience of Icavin-' :.h!^ wo:k short of what was proooscd ; 



>DDn. 66, 26-7-01. ! DDn. 43, 21-10-03. 3 DDn. 66, 26-1! 03 fc 23 I -04. "ID 1,0 M. 23-10 (to I 01-6), s DDn. 
68 ( 101^), 15-4-05. ( Dl)u. 1), 13 7 07 ,v 63 ( 131 ), 18-7-07. 'DDn. 43, 25-6-05. B C-in-C. Madras [S0i-7. » probably 
July 1805 ; EM Addl MS. 13714 ( 6S ). 



tSiUity :■:■]' at 
&■ indeed. 



MACKENZIE 



"I beg leave, to submit, the expediency of my being per- 
mi'tod to proceed tu the Coast -...i'li iuoli part nf i:n lilst.ab- 
lisinnent as may be necessary to enable me to prepare a 
Reneral Map of Mysore from this Survey, with a Report, 

He was then offered the appt. of Rnaj. at Seringa- 
patam "provided that his advanced state of the 
Survey of Mysore shall enable him to undertake the 
charge witlioi.it materially it.terfenni.; with the com- 
pletion of that work, & that the State of Major 
Mackenzie's health shall enable hini to undertake the 
proposed reform" ; and this also ho declined "as the 
Survey with which I am engaged is in that state 
which -will require a certain period of tranquility to 
wind up its results. ... By declining the acceptance 
of this highly honourable .t mere advantageous 
charge, ... I may have the leisure requisite for com- 
plotbiji a work on which .[' consider... ray professional 
pursuits to be in some degree involved" 3 . 

EKs refusal of these two appts. resulted in the 
posting of De Havilland to Serin gapatam and the 
abandonment of the proposed svy. of the .Deeeun, 

[134]. 

lient.inek hail to leave Madras without 1 



appt 



v.-;,!. vi v 



c Mac 



isiders himself. I know, mofl hardly nsed by myself 
and others. 1 any not this to bis prejudice, but- rather for 
the iiurpose of makim; hiai exaci.ly known. Ue has at the 
expeuce of his constitution, and ivit.li the sacrifice of all hia 
own private fortnoo. proscenred with the most in do fa!, i;;a ale 
zeal the public work upon which ho has been employed. 



He baa attached to bis pu 
... Worn out in the service 

Far advanced in military ra 
who have toiled less, in greis 
There is, I must allow, just 


rsuii i.!ie greatest imports 
he rinds himself in pot- 
rifc, he perceives bis inter 
*r affluence and considers 
cause lor ttiose feelings. 


''The orders, however, fro 
precluded us from mvimt hit 


n the Court of Directors 

the -lid which would be 


bestowed on him j the same 


Decision can never again c 
or the O.nimaoder-tu-Chi 
. ... I really do not. know 


his collection, shonldVuth .ri- 
him, ...and to place him in 


r; ,"-a-ch°.^fen 


bim to arrange the materi.i 

three years will rrooah],- , ti 
I am convinced that he wil 
towards the perfection of the 


present....-! work most u 
r.-:l constitution, in the 10 



tion of which w 

In Oct. 180S, Muokoni'.ie subrnj-.ted his final maps 
and reports of Mysore, and, as all expenses connected 
with the svy. had now to be closed down. Govt, 
took up the suggest ions made by Welhsley and 
Bentinck that some post should be found that would 
give him time to arrange his archaeological and 

historical materials. 



n at the bead of an 1 
extending & digestin. 
1 Antiquities, which a 



t private expense 



•De Haviliand [ 31 
Slackens:'' bare speeid 
contradietory of other 



DDn.43( 191), 10-9-06. 
ml atraiust Pel.rie. for he 
aid promises". Mack MS 



he h: s been 

Under the recdn. of Sir George Harlow, the new 
Govt., Mackenzie was appd., M1MC. 4^10-08, Barrack 
Master of Mysore, an appt. which had just become 
vacant, and which gave him sufficient salary and 
leisure to remain at the l.'resdcy., working up ins 
collection and making ot-cosiooa! excursions. At the 
saint! tirno he held eh. of the svy. of the Ceded Dists. 
that was earned out by the young asst. survrs. most 
of whom he had trained in Mysore. With the survrs. 
he sent up his interpreters, who were specially 
commissioned to hunt our- ■ioenmot-is and inscriptions 
of historical interest. 

"Reference is made elsewhere to his t.ea.m of collec- 
tors, chief of whom were the Bralunans, Boriah 
and Lakshmiah [355-7]. An account of the great 
collection of manuscripts and antiquities to which 
Mackenzie devoted .so much of his time arid enthu- 
siasm, is left to another volume. 

The following note to Ward is typical of Mackenzie's 
thought for the well-being of hia men, and of the 
maintenance of good relations with the |>«op!o of die country, 
"i am as desirous as you can possibly lie to have trie Canoui 4 
District surveyed, but 1 consider your health at present of 
more eooscq-jcnc-e, ara! ism not iviJIiag to expose you, through 
your landaiiie zcai, to (.ufncuiti.es thai. I an: fill, unacquainted 
with. Take your time then ■ von have euuojrh to empioy 
yon within doors for a little time; no one can find limit, 
wdiile 1 approve of what [ kisow we;! : and consult and follow 
Dr. Duncan's advice, an;! when he thinks your obstructions 
removed, proceed in God's name in your own way, and I 
shall be well pleased. I feci myself much obliged by Dr. 

"I have of this dn-l.fi scat you a letter of instructions tu 
proceed when you are thoroughly well. ... i consider it, 

the Canoui Xabob is, I believe, a very sensible and high- 
spirited M.ahoruedao chic: ; bet as he lias the inferior mange- 
ment of his own country, you should be careful to avoid 
girin? any offence to their reivtrais or political prejudices. 
.Sbike'it clearly understood that your survey has nothing to 
do with revenue purpose*: and. as people's followers often 
excite jealousy by foolish talk, caucion yours against any 
indiscreet conduct"'. 

The appt. of SG. that had been pressed so long was 
at last sanctioned under the powerful advocacy of 
Sir George He wett, who specially named Mackenzie. 
The appt. was dated 1-12-10, tho' Mackenzie started 
on his new office very shortly after the orders of 
9-10-10 [161-3,298-9]. He writes to L&mbton 
10_1O-1O; "When the Commander-in-Chief wont 

'DDn. 43 ( 201-3 ), 29-11 & 10-12-06. *DDn. 68 ( 3S2 ), 8-3-07. 

has l"ft. rn"""inal tints a'c.rist this rail into : " \ Jesuitical cvissiou, 
1. i/F 4-<>-!>-.e 'Kurnoo', 57 li, i. -DDn. S3, 17-1-10. 



»■■, 



MACKENZIE 4 

away, I had no intimation fthalover of u'har, he had 
recommended, but from the tenor of a note from Col. 
Conway 1 I was induced to think that he wag bo far 
favourably disposed to iyiv own ; '.-re tensions, that I 
should not be annoyed in future by such letters as 
I had lately complained of; which was in fact all 
I wanted at the time ; the Governor also intimated 
the same; point. 

"But after he [ Hewctt 1 sailed we had at first reports 
that the lor^-ta'k.d.- ' .-:,■ - r" ' « t -■ ' ■ ■■ . in d 



long been rect 



::up.i:( 



opai 



jt had been df 

they had heard of it, though I had not. 

"I think he mentioned theQ.M.G.'s office 
from the charge of surveys, but in what m. 
s hereafter conducted I have not 



[J 



■a J. 



bo relieved 
their duties 
least idea of 



"The 



self -a 



drai.le c 



though. 



enough to mo 12 yoora 
it confess !. enjoyed a eerta-in 
ranquility that I shall regret to lie back in office, 
h I hope it may not be so, and that 1" may bo still of 
some use if I can be any »ti niotrimie.nl-.il in brina/uv- ibe.se 
intended works to lie curried on. on one uniforr'i, system 
[ 8, 161, 302-3 |. The loss of my late apiMmtment alter 27 
years Indian service, and only lioi; lii-.tr it foe two years, is 
also serious, but where it cannot he helped, and so many 
suffer, ■ patience is a virtue, since [ could no; expect to bo 
excepted. 

"I'll':: moment i -v.au: ariytmriif regarding you, I will write 
you ; hut I go out so lit-t.ie that it is proba I tie vou may hear 
long before: I do what is likely to tahe place. I cannot help 
thinking i.iia; the e\ leu: ion of your iinrfc would be .supported 
by the Commander-hi-Ohiof in ludia | ' Heweit ]. I am not 
*""T» whether .1 may not be obiis/esi to A'o up to .'ilyeore 



hy Hi 

the Presidency to get the' thing "effected, if it 
I imagine Col. Agnew must have 



!:■■:,,- ;i 
n : : ,iv 

: itely I.-L; 



of 



the vaiuc of these w 

lit ho.ne, now, thov appear to appreciate them 11 

rately; this was in regard to the kite orders from home 

regarding my reduction in ISO!, 00. which I have yet got no 

News reached him a. few days- later that, on receiv- 
ing the final maps and reports of the Mysore Svy., 
the Directors had relented on the matter of allces., 
and had made practical amends ; "Finding his 
...of the madoquancy of iris allowances; 
I by very strong recommendations from 
you, we direct that you present him with. ..9,000 
pagodas as full remuneration for his past Labours, 
and lis a- mar.-; of our approbation"*. 

The first tasks of the new SG. were to analyse all 
tho svys. in progress, obtain orders as to their 
continuance, and to work out an est. for his 
new dept. [ 161-3 ]. An acute controveray aroso 
between him and Valentine Blacker as to the extent 
to which tho QMG. should retain responsibility for 



1 BIOGRAPHICAL 

mil. svys. Mackemsio was insistent that the SG. 
should have the fullest control, end that no geographi- 
cal information or material should be kept from his 



I Govt, decided i 



his lav 



I]- 



[3: 



Before this reorganisation was completed, 
.ppd. CS. to the Madras force proceeding t 
\g ]. His appt-. dated from 12—3— 
embark till the end of April. 



He writes to Lambton, 23-3-].], "All my preparations for 
the expedition are closed, and i an. readv to embark at very 
short warning. Of the time of our sailing I can give no 
certain idea, but from report we are cold that they will sail 
after the junction of the tin in bay and Goa transports ; the 
latter have the 7Sth regiment on Board [I, 349]. Lord 
Mintu on 3th left Cat: 11 1 ta, and inyy be hourly es peered here, 
but he is not to e.nko any stay. I supposed you would he 
surprised to hear of his going with us to Java; there are 

Natal people think it lata, and thai, our nassage will be obs- 
tructed from the strait..- of Malacca by easterly winds and 
currents lor several months, while others think the delay of 
waiting for many month:! til: tile next cbaniy: of season would 
be -.vers:: than the former inconvenience. 

"As for myself I Iultc noshing to say. but to be ready, while 
I avail myself of every (lay's delay here in bringing the 
Surveying establishment tn an uniform system" 5 . 

On joining up with the Bengal troops at Malacca 6 , 
Mackenzie was appt. to eomd. ail the Engrs. of the 
expn., and was doputed to reconnoitre tho Java coast 
in advance, and choose a spot for 1 1 10 lain ling. We find 
reports which ho had collected at- Madras and Malacca 
regarding "tho statu of Batavia and. ..the Island 
of Java", and "of tho .Fort re. -mo:-:, Roads, <% Landing 
Places ", and also tho seen 'I- inst-r nations given him on 
June 6th'. Ho embarked 6-6-11, and reached the 
coast, of Java on 13th July, aco-d. by Blakiston who 
gives a thrilling account of their a-d ventures [ 383 ] ; 

"Colonel Muckers- is :l:iu ! bavins? shifted our Quarters to 
the Leda, the M — & If — ships nroeceoed in quest of tho 
expedition. From this period I.e. the end of the month wo 
employed ourselves in exploring die I nd^rmaya R. up which 
we rowed a eons.de:;: ■■..-.■ di.-:- ■ .. ithoiit uicciher :l ri^ niter- 
ruption. ... 

"Left ship 11th, with 4 hoists with 3.0 ol" marines & 89 th 
Regt. for purpose of reconnoitring the Coast to the E. of 
Tanjong Prick. In order that we might not excite any 
particular notice while on shore, Ool. ■idnekenzie and I dressed 
ourselves us seamen. When thus e<pi ipped tor onr espedi- 
tion the Colonel, who stood B It. 2 icaae.s, out a most ludie-roua 
figure in a jacket ana t-oascs be Ion ;.; ins; to the Captain, 
wiiieh reaeiie'i aoont iialf wav oov, a his lone Lisi-iuhago 
limbs 8 . ... Anything but a laughing business. ... Lulled into 
security.. .reconnoitre to village. ... We were on the point of 
entering the street wiien I observed :>. largr eocked hat make 
its appearance from behind a eorner. ... A French 01' Dutch 
officer sallied forth, followed by a huge party of soldiers. 

unarmed, ...wc tool; to our heels, closely followed by the 
enemy, who fired smartly at us. Fortunately we took the 
nearest road down the avenue lea.dim; !u tho snot whore we 
had left tho boats. 

"As the enemy were close npois us, and as Col. Mackenzie 
was an old mac, and might be in possession of papers which 
would show the object of fair Landing, the first idea that 
occurred to me was to rifle hi- pockets and leave him to his 
fate, never supposing that he could escape from our younger 



•CD to M. 9-2-10. 



'120: 



.. NW. 



MACKENZIE 



saiv tha 

Stgffity . 

hear; 

"We i 


he 


.raver i! 
v from 

i)](; me: 

heels w 


-disposed Ire 
n enemy, oat 

is fully equal 


might be on 

ary; infect, 

to the strengt 


jrd 
P 


tz 


■tetl with precioiviitbn 

Jlf'.H with i:K; pil'tV of 

lit off, an-1 ™<™ """1» " 


to the boats 
0th were to t 


a 


t!.0 Loao 


th 
foe 
alo 


while I 
Qg, lite 


height was ■£ 
julliver among 


ain of consider 

the L illjpulr; 


so 

a . 


"An obvious ambuscade, arid if the officer who 
u. .,;:■:■ ;...tl.c enemy had allowed us in advance into the 

of the village, they would llfiVC Siieeef::lcd in oa 1)11.1 rim 



main d 


dies Mi 


ii:en<ie': 


Bern 




e to the 


&)VtMU 




fessional 


able;; a 


d Assist 




ployed r 




j!r of Jokyaki 




f any i 




a_..wH 


■;:'; .;"' 


He w 
you da 


= still . 


soldi 




I.,r of 








ivml hi: 


*Ai'oi\ 


>ur Sen 


ces, e 



v;il of tki :Let. M rckcTode iruided tin 
me village, CliiUicrckidlnc;. and Hal 
is captured 26-8-11. 



o claim the a 



) of j 



■I UUClltS 



, 12 



at that : 
the W., ' 

On the departure of the GG. and the main army 
two months later, Mackenzie was left in Java with 
tiro primary purpose of m airing a geographical and 
statistreal report for trio Supreme Govt., the GG. 
writing, 10-10-11; " It boinsr the wish of Covernment 
to collect all tire Maps, Charts, or Plans, of the late 
French Government relating to this Island, ...yon 
will send to the public oifieos...;;iiy that may be in 
your possession, and. ..furnish me with any informa- 
tion in your power respecting Documents of this 
Description in any other part of the Inland". With 
his usual tiro roughness Mackenzie submitted a 
lengthy memorandum on the work to be done, 
and the GG. approved, IS- 10 ■ 11, " the measures y< >u 
propose taking.. .towards tho elucidation of the Hydro- 
graphy and Geography of the Country, ...extended 
to Memoirs eonnoet.ed with tire Military Defence ami 
History of the Country". 



-A Com 
j-.ibl.if: Arc! 



i.:i...:s ;i|i|).:.i:u.i:d to eolleet- eaa li.eeister.. .all 
. Kerords, Plans, Survey.-!, or other ec-di.- 
ic former Government In the hands of tisu 



"The Committee for examining the Tenure of 
Lands" completed their labours early m 1813, and 
was dissolved at the end of Fob,, and Mackenzie 
released in July to make his reports in person a,t 
Calcutta. On his departure the Lt Govt., Stamford 
Raines, issued fins follow itu.- a.ooy.-eiairon ; "Lieut- 
enant Colonel Ma.okco?ie has, sine;: the conquest of 
Java, boon enu.)-oyed...in collecting arid isi-runjing I ho 
topographical and Military Reports and Surveys of 
the former Go vein in one ; in investigating the History 
and Antiquities of the Island; and irr ascertaining 
the state of the landed tenure arid Iho goneral condi- 
tion of the Inhabitants. 

i.'he topographical Hi.irvo.ys eooirnenetid mrdei- the 
late Government have been found to merit every 
attention, and... they will bo eon tliaier! j.s;i.rtly on the 
same plan. On the History- a.n.-l Antiquities of the 
island much valuable information lias been obtained. 
... As President of the Commission on Java Affairs, 
L sou tenant Colonel Mackenzie has visited almost 
every part of the Island, and the considerable and 
important Collections which have been procured by 
his personal diligence and research will form a body 
of most- useful ami mtoreslin:: information, to serve 
as a Basis for the... statistical enquiries which have 
been set on foot. ... 

''Java- must fva be considered as a <ncai n;rriciiltura.l 
Country, and as the Granary of the Eastern Islands. To 
remove every restriction on the agriculture a,nd Commerce 
of the Country is alike conducive to the happiness of the 
people and to the interests of Government, and the 
in form at ion and opinions iii-nis'aeil oy Lieutenant, Colonel 
Macken-'.ie will enable Gov eminent... to establish a more 
eirliv aimed and advantaEroocs sysrem of internal admiiiis- 

In a lecture to the Rao: then Society of An.s k Sciences, 
of which Mackenzie ana wi-tnber, Rallies Said, 24— 4— l:i, 
"The collections of ("ok Mackenzie. ,.r>rovc tie zeal with 
which he has biker: up the sirl.jeci. : and on his return to India-, 
where an oppormniry may be afforded ( ,f deeyijherins; several 
inscriptions found in different yi:iTM uf Java, of which he nan 
taken iassirm'cs, we are p::.cuis':': fiat his exert inns will not 
be relaxed in endeavouring to illustrate whatever may be 
situated ?* important" 3 . 

1 Blakiaton II ( 10-7 ; 15-9 ] ; cf. Mack MSS. XIV ( 57-89 ) ; Conquest of Java, ( 15 et seq ) ; Vibart ( 454 ). • These 
mstns. 22-10-11 largely cval-.i,, Lire a: tirade of lln::!r, towards mil. sws. | r ).-.-■,-, 203-4 „ MiMC. ia-l-10 (96]. 4 J Cor. 
21-1-12. s Fron: diva Govt. 7-2-15. 6 From Wei. Colebrfsike. late MS. to Cerr.or. of Forces. Java. 1-12-1-1 ; "BMC. 12-1-1(1 
(9(1 ) ; GO. Hal.iviiL, l:)-7-l.'< ; MUC. 17 9 13 also ,/avn (krt. Gr.z. 17 7 13: CO. 2-<>-i:i. s .-bi:nford Rallies (139); cf. AS 
J. II ; Off. 11-2-13. l ' 






With two Dutch officials as 
given the following instns. ; 

"To obtain an exact Knoivlcdsc of the tenure npon which 
(lie Lands in Java are ar. [lrescui h-.-id and cultivated, ...and 
what are the Services die by the people, to (heir Chiefs ? ... 

"What in each District is the extent and proportion of 
Cultivated Lands. ..in possession of the Itegp.nt and his 
Relations 1 

"On what tenure and on what conditions do they give 



others 






" What shrive of the Crops. ..is alletted to tan actual Culti- 



MACKENZIE 426 

A lac ken/, iv .scale: 1 from Balavia, 16-7-13, in the b 

Isabella, aecd. by his Dutch wife, and her sister 
[419]; thoy reached the mouth of tho H.oogtdy 
17-8-13, a full moutlrs jonraej 1 . By request, of the 
Supvevne Govt., he wa.s allowed to rnaji in Bengal to 
arrange his collodions and finish his reports. He 
completed the first report. 10-11-13, under the title 
General view of th.e results of l>i-i:cstigi.ttions into 
Geography, History, Antiquities, ai\d Literature, in the. 
Inland of Java, ...in the years 1811, 12, and 1813. 
Many of this original papers from which this report 
was compiled are still preserved at the 10. The 
report refers to " eomp^ote registers... taken of the 
numerous athiHi^, [iiaas. charts, a;id memoirs, belong- 
ing to the Dutch Govomnieni. since its establishment 
from 1612 till the year 1811". Final reports wcro 
submitted 18-2-1S*. 

With the prciiiriku-irv rci.Kirt, Mackenzie as 
14-12-13, to remain in Bengal " for auch reasonable 
may bo necessary for -:; 1 ; r l : pic Ling ji fienssrai View of the State 
of that Island" 1 . Two wociis la::::- ins writ.:'.- from Ha ?. ilia bug I: , 
Dec, 26th ; "Conceiving a further extension of the period for 
my completing certain reports on the island isl' Java would be 
necessary, ...and it being dosiraale for ii'.e lor motives of private 
business, and oi_ account of my heali. !i, '..:; make a journey 1,0 Ills: 
Upper Provinces during too cold season, ... I presume to hope 
the sanction... may lie. rather extended. ..from a consideration 
that, in the whole course of a service of 3 1) years, I do not 
recollect having ever solicited fov leave of absence from my 
duties for Private motives before; and as mi- Journey furnishes 
an opportunity of visiting the frontier provinces that may 
not come within my reach again, this indulgence may be 
considered scarcely inapplicable" 1 . 

Leave was granted up to Sept. 1814, and he writes 
from Agra, fed. -Oth, writing that "I was obliged to 
leave Calcutta on the kith December in considerable haste, 
in order to accompany I. lie Party I was to travel with to the 
Upper Provinces", The chief mtmbor of this '"party" was 
Lady Hood, wife of the admiral, am! in .March IS] I'Mackem-io, 
Lady Hood, and E;ekio. Hartou :' S;j, ;;So-i I. joined llodi'son 
ir. the Dun for a few weeks. Plans for svy. of tho Himalaya 
districts were discussed, anil Mackenzie describes with 
enthusiasm, his first -view- of the Snowy peaks [88-9, 40S ]. 
lie separated from Lady Hood's party for a few weeks 
to visit Kalinjar in jjuncclkhand. rejoining her, July 
2nd., at Benares to escort her down to Calcutta by boat, 
where they arrd. in Sept. ; Mackenzie's name appears amongst 
signatures 1.0 an address prosciiieo to tho (Hi. "by British 
inhaoitants at. Patna"', 12-8-14 6 . 

Whilst up country ha writes to Crawford, 7-7-14 ; 
"A short excursion 1 made into £ undo Iciind... induced 
a wish to be better acquainted with that tract of 
Table Land that extends... into the Dekan ; at the 
Presidency I shall hope for an opportunity for apply- 
ing to you for some information of the Geography 
of that region which, according to the Hindoo 
myth, be called Goondwana". Again from Buxar, 
17-7-14 ; "For some time since I have been on the 
journey, I have boon desirous of communicating with 
you on several punts connected with our mutual 
desiro, 1 believe, of improving the general lrjiowledgo 
of Indian Geography, but as my journey was so 
rapid at times, & interrupted at others*, I was 
wholly prevented. ... In a few days henea I hop© to 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



he at Patna, whan I will be able to s 
precise term of my probable .arrival at. Calcutta'. 
In a biter letter lie claims iiial, this visit to woik actually 



Md [ I. 



7]" 1 



He refers to these travels 111 a letter to Lambton 
two years later ; "While I was in Java & in Hindoos- 
tan, i. frequently had it in view to write you, but in 
the whale of that long period of 4 years T never was 
three months without some view of returning, & 
consequently considered it unnecessary to write. ... 
The voyages & Journeys through Java were highly 
interesting ; it. was tphto ;i New World, A; in Hindoos- 
tan equally so; the rapid but extensive Journey as 
far as Delhi & Hurdwar will ever be remembered 

by W". 

Aa Lady Kood j DNB. ) claimed to be a- relative [ 83 n.S j, 
and was a very remarkable woman, ■ it, is worth telling some- 
thing of her She was Maria taf/.niieth Frederic a, 10 "( 1783- 
1362), eldest dan. of L'ol. Francis 'Hauiherstojie Mackenzie, 
78th Foot, younger bro. of Thomas .Frederick Mackenzie 
Ilmnberskme [ 1, 99 n.i ]. Her father was a ., 28-10-1797, 
Lord Scafoitli, l.'.aron Mackenzie of Kin tail. On his death, 
11-1-1S, having outlived all hi:", male ...sue, the family estates 
passed to his eldest ; L aii., who had, 6-11-04, m. Adro. Sir 
Samuel Hood, 1st Cart i DSB. |, who was, 1S13-4, eonuK 
the fleet in E. Indies. 

Lord Moira Isad mot the admira! and his ladv at Madras, . 
and records that on his way out in 1813, "17th Sept.— 
Dinner awaited cs at t-hc admiral's. It is rare that a magni- 
ficent, entertainment is a pleasant one, but Sir Samuel and 
Lady Hood had the talent to make this so. After the dinner 
there was a bail, ai winch we stayed to a very la.tc hour" 11 . 
It if not surpri.-in;.; t'aat Ladv Mood o.id no iliiiirml'.y in obtain- 
ing the CIG.'s approval to her; expo, op country, and it was 
most probably thro' his inliucnce that, she obtained the 
escort of Mackenzie, who was obvior.dy delighted at this 
opportunity of socio;." Upper India., tho' we have no record 
of weal tie thought of ics vinii bis wilis ir! C.dou t fa , and travel- 
ling wiili i;i.iiv i.iood instead. 

" Hodgson makes frequent refer.-eur-es to hsr talent for water 
colour painting, and her influence with Lord .Moira [ 40S ]. 
lie was called on to escort her a- : fir as ilenares on the return 
journey. Lady Hood writing from Caivnpore, July 4th, that 
she "intended serine out for Calcutta a lew days afterwards. 
Col. Mackenzie had gone 1,11.0 riundeli.urid for the purpose 
.if vk.il in J '■ 'ahim.' ^r'' 1 -. 

On the Admirals death at Madras 1 , 21-12-14, "without 
issue", Ladv lice;:, returned on his shin to Fngland, and m„ 
2nd, 1817, James Alexander S!.*warr,~ n( Gtasserton. Lord 
Teiijnmout.h tells of visititia her uia.nv vears later; she 
"redded at Scaibrth Lodge in Sto.-naway. ... Mrs. Stewart 
Mackenzie is no ordinary person. ... Circumstances afford 
full play to her iieeuliar taieuts and graces of" manner and 
deportment; whet- he:- a.:\:.:in;ianvi:n[ lier father during bis 
government of Jamaica, or as ivife of Admiral Sir Samuel 
Hood when comnian-.ihig on the Inaia.ri Station, ... An amus- 

sorne ii'.iiidreil miles for flic express purpose of amusing the 



22 1-14, 



1 CG. Suppl. 26-8-13. iSI.V'J. Ill (321); Bladen (xm-xxvn). si\IPC. 31-5-14. 
21-S-14. 8 by Lady Hood? 'DDn. 138, "DDb. 135 ( 13) & Jit AS. I. 1S31, 3 liiDu. loii { 33-0 |, 3-o-lB. "DNB., 

elsewhere named a, Mary Frcdcrica Kli/.alie, in " Hasiiugs' Joinwi ( 13). 1>CG. 21-7-14. ls Ml, St. Mary's eh. Ft. St. George. 



NOTE. Plate 22 



A note written on the back of the frame of the original, that was 
presented to India House by Henry Traill in 1822 [ 419 n.6 ], states that 
the picture shows 

port raits... of three distinguished Bruhnians of the- throe leading suets in the 
south of India. The native holding the telescope is Kavelti Yenkata I.aksh- 
merjah j 356]. President of the Literary Society of Hindu? in connection with 
the Royal Asiatic Society of London. In the background is represented the 
celebrated colossal figure of" Buddha [ 235 ]. 

Sir William Foster, of the India Office, adds that, 

of the two Indians ether than the one named, the figure on the right is a Jain 
priest who whs for long Mackenzie'.-; assistant [ 336 ], while that- on the left is his 
Old peon Krishnaji [ vol. Ill ]. 

The background consists of trees and rising ground, on which is seen 
the. ..monolithic Jain statue. fiO foot high, of Go mates war a at Ml "avail -belgola 111 
Mysore, the exact dimensions of which Macken/.io was the first to determine'. 

The original authorities for these identifications are not known, 
but neither Mackenzie nor Laokshmaiah whose evidence would have 
been infallible are likely to have described the Jain statue as represent- 
ing Buddha. Laekshmaiah was certainly not President of the Hindu 
society so early as 1822. 

Certain doubts were referred during 1948 to three leading Indian 
authorities, including Dewan Bahadur Professor C. S. Srinivasa- 
chari, m.a. 2 , and the following deduel Ions appear reasonable, though 
by no means conclusive. 

The figure on Mackenzie's left, hearing telescope, and with sling over 
shoulder, has the three-pronged mark of the Vashnuirtis, and is more likely to 
he the peoo. Ki-rnaji, entrusted with the humble duty of earn ing in-munonts. 

The figure immediately to Mackenzie's right, anil behind, has the caste 
mark of a Telegu Smart ha Brahman, is an obvious pandit, and the most likely 
to be Kavali Yenka.ta hakshmaiah, of a Telinga family who in 1816 was still a 
young man. The wearing of a kitmarband was common amongst middle and 
upper classes of those days, and whiskers not taboo. 

The elderly figure on Mackenzie's extreme right is also a pandit, and, 
moreover, carries a palm-leaf manuscript. from his dress and appearance he 
may well he Dhurmia. whom Mackenzie refers to as "the poor old Jain" 
[ vol. I II f. 

On the nearer hill in the background, presumably intended for 
Chandmgiri, is the familiar pole-aud -basket survey signal, and beyond 
that is the Jain statue, thus described by Percy Brown ; 

Some forty miles north of Mysore city is the sacred site of ^iravana Belgola. 
... As early as .'i(>l! B.C. a community °f fugitive Jains sot! led here, ... Connect- 
ing the Ohandragiri hill with that of Indrabetta is the Pilgrims' way, which, 
passing.. .the holy tank of Belgola, ascends... W innumerable steps. ..to the 
walled enclosure encircling the summit of Indrabetta. ... On the Indrabetta 
bill, depicting Gommata. son of the first of the twenty-four firth an kars, ... this 
gigantic image stands over fifty -six feet high. ..and was carved in situ. ... 
Entirely nude 4 . 

'Principal of Kajah Doraii 



MACKENZIE 



1 2*1 



I Of \ 



> icmalc 



ietv"- 



.... _jldenee has been found of. rciationdiin beiv.-ooo 
Ma.ckcny.ie am:! the Si.Liforth family as ola.rned by Lady lioixl, 
and it was possibly no ciuser i!i.i:i the. traditional clanship 
between Highlanders, that would be ample for claiming an 
escort. 

MaOkranie writes to a friend, 23-12-17, "Lady Hood 
Maiikcmie. writes us in April that she «'as to be married in 
May to the Hoiildc. Mr. Sto-.vait, a brother of Lord Calloway's 
but we have nor, beard thai it bad actually taken place. ... 
Your letter, I take it, ...is a.fter that happy event, which 
gives us great joy" 1 . 

On return to Calcutta. Mackenzie applied for a further 
extension of leave from e't, M. George, oo necount of "the 
lateness of my arrival at this Presidency, which bad also been 
longer protracted by the necessity of remaining at one of the 
upper stations " I'atnn I lo lay some ev.;-,lan;ititms before .Mis 
Excellency the Gnveinor fienoral nf my claims to the allow- 
ance^ under which I """.^ .-.■-!.-[ i ri.i 1! v- -r.iil. nn the expedition 
to Java"'. 

II.: explained that he was sail] drained in Bengal by tho 
trims la I. ion of various llnich lineament, brought from Java, 
which was being done at Ohirisiua, "'Those Reports arid 
Materials on the- state of Java, derived from the Commission 
mployed on, were originally mde-cd for rial infori: 



of t; 



.. This 



luaaered 



Defence of J 
tallied tbe r 


\IX ",r: 


Lb" 




of the 


whole a 






•a of ra 






oFCi 




1, .:,Ther 


by a 


that 


1? had 




For hi 


from 


M'jilrai 


' ! W ] 


and 



up such a sketch 


Colonel 


mit of, ..-till the 


of this 


ding to the Coast 




fe further reports 


After 


nay Establishment 


from 3 


Establishment of 


rignt Li] 


ors. Writers, and 


this to 


had brought with 


and. ■■!.;- 



... built to particular order ; ons of the best .larriages of its 
kind in Calcutta. 

" Auction. Sah^ of nroner'.y belonging to Lt. Colonel 
Colin Mackenzie : leaving Calcutta. 

: ' Household & Table furnkoto ; plate, wines & liquors" 1 . 

On arrival (it Miirira-s, MacksiiKJCi at oni'ts resumed 
the reorganisation of too survey dept. that had been 
interrupted four years earlier [336-7], and, under 
BGO. 1-5-15, was anp:l. Surveyor General of India 
[306-7]. 

claim! for allcos. thai, be considered his liua [421-2]. In 
ISOLI he success tally pressed lor payroeo; of '"Colombo prise 
money, ... for l.ii:-' advance .1 class sup ■: i'.i- i.o rnv rank at the 
time.;" as Principal hbigiiieer on that K-tpeJiiion" [I, 350]. 
In 1S05 he pressed similar claims lor rieiii.-aviaiam cri/o 
money at the scale dnc to a Lt Colonel, tho' he had only 
been Captain at the time of the siege 1 . 

The order apptg. him CE. to the espn., 12-2-11, was 
made "without prejudice to (lis appointment as Purveyor 
General", ana am no rise. I him "to dr:. 1. 1 ..!■■! 1 !■!.:■! 1 :iii,i-.Faa2c 
of 1'afiodas iiO p.m. in lieu of all chafes for dlstablishment. ; 
together with t!i- dilfercace between Major & Lt. Colonel's 
full Batta"". His rank at the time was Major & Bt.Lfc. 
Colonel. 

As he drew allces. as KG. lor tbe whole period he was 
absent from Madias, he was unwilling to draw that sanc- 
tioned for the Committee, of Land Tenures. "Tho amount 
of this has been regularly drawn by the other Members, but 
sums hesitation has ocea full on the part -;■:' i . I.. :'..!. .M . 1 ■ i:.! 1 1... i ;. 
...under the assurance that he offered to Your Lordship 
[ the GCJ. I previous to your depart. ire, that his stay in Java 
would not occasion any audu.ama! expense to Go'.'crnment. 

,ionci Mackenzie in,- la coiiitap.ience only received a part 
..to defray sonic a b soli;, rely necessary cx- 

r. ho succeeded in drawing CE.'s allce. 

ite of his return to Madras. Ho required 

:....... -i.:V he h.;.. ■: 1L1 a froai .Madras 

ilheiai worn i:i Java and Bengal. 
; for tent allce., and even for table money 
sea, all on the point as to whether he was 
it ; decision in his favour was not made till 






him 



I. ..pnl ym 



over his claim to draw allces. 
a GO. issued by Lord Cornwallis 



,:■ e«p-;-: 



-, Chinsura— Tra 
Draftsmen, and some from Java" 1 . 

him "an ingeriioi.n.' native of Java", who had been his 
transiator- since 1-11-11. 

Dnrlu.r: his; atr-ty at Calcutta he saw .much of Craw- ■ 
ford, obtaining sanction to examine the maps in 
the SGO,, and take copies of Bengal svy. rales 
[ 302-3 ]. After handing in ins noports, "tho last part 
bein<i only --1 is.p: : . 1 eked li ■. t a S:Vgn.r\ from the necessity 
of reserving them to tho last moment fur the neces-iS-Ty 
corrections", he sailed ''in the ship Flinders" reach- 
ing Madras, 30-3-15. "I chose on tibia ocoaeion. to 
proceed by Sea in preference to a land journey for 
greater expedition, in a vessel so very much crowded 
that room could not bo procured for the most useful 
part of the Establishment- that had originally accom- 
panied me on the service to Java ; the passage, 
usually made in 8 day;;, was prolonged from 21st 
February to the 30th 1 iisi.aiil. by .souflioidy winds and 
adverse currents uncommon in the Bay at this 
Season 5 [I, 303 ]". 

The following advts. show that Mrs. iiask;ci:de bad been 
living comfortably during his travels ; 

"Sale by Auction. The following 'J..-.1 int Palankeen 
Carriages, r.iic properly of Colonel Macken'.le, 1 saving Cal- 
cutta ; A very Elegant roomy Palankeen Carriage fji-4 persons, it oeat ". 

lfiem™»e«noM(35v>J. "DDb. 156 (313). ^ Ftp wiuian)( 28-9-14; MilC. 13-12-14. *ib. 13-12-14. 
£ 31-3-15 ;MMC. 15^-lo. *CG. S 12-14 A. 23-2-15. *MMC. 26^-OS. B MGO. 12-3-11. 'Java to Bengal 

MMC. 17-9-13. "BMC. 12-1-16 ( 97 ]. ^DDd. 154 ( 51 ], 3-12-18. 



.d labour, both in Java an;; in 
.... desirable to adjust at last, on tbe 
,.1 lli ,tled. ... Tiie Ust measure 

I :,„,. ,.! M ,drr,s was to send in a. memorial thro' the Com- 
mander-in-Chief in .Tulv IS1 7, ',1-hich 1 understand he sent in 
directly with a lettsr, ... and no notioo ini-i been ever taken 
of it since. ... I am willing that ruv claims sho'ild not be 
considered in aav iwiv belonvinj to Sir Thos. Radies' affairs. 
All the testimoriy that was require;! from ids Government 

a proper occasion my pretensions should bo enquired into, 
and not looked over. ... Be so good, frankly and kinaly, to 
let ins know when I mav see you 00 this ; next week I think 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



There is no doubt lhai the unsettled ulnto of allce. regns. 
of tnjse days led to yreir. loss of eifieieney and time. 

The story of Mii.ckfin7.ifi'>; ■.cork as SG. of India will 
be told in another volume. 

MACLEOD, John. Bo. Engrs. 

bapt. 8-7-1794. d. 20-9-23, Bush ire. 



, HI).. Principal of Kind's 

tie, his wife. 

-ii, remained in England aa 



foil. Aberdeen, iml Is* 
30-3-10, MA., Aberc 

1813, Bombay, employed as "dmn. with rev. an?., drawing 
additional Rs. 2/- a day from 6-7-13 for ''moat activ-c share 
in ali our practical operation.-, as wfiil in the fort as at Colaba 
and other parts of tho Island." 1 . Continued as asst. on rev. 
sTy.[ 187,323}. 

M.I. in Armenian eh., Bushire. 

MacMURLO, 11 James. Bo. Inf. 

b. 30-11-1785. d. 2S-4-20, near 



Ens. 22-5-01 ... Cf.pt. 1-11-17. 

Son of J lis. Prmgk- ikiaMordo of [lowland, fielkirt. 

iSfii). eouidg. escort with Kcsdt. at liarada ; deputed on 
mission to Hyderabad. Kind, across die desert and, though 
failing to get beyond the Paianpiu- border, brought, back a 
valuable route sketch [ 169-70, 173 ]. 

1S15-6, AGO. in KathiaMar; ISH'i-KO, Uracil, in Cuteh. 

Auth. of Ob!>.trvt'.h<rn<: on ike Sindhon, or llivtsr Indue : 
"The Indus is called in the Sanscrit writings Sindhoo or 
Syndboo, which, is undoubtedly the original name. Mehran 
and Mcotha Mchraniuar are :.!.« names by which tie Indus is 
most commonly known in India" \ I, pi. 4 n. ]*. 

MACPHERSON, Evan. Mad. Inf. 
b. 4-2-1785. d. 22-1-47. 

Ens. 3-7-07 ... Ma-j. 25-6-36; ret. 10-1-37. 

Son tif Lachlan .Macpnorson. laird ofRalia. 

10. Helen, dan. of Capt. George hiirrell. (d. 1*1(0 ?) Ben. 
Inf. ( Hodson ). 

March ISIO.MMI., el. V, [ 32! ]. 

1H12, ecu plo veil nn.icr QM.G.. on svv. of rente!, of Dowse's 
force, in S. Maralhn country [ 166 ]. 

Well thought of by Macken/ie, wiiowrites, 26 11-19; "The 
objection. ..as to drawing I. do not consider very material, 
provided be is correct and able to eontrol the labors of 
others. ... I liar! a great regard for some friends of his, ... 
but that would not influence me if he were nor, competent 
to the undertaking". Again. 9-3-20 ; "1 am sorry Mr. 
Mac pliers o;i was noi e.upSoyi'i! i.'i 1-lajidiniJunlry, as his local 
knowledge and seasoning to the hills would have been avail 

From 1815 suffered from ir.i.iliimenii nrvor vik-ked 
up in Ganiitm, recurring in Madras, Uoc. 1819, and 
Coimbatore Feb. 1820. From 1S20 employed with 
Pioneers in M'iigiri Hills, whero he soon recovered 

health [148-9]." 

MRC. 21-7-20; "employed in making a road up the 

Neeigberry hills"; a;:pd. to "survey Country on their Sum- 
mit". Produced no svy. of value and, 'after building his 
road, ...contrive;'; to remain for soveral years on the hills, 
where he acouired considerable propar'.y, , !r ;d built manv 
houses. In iiiia and 1820 he was certainly residing in 
Ontacamiind, and [with] two other officers. ...made them- 






ivoka 



e-jol 



MATHER, John [I, 354-5]. Civ. Sitrvr. ; 
drowned, March I SOS, oft" coast of England. 

Son of Robert Mather, of the Mill at Newburgh and 
of Gis/lit, iir. h'vvic. Aberdeen. 

MA., Marischal Coll., Aberdeen, 1780. 

1794-8, on svy. of Baramahal [I, 113-4}. 

4-9-1799, appd. Asst. on svy. of Mysore [ 91 ] and, 
8-2-1800, left Madras, having been delayed by sick- 
ness [ 93, 94 ] ; completed svy. of Hosur dist. before 
end of June, and then granted leave "to the coast 
a measure which the ill state of his health renders 
necessary during the rains" [94-8, 117-9, 204-5, 
207-10, 212 ]*. 

Mackenzie had great regard for (Ilia professional advice. 



consulting him frequently, and show 
everyway[tT2, t 5 u, '.<j 1, '236,341 ..]J_ 
20-;>-01, regarding "Mr. Mather's he 



He- 



rites to the Eesdt., 
. being subject to 



claim the exercise 
e his good si 



Ha' 



"[9 



,1]. 



■•■ will r. 






St for 
ranch 



o Warren, 27-11-01, conic 
auces. [ 33 o-i ] ; "I am glad your inter 

was so satisfactory; lie, poor fellow, 
having no other livelihood, while we, as 
our (jay and allowances in the service al: 
turned out. the cut. ordered in Mather's 
U'w/nn/us.s a month. 

In 1802, Mather m- again allowed down to the c 
the rains [ 101, 102 I. Mackenzie writing, 4-7-02, I a 
concerned to tinei vonr former com main I. torment yon so much 
and I cannot help feeling some uneasiness k-st your perseve- 
rance and application in this season throw von back. I can 
see no objection to your coming to the const' when [.lie district 
you have ui hand is completed, ... indeed without waiting to 
complete n if your stfit-B ui' health leuders it necessary""'. 

Alter Mather's rv!n;ui from a part.ionla.riv exhausting svy. 
over the Ghats to the. W. eoast, he wns mct'bv a welcome Tire- 
sent from Mackenzie; "I requested Mr. ' Franks' a 'few 
■ lays ago to send you.. .two eoolv loads of wine and refresh- 
ment, which i request you lo accept from me as a small 
token of my s'ibs,r.rtion with your zeal and Industry. It 
will give me pleasure if it arrives in time to be of any use 
in rendering yon mora comfortable afir-i- vour lab- fatigues" 
[104-7, 420-I'J 10 . 

Mather continued to press for some increase of 
pay, and pronii.se of future pension [ I, 355 ] ; "When 
I adopted surveying as the pursuit of my life, I 
certainly looked up to it to shield me from tho fear of 
want at some future period, when age or infirmity 
might render it necessary to retire ; hut which... .my 
present salary... affords but a very distant prospect 
of ever seeing realized. I have now persevered in 
this arduous n.n.d unheal iky pursuit 8 years, surveyed 
nearly 10,000 sq. miles, and suffered very severely in 
my constitution" 11 . 

He was warmly supported ay Mackenzie, 23-11-02; "He 
has now for upwards of seven yeara acted with approbation 



'Bo Rev. C 20-2-14. 'Sometimes MoMurdo. 'possiblv Ardysir, 411/14. 
( 140 ]. "DDn. 44. '.M 132 oontains Journal in Mather's iv.riting with a. ii to graphs. ' 
letters to Mackenzie ITiH) in lMia, was amongst th.i-c lost before li!:!i). 6 DDn. 66. 
merch. ; A. F. F. auctioneers, Madias, from 17!)!) ( Cotton ). "DDn. 66, 9-5-04. 



"HnCeoSoc. Ill, IV, V ( 124). 'Price 

is sad that a volume containing Mather's 
■' Anthony Fnsnck, sbopkecper ;" James F. 
'DDn. 41, 11-11-02. 



(38) 



e to the duties of 
be authorized to 
ind in their letter 
[ "a pension not 
n the event of his 



bt:iri£ ubJiwcd to quit, iiis surveying pursuits". 

After two seasons in the jungles of S. Kanara 
[ 108-10 ], Matins: 1 iiO'-i'. led Lliat iie cculd curry oil no 
longer ; "Owing Lo the heavy rains in the low country, 
the having my ea.rts and baggage to transport across 
a country almost "ondisr iviitiT, tint ivatit of boats to 
cross the river, ajid, iibovo nil, the sickly state of my 
people, ! wis prevented from penciling this place 3 
[.ill yesti;r;!t;y. ... T have travelled the whole way in 
tho rain, which has operated much to my el isad vant- 
age ; an.d even here, the mitiMoon i.-; allowed to have 
set in some time ago. ... Nothing but the prospect 
of going down to the Wen tern Coast,, and the hopes 
of benefitting thereby, prevented ray applying to be 
permitted to relinquish the survey when at "Nnffirur 3 ; 
ever since the first ssttartk at Oowleydroog [ pi. II ] 
T cannot say that i have onjoyei! a d;iy"s :?<>od health, 
r a night's repose ; and from that stroke I ha' 



idea of ever free!;' recovering ; my u 



■■adoil n 






persisted, and after r 
somewhat ill grace, 
Madras in Sept., and 


9f. to Govt., Maake 

allowed him to p 
n the following mon 
t.-' Europe — a cabin 


After several months 
permission to proceed 

draw his pension the 
6-3-07, in the Com 

Gravesend 9-9-07, 


delay he was giv 
to Kngland with an 
e. He embarked , 
any's ship Asia, '. 
nd was drowned 


1MPC 10-12-02. 

5 Mad. Wilht, 1809. Anai 
'■ N'n particulars known. 


s Eelur, 48 0/16. ' 

covini. o.l' these bequests 
■•.hirkhtim (7-9). 



later, apparently on s 
Aberdeen. 

lielnro sailing he made I 
on my property will at all 

!)■_':.] >ili to liiv ::Lt'--tr ftobi 1 

near Aberdeet.^.h" annuls 
should survive him she shi 

"The other £100 •tbu 



By Lamp has 

lever enjoy mu< 

Ths iotltra-ins 



MONCRIEFF 

i-passage from London to 



Ui.e Mr. Ii 
in t.he St." 



rn out well, and that 
mankind, should I 

laboure myself" 3 . 
is taken from The 

'wo Indian Manna. 

the property of the- 



is b.iiier 



i; Karon 

of Mar: 



and Dtraughtsm 


an, ho had 


Gentlemen who 




f his native our 


.!■,■-( Abe,- 



"Being an excellent Sun 
agreed, at ths request of se 1 

hi-.u, to survey and dii.w a, c: 

deen ), the profits of which he intended t 

uharitnbiE purpose iti the city .jf Aberdeen". 

MAXFIELD, William. Bo. Marine. 

2/Lt. 5-^-03 ... Junr. Capt. 24-11-23 ; furl. 
1823-^1 ; ret. 9-7-25. 
1804-6, on Lord Valentia's svy. (if Red Sea [ 392 ], survg. 
Massawa and part of Abyssinia coast'. 

April to Oct. ISUIJ, sure r. with mission to Kind f l6S-g, 
175] 

For manv vcntt.J 1st Aast. to \h;r. Sure 1 ., liuusui! ■" -jui'i "j ; 
IS J 6, survd. month of H (middy and ii. coast. 

July 1817. ittinnjj. svy. ship .Sophia, brootrht Maekec/ie 
from Madras to Calcutta. 

MENZIES, William. Ben. Inf. 
b. 20-6-1778. ci. 3-1-61. 

Ens. 24-1-1S00 ... Capt. 17-5-15; furl. 18!5 ; ret. 
10-6-18. 

Son of Win. Mercies, writer of the. (tustoms ho. Edin- 
burgh, jtnd i-;ii:'.ji.]if!iti his wife. 

ra„ Edinburgh, J3-8 11, Harriet Fordyr.te, dau. of Dr. Cal- 
[i!-nii!-. .if Oriiiiifurth. 

Hudson, III (279). 

Oct-Nov., 1305, survd. route of dett. in pursuit of Holkar, 
Thiinesar to Hansi 8 [59 J. 

riis later sutvttys in Ctniti: NiLjjpur did not meet with the 
t-jCVs approval [ 44 ]. 

MONCRIEFF, Bryce [ I, 356-7 ]. Bo. Engra. 
b. c. 1766. d. 10-1-02, Bombay. 

Ens. ( Inf. ) 26-7-1785 ; ( Engra. ) 14-1-1791 . . 

CaptLieut. 8-1-1796. 

16-2-1796, Asst. Survr., Bo. Est., in place of 

Emrnitt [I, 132, 273, 337]; 1795-1801, on svy. 

Malabar and Kanara [ 96, 108, 116, 167 ] ; from 1797, 

comdg. Pioneers in Malabar [ 323, 409 ]. 

1800-1, with Stevenson's force in Wynad [123, 
386]; leave to Bombay, joining "Reynolds at Surat, 
to help with map [ 282 ] ; d. whilst, on leave. 



Nagar, or Bednur, ( 



., __ O/l [pi. 11 ]. «From Mather, lfi-li-Cjfi ; MFC. 8-7-06. 

of these bequests is id 1 .-..'!! in T.U Vh'!yy:.j?. -r.f :■',.'■ ■r.nrUi.-i. W:n. Tetnple. Aberdeen 1S9-1 i SilS-J! \ 
■--■■■■ " «53 C/13to 44 0/16. 



MONTEITH 

MONTEITH, William 1 . Mad. Engrs. 
b. 1790. d. 1S-4-64. 

Lieut. 1S-3-09 ... MGen. 23-11-41 ; 
Lt Gen. 2S-11-54. 

m., Marvlebone, London. -3 S 31. Marin, riau. of Thos. 
Murdoch, of Portland Place : ihfir son, Win. !■:];> kin stone, 
h. 15-10-35, d., Bangalore, 21-10-41. 

ELS., Persia. 

; with Mn.lcohn 



. 10-1 -2 47, 



Soml aj 



India" 3 . Eve 



10-1-10. 



DDn. 232. (445-6), 16-11-33; 



MONTGOMERY, Duncan. Mad. Cav. 
b. 30-7-80. d. 20-4-7S. 

Corn, 1-6-10 ... Capt. 21-12-28; Maj. 17-8-33. 
ret. 1G-3-J0 , Una. Lb Col. 23-11-54. 

Son of Duncan Moo; ni ■. n bverkei! iing, co. Fife. 

:ti., Madras, 17-1- il-5, Harriet Isa'tollo. Katiierine, dau. of 
titeri. J. Dirrand, Mad. Est. 

Arrd. Madras as cadet of T:',f, the Directors writing, 

(i-l-i.'ij ; '"U- hi-.v appointed Air. -: ,.■. ., ". i ■ ■ i I .- . ■ . 

now a Cadet in the iufmtry at you;' Presidency, to he a Cadet 
of Cavalrv. ... Should .Mr. Jiontsome rie prefer (smli-nung in 
the Infantry, let us know". 



> BIOGRAPHICAL 

March 1810, MML, cl. V [321 ]. On completion 
of course, being an exceptionally good dmn., kept 

on with Moimtford to reding inn! compile the Instn. 
svys.. into a one-inch map [ 129, 319 ; pi. 12 ], 

MGO. 26-11-24, appd. DSG., Madras. [ rzo, 149, 

147, 214, 394]. 

MOOKOROFT, William. Vet. Surg. 

b. c. 1765, in Lancashire, d. Aug /Sept. 
1825, Andkhui 5 , Afghanistan. 

ed. Liverpool as «ur;_'. ; studied vet. science in K ranee, and 
praorisod several yer.ys in London. 

DNB.; DIB.; Bio. note, M oorcrojt 4, T rebeck, I [ xviii 
toxlvii]. 

Left England May 1808 on appt. Vet. Surg, to 
Bengal Govt, and, 4-12-08, took over duty at Pusa, 
Bihar, as Supdt. of the Company's stud, plans for 
necessary buildings hnving been submitted by SG. 
in 1806. 

Account of the sin::, .and np prcc ia Hon of Mfujruroft's work, 
is given by the CO.. Lord Moira, who visited it in 1S15. 
He writes on ltif.o Sept.. ac "Had^ipore 1 !, a little way up the 
Gunduek river. ... I went ashore to iiisnoii. part of the stud. ... 
The brood niaves were what I had gone to sec this after- 
noon. ... Dined at ...Jaht o'clock wH.l, M.r. U 00 rcroft...to meet 
a large party which ho had inviifiri I'roui Patna. ... 

"17th. ... I went ashore ai. down and had a large number 
of colts and fillies, ehiellv two-year olds, led past me. It was 
impossible to see thcin and not. be sensible how far the plan 
has answered towards introducing a better breed of horses 
into the country. ... Mares are given from the stud to the 
zemindars, ... to have the benefit of the stud horses gratis, 
and Government is to have the refusal of the produce at one 
year old for a hundred rupees. ... I have examined here 
about 600 horses of various broods and crosses. 

vent on shore ar, daybreak to look over Mr. 



croft's 
1812, after the British advar 

:roft had visited |.he Punjab, 

ic moved to ili» neighbourhood of His,;:!r in II, 



the Sutlej [ 61-z ], 

' ■ that the 



From Saharaiipm, Ik; obtained, permission from the 
AGG., Fategarh, to make an expn. into Tibet to collect 
specimens of mountain ponies and long-haired goats, 
under the pretext of a visit to Lake Manas aro war. 
He started from Roh ilk hand through Garhwal in 
May taking Hearsey as survr. T 30-1, 404-5 ] 9 . The 
Council at Ft. William were horrified to hear of this 
journey, as it Jay through Gurkhn territory and would 
surely lead to trouble [80]. 

These fears were justified, for on their return Moor- 
croft and Hearsey won; arrested, and were for several 
days in fear of their lives. The Nepaleae were un- 
doubtedly much offended b; two stranger's travelling 
through their territories without permits, disguised a,s 
fakirs, and with a htrw: io! lowing, which on the return 
journey included flocks of nearly 200 so;xts and other 
animals. Govt, had to intervene with a letter to 
Katmandu before their release could be effected after 
17 days .-lose confinement 10 [ 80, 404 ]. 

Whilst in Tibet they were assisted by the family ofKisiien 
Singh the famous o;;p I ;aor ; " Messrs Moorc'ioft- and Hearsay 
wore I ravel ling in \Y. Ti lie; disguised as fakirs, and under 
the assumed names of .Uayaporl and ffargiri. They visited 



iCs.!led"Joe" by Macdonald [ 410 ], >B Pol C. 15-11-11. 'DDn. 144 (41 ). 'AfeiaiuJer < 189, 3B1 ). -over 20 
m. S. of Bukhara. 'Hajipm, 72 G:2. 'Hssfnv Ja^n.-A ( 233). ■ B'l'ol 0. i:,-<:>-l2 1 03 i. ■' B to OD., Pol, 15-6-1 
.(31-40). '"BPolC. 18-11-12(17), etseq. 



this rK. j h iii!::l ad'.-E 



, William. Mad. Art. 
:-178I. d, 1S-5-5I. 



"November 1 
Betta 6 , to mea™ 
about five miles 

i bill of a 

Promts in Cent. 
3045 ft. ; Nagara 



the 6th July, ... to 
manner in which the 
... ha should set off 

3. He also attends 
]. Left for Mysore 


Sept. at the end of 
During Slacks 
April 1811 to & 
Madras in additi. 
163, 276, 299, 30- 


Seringapa-tam, keep- 
212]; 


After holding ch 


6 summit of EeMi^r.ca! 


thece 5 years. Ret 


'■ surrounds! by jiin K l«. 


Autograph n-ill b 



(15, Mo 
382 ]. 



ihange. 2 Blaek { 152 j ; Bimard 4 irayden f lyGj. ^Murray, 11 ! 401-25 ). translated from the Persian, 
ii .4sia...l812-13. * London Gas. 8-0-20; elsewhere given 21-0-21. »BasK*snk4 57 D/9. 'Hatti Betta, 



MORRIESON 



ORiUKKON, TIuj 



1SU0 } a mi 
iard Pryce 



jr. [ 6, 16, 

[inf.]. 
Cutmck. 



MORRIESON, 
b. 5-4-17E 



Ha 



leitsdctt. 
17-1-10, 
i to. > GLU'od 
1809, and 
is place to 
>py of my 



■rag 



5 provided 
■with a regular copy for a field book, I have adopted 

the method which appears !i;ost easy ami distinct. ... 
"I Lefiriil a littls astronomy imd :-;7hf.!".'icfi! trigono- 
metry along with my other mathematical studies 
before goinr: to Woolwich, but fear I am now some- 
what rusty. ... Orders are out for our again march- 
ing tomorrow [228]. ... With best regards to Mrs. 

CompIiLiiif'v. bitterly of his svy. allce. being cut 
for recovery of cost, of very icftnior irrsts. supplied 
by commt. [223, 329]*- 

Rejoined corps, u-f Benares aL end of May. 

BMC. 8-2-11, being reedd. by SG-, was appd. to 
svy. of Sundavban.3, BOO. -2-4-1 1, starting work iKith 
April [ 365 ]. For throe years lie carried on svy., stop- 
ped only by monsoon between July and Oct., and 
completed a large tniiit of the tedioui country E. of the 
Hooghly [6. 7, 14-7, 177 ]■ Work lay mostly through 
dense sundra forest, teeming with tigers [ 17 ] ; 
''charcoal burners Hud woodcutters had holy men in 



2 BIOGRAPHICAL 

attendance to preserve them from tigers, the 
surveyors had no such protection". ... ivlorrieson 
records tJiat oiw oven in;:, in 1S1 2 ; "whilst the people 
were cooking their dinners on the banks of Saugor 
Island, a tiger sprang upon an old dandie 5 ; one of 
my sepoys advanced with a hatchet, and is said to 
have hit the tiger on the head ; the blow was fatal 
to himself, for the tiger left the old man, who was not 
much hurt, and earriod off the sepoy. ... 



Thei 



;^i.s killed my J-:>ii,v:;..u- 



oniii.tr, a tiyer 



stodi 



.ypro- 



both on account of the tigei 
damaged by worms [ 17 ]. .. 

"This day n 111.111 by the n- 
of the borHs, was ti'.rned 0" 
and the ebb having s»t : n 

ronton the ;■:;■ v."! * i- ■ 
people on board advised hi 
above a minute on shore 1 
n. off 6 ". 



and by their boats being much 

ne of Gunga itam, man] ee to one 
:>y a tiger. The wind was high, 
e could not reach the place he 
■r w-.s driven near the shore, he 
wline in his hand ; all the other 
. not to go. He had not been 
icu the- tiger sprung upon him 



tie discusses the 
fcion ; "I have no hesitation 

iv ha lever ir.ip:Ti.Jsion lis- been ]n,ii : e on tlie Jungle lias 
l.;-.- ; 1 ! ■ - 1 1 ti.i by Inniilhu;. WlieiM liis bends me neglected, 

''The vty-lihi ci" tr;e Si.JTiJ;!j-b:'n;-' only thfivy in .-ait Water, 
and the only sure wny of deiirii-g tins huii.ls i- by tir.=t- keeping 
out the Kprhi:.; 'fides wlrhi; inni.eate tin.' whole of the Sundr.r- 

Itav iSl I, handed over to \-U fro. Hugh, iviio lir.d been 



Churchill" of Calcutta, a sum of Us. 1000"". 

MQTOTXFGBD, Francis Mad. Inf. 

bapt. 23-7-1790. d. 1 1-7-24, Madras. 

Ena. 25-10-09" ... Bt. Caat. 30-4-23. 
Sou of Thomas MoiintFord. 

in., Madras. 13-1-23. Mis; Emily U;i:;ciwood [' 410, 4I0 ], 
March 1810, MML, cl. V ["320]; MGO. 17-7-12, 

kept with Montgomerie to compile and draw MMI. 

svys. on reduced scabs, completed in Feb. 1815 

[129-30, 319,430]. 



iHiripur, 54 P/3. 2 Chhatarpur, 54 P/ 3. 3 DT)n. S3 ( 1-16). Mb. ( 135). E boatman [I, .-^j ]. <*ShcrwilI. 'Note 
on map datwl 1-7-14 ; JIRIO. Misc. 2-0-14. " v. 1 [listers' Jourml '. 6 i. " BMC. ld-6-I4. '»But»-;i!, bli M/6. "Letter 
from Gen. Wood's camp, 4-1-15; CO. 19-1-15. v. Nepa:d /•■war? (127,525!. --Henry Chnreliilh arrd. India in eomd. of 
Wxl-pole; MiriTie ['vtih : . & storcitcencr, ;i;id at -tio !irae flh :■■:■![•", 0;di:uU:i ; m.. Cidciitla. 15-11-1780, M\rv, d'.m. of R. G. Birch, 
ECS. ; Hicltey, III"( 295-8, 322 ), IV { 326, 343-4 ). "Ben. Wills, ISIS. "MGO. 31-12-11. 



NOTES 4 

MMC. 1-7-15, appd. to act as Asst. Ixistr. at MMI., 
and 1816, reemployed to draw maps from latest 
svys. of Instti. 

1817, appd. to svy. Guntur ; 1818, feo ch. of SGO. 
Madras, holding post till death. 

MUNRO , Thomas. Mad. Inf. 

b. 27-5-1761. d. 6-7-27, of cholera, 

Pattikonda, Kurnool Dist. 

Ena. 20-5-1779 ... SIGen. Aug. 1819; Govt, of 
Madras, 1820 till death. 

So:, ui A!i\arn h-;- .\Pmro of G!as:-)i;-. fat. Glasgow. 

in., 30-3-14, Miss Jane Campbell, from Craigic Ho. 
Ayrshire. 

CB. 1818 ; KGB. 1919 ; Bart. 1826. 

DLVB. !/lti. ; VIMC. !!.l ; Gloirr. with pettriu'.. v., I. I; 
Arbuthnot ; Bradshaw ; Times 6-10-1942, portrait by 
Rac-burn sold for £G82-pts at Christie's ; corr.rah, by Acchcr- 
SW V.',!. j.'.U.L 34.2 ; i;ei S kvji:; al. 10. ( rosier, 89 |. 

Aug. 1788, appd. asst,. Intelligence Kept., under Alex. 
Bead "[ I, 369 ]. and attd. to hdr]rs. of force oocupyins; Guntilr 
[I, IH], Mysore War, 1701-2, on transport and supply 
duties under Bead. 

April 1792 to 1799, asst. to Read on rev. adnm. 
in Baramahal [ I, 144-5 ]- 1799, Sec. to Mysore 
Coram [I, 119]. From July 17B9, in eiv. oh. of 
Kanara, making settlement of rev. based on ancient 
records [96, 158 ]. 

Oct. 1800, tr. to civil ch. of Ceded Dists., which he 
held till Oct. 1807 [366-7]. Completed settlement of 
revenues, establish!:?;; procedure of regular ryotwari 
Svy. throusjb iiijfsril of Indian surer*, arid inspectors. 
His. system was a. dr-veloprjierit of that ompliiyed by 
Read in Baramahal, and in its turn became the guide 
for future rev. svys., ir.orr; particularly in Bombay 
Prosdcv. [ 8, 152, 180-2 ]. 

1808 to 181.4, England ; 1S14-7, re-employed in Madras as 
principal comnr. for division of internal adran.. [182-4]. 
Warm adYociiii! of :v:;v:v.ied iiuplovirKnt of Indians. 

1816 8, ComrJti. column in th Maratha Deocau as Brig. 



MURRAY, William. Mad. Inf. 
b, 11-3-1789. d. 8-1-35. 

Lieut. 17-7-05 ... Maj. 31-5-33. 

Son of James \ innv, v. roorcb.. of Aberdeen. 

in., lldinbar;:'!:. 3--! -23. Pli/aber.h. naa. of (Vra. Rose, and 
wid--.w of OoL AW. Campbell. 

April [Sufi, '.MM'.'., el. TT [ 320 ] ; 1810, on mil. avy. at Tclli- 
cherry, Malabar ; 1811, on svy. under Arthur in Travaneore 
[ 132 ], and detached to X. Malabar. 

NELTHROPP, Christian Leonard. Mad. Inf. 
b. 2-12-1789, Copenhagen, 
d. 16-7-21, Chitaldroog. 
Lieut. 17-7-05 ... Bt. Capt. 8-1-19. 
Son of U.ennck "vi;:^; ■]:::. manufacturer, of ('■.:■;:■ i'r _-■■<■■ 
m.. 31-S-1S, Miss Mar v Anne Dickey. 

Audi ISIifi. MMP, cl. if " 3-0 ' ; MGO. 9-10-10, attd. to 
QMG.'s Dept, ; MMC. 29-1-11, having completed 2 rears 
;l months r(;;.-ti. rimy, reed, for svy. branch. Q.MG.'s Dent. 
MMC. 2-4-12, being on svy. in Salem Dist., complains 'of 
lack of asstce. from Collr. 



3 NUTT 

Mad. Cvarier of July- 1821 gives following account of his 
death; "A lamer.'.! lie accident occurred on IHth July. 
Captain Xeltiuom, ami Ensign I'o-.vi-Jl 1 , of the 2nd Eatt. 14th 
Re.jrt. NT., were !,l„„Ti up by an. csploaion of ibm as r-d gun. 
powder, wbich it appears hart :>e.>r; thrown down incmiJiously 
into a deep dyke by the Lascars of the garrison, into which 
the two unfortunate officers were rolling large atones, hy 
which the pow.icr took lire and, exploding, blew these poor 

Com Cor. 6-8-26 ; Directors refuse widow's petition for 
special pension, 

NEWPORT, Christopher. "Bo. Inf. 
bapt. 1-11-1788. d. 15-8-44. 

Ens. 25-6-09 ... Capt. 1-5-24; ret. (as lit. Mai. ) 
5-1-42. 

Son of Wm. Newport of London. 

m., Exeter. 1830, Ann flobivii. i.i.iu. of Rev. thlwurd Peter 
Oriental Club. 

April 1812, joined Broach rev. svy. [323]; continued on 
rev. svy. till 1829, masV.y m Gujarat. 

NICH0LLS, Charles George. Mar. Survr. & 
Dmn. 

Arrd. Calcutta, probably as mariner, either 1702 or 1796. 

1799, "admitted a Draughtsman in the Office of 
the Surveyor General, having been instructed in 
tliusa braiu:in:s i hf learning. 

"1802, ...Directed to proceed on board of the 
Tiger Gun Ve^si'I f,o survey Orissa and the adjacent 
coast [ 10, II ], where he contracted an Epidemic 
Fever, a 1 ic I . . .e -c 1 nst it-Lit ion greatly debilitated. 

"1807, The Surveyor General, being deputed on 
a Survey of the- Ceded ft Conquered Provinces, took 
with hfm tin: greater part of Ins Ksti.i.biiahment, and 
[ Mr. ] Nicholls was the only Draughtsman left in 
the office" 2 [ 272 n.g, 273 ]. 

1808, naked Govt, support for a new and revised map of 
Calcutta [17]. Many esampbs of his beautiful drawing 
are preserved, as in pis. -1 & 7, and in chart, of Chittagong 
Coast comprising survev of Upjohn & lioberteon 8 . 

Pay increased r.:> Us. 2m in 1801 ; on appn. to retire on 
account of "exl-reim; iivakncs- el' bis sight and the pain 
which he frequently feels in bis lives', granted pension 
Ea. 150 pro. from 28-4-15. 

'l.'hi'ULdi not known bv M;\ek:-o*, : .: in 1818. name still shown 
in CalAR. for 1824. 

NISBETT, Harry. Ben. Engrs. & bcs. 
b. 11-11-1794. d. C-12-90. 
Ens. 1814. tr. to ecs. with antedate to 
30-4-14. 

Son of Walter Xisbett ami A.unc his wife, dau. of Boht. 

m.. Quedgelcv (iloucs., 10-2 '28, Anne Gnrtis-H.iviv.ird. 

ed. Marlow ; Addiseombo, 1809-10. 

IT.id.wii, 111(397). 

1812-3, as cadet, Asst. Survr. with Smyth in Chota 
Hagpur[45, 31111.2,312]. 

lo-7-l-l, appd. t-i svy. Gh:tt,i;;on^ i)i=it., but tr. following 
month to civ. [ 19]. 

NUTT, Justinian. Bo. Engrs. 
b. 1-11-1786. d. 18-7-53. 

Lieut. 7-1-05 ... Ma]. 10-4-30. 



iJo::ri M-ore Pow.di ; 1803-21 j . Mnl. Tjif ; son of Philio Lew : s I'vivef. p- RM. [703-180P 
appn. for pension ; BMC. 28-4-15 ( U,i ). H1RIO, 100 (25). 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



ed. RMA. 

lucat. Fwkr. Bo. Art. 1-5-01 ; tr. to Bo. Engrs. 17-10-04. 
ioMC. 17-4-07, appd.Asst. to SC-. withallco. lis. 130 pm. 



[338]: Dec. 1808. 1 



[ 171 I 

Bo GO. 6-1-11, nticl. i.,i .-(■-..;'' iVpt. ,,., salary Ra. 250 pm. 
I 18S J ; He. writes huuself *'- i" "■ . .. .ri .1, of these catties 
i was niiibrluriafnly lukc'i ,-.'. .1 ;■■■.■(., 'itiv compelled to 
the very heavy, but uiuivi.i . .'(■■- ■■ . t 1 iair:ner a distant 
couutrv. ... Although pel 1 . - -.v- -ranted ino to proceed 
to St. Hidena, yet the v.-rj favourable accounts 1 received of 
t. ■ • 0" 1 ".. "!. '!i ■ * f ..'V Isle ul' FriLoci: on arriving 

at Ceylon ileLermined me. ..to try the air ui" Mini, quarter. ... 
In 1 ..I.. ■ \[j- ■ ... .> i , in 1, 1 1 .1 r, as ;.he sequel proved , I was but 
too unfortunately disappointed"' [ 418 ]. 

Procooiied on sick leave Jan. 1S12, SO. reporting, 
12—10-12; "Letters have lately beets received Train 
him dated at the Mauritius, by which it appears that 
his health is restored) and iie intends taking the first 
opportunity of joining" 5 . He did not return to 
India till the end of IS 13, und wasappd. under Bo GO. 
31-1-14 Asst. Tie v. Sur v r., Boitibay & Salset.fe, under 
.Dickinson, with alioes. Rs. 251) pm. [ 187, 323 ]. 

He did not serve long under Dickinson, and the 
records contain a aeries of long angry letters from 
both officers, (inscribing a most unhappy inspection 
made by Dickinson dating iMai'ch 1814 [395]- Ex- 
tracts give interesting dotaiis of survey methods. In 
reply to a complaint which Nutt made "to Govt., 
Dickinson writes, 27-3-14 ; 

"On examining the theodolite... I found the legs of the 
stand very mis(.i-ndy, and huna-dri rely sent for Mr. Nutt to 
enquire cheiher be had taken any angles wil li the Instrument 

'How could you in yo'.ir senses -.no done such a thing'. ... 

is your first station, or- from wind- point do you propose com- 
iment of yo'.a Base Line?' On. show in;* 
ibserved that, for tho excellent reasons 1 
ting, it would not only be improper, but 
o the letter and meaning of these in- 






ncither could ho, explain, 
I returned, 'Your manner 
tranger to the .Method, and 



you he so goo;: as to touch the proper adjust-ini? screw?' u 

which he put his finger on the wrong one, and a 

touched the wrong one. I felt so ashamed for 

merely said I conk; scarr-eiy credit what I saw" 5 . Altogether 

a most oi'.fomfori.able picnic 

After Govt, had accepted his resn., Nutt threw in 
a final shot, a long letter answering each one of 
Dickinson's many pionits separately, and insisting 
that there had been nothing so very wrong with his 
professional work as to tail for the rebukes showered 
upon him. 

"Captain Dickinson k.n.l writiiu so strongly of the beauty 
and excellence of the theodolite that .1 deemed an examina- 
tion ■■: it ;n 1 no iw.-v ■: I "I fir fakir.:- it cat of the box ; however, 
at V.'. '.: 1 ■ .. ■ .Thins to .Mr. Tate that one of I. ho lugs 
appeared a litth- tm.-.t-eady, I, in consequence, paid the more 
•i- 1 ' i- 1 '■■• (-..■■ u'oik then, all hrm to the ground ; I he ana Ins 

completion of the whole the first operation was repeated, anil 
the variation of a few seconds only observed. ... 

"In the instructions I can find nothing relating to the 
particular position which either I, or Mr. Tate, was to take 
for the plumb dirc-clioii of tin- flag skin" ; ( presume, however. 




1 missing, 

■ 1 .10 asms 

■ :■.. ■.;■■■■:, 



L Mut 



hailotl t 



" Although he lor., lt':i\ ing our 'I .. nts I m\ sriably mentioned 
the object, for which v.e were going out. it fiToner.tly happened 
th;it sou ie thing essential was forgotten, on which occasion 

"On assembling at the other, 'lent alien- rni.urning from our 
morning work, I was surprised at Mr. Xut.i.'s asking me 
whether there wss anything I hat lie could do in the office ? 
to which I replied, 'Have you really prepared or done no- 
thing?', and on further enquiry I. had the- mortification to 
find thai, he had neither much: use of pen. Ink, paper, or Ins- 
trument ; upon winch I pointed out to him how much might 

"Again, on the- last morning, I was sadly oisapponred to 
find that he had taken for a station ;l spot where, without 
imminent danger, it was almost impossible to fix the instru- 
ment, and with most excellent ground ail round us; this 
caused lit serious, and very consider:! Uc detention, for which, 
and the very shiiiuef-.il manner in which it rind ail of the flags 
had been put in the ground, I did not hesitate to reprimand 
Messrs \ nit and Tate. 

"Having with grout difficulty- fixed the instrument, I 
observed to Lieuteitunh v ntl. that be appeared to be levelling 
it on no fixed principle, and asked him to explain what lie 



be conducted : was it not therefore natural I should 
hat was to be done in the oiiioe: and as to the uiorti- 
t finding that neither pet:, ink, nor paper had been 
., no necessity wli-treyer... existed for the two former, 
but. the latter, together with pencil, had been used when 
required. ..." 

Regarding the next episode, '"This was our principal 
station, the iiagstaif of which, for greater security, had not 
onlv lx.cn fastened by three ropes, tint had likewise around ir 
a pile of rocks of a conical forio : these 11 ere whitewashed to 
render them visible at the further extremity of the districts. 
Captain Oickiosou, however, or. attaining the summit of the 
hill, instantly condnmned the situation, d.amned the rocks. 
and declared he had lu-vor seen so lil.i.le attention paid to the 

And about the level adjustment ; "To the best, of my know- 
ledge no socb conversation... ever took place, and that- so far 
from my mode of levelling having for its basis no fixed 
principle, it is thai which is practised by lire Surveyor General 
on this Establishment, and uiso by those employed on the 
Trigonometrical Survey in England, and recommended, I 
believe, by all authors who nave written on the subject; 
.0 much can he said in favor of Captain LJi-.-kin.-oii's 



method I very much doubt indeed". 

" Respecting Captain TJkkmsohs complaint of the s( 
of my animadversions, the confession made in the comi 



srifcy 



r from Xutt 



i-2-14; Bo MC. 2-3-14. "Bo RC. 20-10-12. 






rncnt of his own lutter i 
indeed, on a calm and d 
the ease, '[ might. ..add r.i 
ii.il mitt in; tin; vididi'.y of 

sun posed my i'.-;-:; L iiicj c-. , :i 1 1 

and reprimand. I thank 
If, indeed, upbuilding ai 
trininij, insigiiirkiant, ooe 
(i(iiilii]i:i(i-. iLiiil as iiiitura 
verted into disgust. 

"I cannot conclude without expressing my deep 
and sincere, rw^ret sit Cwptsiir] Dickinson's not having 
complied with, my request in the first instance of coin- 
ing over to Sn-lst'i.ie, and Ci.>nLniiuiii.;ii;.L[ig m a full and 
friendly manner his vvi-dics and intentions, since .[ feel 



wal for die si 



rendering the duf 
think he would hi 
fidence he might 1 

"Until serving a 









Baroche,. 1811... is < 
different from the Is 
the move keenly as 
Military Academy a 



for zeal and activity mid si 



O'-OONEL, Hugh. Ben. Inf. 

b. 2-7-1785. d. 27-9-37, Nasirabad, 

Rajputana ; an. 
Ens. 7-4-05 ... Lt Col. 13-8-35. 
Son of Frarn.as tJ'Douel, of Kuoommon, ra. Mayo, and 
Cathc ri:ie his wife. 

m.. Dinajp-ur. Ber.aaJ, . L2 26. Miss June Finch. 
Hodson, III. 

181 1-3, with Ramgarh Batt, ; DDn. 270 (36), survd. 
various marches under Poueiisciigc rn frontiers of Ciiota 
iS'agpur and l:'.ili\iiiiLii | .130-40 I , 1813. survd. route through 
Shahpur 1 and Surgojii [ 47, 312 ]. 

O'DONNOGHUE, John Jefferv. Mad. Tnf. 
b. 6-7-17SG. d. 13-1-60." 






,~a-fl4 



Maj. 



3-4-28 ... ret. 4-0-30; 
Hon. Lt Col. 28-11-54. 

Sim hi' Bl&abeth 0*!Dc ighne, of Cork. 

m.. Lauidiame. c.j. Carmarthen. 8 1-29, The-odosia Cathe- 
rine, dan. of Rev. Win. Hamilton. 

April l.Sti.'i, MML. el. 1 [ i2o ] ; Aug. 1803 and Feh.-April 



i, arys. 1 






134]- 

ib. ( 



1-13, appd. 



laving b< 

.ore than a year [ 50 o 

svy. branch, QMG.'s De[ 



a 1st el. 21-1 

' "MiiC."l5-ll-14, appd. temporary AQMG. to force assembl- 
ing in Dec can ; survd. routes d'jrinj; faiuoiiisn-rs 18IB-" ; 
11-5-18, thanked hv Hiinro for abie assistance before 
Sholapur. 

182 t-o, mentioned se\ oral times m despatches on siege of 
Kittur 3 , and uper:;: nms in 8. .Yliiiiitha Daccan. 

1S23-8, QMS. Fd. force in Deccan. 



OLLIVER, Joseph.. Civ. Asst., gts. 
b. 17S6. 



ret. 1843. 

1S0O, appd. to survg. school, Madras; 1804-6, asst. 

with Kater on Lamb ton's svy., returning to the 
school on Eater's departure. JEVIC. 11-3-07, posted 
to Lambton's svy. [ 346, 352 ] ; MFC. 11-6-13, Lamb- 
ton reports him, 19-5-13, " a young man of good 

behaviour, of pi'oinisirte La-loots, and... hitherto exceed- 
ingly attentive to Ms duty" f 164 ]. 

Had long career in GTS., being left in oh. during 
Everest's absence in England, 1825-30. 

OVANS, Charles. Bo. Inf. 

b. 20-9-1793. d. 19-7-58. 

Ens. 25-7-09 ... Lt Col. 5-9-35; MGen. 1854, 
Son of David Ovans of Tiveedmoulh. 

in., Tivi't'diTioiirli. i2~) 11 34, Jessv. dun. of Join; Rohertsoi:. 
Oriental Club, 

M'urcii 1812. anpii. to rev. svv. Broach [ j2=i]. und continued 
on rev. svy. till 1829. 
1835, Resdl. SalAra, 

PARLEY, Samuel. Ben. Art. 

b&pt, 9-5-1789. d. 21-3-78. 

Lieut. 28-3-06 ... Mai. 36-9-80 ; ret. 3-3-31 : Hon 
Lt Col 28-11-54. 

Son of Rev. o'jmui-l Pa rib v, later of Wickham M 
Suffolk, i'-iid Ann Cook his wife. 

m., 1st., Baxicd. 2:1-0-17, Ann-/, dau. of Rev. Dr. Thos. 
Reir.-aii Hooker. 

m., 2nd.. Cape Town, 29-S-31, Hester, dau. of 

ed. I: MA. ri - ■ lit ! 402). 



1822-;, ed. 77;;' Br-iL'.h lutii'jii Military Erp-i.-.'tnrij. :i vols. 

PATEBSON, James. Ben. Cav. 
b. 25-6-1784. d. 10-1-50. 

Corn. 24-6-1800 ... Capt. 1-1-19; ret. 13-5-19. 

Son of Dr. George Pitcrs-im, JP., eo. Perth, and his wife, 
the Hon. Anne Cray, dan. of John. 12i!i Lord Gray. 

m., 3-9-21, Davie, dan. of David Krskine. 

Hod=ori, ITT (470). 

i 8i 0, survd. route of 4th TsC. hudi liana to Sahii ran- 
pur ; 16-10-10 to 7—1-11, survd. route Kama! to 
Kalewar [ 65 ]. 

DDn. 27!) i 21 ). 21 r, 14. whilst "studying in the College 
of Fort William", address 17 South IJarraek.s.asks permission 
to attend SG.'s classes in astronomy [ ig 3 ], and in letter of 
2S-5-M Hodgson sa^gesis iiis uppt. to proposed svy. into 
the BirnSlays ; "A frient] of rnii-.e. J.ioiitenant Patcrson, who 
is of a philosophical titrn ( and is 



:yor) 



■ould b. 



*le* 



1 of al 



Expedition" [84], The Sepal 
War put r;n end in such plans. 

Feb-Ahircb IS16, survd. route from Bhagwanpur 
to Pipaldhar 4 di.ii'in t . Oohterlony's advance into 
Nepal [ 43 ]. 

Aug, 1817, on svy. in Btindelkhand ; very noat 
mnp frenn Kairoii i'jr ^v'.'Jt■ t.i;. Kiilinjar on oast ; 
MRIO. S3 ( 24 ). 



1 Letter dated 7-4-14 ; Bo RC. 27-4-14. '64 I, M. 5 48 1/14, 25 m. S. of lidganm. * 72 J/1. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



PATOX, John Forbes. Ben. Engrs. 
b. 1796-7. d. at sea, 7-2-27. 

Ena. 6-5-15 ... Capt. 10-3-33. 

Hon of John .Eaton [ I?b 3 1S24 ). Bon. Inf., QMf'i. Bengal 
1808-20, and Mary his wife. 

rid. l'!dirlbur;;h "llkd: School : Ad. I isei.cnbe, 1811-2. 
m., Calcutta, :>:! I -in, Emilv, da:.;. ,,f E j_ i l ^r ;i Stafford. Ben. 
Inf. 

Hodson, III ( 475-6 ]. 

BGO. 30-9-14, appd. with Edward Garstin, both 

being std.l cadet?., asst. survr. under Hodgson with 
Marley's Div. on Nopal frontier [41,42,312,408]; 
continued svy. till end of March 1815. 

1815-6, with Hodgson as asst. survr. to svy. of 
Sirmfir and Xali~.ea.-ii ; both i'a.',o:i and Carstin rend., 
15-11-16, as they could not keep up necessary 
transport in the hills on their meagre allces. 
[399-400] 

1818, Maratha War; survd. routes of MGen. 
Brown's dett. in pursuit otpituhlris, Ximach-Jawud- 
Xasirsibiid Xarwar ; decorated them with most 
ol'feet-ive sketches in sepia 1 . 

PATRICKSON, William Gould. Ben. Inf. 
b. c. 1779. d. 21-8-42. 

"-10-24 ; ret. 22-4-27. 
i Cuttaek to Sambalpur, "with 



PEGKETT, James. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 27-3-1791. d. 5-12-48, Calcutta. 

Ens. 18-11-08 ... Col. 13-3-14. 

Son of James & Charlotte Peokett. ed. RMA . 

til., 2:}-l-23. Cal hcrioc fiur.loo. dan. .if Robert Hepburn. 

Hudson, 111(494). 

Tr., 14-11-09. from art. to Engrs. with auto-date ; LS10, 
after study ink- iidronomy in C'iil'Sitt! [ 19.: |. sent to Cuttaek 

favourably on his work. 12-1-11 [ 25 J. 

DDn. 126 ( 106 ), instructed by HO., l-t-9-11, to proceed 

to Pat. Oil and svy. alternative linen for ron;] to Gay a, [ 10, 312 ] ; 
"The ma|.is of this part, of the country arc very defective, 
which your survey of these, two linen will in some degree 
serve to correct. Much cure must be taken 1.0 observe the 
levels. ... You will return from Gay.-.i by trie iiiisah road'-, 
and iui soon lis those two surveys ar;' completed, will form... 
estimates of the uuui tier of solid f-cet of Earth to be removed 
to make the Roads, marking on the surveys the average 
height t:.ev .are r.'' be raised frova nkce to place ; anil von 
vdil enquire the u^n.d expense 01 ■ : L ;-;■"■/ Lr_ ; T tanks near those 
tokens thev pas-', wnich will shov," the rife of labour per 1 00 



PERRY. James. Mad. Inf. 

b., Bath., 12-6-1790. d. 17-3-63. 

Eos. 27-6-06 ... Lt Col. 13-7-31 ; Lt Gen. 6-13-53, 

m., 1st., Madras. ". -7-26. Eli/.abeth, dau. of Lt Col. Win. 
fiend, Brat. Army. 

m., 2nd., London. IS- 12 50. Ida. dau. of Capt, J. E. Parlby 

Oriental CI116. 

June 1807, MMI. el. Ill [ 320 ] ; 1810, planetabling 
under Garling towards Fulicat [ 127 ] ; Nov. 1810, 
route- svy. Bangalore to llaiisn-lore ; 1810-11, on 
svy. of Goa- [ 156 n.5, 399 |, being relieved, 30-6-11, 
and all-owed 6 weeks to finish drawing before joining 



rejon 

PICKERSGILL, Joshua. Ben. Inf. 

b. 11-5-1781. d. of fsvor, 8-9-18, 

Saugor, CP ; mi. 
Ens. 21-7-06 ... Lieut. 1-2-07. 
Son of Joshua i'ickers.vib of St. Albans and Harriot his 
wife, dau. of Sir John Morrav (1718-77), Bart., DNB.; 
bro. of Wm., Ben. Inf. 

Author of Three Brothers, 4 vols. 1803. Crofton, II ( 63 ). 
Hodson. Ill ( 526 ). 

30-6-04, purchased commn. as Ens. HM. 22nd Regt. 
(Cheshire); embarked for India Scot. 1S04; joined 22nd 
Cawnpore, 24-0-05, remaining till 5-3-06, when granted 

DDn. 81 ( 14 ), Jan. 1808, survd. route of 1st 24th 
81., Delhi to Agra. 

Feb. 1813, owing to his experience of route svy. 
appd. to comd. escort of M.,i i . RfLiishaw, investigating 
Xepalese enoroauii'iient.s on Gorakbpur frontier, [ 38 ]. 
Survd. lands under dispute towards Butwal, con- 
tinuing through "the heats of April and the rains 
of September" [ 5, 35 ] 5 . 

BGO. 13 1 1-4, relieved of connl. of escort, and 
appd. to svy. whole length of Nepal frontier 
with Gorakhpur, under SG.'s orders. Several times 
interrupted by Nepal ese, he narrowly 
fate of the police parties that were 
toward:; the end of May ' 39 40, 312 ] 8 . 

BSC. 10-1-15 ( 44 [.""Lieutenant Pickerst 



had been so 
Frontier, and 
industry and z- 
ing and dif 






Nor 



Nepaul, [ appd. ] to 
Imelligcnoo I'opartm 
Gei'.orul with Major (. 



a Sailgange close 
las undoubtedly 
i to have spared 



of Lieut. P.'s 

the Enemy 1 
judiciously o 
slowly to wan 



POTTINGER 



BMC. 9-6-15 (53-4), granted sick leave to 
Mauritius &■ the Cape : on his return resumed duty 
on Nepal frontier, with post of AQMG. Nov, 1815, 
sulinnis reports of " recimiiaissa.iK.T from the top of 
the RuiHsa-war Mounts ins, iuv.1 the various routes 
into Nepal " 3 . and in Feb. ISlti, his active work led 
to the successful advance of the 3rd Bde., of Och- 
terlony's victorious force, "through an intricate and 
difficult pass over the hills " lie had discovered*. 



villag 



ru., 1st., BnmUiiy. It 2 Ifi. Mis=s Harriet CalhiiuJ Hawkins, 
who d. 8-6-18, at Seroor. 

m., 2nd., 18-5-21. Mis; Caroline t' ranees West. 

DDn. i7S ( ifi. ! [■> :■. 1&U7 !;, survd. Ma.j. Walker's route 
from Barorlii t r i. route, 

Halwitia to Khanibhaliya ; both embodied in Hardy's map 
[ 169 I, and tlassp-ri inter by ,Tu;:ip as "valuable". 



the Jausle and Fo-est 
at active and indefati- 


PIERCE, Thomas. Bo. Inf. 


□uitted camp early in 


bap*. 2-5-1782. d. 22-12-32. 


:>■;.■ 


Lieut. 2G--5-1800 ... U Gol. 2-2-26 ; ret. 24-5-29. 

tephen JPord, W. Midd- 
lesex Mil. 
EIMC. 

CD. to Bo. 27-8- LO, Divceiors fail to re:.eivc fierce', map 
of Kauara ibie-K rope of n-hidi ho ton!-: homo for thorn [ i&S ! 



POOLE, Ke:irv Wynne. Mad. Inf. 
b. 29-8-1788. d. 16-3-44. 

Ens. 2Q-5-0S ... Maj. 31-8-34 ; ret. 2- 
Hon. tl f John ± Maty Poole, of Manchester. 



lie. 1 



■U-itlT.M 



, 2-10- I, Jlarii 



widow of Rev. J. 



POTTINGER, Henry. Bo. Inf. 

b. 3-10-1789. d. 18-3-50, Malta. 

Bus. Is-LMSfl ... Bt. Col. 22-1-34 ; Lt Gen. 1851. 
Soni.f KUo il .'■\vcnl'iittin«fr;nni'k")f Eidred Prittiiwer 



DNB. ; DIB. ; Oric 



,dau 


of Capt. Hi 


hard Cooke, 


CB. 


842. 

vis ( 1S-9 1- Porlcnit. bv 

d copies 10. and VM. 


miss 


ontoSind[ 


68-9I. 


1 Bo 


direction [ 7, 174-5 ]. 
nbiiy, landing W. of 
ae thro' Baluchistan to 


85"]- 


They wer 


forced, lie 
(lis the few 


en from Bombay ; ...to live 
ect Poverty and Privation 



r his death, James 



PIERCE, KorUiuatuii Haghy. Bo. Art. 

bapt, 3-6-17S4. d. 31-12-32, Bombay. 
LtFwkr. 15-5-02- ... Col. 5-6-29. 
.Son of Thiw. & Liddy fierce, of Bristol : bro. of Thomas 

'John Bennett H. ( 1793-1865 ), Bon. Cav. ; half-bro. to 
[404k a BSC. 7-3-15 (99). 3 ii.i. 20-1-10(18). < Nepal 
"Prinsep, 1(203). 'DBn. 191 (351 |, 16-8-21. s Kushki, 

or started on pilgrimage to Mecca. 



Hydcr Jung H. and sole le,-i-i: ■...•.(■ *o:i of Andrew Wilson H. 
■1 I'vvr* ( S62): Cardcw. s 72 \v.Z, 2B 111. SW. of KathrTiandn. 
34K/2, 75 m. SW. of Quetta. ' Muhamrnadan. who has made 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



On account "nf the ''.maia-ai-iarv li.iidsiiips and greal 
personal daubers ' to wlii, I.--- iii li] i ';,;■;,.: a- i;n,-L beer. rvniMi'.d, 
,: "i-- ^rr.r I. ! t^ ., , .,.,. , donation of lis. G,000 in addition 

Rnbd. ;tt-M-ir.t ■>: ::«sc journey.; in 1816, Trails m Brfoo- 

Cutch, 1825; PA., 
Sind. lM:Sfi;niisaio,iK. ;."-:■■. LSLiijOvr. lb .:r ls - koiisr. [.s-lH 4; 
Govt., Cape of Good Hope, [Sill- 7 ; Govr.. Madras,'lS47-j-l. 

PRICE, Ferdinand. Bo. Engrs. 

b. 2-3-1791, Guernsey, kd. in action 
11-11-20, Alashkara, Arabia. 

Ena. 18-9-08 ... Lieut. 1-1-10. 
Son of Win. Peter Price. 

Bo EC. 37-1-14, appd. to rev. avy. ; Bo MC, 11-2-15, 
Senr. Asst. rev. svy. Bombay I. [ 187 ] ; ib. 18-10-15, to 



Sura 



nidor CE. 



. Inf., liiv!. 



RAND, Charles. Mad. Inf. 

b. 10-8-1778. d. 21-8-08, Bangalore. 

Ens. 18-1-1796 ... Capt. 21-9-1804. 

[11.. Madia-:. 2- \i X\. V.\ :-.;. .'.!-!. dim. of MCeji. Collins. 

1*01. Skfsr.cli of Wyni-iJ 2 , sd. as "late Deny. Capt. of 
Guides": 1802, Maps o;"K.unua L ^ir'.!. and "Cotiote"" [ 123 I. 

DDn. 43 ( 241 ). 1-7-06, MacU.m- addresses Mm as Town 
Major. Senn.gapata.ra. 

Not to lit. confused «-iili Chi.s. Rand. Mac 
22-10-1782, Capt. 12-10-1798, ret. 1802. 

RANKIN 4 , John Grant. Ben. Inf. 
b. 26-7-17S9. d. 6-8-12. 

Ens, 30-4-Q5 ... Capt. 12-10 I79S ; re 

Son of Cliiirl"- i.iankon. Bon. Inf. [ I ?:.S I ;i 
wife. 

,:..•.. Chartcrhouec. .[SO I 3. Hudson, III. 



RAPTCR, Felix Vincent. Ren. Inf. 

b. 1778, Macao, China, d. 14-11^9. 

Ens. 29-9-1797 ... Col. 1-12-29; MGen. 1838. 

m., Faicgarh, J-a-20, ha/a, dan. of Lt CM. CJisis- F-a<c- 
Ben. Inf. 

Rodsou, 111(611 ). 

March 1808, at Uewari with 10th XI. 7 , permitted 
to join Webb's expn. to explore sources of Ganges. 
Kept journal of expn. which failed to reach 
Gangotri, but reached Badrinath at head of E. 
branch [ 74-6, So ]. His account was puftd. in 
Asiatic Researches [ 76 ]. 

1808-9, attd. to escort with Elphinstotir-'a mission to Pesha- 
war which left Ddhi Out. 1808, and asstd. Macartney with 



Wei 



nm the 1 



1.' and frit ii! 1 . :. I Lip. wiH render n 
It must be admitted, iiowevc 



s i travelling e 



Hear 

behind. The 1 

amply recompensed my own losses"' [33]. 

Jail. 1810, aliowea Rs. l')J a month.'"' wit I; an Kstabbsh 
ment of one Tindal i:nd lit la.;cars...to make ;V ri . ■ , , i-Tn ( . 
survevs of the cantonments of the Delhi and R.-.-ir-' coin 
maud 1 " [ 61 ]•. 

BGO. 16-10-13, appd. to relieve Smyth "from the. 
duty of the Survey of the Southern and Western 
Frontiers of Behar & Bengal", and survcl. SW. 
borders of Chota Xagpur and Gangpur, and part of 
Ranchi plateau [ 6, 46-7, 230, 312, 366 ] ; maps very 
neat and clear; indicate a point on Sank E. 
"diamonds from here" [I, 20, pi. 13 ]. 

Nepal War, 1314-5 ; with Cominy. Gen's Dept, and held - 
eh. of Guides & ijitclligtuuu () el it. n Ii.li 1'oro:' 'in Kumaun ■ 
auth. of Report on Kumaun">. 

9-11-10, appd. 2nd. Aa=t. to Resdt. a: Luc-know, and spent 
the rest of his service in Pol. Dept. 

RAVENSHAW, William. Mad. Engrs, 

bapt. 21-2-1781. d. 5-1-25, on board 
ship in Madras Roads. 

Ens. 30-1-1706 ... Capt. 15-11-10. 

Sou of J. G. Ravens-haw of [■'..-.Ls.thamp stead. Berks., and 
Mli/ahoik. .■:!■]. of Col. Withers. 

IS03, on service in Cattack ; surrd. marches of Col. 
Cup page's force. 

M.VIC. 2-7-05, apod, to S1100. Arthur on Mvsore svy, [ 380 ] 
but did not join ; MViC. U-E-J7, appd. Osuce. iilair on avc' 
of Travancore [131 :. but asked to be relieved two months 
later. 

DDn. 151 ( 64), Riddell, 15-10-17, proposed to purchase 
for Govt, a theodolite, chain, and loveld-ic in:;;., the property 
of Ravcnshaw, for £ 200. The theodolite was of the same 
pattern as Lamb tors'. a, but about 'naif the size. 

1822, made "Plan of the Town of Madras and its limits... 
for the use of the Jus ticca in. Sessions"". 

REMON, Thomas. Bo. Engrs. 

bapt. 22-12-1790, Jersey, d. 5-11-25, 
Mandvi, Cutch. 

Lieut. 1-10-08 ; Capt. lfl-8-19. 

Sou of James Rernon. 

Ro RC. 7-10-12. appd. Asst. to Rev. Survr. [ : 87, 323 ]. 

Sept. 1814, wavned for field service; Bo MC. 19-2-15, 
being Engr. officer wLlI: dsid. in (iujarat. dirnottd to aw. the 
eauntry, but icitlioiit i.ppl . or .illr-e.. of survr. ; aurvd. part of 
Gujarat and Cutch during 1815-6. 

REYNOLDS, Charlos [ I, 378-80]. Bo Inf 
b. 1756/7. d. 24-6-19. 

Ens. 20-7-1775 ... Lt Gen. 4-6-14 ; read. 2-3-07 
S9. Bombay, 1796-1807. 

Possiblv *on of Win. Ri-vn old.-, baker. Ulooinabnry, adm. 
St. Paul's S«hool,7-i-l 1 6!1, aged. 12. Bro. to V/m. R-vnolds, 
attorney of Folkestone, wjioai' :.(:■,.! son Wei., Bo. inf., was on 
Gujarat Rev. Svy. 1320-4. 

Avrd. India 1772, as cadet, aged about 14, and 
served in Mai'atha Wars till 1782, making route 
svys. ; 1782-3, with llathewu u> T5pdnur, survg, part 
of Kanara ; 1785, survd. route from Sural thro' 
Jlaiwa to Gwalior and, 1780 HO, made 1 



'B Pol C. 25-6-12 ( 9, 10). '49 M/14 &. 57 A/2. * Kottavam. 40 M IS, *As spelt in Bengal re 
name Ranker, »JJ e „ lUgr. 120 ( S ). »DDu. 81 ( 162 ). 'aamc b:,tt. a S W. S. Webb. "LJDu. 

'Progs, of VPinC. 16-1-10 " Xepuul Papers { 14.'i-52 ). "As J. XVITI Aug. 1824(145). 






NOT]* 



ROUGHS E I )GK 



svys. thro' Deccan under direr.t.iijn of Resdt. at 
Poona [I, 125-8I. 

April 1790, Mysore War, to Malabar, making 
various svys. [ I, 128 ], concluding, 1792, with svy. 
from Hyderabad to Agra ; 1793-4. svy. of upper 
doab to Delii and return to Luc know [ I, 132 : II, 
383, 389 n.8 ). 

1795 to 1807,' employed, mostly at Surat, on an 
immense map of W. India, schAo I 8 inolns to a degree, 
later minted to half, oom pile: 1 from his own svys. 
and those of a number of Indian survrs. trained by 
himself [ 7, S, 62, 165, 227, 270, 282-3, 286, 298 ] ; 
iii l«a-virsg India provided ::i:'"i-,ioi:s for these S'.vr. rs. 
[I, 288-9 ; H, 353 J. From 1801 had a small body 
of assts., one of whom, Williams, succ. as SG. 
Bombay [ 3015-6, 323, 337 ]. 

Sailed from Is ■in', bay. l-'.l-'i". takine- ?-.:->pv o: his map for 
Dirscwis ! iji |. Married and settled in I'ortland T'laco, 
London. Died at Hieltcnhiim, at-cil fiS ; MI. in St. John's 
Ch., St. John's Wood ltd. ; portrait l:v [indium, I, pi. 20 ; 
by John Stuart, 1810. 

RIDDELL, John. Mad. Inf. 

b. 3-5-1785. d. 1-9-18, Madras, 

Lieut. 17-7-05. 
Son of Joim Kidded. rt!firi:!i., some iirnfi 1'rovoi.i. .■:' 1 Ma: ir.-.i. 
C(L Glasgow ( aa: lunar Sell (.1(1 1 IK id Univ. ; roiitric. 1797. 

April 1806, MMI., el. II [ 320, 320 ] ; Dec. 1808, appd. 
to Lambton 's svy. of S. r =£-t: i 1 i--ll i:L ! ■."].;.' ;] I. Mini 01 n ploy- 
ed on 2ndy. trgn. and topo. sketches, Tridiinopoly 
& Diodigul to Cape Comorin. Feb. 1809, on mil. 
duty with St. Leger's dett. in operations in Travan- 
eore [ 244 ] ; employed on svy. in Travancore under 
Arthur [ 132 ], rejoining Lambton. May 1809. After 
detail svy. in Tiimovrlly, Mudnr.a, imd Ptn.lukottai, 
joined Lambton at Pondicherry. 1810, "to assist 
iii combining the whole of their labours" [ 243—4 ]- 

Specially pormittoil to remain on Lambkin's svy. ; 
spent 1811 011 trgn., with asstco. of Fetor Lawrence. 
of great arc PuiiLilnir to Ki^fcii R., and long!, .series 
from Bellary to E. coast [ 4, 245-6, 371 j ; to 
Lambton '9 great regret had to revert to unit Dec. 
1811 [ 246, 263, 322-3 ]. 

16-11-13, appd. temporary asst. at MMI. field season 
1813 4, after whir!, a,';.d. AQMCS. svy. bran eh 2nd class [322]. 

ROBERTS, Henry Tufnell. Ben. Cav. 
b. 30-7-1785. d. 3-2-59. 

Cora. 8-11-1799 ... Col. 10-8-38; furl. S-5-39 ; 
LtGcn. 11-11-51. 

Sun of Willi, it* lt:v:. (■:■ i 17-iii -lt^'ty ) lieu. Inf., and Eliza- 
beth his wife ; liro. of C. .11'. Iloberl* [ t-vSi iS 4 =j j Ben Cav. 

m., Lv mini! ton, !7 !] 2:',, Jam:, ,!an. of Tiios. Bccklcv, of 
Lymington ; she d. 10 -7-90, aged S9. CB. 1831. 

EIMC. II ( 4S0-S ) ; IIuusoo, III ( 606-7 ]. 

On sevcicc in T5;i^liclkhr.:i(L l«ii:j ; oecupntioii of Bund el- 
khand 1803-1, 

1S0S -7. snrvd. route from H.i/; : . rihn l'li ■ ;■ N ii-KPur and haek 
whilst ooimlst. •'Snort of Itii.hiL. .Tonkins, Eesdt.-dc.sierinte of 
Nagpur [ 52-3, 19S n.3 ]. 

ROBERTSON, James. Ben. Engrs. * 

b. c. 1775. d. 4-U-10, on board 

bvdgerow at Ghazipur ; mi. 

Ens. 19-8-1793 ... Capt, 8-10-06. 
■64 P/13. 



n.. Chun 



., 13-2-03, r 
ofTfios. Wli 



la-the- 






8-6-11, Robt. Vonnghnsbsmd ( 1T« ■ 1*53 ), Capt. 53rd Foot, 
and was o.-ielnct.'d'k-er .it St. h cm. lo- ■ .-.- '.n.fininji 
tongue"; v. A A'!, Uelaui Who's II' Ae, bv Arnold Chaplin, 
2nd edn. 1919. 

Hodson, Ill ( 672-3 ). 

17-8-1792, ami. India, cadet; ECO. 29 7 1793, warned 
for mil. .Hervii-i- on must, probably sk'L-:; of Pondicherry. 

1804-5, on svy. of Bariackpy're cant. [ iN ; ; on levelling 
svy. for drainage of Calcutta, and as (lain, in CE.'s office 
[ 17 ] ; Mai'eli 180:', to join army in field. 

ROBERTSON, Thomas [I, 382]. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 1762-3. d. 18-6-31, Calcutta; mi. 

S. Park St. cem. 

Ens. 17-7-1772 ... Col. 5-6-29. 

m., 1st., 4-11 99. lid in burgh, a dan. ol Km. Hamilton; 

she d. at aea, July 1807 ; bis 2nd. wife d„ Selkirk Manse, 

Hodson, III ( 676 ). 

On svy. of Calcutta, 1782-4 [ 52-3 ] ; 1794, on svy. 

in Chitt.iigi.mg Hist. [59]. 

BMC. 11-12-02, appd. to svy. Sundarbans and Salt 
Dists.., through Laksiimipur to ( ■iiil.t.ii.gong [6, I3-4, 
15. 20, 22 ] : DDn. 67 ( 316 ), SG. regrets. 24-4-04, 
to learn of "disaster you had met with oil" the Inland 
of Sundeepa". 

1804 5, Marat.hu War, snrvd. murtdiisK of the Grand 
Army between Muttrn and Hingonah [57, 309]. 
EGO. 20-3-06, appd. Engr. & Survr. at PWI. 

1824 Garr. Engr. & Ex. Offr. ChunaT. 

ROCHFORT, William Henry. Bo. Art. 
h, 11-9-1795. 

Lieut. Fwkr. 25-10-11 ... Lieut 2-2-10; 

resd. 6-12-16. 
Son onVm. Rijiifitort. ol'Jl.inlesieiici, l-:.-;se\, anil Kiizahi'th 
Sperling. 

ed. Addiseombe. 

Bo IIC. 2!:!-9-i:S ; "Iln.j kai in-.tr iii-.r-..] j:i Hi:- i.Lutics ;-.f a 
surveyor in Eng'and, and is nnd its 1. ■„;.;.! 1.0 ]. ifc frdiy qualilled 
in that branch (d" -be Military prefession" ; appd. from "the 
Battalion of Artillery to be an Assistant to the Surveyor 
General, 11 r.':. -.it: albM'.an-e of : 2!) rupees per neffii-'n ". 

2-2-14, on SC.'s est. as asat. (temporary) on svy. of 
Broach [ 323 ], but omitted 11-2-15. 

ROGERS, Chitrlea. Ben. Inf. 
b. 16-1-17SS- d. 19-8-61, 

En3. 4-11-07 ... Ma,j. 8-2-41 ; ret. 14-3^3 ; 
Hon. Lt Col. 28-11-64, 
Son of Sarah Rogers. 

m., Sbahjahiir.inir. :!--L'-17. Charlotte, dan. <>:" .ili>x. Wright, 
BCS. ; she d„ Hajari high, 1-11-17, aged 23. 
Hodson, III (686). 

1S12. surml. rente;; of Jlaitmn-rii liatt. in f'hota Ku^p-.ir 
[ 47, 312 ] ; BOO. 11-0-1S, "to proceed to sua for the benefit 
of his health". 

ROUGHSEDGE, Edward. Ben. Inf. 

b. 21-8-1774. el., Tlttm., 13-1-22, Sonpur 
near Samh&lpr.r ; mi. 1 

Ens. 17-11-1703 ... Maj. 0-4-1S. 

Son oi iiev. Kobert II. li-ii-ngiisedge, cos-'ir of Liverpool, 
and Elisabeth his wife. 
Hodson, III ( 700-1). 



\ 



Adjt, I time a di Kail. lsiO-l, Comdt. from 1K06 f 46, 47I ■ 
PA., Sambalpur, 1S19 l.ill death. 1S22. AGO. 

Occasional svys. of marches of HiLmgarh Batt. [ 47 ]. 

SACKVILLE, Frederick. Bon. Inf. 
b. 5-12-1785. d. 19-10-27. 

Ens. 1-9-0I 1 ... Lt Col. 27-1-26; fori. 1827 till 
death. 

ed. RN. Coll. Portsmouth. 

m., before Oct. 1808 [in/]. 

EIMG. I { 372-3 J ; (hu-m-.d Club ,- Uodson, IV ( 1 1. 

From 1803, on service in Bundelkhand ; Sept. 1804, 
Asst. Survr. with a:uimndoir : ; force [ 310, 358 ] ; May 
1805, appd. Siii'vr. under orders of 8G. [ 199-200, 
221-2, 288, 309-10 ], and by 1809 had completed svy. 
of all areas then cccessiblc with mil. p ro tootioo [56, 
48-9. 51. 3°9]- 

Oct-. 1809, sts-LTWxf svy. of Orissa under SG.'s orders, 
receiving special iustris. for locatins line of now road 
through Cuttaok [ 5, 24-5, 192-3, 312, 365,383]. DDn. 
82 ( 138 ), writes to SG-, 13-6-10, "There formerly has 
been a well-r«.iscsf.l road shvousrfi this province, and 
which has fallen to decay, ami yrndnaUy disappeared, 
in consequence of the in^.ttc^.tion or inability of the 
iViahratta Government. This supposition is strongly 
corroborated by the remains of several bridges at 
prnsc'iit generally m vi-hiis. find which ni'trst have been 
formerly built not only on a substantial, but also 011 
a large and ex-pensive, scale. ... 

"it a ppeavs... that a good road did for.r.erly exist. ..and 
nearly in tins same dii-iction as the rreseut which, h'.udiii;; 
T.bro'-edi the jjriin.iipa.1 s :.:':'■ :oas, ... of it-seit noior.:- out the most 
:■!:;■■. nntageo-.;; line of direction 01 which it should be 

"The average height of the ■■■■ad above die eonir.-.on les ::\ 
of 1 1 fit. '.',■>. l?i:i l.hai.i. si.:; it'cii-.. ... and it vrould 

bo advis-ab'.e Tor Hie Hist two oj 
1st of June to the 1st of D« 
pioiiibiti.ori, any carriages o; 

Both tho svy. unit ibe rt 
who fit this rime doubled the jobs of C'i. and 83. [ 29.1 ] ; he 
submitted, il-ll-ll : , ; 'i.hs report 0:1 :ho subject, of the 
lioad whk-is it is pionos-.id to umke frani r'aloutta to the 
Pagoua of Jaggatnaait thro' the Province ■ - ! 1 

am in expectation uf soon receiving Lian tenant SMkv;!!aj 
Survey, which iviJJ enable mo to andie ■.. luueh more correct 
estirvte [ jOS J. ... 

' Frcca.iout io.a',p.-:. hits have keen made that the new road 
to Benares'- 1; too narrow for the m;;rch of an army, parii- 
1 : ■ 11 ! ■ ag'oul" 

13 feet. Ti 

be constructed, generally specking, twenty -ore feet in width 
on the top, and thirty -two at bo'tom. ... ft doe* not appear 
to me 10 lie necessary to cover the roaa with brick or sioue ; 
at any rate it will he. prudent to let- the Kartli thrown up settle 

!■.■■'!. i.<ii. |i il-v ,.;il ..'■,.■■ I .,., . 

and the road at ail seasons be free Ivoiu kri-err-jption". 

On conclusion of his svy., Saekvide. was appd., iSGO. 

1-1-18. " " mg ' lsrean '' 

1-1-17, appd. AQMG. on svy. est. : May ISIS, AQTltG. 
with Jlartimlelfs .force; fu.d. 2-1-2-20 till 1S23 ■ 1-^21-5 
Agent for Army Clothing ; furl. 1827 till death, 

DDn. 81 ( 213 ), (J.irstin writes, S-HJ-0S, "Make my best 
remembrance to Mrs. Sackville"; this Is the otiIv evidence 
found of hia marriage. 



; seasons ( iVo:"" the 
mber ) to preveit, by a public 



BIOGRAPHICAL 

U:s wdl contain- i,:ie follo^ine; curious provision ■ "Frede- 
rick Sackville. inl.e of P.iehuiond, Surrey ■ to be buried at the 
Parish of Wiubaston, in the city of TSai.h. within the same 
vault, and next to the tomb of, the Itevd. Thomas Lsman* 
late of Bath, to whom .1 have been united by gratitude and 
affection through life; and with whom [ wi'ih'aiv spirit to 
continufi. tiiouga in death". Legacy to the Upper Orphanage 
School in Calcutta, and to various friends and charities 3 . 

SANDYS, Henry Capel. Ben. Inf. 
b. 27-12-1790. d. 19-3-73. 

Ens. 18-7-07 ... Maj. 9-5-30 ; ret. 6-11-32 ■ 
Hon. Lt Col. S8-11-S4. 
Son of Kev. Miehad Sandys aad Fiarbara his wife. 

., Ciiiii, Normandy, ,1-d -22, Ifarrirl, widow of Hu?h 

iio.isuL. i.V(18). 

BGO. 30-1-13, to svy. embank meats in Cuttaok Dist. ; 
BMC. 11-1 15, to rejoin ids corns iu the field. 

BCO. 22-1-10, n. ilsS u, K temporary ch. of cons 
road to Puri, owin:; !,..• Sackville';, ill -health [ sup'] 

ib. 29-11-16, to be TAQM.i.:. ; l-i-T.I 17, it, eh. of Guides 
& Infi::.!h:»encft [)e:,t. i"aa;iur Subsv. t'oree : 24 -10-1S Rd- 
M*j Nagpur Eaja's Ir.f. ; remaining in Niigpur service till 



SCHALCH, John August 


us. Be 


1. Inf. 


b. 27-11-1793. d. 


2o-2-:Ji3 


of wound 


received in action, 
Arakan. 


23-2-2 


, Kinngpala, 


Ens. 22-2-09 ... Bt. Gap 
Son of Andrew Sehaleh, Ca 


; "oificia 
t. RA., 


' Major 16-9-34*. 






f:j;>iwi:ih 



u 2:i-S 0A. 



t 2 ' 

! !orakiii.v,ii 



A>.i:m-.\- Sehaleh i loi)2-177( 
Ai-sena! { OSB. ) ; bro. of Pi 

od. ;i.MC!. fireaf, yi:^.-, ■,- 

U.odse-i, IV (25). 

Before Jivne 1S13, srurvd. Etawali < 

BGO. 24-7-13, from 14th M. 
appd. asst. to Georgo F."iemi:;g on svy. of city of 
Murshidabad [iSJ SG. wTiting, 8-8-13, "I have 
been lucky enough to get you appointed as an 
assistant Surveyor to Colony! Fleming. ... The 
moment you get trio General Order, y:;u must hasten 
down to him, and p:.-,i yoursol f.uider :ds orders. lam 
very well convinced that in your attention and 
assiduity- y on will support the character I have given 
of.vov. fo Government" 7 . 

Fleming wrote of this to i.lie 'SG., 7-8-13 ; "By mere acci- 
dent ( haviiiK gone into Ga.iji.Ui. to nae [IE. tlie C-in-C. ) 1 
heard of his uppt. I hooe that he kiiows somcthinv of the 
business and, not iike a (.eiitinn. laisiy ao:)or,i;.ed to n Survey, 
tot all:! igsiorant of evei-yiJiing aboul, it. L cannot heio think- 
ing it uncomforti ■■!,!■ ■■.:■■ ., ,tr 1 :■; thus tdven to 

me us an Assists. ir,, bat it does^ noz signify if \„- knoivs his 
Duty. I shall endeavour to olake chinv.s a .s comfortable for 
him as I can, but if he (iocs not ur,.:: [ :,i'..;n:i the Work, 1 .shall 
be obliged officially ro any so" 8 . 

Schalch was, hoivevvr. a f:roai. cacaess, and FSc'iiiijo -.vrites 
U-9-13; "My Dear Charha, I ha 

big you ms- Friend I llondaj 

:. I really think yon misht Pick and Cimuie out of anv 
"*-■■ jid young ) in the Service, and could 
3e that from all appearance would, or 
could, have been more agreeable, not ordv to mi: in a Public 
point of View, but to us as an inmate of our Faniilv : you 
know him, I need nob tbciei'oie take up your time further 
on the subject, than to thank you for having sent up 3uch a 
nice young man [ 31.-2, 397], 



Thou.-'and a 



I f.m truly sorry tho' to tell you that E fear :'.i- ciiofir.itu- 
i" nut- <vuit(; \:;t to His hiiliiiahnTis. He looks iei-y pnorir 
ad, poor feliow, but I' trust, lie wii: pick with us, for I 
linly will not work [lim kind. He has got a very alee 
Theodolite with him, I will not therefor!; trouble you to get 
mo one from the Arsenal. However I wiil thank you to let 
me know what is the Honble. Compy.'s Prion for their 
Theodolites" [ 221-4 J 1 . 

Schalch was ;i:i enrnusi.^sik; i'.sk'onoiiir.'r ; ho writes, 
17-4-14, to Crawford who was holding courses for 
young officers at Calcutta [ 193 ]; "I send the work 
of my leisure evenings ; as I have a pretty good Teles- 
cope. & can get the loan of a very capitis! chrono- 
meter, I am looking out .anxiously- for the eclipse, 
to get the longitude of IS or hump ore ". After asking 
for Crawford'.- advice, ho continues, ''and if a person 
at a different plane from yours will he of any assis- 
tance to you, that yon will make use of roe, tho' I 
do not think my observe (io.ns will ho of much service ; 
I have a great v.ish to boeoine a hit (if an astronomer, 
but Without assistance if is very difficult. I have had 
n g'.'eat help from the sextans i.kaf Colonel Fleming 
gave me. ... 



"I have for theses; 

Ireceh-ec 01, I !..:!■.-., h ,1 

As tbe Miii-.ii.Iiiiir.r 

6-5-1 4-, "Mv verv ;■-;■ 
Schiller, is .hi -hied, ■■. 
F!i.-u'j:-ii:i".' Dy. Qifi":-., A 
of t:. , ,Su,iiia.rbar!s. 



shea 



hard to finish 



unwell from a. hurt 
it round again", 
letion, Schalch was 

smed young friend 
at the prospect of 
rieson in the Survey 



nform 



.Mr. 



Morrieson will have a 

M., else I would thro' you roixai.u.i.e :;d him in the strongest 
manner as being one of the bust torn pored, good m.tm'eo, 
young men I i.nve Jul:] I. hi- kanpn-.ess of know-in;;, ami wlfiiii.! 
...food 111, ami iii-.:c;'.;.l.ii:;ibiy attentive to, his duty"'. 

Sohaloh spent the reins r.-t Calcutta, and Crawford writes, 
17-8-14, "Ensign Schalch... is now studying tinder me, and 
1 must allow hhn to "he a ciosi. iiuperi-ir young man; and of 
ail young men the one iua.t laetit, LUorr.icii&n would be most 
happy to liat'e" 1 . 

BGO. lO-'.l-U, apod, a sir,., to JV; on-ieson on Sundar- 
bans avy. [ 17 n.2, 432 ] ; BGO. 23-12-14, to relin- 
quish svy. arid join corps ; and later "to proceed to 
Gen. Wood's Division of the Army" [ 40 ]. BDn. 131 
(150), 20-6-15, SG. acknowledges Scnaich's fdbks. 
of May 1815, "with a map of all General Wood's 
marches hi Goruckporo" 4 . 

DDn. 147 (lOi), 28-12-13, Crawford writes to Mackenzie, 
that. Morric.-.on "' had ivitli him.. .a yo uiiir oi;.i:-er- ol very promis- 
ing anilities, both as an iisii-ouomer us well as a mathemati- 
cian, of the name of Bchaich [pronounced Shock ),.. who 
would prove most beneficial... as an assistant, should his 
Lordship think proper to have the om-yey of the Slindarbans 
carried on". 

Of Sehalcn's later work 'La most important was the lay- 
out of Calcutta canals. 

SCOTT, William. Asat. Survr., Madras. 

b. c. 1786. d. May 1827. 

Appee. 1-9-1 79S. 
m„ Madras 21-11-10, Miss- Jane Sheppard. 
At Obsy. survg. school I7Bs to March 1801, when 
he joined Warren on Mysore svy. and continued 



1 SBALY 

with him on tr. to Larnbton's svy. and later to the 
Obsy. [451]. Warren writes, 30-11-10; "Mr. Scott 
was first plaoed under me.. .when a mere boy ; his 
education was then far from advanced, hut he evinced 
that degree of application and steadiness which 
greatly facilitated the improvement of his Talents". 

1805-6, with Warren on svy. of Coringa and Vizaga- 
patam [ 159 J. 

1807-10, Usher at survg. school; "He has every 
year been detached with the apprentices on practical 
surveys in the vicinity of .Madras" [ 142, 163-4, 34 1 ]■ 
Reported by Warren, 30-11-10, as "fit for any situ- 
ation in his profession which requires trust, honesty, 
and application" 5 [ 347 ]. 



as SG. ; the school had bee 
duties cor, lined to those of Asr.ronoi 
pupils had drooped to six, and no t 
sufficient ■work. The cense iiur-ncci ; 
them were, however, most iinfortun 
Scott retorted by draw "11/ attention of ■ 
profit that had been mado by Wan 
io lie adcin. 0:' hie seh ■ ■,' a _ :o.ii1s ■. 
quite in accordance with the oeoeralh 
the age, Warren wa 



id (.he appt. of Mackenzie 
mtrol, anil Warren's 
r; the number of 
iht Scott had not 
this feud between 



auledo: 



refund to Oov 



n for several yea 

dest. [ 34 8 n.7], s 



the si 



From 1812, employed in SG.'s drawing office at 
Madras till in 1815 sent in eh. of a small party of 
young survrs. to svy the Circars ; 1818, joined Mac- 
kenzie in Bengal [ 352 ]. 

SEALY, Benjamin William IWdea. Bo. Inf. 
it. 1783. d. 21-6-49. 



" brother ] 

m., 1820, Jlary .Aoa Syers. probably si: 
Bycrs [ SS4 1, his fellow survr. of 1804-5. 

June. ISO J to Dec. ISO.s, witb Bombay 



to jti-jpnhh..,, hiking part ni earuoi.,--, a;;a ins! HolUar, i-ad 
refuraing with ivys. of nil the uv -.a- . uade in parinershin 
Willi livers [ =H. 165-'. 384]. CD. to Bo. 17-1-10, allowed 
lis. l.UUU for the map pri ;.; red trom these svys. 

1812. granted Sucre's aliccs. whilst. ni?_king route sws. 
from Poona. 

SEALY, John Bellett. Ben. Inf. 

b. 10-12-1780. d. 2-8-16, Barrackpore ; 
an. in old cexa. 

Ens. 11-10-1797 ... Maj. S-4-18. 
Son of Tie. lj amir, ft .hliiabehi sk-alv : hro. of iJeajairir Tsvi\ 
Hodson, IV (47). ' 

1804-5, survd. marches of dett. under Lt Col. 
Broughton from Haziiribagh to Sumbalpur, and 
return by different route [ 44 ] ; survd. part of Maha- 
nadi R. towards C'uttaek, and reported existence of 
teak forests [ 23, 24 ] ; decorated some of his maps 
with artistic watercalour headpieces'. 



■vMnp, Ulil.O. 32(72). 



1 Rev Bd. 10-12-10. 



' MMC. 2 



-6-11. 



Will, dated 31-1-1R. left "to brother Ben a casts of silver 
datSenja-ticid instruments. ... Rest of property to my 
Qother. ... Brother Ben to be :!ua:tli.i.iL ■:•: mv nrLi.nral chili- 



SINCLAIR, John. Mad. Inf. 
d. 12-8-27, Bezwada 1 < ? ) 

Ens. 7-3-09 ... Capt. 1-5-24. 

Dec. 1*09. 1IML, el. V. | -j;i ' ; U 11.10. 11 146, Memoir of 
svy. by J-.lm Sinclair, in. iifrin; of 1S11. 

Date llnkn., 3vy. of route from llasulipatam through. 
Khammamett- by Lieut, Sine-air [ 13.4 ] 3 . 

It ms probably of John that Mackenzie writes to Mount- 
fortl, 2!i-i)-"i>, when d iseussiug otiieors lor Northern Ciroiirs 
svy. ; "A Lieut. Sinclair, now in Truvanoorc, eseouted some 
SUTTOys on that frontier, and described that country. Ha is 
not a fine draughtsman, but v:ni CL-.nnot always command 
such ; but perhaps you know him ; lip seemed to me sufficiently 
adapted to such a survey" 1 . 

loth NI. 1810-2. Capt. 29th NX & Comdt. 1st Batt. 
Pioneers at death. 

SINCLAIR, Charles, Mad. Inf. 
d. Nov. 1S52. 
Ens. 27-5-10 ... Capt. 8-9-26 ... Lt Col. 

ret. 31-1-47. 
■I. 7Ist Toot. 
-, -who d., India, 10-5-29, 



SMITH., Robert. Bon. Ifingrs. 

bapt. 13-9-1787, Nancy, Trance, 
d. 16-9-73. 

Ens. 29-4-05 ... Lt Col. 25-6-30 ; ret. 10-7-32 ; 
Hon. Co!. 28-11-54. 

.Son of James Smith. .'.awecr. of Bideford, Devon, & Marv 
his wife ; bro. of E. J. .Smith', lien. Inf. [ 231 ]. 

CB. 20-9-31. Hodson, IV (133-4). 

27-6 05, tr. from Inf. to Engrs. 

1807-S, Susn.il.. Works, ttun-carriairc airencv ; Acljt. I'Lngrs. 
lS'iW-10 ; BMC. 22- 1 OS { 47 ) & 1-S-0S i 2o j, appd. to cons- 
truct li!;:-.thousc at. Kijri " Li"]; 1 — 1— 01K jtra.nl.od iurthor 
advance" Its. 10,000 for lighthouse. 

BPC. 2-2-10 (4), instructed by Civ " to survey the Dawk 
road from opposite D::ir.noiid (lari.nujr :-o Kedaree, in order 
to.. .render it passable in the rains"; ib. 2-3-10 (7], 
reports that "Light blou-o :A kcd;.'rce will be ready to dis- 
play a light by the l-t ; .f Mareh" I 401, 419 ]. 

15-9-10, appd. Fd flngr. 11St.lL "Bengal foieo proceeding to 
Ma-u villus [ ;:o 1; LSI 1, senr. f i-trr. u:"i Unit island ' 348 ]. 

11 Pol C. 13 12-11 (Si), to move from Calcutta" to Allaha- 
bad. 

B'Du. 12fi ( 134 ), 9 -4-12, 8G. reports him "well .palmed 
to conduct any survey. This officer who is jusl, returned 
from the Isle of h'rstieo is by far tlie bc-.-i: draughtsman I am 
■acquainted with. His mnsterlv ra pid pencil particularly 
qualifies him for survey oft.be f'ronl.Ler, as he will be able to 
del incite the passes ami sutuy ■brie country with 1.1 le greatest 



Attd. to camp 'if C-in C., Sir George Xugent, on tour of 
Upper India. Lady Mugfint wrir.es, 10-9 1 1, " Approa.edmi; 
Cawtipore. Received ;i oresei:.! :~t ■ :■: 1 1 Mr. Smith, an litii/incev 
ADC. ; He draws beautiftulv. and bis sketches are all so 
■correct that I know every p'ace immediately. ... 

"Dec. 2nd. 1812, Muttra. 1 took the hhjelnccr officer. 
Ik. Smith, with ee ;" on elephant], 'Lint we projected a draw- 
ing of the line of march which will be a treasure to me if he 



2 BIOGRAPHICAL 

executes it according to my plat- : and I have little doubt of 
its being quite periee:, by what I have seen of his drawings"'. 

BMC. 13-2-13, ( 5 ] appd. to relieve Crawford ou 
svy. of S. frontier on hitter's appt. sin SO. [392 ]; survd. 
Singroula, S. Mirzapur, Palamau, and border of 
Bundelkhand, continuing till 1814 [6, 47,20011.10, 
231, 310-2, 409]. DDn. 131 ( 142 ], reproved by SG. 
for faulty fdbks., and delay in submission [220]. 
During rains of 1813 withdrew to Benares and 
Lucknow, probably to join Ins bro. [sup], and 
coo: pie t,oil a Tnnjitiific-ent map [ 47 ]. 

BGO. 5-6-15, drew Rs. 300 pm. as "Inspecting Engineer"- 
whilst, travelling "in attendance on the Re. H.m. the C-in-C", 
Lord Moira making a "military tour" in his role as C-in-C' 
[ 4 on.io]. 

During Nepal War, 1815 S. Fd. Engr. with force in 
Kumaun, his appt, to PWI.., ordcrod ia BGO. 11-11-14, 
being postponed til: 1810. 1S20, pitbd. a set f views of PWI. 

Amount Inter engr. duties, held cb. of repairs of Jumma 
Masjid at Delhi ; survd. "works round Mm City of Delhi with 
surrounding cuuntrv to :S00o feet." ; setile lOOO'ft. to an inch 5 . 

Leave to Cape on me. from 8-2-30; furi. on me. 26-11-30. 

SMYTH, Henry William Carmichael. 

Ben. Engrs. 
b. 30-7-1779. 

d. 9-9-61; mi., Holy Trinity ch., Ayr. 
Ens. 15-9-1794 ... Maj. 19-7-21; furl. 15-2-20; 
ret. 5-7-22. 

Son of T>r. Jam..;- Carraiehi-.i Smyth and Mary his wife; 
bro, to C. M. Carmichael, Ben. Inf. who dropoed "t'tie Sniyth 
from 1842. 

David Sieott, chairman to CD. writes to Alex. Kyd 
from London, 17-5-1800; "There is a son of Dr. Carmichael 
.Smyth's in the Bengal Army. If he comes within your range, 
recollect Unit the iSlher was toy old College Hate, or rather 
SchoolHate, at St. Andrew-., and since then in intimate l.Iaoits 
with me. A very able f';iysii:i:;:i. and what i.= of more cons- 
quence as good a fellow ;i.s lives. Write me about the son, 
who was onr great favourite"'. 

„,., Oaw ilp t>r,.-, KS 3-17, Anne, rlan. of J. II. Bocher, widow 
of llichmoud Thackeray ( d. ISlii ), ISCS., and mother of tho 
novelist ; she was b. I79L/2. 

HI JIG. II { :i:i7-IO ) ; Toaekeray ( 30 ) : A't'liir.'nr.be 153): 
Hodson, IV (142-3); 

Ami India 11-2 1797 : to Peaang with abortive ospn. to 
Manila [ I, 350, 412 ] ; 1799, asst. Engr. ur, .!:::• iiyd at Alhiiia- 
had [ I, 34G-7]. 

Early 1802, seat, svjrvr. to Thoa. Wood on W- 
boundary of Ondh, and C't.i Wood's rcssn. appd. to svy. 
E. boundary [27, 34, 218 n.4, 268-9, 3°9, 327 ; pi. 6]. 
Broke off svy. in 1803 to join Lake's army, with which 
he survd. routo? from Aligarh, 7-1-04, to DelJii, 
21-1-04, and Muttra, 7-2-04, making very aecurtito 
svy. of "the high road from Dolhi to Agra", besides 
many other svya ( 57, 59 ]. Prese-nt at capture of Dig 
and unsuccessful siege of Bharatpur [ 57 ], then 
becominir garr. engr. at Agra. 

.Puss i l.i K- the piiinter of a f-nr- coloured picture, MRIO. 83 
( 43 ), of Battle of Dig, 13-11-04, with account of engage- 
meat ; r-..l his .^vvs. sho\.- Li-ii :; fine tlxti. and artist. 

1807-10, fur!', to iirmland: IS1I, with expn. to Java; 
1812.Pd.Eijgr.at,sie;. : e r.f Krjinj.ir; irjn.3]; BGO. 3-10-12, 
to svy. Mynpurrah I. at I'alnn :ils PL, preparatory to erec- 
tion of lighthouse [ 24, 391 ]». 



.1). 



s Kugent(2:77, ; 



5). 



NOTES 4 

BGO. 26-11-12, appd. to svy. 3W. borders of Chota 

^a^pur, ooublrinuig Crawford's svy. from I'alaiuiiu 
in SE. direction [6, 45, 311-2 ]. During April 1813 his 
party was overwhelmed by fever, and had to with- 
draw to Hazfiribigh fur several months; "from the 
unfortunate oircumstance of my having boon uridor 
the cruel necessity of pus tins' a .-fop to itntivo opera- 
tions in the Field sooner thnn I should have wished, 
and which you are aware was owing to the dreadful 
sickness { I may indeed say pontile nee* ) that raged 
throughout iny small party [ 45-6, 359 ]"*. 

BGO. 12-6-12, appd. Ex. Engr. 4 Garr. Engr., Agra. 
but directed to- complete his svy. before joinine;. Relieved 
from svy., l-lfl-13. by Kap--r. and directed to ■'proceed by 
Dab and join Major General Marslndl, either at Delhi or 
Re.varrie", to act as Pd. Engr. during operations against 
A! war | y>6 |. The small force accomplished its mission auo- 
cosdiulv, ao;: ;i-i m-ried to fi,(-wf.ri oark in I lecernher 5 I' 41 s ]- 

Xcpal War, J:\i Engr. to Gillespie's force, bai not. at Kalanga 

1822^, Result. Supdt, at Addiscombe 1 . 

SOLOMON, John Collier. Bo. Engrs. 

b. 20-8-1783, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 
d. 29-6-13, Bombay. 
Ena. 22-O-01 ; Lieut. 11-1-02 ; disind. 31-5-13. 
Before 1806, dmn. to CE. [ 170 n.6 ]. 

From 1805, and probably till lt<]2, employed "'exploring 
large and unknown Woodv Tracts" in Main. bar on behalf of 
the Forest Committee [ 167 ], 

ST SELL 4 , George. Ben. Engrs. 
b. 20-S-1781. d. 18-5-40. 



Capt, 4-10-Q8; furl. 25-7-13 
till read. 8-5-17. 
Son of Robert .v. Mary Steell. 
in., Arm— who il. 11-4-50, n:;cd 70. 
Ori-.nhd Club , flodson, IV(1(5). 

1S02 3, survd. cants, of Dacca & ChiUaqong [ tS 1 ; 
sold theodolite to Jama Franklin [231 ]. 

STEPHEN, William George. Ben. Engrs. 
bapt." 17-7-1792. 
d. 10-5-23, Puri, Orissa ; Ml. 

Ens. 25-3-09 ... Capt. 1-9-18. 

Son of Dr. Wm. Stephen of West Indies, and Mary hia 
wife : bro. to motliiir of Maj. \\". S. II. Hudson, who raided 
Hodson's Horse. 

m„ Calcutta. 26 8 -17, Either, dan. of Rev. Thus. Tiucborfy 
Thoraason, of Calcutta, fnLlmr of James. !,[■ Govr. of MVP. 
and founder of ]:]n\ij. Coll., Ilojraoo [ [92 11,7] 

ed. RMA. 

Hodson, IV ( 178 ). 

DDn. 126 ( 3 ), reported by SG„ 24-3-10, as "well 
grounded in mathematics, and draws with freedom 
and taste" ; sent to Cuttack with Pocket* for training 
in svy. under Sackville f_ 25, 430]. They took lessons 
in astronomy under Mr. Thorn as on before they left 
[192] and Sackville reported, 12-4-11, that their 
progress in the fd. had been ver-v satisfaei.n-v 
[3S3] 6 . 



3 SUTHERLAND 

Stephen has loft delightful samples of his work as 
artist in titlepieees on svys. of Chilka Lake, MRIO. 
177 (6)', and Ganges E,., MKIO. 16S (32) [pi. 18]. 
1811-4, on svy. of Bonan-s area of (.hinges -Jumna 
daab [ 23, 35-6, 312, 365 ], and Engr. in ch. at Chunar till 
relieved hy Win. Momoson, July 1814 [_ 432 ]. Writes 
to SG., 7-10-14, "Botli M. irrieson ,t Myself are to go to 
Xepaul with Genl. Wood. ... I am sorry I have not 
got the whole of what I have surveyed put together 
into a map. During the time of my anion;; as Garrison 
Engineer at Chunar, I found my time fully occupied 
by the duties belonging to that situation, ... and was 
not able to aueiiJ at all t/j mapping". 

Owing to delay in payment of his allce-s., Stephen was 
"obliged in o;df-r r.o rake the' field, to dispose of a capital 
Astronomical Teleseooe. and a s.'ood Chronometer, the former 
not long out. from England. Mo. 

lie will be appaioted rieid Kn^icu'ur, i -appose, and with his 
other staff allowances w'.il lie pn;Uy well off'". 

Xepfd War. Asst, I'd Finer- Benares Div. ; made occas- 
ional svy-. in Gorakiipiirittrai. 

After close of the war, resumed ivy. of "Benares for two 
seasons. Amongst, his later duties was the completion of 
t:is Cornwall is mausoleum .it Gji.iiiipur | ;H8, 43; ; pi. 18 ]. 

STEWART, Alexander. Mad. Inf. 9 

b. 17-8-1788. d. 4-5-24, Nagpur. 

Lient. 17-7-05; Capt. 1-9-18. 

Sua of Jiimr-s -Stewart, o.'" E.'i-.biin. ami Marsrarot his wile. 

m„ Cape of Good Hone, 17-1-IS, Johanna Anna I'lkstnen. 

April 1S06, MM!'., el. II [ 320 ] ; 1808-10, on svy. 
of Travancore under Arthur [ 131 n.io ] ; MGO. 
17-11-08, to Bombay to join Maloolm'a expn. to 
Persia ; S]ieuL several months mapping in Bombay, 
rejoining Travancore svy. April I80E* 10 ( 132 ] ; ib. 
9-10-10, to rejoin corps. 

MGO. 5 4-11, appd. to Java eipn. ; employed with 
Pioneers in Java-, and attd. to iSM. 6Sth Regt. ; ib. 5-1-13, 
appd. Asst. in QHG.'k Dent., ivv. brunch, 2nd cl. [214. 32- j. 

1822 till death, ch. of svy. of Nagpur. 

SUTHERLAND, James. Bo. Inf. 

b. c. 1784, Charleston, W. Virginia. 
d, 15-5-50. 

Lieut. 30-1-1798 ... Col. 5-6-29 ; MGen. 28-6-38. 

Probably son of Capt.. Williatr. Sutherland. Era. Bo. Inf. 
1775; HM. 53rd Ft., America 1777, and Capt. 55th lit. 
America J7Sri ore, to Jlilfurtl liiu im-riaiid. " o£ II .M.'s military 
service"— ne ph civ to .'lames Sutherland 11 Commodore at 
Bombay 1 7 l"i ri - ! Si) 1 ; Master Attdt. 1802-5 [ 337 ]— cousin to 
James Cruikshanl; [ 393 ] 

in., Bombay. 20-1 14, .Maria, dan. of J. II. Cherrv, Bo CS 

1810, or. KI.ri., "Knight of the Lion and the Sun" 11 , by 
Shah of Persia, i'eing honoure:! with nn;f.\ "Sir", by many 
coa-.inoorarv writers, and :.s!.fT works of reference'- |_ 4J4 ]- 

Oriental Club. 

20-4-1798, appd. to Enzrs., being one of ' 
appointed to do duty in the Corns of Enghvs ., .. 
tinned on strength of [ijlkntry Battalion. Want of Subal- 
terns in the Lifutit-ry u:.-:--.-/.s- u. :■■;! reeah of Lico tenant Suther- 
land and 3 oh Ijers 13 from the Pn-vineers to join their C( 
these o-f'ers at the aiiriiB ti::io t'oro^oirig r.h-.'Lr nria-inal id 
being ultimately reiiiovei:! to the linimeers [ 323, 456 J" 11 



of 



'DDn. 130 ( 29 ) ; 10-7-13. >BSC 15-10-13 ( 1< 

! i.V.n;dv-cira 25-1 1797. '■ Routes in Ci.ttack hv S' ... 
"DDn. 136, 575, "of 16th ML; 1 , 1 Ste 

,; '-| ravam-ors map, 2 inaliwj to a mile MHO. of 1 r.h \f 
1808. « Institut!,-: in honour of Malcolm : B: V d..:s i : 



} t li)-12-i:i ( :!()). 'S-.nd.i. 11 (3+S). 'sometimes St^. or Steele, 
nen, Dec. ISlO-Jr.n. IS11, MIUO. S3 ( 21 -2 ). "Snrvd. Jan. 1821. 
fart, Ens. 15-12-00, d. 10 S 20, belonged to 13th & :!r'i Mad XI 
Map 389. ii Bo. Mar. : 3.-d. Lieot. 1770 ; Cant. 17So ; ret. to Each-vl 
'5 ). i= Ono boiui; Momer Williams. » Ho MC. il -3 01. 



SUTHERLAND 

Bo MC. 10-2-02, appd. 2nd Asat. in SG.'s o 
fill vacancy caused by Moncrieff 'a death, [ 2. 
337 ] ; employed on Reynolds' map t 



rated to 1st Asst. 

7-0-08, appd. Su 
known as Brydges 
f [■■;■; 1 1 iiombiiy 1 2-!i 
&vy. (hiring the- t-is-,- 
in that country [' 7. 

The following extra. 
Majesty's Mis-i 



i. 305. 



■23]. 
I Jones' ( later 
rift 1 , embarking 
. much valuable 
ission remained 



.■Terence 



of h 



b"r,>k cj'vitil 
figurea. 

Aftcrcicsenbtngthendusno 
"Sir James Sutherland, hy 11 
and did enter, the opening win 
two third* up the front of the s 

st.reugi.h and agility ; 
able risk. ... Sir Jams 

the top ; and he repot 

the rook, iii! foci lone 

"On January 25th 1 



tasdra 



were s] if siit, the m 

Brcdics writm:: ; "To mv cxcellj: r .-. . ■_■ 1 1 ;dor_d. Sir 

James Sutherland, I have ah— L iy acknowledged my 

obligations It my request, ho was so good as to furnish 

the Prince Royal with this most beautiful model!!, of hifl 
own making, of wagons, carta, tumbrils, wheelbarrows, 
ploughs, spades, ete.. etc. ; and, in addition to this, to hold a 
kind" of regular school for ms-.ructiog (.Sin young Porsiona put 

under his care in. sui'veviir;. mapping, e ctrv, etc., etc." 

[ 355 ]■ 

"When the wheelbarrows ivere placed before the Prince 
Royal, one of rim I't-vsciu Noblemen I who siways affected k> 
despise rd.irope.un Improvements ) said; "This is all mighty 
well, hot it will consume a considerable ■■pa;:- of time to empty 
these wheelbarrows"'. Si: James said to him, "Indeed air, 
it will not ; and ii you oniv get iofu the wheelbarrow. I 
wi!l show It will not". The I'rme- insisted on his making the 
experiment. Sir James Handled ■liin away at quick rate end, 
approaching a muddy part :,f 1 ■ i . t -. sqoa.rc, he gave the wheel- 
barrow a cjiiiok cant, and i. . kj 'b.o a'c . entertain men- 

of the f'rinee and (.be spectators, tiio Persian Khan into the 

''The Prince Royal. ..always, -poke of Sir Jsmcs 
Sutherland as a person who Could do everything 
but make men. 

"When tbc weather became sufficiently temperate. 
Sir James Sutherland, with the full approbation of 
the Prince Royal, wos despatched ton-.in Is the Caspian 
Sea-, and along... the Persian and Russian frontier, 
to make accurate stiirwys of tl si.se- in Uii'E-sting portions 
of the empire. 

"He was attended by his Persian scholars, with whose 
docility and kiiorovcmetil. In ;;i-«v., .■■■■.i:ress.. ; ;i... him self much 
pleased, while these youths or 'ii:- : r p.irc nclick; and treated 
him with that reverence and respect which ignorance id so 
ready and so willing to bestow on intelligence. How well, 



1 BIOGRAPHICAL 

"I had already paid the ETcr.di very acceptable attentions 
on hb arrival in Persia, by sendinp Sir James Sutherland to 
meet him on the Pen;! ir: frontier, beyond Krsvan' : and I must 

great favorite with the Effendi. bui idso that Sir Jamea' 
prudence and judgement kept (."he Persians of the lower 
classes :10m behaciag rudely (o him on the road" 3 . 

The Harford Jones mission was broken up on the 
approach of Sir Gore Ouseley's embassy from 
England, and Sutherland accompanied Jonea 
overland, through Erevan and Erzeroum, to 
Constantinople. "The Shah", writes Jones, "put 
under my care to proceed 1.0 Eoglaad, Iwc Persian 
youths of good families to be educated there and 
instructed, the ons in medicine *ml astronomy, the 
other in painting". They were placed under the 
care of Sutherland, and "regarded him in the light 
of * parent". 

Prom Constantinople r.hc mission continued the journey in 
HMS. La Pomona, which, wis wrecked at the Needle* on the 
evening of I lth Oct. IS!!, without lo-s of life. The incident 
is thus , [escribed by Jones or Hrv <\: . , ■■ n., . "*i ., , ;seu>er3 
in his terror, scriiv. the X ad'c ]{■-.- ■ ..-.. ii. .- ■ v, cried, 
'The Itock. theHoid;'. Sit- JamesS-.' -•'■-,, . was Ky me, 
and loves to his heart a hit of wair.'.-rv, immedi.iodv said to 
him, 'Dear Sir, there ia no rook (fierc, what, you sbb la the 
mizen sail, and we shall so .0 in.: afloat, hut she will start with 
a tremendous lurch, ;m<! I advise you to go below and take 
cars of your things, that when this happen; "hey do not roll 
over one another'. Tiic noor man became calm iri an instant, 
and said to Sir James, 'Thank you, Sir' and went quietly 



ledb 

collection of 01 
him during our 
saved from th> 
unfortunate lor 
■-vit.il myself''''. 



orydge-: was 
1 that if the 

ite from Tauris"to Constant; mpde. had been 
■reck of Li Pomo.i'., the fooling for their 
ri-iiii.il have been with others the same as 



chased at high price 



irm -he clearness or newness , : f cm.-, ■itioii. wifi -no man now 
furnished to the world by my excellent and rSoa ingenious 
friend. ... I am. proud to say that the King not only permitted 
a copy of this map to !■•- nr^em-d <o hi:u, i..,i. wild that, 
readiness to promote science in all its branches which has 
invariably distinguished the !toyal i'.i.uily, snil more parti- 
cularly our present g.-:,cl..Mis Sov- reign, His P.bijeSty was gra- 

approbation and favor" 3 . 

Oryrlges, had jritendod to iind.ide in. his vieitt book, 
Thr. Oynnsty of Ilia Kajrzr.i, tygtither with other plates, 
".•I map of W<\<t-.rn. Per#- : n., from a.cti.ial Survey, by 
Conine! Je.mr-s ^iitberliivid, haieiiioer to the ibssion", 
but regretted, '"owing to the great labour attending 
the engraving... time it- eaiiiiot accoejpimy the Fevsian 
maps given with tiiis volume. It shall be published, 
however, as soon as it comes out of Mr. Node's 
hands " 9 . 

Copy of this jii»r> now with BM. beara imprint : 
"London, published July 12th 1833, by John Bohn, 
17 Henrietta Street, West Strand". 10 

1 BoMC. 134, 8-9-08. z by Sir Harford Jones Crvdges. Bart, ISiil. Ma raes Justinian Morierf 17S0-t.*o3 i, OXB., author 
of^l Journey throa'jh /Wi-i... ISO's and 1309. 2 vo;s. iSi'S. " ' ISO m. XW. of Tabriz. « -Wrigos. ( 1 l-J. 150, 338,310,351). s ib. 
(440,461). 'ib. (nn. ; svii). "ib. ( 360}; the exact nature oil his ace. our is not. known: possible ueruiission to wear KLS. 
'Map engraver of 352 Strand. Harford Jones [ exeii ]. "B31 Maps 51170 ( 1 ). 



thi 



w accurately. Sir James executed the task a 

"ic, from the map which he. pre.scn'cd mo, and '.vhieh 
ed last year, is now able to judge. 



An interesting rsraimlK of these missions to Persia ia 
recorded by Lord Cur/on, wh" found mscrdlied on the gatuway 
to the ruins of Pcrseoo.is, "in large characters, the unit of 
Capt. John Maicoim, rir.voy S-Xtracrdnarv. t' ; eni-Pofentiarv, 
A.D. 1S00, toupj'l ■.vi::i thcjst. of Oaptam William Campbell, 
Captain .). Colebrooke. an ,i o. Briefs 1 , sod. just below, those 
of Si.- Harford Jones, Bart., KO.""lSi>B. James Morier, H. 
Willoc.k, T. Shro-idan-, J.Siitherkmhaud iiKain, Captain John 
Macdonald, 1808, 1810, and 1826. ... 

''Of Malcolm's .-i..:ci itii! Mission in IKK), including, among 
other names, those of U. Ellis, J.ieol.euanl, Monteirh, Lieuf.e- 
nant Lindsav, and Lieutenant Pol-linger: of S. Manustv, 
British Envoy in IS<J4, with his rctirioo. the earliest recorded 
date that I noticed was 1701. To the intervening p-erhd 
belong Carsten Nicbuhr, 17<>5 [I, 120 1. and W. Erancldin. 
1787"*. To all these Cnr/on added his own name. 

Bo GO. 31-1 & 2-2-14; haying returned to India, 
hurt her land resumed hi:; post of Asst. to SG., and 
"likewise to act as Assistant to that Officer in the 
Revenue Survey of the Northern Piirgunnas ", or 
the Broach svy. [ iSS, 323, 339 ]. 

Continued on svy., being appd. ASG. Bombay, 
1822, and then DSG., proceeding on furl. 1826. 

Bombay Wilts, lSoM : letters of .idrriu. were granted to Lis 
widow "Dame .Maria Sutherland", and described him as 
"Knight". 

SWANSTON, Charles. Mad. Inf. 
bspt. 11-12-1789. d. 0-9-50. 

Lieut. 17-7-05 ; Capfr. 23-^34 ; ret. 1-1-23. 
Son of Robert & Rebecca Swanston. 
in., 20-2-31. Miss Geor^iana She ■'.son. 
April 1806, MMI., el. II [320]; MGO. 17-11- 

to .Bombay for duty under Malcolm, and employed 
there on mapping [ 131 it. 10 ]; April 1809. to Travi 
core avy. [ 132 ] ; Map of Trichur', with Chavasse. 
1809 [132B.7]. 

April IS lli, at capture of Mauritius ; served with Pior 
" appomtcd to ma Li- .1 Military Survi:;,- of r !.c Island, [nr:!ndinȣ 
the sounding of its harbonrs ano coasts" ;■' 1IMC. 37-10-12, 
sent "to EnsrkLrul in order in deliver his work to His Royal 
Highness the t.'oinn-.nnder-ii.'.-CJiief". bein^ specially 
mended by the COC. Mauri tins. Presented with a pu 
500 guineas. Declined comn. in Royal Staff Corps'. 

M'MC. 11-1-15, on return to Madras, appd. Asst. 2n 
in QMG.'s Dopi., svv. branch ' -jjj ]; stal ioncd with Subsy. 
Force, Poona. 

Maratha War, ISlti-S ; MI. at Knregaorv. on right bunk 
of Bhima R., shows hirn ooBngmg to 1'ooua Auxiliary Horse 
wounded at " liatdc of Corigaiim". 1-1 -IS. 

l-3.i ; nuyni aster. 

SWINTOX, James. Mad. Inf. 

b. 13-5-178.-,. d. 2-11-13, Madras; 

mi. St. Mary's cem. 
Lieut. 21-9-04. 

Son of Archibald it Henrietta Swinton. 

April 1805, MMI., cl. I [ 126 n.4, 320 j ; Dec. 1807, 
to Lambton's svy. ; on duty with St. Leber's force 
during operations in Travancore, Dec. 1808 to March 
1809, remaining on svy. in Travancore till rains 
[132, 43c) ]. Resumed avy. under Lamb ton, com- 
pleting 2ndy. trgn. along S. coast — Palarncoltah — 
Tuticorin— Eaniasvvarain — and principal trgn. from 



5 THORN 

Capo Cornorm through Travancore to Trichur and 
Palghat[2 4 2 -4, 322]. 

MMC. 1-11-10, appd. to cotuuit. dept., Lambton writing 
5- 11-10' i "I must unccrcly wish yon every snecoas in the 
field which you have chosen, a:ni have only "to regret that it 
is not in my power to hold on; sufficient encouragement for 
yon to remain in the Department which I' have the honour 
to superintend, but yon may rest assured thai, the importance 
er my orders shall be faith- 



TATE. Williiun Ashmciad. Bo. Engrs. 

b. 3-11-1795, Bombay, d. 21-11-71. 

Ens. 12-7-12 ; Capt. 17-9-24 ; ret. 5-12-29. 

Son ofjarr.cs Tate mcrel;.. sin;; Sarah l.'ru-en, hinwife, pro- 
bably dau. of Ashinead Pruen, Bo. Mar. 

m", Itombay. 13-12 20. Elizabeth Saimders, dan. of W. T. 
Edwards, HM. 17th Foot. 

Bo KC. 11-8-13, employed iiinlei- Rev. Survr., 
Bombay [ 187, 323 ]. 

Bo GO. 5-1-14, to svy. Salsette I. from 1-1-14 ; 
continued on rev. svy. till retired. 

''Himself a marvellous draughtsman", was pro- 
fessor of mil. drawing nt Addis; combe. 1 S40-S9 9 . 

THATCHER, Thomas. Bo. Inf. 
b, a. 1775/7. d. 1840 

Ens. 28-5-1798. Bt. Lt Col. 25-6-19 ; ret. 17-5-22. 
m., Tellicherry, 22-12-03 Jane, sister of J. S. R. Drum- 

inond. Bo. E Lgra. [ 396 ]. 

Ens.. North umberkml Regt, of Feneible.s before appt. 
MIC. cadet. 1797. 

BoGO. 11-2-07, appd. Inspectoi' of Forests, to 
svy. Dharmpur forest.; [ <6S. 3S4 ; pi. 15 ]. 

THORN, William. HM. 29th Lt. Dragoons 
b. 1781. d. 29-11-43. 
Corn. 17-3-1799 ... Caut. 23-6-07 ... 

LtCol. i:i-H)-(>o. 

Joined regt. in luilia ; serve;! in Mariithi War. 180H-5, 

hftiii" wounded at Laswari l-l I -!)3-°. Capture of Mauritius 

ISiri" : occupation of Java, l«[ I-J! ; ,-<■,,, r „r,d to En-land. I « 1 -I 

Wrote Mfm'-'i'-i of :h': Cor:'iiv--.' ,.■;" Jo::':. ISIS ; .-I Maruiir ii 

the Labi War in India. im-'J, 1818 [86], with map [lS6 

plH. I, 24 ]. 

K H. 1832. 
DNB. ; DIB. 

J GO. 21-6-13. mentioned with Mnckf'n/ie at capture 
of .1 okyaliarta ; their "giUlantry and corn.loct havo always 
been conspiiinous ; ... extreuielv serrieoalile in arranging the 
Plan of attack" [445], 

As 1JQMXJ.. responsible for mil. avys. in Java, 
and executed various avys. himself, find compiling 
maps, for which, titter much correspondence, he was 
granted 1,000 Spiinis:! dollars [135—7]. "Copies of 
these most important, documents, together with the 
Topographical Survey, were transmitted to the late 
Governor General [ Lord Minto J, and to His Ex- 
cellency Sir George Xugent" [294]. 

His claims for reward had been strongly supported by 
Gillespie, then Co:ndr. of the Forces in Java, who reported 
that Thorn had "'lost ins honh :i from tee I'atiiruta he ex-poion- 
ced during this arduous uo.d'-.daki-ij', which ■.il'.irnatelv forced 
him to Europe" 11 [293-4]. 



1 Obviously John ?.rl:c> j 1785-1S75 ) ; DNB. -Tbo^. Henry Sheri.l-.n, P,o CS.. neohew of olavwrieht, h. Dublin CilsiIc 
1786 : asst. wi.ii Harford Junes' enibassv : d., Siura/, I-IA. -Curaon, II ( 157). *58B/2. 'Vibart. e This corns was, 
1800-37, responsible lor mil. engc. construction, c. EE.J. I,VH. IM3 i Si,' 317 ). 7 17 J/2 ; batric described. !:,::> <ia~ XV 

(402). »DDn.63(239). 'Adchseombe ( 212 ). '"Thorn ( 231 ). »JMC. 1-8-14. 



TICKELL 4 

TICKELL, Richard. Ben. En^rs. 

b. I0-9-I7S5. d. 3-8-55; mi. Christ 
Ch., Cheltenham. 

Ens. 1-9-03 ... Lt Gen. 11-11-51. 

Son of Thomas Tiokell of eo. Kildaro. dipt. 5th R. Irish 
Dragoons, and Hv.mh -Knarks his ,iifc; nephew of Richard 
Ticket! ( 1751-93 ], DNB. [ 130 n.c,]. 

m., 1st., Cjm-Qinr.-. 1-2-OS, Mary Anne, dau. of Richard 
Proei.or, MD„ Army Surg, ; she d.. Calcutta, 23-9-33. 

ra., 2nd., London. IS li 4;.'. Marz.irct Ar.o'A. du.ii. of Adam 
Walker, Surg. 

CI3. 27-i)-;)l. Oriental Club; Thackeray (2d): Hodson . 
IV ( 274-5 ). 

Maj'iitha War, 1 S03 -5 ; survd. road from Delhi to 
and from Boas R. with Grand Army under Lake [ 59, 
62, 63]; notes in fdbk. at '-Sirhmd, 24th to 20th 
Jany. ... I cd. not find out the Cake that is laid down 
near Sirhinrl 1 in ?,Iaj. rUuinelt's map, nor obtain any 
infe.rinat.ien concerning it". 

Oct. 1308, appd. survv. to tfiphinstoito's mission to 
the King of Kabul [ 65-6, 230 ], Elphinstone writing 
from "Darah Ismail Khavm. Sfttb Ifarch 1809. 
Lieut. Ticked was selected by His Ev- l^n^v the Com- 
mander-in-Chief to be attached to this Mission on 
account of his remarkable a.l.iiHt.v as a .Surveyor, 
which is well known to the Government, particu- 
larly from his Survey of the March of Lord Lake to 
the Kyphasis ; he has hilherao been employed in lay- 
ing down the route of the Embassy, and in such 



BIOGRAPHICAL 






111 be made under the 
citing the Jealousy u 



the Governments 
i passed, but the 
duties of the surveyors will become far more exten- 
sive alter a short, residence at the Court of Caubul 

shall have enable! me to remove any suspicions which 
may be entertained of the object of the British 
Government 2 . ... Lieutenant. Tiokell was removed to 
this duty from a station of emolument, and under 
e i re u in stances of a domestic nature which rendered 
his removal particularly distressing to him" 3 . 

Owing to failure of health, "l.'iokdl handed the svy. 
over to Macartney, who had been helping from the 
start [418], and left Peshawar three months in 
advance of the rest of the mission. He travelled 
down to Delhi via Lahore, survj;. tin- route and obsg. 
l.t.. [65]. 

Fur severai months after return to Delhi hn was too unwell 
to complete his papers, which greatly prejudiced the SG. 
against Isim. so that when rce.ig. 'iirvr- for another task he 
writes; "Lieutenant l'ic!:ell...has « much disappointed me, 
not answering toe letter* ivrdi.eii to him, and never haying 
as yet transmitted the Meld iluok of his survey to Peshawar, 
that I cannot venture to .say that he is a fit person to be 
employed"' [ 210-0, 310]. 

1S11, survd. Allahabad r.int, scale tl inches to a mile 5 . 

LH1S-1. sketched pan. of Rc.vah, whilst Fd Eugr. to force 
under Lt Co'.. Adams with Li rules-ay as a-.;st. [ 47, 3,12, 416] ; s 

Nepal \Vixr, l-'j -hi. :r. .Ma.kvvaapur when Gurkhas sued for 
peace r ) ), 10S 11.4 ]. 

'laratba War; ISGO. 1S-G-B, morn-innc:: for distinguished 
conduct at redaction of M.indein- and Chanda. 

S & M. at Allahabad; BRC. lo-t-22, appd. to 






md pre par, 



of E. Jura- 



TOD, James* Ben. Inf. 

b. 19-3-1792. d. 17-11-35. 

Ens. 9-I-IR00 ... Maj. 1-5-24; ret. 28-6-25- 
Lt Col. 2-6-26. 

Son of James Tod and Mar 7 H'eatlv his wife, of Islington 

m., London. Hi -1 1-2(5. .tuiia, dan. of Dr. (T.i iter buck " 

DNB. ; DIB. ; Ency Bnt. ; Hodson, IV ( 3S2-3 ). 

1805, attd. to escort with embassy to Sindhia ; 
comdd. escort 25-2-12 till 1817. Most zealous in 
snrvg. routes and 0:11 pi I ii is; maps through Gwalior, 
Malwa, and Ratputana [ 5, 55-6, 218, 312 ]. The SG. 
writes, 8-10-06, that he did this "more from a zeal 
to promote useful knowledge that from pecuniary 
motives ; the reward given to him should bo liberal "'. 
Govt, did ''not consider it to be proper to appoint 
a Surveyor with the Resident ",' but made him a 
grant equivalent to Ks. 100 pra. [ 328 ]. 

Sindhia spent the greater par: of the year in usual Mar.Uha 
fashion, harrying and rnvagir.g Mncti- ■,<■:- lie went, a life which 
gave Tod ample ■. - : ; 1 . . . - 1 1 1 ( i. 1 i . , f.- :r fresh svvs., but was very 
trying to his heap h. He writes 7.0 the SG„ Tuiv 1S0H ; " Noth- 
ing but the very bad state of my heidi.h could nave, for 30 long 
a period, prevented me replying to your favour of the 7th Juno 
last. ... I have beer, under the necessity of ape-lying lor an 
extension of leave for im mouths and, as 1 generally feel 
bettor during the cold weather, I hope to resume my labours 
about it's commence meat. I have, however, much doubt 
whether I shall not lie under the necessity el" leaking a- voyage 
to sea at the commence meet of next hot season, my health 
having suffered so much during I years residence in camp, ... 
subject to the inclemencies of all went-her under canvas"'. 

MRIO. 81 ( 7 ), survd., 180S, route Rharatpur— 
Jaipur — Saugor [ 55 ]. 

BMC. 5-12-09, appd. to svy. Saharanpur area to 
find suitable line for E. Jumna, or doab, canal, being 
thus employed about 12 months [ 36, 67-9, 418 ]. 

1812-3, survd. country S. of junction of Chambal and 
Jumna rivers [51 ], Whoa .submitting map to Crawford, as 
SG., ha writes from Gwalior, 2-3-11!. '' I dont know whether 
you 'till recognise iu oue of your ajvisl't/it? your ci-devant 
acquaintance at.-Pentland. ... I was made acquainted long 
ago by.. .General Garstin that yen were to succeed hira. 
I preferred, however, sending my map. to introduce me afresh 
to you, rather than by writing to you. 

"This Map it-ill sir.ee long have reached you , it has cost me 
any amount of pain unci trouble. ... The consequence was an 
illness which nearly carried nie off, and the effects of which 
I still feel. I iinished my Survey at the beginning of Jan- 
uary- .« I sent in my report ; finishing my Map, H'ielrl Books, 

6 Memoir occupied me till lace in July, all which time I was 
employed excepting a small portion ;>:' February, I did not 
even 'ieeoiupany Siudia to the Ganges. ... 

"J have been. ..emriloyed... ever since I left K.iiidoo- 
stari.. .after the Peace with Sindia, upwards of 

7 years. You will find several of my f maps ] in 
your office, which were honoured by the approba- 
tion.. .of Lt Colonel Colebrooke & Col. Garstin. My 
Geographical pursuits occupy a wide Range, as far 
as the Indus to the VV'ost, & Xerbirdda to the South. ... 
If my health permits, I may next year apply., .for 
permission to visit the Western Deserts ; this is a 
parti have long had in contemplation ; but I [ must ] 
consult boiilth, which is much broken sines I have 
been m r-his Camp. 

1 DDn. 81 ( 153 }, 



"I have iiad the Command of this .Escort nearly U 



■1 



a:«l look forward to the expiratior 

my Father in England. I have no doubt it will give you 

satisfaction in learr, he is in irood heal I''. and enjoying all the 

oomfi rte \ happiness diis life affords" 1 . 

Crawford replied, 21-8-13, "Believe me, I have neither 
gotten you (ir your worthy father, whom I am happy to 
:.r is keeping so well". 

Oct. 1815,'a.ppd. 2nd Awl., to Resdt. with Sindhia and, 
Pol C. 18-5-16, promoted 1st. Asst., the G-G. noi.mg that 
"is known to the Ciu-miai; by his indefatigable ac'ivii.y 
d conspicuous merit in Besting and arranging historical 



foi 



;...!! (.!-.,, i 



s hkeiy t 



s knowledge ', 



" Captain Tod has mil-do .great progros:; in executing 
;i Map of thut Country, <n .moused of Materials utmost, 
entirely new, and the result of his own researches. ... 
He has. besides, composed a Memoir connected with 
the Map. ... Although ---permitted to draw the allow- 
ance of Sicca Rs. 100 p.m., granted to an officer 
surveying a ran re, A: i,<:i.|iing u Field .'look, 1 conceive 
such an allowance to constitute no remuneration for 
labours and researches snfli us those in which 1. 'a; :1a in 
Tod has been engaged" [ 353-4]. 

Most of this time lie drew alk'o. ss postmaster in addition, 
and the Resdt. writes ; 7-S-16, "In the year 1808, the Gover- 
nor General was : 1 k.a.-.H r; to a iianiiit '..'-.ptuin i.od '0 the oflice 
of Postmaster, from the peculiar manner in which he was 
qualified to di.i.-'-.iij- :-:'.■■ im p. el. 11' trust, from his intimate 
knowledge of the con ri try. ... An additional public benefit 
was derived from the dawks !:■: :::g ;>!.■; ■■.■! .; :..[.:- that Qlrker'r. 
charge, from tbo greater fa-eikty with wbu;!i il. enahku hi-i... 
to collect Geographical information in hid capacity of oor- 

' After rctiri"ii:-i!. he<:.i,i!e Librarian to 11 As Sue., and pub'.'.., 
London. 1S20-32, _!.•/.««,'; and AnHjii.ilifs 'if Rajadhim, 2 vols,, 
the editor of a later edn. -.criting ; "'Vow men have ever 
known an Eastern Race as Tod knew the Rajputs. ... By 
the time lie let': India he had almost become a Rajput him- 
self", 

TOWSEY, Edward. "Bo. Inf. 

bapt. 23-12-1788. d. 14-7-43. 

Lieut. 4-11-07 ; Capt. 23-9-21 ; rot. 8-4-22. 

Ron of Henri-- Towsev. 

1812-5, Asst. to SG. on rev. svy. of Broach [ 323 ] ; 1815, 
leave on mo. to Capo; on rev. svy. Gsijarat till return to 
Europe. 7-11-19. 

TROYER, Anthony Ferdinand, hm. 12th Ft. 
b. 1775, Klaitau, Boheraia. 
d. 2-6-65, Royamaut, France. 

Ens. 1-3-03 ... Capt., 4th Ceylon Regt., 15-7-13. 

So: 1 of Joseph Troyer. of Anlkirchcil, Lieut, ol' Dim _m ..i! is. 

m. a French iadv of Pond ieh err v ; adinti. of will granted, 
3-10-bo, to M'nrie Therese Antoinette Pauline Berthier, widow, 
of Paris, one of his two married dans. ; left one son. under 
interdiction, whose share ol estate was aivided between the 



e by Sir Aurel Stein, 



JASB. Ldia-s. VI. 1940 ( 2 
KCIE. 

I7S7. admitted to .-V.istrh'.n Mil. Academy. Wiener \"eus- 
ta,dt; 1791, Ca.rlet.Ens. in Austrian lot'. Regt, No, 38; 2/Lt. 
1793. 

Camp'ows i-i i'ranee. Low Countries, and on die Rhine; 
troMl-d in 1703, and attd. 171)3. to Q.HC.';i staff ; 1st. Lieut. 



1796 ; on siek list for some months ; 1708, to \. Italy for svy. 
work ; attd. to Austrian army and '.rounded J'., battle of .N-j'-d, 
17D9; Capt. on 'jibb's stalk a.nd ,:.;■■,■•:.. i in Italian campaign 
of 1800. 

1800, attd, as liaison officer to .British navy at siege of 
Genoa, meeting Lord Wm. Bentiuck, the British mil. re- 
presentative with Austrian Army. 

1801-03, employed in archives section of Austrian WO. 
preparing culciu] ;--.n:i; of campaigns of L7'i!4. When Sir 
Aurel S tain visited WO. l:'Ji.' years later, this same record was 
just being read. ;irul e. sauted a model work of the kind. 

1803, granted 3 years leave, and ae.:d. lieutinek to India 
[2, 130], being tr 'from QMO.'s ds.pt. to Ink Eegt. Mo. 49, 
and then to No. Hi. as sa-jernuirieriLrv ; removed from Inf. 
cadre 1309. 

Granted eomn. in HJI. 12th id, thro' ISsntinck's influence, 
the regt. being then stationed in .Madras Presdcy. ; arrd. 
Madras as ADC. on Ren l,i nek's stalf, 30-8-03. 

1311-04, appd. "drawi n.:; an..' mnt iirunauioal ic.s- 
tr actor " to the new Mil'.ta ;'y I iisiii.it ti'ui, with saiary 
2,10 ps. pm» [2, i2j, 164, 315-20, 331]. Bentiuck 
took particular interest in the Instn., drafting regns. 
and syllabus himself, no doubt with the advise of 
Troyer, whose conduct of the seieiitifie praininjj of 
the young ollicors of l.iie 1I*;.Sth.j iirmy during the 
next 12 yo;ii's va.i,s 'due to the .sound e.iticati.on lie ijad 
received in Austria [ 125-30, 312, 342 ]. 

From 1307 held full executive control and, except 
daring the few months of the "white mutiny" [ 127, 
313-4], appears to have maintained oxeelient 
discipline arnongsr the yoiin.g officers, no mean per- 
lOT-inaucc for 0. foreigner. 

In the earlier years he carried out much, of trie 
control trgn. himself, but ha entrusted a fair share of 
such work, as well as the detailed instil, and 
suiivr-vdsio'i, to hi- uioro t:iloulfi 1 o'ipil-i and 5s.-,rs. 

The siu?vrs. of India owe a lasting debt to Troyer 
for his introduction of r,ho planot.abio as the standard 
iiwt. for fillinsr in detail svy,, based on minor tryri. 
and the gram] I rin Aides of La nil) ion's trtK. svy. [ 126, 
214-6, 229]. He mainijained cordi-.tl relations with 
both Lambto'i and iIai:keii'/io, and tin: Madras Govt, 
{•ro-ii.ly a^precinteil bis Si 



In 



512 the 12th Ft. summoned him either t 
1 Maur. 



oin i.he 



'i'b.;: M.ldl-iS Govt. OOnld not Sli.tr:.: hiiu, and the u 
referred home to the Duke ol" York, C-in-C. in England. 
Si, was decided that he should roiain his post at Madras, 
ami be granted ooiiiii. as Caoiain in the 4l ■■, i.'-vlon it- .-i. ; - 
He had nes-er actuahy served with the l^th, nor "did Le ever 
serve with his new regt. 

The Mill, whs closed down in 18IG under orders of 
the Directors [ 319-20 ], and in June Troyer took his 
family to Pontiicherry, "where he proposed to reside 
until an opportunity slndl occur for proceed inir to 
Europe" 8 . 

1S17, returned to Europe, and settled with wife and 
children in Paris, '.vorking at Sunssrit and other Oriental 
studies "dans uuss relrai'e sileneieuae'' until, in 182S, he 
returned once more to India with Bcntinck, arrg. Calcutta 
4-7-28; acted MS. 11-7-to 5-9-2S. Bentinct was now 
GG., and, in seleol ing ''.Valpolc to become, SG. in 1829 [ 448 ], 
was miiucs.sd lai'.n:iv bv i'royur's reodn. 

During ins stay in Cuiciuta, Trover was Scc^. of the Sanserit. 
Coll., whero ho collect-.*! HintorLal for a traoplation of the 



IDDti. 130 (43). ! f! t'ol 0. 3o .3-16 < S ). 'Copy of will, dated Paris, 20-2 
mil. pay & alloes. > MMC. 11-5-13 k M to CD., Mil.. 25 -3-13 ( 34 ). He did not 

official list of Mil. S'ees. Calcutta, 1008. 6 MMC. 15-6-16. 



:ins!irit hlstorv uf Kashmir, of which lip onbd. the 1st vol. 
(. Paris in 1840. entitle:! Rvij-naniiigiai. Histoid tin Rois 
u Knchmir'. The title pat;e ro coeds that it was "Traduitc 
1 Commcntee par M. A. Troyer. member dea Sociotes Asia- 
;s de Paris, Lonilr.--', -v. Guru! I.::, ■■■(■ pnblice 'lu fraia dc la 



Societa Aaiatique". 
ha undertook the wo 
de Calcutta j college 
a eorriger less epreuve 



i--.Ls that, i 
ii C,lle ? c ; 



: i^iiied between ISIOinnl !So2. It. 



Match 1 



rend paper t 



aiptic 



5 before 



8 BIOGRAPHICAL 

young family consi.-;iEii^ ■:::" five children, unprovided for, to 
deplore hia loss, by dying insolvent after an arduous and 
exemplary ServLu :■■ ■ .!" i wi.-.r ■,■■■■■ ix yer-.rs Juration", he reeds. 
them to the notice of the Directors. 

WALPOLE, Henry. Mad. Inf. 

b. 2-10-1787, Lisbon, d. 29-1-54. 

.Lieut. 29-1-04 ... Co!. 18-4-42 ; Brig., various 
eumds. Mad. Presdev. 1841-52. 
SG. of India, 1829-30. 

Son of Hon. Robert Walpole, HM. Envoy at court of 
Portugal, and Sophia ths 2nd wife. 

m., Madras, 21- 8-34, the eldest dau. of Maj. C. F, Smith, 



bablv h:o 



April 1805, MMI., class I [ 3-20 ] ; on fd. avy. early 
1 807, Troyer writing; " Lieutomint Walpole, contin- 
ually disappointed in the expectation of a plain 
table from Madras, could not begin to survey the 
details of his district bofore the middle of the current 
month [ March ], but has in the mean time carried 

Pondicherry and Cuddalore, which, added to the 
acquired knowledge of his around, will enable him to 
finish the topography of it with so much greater 
expedition" 5 . 

In reedg. his appt. as SG., Troyer writes, 10-4-29, 
"During the three years during which lie was under 
my tuition, he distinguished himself by uncommon 
abilities, constant application, a:v.\ most officer -like 
conduct. He left the Military 'institution in 1807, 
and was employed on Survey in 180S, and in the early 
part of 1809, when, on the occasion of his Corps [20th 
NI. ] taking the field under Co!. Close [ 49, 133 ], he 
joined it. Soon after, he was appointed my assistant 
at the Military Institution, in winch situation he 
remained to the cnoirc satisfaction of Government 
until his departure for England on Furlough in 1815 
[ 128, 164, 319 ]. ... Major Walpole possessed a solid 
foundation of extensive mathematical knowledge". 

DDn. 127 ( 124 ) j acting Aast. Iostr. to MMI. from 24-5-11, 
Garlin? continuing to draw allocs, of the appL whilst holding 
eh. of Goa svy. [ ;;:;>;i ]. until iirar.tel a separate alloo. ; 
Walpole was then able to draw the re-ulur .50 p's. pm. as aast. 
matt. [ 519, 332]. 

MGG. 10-6-15, "peroi: (.!.:■:.! to proceed to Bengal in July 
to secure a passage to thirooe, and ferjo' for 3 years will 
commence from date o!" hi.: Embarkation at (ft. William if 
within i( months" : ::■■■ SM.ilod from Gdcu'ta, 13-2-16. 

WARD, Benjamin Swain. Mad. Inf. 

b. 1783. d. 19-8-1835, Cape Town; 

mi. St. George's cem. 
Ens. 27-8-08 ... Maj. 21-2-34. 

Sou oflYaucisehvaiu Ward, ( m^/l-SU )'■ JIad. In£ 

in.. Capetown, 1825. 

His fq.ti.,?r was t'-n : r].-'.l i-i Rn.d.i'i'l .'is urti-rt : came to India, 
and given conm. in Mad. Inf.; 1764, read, oomn., with 
other lieuts., on su por.sessior. by oiliccrs final King's regis. ; 
di3m.,' the Directors writing, 10-2-1766, "We have 
determined not to permit them over to serve the Company 
again, or to be allowed i.o reside in, or return to, India". 

Became Sec. to Chartered So<;. of Artists, (jxliiuitinz in 
London; 1773, re-appd. to Mad. Inf. as Capt., presenting 
Direotora with set of landscapes of S. India*. CM. 2-7 & 

'Copy of R'ij:i 7'ai-Mjmi wis ssnt to ASH. bv Moorcroft from Kashmir in 1S2-! : :)! aorcrofi i Trebeck, II (130 1- Wilson's 
ll^hnjofK':;hm : :r df-vriiics vnnv pirat-ased in U. dentta. -JA->!1. II ( 118 ). s of 7th SI. ; another of same name was in 14th 
KI. 4 BoPC. S-8-179S. *MMC. 10-4-07. 'Foster ( .5 ) gives b. 173-1. ; CD. to B. 15-2-1 7 65 { 82). «VM Esbta 2156-61, 



cords that he left Bsuga! i:i Feb. 1835, and ha pro- 
ourney to revisit old haunts at .Madras, Br 
cenijncs aid noi sail horn Calcutta till 20-3-35. 

Besides ins work on iYasaiuii: lie collaborated in pubs., 
1845 of an English translation of the B'sLittln, a Persian 
record ofMnghaltiiu.es. 

TULLOCH, Alexander. Mad. Inf 3 . 

b. 15-8-178S. d. 15-9-78. 

Lieut. 21-9-04 ... Gen. 6-3-65. 

Son of Alexander & Margaret Tulloeh. 

in., Tatvore. !ii-S-i)..i. EniiSii HV-nriclfa. dan. of Con. Geo. 
Wahab, Mad. Est. 

April 1805, MMI., cl. I [ 320 ] ; 1805-6, on svy. of 
Madras [125]; 1706-7, on svy. near Pondicherry 
[141]; 1807-9, on trgn. iukIsi- Lambton between 
Kagapatam, Triehinopoly, nloivj, the Oauvery R., to 
the .Mysore bordsi- and the Otv.-i \!hati P:iss ; also along 
the const of Ka,vnn.ad so Tuiiooriii [ 242, 322, 3S1 ]. 

MMC. 26 2 12, appd. A-st, in QV.C'i Dent., svy. branch; 
MGO. 18-5-13, to eommt. dept. 

WALES, John. So. Mar. 
A. 15-1-10, Galcutia. 

Vol. 4-5-1784 ; 2/Lt. 9-11-1792; ... Junr. Capt, 
il-1-1 1S09 

Marine Survr. India, 14-9-09. 

r.'o..-i aly son of James Wale.;, h. 0. 1717, I'd or head, Abcr- 
deensiilce ; A., I'onioa-v, Xov. [7H.">, aged ■!;> ( .MI. St. Thomas' 
C'lth. jio'nba.yj- jioiJihly "wo. or Hither of Ja»nea Wales, 
appd. Vol., Bo. Mar. 5-2-1799. 

1783-7, Asst. to Blair on svy. of Chagos [ I, 124 ], 
and, 1788-93, of Andaman Is. [ I, 49 n.7 ] ; 1789-94 
served m Bangnr snow [ I, 48 ]. 

MR'fO. 102 { l }, c)i^. of truck of Ifon:-.-:.?. Deo. 1791. 

2-5-to 17-7-17;.!!), drew diet money for IV, days whisst on 
passagB from Bi-i-s i =... Cjrnhai , 17:)!) -S. in j;(.(!. ship iS'icijI, ' 

M:.rk;iar.n ( 242 1 cecjrds that i)a:iisii's pubd. views of 
India, 1797 1S09, contain "an elaborate series of views of the 
3 of Ellora, drawn by Mr. Wii.ies. but engraved by the 
.3 numerous general views. They are 
uraivii with ano'n estre and acrairae-.- that they hens' (he test of 
comparison with reeent photographs". 

25-3-06 to 25-3-09, furl, to England; CM. 
8-12-OS, appd. Mar. Survr, irs India, on salary Rs. 
800 pm., taking up doty in. Calcutta 14-9-09 [ 12, 296]. 

BPC. 19-1-10 ( 20 i. Master A'.'.dt-. [ I, 50 ] reports, 15-1-10, 
"the Death of (.'apt, Wales, ... who departed this life at my 
house this morning at S A.M. As 
literally said to have died at his Coat ivhih 
promote the Interest oi" the. ir'ulilick, and Mis Ilono'ira'ole 
Employers ; and as he left an amiable Wife, and helpless 



Da-iool.'.' 



ll-S-1790, Directors refuse Ida .after of other akettbes to be 
engraved at their e.qieose, aiid his request that 3 of his sons 
oe a-T>f.ii.i- Minor Cadets. Lt Col l.7-o-17ii(i; ret. same year; 
resided in S. India, and d. Xegapatam 4 -S-I794, MI. Karicop 

MB. ; Love III [ 70, 277 ] ; CG. 15-9-S5 ; Bangui P & P 
V f I ) ; Cotton ( 315 ) ; Foster f 5-6 ) el <paaaim. 

Ward was admitted ■ 



-chool -i 



appce. 22-11-179S [35s]; April 1S01, 



apod, bi Mysore- Svy. under alufher !~ 9.5, 104 ], work- 
ing with Mackenzie after Oct. 1804; from 1 
independent svy, iintlor Mackenzie's "immod. 
spectioh" [ no, III, 344, 345 ]. 



3 Regiment. ... Having no 
f option. I can only wis! 
occasion, and leave it to 



ofj-o. 



.inuig to complete 



eryoiie Uii:i. I lone apob 
sac ens cadets of 1806*. 

rk steadily ■■int! accural 
self by too jrrvic e:-:posi 
it v,-as in i.hat very eo 
. =o:iif vrh's a?, in the) 



th- 






□oad o 



ftiily employed! in tin 
when it is known thf 
of a field officer, ... f 

Again, 30-12-06," ' 

I years apprenticeship 
Surrevoi of 55 Pag 
doty above the Ghaa 



!all pro 



dead ), & for a deatitr 

In i-aonortiii" tiii-. l|ji'i... tin 1 j'i'-dl. '■■■rii-: ide>. "From the 
appearance of .dr. Ward there can lie on doubt of his being 
the offspring <>t European Parents". 

From acteral of his fdbknc' it is evident that he had not 
inherited his father's talents as artist. 

1807-9, employed by Mackenzie in Madras On maps 
and memoir!; of the- Mysore .■ivy., besides being -if tit 
out on various small svys. [ 152 ] ; March 1809, sent 
up to Ceded Dists. to .start, svy. near Bollary [ 153-4, 
156 n.2, 345, 357, 362 ]. 

DDn. 83, Mackenzie writes to him, 22-7-09; "Your 
appointment to be Cadet, lots actually taken place, tho' i(a 
notification has not yet arrived. ... Meantime you ought to 
reflect with yonr-d;" ivhi.-Uier... it would be desirable to you 
to continue in the Surveying Line. ... In iny own private 
opinion your following this Line in addition to yoor Military 
promotion would be best. Let me know your sentiments 
precisely, ... also... what Nat;™ Lar!::uiu!es yon can speak, 
as we might try to save your being -But 0:1 that account to 
any of these Cadet Saoiuarhi., vvhieb I do not inm-h admire, 
& as I am acquainted with some of Hie ,~ta:'i, .1 would endea- 
vour to get yon appointed In some i/iL'ilile Corps ; I scarcely 
think they would appoint you to the iingineers or Artillery; 
tho' these would be most advisable: any Corps of Infantry 
where the Cooiinaodaot would be friendly would be best". 

Again, 3-2 10 ; "I shall be very glad if" the Canoul 
District- can be done by yon ere your promotion 
takes [dace, its I conceive if ought to give you some 
pretensions to be employed in that lino, ... Whether 
it will be intended to or not is not. in toy power to say, 
but I should certainly tlrink it would be beneficial 
to you, and advantageous to that service. At the 
same time I would recommend when your appoint- 
ment takes place I bat yon should be some time doing 
duty with a corps in order to get acquainted with 
military duties". 

And on 7 3-3 10 ; ''A few days ago 'Dr. I Jerry shewed 
me the very handsome letter he had from Colonel 
Forbes, 3 mentioning that he had obtained a 



roe CiH(J> 


,-■ tad ill 




loT.Jau. 








l.-Hiiisr under 
as your des- 






!.ti[,-jrtu:uty 


j. Ming :■■ 






ati"'!:.; 






and 
isfac 


f abervrards 


Ottieial or 














Ward to be 


adm. "Cade 


of Infa 


try 


on tin 


E 


Ab 


ishn 


ent, and to 


promote cm 


to the rank of 


Ensign, 


late of 


•ank 


to be settled 


hereafter". 


Ma ek en;, if 








nod 






"J. wish you 


or your ar 


rival 


:.OC:...u 


to 


IV -an: 


n where you 



;an pit( 






mtfl 



yon si 



L One from Jan. 

i IToG-I-ol); Mad. Inf. 
[I. 350]. s DDn. 83, : 



.c destination | 42 1' |. Col. Coroiay 'old ins the other day 
that he \poald gtt you appointed to a Coip.i here. I know not 
whether this would he better or not for you. ... Come away 
as soon as you can, hy any route you please ; ... lose no time 
fur any more operation*, but feme away at once"' 1 . 

After handing in his maps at Madras, Ward 
drew svy. pay up to 10-10-10, and joined 24th KE. 
at Walajabad 7 . When Mackenzie was appd. to Java 
expn. he arrange.;! that Ward, should lake ch. of the 
drawing office under Morison s [121, 130 n. 277, 303-4, 
3 '4' 336 ]• being promoted to rank of Lieut. 

Dec. 1811, to officiate in ch. of tho Obey., 
in tho interval between Warren's handing over and 
Goldingliam's return [196], his svy. allce. being 
increased to "60 Star Pagodas", MGO. 26-8-14, 
appd. Asst. on permanent est. of .SCI. with salary 
70 j),-:. pm. in addition to mil. pay. 

WARREN, John. HM. 33rd Foot 9 , 
b. 21-9-1769, Leghorn, Italy. 
d. !)-2-30, Poiidicherry. 

Ens. 28-7-1798 ... Capt. 3-7-06; Ca.pt. HM. 56th 
Foot, 26-12-11. 
Son of Count lleory Hyao.iothc de Warren and his wife 
Christine WsiaurLn- de Meurers. 

in., Pondicherry, 6-3-09, Anne Laurence Alexandrine 
Harcilly, who d., Pondicherry, 26 42-20; left 2 sons and 

Portrait as a boy, pi. 23 [ 453 ], 

A direct descendant, of Cuillaume de Warren, or 
Warrenne, first Count of Warren and Surrey, who 
acod. William the Conqueror to England, 1066, and 
in. his youngest, dan. fiondrada. Tho younger branch 
of the family settled, in Ireland with tho title Count 
of Warren. On accession of William HI in 1688, 
Edward, the only re 1 ire sent a five of the family, having 

■ 22-6-07, DDn. 66; others, Dim, 48, M 511. : Kurnool, 57 E, I. 'possibly- Warnl. horbes. 

Ens. 1782; Lt Gen. 1S37. "CD. to M. 3611809-10 ( 105-7). 4 HV.rd was troubled with boils 

-7-10. '57 0/13. 8 With salary 25 ps. pm ; MGO. 12-3-11. Mater W. Riding Regt. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



[2 



eil sur 



■i" the My.sr 



rntry" 



dingham wrhes to Ci>le!mx,ks in Calcutta. 2-1-10-179!} ; 
"Your I'rtend Mr. Warren is here with us, having lately 
returned from Scringapatam in search of haalth, in which he 
has been successful" 13 . 

18-12-1799, appd. Asst. Survr. to the Mysore Kvy. 
under Mackenzie [91. 312 ], marching up to Bangalui-o 
Feb. 1800, and starting the si-y. of tfoskote pnrgana 
[pl. 11, Ooscotta] early in March [94, 95, g6, 112, 



Jteuif.^r. 
After f< 









ir years Warron found thai: indigo planting 
was not so profitable as it had first appeared. In 
Jan. 1798 he was offered a post as dmn. in CE.'s 
office on Re. 90 pra., but Govt, refused sanction 
because he was "a Foreigner " s [ I, 236 ]. 

28-7-1798, bought coma, as ens. in HM. 33rd Foot, 
then comdd. by Arthur Wellesley, the regt. sailing 
for Madras the following month. Lambton had re- 
joined the regt. in Calcutta, and Warren appears to 
have made friends with him almost at once, being 
"also add let I'd to injil-.bnTnaf.jfji] studies " [ 413 ], and 
probably sailed in the same ship to Madras, as fellow 
member of Wellesley 's "family". 



wills. 



iagune 



<:M peri onto loisiht rcry nell q:uilj(y you fir Utk-insr a leadinii 
pari in the manjo'.emejii otsudi an nnaeC.iikiuj;, as the intro- 
duction of it into Mysore under any puhlii; sanction would 
properly indemnify von fur your 'rouble [ 150]" 11 . 

Warren himself refers to this journey : '"Colonel Close being 
desirous to introd-ioe ■.■]•.' cultivatioji ■:>:" Indigo in the Mysore 
in the year 1802, a-i:i knowing thai J had been engaged in 
that pursuit jo Bengal niiiv years .i^i, dosircel me to use my 
endeavours to effect it near Cola;-. With a. view to this I 
procured from a Mcrcjujt ile House in Madras M bags of Indigo 
seed, which was oistiiliiiLe:.! a.i;,oi.!i the liyol Is in ilia* district. 
The Colonel being n ■ j no vo : soon after !.o the Pooiiah Rcsii.liMii.'v 
preronted kv rt'i-cLviusr p;-.vmcm ;"or till-- disbursement and 
irou*. uy sjureiiiise. carriages""'. 

'Arthur Richnnl Diiion 1. 1750-94); DNB. - h'resuma.bly wife of Jokr. HoWt, 2nd. Earl of Bucks, d. 1703 ; his nuphew 

l.obt. was Govr. Madras, 179-1-8. : 'T.'u J ^:hJy Jan-.cs Mien.cl R.ithhO ; cr. liar:, of Kii^-.tstowii. 00. Ucatii. 1801. -'Thomas 

Hodgson, Comdr. r!„rl Cor, t >h. f ,■ sailed. Portsmouth, 7-7 93. d. 179(i on last voyase j bur. St. IMena 80-11-96. 'From 

' ' ' ' ' r '"""' c ftein'uidd do Warren I inf }. Utiai^! ; :l,iutin,; started i:i Uinar, 1782. Imp Gaz. XVIII 

3 indigo planter, Allahf.bad, il-n Dir. I8U, -.BMC. 1-0-98(37). i Supply 

'^Dn. 66. 1S MMC. 21-6-11. 



:nuy bio;.'ra-alr,- supplied by le Con 
(100). 'Proh.blv II. C. Bradford, shorn 

Dtsfs. '"MRIO. 150 ( 30. 30 ). ll MMC. 21 -6 -1 1. 



-11-1790. 1J DDn. 40. 



NOTES 4 

Weliestey writes to Muekenzio fro:n Serinsa patam, 29-10-01 ; 
"One of your Assistants, Mr. Warren, is hero, and has been 
sick ; he east"! hen; to ph.:;;; the; ::: ! L;:.: !^; :!!_■?: upen the road, a.nr.1 
to finish his map. Both are finished, I believe, and he is get- 
ting better, ami qncs nvvay tomorrow or nest day" 1 . 

Arthur feds ui that Warren put up these milestones at. hi.-; 
own expanse [ 377 ]. and Warren himself writes that, "Having 
suggested to Colonel Clone, shortly bofore iiis departure to 
Poonah, the convenient v of okcir.s Mr.osr.uios on the high 
roscla leading iron? the CM.i-rs.itu; to .Seringa pa bam, that Officer 
having highly approved of the idea, there were 202 mile 
stones piaued by roe U;tiveeri... the Chants at Sr.ikencheroo 3 
and i-iennrn-.pal.air!. and. on the lower toad between Bal- 
nuir.ifridum ami Bangalore. The cutting carryiny, and plac- 
ing these stontii I estimated at about :■ liupces each. These 
were prnu-.ired, out. arid olaeed at my own '.■est c as is knoivn 
to all that nave travelled on that road sinoc that time ), but 
though I was directed by Colonel Close and Mr. Webb to 
state what I bad disbursed 00 ibis account, other business- 
of (note moment pre vented them :>: bringing my claim for- 
ward, and I never thought it becoming to trouble them about 

Ti > wards rho ("id of 18(1 1 the Directors ordered m out 
of allcies. [ 330-1, 422 ], and Mackenzie then withdrew 
his objections to Warren's transfer to Lambton's 
Svy. [312. 3^2]; "I had not leisure sooner to 
signify my acquiescence in your relinquishing 
your situation... as a measure... for improving your 
views and prosnects, and more easy ami comfortable 
to yourself than under the present diminuation of 
your allowances. For, however desirous I am of 
your continuing in your phi.ee on this survey, I do not 
apprehend it would be right, to interfere now with 
your privato nam far t and advantage. 

"Could anything more influence my acquiescence 
it would be Mr. Petrie's so heartily entering into it. 

establishment at the expenet 



1 WARREN 

room, either in the house or Buu;;rdoo attached to it. 
& yon will be cpiiro at, your c;Lse k command your own 
time ; it is nearly 3 miles from the Fort, where I 
seldom go" 9 [421 ]. 

6-10-02, he handed in his maps and reports with 
the following note ; "Altho' my thanks for the very 
kind manner in which you directed my labour when 
employed on the Mysore Bur^ey are perhaps not men- 
tioned here with strict propriety, yet I hope you will 
excuse my availing myself of this lust opportunity f or 
expressing to you the lively sense of gratitude whieb 
I shall ever entertain on that particular account" 10 . 

Mackenzie responded, lil-10-02 ; "The ardour you evinced 
in carrying on the work, particularly under the circumstanced 
tiii.t attended irs oonci us i->r:, eouid not but meet my particular 
approbation. Your «er:l i merits on the occasion of our several 
duties separating us eouid not fail of being pleasing to me, 
tho' you esihnai.e percaps too highly ..vliiil. was justly doe to 



■self, t 
lifested in your ei 
r oining Lambtc 



' y»t * 



adh.ee 









9] 4 . 



. This I have 
1 I myself have strictly 

iver proposing cvnythmg 
• La rob ton's [115, 117, 



this time on evy. of Kolar Dist. [ 100, 101, 
112,205-12], and was the first European to notice tho 
existence of gold in work:;, bit quantitr hi thi.i area. In a paper 
first pubd. in 1801 s "he closer: he* now he discovered, whilst 
surveying ("re boundary of Mysore. ... that the people of the 
country wa.she:- for: goid, and that file "oki-oearina soil seemed 
to cover an are:; of quite ten sip mile?. He comir. union ion is is 
observations to several people high in ran!; under the Madras 
Presidency, who advised him r. extend his enquiries, which lie 
did in the course of ms sarvoys, and oisoovcred voices of gold 

His report was sent home to the Directors, who were not 
greotly hr.p'ossc-:!. :j.rid did not see how the discovery could 
" ho made bor'.fiicial to the public"-'. Warren reports that tec 
"never received any mdo:ani:ioatinn exooptir.v thanks and 
compliments, nor indeed was I anxious for anyting else"\ 

Havncr completed hi* svy. of Kolat: 8 . Warren went 
down to Madras in July 1MJ2, taking advantage of 
Mackenzie's invitation, " Should you cumo down here 
while I am at Madras I will be glad to accomodate 
you in my place hero ; at present 1 have nobody with 
me, but if more of my friends should east up by that 
time, I can still contrive to accomodate you with a 

' Supply Desps. 2 Naykhaneri? 57 L'9. ' MM0. 21-6-11. ' DDn, 6B„ 8-1-112. 'A% AR. 1S04, .¥.\c. Tracts ( 1, 7 ] ; 
JASB. Ill ( 463 ], Sept. 1834. »CD. to M., Pub., 27-6-04. 'MMC. 21-6-11. ! Map. MRIO. 1 Hi ( 32 ). J D.Dn. 06, 

2-6-02. ^Memoir. MRIO. M 115. "DDn. 41. 1! CD. to M. 9-4-06 ( 26 ). "AsJtlX, 1807 ( 1-23); XI, 1810(203-308), 



the next six months en tiding up Lambton's main 
triangles by secondary work, and sketching in the 
main features between Madras and Pondicherry 
[ 3-4, 101, 102, 119, 237]. In May 1803 he made a 
eheok measure of T.a.mbtori 's hsi«nlinn nn the race- 
courseatSt. Thomas's Mount, and fixed its hendit. by 
connection to the beach [ 256-7 ]. He then continued 
trgn. N. as far as Pulicat and W. to the meridian of 
Veil ore, reconnoitring the country so that Lambton 
eouid beat arrange liis groat i.ri angles for striking out 
W. across the psjiiinsuia [ 23S-0, 253, 333, 369 ]. 

When Lambton sto.rt.ed obsns. to the W-, Warren 
took his advance trcn. along tho south of Mysore 
[379-80], and in May 1S0-1 started meast. of new 
baae-line near 1'ar^icloro, where he spout some 
months hi;!pLu;! with conipns. whilst Kater took ovor 
the advance trgn. [255-7, 2 59> 4 10 ]• In Oct. he 
was sent forward again to carry triangles SW. over 
the Gbcits, and clown to tho W. coast [ 241 ] and then 
left to take oh. of tho Obsy. in place of Goldingham, 
who went on long leave in Feb. 1805 [ 163, 190,402 ]. 

The Directors protested against the selection of a 
King's officer, and sanctioned the anpt. as a tem- 
porary expedient only 12 [ 313 ]. Warren now held 
the posts of Astronomer. Marine Survr., Supdt. of 
the Survg. SeViool [ 2, 140, 142, 194, 195-6, 317, 
341, 344, 347 ], and Inspector of Bev. Svys [ 142-8, 
226, 277, 299-300 ]. As Mar. Survr. he survd. the 
ancboricjios at Coringa Hay inid Vizaga patam be.- 
tween Oct. 1805 and June 1S06 [ 159-60]. 

Ifis most notable work at the obsy, was the deduc- 
tion in 1807 of a value for long, of Madras, which 
was retcunod lot depth maps until lilOo L 195 ]■ 

Other ninth but in as to soi-oioi"; appear in. two strticlca in 
Asiatic Rc-mirdms -.-.v. experiments rriade, one in Mysore "in 
tiic yoar 1S04. to i:ivc;-.iL'-.ito tlic li>;:'s of torrostiii rof.-:n:'.i'jn ; ' 
[■360], and another ";\t the 0':>serv.itory...for lif-terniining 
the length of tho simple pendulum boating .-; i r : ■ p 1 scoonds... 
and aome temirkd on the p'dipioity of the earth." 11 . 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



iM.iti, purchased cantaiuey in 33rd Foot. 

Feb. 1807, had correspondence wdth ?,e:inoll about the 
svys. of Persia brought bari by tho asat. snrvra. with 
Malcolm's mission of 1800-1 "[ I, iSb, ^ ; II, i 73 , 280 ]. 

MGO. ].+ -3-07, appd. ADC!. iu «' m . i\,i,ri„ whilst he acted 
as Govr. foe 3 months. 

1-5-08, obtained "the Oocernoi' : s leave t.-.i be absent from 
the Presidency for the space of two months (or more if 
necessary ) for the recovery of :ny health.. The place I intend 
lt> proceed to is Point Cal'.m.cre, and eventually Ootallum 1 in 
tic Tir.jifve'ily District" [ l 44 '.. At i'onah.-herry he met his 
future wife, and took lenie iifjiiin the lo'iowmg vear to marry 
her. 

Nov. 1810, on the appt. of Mackenzie as SG-, 
Madras [299] Che appts. of Inspector of Rev. Svy. 
and Supdt. Survg. School were abolished, and 
Warren remained Astronomer only 2 . On the depar- 
ture of the expn. for Java, he was appd., (MGO. 
24-4-11 ) to be acting Bde. Maj. of King's Troops in 
the Madras Presdcy. and extra ADC. to the C-in-C, 
Gen. Pater 3 . He held the offices of Bde. Maj.— 
DAG.— and DQMG., King's Troops— at different 
times till 1813. 

16-9-11, asked to resn. ; "The time when His 
Majesty's 33rd Regiment is about to return to 
Europe being fast a^pproaohing, and my private and 
"Family affair;; requiring urgently that I should, 
during the short interval I ha-v"e to remain in India, ... 
be absent from the ! J resit lorioy. I have to request. ..to 
resign on the 1st of October noxt Llio Office of Acting 
Astronomer, 10 which I wa? appointed in December 
1804 for three years durioo Mr. C oldin^'nam's. absence. 

"J have projeettvi the hadipses, and ::-om:.'!etet.i the 
Calender for l!ie year lb 12. u<n I id>.,orv<;d with aucoess 
the last Moon Eclipse in this year. Nothing there- 
fore of importance remains to be done for some time 
to come, and I hope that in consideration of my 
protracted service at the Observatory... and of the 
present situation of my Family. Clovornment will be 
pleased to permit me to retire" 4 [ 196, 303 ]. 

Ho was relieved oil 26-12-11, but did not accompany the 
33rd when they left India owir.™ to money troubles, caused, 
ho says, Ijv the fsilure ■.-.: his hunkers, Harrington & Co. He 
exchanged into the 56th Foot'', iiii-ia-ll, and served with 
that regt. in eim naiens r.gsinst tin- M a rath as till 1814. 

Submitted i.u ".Wii, "An Account of the aneient eity of 
Bijapore. in the Mahrritta Decern"/- which he had visited in 
1813. 

Nowe of the restoration of the French iiioniirnSiy reaching 
India it. Sept. ISM, lie obtained leave to Iturjpe and, leaving 
his wife and yourejir ehiloren at 1 \. it di cherry, sailed in the 
Phoenix on 5-3-15', with his eldos! son, Edward, and reached 
France 14-10-15. He was reinstated in the French army, 
£4-7-16, with the brevet rank of LtColonel, and admitted 
Chevalier of St.. Loins. His rri .1.1 1 .-- and sisters wore alive to 
greet him. On t.iie death of his eldest orothcr ht: applied for 
recognition a= head of the familv. and became LMtb Oomto 
do VYarren, 10-1-16. 

^monzst his haumos.1, reunions was that with trie .Duke of 
"Wellington In Paris after Waterloo. "Le due lui avait fait 
vine recrption tics plus graciei.ses, 1', ivft.it. invite a sa Table, 
et apprenant do lui qu'il laiss; : .;t i::i Franco iin jeune fils qn'il 
vo'.ilait v faire clever, I'avait blame dc cette resolution, ct 
..■,.■■ 1 ,■!,■■■, ■,.. s'i! voulsiib faire tie moi [ hia son Edward] un 






tard nit seus-lieutenance" 6 . 
jring his stay in Paris Warren n 
ding Laplace and De Larubre, w 



C Lam! 



slim 



irrospondiug member of "le Bureau 
1I1 9 I. ■-.::H.ndes"™. 

Leasing Edward to he ed. at Nausy. Wirren returned to 
Madras, sold out from the nhtli. which ivas now in Mauritius 
and settled in Pondioherry who his fainily. On behalf of the 
Coll. of Ft. St. C cargo, he underlie I; the translation and edit- 
ing of a collection of mero ■!■ : ■!, ■ i 1 ■ .■'. ■■■ L'v, iVi ''ii 11 is 

pnbd. in 1825. under the title of IZzia-'ankaiUa 1 ''. 

Wrote long and intimate personal account of 
Lambon's career, pubd. in local press 1824-5 
quoted here under ref. " Warren" [264, 411 ]. 

After the death of his wife, 26-12-20, he took up the study 
of French law, was appd. councillor at the Court of Justice, 
8-8-25. and aiiviiiieo-: to Judge of the Oh. Court, An.?. 182S 
to 13-4-29. A»pd. Chevalier of the Legion of Hi 
19-8-24, being decorated in 1829. 

It is reported that, he was so pooolar that on the 00 
of the marriage of his 2nd dan. in 1R29, "lea Hindo-us - 
rent payer les frais ties fetes. ... Rien mieux, le jo 
marriage, le chevalier etui; trop faihle pour pouvoir He : 
; . Ii'.disi, ii fit port'- en trinjupbe a boat de bras". 

When in 182S it was proposed to carry out an 
aatr. svy. over those parts of India that could not 
well be covered by ths i.J'1'8., !Uao.!;er suggested 
"Warren its the nu:St- smtable o'fit:e;.' :l , saying that iie 
had "no personal knowledge of any individual in 
India equally qualified. ... 

"Mr. Warren was formetK- in His Majesty's Sendee, and 
BoldoutasaCapliiiaol" tie: aiit.h !ie;d, at tno end of the last 
war thro' despair of further prr.inutiori. He was about three 
yetirs an assist i«it to Major Ljndil.oj., sad air:iost continually 
employed on detnduil ami c viiiaeritiul doty. He ofliciated 
durin.'.; about six years us C.:-mpany's .\-.- !-,,a.:iner at j'adras, 
ari'.l vaeatotl that situ atio.a on i.iie return or .Wr. Cohhadiam 
from England. ... He married a lady of French extraction at 
i'ondicherry where he now resides; but hem--' at present a 
Widower is, I am well ialurtr'.eo. liesir'.-us of ajain nnderluking 
suitable employment". In their letter of 4 27 the Directors 
approved this proposal and, unaware thai. Warren was now 
oi vcars o!d, si;;a:i:;--:d that he might sue:;. Goldtngham at 
the Madras Ohsy. ; the wiial!- scheme ibr this astr. svy. was, 
however, abandoned. 
Left, four children ; 

J.'Mouard t'ranjois i'ltriee. h.. Madras, 8-1-11. 

Marie-Ther-se Emilie. b. Poodcherry, 27-12-12; m. M. 
Pierre Poituon. ir.spector of French Marine. 

Marie Eli/.aheth, b. l J ,mdichcrry. 6 12-H; m.. 26-11-29, 
Ado-ohe ftiiillaume Matter do la Fontaine. Sous Commissaire 
de la marine, later in .ho service of the Nizam. 

Henry Hyacinths, ii., I'ondicherry, 18-5-18. 

rlilward, the eldest sou. has left the story of his iife in a 
book entitled "L'lmk J;i;^ii» ".)/ IS-l;r\ piibd. 1844 ls . Left 
in France at the age of 0, he followed in his father's steos. 
He went to j']n;;;and in 1.M30, and 00 ta hied a passage to India 
as mdpn. in a mercii. ship, and arrtl. Madras. 1-5-31, 
only to And at I'omiiehi-rry that his father had died, and 

With the help of friends he had prepared a memoir of his 
father's services with tho British, ..mil " muni de cette phce, ... 
je repris la route de Madras oi; i'urrivai an commenuement de 
juin". Here he mot two officers of HM. ooth Foot", one of 
whom was. willing to soli his comn. as 2/l.t. ; Edward per- 
suaded tiie colonel to forward the previous -nemoir to iinidand, 



'Kuttalam, 5S H/5, a favorite healtii resort. Imp Giffi. XVI (53). 
wronglv assumes that be aced. toe exon. to Java. a MMC. 20-9-11. Ma 
'MadGaz. 4-3-15. 3 Edouard do Warren, I ( 16 ). 'Govt. Gnz., 22-6-2C 

of Museum, The Hague. 1938. "DDn. 2dt j 9 ), U6-12-23. "Also anthc 
of the Kuphrates. 1S"i7. 13 Westmoreland Regt. - 



'M Rev lid. 32-11-10. 'Tho family record 

>r the Weat Esses Regt. * As J. Jan. L821 (47). 

"See paper by Dr. W. E. van Wijb, Curator 

of European Interest* in Railways in the Valley 



NOTES 4 

and himself wrote to the Duke of Wellington, recalling tho 

promise made it; 1S15. Elettin months later he was nomi- 
nated as purchaser of the. vacant eomn., having spent tha 
interval travellii.i: in S. India, till, hcarmk- the uofid" newa (it 
Hy.rhrrah.kl, he joined the rcjrf. at F.cllarv 1 8-9-33. 

Afttr about ili) years service ho retired to France and 
nia.rr.ied. His cZdeai. son, Laden, left ?]:, children, one of 
whom, Paul, was rail. gorr. of Strnsslnirir in 1949, where he 
was severely wounded and l.nkeu prisoner l>v the Germans. 
One ol Paul's suns, le eomte Reidnald de Warren, has been 
most heplfiil in sunpk-ins; inln. about his srr-sit-vraudfathcr, 
our surveyor. R^hiaM ice-; ib;hdni' in la-.-iTieo in 1940, and 
later with Free kroncl, through IV. desert, T-.inisia. and Italy, 
ami with inndmL' on ,-i. eoa-i of ['Vance, Aug. ] 044. beiin- 
promoted to Major'. 

Henry, the second son. mi.! ed. at Mauritius, and also 
bou.eht a ooiiin. in the Cif.tli Foot ; he l.r. to a CVvlor. re«t , 

odd ZS-12-62. 

"fin.-: followiiiL' are us irir.it -■ from . ? : > I . i l Warren's will dated 
T'ondichcrry, 7-4-25 a . 

"Jo legue speoiolement j mon? Sis alne ma c.aisso d'iustru- 



mtmdo do n 



.; ri'hoaia- 
t fait t. 



taut Irlandois que Francois, cepnrs ie ream; lie Charles I, Eoi 
d'Aneleterre. i'ast|n'a eeloi do Linns XVL'.'ft apr s lui do Louis 
XVII et XVI II, iiois d.e France, 

" Jeleur recom.mc;i.:;c :■.■.: iin !.i phis pi.rlah.e union et sincere 
ainitic. outre rai. snivant en eela 1' exam pie des quatrc enfants 
de mon tr. s nun-re p- -.■, au nombac di-rajao!;, je finis. ... 

" Je. declare no laissor anenn enfarn nature!, et n'en avoir 
jamais en, a ma connaissance". 

Codicil, 74-.'S : his .ion Henry about to depart for Mau- 
ritius ; "Altho' in my Ka-h-b ru-ac- ore, aer.ee I have ever 
been in the habit o! senilis! Joun Wakeeits only, yet I 
declare the above to be the Christian names I bear in the 
Gert.ihiaie of Hapt^ni.''. viz., Jean-Bao[.i*ie Francois .foieph, 

2nd L'rii.Ueil 1- 11 20; ; ' My daughter .More Ivi/.abeth is 
shortly to be married to Cap.. Adolphus William Mottet, of 
Nizam's service, a french subject ; he is appointed joint 
executor". 

The ori-inal piintin^: from which plate 2?j is reproduced 
was, in 1935, hnn;;m;T in a \"r;rmand! eharoau, residence of 
Paul. 3rd son of Lucie?! and father "!' It.'-Huald de Warren 
[sup). 

WEBB, William Wpericer. Ben. Inf. 
b. 2-12-1784, d. 4-2-65. 
Ens. 20-11-01 ... Capt. 9-11-18; ret. 29-6-24. 
Son of Win. & Mary Webb, of London. 

Oriental dub: Hrv.fson, IV (4113-7), 

ed. Christ's Hospital, passin-a- Trinity Ho. e.\aini nation, 
31-10-1799: granted cea'tiiieaie' by Master ,-,-F Knynl Math. 
School that he had '•eoiu[i!eted hi; theoretic;-! studies in 
Mathematics and Naur.ical Astronomy, ...occupying a period 
of nearly three yuars, al. the expiration of which. ..he quitted 
the school to join 11. II, (Ship Amazon. ... His regular and 
diligent application to study, the faeilily with whieh every 
precept was imbibed, and the p;-rjiin:ieney with which it was 
retained, combined with his exemplary conduct in every 
particular (superior to that of any of his fellow pupils), 
induced a pleasinj expectation that his l"u;.ure life v, rail;: pmve 
vahi.ihlu ; ... ins country atn; creditable to himself"'. 

One of his first experiences in India f«<k!-3 was to join 
Lord Valentia ; "My escort consisted of a company of the 

10th Native Regiment, eo: ciccd by ■:: yoeiu; officer of tl.te 

name of Webb, for whom i applied in consequence of the 
recommendation of several of my friends". Leaving Luck- 



■3 WEBB 

now-, "set off ou an Elephant for Futtygunge, Mr. Webb on 
another" 5 [406,410,414]. 

1805-6, survd. several routes with his unit, com- 
mended by the SCI. [ z ? , i9g , 30y ], 

BGO. 9-11-07, being stationed at Delhi, appd. to 
crarcl.SG.'s escort, Colehrookis having specially applied 
for him because of his "abilities as a surveyor'' [358 ]. 
Leaving Cawnpore, 17-12-07, marched through Luck- 
now to Bareilly to svy. the &, districts of Rohil- 
khand, close along the foot of the hills, Webb taking 
ahare in the svys. [ 32, 389, ]. Being prevented by 
bad health from further active work Colebrooke 
deputed Webb to explore the upper course of the 
Ganges. Starting from Hardwar, 13-4-08, with 
Hewrsey and llaper ins coin pan ions [ 404, 438 ], Webb 
readied Raithal, 6 on the BltuVirathi. 37 m. short of 
Gangotri, being unable to get his transport ponies any 
furt-her along the rough track. The party then 
ascended the Alaknanda, and reached Badrinatli 7 
before they w.:re pereniptorily recalled by the Gurkhas 
at Ahnora, After several aujiious weeks they rejoined 
Colebrooke at Bareilly, 30-6-08 [5, 6, 33, 73-8, 80, 
83, 87, 88, 192, 310, 340, 389 ; pi. 9 ]. 

By this adventurous journey Webb not only 
brought back geographical.! matcrir.il based on urt- 
impeaohabie svy., including position & heights of 
snow peaks, but finally scotched the Lamas' picture 
of the westerly sweep of the upper Ganges [I, 70 ; 
pi. 7 j n, 70 ]. Much to his disappointment the 
Gurkhas would not agree to a second expn. by which 
he hoped to fix tho Mruinsarowar Lake [ jq, 438 ]. 

BGO. 4-7-OS, appd. "Surveyor in the Upper 
Provinces", but "seized with a jungle fever im- 
mediately on his return to Bareilly", and was unable 
to start outdoor work till October [ 5, 6, 33-4 ]. For 
the next tlrree years he made svys. of NE. Oudh 
and Gorakhpur [34, 312, 329, 353-4, 382]. BGO. 
27-1-12, being "incapacitri.tevl on account of a spleen 
complaint", granted leave to England [ 34, 3S2 ]. 

Though a most zealous and efficient survr., anil 
skilled at astr. obsns., he confesses to being a very- 
poor dmn. [76]. He writes to the SG„ 8-2-10. 
"the plan sent is certainly, in point of execution, a 
most wretched daub, for I have lost the Draughtsman 
who used to assist maS, and although I have always 
acknowledged my incapacity in this way, I think the 
necessity I have been under to work when fatigued, ... 
and at night, has either increased my natural want 
of ability, or that I grow worse and worse" 9 . His 
maps, however, whether drawn by himself or another, 
are neat and legible, mid hi« hill-: hold and etprewsive 

Cpi- 7.9I 

Whilst on leave Webb took special courses in astronomy, 

with a view to improve his skill a? survr., and took back 
with him to India live certificates. One. 20-2-14 from 
"Thomas Kirmh^e!-. Late Astrocomer at the R.ovrd Oos.cva- 
tury. Green :vie h -l.ient, H". S. Webb... has during his present 
stay in England ajtended me for (.lie |.i:r>. e oi n\:e 1 ih .... ■ 



„-.„ m.ulatc General, Sofia. 'Madras 

Wills, lb.W. -of Jordan s (.0. ie-.vel.ers, >[aflri«. 'DDo. 143 (107), 26-5-11. "Valentia I f 13!) ) ' ■• V! r\|.' „, 
Matw a riRH.,62m^r raTel,ri 5 3^. ■ Vill,.,e £ tenapls, lOlbu ft.. 13 n, i: of aeak . -:t llin f. ^p,,,! Tk~ 

wTwat ftther of SfiS^ historian S^T'' S ' **"" ° f ^ Th ° 3 ' & ^ * " "^ ° f Ma "™ ! "/^SVS 



■1\ 

30" 

1 





BIOGRAPHICAL 



l from 2nd ci. Assfe. Survr. 






lat cl. 



directed to lie prornred from the best makers. With such 
instruments, and tbe abilities waicij Mr. Webb possesses in 
the use of them, ...he will be a'lle ■expeditiously to settle 
the Latitude and Longitude of places with great pre- 



Aaotiief from "' A. Robert son, Mviliaii Ihofcssor of Astre.- 
iioniy, OitVjiil 1 ; March 2nd. ISM. ... I have seen the Instru- 
ments he has provided. :snd consider them in every respect 
adequate b) the purposes intended, neither ran [ doubt from 
t:ie celebrity of the Art.is's he has cmolovrd. that they will 
prove, of the most perfect description"-. 

Before leaving England, Webb denfted a request to the 
Itirectors for a pot, as astr, survr. in India; "In the 
perform an™ of my duty as a Surveyor I was engaged in an 
arduous. ..jooniev.. -lor the purpose of examining the upper 
.Branches of the River ("ranges. ... f sustained considerable 
loss in Books. Iivtrnmerits. and iia^age. ... 

"Being originally intended for "the Navy, I received a 
regular education in the rudiment of Marl ■unatiei and prae- 

n India !io submitted this letter and the certl- 
~=G.. 5-12-1-i , "They had not been presented 
!, the time [ qiuttrL Kmdar.d ; in June last ). it 
ig!!-;stcd iii nie iiut their ;. piiearar.ee won;.: he 
tf.i.11 thi lioa-nhu.ions lor l.heS,irve, V orGene.:.l'_s 
■■■ ■■ ended by their Committee should be 



Owing to the ■uitbraa-k ..if the- Xepal War, he only 
had a few days in Calcutta before reporting us 
Bde. JIaj. to Nieholls' force that occupied Almora 9 
[go]. 

BSC. 25— 1 15, appd, Sut'.v. in I.vuin.Liiivi.. continuing 
on that svy. till he left India in 1821. 

WEBBE, William. Asst Survr., Madras, 
b. 1784-5. 

Appca. 10-5-1794 [ I, 284 ] ; tr. to Bombay est. IS13. 
BMC. 25-1-12; Malcolm reports that "Mr. WoJib 13 the 

son of a Sergeant of one. of the Regiments in the Company's 
Service by a Native ivonjiin ; was edueaied a I [.he Male Asylum 
of Fort St. George [ I. 2S3 n . 7 ], which be left in 1794, having 
been in that veav hour-! appi-cn-her at the Obsorvatorv School 
of that Presidency ; his time expired in 1301, and lis has 
since then been always actively employed as an Assistant 
Surveyor. 

"He was with m& from the end of 1799 to 1801 
during my first mission to Persia, and has been 
employed under my orders since January 1809" [I, 
286]. Malcolm continues by readg. Webb© for pro- 

1 Abraham Robertson ( 1751-1826 ); FRS. DNB. 'DDn. 143 ( 94 ). 3 BMC. 9-12-14 (96). ' Sagar Roads, at 
of Hooghh- II. -DDn. 143 (9-1) &■ BMC. S -12 14 (95). '■ Nepav! Papers ( 5S2-S 1. -\D.l>n. 127.: B Pol C. 2.'>-lI-12 (2; 

'MFC. 7-3-12. "mi letter-hook as M (ion. now with Map V. C. P. Hudson. -".Taina, +7 MVITS ; Sawakdjat, 4(i fl/ll 

Kandaibari -to D/4. DDn. 246 ( 145 ). 



1802-i, on rev. svy. in Malabar ; 1804 -fi, employed 
under Col[r., Madras j 180H-S. at th© survg. school 

where he compiled map of Malcolm's routes through 
Persia and Iraq [280 ]. The map gives route that 
he and Pope followed from Mail is through Nullore. 
N'alaonda, Hyderabad, Bidar, Poona, to Bombay, 
ami by sea to Bush ire, touching at Muscat and Ormuz. 
Along the route t.hi-oiiyti Iraq sire shewn — "Tank 
Kerserall, supposed to be part of the ruins of Gtesi- 
pbon — Aleadar, the Ruins of a most magnificent 
Building" [ 173 ]- 

Sept. 1808, joined Malcolm in Bombay [ 174-5 ]■ 
and sailed with mission to Persia, 10-1-10, survg. 
route to Tehran. On return of mission was kept at 
Bombay, Malcolm ror'W'r'inp 2-10 II lhat he "is the 
only persoa now with me that can aid in construc- 
ting ( on ;i large scale ) a new Map of Persia for the 
Supreme Government. I therefore cannot without 
irreal inconvenience disoense with bis services before 
the latter end of December, or I he- beginning of Jan- 
uary 1812, after which period I shall order him to 
join Lieutenant Garling at Goa". Feb. till Oct. 
1S12, on svy. of Goa [ 157 ], 1 hen returned to Bombay 
to copy Reynold's eo'ent map for the Supreme 
Govt.' 1 and permanently tr. to Bombay est 8 . 
[ 346, 352 J- 

Served many yours under I.ISG. Bombay; assis- 
ted Shortrede on meant. Kadi base-line, 1828. 

WELSH. James. Mad. Inf. 

b. 12-3-1775. d. 24-1-fU, Bath. 

Ens. 22-5-1790. ... Lt Geo. 9-11-48; ... ret. 1S47 ; 
Gen. 1854. 

DNB. ; DIB. ; Autb. c f Nearly 

FnrUi Yw Ar.Hr,': S'.rvite. in the East fii-.'/ei. 1S30 S . 

Nov. 1795, under Maek..m?.ie at KamcMvaram mating 
gabions r.n:* teaclnes iVr steg ■ ol Octooibo [ C, j^o j. 

1804, survd. "Roiite frrj.-n Jaidnnli to S:irat. hy the Shnder- 
well Gbai-.t, and back by (he Kbooudnharee Ghaut 7 ' 10 — 
bearings by theodolite, and "couipoted distances by a 
■.vatelr'— said to have been "poor" survey. 

Visited iieyr.nhl= at Sura', end cx;i'uie.ed the great map by 
crawling oter ii with silk stockings on hands '-id feet [ I, 219 ]. 
Reynolds ko;r [ireser^ted lii:-i with 511 IZn^'lish peranib'il-tor. 
which would be useful in correcting "bis late routes'' 
[1.330]. 

WESTON. Charles Thomas Gustavus. Ban. 

Inf. 

b. 13-11-1788. d. 27-5-28, Calcutta, of 

cholera. 

Ens. 25-10-07 ... Capt. 1-3-24. 

Son of Charles Gustavus Weston, of ISrompton and New- 
Clement's Inn. 

m., Chuniir, 23-12-3!}, Miss Clinriot-te Jane Arnold (wit- 
ness Anno Weston). 

Hodson,IV(432], 

IS10-11, expn. to Mauritius; Aug. to Sept. 1812. survd. 
Chtlka Lake [12, 443]. 

■Ota 



WHITE, Francis gallon. Ben. Inf. 
b. 22- 8-1780. d. 19-7-50. 
Ens. 28-11-01 ... Capt. 22-6-16 ; ret. 6-2-19. 
.Son of liev. Stephen White, rector of Ciirii[!sri. ( .in. Hunts., 
ami I'lioaibeth Anna, his wife, dau. of Rev. Wm. Sellon. 

m„ 18-11-18, Joanna, dau. of C. G. Rees, of Cross Hall, 

ed. Westminster, 1795, IF. II ( 986 ) ; Hodson, IV ( 447-8 ). 

Maratha War, 1803-5 ; Oct. 1805 to March 1806, 
survd. route of Col. Ball's deft, in pursuit of Holkar's 
puns between Delhi and Jaipur 1 [ 59, 166 ]. 

.I:ily l!>0!i, apod. ,Sarvi\ on JJoliv IV; :r i: .or. workm™ 
under professional direction of SG., and under direct 
orders of Resdt. Delhi [ 5, .59-61, 192, 198, zoo, 221, 
309, 3T0, 327 ]. Svy. closed down, July 1807, for 
reasons of economy, but re-employed Oct. 1807, on 
svy. of old Jumna canal, N". of Delhi [ 67 203, 358 ], 
Kama! cant., and the country W. of Delhi and Agra 
[61, 270,285-6, 353,358]- 

Aprii 1808, met Colebrooko, SG., during hia visit to Delhi 
[ 33> '£"> ]. wlll > " intimated to bk tiiat a Survey towards tho 
source of tin 1 Jumna was much require;:, anil that he was 
particularly desisois the situation of Nahan- should be more 
accurately dp lined." [ 1 1-6 1. fir |. 'i'lie Resdt. 3 wrote to 
White. 19-1-05, i.l 1 at "flic Mine opinion was expressed to me 
verbally by the Surveyor General when i,l. Delhi. Hb did not 
however stare it to me in 1vri1.in.15. ehher privately or officially, 
from which I am led to sisf.ipij.JK fhit he did not attach any 
very great degree of importance to the object. ... The 
great and primary object of your appoint meat was the 
survey of the boundary of the Mortu Western part of our 
territory in till.? quarter". In a further comment on the 
visit tiip upper Jumna, h.: added that "nowever desirable a 
knowledge of that Country might be, it forcibly struck me 

Itistrue that 110 pan. of (he Jumna flows in the vicinity 
of the territories of Ruojcct Singh, but.. .any appearance 
of tim British Government dirocTin;: ii.s attention to that 
Quarter rnijdit have rendered Kurijit- Singh suspicious, and 
induced him to believe that something more was intended 
Hum the mere Survny ofthe Country" 1 . 

liiiiilked of Ink hopos of roachm;; tiio source of the 
Jumna whilst Webb survd. tboso of the Ganges, 
White applied to acey. Klphinstone to Peshawar, 
submitting, 27-9-08, "a Map of Bikaneer and Shekho- 
wat Countries 5 which, at the present moment, will 
[ eo-neoivo be partic olarh into resting, as I under- 
stand the Hon. Mr. Elphinstono proposes to take 
Bikurieor m his way to Candahar. ... 

"I was in hopes, from the Onneral knowledge of the 
Cm ml ry West of Delhi ..acq. lire. I du-i.::: a tiiri's- veais -uvvcv, 
he [ the Resdt, ] would have directed me, either to have 
accompanied Mr. iMetcalle to Lahore '"');], or the Hon. Mr. 
Elphinstone to Cabul [ 65 ] ; as it was pretty obvious that an 
extension of our Geographical kooideiuc in that quarter was 
of the most serious, importance : '. After pointing out how 
best thn route of tho mission nonld he survd. he concludes, 
"I should think a Buggy could he constructed in such a 
manner as to answer all the purposes of a peramulator, and 
with the assistance of a Pocket Thcod "slil 0. used cautiously, 
the Survey would be sufficiently regular. I. am extremely 
willing to accompany Mr. lUphin.-.-.one myself, audi believe 
he has no objection, provided ir. was sanctioned by Govern- 
ment, ... nor shall "! consider myself in the least hurt, if you 
should deem it necessary to recommend any other Cnntlemuo. 
to accompany Mr. Klphinstonf, as Surveyor"' [310]. 



lOssdt. : 
:-:.d dm 



Govt, had, however, dnid.le.l to send Tickell, and White 
replied to a rebuke for nol; submitting his map thro' the 
"My map (which I entertain the most sammine 
00 will bo found very accurate ) may, from its being 
11 from Information, be considered as a private 
gift. ..to Government. ... I presented to the Rcsiden: at. 
Delhee on the 10th of Aiisoist last, for transmission to 
Government, a Map of the whole of my Survey ou the 
West of'the.Tuinnali.frorii Ay rah to l-'atiako, ami as' far West 
as the Shckbawat and Bhattu frontiers [ obf, 69 n.2 ]. 
This Map was e-e ::o..,, [ ;i ,,, 1-.. h-j .ti.lo hurrv ! as the Survevor 
General has asked for it without delav ). ... 1 was in hopes the 
Mapmgatir t. and c on.se mien 1.1 y 

■"";: l ; "'.'■ v " '"' ' ra ;'"->'"-' , i<*[353]- 

"Tap tatigne m'derironc, and uains f have bestowed during 

dwell upon. ...I can lay my hand upon mv Heart, and say 



dings, and the 
remarks impro- 



that i.ui-pose our-chasca a number of '.■nry scarce and valuable 
books, & Instrument.;: having, however. Wen eontinually 
employed in the active ii. sties ol -uy appointment, I have no 
opportunity of payiraT 1 ha!, attention I wished to the scier.it i- 
fick part of the proliiisioo, & particularly astronomy. ... I 
trust I may.. .solicit (hat ti-.y aprsoinioirni. may be rendered 
permanent as "Head, or first, Assistant to the Surveyor 
General", with such allowances, &■ under such regulation h. as 
Government may bo pleased 1.0 direct ; & I humiilv prescsiue 
that the appointment, iliou/li new, will ultimately prove very 

bene.lLOial to Govern meul which will enable the person, 

should he aflerwaoss succeed to the situation of Surveyor 
General, to hold tlii.i. honourable appointment with credit to 
himseif. and aavaur age to '"ioversiment". 

Reply was curt, and the SG., expressed no sympathy 1 . 
White was foolish ai..l pursued l.l:e rsi.'.ttc" serL.lins in his rcsn. 
with "a long letter of accusation" against the SG., who com- 
mented; "The very chief cause and head of my offending 
has been my refusal jo reo:niirr.end (his officer to be appointed 
.Assistant Surveyor Genera; in the binkl, io secure him a, tri- 
fling add ii ion to his allowances. I did not consider it nxped- 
my refusal by mentioning that- 



such a 



■a Sackvido 



self [ 3: 



^rogatory to ids hoiiour was the nemmation of Lieutenant 
Macartney {■: survey the Canals [ 07 ]. Lieutc[iasit Wnite 
could not well carry 0:1 Two surveys at one time ; why should 

apparent. His presuming to mention the subject and to 

express his dissatisfa aion at his superiost ... appears to me to 
be a. breach of decorum that does hint no credit' 18 . 

At tho cud of" 1 SOS. White was ompioyed on a large 
scale svy. of Delhi an.;.: neighbourhood [61], and 
early in 1809 he was attd. as survr. to Ociitorlony's 
force advancing ho the Sutlaj [62-3, 81, 289. 329] 



1 of. Thorn ( 484 ) . ' Capital of Sirm; 

(53-4). 'Slu-rLawati. \W. dis,t. of daivair 
81 ( 85, 8-4-09 ). »DDn. 12B ( 1-4 ), 26-2- 



■ Stat, 






Wril'L'K 



He had many ii.ik-eiir.i.iro.^ with the Sikhs, 
losing most of his insts. and baggage in 
near Bhatinda | 3, 64, 363-5]. 

BGO. 29-10-11, appd. "to survey the upper part of 
the Dooa"b from Futtehghur, ins lad Lug Saharanporo 
and ileerut" [36-7, 219,312], and continued, with 
Hodgson asasst., till, he read, in Ovt. 1413, on account 
of ill-health, asking for "a situation of a quiet and 
sedentary nature". 

During 18)5 employed on a Urge scale svy. of the 
suburbs of Calcutta [ 18, 310, 312 ] ; BGO. 22-12-15, 
granted leave "to Europe for the recovery of his 
health", and sailed shortly after in the Tluddart, 
taking the following appreciation from Crawford, 
then SO., 11—9—15 ; Your approaching departure for 
Europe affords me a pleading opportunity of certi- 
fying that your Geographic.;! ln-ljonra for these last 
ten years have been carried on with, that dogrea of 
attention, zeal, and accuracy, as not only reflect the 
highest credit upon yourself, b-.it has also been of the 
greatest use to this office. The great accuracy of 
your maps I have in. the course of my compilation 
often proved, and when it is recollected how often 
you risked, your personal safer-y white t surveying the 
countries of the unciviliicd, it surely s !:■]■■. mgly marks 
the degree of porsevoronee. assiduity, and zeal, with 
whieh you were actuated" 1 . 

WHITE, Henry. Mad. Inf. 

bapt. 27-6-1790. d. 21-5-35, Madras ; 

ML 
Ens. 27-6-06 ... Capt. 1-5-24. 

Son of 'fhonu. and Mary Whiue, of Lambeth, 
m., Arcot, 1-11 20. Elizabeth, dau. of Rev. H. J«u"i:evs, 
ofDfora. 

July 1812, MML, cl. VI [ 321- ] ; MKIO. M 146, 
567, descriptive memoir of area survd. with MMI. ; 
JIOO. 21-1-15, posted to QiEG.'s Dept., svy. branch. 

1818-20, AQ.MG., Xagiaur ; atirvd. route tlirough 
Nagpur-Berar-Nisam's territory, MRIO. M. 220. 

1S29, reedd. to be SG. of India. 

WHITE, Henry Lewis. Ben. Inf. 
b. I78S/9, d. 28-3-50. 

Ens. 7-4-Og ... Col. 36-12-**; furl. 17-3-40 till 
death. 

firm of S:imuei White, of Lo.-Joo, arid ll.arv his wife. 

m„ Gilcur.ta, 23-1-1;), Catherine, dan. of Win. Browne, of 



■J.ndsou, IV (449). 

Fob. to June, iSOS, sun-d. routes of his bait., ISth NI., in 
Oudh [ 2; 1. 

l^lS-lil, with i'llphuisl-jiie's mission to t'eshawar { 66 ]. 

WIGGINS, George William. Ben. Inf. 

bapt. 13-11-1781. cl. 7-1-08, Cattack. 

Ens. 2-10-1797 ... Bt Capt. 20-10-05. 

Son of Thomas Wiggins, 11!''. for Oiiehampton, and Hon. 
Margaret, bis wife, :!.ui. ,.f V,':i trl-s. : ii 1 l.i.irnn Kinnalrd. 

m., 20-10-lS.JH, Mi« Caroline i.'.iliins. wi,o afterwards m. 
H. E. Gilbert-Cooucr, lie:). I.:if, Hudson, I ( 384 ). 

Hodson, IV. 

' DEta. 131 ( 167 ). "Pdbk. MRI0. M 541 ; Dim. 162. 
'BoMC. 6-3-01 'Onebeinii Sutherland [ . H3 ]. Wa,, 

•BoMC. 8-5-15. "Supply Uvip*. I..U. io 3-02; 9-1-03. " 



l BIOGRAPHICAL 

Jan- Feb, HO.',, survd. march from Ciiwnixire ; "distance 
accurately measured by peramfMjktor, except in [two] 
night marches, when it was computed by watch" ; sketched 
Jumna hetiveen Agra itrcl Muttra, and ree-nnoltr^d ail th.-. 
lords" , ro3 11.2 ]. 

WILLIAMS, Monica-. Bo. Inf. 

b. c. 1777, St. John's, Newfoundland, 
d. 30-11-23, Naples; MI., in old Protest- 
ant eem. 



Lieut. 28-12- 1 79S 



fur 



1921 s Lt C 



SG., Bombay, 1807-15. 

Son of George Williams, Chief Justice of Newfoundland, 
and Maris Monier, of Jersey, his wife. 

m„ Bombay, 28-12-11, Hannah Sophia, dau. of J T 
Brown, of EIC. service; j'-H.cr of Sir \i octet Monier- Williams 
( 1819 99 ], distinct isned orientalist ( I'lNB. I, besides 3 other 
sons and 2 dans. 

Hold cotj.111, bi KuvnJ. X=v.[..iiuj'.Uaii'l f'.-;L"(... 25—4-1795 

to 11^-1798. 

On arrival Bombay reedd. by OE. for tqtpt. to Engrs. ; 
"He is a young rural of considerable experience, hsiviugj been 
some years in His Uivesfy's Merviee, in which he served for 
some time as an Engineer. He draws extremely well, and 
understands d'rignnurnerry. luen-iirnlio-i, arid seter;i.l branches 
oi the i[!!i.'.iisiuatics" J - 

With five other inf. officers was attd. to Engrs., but 
■'the <rre.ai want of subalterns -.;: [rsfintri' made it nceessary 
to recall [them]. ... Lieutenant Williams is at present lent, 
from his corps to the I'ioneers, with whom his services are 
highly necessary in the operations in Cotiote 1 . This last 
- ,}.,_ 



officer is now liie onlv ouo r 


rcair.in.: of the six " 4 


Williams himself write ; 


"On ray entering tin: 


the ven.f 1703, I was examiu 


v! as 1.0 r;iv iji.-i : J - 


Engineers and was attached 


v.ith four oUlit infant 




no, howvor, to tho H 


the Court of Directors, tbej 




two only out of the five o: 




in the engineers, and I was 








^ded t 



and intelligence 



the 



3 f on 



md of the Pio 



■ By ".:'■■ 






The duties of it 
least, t.iin -Usriiarpn of them f 
of Colonel the Honomiile Artiuir Wtllssicy, 
and the other olvlcei-s wk;i ^.jrurriaiulcd in tnose Provinces at 
that period" 5 . 

1798-1801, whilst attd. to Pioneers, "employed on 
the Roads and Passes", asstg. Monerieff in aiirvg. 
I N". Malabiir [ I, 132 J, and attracting 
utice on several occasions 10 . Held coind. 
of Pioneers from 1801 [ 337-S ]. 

15-3-02, Wellesley notej [^ccbit of '■ a very interesting 
report by Lt. \Vii!i;iT,i; ;;;mu the s-jbjnst of the. road which 1 
desired some time ;ieo migi;t be made round Mahe" 11 . With 
this renort was a skitcii of It'rcncli territory at Mahe, near 
TsUicherry, with history of French chdrn's : w. MlifO. M'ise. 
3 & 4-0-02, with co|>ic- ;t ;i-lL redjetions fr.iiu oi-iL-iu'il, scale of 
650 toiaea tc 2 inobea. 

•BoMC. 10-11-17! 
s appt. to comd. i 
. 2H-6-02. 



At Reynolds' requost, appd. Asst. to the SG. at 
Stirat "without- prejudice, however, to his situation 
in the Pioneer Corps, to which he will return, as soon 
as the Surveyor General can dispense with his 
services"' [ 2 g 2 n . 7j Ja3 j, 

Appd. Dap. to SG., and on Reynolds' strong 
recdn. succd. him 2-3-07 [ 305-6, 323, 325 ]. Dec. 
1807, survd. route Sirur a to Poona, and thence 
to Borghat near Khandala 3 . 1809-10, conducted 
svy. of Gujarat [ 170-3, 338 ] ; spent much of his 
timo as SO. i.rs eoTiiple.t.irur uTiil adding to Reynolds' 
great map [ 7, 283-5, 28 7 ]- 

April to June 1811; examining teak forests on 
Narbada [ 168 ]. 1811-6, on rev. svy. of Broach, 
working out procedure with oollr. of district; svy. 
on theso lines being later extended through Gujarat 
[8, 188-9,323, 338, 363]- 

On abolition of post of SG. Bombay, 20-2-15 [ 306 ], 
Williams submitted claim to be made SG. of India with 
lengthy memorial -ell in;.- out Sis lor.ir service's as survr., 1 but 
there was never any doubt that tlio apjit. must fall to 
MackeQiie [ 306-7, 427 J. 

Continued on avy. duty for ths roat of his aerviae. 

WILLISON, David. Mad. Inf. 

b. 2-2-1776. d. 10-7-06, kd. in Vellore 
mutiny [ 135 n.+ ]. 

Ens. 7-9-1797 ... Capt, 7-7-05. 
Son of David Williaon, printer of Edinburgh, and Jean 
Bruce his wife. 

1804, survd. route Hyderabad to Kotah. 

WILSON", William Owen. hm. 22nd Foot. 
Lieut. 2-9-1705 ; Capt. 13-8-06, 
1803, aurvd. route of hia batt. from Calcutta to join Grand 
Army*[ 27 ]. 



K ;,;_:: v. 



WTLTO.V, Gkwrga. 
b. 4-5-1794. 
d. 24-4-17, Rangpur, Bengal. 

Ens. 7-12-12. 

£'' i' !'.av. Wiliam jo-aori iVilton, n; Serve; 

and Mary his "" 



Ho 



;» L'l.i. 
dson, IV ( .500 ). 
2, survd. Bhagirati 



. from Sooty' to Mohangan], 
wuii pian yi &ns gronna m the vicinity of the proposed 

coitiruunieation jieiivecn too Oar-i-os and Sli.isriratoe" [21], 
" which appears L-..I have ',■■ ;:■. i: : i-t-i ■ I" i: II ■,- a;i:] c.ii-r.X'tlv uade " ; 

BGtO. 2-S -lo, apod, to construct new oowder ma;ra;ine at 
lahiipore. 

ib. 15-11-16, appd. 



'■- Ru:n;;a"pre frontier en 
™™, ™ DUUU part of the Garo Hills' 

'' ; died before any aw. waji completed. 



» WOOD 

WOOD, Thomas [I, 398-400]. Ben. Engrs. 
b. Juno 1765. d. 22-1-1834, Calcutta. 
Ens. 18-5-1785 ... Col. 25-0-30. 

... ;^?!-':l H "' : '' n f-"d Anne Wood; 1st cousin to Mark Wood, 
SG. 1786-8 [I. 397-8]. 

m„ Calcutta. 3(i-d0-27, \H,s Elisabeth Pieroe. In will of 
iML mentions 6 children without indicating thoir mother, 

CB. 1815. Hodson, IV ( 516-7 ). 

1792-4, survd. Brahmaputra R. during Welsh's 
campaign in Assam [ I, 80-2 ] ; 1795-6, survd. Irra- 
waddy R. during Symes' embassy to Ava [ I, 84-5 ] ; 
From 1798, Survr. with army in Oudh [I, 57-9; 
II, 12 ], his most notahle svy. being a line from Cawxi- 
pore through Lucknow atid Pilibhit to Ilardwar, and 
then down to Ot-nvnpore by river II, jS ; II, 36 7, 268 ]. 
In 1828 a copy of the section between Oawnpore and 
Fatehgarh was sent up to Boileau, on svy. in that 
area, who refers to it as "that beautiful little survey" 8 . 
In fact, all Wood'* finished surveys wcro most beauti- 
fully drawn in colours [ pi. 5 ]*. 

1801-2, survd. Ganges between Cawnpore and 
Allahabad, where under the new treaty it formed 
the S. boundary of Oudh [22, 26]; Feb. 1802, 
received orders from the GG. to svy. the Nawab'a 
W. Boundary 1 " [ 30-34, 268-9 3°9 ]. 

Di;i!>vi:iK;d by delay in iiiiyhi,™ hia alines, he wrote to SG., 
3-5-02, ''I thank you most kindly fur your assurance that 
you will not mention me as a surveyor without tuy entire con- 
currence, and, as you never Bid have that. I find mvself much 
relieved on that subject; for I do assure you, I would rather 
be on my half-batta, than on survey allowances, and sailer 
in l.lic manner Share done for thes,. two yp;i.rs and a half 
past 11 [I, 400; H, 326-7], 

rlu completed his svy. of the boundary by August; "To 
protract the latter part," and ai'.erward? to furnish v.j^r'oilice 
with two fair copies of the ivbote, as required by the Regula- 
tions, ... will still be the work of acverid months. For that 
reason, and '.mile-- the idea thai more ^urveva i.re to be carried 
on in this part of the country | 27]. I take the liberty of 
sugsrosdn;; that some other o-iicer may iio ordered or; this 
duty. ... During my late survey- I have sufi'ered not a little 
in my health find, i h;:j. von will submit. ..m.v most humble 
and earnest entreaty in or relieved from this duty" 11 . 

His request was granted, and he was relieved, 
23-9-02, and appd. to eorad. the newly raised corps 
of Pioneers from 1S-8-03 ; served tiirough the Mara- 
tha War, distinguishing himself as CS. with Lake's 
army at siege of Bhar-atpur and elaowher-e [ Z22, 385 ]. 
"fe.i j 1 ionod in despatches o; 
after the capture of Gwalior, 5- 2-04. 

1805 till death on engr. duties [ 3! 

On Mackenzie's death i 



]■ 



, held eh. of SG.'s 
dept. from 8th to 24th May, until relieved by Hodg- 
son. Became CE., Ft. WiDiam, 1830, holding post 
till death. Owned property round Wood St., Cal- 
cutta, which took his name [ I, 400 1. 



r h -, a '?° G n 7 ~rv°?" c , ' 47 ^' 5 : ■ ~'V F/5 ' th ° pass ti,ro "S il whi(;l1 road ajld t^™? between Bombay & Poona t 
SSft , 247?. «i^A«** e9 MRI ° ^ [ 27 " 3 ' n 77_30] ! ""■ 1 -°' 1797 ' et °' " ^ ' 



24 
.30" 









[StJBYETeHS SHEWS IS THK ALPHABETICAL LlST 

AVnko:i, Ma-risnlijil Col]., 428-9- 
Abyssinia, 429. 

Ai.iiitlcntj, 41'.):— to limits. &>S, 450 :— to survey ci 
547 :—to theodolite, 241, 254, 267. 

.V.-imrocv :— Maps, iSri :— .^Lirvrv, 84, 87-S, 90, 129, 
218, 229, 236, 316, 4.1o-fi :— Triiingulntion, 121, 20 
260, 266. 

).,. sciir. ( (1. 1.77-2 ]. (ienrge, Junr., his 



.\.L;rJ(:.i!l;.-.lrul ~ur:i-y, ]* 
'-'■^iilf.:!-.', !I2 3, 113, 
^gne, r. Fever. 
AHc-do-Cmio ; ADC. j, 
Aikin, James ( "b. 1789 



, Madras, 145-6, 



.166, 170; pi. 1, Agin 



1855 ), Mad. Knars. 1 SKI 32, 
asst. siirvr., Madras, 163, 343, i 
i, 86-8. 
iiorle( 1580-1834 )[T, 68], 79. 



303, 330, 331, 



.134, 359, 364, 369, 



Almora, 31, 74-6, : 



Ahviir, or Mne 



America : — North, : 



ol' Independence, 412 : c 
Amms,$, ISO. 

Amplitude, or azimuth, 198- 



Aivkmiin Is., 2:Ki,886, Sill 



, 388, 396-7, 414, 448, 
Q [ I, 8o-i ], 4.77. 



190-6 :— Obsks. :- fe^al, 11.1 3. 29, 35, 47, 53, 57, I 
65, 70-1, 79, B2, 1»€ ■!, 20&-2, 230, 22B, 231, 269, 2! 
381, 3S6, 392, SOS, 407-8, 441, 453-4 :— Bomb) 
168-9:— Java, 137 :— l,amlit<m's, 3,4, 241, 313 % 
150-1, 258, 260, 202. 267. 414 :— Madras, 02, 103 1 
42, 104-6, 230. 250, 452 :- -Persia 173-1 1' 
-Survey. 0, 116. 231. 238, 452 :— Tabic*. l!)U, V. 
94, 195. 

nomv, 137, 200, 2(12, 25.J-!, 265, 381, 407, 414, 435: 
. :— Bengal. 1B2-3, 309, 3S3, 400, 436, 4- 
.43 :— lilnglnnd, 453 -4 :— Madras, 341. 
m, Male, Madras 303, 313. 345, 349, 394, 402,454 
of: -India, 16, n.3, 214, 287 ■— South l J eii insula-, 1' 



...,-k. 170, 



1.431; pi. J 



local,* 



, 104, 241, : 



lubert. Ales., Swiss fvom Geneva, FRK. 17' 

melmmtv. ("J™. Sir Samuel I 1750-1S22 ) 

1SI0-3; Java 181! : GC!!. 1*15 • DXB.. 38 
indie objections. 328-0. 330. 
Liidilor : Civil. 334, 330 :— Military, 336. 
uirai^eue { 101S-I707 ), Emperor of Belli: 



■ ■.liitailL,-, 
DSB., 25 



J, 409; 



Nov 



. Walr, 



.it, James A!-s. ( 170.1 ■ IM2 j, llfii. Inf. 1307, 337. 
nuib.otens.,97. 121. 1:52. [!,»>. 200, iliS : — Lambtoii's 
235, 241. 258. 207 : r. Amplitude, Meridian. 



I, 33, 71, 74-5, 78, f 



, 87, 43S, 453 ; pL £ 
■3, 419, 430. 



175-6, 2S0, 285, * 
:30 ; v. Rewab. 

ij. 1785 ). as*t. sum., Madras, 163, 313, 3 
David ( 17-57-182!) 1. Bart, 1810, D'XH., !'. 

393, 403, 413, 

( d. 1677 ), Bo. Est, [ J, 147 n.3 ], vi, viii. 
Ho. Est, 1710, vii. 
06, 113, 376. 

23-4,411, 418; pi. 1. 
uin Cramer Fredk. ( 1797-1825 ), uppce. su 



2 11.255 7,451 :— Ta„i 


re, 4, 


141-2 


25 


5, 2 


57 


259 


P> 


17; JlTSuimSvT., 2.!". 




7,99- 


100 


104-f 


.107 




120, 203-10, 370:--otti 


irTopo 


avys. 




61 


1 !2. 153 5 


15S. 201, 215-6; pi. 14 


- -Skortrralc' 




Kb 


11 


4M, 




asps, valley, Uppt-r SiLt](^_ 


117. 














asra, 175. 419,430. 
















assSl-rads. .Australia, 272. 
















atavia. 135-7. 203, 3S0, 35 


1, 393, 419. i 












ath, 436, 440. 
















Mo, 207. 316, 321,325.32 


-33, 33 


5, 338 












atterv, <k-ti.de. 395-6. 
















attlrliv-Ms. (10, 270. 

















217 :— theodolite, 2, 7 



, Mad. Inf. [I, 311-2 1 UNB. 



i. 247 8, 25,. 357, 300, 30ii, ;j34. 
; pi. 16. 

40-1, 45, 74, 220, 312, 365. 38s, 
'. 443 ; pi. 1 :— Raja of, 45, 392. 



100. 174-5, 2S0, 550, 3S5. 437, 458. 
10, 394 ; w. Measuring rods. 
6, 102, 110-1, 1134, 120, 150, 205. 
240-1,257, 200-1, 359-60. 370-7, 30 
. 120, 130. 438, 450-1 : pis. 11, 16; t 



-, David ; Mad. Kngrs. 



areillv, 5, 31, 33, 38. 74. 76, 32, 90, 260, 3 

ark, or Quinine. 118,360-2, 

arkawMs, 15, 40. 

arker, Robt. ( c. 1730-SO ], Ben. Inf. [ I. 3: 



Trichinopoly, 1790 ; 
', 381, 389, 404, 453. 



1. Hilaro ( 1702-1*47 1, Bart. i^.L i',i..s. !,,* : fsluit;i:i. 

i: Qovr. Madras 1807 12 ; DNJS., Enn'i Brit., Bldar, De.ee 
17. 423-4. li neB , 

( 1746-1S30 ), Mad. Civ. [ I, 311 J, 124. bigah, 1 

( 1). 1800 ), asst, snrvr., Madras. 163, 343, 350. Bihiir 



janagar ruins, Bellary Dist., 153. 

jiir.iuv, Deocan, 452. 

Iraner, 55, 59, 60, 64, 353, 455. 



Bird, ' 



Ifii, 301 



.. ( 1783-1820), 



, Mudrn.--, 144 n.2, 1'.,;, 



Birds, 37:5, ;js7, 388. 

Bk.ck, {.'. K. II.. India Oil'iee 1880. siyi. 

.Blacksmith, 334, 357. 

Blair, Archibald ( ,1. 1815), Bo. Mar. [ T, ^ ]. "PUS. 1780, 
viii, 296, 448, 

Blake, John, Mad. hit, k.d. in actio:) 5-9-1799, 145. 

Blanks on map*, 15, 35-6, 53, 55, 292. 

Blue lights, 239, 259, 334. 

Hoard of:- Control, London. 283. 281 ; — Ordnance, London, 
334, 412 :— Revenue :— Boreal, -15. 1 77 : — Bombay, 
1ST: Madras. 2, MO, 150. 153, IO0. 182, 181-5, 220. 
" 300, 337, 341-2, 345 -8.— Trade, 



alloy 



mtta, f 



20, 297, 324, 327, i 



s, 315. 



Boil- .Aril ., 1807-62), lie:,, Urgrs., 457. 

I'.:/.-- ' , :■ •■ ; 0. .-, I7ii0 -,, rlTH.UL.inj.iLim. 272. 

M.,l',. '..■, :.:. -.S), BOH. [ 1,-3 n.5!, v, ..,i. 

Bom-,.', : ' v. -., : -Ulntid. 8. 105. !85 7: -Miirmn 

-. 17". 2US : Survey-,, 8, 105-73 395, 403, 

Boo* , l.'l, '■:, !'■;. lyo, 342. 301, 330, 438. 454, 455. 
Bora-do :. : .r-.. i.d-o r:.; Io),!17. 

Borneo, 381. 

Boi-r.hwiok, Ale*. I 178(1-1817 ), Vlnd. Inf.. En?.. 1808, 320. 

JtSotaniftal Gardens, 113, 384, 405-6. 
Botanist. 91, 113, 350, 405, 406. 

Botuny and Plant!. 72, 5l> 3, Llll-5. ;159 00, ,134. 400, 417. 

Bongivtr, Pierre ( 1098 1758), French noodcsist ; 1735-7, 

mcasd. arc of mwirliw. in Pern, £«;:« /jrii., 266. 
Benito,-., Homy ( 1787 .1818), Mad. Inf. 1807, 320, 

Boundaries: -extehnal, 50, 61, 82, 96, 123, 130, 132;— 
Mysore, 2, 91-3, 95-7, 09-101, 103, 105-7, 
203-4. 206, 275, 419 :— Nepal, 35, 38-41:— 
Niziinvs I Join io.:,,: I,;. 134 r— Oudli, 5, 26, 27. 30, 34, 35 :— 
i.sTKEy.-i [., 110. 15+ 3, 277, 280,309 :— Bem-a;, 13, 15. 
19, 27-8, 35. 38, 51, 1.08-200 :— Bum bay. [fit;, 
180 :■ Caulonmcnt, 28 : Madras, 2, 90, 129 31 
145. 152, 158, 101, 181-5, 277 ;— .llv<..!.-. ill 2. 99 08 o, 
103.203,298, 211-2. 2U. L'.iO r— I'.ij, Iii :., 59, OS, 180:— 
Village:— Bombay, 8, 180 — Dcli.i. 180; e. Intermisture. 

Boundary : Marks, 10], 105, 100 : ■«. Disputes. 

Bourbon I, or Reunion, U-4. 29!. :i2i), 351. 384, 118. 

Bourcet, M. de, French Engr, 1760, vi. 

TW-el trouble. 32, 402. 407, 450. 

Boyle, Chas. ( 1676 1731 ), 4i.ii Eiirl of Orrery, yii. 

Bradford, 11. C. indko uliivor-, Allahabad, 1841, 450. 

Bradsli.tw, Pans ( [70-1-1821 }, Bon. hi:'., 38 40. 40-1. 430 

Brahma us, 74. 80, 354 7, 377-8, 383. 390; pi, 22 n — 
Obsy. Assts., 163, 196, 343. 

Brahmaputra R., 9, 22, 78, 457. 

Brain, inflammation of, 385, 40-!. 

Brandy, 378. 

Bras:,, l.amisl.ir.' of, 251. 

Brazil, 360. 

B:>k^I'. of Promise of Marriage, 4O0. 

Bread, 405. 

Brett, Wra. Thompson ( d. 1857), Mad. Art. 1805; inv as 
Mid. 1329: d„ \-i-,-..-i;.M. i ,i.t:.ui'., 20-2-57, 228 

Bridges, 13, 24, 307, 440. 

Brigade-Major, 410, 454, v. Kins'a Troops. 

Brisks, Join: i 1785 !875 1, \0«k Tuf., 445, 

Bnstow, John ( 1750 -1802 ;, BCS. [ I, ,.68 i, viii, 383, 386. 

British : -Muse.:..., xvi, 185, 204, 441 :— P/ule, 33. 

Broach, 57, 188: pi. !, Bai-oach ; :il. 15. ISaroche -—Rev Syy 8 
188-9, 323, 338, 353, 370, 385, -1 1 ;:, 433, 135, 459, 4 15.: 447 ' 



-Th. 



), Bo. Engrs. [I, 315], 185. 
i 1757/8-1827 ). li„r:. (ok, LtGovr. 
44,441. 

( d. 1838 ). KCR., Ben. Cav., 51, 
k. (>o,kcu : :758, ; t;0 95 i. Ben. 
Percy ( b. 1871), sxviii; pi. 22 ,1. 



278 0..I. 



l,iny.atM 


adura after 1807, 142 


), BCS., V 

17. 320. 
n. Inf. [ I, 


lii :— Edward ( 17S5- 

316 1 rfa 


1828 ), el 
93 ), iisst. 


rk, 303, 352, 355 n.7 

suryr., Madras, 164 



(1805-11), Bo. Ink W!l;liNB., En': 



1943 ), Bart, ; RE., KCSI. ; FRS. ; 

244 n.8, 260-1. 
), mathn. & astronomer [ 1, 316— 
3 : — astr. obsns., 9, 27, 32, 190, 

u.1.3, 428, 430, 454 : -rucaai. of 



v O-.ven ( 



liym. He: 
Cadeii, Si 



140, 1 



I, Mad. 



818), Mad. Inf. 1809, 321. 
[1,321], 162. 



-1817 ), il 

atriek B,oU.\( b. 1S71 ), Bo CS. 1S91-1926, 187, 
t, 315, 436, 449 :— Minor, 449. 



s. 247, 434. 



2-6. 149 n.5. 
1, 452. 



—Environs, 5, 5, 12-3, 17-8, 191, 

tzette, 411 -.— Lonr-itndc. 100, 380 — 
133:- Skeriff, 452 11. 12 :- Suburbs, 
197. 409, 410, 450 :— Tuwu svvs., vi, 
09, 439. 

780 j, Ben. Emirs. [ 1, 321 ], viii :— 
770-1803 1, Wii.l. Kngrs. [I, 321], 
100, 164, 226-7, 394. 



Call:— Jobn (1732-1801), Mad. Engrs. [I, 322 |, 162:— 

Thos. ( c. 1740 88 ;, Ben. Ko-o->. | 1". ;--i"4 1. S6. Bengal 

1777-S6, vi, 281. 
Calomel, 362. 

Omar. Jacob j 1745-84), Ben. Inf. [1,324], yiii. 
Camhiiv, 109, 5:.>5 ■ p l s . 1, 15. 

Cam;Ts. 31.52. 0k 202. 271. 32!(, 364, 3S9, 407,-119,437. 
Cameron : — Hnjrh (d. 1764 1, Bo Art. \ I, 324-i ], 8, 268:— 

Wm. ( 1789 1825 ;, a.sst, sorvr., Madras. 104, 351 :~ 

Wm. Nev-il ( 1755-1837 ), Bon. Engrs. i I, 32:5 ], 51 11. 3. 
Camp:— amenife, 210: -orjikpmnnT,, "31, 290, 32 _ 5-6, 331. 

350, 436. 
Campiue; grounds, 300. 
Campbell :— Andrew Mitehdi 1 1795-1850 ), Mad. Cav. 

1811-38, 321 : --Con. Sir Arch i 'mid : 1700 1824 ), C-in-C. 

Madras 1821 -4. 418 : Chas. Ma.okonzio .' b. 1793 j, asst. 



, 348, 351 ; Geo. DuaabS ( 17-12- 
, 366. 420, 422 : Jolir, ( 1*04-95 }, 
;urvr., 214 n.2 :— Cupt. Wm., 445. 
, 15-1, 203, 38:S, 389, 390, 402, 418, 



I, 36:— Sw. of". IS. 28, 34, 61, 67, 
138, 430, 440, 443, 446, 455. 

, 2(10, 202, 20!. 200. 285", 414, 433, 



1834 ), Baptist mi.wior.arv, DNB., 3S7. 

133-4, 346, 414 ; pis. 1, 18 :— Nawab 
: (1717-05), DIB., 1, 123:— Lambton's 
17:— other avys,, 2, 124, 139-51, 161-2, 



137, 334, 401 2, 401, 427 ; v 



i:i-l->-.k carts. 
Win. ( 1759- 



ii-pt & cartographer, -11!) ;— 
iliiir, L'.Vo'.. 23;, 2:--3-5, 262. 
; 345 ;— loaa of, 364, 410 :— supply of, 
-or iri«, Madras coin, 330 n.l. 



Cavalry —officers, 308 -9, 31 1-2 :— troons. 35, 30, 5-1, 00, SO, 

174, 437. 
Caves, 377. 431,444, 448. 



, 163, 275, 277-8, 
xm's Svy., 4, 116, 
-Revenue Svy., 8, 
1, 214, 336-7, 343, 



■ noiir", 325-6, 334. 

., [I.pl.l] 1; pi. 1 — Eronck, 165:— 

40:— Ceded Wats. :— Bengal, 5, 26:— 
} n-3 ], 97, 152:- Coimbatore, 02: — 
a., =10 :— Kanara-, 02, 108 :— Malabar & 
■iasa, 23, 17S :— Rohilidiand, 17S, 208 :— 
-Upper dodb, 57 :— West of Jumna, 57, 

tegiments, 447, 453. 



8 :— Gunter's, 66 ft., 



., Madras, 14o, 



-Creek, Hooghly R., 



;. HM. 85th Pt., 



399, '. 



, 133:— ttisr,, 
t, 439 :- 



\ 14- 



, 311, . 



429, 433, 4.35, 438, 



;, 369-70, 3S2; pi. 10. 
Okobda; 32S, 363. 
Cholera, 127 n.7, 390, -107, 433, 454. 
Chota MiUipur, 0, 4.1-7, 311-2, 359, 3f 

439, 443. 
Chowringb.ee, Calcutta., 297. 

Christian, Brabazon ( b. 1739 ), Mad. Inf. 1805-7, 320. 
Christians, 372. 
Christie Unit!) "-ait e [ b. 1791 ). Mad. Inf. ISO:". : disrn. 1 

having obtained eomn. bv ^improper iecms", 32:0. 
C!,ris'mas, 308,379. 
Christ's Hospital, 341, 453. 

Uir-i iff;:. ,,i- Til no keepers. (>:.. 70, 192 6, 201, 22 

226, 230 1, 252 3, 259, 383, 441, 443, 454— Midi 



1, 230. 
ar, 5, 310, 

d'.hill. Capt. I 






Cinnamon, 113. 

Cirrars Northern, J 23, 159-01, 183, 304. 415. 441, 442; pi. 1. 

Circle. Asld., 198. 

Cireumferentors, 214, 226. 

City surveys., 17-8, 340. 

Civil :— Engr., Madras, 1(15, 102 n. 4 :— Estimates, 336-7:— 

Servants, 30m :— transfer 10. 10, 221, 433. 
Claim ut, Alexis Ciuude i .1.713 05), Ji'rtTidi !<eo<:es.ist, exvm 

to Lapland 1736 ; F.nci) Brit., 266. 
Clarke:— Sir Alex. Ross f l>2^-1014 ), RE., CB., FRS., 

DG.OS. 1876-81, 202 —Sir Alined I 1745 ?-lSS3 ), 

C-ui-C. India, DNB., .DIP.., 412 :— Marshall f 1739- 

1833), Mad. Inf., 320. 
Claude, of Lorraine ( 1000-82 ), French landscape painter, 

Clerk ; v. Writ" 



CWeli 



Gen. 

53-77, 2 



John Wl.eeb: 



Chmate :— Benjial, xv, svi. 31.0. 388, -lit! :— liombay, 187 :— 
Madras, 92, 08-9, 105, 107, 111, 113, 11&-6, 124, 131, 
148-0, 150-7, 150. 311, 333. 310, 358 9. 400. 414, 420, 
421 —Punjab, 64. 

Clive, Lord :— 's Fund. 407 : iwheard j 1754-1839 ), eldest 
son of Robt.. Is; Baron Olive .- Govr. of Madrns 1708 ■ 
1803; DNB., 275, 304,414. 

Clock, construction of, 30:, : r. Astronomical. 

Close |— M Gen. Sir Bsrrv ( d. 1813 ). Bart., Mad. Inf. 1771, 
DNB., DIB., 382 ; Rosdt, — Mysore, 91, 95-6, 115, 
210, 233, 235, 250, 270. 307. 413 4. 420, 4.50-1 i— 
Pooiia. 49 50, 53. 133.448: Col. Sir Chas. Arden- 
(b. 1365), K fib.. ; (./J!. : I'liS. RI:I. DC. OS. 1911-22, 229. 

Cloth, 387. 

Clothes, 300, 334, 312. 31:5, 350, 302. 304, 424, 437. 



Clot 



I, 440. 



Clouds, foe, have. mis:.. 37, 08, 105. 109, 111, 120, 131, 20(i, 
217, 246, 243, 258. 

Coal, 380. 

Coast :— Coromandel, vii. A, 92, 141. 159, 233-7, 238', 241, 
245-0. 255 0. 258, 200. 204. 298. 423, 427; pi. 1 :— as 
health resort. JOI. 350 b'l, 370. 421, 128 —East, Circars, 
Hid, 380. 301, 430 :— West. 3, 104, 109-10, 120, 130, 161, 
239-40. 248, 250. -12S, -429, 451 ; a. Malabar. 

Coastal Surveys, o, 10-2, 411, 418. 

Coast-line. 6, 9, 24. 

Cobras, 378. 

Cochin, 132, 213-4, 393, 110; ids. 1, 17 :— Resdt. 416. 

Cociv.n-Chlna, 10, 






Cossim] izir R.. 20 I. -fiHi-i. 

Cotsford. Kdwavd ( 1740-1810 ), Had. Eng.y. & Civ. [ I, 329]. 

found]. Supreme, 102, 283, 238, *)B, 304. 306, 310 n.l, 117, 

Count,.. 1.-M-1. mi- .Virtivt, si", 2, 303, 312. 

Court* - ■ ..- ol lustke, Madras, 26,7, 277 : — of GirtrLiit. 

I^tnr. j.vi : -uprfiiie, Calootta. 40(1. 409 ■ -Pondi- 



Coyk-.. Honry ( 1737 I SI 11 ! 1, Mao". In,. 1301, 321. 
Oi-adook. Gen. Si.- John "1 -"Yni,H.< ( !7i)2-183<) ), C-in-C. Madras 
180-1-7, GCB. : DNB. *..-. Caradoc, 1st Ba.n«i Hodden. 

Crawford;— JmiiL-.i. L'aisar) Bon. Inf., Ens. 1764 : d. nr. Kalpi , 
17751 :— JaraoJCliota), no vp.lainm. Bin. Suf.Ens. I7ii7. 
d. Madrid I8S7; l«.th 392: -Jnhr,. ISo. M>ir -vilir. 
1802, d. England 1843, 392. 

Ci-awfunl, Dv. ioh:i ( 1783-1368), DX.IJ.. Iim:<i Brit., xxvi. 



.-. 1704-1311 ), BCS. 177M. 

-170 i. hi,; -uu, Mad. Inf., 32! 

Could Starve (I7S9-1S4T|, Had. It 



John 



mirtreta 'a court, 140-2, 144, IS 1 . 183-4. 

: 23, 44-3, 33, 178, 283. 418, 43S :— Sorvej 

193, 312, 383. 391, 436. 440-1, 443 j 1: On 
I. ( 17S9-1828). Mud. tnf, d. Tayoy, 321. 



Co -ope cation between ;— Presduios.. 302, 303 :— St 


vrs„ 420 


Co-ordinates, neosjraphicn.1, 314-5. 




Co-ordination "of "aurvevs, 6, 9, 100-1, 154, 161- 


\ 211-3 


441, 451 ; v. Junction. 




Coorg, 1, 92, 105-7. 111. 163, 214. 216, 240. 337 


376, 378 


301, 41 I, 410, 421 ; pi. 11, Koorg. 




Copland, Mr., of I'likmcott.ili, 1S07, 144. 





Corn, renpinsr of, 20-i. 

Cornells. Major H. 0.. of DmYl, Army, Java. 293. 
iV:.,-,..v.d'i. J . elms. 1 173iiSuf, i. [.1. .\1, )S| . <\(\. 17S0--93. I 
_ DXR.31. 141,200, 310. 3s<;. 388. 137. 43'> 4 4 :-! : ' r 



oiporul [)'.:r 


sh merit, 370. 




cexvi, 110, 114, 116,121,31 


orrespondc 


t ohms, for longitude, 11, 92 



nf. [ I, 332 ], ^ :— Leith 
&., MS, 308 U.S. 

1 ; — Gfelijl-iinli y of. 16o, 

rt-Lin's Sw.. 240, 304. 
5-0, 270. 313. 393.. 400. 



lid. I 1750-94), DXB., 450. 
)-l 44. 47. S9-90, 22:t, 231, 381, MO, 
151, Hit, 163, 1S3, 227, 343-4, 337, 

if. ( 173S-I823). Had. Inf. 1807, 321. 

f, !!, 89, 1 2-4-, 17!. 177. 210, 221, 22-1, 
SIT, 313. 324, 329, 3+0, 353, 422 3, 
of Maps fur. 40, 102, 125, 12!), 

,, 437, 4(39, 449, 451, 454, 450 ; v, M&pn :- 

Jlioation of maps, 272. 2SS-9, 291-2:- 
, 330, 33-1 ; Object to appoint 



196, 



S90-1, 29S, 



t, 313:- 



■J.5UIM. 



repunoH 



5. 92, I 15, 



i. Ill-h 



ilth. 



TJis B uise : 

Dismissal, or di<c>!ar,s>, 12. 31 1. 343, 350 i, 393. 

Discliwlrf-'iire. 345. 

Dilutes r,n iK.nsniarii-. 32, 109 179, 182. 

Distances :-.'ai<'..iatr.d fmui Time, 197-8, 201-2, 454, 

4o6 :— estmiiLied bv cvc. 197, 212 [—Tables of, 94. 
District, or silh; 199,' 275 :— Maos ; Bengal, 33, 209-70, 

272: — Madras. IS!, 212. 277: ~QL-voys, Madras. 2, 3, 

139-51 155. 134-5, 244, 203, 299-399. 1(43. 310-3; 

pi, 13 n. ;v. Collectors. 



Dfr 



a BHL : 



Doa& "Ganges -Jumna ; Lower, 20-7, 35 0, 2ii3, 143 :— Upper, 

1, 6, 7, 28, 33, 35 7, +7 ti.12. 55, 57, 04. 67-9, S2-3, 86, 
. 201, 312, 329, 382, 407, 439, 456. 
Docks, slibp-ng, 159. 392. 
\)n.j., ]-i.lM8."377, 395,416. 
Doilond : -Julin f 1709-01 }. i'RS. : -IVI.er | 1739-1320 ) : - 

Geo. ( 1774-1352 ), F1JS. /).Vfl. ; inst.- makers, 194, 196, 

239-1,410: pi. to. 
Don, Lt Col. Patrick i 17507 -1337 ), Ben. Inf. [I, 334], 

vii, 279, 
Don- CiLstie, 410. 
Dowse, Col. Wm. Lloyd ( 1739-1314), Had. Inf. 1781, 163, 

248,313, 393, 42,3. 
Draftsman, "drafter of docuiiu'fi'.s" { Ocjur-.l Dkilwty ), 

v. Draughtsman. 
■Drainage, 17, 18, 202,439. 
[Vsi!"l:tsEun, "ners.in ivho makes drawing" I Oxford 

Diet.), Ben^iil. 5, 10, 76, 299, 271 -t, 237, 295-7, 325, 

355, 386, 387, 397. 427. -133. 439, 45u, 153; -Read Dmn., 



liliivpt. 230. 382-3, 393-4, 4 
MidiuaioTi, Lt Co!., vi. 
Elderton. Chsis. Augustus 



l]lcplinn:.s. . 



:, 34, 40, • 



1, 442, 4 



d. at sea, 23-4-23, 321. 
Ellis, H., Persia 1810, 445. 

Ellore, 123 n.ll 100, 336 ; pi. 16. 

.tTphinstorie, 3iourit.si.nart C 1779-1859), BCS. 1795, Govt. 
Bombay 181.9 27 ■ D.\fi., 52, (55. 100, 2T1. 289, 393, 403, 
40T, 418 -—Mission 1.0 1'cshirt-ai', I. 05-T. 2 IS-!!, 230. 
270-1, 281 n.4, 310, 398. !13. 433, 140, 455, 456. 

Kmlianionciits.. or i.umls, 14, 10. IS. 25, 41 ti 432,440. 

Emerson, Win. ( 1701-83). u^ilm. uf lliu-.vortb, nr. Dar- 
lington ; DXB., Ency 'iirit., 250, 412. 

Emetic, 300,379. 

Kmmitt, Geo. I'.obcy j 175S;9 1S45 ), Bo. Inf. [I. 335-6]. 
106 n.2, 165, 167, 275, 337. 

Enclaves, v. Intermixture. 

Encroach men's. 1, 5, 13, 38-9, 183. 

Engineers 1— Corps : Bsngnl, 295 :-- -Br.mbav, 409, 443, 
456 :— Madras. 337, 422. 421-5: Duties 131, 134, 310, 
313:- -Oi-i'iOiJis : -Bengal, 10, 12. 17, 23. ISO, 292-11. 
221, 209, 272. 310-1 :— Madras, 3. 13.1 3. 309 312, 337, 
383, 430 :— Shortage, 20, 61, 310-3 :— vSurvev :— of 
(.■;,nionmcj.ts. 18,327, 329. 337: -Training, 0, 308-9, 
42S, 439. 
I'jiidish language, 411. 

Engraving : — Maps k Charts, 10, 264, 2T2, 285-6 : — 
Pietures, 449. 

Equator, 4, 250-1, 262, 402. 

Erosion of river banks, 22-3, 387. 

Errors, or discrepancies : ■ Aste. Oi'sns.. 190-1, 202, 202 : — ■ 
Clerical. 260: -Maps ,fc Sorvevs, 23, 30, 160, 212, 214, 
216, 276- 7, 282, 2*5 :--- Mi.-asts.. 181. 201. 206 :— Trgn., 
100, 118-9. 214, 207-S, 209 :— Vol. I, v-xiii, xvi. 



ntists, ^Gl— H : — methods of 

230. 387. 

son of Geo. Everest, 396 :— 



70, 80, 90, 353-5 
i, +11-2, 433. 



:S20, 302. 384 ■ 



294 n.8, 206-7, 



Paulkner, John i 1787-1821 1, asst. sun-r., Madras, 147. 158, 

164, 184 n.o, 347, 351. 
Ferguson, lioiand Burton i 1790-1825), lien. Inf., 1807 '25; 

47. 
Fero/.o ^IvlI), Umneror of Di-llii 1350 ; c Delhi. 
Ferrier. Domingo, Madras clerk, 303. 
Ferries. 22, 2'.l. 37, 58. 
Fever & Ague :— Bongai. xi-xii. 31-2. 42. 4.5-6, 48, 81, 90, 

104. 350, :ian. 408. 410, 433. 430. 413 : -Bombay, 323, 

110:-. J i( .va. 137 320 r— Madras, ill. 128. 145, 14.ri.fi, 

is-, 2os, 2ns; ss, jsst, :sci> i, :soi. sou, n i. 4ai, -12s. 

Fioker, Fredk. Uichd. (1797-1S26), asst. survr., Madras. 

154 n.3, J56 n.2, 158, 103. 345. 351. 
Field -cason, 327. 
Fieldbooks:— 12. IT. 21. 35, 38. 42. 3+7. 442 :— Copies, 140, 

218, 287, 289, 32U--7. 432 :— Pre [tuition. 94, 138, 140, 

L85, 101. 197 8, 200 I, 2;+. 273, -44. 4+7 ;— Submission, 

217-20, 200-70, 296. ;iufi I ft. ;!28, 347, 446. 
Fields, regiatoscOT svy. of, 8. i Sri 5. [S!>. 

Figure of "the Earth,' xv, 250-1, 258, 200-2, 264-6, 270, 4S1. 
Files, or rasps, 223. 
Financial :.-(.![iiiiir.illi:f. .M.ilil-. 201-5, 331-5,414 -—Control. 

112 :— Difficulties, 5, 441, 452. 
Fir -.—timber. 79, 82 :— trees, 86, 389. 

Firmingcr, Thos, iisst. asirur:., Grocnivich 1814, 453n.l0. 
Fish, 15, 144, 368, 377. 
Fit/gerald. IVm. Itobt. i 17fiS-lS14 :. Tien. Engrs., Ens. 1818, 

400. 
Kings, -mrvcv s'mml-i. SB. 15S. 202. 204, 2]7, 237-40, 247-8, 

237, 334. 358. .369. 371 2, 434, 450 ; s. Signals. 
Flannel nert the skin. 362. 
Flat country. 54, 120-1, 126, 146. 244. 
Fletcher, Win. ( t. 17SB 1, asst. survr., .Madras, 141-5, 164, 

351. 
Floods, 21 -2, 24 40, 109. 181 206, 219, 307, 402. 
Florican, 377. 
Fog, ". Cloud. 

Followers. 274 n.l, 331, 330, 357-S, 370 ■ v. Lascars. 
Forbes, f.t Gen. Nathaniel i 1700-1851 ), .Mad. Inf., 449 n.3. 
Fords, 22, 37, 45. 58, 90, 161, 211, 456. 
Foreigners, employment re 



i : -Agents, 



John ( d. 1832 ), Bo. Engrs., 398. 
; Mad. Art. 1785; 346 n.l. 



171, 

261, 



Officers. 424, 449-53 

425 :— Shi|js;418:— Survi 

141 :— Wars, 133. 156, 25 

evre. Father 79. 

isi, Paolo ( 1728-84 ), Italiar 

intiera, 13, 27, 39 :— S.W. 



ards, c 



-6, 414, 452:— Maps, 294:— 
■ssessions, 120 135, 150, 274, 
.,58. 312. 398-9 :— Travellers, 
, 274. 393, 418 ; v. Prisoners. 

F-ngr.. Ency Brit., 402 n.2. 
, 13, 81 ; v. Cocoanut, Maneo. 



. 297, 304, 35(1. -I 



:7M3 His ). 



Gale, Humphrey E 

Camu, bunting 'of, l.j, .'177, 388. 

Candjk 1',., 34-5. 39, 11-2. 71 84, 430. 

Causes K. :— Delta, lit, 14, 17 n.4 1— .Sources, 27, 73-80, 82, 

85. no, 2s.;. 3-c : Sw. i>v Wvhh. :-. :::>, v::-7, 295. 3 in. 310 

3S!1. Id 1 131, 438. 453, 455; pi. B: other svy. \>v : -- 
■■:.■:■■■■:■ 4.e; 21 3. 2fi, 31, 386." 388 01 :— li.ennell, 8 ■ - 
Wood. 22, 26, 28, 36, 20fi, 326, 457 :— other snrvrs., 
35-7, 84, 398-9, 443 ; pi. 18 :— Highway, 30-1 :— 

i.-iiTiiics-H'ooghiv connection. 13. 16. 20-1, 312, 386, 401. 
Gangotri, 5. 32. 35. 70-1. 73 S. 80. 83-1. 102. 3-10, 313 404, 

408, 438 453 ; pi. 9. 
Ganjani, 23-4, 100, 193, 230. 428; pi. 1. 
Gardens, 28 ; ». Botanical, French. 
Gardner:— Hon. Edward ! 1784-1861 ). HCS., 65, 407-8 — 

Robt. ( 1780-98 i. appee. survr.. Madras, 351. 
Gurhwal, 38. 40. 355, 430; pi. 10 :— Svy., 6, 70, 78-9, SI, 84, 



I. 381, ': 



1,405. 



Garo Hills, 4 

Garrov. Edward j 1751-1820 ). .U'OS. 1769, 147, 149. 

Gartok, Tibet, 80, 431. 

Gastrell, James Earriley ( b. 1819), Ben. Inf. 183i 



Genoa, -447. 

Geodesy. 1. 9, 233 n.l, 
Geodetic Survey, 3-4, '.. 
Cu'0!':',ip!i.T, r.-'iii'ar.v .■ 



'imi"»i' from i; !; I.a. 3S:>. 
urke'fd. 1^-! )- CB. ; 1 



. 436, 4SS :— Bob 





Sarjn, K., 23, 20- 


, 30-2, 34-5, 42 


73-80, 84, 87, 






(0, 353, 431 :— Sw 


by Calebroo'Ke, f 


22-3, 29-32, 


Haidar All 




, 390. 






1S4. 




ranary, Banldoore 


193, 202, 400-1 


-for Salt, 13. 


L'uji.-m^i 


-h ■■•:■:.: 


Hyderabad [1,*! 








oUI. 8! 


101, 230, 3!>4, 3 


S, 451 :— Mohur 


= Rs 16, 389, 


152, ] 


395. 








ILimriwad 


:,.-:»fis.<i,'.-. 


revenue official, 1! 


1 ; a. Land meast 




Hanburv. 



■.lie. 



268, ! 



38H :— Webb, 5, 6, 33-4. ( 

441, 443. 
< iiirfl'M-i. I!ul!:, or I loo 1-.j ■ i i Co.. ;^v.^l.:r=. Miiili , ;;s. 453. 
Gore, J. Howard-, auth. of Gtodes;/, 1391, 230. 
g-'isaai/H, tolviam, 170. 

' T ' n"( 1S00-12 ), sjn'.c. fell, Mndi'iis, 2" " 



[j !m!,: 



294, 



-Kendal,' *iipr?>s;e, !j, 251, 283-4, 286, 



196, 304, 306-7, 335: 



1814-20 :— JI 



!93, 



310 



. 391, 423, 



■iCTiil:— WbIUvIpv i Umi Morn in ^, on). 1797-1805 
™l!is. 1805 :— iiar.os. 1S05 7 ;— Minto. 1807-13 
nga ( Lord Moira >, IS! 3-23:— 11, 21-3, 20, 
41,80, 01, 106, 112, 173. 219. 234, 271, 288, 
203, 205-6, 31 1-7-6, 311. 31-! , 327 -30,413, 425. 



59-60, 03, 409, 429, 
ix, 11. 137-8, 159. 

1. Geo. W. Richd., HM. : 



383,411, 413. 



6-7, 35, 37, 70-1, 



Hardwieke, Tlioa. ( . 

botanist, 273. 
Hare :— game, 387-8 



1756-1835), Ben. Art. [I, 338], 

-Geo. ( 1781-1821 ), Mad. Inf. 1798, 

Hariana, Punjab. 50, 60, 34 6. 201. 397, 407, 430. 
HarilMv. M-reore. 94-7. 100, 104 n.l, .1.07. 122. 151, 20:5-6. 
hurkitrtij. or unseen ■'(■vs, ,71). 64. 74-5. 113. 275. 28K. 32S 331, 
35.3-5, 364. 369. 437 :— Rout?* bv. 4S, 52 -3, 55, 63, 134, 



Ffiii'iuv'.-on i- f. '■:).. Lvink'-'i 1 .-. iLidi-as. 452. 

Homo-It, Geo. l'r^U;. { lTSO-lSiS ). ;; e:1 . Inf. 1707. 407. 

Harris. Gen, Geo. ( 1746-1820 ), or. Baron 1*15 ; DNB„ 122, 

183 n.2>, 275, 413. 
Hnsclwood, Josypli I d. ISii ). .Mad. Inf., Ens. 1791 ; Lt Col. 

1809 ; 410, 432. 
Il.i.b.r:.. Vt.-„ HM. 77+liR.. 85 u.5. 



9), Ben. Cay., 70, 



Knox, Win. Hunter Dou'Has I I 

3S4. 
Kohat, (55. 

rloiiir. 100. 104 n.l, 111, 110, 230, 237 451). 451 ; p], 11. 
Konkan, Bombay, 166, 303. 
Kosi P.., 40-2, 7l-2, 84. 

Kurnaun, 38. 30, SO, SS -90. 312. 354, 339 : 405,438,442, 454; 
v, Airoora. 

Kurds, of Persia, 7. 175, 3S5, 403. 

Knrnool, 2. 152 3. L55. 181. 184. 246, 249, 423. 433, 449; 
P l. 16. 

Kyd:— Gen. Alex. ( 1751-1826 ), Beo. Knars., SG. Bengal 
17S8-94 [I, 345], is, xv ii, 231, 21)0, 380, 401, 415, 
442; pl. 19:— LtCol. Robt. ( 171I14I31, Ben. I;if 
[I, 347-S]; DNS., 405 :— Ky,;di .\l<dlv.\diie ( 17S7 
1869), Mad. Inf. 1804, 320. 



La Ri.urdoi 

l.ai.adivi- I 



!, Adm 



!. Chas. Marie de ( 1701-7 



L.i.lr,k!i, SO. 271 rs.4. 280. 354, 431. 

Lahore, 1. 58, 62, 65-6, 108, 382, 4 

Laird, J., vii. 

l.-akc, Gerald I 1744 :S0S }, Eat ft". 
1st Baron 1804; Yiset.. 1807 : 
DNB., 57, 59 n.l5. 01. 404, 442, 

Lakes, sal: -water, nr. Calcutta. 13. 

Lai Ur,-h, Ban- . ..r... ■':[-,.!, IOC. 



*. [I, S»l «. 

i, French, geodesist, 

I, 455, 446 ; pi. 1. 

I75S ; Gen. 1802 ; er. 
"■■in-*;. India, 180O-7 : 
57. 

3., 7<l. 

302 :-GeneraI Svv., 



I7S3/4 ), Bo. Inf. [ 1, 3 ,,S j, 3 



Lindsay. Lieut.. Per 

Lion & Sun, Persian 

Lions, 81. 

Liquor, country, 186. 

Litigation, 356. 

Liver, disease of, 402. 

Llnyd, Geo. { IH15 43 i, autii., xxvii, 417. 

Lofl.ie, Barbara- mutiiei ef \V. R. Fil,/ S e raid of \>. 

400. 
r^.aiirir.iini.-i. l£!6, 3 Hi. 412 n.l. 



304-5. 383, 407, 416, 417, 440 ; u. Hindu 

Tamil. 
Lantwar :— Capt. Win, ( d. I7S9 ), Mad. Art. 1 

:— Wm. ( d. Madras, Z8I7 ), his si 

Madras, 110, 111 n.,5, 152, 154, 156 n. 

303, 345-6, 352. 
La. Place, Pierre Simon, Mqs. de ( 17S! 

J . ,!, ;;n' i52 - 

1 ■ 1, 82-4, 202-3, 323, 4 

166, 203, 434 : -Madras, 93, 07, 104. 121. 
330-2, 334 5. 341. 344. 347. 34", 357 S. : : 

Lnsw-nri, Battle of, 1-11-03, 57, 60. 

Latitude: -Ob=ns. :— Bengal. 10. 13, 16-7, 21 



Lumbago, 408. 

Lunar ohsns. ii Tables, 1 I, 42, 195. 
-1847 1, Frendi Liirtliirwrou. Staidien Ltum'.x.ld ; I77l5-iM8 1, 

MB,, DIB., 183. 
Lye, Dorotliy, sister 10 "V 



HcC 



n(d.< 



) Bo. M,r. [ T, 355 6 ], i 



Law de Launstoil, dear: ( 1719 97 i, French Marshal [ I, 3.(8 >, 

Lawrence, Peter ( 1784-1827 ), asst. survr., Madras, 164, 

240 ,1.7, 211, 243. 210. 218. 264. 277 n.2, 334, 340-7. 
348 n.l, 351,439. 

Leave ;— bo' Giiue, 417, 438, 4-12, 447 :— to China, 376 ;— In 

India, 333, 35S :— to New S. Wales, 409 : v. Sea voyage. 
Lochmiith ( Lakhshmiab 1. Cava:i Veukata. brahman jnter- 

pretcr. 303, 355-7. -U« :i.C>. 423 ; pl. 22 n. 
Le;:tarc*. 305,399. 
Lee, George { 171)3-1853 ), Mad. Inf. 1810, 321. 



>(V 



5), 



-Mrs. 



; 11. Lady Hood. Coiled jtMi . 
Mack inn on, (lev., vii. 

M i-.-U .■■ i':.!,. Hex. : [78B -i -■'-' I, Mad. InC. 320, 321. 
Maeleod :— Wm., Capt, HM. 22nd 111.. 1706 ; tr. to Mad. Inf. 

1800; Col. 1813; 150, 346: Xorman (1786-1SU), 

Mad. Inf. 1S06, 320. 
Maomahon. Chas. ( b. 1791/2), asst. siirvr., Madras, 147-9, 

164, 351, 362. 



273;- 

277 n_2 :— Col.- 

:.[a.cQ-.:e.-r:. Donald ( 17^8-1*20 1, Mad. (",tv. 1806 :vn 
MacRae, John ( 1788-1.310 ), ass'., survr., Madras, 351 
McWftu'tcr, ,I..,h:,, am,'... hs-.itl;., ISo. Mar., fill. 
Madras ;— Araiv, 298, 314 :— Collector of, 139, 185, 226, 

336. 342. 340. 348. 454 :— Lanaiiaiii-, 190, 195, 381], 102, 

451:- -IVesdev. Toivn, 125. 152 :— Record U:\v-c, 125. 

160 : 8nl>'.-.ri.s. 120. 185. 3 Hi, 34 1 -J, 4u4, 44- — Survey 

2-4, 91-164, 19-1-5, 435, 438. 
Madura, 121, 123, 139 40, 112-3. 146. 1,70-1, 163-4, 183, 

243, 277, 318, 350-2, 381, 139. 
Magistrates, 12, 14 u, 18. 23.31, 36-8, 15, 51, 1 S3 ; ■-. Collectors. 
Magnetic disturbance, 21)7. 
Mahanadi R„ 11, 12, 23-4, 391, 411, 441. 
Mahi\ Malabar, vi, 456. 
Makran, 7, 169, 174-5, 403. 
Malabar, 92-, 105 8, 111. 113, 122, 148, 150, 165, 323, 338, 

3 Hi. 362 3. :;8.l. .;u, ,,-,„ . ( ■.,-,!. 233 4, 212-7, 247 8, 

277. 267, ;w], «s;>, 110. 4!fi; :■. Ci'isl, AV .-■:. : IVrest:. 

167. 362. 403. 113: Language, 343;— Kri-„ vi. 150, 

162-3. 276. 323. 352. 392. 409. 429, 133, 439. 454 — 

Transfer to Madras, 150. 
Malacca, straits of, 424. 
Mala-nn. Bat.de ..,(. 13 5 15, 43, 30, 31)3, 415. 



!61, 



.!en. -Sir John ( 1 769 (833 1, .Mud. Inf. 1781; 

r:"rK;y, i 827 30: DXB., 7. I lift. Kj-9, 173 

403, -118-9, 445, 45-1 :— Map of Persia. 131. 

71-:. :'.:•::, 70!i. -u^.-lO-f, 113.447, 451: »- Maps, 

Ldm ( 17!i3 L837 i.ass.t. .■nrvr.. Madras, 164, 351 

>■! 6, 279-80, 381, 438, 446; pi. 1. 

^ake, 73, 7-1 77-81, 354, 401, 430, 431, 453. 

Man gal ore, 104. liiS-IO, 239 41. 25s!, 2117. 3!U, 403, 419, 

436; pis. 1, 15, 
Mar.i-o Topes, 81,202. 
Manila, x, 384,412, 422,442. 
manjhi.i, or boatmen, 482. 
Mauisty, Samuel ( d. 1820 ), lie GS. 1779 ; Resdt. Basra 1797, 

Manson, .Tanies ( 1791-1862 1, 1 
Mantell, Thos. Reginald Con 

1807, 321. 
Manufactures, 113, 115, 213. 



Maps :— Catalogues, 290; v. Ben. Segr. :■ 
6, Si, 233, 270, 273-7, 281, 287. 3(')6 :- 
33, 271, 273-6, 28.6-9, 296, 301, 42 



of:— Afghanistan, 
5, 208-74; v. B 
Jeccan, 134, 165- 



157-60, 162. 274- 
106-7, 111-2, HJ 
pis. 11, 16:— Ondli 

Upper Pwrttm : 

Lratha :— C'onfe 
Deccan, 91, 94-7," 
433, 433:— DL-lrk 
Ditch, CelemU, ic 
94, 95, 122:— WA 
27-8. 44, 47, 50-7, 
279, 30S-9, 313, 3 
1816-8, 409, 416, 4 



Marathas, 1, 47, 95, 309. 340. 404, 4-40. 446, 452 -pi 1 ■— 
Bombay, 137 :— Decea-n, 122 :— Xagpur, 23, 52 :— 
Onssa, 11, 23, 25, 411 :— Upper India. 7, 26-8 33 55 
58, 67. 

Marine :— Board :— Bengal, JO, 12 n.ll, 340 :— Bombay 
409 :— Madras, 342; Slept,, Madras. 291:— Charts lo' 
12. 272 :— -Survr., .Bengal, 12. 295, 324, 39! 4""i 448 ■ 
.Mii.r:r«s. 159. 195, 4H3, -151 :— Snr-.-rs., IS, 191, 411 411 
419, 433 :— Svvs., 5, 10-2. 289, ^'i, 29(1, 335 n >> 

Mariners, 10-2, 191-2, 196, 227, 340. 

Marines, Royal, 417, 424-5. 

Market, or hat, 368, 387. 



irklove. Root, [ d. 1322 ), Mad. Inf., 320. 
irkstwics, !!5, [07. 121, 204, 235, 256, 267. 
irlev, Gen. Bi-:ir,c*t I 1 7.73 -l- 18-12 i. Ken. Inf 1771 40-1 
89, 381, 399,436. 

33,440. 

( 1752 f-1823 i, 393, 415, 437, 443 

Matron, llenjamm. of \,.n- Brunswick, 412. 

Martin :— Claud ( 1735 LS00 I, Ben. Inf. [I, 353-4 7 x 268 

373, 389 :— Francis Louis (1786-1835), assf ' =u r yr ' 

Madras, 352. 

Martindoll, M. Gen. Sir Gabriel ( 17.55 ?■ 1831 ], Ben Inf 

1776; KCB. 1815; J.h\'/i., 6, 48-50, 90, 289, 307 40" 

432, 440. 



Mar 



odhpu.- 



M.a-hei?-,sti.:al Lift. Ollice, 252. 

Mat li em alios. 2, 9, 10, 125, 127-3, 137, 203, 250 1 308-9 
315, 342. 395. 399,. 410, 412-5. 419, 431, 432, 44l| 



7-1819), Mad. Inf. 1 
lliLiiiins. Vin.ce.nt ( 1793-1857 i. .Mad. Inf 1811-11, 3''1 
Malric ulation, 409. 
Maupertius, Pierre. .Louis Moreau de 11698-1759), French 

geodesist, IS ncy Brit., 266. 
Mamiliiis, or Isle de France, 220 n.l, 253. 294, 320, 318 351 

385, 41S. -131, (37, 442. 447, -;!7, 132-3, 454. 
Mastonc, Chas. ( 1791 1849 j, Mad. Inf. 1808, 320. 
Meade, Win. ( 1793-1836 ), asst. survr., Madras, 149-50 

164, 352. 

-v. Land : — Mountain paths, 194 ; v. Winding 

i, ete., 180, 184, 204-6, 217. 
439 n.9. 

Ire ( 1744-180-1 i, Irene! gee.de*. 



Mech 



:. 202, 2 



!, 412. 



n.11. 



Medal, silver. . 

Medical: — Advice k. Attendance. 37. 93, 93, 104 126 131 

157, 205, 333, 354, 357. 576. 420 : -Ccrl-incales 5' lb" 

158, 195, 402. 40-!. -120:- Oljiwrs, 70. 118-5 ->:;,; ■]■•■' 
354, 357, 359-63. 376, 416. 

Medicines, 92. 08, 114-5, 354, 360, 362, 378-9. 

Mccriit, ■;, ji. 28. 52 5, ;Kl-f, 00. 193, 354, ii--:>, 433. -i.-,f, 

Meghna R„ 6, 14, 17, 22. 

Melville, Alex., Bengal ISIS, 340. 

Memoirs on:— Mn;- ; . \-,i% 275. 282, 2S7, 447 :— Surveys ;— 
Bombay, 160, 171, 176 :— Lombton's. 263 :— Madrr-s 
2, 154-9. 163, 220. 291:- Mysore. 2, 102 3, 106, 10"' 
111-2, 113, 152, 1.04, 213.275. 291-2, 422 : -Persia, 175 

Mercer, Dr. Graeme I 1764-181! ). Ben. Med. 1789 ; Ec=dt 
with Sindhia, 1807-10, 56. 

Mercury :- medicinal. 361. 362 :- r. Quicksilver. 

Mergui, 10. 

Meridian lines :— for com -.111 I.e. I. ion, 238-9, 241, 262-3 :— on 
maps, 58, 200, 215. 

Meridional Are, 237-3. 240-1. 2-13, 245, 248-9, 260-1, 263 
265-6; v. Great Arc. 



Met: 



life, Chas. Theophik-.s ( 1785- 1846), ECS. 1800; cr. 1st 

laron, 181;-,; Resdt. [)«Ilii 1812-20 , .DA\S., OK., 

>2, 05, ISO, 365, 382, 455. 

irology. 02, III- fi, I5:j, 213, 412. 417. 

:. length of, 411. 



Midnapore, 19, 23, 44, 400. 
Milestones, 13, 377, 451. 

\f.itiord, OiiMjuh Geo. i I70L-1S75 

Military: -Aert. Gen. (MAG. ), 

219-20, 327-8 :— Board i— ft 



ad. Inf. 1807, 321. 

J, 354 :— Auditor fieri., 

I, 190. 221-4, 228. 280, 

■102: iVJjuira,, 2™>, 43 1 ,. . .Chaisres. SSii-T :■■-!« vi^L™, 

Madras, 160, 162, 276-7, 292-3 :— r 

132 :— Expns., 3, 7, 9 :— For tin ratio i 

316:— Maps, '23, 39, 104, 125, 160, 162, . 



BIO, 

22-3, 277 



— Eonic 



. 11, 



> 296, 



8 : — Surveys, 3, 
[61 .:. 2Q0, 238 S, 3'2. 868, 300 3, 308 9, 314,336-3 s 

p. Units;- ikst.[.t;;tion, a,,,-,,. 2, 8. :,. 125 ;>■'. ni-i, 

[Si, ill 5, :::',,, 227, 22!i, 2i;5, 301 2, ;![;] 20. am, 550, 
342, 347, 351-2, 417 8: Alices.. 331. 358 : Asst. Ins- 
tractors. 125, 128 ri.2. 130, 164, 310, 319. 331 2, 384, 
309, 433. 439. IIS: Buddies. 510 :— 1 n.-rtriicio", 125, 
1.28. 1.30, 31!), 317 S, 331. 447 8 :— Ollicers. 3. J 131-2 
134-5, Ml, Hi", 0, 149, 1.50, 163, Kit!, 174, 242. 211-0, 280, 
30i. 312. 3 11. 321 3, 333, 335. 380, 414 n.M, 118: Maps, 
125, 129-30, 276, 130,432-3 :■ Regns., 316-8:— S™ 2 
125-30,149. I. IS, 161-2. 211-5. i-a fi, ;hji, 308 o, 111 

Milk, 368. 

Mineralogy, 92-3, 113, 115, 406. 

Minerals, 113-i. 154, 406, 417. 



Minor Triangles. 

448 ; pi. 13. 
Hint, Calcutta, 416 
Minto, Gilbert Elli 

FRS. ; DNS., : 



, 13(1, 215. :- 



42, 244-5, 447, 



. 1st Earl (1751-1814), GG. 1806-13; 
vii, 84, 135, 173 4. 31-4, 110, 424, 445. 
.der, -IS!, 50, 86, 134. 
7, 193, 200, 231, 295, 310-2, 390, 392, 



YuA.-r.v, lleniv j I 79 1-1852 1, II,,,]. Inf. 181)0, 320. 

Moira, Francis .UaAvdon Hr-slinsrs, Jiarl of ( 1751-1820 ), cr. 

1st Mqs. of Hastiiiirs LS17 ; GG. & Gin-C. 1813-22- 

!.iM.:., Enr.,1 Brit., 21. 40 n.10, 89, 201, 274 .,,.1, 300 7, 

381, 400, 408, 426, 430. 442. 
Moncy-ler.de.is. 32s. 350, 372. 
Mongiiyr, 40, 80 n.2, 381, 387, 390. 
Monicr- Willi) ill-;. Sir Monior i. 18.19-99 j. DXB., 456 
Monscrratc, Father Antliooy f 1530-iiiOO i. S.T, [ I, 357-8 1 

62 n.2, 79. 
M.onsmi, Brig:. Gun. Hon. Wm. ( 1760-1807 ), HM. 7(i(h Ft 

DJVB., sii, 64. 
Monsoon, or Haius:- -Ik 11 a si, 11 -3, 10, 10, 20, 24-6, 29 35 

38, 40, 42, 47, 49, 51. OS. 75, 178. 202, 219, 3 ! 0, 5"'li 1 

-11)7-8. 132.-135,411)!: -Bombay. L7!-'' 2S-> 502 — 

:<v-Avx--. 32, 05. 98 9. 105-8, 11.6-1. 115. l3L-'> 151 

1 5.-, ■■■.. 150. 251 5. 25- 10. 213 5, 20i n.l. 250 •>:-.■;, 203 

342, 359-62, 416, 428-9. 
Montrcsor:— Col. Jolm ! 1708 1305J, [I JI. 77th Ft., siii, 95 ; 

—Mist Frances, 143 n.l : — Col. Sir Tb.os. Ga«c 1 174'- 

1853 ;■, nv.-A-t. Poena Snbsy. Force, 1800 13," 302, but 

delete from 95 n.4. 
Moon, 12. 101-5. 38D, 108 : ,.. Ec.fcse, Lunar. 
Moor, or Muslim, 145, 380. 

M.nradahad. KoldiMiand, 31-2. 79, 80, *-H 90, 200, 380 10V 
Moresome, Cant. RN., x. 
Morgan, Fred!;. Wm. j 1789-1815 1, Mad. Inf. 1S07, 321 ;— 

Mr., sell odlraasi ■;■:■, M.;;su!ip.it„ain, 383. 
Morier, James Justinian ( 1780 ?-1849 ), enth. k Sec. to 

Uarferd Jon,-" mission U> Persia.. 18,i7-9; DM H 444-5 
Murningtun, Lord. 01 11. 1, 173, 413; !.'. Wellesley 
Morrieson :— David j fi. 1.809). Ben. !nf. ;— David ( 17S3- 

1821 ), his son, BCS., 432. 
Mosque. 252, 205. 



ex 4 71 

Motte, Thos. ( c. 1730-1805), free merch. [I, 359 ] s 
Moi.tft, Adolphe. auiiLiurne de la Fontaine, French Mar 4 

Niiam's service, 452-3. 
Moiiiil, James ( r. 1705/0-18^0), L!bc. Engrs. [I, 339], 260, 

Mountains. 1: A;n:es, Iliils, H'lrialaya Java 

Mud, 1.7, 31, 201. 

Mudge, Gen. Wm. (£762-1820), RA. 1779; FRS. 1798- 

Dir. OS. I7S8-1820; /'A/,'., 252, 414. 
Mughal Emperors, 67, 448 ; t>. Delhi. 
MnluL.TiTiiad.ui invasion, 130: acntury 107 
Multan, 64-6, 270, 353 ; 11I. I . 
Munro, Gen. Jok.i ( 1775-1858 1, Mad. Inf., Zns 1791 rjjMG 

Madras, IFioi-m, i90, :3i;,. :,,3 ni; 38fi,,6 
mun>M, 5, 342-3, 366. 

Murderous aii.itus, 7, 39, 40, 175, 3G5, 370, 403 ; «. Assaults 
Murray, Gen. Sir John ( 1768 ?-1827 i, MM. 84th Ft - 

BNB., 384. 
Murshidabad, 18, 2 
Muscat, or GwSdar 
Mudrjum, S of I., Dehra Dur 



313^, 318, 320, 

141 n.10, 290 n.4, 

Mutton, 27, 31, 62, 66, 

Mysore I, 9, 181, 184, 



j. liprw-B. ilmn., 345. 
ers', Madras, 1809, 3, 127, 174 2 
3, 447 :— Vellore, JO-7-08, 135 r 
" 383, 457. 



.', 43!i, ■; 



1,466. 



La, Li ;:!■■, ■,'. 



131, .112, 



. 414; pis. 11, la :— 
'99, 91, 433:— NW. Frontier, 95, 122 — 
93-i, 102, 105-7, 113-4, 115 n3 210 
376, 413, 421, 431, 451 :— Survey -— 
3, 234-6, 288-41, 246-7, 951, 257-8, 322, 
1-2, 386 : — Mackenzie's, 2, 3, 91-120, 124 
8, 152, 161, 163, 184, 194, 203, 225. 233--1 
!S4, 291, 312, 325,329 31, 3-13-5, 350 2 
355 7, 350 02, 3iill 9. 370 .85, 381, 120-3. 4~'8, 431 
441, 440-51 :- OmcTs, !M, 93. 95, 312. 370 438- 
|.,1. 23 n. :- 1'liLfi, 210, 25,1: W'.K :— 1781-1, 324- — 
1701-2. 201.1. 427, -135. ;:=0: 173)1. S!,3()8 377 38" 
384, 413 ; v. Natural History, Reports. 



52 4, 254. 312. 381, 417, 430. 113: Sjubsv Force 440 
'NHc':-i si::ipt, 190. 

Nahan, 36, 03, 81 , 85. 00, 308, -107, 455 ; pi. 10. 
Names of places, 35. 54-5, 08, 169, 198-200, 206, 21], 



-, 1, 7, 62, 135, 156, 
354, 446, 457 ; pi. 1 



213, 216, 274 . 

Napoleon, lionanartc ( !' 

167 n.l, 168, 173, 28! 
Xarbada R,, 55, 168, T. 

(\erbudda; pi. 15. 
Nash, Edward, of Bombay, 227. 
Xal iorial Portrait Galierv^ 410. 

Native :— Fmifl, 335, 357 :— Sub-Assts., 148-9, 156; v 
Country- b,.-rn : Kiplwi.-! ; Indian ; Tnfomation : irdiabi- 

tants; Surveyors; Villagers. 
Xatnv.,1 Hi=t-.rv, 02 3. 115-5, 220, 384, 392, 400, 40S. 



t, 213 ; <:. Draughtsmanship. 

; Joseph ; map engravers, of 352 Strand 



Nepal 40, 70-3, 384; pis. 1, 8, Xe pau I :— Frontier, I, 6, 
38-10, 73, 101, 300. 581. 399, 430-7 :- Govt., 39, 43, 
70, 73:— Maps. 71 3. 354-5 :— Mission, 1802-1, 5,40, 
70-3, 384, 392:— Svy., 6, 7, 27, 70-3, 85, 87, 202, 



New; Brunswick ; York, 412 :— South Wales, 409. 

bewail, L'L-.tri.-k Heron ( LT:S9 -1S01J ), Mad. Inf. 1803, 320. 

Newcastle, Northumberland, 412. 

N-.vff.un.Hand, 456. 

Newman, John ( d. 1818 ), dmn. Madras, 156 n.3, 278, 303, 

itbt, DSB., 261. 



jon.ir Is., 380, 391. 

:ol James ( d. 1816 i, Ben. Inf. [ I, 360 ], ix. 

-bail, Carson 1 1733-1815 j, Gorasun t-ravr.. feu B>i/„ 445. 

■ l,f marches, 52, 05, 197. 

■giriMta, xxTii, 148 it. 131, 350 1, 128, 11. Ootacamund. 

si Pass, aarbwtt, BO, 404, *S1. 

™ of Hyderabad, 1. 4, 133. 152, 131, 27U, 372. 

:am'<. D .la^io-v, 0- T«rrd.ones, 91, 95, 97, 113, 131, 134, 
152, 165, 391. 105; [.9. 1 :— Maps of, 27(1 :— Sry. :— 3, 
e.'j ];;■> .1 :1I7 33d, 382. 384, 393. 390, 119-20:- 
!, 372 :— Subay. "Force, 132, 



122 :— Contingent, 



'. Hydornhaii. 



V..;..., |i :,:,.:.. SVI^n f IM)3-50i, Mad. Lif. 1821, 321. 
Yuri-, John : >:. 1700 1.817 :. Mid. Engrs. ■ f. too |, 450. 
^or'.haika-toii, Yorkshire, 411-2. 



, 442,457; pis. 1. S : — 
'cys, 5, 12, 22. 27, 30 !, 
443, 433-1, 430, 407 :■ ■■ 
178, 29(i, 309 :— Warfr, or 



Inf. 1807-37, 
emple, Ml, 2 



, 333, 339, 368-0, ! 



260 :— Madras, 8, 
i, 173, 190, 193-6, 
0. 303, 341, 343-^. 



40, 42-3, 89 90, 381. 383, 398, i08-9, 415-6, 435, 

JU:-!Ll,ii!' War, 381. 
lcutti; Madras, v. Drav.du!? Office, SGO. 
;al, 203, 209-10. ;!00 8, 970-2, 370. 394, 420, 421. 
l. M Gen. Sir Joseph { 1703-1843 ), si. 
■id, xxviii, 148-9, 399, 428, v. Nilgiri. 
n ( 1701-1807 ), RA., portrait painter, DNB., 



, Mad. Inf. 17S4; C-in-C. 
202, 312, 3S6, 390, 400, 



17S9-1813 ), both Mad. 



■, v-.etidlic. 261, 203. 

k-.r 1 Nation, 03. 112. 130. IS'.i-i. 302 3. 
138, 161,297. 

Qm. or Outtack province, 1, 249, 279. 415; pis. 1, 4 1— 
■ i*:v.ini. !.-. Elf.:.. 23 :— OccneaMiT: hv British, 5, 11, 23, 
4!l :— SrstviA' :— of Coast, 11 2, 411, 418, 119. 433:- 
•iv Sackville,, 5, 24-5, 305, 440:- bv olhers, 5, 279-80, 



Orn 



251 r-.5. 



Orrok, John ( d. 1810 }, ILU.. 33rd Ft,, Cap;. 1808, sxviii, 415. 

OrthoRraaOv, r. Spelling. 

Ort<i;i," Duke ( b. 1786), aast. survr., Madras; disch. 1806, 

141-5, 352. 
Osborne, Henry Roche (1798-1849), Ben. Int. 1819-46, 

417 n.4. 



Peuana, or Prince of Wakf I. ■' 1'WI. 1. v, 12, 1 19 n.4. 295 n.3, 
301, 37S. 386. 416. 41S. 119, 439, 442. 

Pencil, 409, 434. 

Pendulum obsns., 250, 402. 410 ■!, 451 ; pi. 21 n. 

Peninsula, S. India, 7, SI. 116, 120, 123, 126-7, 150-1, 162, 
190, 194, 396 : -hYeadth, 3, 104, 161, 238, 241 :— 
Lambfcm's =vy., 3 4, 233-4, 241-0, 322, 439, 445 ; pi. 17. 

12S-9, 433, 439. 
I\-r:i-..:!-ioli, 232. 
Peons,' 141, 334-5. 342, 3.70, 357, 300, 309-70, 377-8, 405, 

419 n.6; pi. 22 n. 
Pepper :-■ condiment, 405 :— Geo. John (1782-1813), Mad. 

Inf. 1798; or Hercules Henry (1783-18261, Mad. Inf. 

1797, 144. 



if..tt!i. Kciin.-ch Mach.-ime. Earl of { i 

Ft.. 426-7. 
!!,mi!H-v Triangles, ■!. 201. 20U. 211, 

:>:-,:!.'.[. ?;w. ^fts. :;■'-. ssij. :>:m. -m<. -i 



j 1, Miifl. K:igvd., Ens. 



iakj luminous. 259 :— for Tdn. Stations. IIS, -»0S. i 

2o8-fl, 334; (.'. Flags. 
s:— Chiefs, t>U-l, 3*J3-5: insraisders, B, 33. 63-4, : 

364-5, 456 ; v. Plunderers: Tei-ril ories. 6. 59, ■ 



363, ail, 396,409. 



. Thomas' Mmmt, 3, 237. 245 n.-S, 250-7, 259, 342 



5-6, 253-4, 256-7, 



), Mad. Inf., IS07, 



2-16, 303, 314. 335. Ml 2. 3!3 .--2. 41.:,. 4.35. 441, 44 

1-,-ev. Survrs., Sm^fj. School, 
isidiarv Force . >■. NYianur. Xiiaii,. Poona, Travancon 
livan, John, MCS. 1801. i:->U:. Gnimbal-ore, 1815-21, 



i ( 17S9-1832 i, assi. sorvr., Madras, 110, 

.2, IBS, 344. 345, 352. 

', 30, 60, Bfi, 104, 142, 191, 194-6, 198-9, 



irvev :- -OQrnmkr.ee, 100 

7, 197-320. 
urveyina ^chooi, .Ma. has 



.v :— Dept. tv, 454 :— -Methods, 



2, 3, 139, 141, 183, 32«, 
,"313, 337, 341-1. 347. 350-2, 394, 441, 454; pi 

i:!n. :— Roys:- Districts. 2, 139-50. 164. 1=4 5, 226. 
:;i.iii, 316-52 :— Lamlit.mi, 1. 164, 233, 240, 244. 262 *"" 
346, 351-2. 1.55 — M:icke:i/af, 2. 93, 97, 101, 105 7, J. 10, 
152, 102-3. 20:5. 2IJS. 331. 343 ti, 350-2. 121,441. 449:— 
ot-'ncr-M, 104. 173. 176. 1%. 216, 275: Sup'lt.. 2, [39, 
1.41, 195, 337, 312, 347-0, 402, 451 ■ 2 ; s. A*st. ( Rev. ) 
SurvTS., Sub-Assts., Usher. 

Snrvcvnr General:— lieu::?.!. 1-6, 8, L0, 2s!, 39, 44,47-8, 5" 
84, 123, [HO, 192 3. 197, 217, 22!. 285-7, 2115-8,309 > 
324-5, 327, 380, 3=9, 392, 400-1: pis. 19, 20:— 
Cumiiav. 7- H>5, 167, tsS. 2S3 6. 298. 3G5--0. -23, 
;L>5 ii. 434. 438 !>, 157 :— India, iv, 3, 9, 273. 286 7, 299, 
300-7. 311, 325. 419. 127-8, 448, 456-7; pi. 22:— 
Madras, 2, 3. 123 4, 128 9, 132, 139, 160, 1CS2-3, 1! 
196 217, 226, 263, 275-6, 297 9, 301 4, 314, 31S, 331 
325. 336 7, 419, 121, 123-4, 431, 452. 

Surveyor General's Ofbe.e I SCO ) :— Calcutta., fi, 17-8. 23. 3S, 
193, 271-1, 286 288. 295-7, 401: Bomiiay. 434:— 
Madrid, 13u, 163, 191. 278. 395, 453. 449: -c Dmwinjr 
Qffiee. 

Surveyor of Rivets, 14-ri, 327, 329. 

Surveyors:— Beriira I, 1. 37, 190, 308-12. 326-9 :— Bombay, 
96, 102, 108, 150, 165, 323. 337-9 :■ -Indian. 28-30, 33, 



Rajiiafard ( b. 1703 ), Mad. Inf. 1 



, 410, 441, 457. 

Shore ( 1751-1554); BCS.; 



Tea, 361. 

Teak, 23-4., 105, 167-R, 326, 38. 
Tehran, 1.73, 176, 280, 444, 454 
Teignmouth, 1st Lord, John 

"2nd,, his son, 426. 
Telegraph, visual, 381. 
Tfhvtit. in- U-litiqn, languasre. 303. 
Telescope.?, II, 70, 137 "192, l.!!4, L96. 222 3, 225-6. 230-1, 

252-4,335,383,441, 443. 
Temper :— bad, 395, 407 :— K ™>d. 441. 
Temperature, obscs., for, 141, 205, 25S. 
Temples. 74, 80, 390. 
Tcnerifc, Canary Is., 87. 

Tent- alloM-ariec. [27, 316, 525, 330. 332, 335. 338, 349. 127. 
Tents. 11, 15, 32,57, !)-!. 117, M2, 212 217-3. 257, 278.303 4, 
" ■"",410,449 : (Hi.-v.. 



252. 334, 370:— Carriage, ', 



395. 



14, 357 : 



-Neoe 



Tenures of Land, ». Land. 

Terrv, John ( I791-1S1&), asst, survr., Madras, 156-9, 164, 
342, 352, 

Thackeray, Wp.i. llahepe-aec ( [SI [-63 ), novelist, DNB., 442. 

Ihai-.'i'i'ir, ». Police. 

Tr.eft, v. Robbery. 

Ttieorjoiile. 12-5, 142, 221-7, 231 2. 338. 381, 397. +34, 43S, 
441, 443, 455:— ltemi^s, 7, 29, 86. 89, 138, 202, 271. 
341-2. 388:— Br,;s* Stand, 254 :— Garhnrs. 158. 231, 
247, 2,7,), 399:— Lambton's Great:— 3, 118 n.3, 119, 
237. 241-3, 245. 24S. 252-5, 258. 267, 335, 414, 
420:— Svv„ 17, 60. 128. 245, 434 :— Traverse. 2, 7, 67, 
130, 143, 199, 2113 ;— Vertical angles. 74 :— c. R epea-ting. 

Thermometers, 205, 253, 256-7. 

Thieves, v. Plunderers. 

'LhoTfins, Geo. I 1756 -'-1S02 i, aiiven Hirer, USB., 54, 57, 397, 
404, 419. 

Thomason, Rev. Thos. Trucbodv, Ben. Chpn., 192, 408, 415, 
443. 



Tidal :— Creaks, 14, 16 t— Obans 


394. 


'l.'ie.llenthaler, I'i.Uior Joseph (1 


19-85), SJ. [1,3381, 79. 


Tigers, 14, 10- T. ?,'.}, 32. 8!. 83, 1!2. 247-<-\ 377-3, 387.' !05-6. 


431,432. 




Tigris K„ 175, 385. 




'.Limber : —Agent- for, S2 :— Extr 


ction of, 24, 32, 34, 82, 404. 


409 :-— bouse-bmlrlimg, 395 


-v. Forests, Teak, Trees. 


Xiine, obsns. for, 142, 136. 




'time-keepers, siderial, 231 :— v. 




tw/iVr/s. 357-8, 421, 43S. 




Timievellv. 12-3, 1,39-46, 150-1 


162-4, IS3, 226, 243, 277, 


439, 452 !— Svy., 14.1, 337, 


ill. 340-8, 351-2, 381. 


Tiim Siiltfin. i.f Mysore, xv, 1, 2 
li-f. R., 11 B,M Ef, 381, 397, 


91, 113, 181, 23S, 380, 413. 


T,,rk,=, of Nllgiri Hills, 14S. 




Tolly's Nullah, [ I, 65 n-5 ], 17-S 


387, 418. 


1 oiii.bri.uiii s Country, 11. I'ndukk 




TonsR., SI, 83-4,90, 417. 




Topogtapiiicid Svys., 2, 9, 12-3, 


39, 200, 303 ; pi. 10. 


Tapping, Hicbwl (c. 1747-96) 




f^ 3 .7V'5 ] : 1,r,xi 'r ,ITi 


2, 8, 160, 196 n.7, 236, 244, 


Torrfooo, Jwlias, '( 6. IW8 i, M,i 


1. Inf. 1804 ; resd. as Capt. ; 


BA. Camb. 1824 ; -dear of S 


misted. Rssex, 1328, 320. 



Tranclt lo-t., 190. 251 ■:(. 255, 335. 

Translation, II 1, 156, 176, 355-7, 427. 

Transport :— military. <!. 133 :— with sni'yrs., 98, 109, 329, 
331, 333-i , 338, 349. 3 5K. 368, 429, 436. 

Travti-ncore. 1:31. 243 37'.. 380 ; pis. 1. 17 :— Forests, 167, 
403;— Mil. opera Lions. ISO!.), 4, 132, 242, 244. -139, 4-4) :— 
Rcsdt.. 131-2. 190 n.4. 225, 380, 393, 404, 431:— S« 
3, 130-2, 102, 174. 194. 200, 225, 213--4. 301, 312, 311. 
31.7, 321, 331, 33i; 7. 355. 35s, MS' 1. 381. 383. 385 
391, 433, 438, 439, 442, 443, 4*5. 

Travellers" infh., 8, 41, 70-1, 41S ; 0. Information. 

Travelling chEti-.-j, 321 ; u. JSxpensra. 

T- .v.-r-, i..i,r. t;. i:MAi-d ( 1773 1820 }, Mi's. 1792, 149. 

T ■ , : ■ 1... 37 : .Tm-.1,-s. I.;.;. 217, 399 :— ,.. The,„l,.. 



141, ; 



:, 450. 



Treaties:- with M.-irfitha.-i. 57 8. ;35 u.i 105, 188 :— My.-iore 
91, 1(13 n.2, 158 :■ -Nepal. 43, 70 : - Persia. 173 :— Paris, 
5-9-83, 112: [{aopi. Mn-h, 02: Si mi. i S :— Tai.ioiv, 
140 ; v. Oudli. 

Trues, 14-6. 34, 80, 113, 430 ^clearing, 209, 2 10 :— obstruc- 
tion, 241, 244 : v. Fnivsts, rYuit, Timber. 

'iriisimlcs. iv. 7. P. 154. 194: -GarOu::. V,, 127. 13" 150 8, 
215-6,252-3:- -LaraM-oii, 2, 4. 119, 125. 129 30, 147-8, 
150-1. lo2, 215, 24ii, 399:— Mil. Instn.. 2, 12(1-30. 
517 : -i , ■■' ; . _■;:,, 258 r--sidr>s, or distances, 207, 
214, 235. 203 : r. Minur, Secondary. 

'iiiiit^-idatio", :■■ f.'ii.- . 2. 7,39.70,202, 358 : -Bombay, 
8,171,187;- Rin, iWU,< nd, 199-201 :— Charts, 7, 123, 
129, 145 1..... . i, 211. 213. 237, 240, 24!) i:.5. 202. 20 1. 

311 : Hi- ■ ■ , ! I. 1 -.. v5-ii -9: [it. In : — Umril.ru's. 
3, 4, 12m ,-'■■, -,,, L-Stj-iy, 250. 258-9. 202 3, 335. 
34S :,.]. 3 1)4-5. 007, HO. 414:— Madras, 5. 132. 153-1, 
190. 191, 21!. 311. 3">d, -147 8: Ahiluui coniieoli-r;,. 
203-! 200. 7. 20:i ;.u. 210. 2:i0 ; -.Viv.-ore. 2. 1(2. 97 100. 
103!., U2. 117-9. 121, 101, 206-11, 214, 422 :— Key. 
St vs. Madras. 140, 145-7. 

Tvi..-.'nii.o;)cdv. 120, 130. lit 2. ,17, 15u 1, 102, 184, "42-4 
277, 351, 381, 414, 439. 448; pis. 1, 17. 

Tri-n-n.-nctrieal ■. Points, ■(. 1.21 5. I."0 1J7, 107, 21,1-0, 233 
241-2, 258 :— Stations. 1.21, 2i)ii, 208-10. 235, 240! 
247-8, 201 -3. 5 l-l :- Svv,. Great 'Hritsiin. 1 15-0. 1 1 5, 30M 
410, 414, 431 ; ,... Lamb-ton, Tnangulation. 

Trigonometry, 86, 316, 399, 432, 456. 



Trinity House, 453. 

Tripasi.r cadet school 308, 315. 

Tr-.iL-hton, i'lrLvard { 1753-1855 ), FIvS., DXB. :-Johll, his 

tiilhcr id. [781), iast. :nak.-,-.-., vii, I 91, I!i8, 223, 232. 

253. 
Trii{ e)man, Avtn ( 17S0-18I ), Man. Inf. 1308, 321. 
'I n:i-.,.5!:a(l:-L R„ <?-i .;;. 97. 101. 122. 152 n.4. 200, 240- -8, 25-. 

275. 394,413, 417,420. 
Turkey, 171,280, 395, 419 
Tui'kiscm. 271, 431. 
T.irnhal.1, Thos. I 1781-1S3I ), a,-st, ( :ivr., .Madras, 140,145-8 

164, 346, 348, 352 , pi. 13 n. 
Turner, Samud ( 1757/H 1802 ), lien. Inf. [ I, 304 1, 78n.7,S5. 
'[,1.4.1^,387. - L 3 +J 

Tweaty-tJiu- Parganas, S, 16, 18, 419. 

l".laip;ir, 55-6,353. 

L'jjam. Iftlwii. vi. 54-0, 58, 100 ; nl. I, Oueein. 

t.-mbr,:!];,. 358,378. 

Uniifalthy iooa-l ities, 16, 24, 30. 

Uniform:— Military, 391 : — Svstein of Sv\ it, 2 8 100-1 

118, 130, 1.0.1, 21 i, 298, 302-3, 306.424.' 
\ 111', militisrv : — ahsi 

309, 314, 317-8. 

269, 443, 454. 
I.. : 'i : -urvnyi.!i.l detail, IPS, 200. 
Upjohn, Varon i d. 1.800 :, printer [ I, 3y 4 1, 10, 12. 18, 418, 

433. 
Upper ].'rr)viiire> ol Uengal, 7, 22, 30 -3, 58, 00, 178, ISO, 182, 

268-70,281,295. 302, 321,359, 301, 42*i; ,:. I ] ^dustan. 
rjslier, or nsst. Instructor. Stirva. Si'kool, 111, .341, 31[<-l, 

346, 352-3, 441. 

Vaccination, v. Smallpos. 

V'identia, Lord. Geo. Amir.siw ( 17 7 1.1 1841 ), DIB. xiviii 
406,410.414, 429,453. 

Vivnreneii, Va^. Gen.' Jaool, { 1702 1828 ), Hen. Inf., 402. 

Vn.riatifai, mjiurwiss. 101. 12u. 1 94. 108-9, 202, 207 9,211,217. 

Vi'.shi. :i, .lamoi ;.:;!.>, (.apt. K.V. 1802, 170. 

Vellore, 120, 127 n.2, 237-8, 21U. -55. 380 ; v. .Mutiny. 

Vf rl ical Angles, 208, 255, 257, 259. 

Veterinary 8«rgcon, 430. 

Vice-President, Ecngal Council, 40 n.10. 

Vicir.ii'ia Memorial, (,'aleiitta, 252. 

Vienna, 2. 

Vilhsoers, or inha bitants, 11, 12, 16, 30, 54, 87, 92, 115, 186, 
256:— help survra.. 335,308, 371,301 : ». opposition. 

Villages: -List- of, 27, 92, 1(13, 111, 1.-.4-0, log 9, 200, l!ll. 
218 : — lost by river eliautje.-, 22-3, 3o, 387 : — llcadnien, 
305, 371 :— shewn 011 i-aps, 170, 209 : Survd. :-Pot,-oil 
15, 10, 22. 31-5, 37, 54, 57 S, 01. (97, 2O0-I ; .M ;1( iras, 
2,02,95-6, 140, 155,211.213; <;. Xamcf, Spoiling. 

Vmlciiec, 39, 372, 376 ; v. A.^indts ; Murderous. 

Visibility, 116. 

Vi/apiiiatiuu, [23, 155-tiu, 351. 390, 441,451. 

Vnlcaoos reportud. 87, 138, 217. 

Wade, James A.. Hoogliiy pilot, 12. 

Waiuganga R., 13*. 

Waikerr- Col. Alex. I 1704-1831 ), Ho. £nf. 1780; J^eadt, 
Haroda, 1802-7: ret, 1812; BlilC. T; DIB., 169. 172, 
437 :— Gen Jain-:, 'thus. I 1820-4i0 j, H. .. Kri^rs. : FES. : 
STS. 1M12-77 : SO. 187^ 8-1 ; DM-!.. 238 u.l, 2-Vi. 200-1 
266,411 : loau( 1787:8 l~73 ). mep eiisiiavcr, 201, 287. 

Wall, of to»a or village, 33. 

WaNa:-,., (ol. Wm. 1 rl. I811O !, iLM. 80tli Kt.. 133-4, 28". 

War Office, London, Oi.-j'A. Section. 294 n.9, 409. 

Ward. UCol. I'Vanei* Swain i 1732-94), Mad. Inf., Ens. 
1764, 448-9. 

Wsirdcii, l-Viincia, Ho CS., 106. 

Warren. Edouard dc ( b. 1811), H_M. 55th Jj't.. 2/Lt. 1S32, 
sxvii. 452-3 : -Conite [;^;. l: :..| ,;„ j ;,. 1809.40 ), 450 n,o, 
453. 

W;--te lands, 7, 15, 92, 90, 103, 1(31, 177, 180-1, 183^(, 188. 

Watch, time bv. ■■■. Distances. 

Water:— drinking, 16, 01, 68, 198. 238, 300, 413, 419 :— salt, 



an*** I 



w^ 



Watercourses, streams, or oiliis, J3, 18, 3fi. 92, 115, 139, 146, 

151, 184-5. 
Waterfalls, 108 n.5, 144. 

Watt ins, Francis ( c. 17:11-91 ). optician, Clii'.MTi;; Cress, itflfi. 

Watson :— Sir Brooke I 1735-1807 i. cr. 1st Bart. ISG3 ; MP.. 

London, 3084 93 : Lord Uavor. 1790-7. 4!2 n.S :— Henry 

( 1737- SO ), Ben. Kas^rs. 1 1. =;o. 4 J, 7J.VB., si, xii, 4.00. 
Waugh Andrew Scott. ■; » S 1 U 78 :. lieu, tilns/rs., SG. & STR., 

1843-02; IT,3.18.j8; Kt. ISfil; DM)., DID., 84, 130, 

173, 287, 279, 295 n.l. 
Weather, inclement, 13- 4. 120 ; i: Heat., Rain. 
Webbe :— Chas. {1782-93), appce. survr., Madras, 352:— 

James Tavlor ( 179O-1S30 }. Mad. Inf. 1810, 321:— 

Jnsish ( 1767 1804 ). MCS. 1783; DZZi., 115,233-4,414, 

421, 451 :— Win. ( 1). 1784:5 ), osst. snrvr., Madias : tr. 

to Bombay, 11*12, 150, 156-7, 164, 173. 175-6, 185, 

284-5, 34fcC 352. 
Weduebnrough, John. mur. Euryr., vi. 
Wciirbls.t. Mea-ures, H.'.l, 406, 410; pi. 21 a. 
WelliLjid. Ahraham IV, Ik I b. 1764 1. BCS 1 . 1731, 27. 
Welleslev:- -As-i-EU-it ( 1708 1852). 1st. Hoke ol Widhozkin. 

FM., DSfi., 122, 384, 409, .113, 450 3, 456 :— helps 

Lamlj^on, 3.9. 233.112-4:— Mackeny.ie, 91, 94-5, 103 4. 

122, 307, 380, 42(1: MaviUha War, 1803^, 1, 57, 

105, 279. 383: Uvkry {1773 1847), ra. Baron Cnvlev. 

IS2i, /).v;;., 413; -K.ichd. rou-i.ijv i 1760-1S12 ). cr. 

Miis. 1799: 2nd Earl Mortimer™, 1781 ; Gil. 1708 1811.5: 

/J.Vii- y/B- 11. 21-2, 20, 71, 112, 203 n.4, 264, 308. 

327, 384. 411,413,422. 
Wellington, Duke of, v. Wclloslcv, Arthur. 
Wells. 28. (SB, 161,198. 
Werse.be. Herman;! von { 1754-85 i. Corps of Hanoverians 

[1,3931162. 
West Co:iM. :.-. i..'.::ast, Malabar. 
Westminster School, 382. 389 n.JO, 397, 455. 
West™. Chas. Thus. Cn^tavns I 1786 1828 1, Ben. Inf. 1807, 

12. 
Wheat, 81. 

Whoelcr, iS.tr I''.. Oliver ( h. 1892 ), RE.. .SG. 1041-0, xvii. 
W:.mi-ates, d'hos. f 1755-1800 ), Ben. Inf. 1780, 439. 
Whirter, v. McWhirter. 
White:— Alex. ( ? ), from Asylum School, Madras, 208, 

378 n.4:— Mem-v ( 1790 1835), Wad. lot. 1305, 00, 321, 

322. 456. 
Wijk, Dr. W. E. van, of the Habile Museum, Holland, 452n.l0. 
Wild animals, v. Animals. 
Wildfowl duck &■ teal, 377, 337, 389. 
Wilford, Erancis ! 1750/1 -1822 ), Hen. Kn«rs. [ 1, 395-7], xii, 

21, 35, 45 n.2 02, 73-1, VS. 270. 285. 590. 
Wilks \lark ( 1700 ?-1831 ), Mad. Inf. //..VS., DIB.. 372. 
William the Conqueror, of Endand (1027 87), Battle of 
Hastings, 1006, OM.. 449. 



Williams:— Andrew ( b. 1794), Mad 
Col. Edward RA-, of 
1792), Mad. Cav. ( 1807-9), 321. 
William™. Edward < 1788-1851) : Mad. JrU. 1807 18, 320. 
Willock, Kir Henry { 17110-1858), Kt. : as Corn. Mad. Cav. 
eomdd. bod'.:: '..aid ffarfovo Jones' mission to Persia, 
1808; DIB., 445. 
Willows, Jeffrey ( 1788-1864 ). Yiad. Inf. 1805-32, 321. 
Wills & bequests. 380.4 18, 419,432,440,442. 
Wilton, John, of 1-ianktpe.re { r. 175ii-!8:.I5 1, BCS. 1776, 390. 
Winding of Roads, 43, 72. 19!. 197-9, 271, 277. 
Wind™,, dazed, 297. 

Winds, 14. 10. .57, 81. 210, 2 [3, 233, Ooli.-OKf. 
Wine, 142, 420-1,427-8. 

WiHmuim. Chas. Henry I 1751-88 1. Bo. Inf. [ I 395], vii, xii. 
Wolves, 81, 377. 
Wood St., Calcutta, 457. 

Wood :— Henry ( 1782-1871 }, Ben. Engra. Kris. 1800 ; tr. to 
BCS. 1801 ; Acct, Gen, 1822, 22! r,".2 :—].!. Ceo. Sir Geo. 
(fl. 1814). Ben. Inf. KCB. bro. to Sir Marii {:>■/). 
41 :— LtCen. John 8kdavan. 21si, )..;. Drsm.nrj.s-. -40. 432. 
441. 443:-- Lt Co]. Sir Mark I 17.50 - 1829 >'. .Lien. Engrs. : 
SG. Bengal 1780-S | I, y )7 !, vi, xii, 401. 457. 
Woodcutters, 15, m. 
Wooded onilnf.ry, 1;. forests, .'Jnilglr. 
Wonder, Hods. .■■. Measuring. 

Wo.odhouse, Edward I 1789 182y ), Mad. Inf. 1806, 321. 
Woodward, Henry Courthorpe (b. 1787), Mad. Inf. 1804, 320. 
Worms, wood-boring, 17. 
W..vih ngfcon & Alloo. inrt.-inafcerB, 254. 
Wounded in aetion, 382. 383. ;M8, 404. 419, 432, 440. 
Wright:— of .Madras, 141 :— inst. -maker, 205. 
Writer, or clerk, 140. 184, 23:1. 273. 274 n.l, 278, 301.303 1, 
325, 328S, 331, 355 355. 545, 345, 352, 555, 501, 383, 387, 
422, 427. 
Wynad, Malabar, 107, 122-3. MS, 103, 244, 385, 429, 438. 

Yarkand, 79,431. 

Youoj. :— cotton-planter. Tiimcvcilv, 144 :— Robt, ( 17811- 

1823); Mad. Inf. 1807, 127,320. 
Voungbusbaod. Hob:. ( l7S5-1853i, HM. 53rd Ft., lit. 1803, 

Capt. 1811, 439. ' 

latriinrfwi lands. 100 : roc. accounts, 179. 

-fi.-ni/i -;•(,-, land-owner. 8. 177, 179-80. 383, 388, 390. 

Zenith :— Distance. 19.1, 195. 240. 249 : 8ie.cior, llSn.3, 195. 

235, 251-3, 258, 260, 410. 
Zero, change of, 258. 

Zooloiiieal Chins. : — Alipore, 384 r — London, 135 n.2. 
Zubler, Leonhard. described piar.etablc 1025, 229 n.3. 






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Heavy lines denote principal triangulation.