A NEW ,
MEDICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING AN EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS IN
ANATOMY, HUMAN AND
COMPARATIVE,
PHYSIOLOGY,
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE,
OBSTETRICS,
SURGERY.
THERAPEUTICS,
MATERIA -MEDICA, .
PHARMACY,
CHEMISTRY,
BOTANY,
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
WITH THE
FORMULAS OF THE PRINCIPAL PHARMACOPEIAS,
AND VALUABLE
PRACTICAL ARTICLES ON THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE.
ON THE BASIS OF HOOPER AND GRANT.
ADAPTED TO THE PRESENT .STATE OF SCIENCE,
AND
FOR THE USE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS AND THE PROFESSION.
BY D. PEREIRA GARDNER, M.D.,
in
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE IN THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF MEDION.lt
FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, ETC., IN HAMPDEN 8IDNEY COLLEGE. CORRESPONDING
MEMBER OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW YORK, ETC., ETC.
no^i.
NEW YORK:
HARP1ER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS..
185;-,.
w
mi
ftAs)y\ hJo , (>ty37 77 c $
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and forty-seven, by
Harper & Brothers,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District
of New Yor 1 '
PREFACE.
Dr. Hooper's Medical Dictionary has been, since its first appearance
in London, a standard in the profession. It has almost completely super-
seded the books of this class which were in circulation antecedently, and
retains its original and imposing position. The publishers have not, how-
ever, overlooked the necessity of frequent emendations to keep pace with
the rapid advancement of the medical sciences. The present seventh
London edition has been completely revised and considerably improved
by Professor Klein Grant, a gentleman of distinguished medical celebrity.
Actuated by the same liberal motives, the American publishers have
determined to keep pace with the improvements in the medical profession,
and hence the republication of this work in a new and more compendious
form. Adopting the last edition of the English work as a basis, the editor
has bent his exertions, in this revision, to the production of a dictionary
entirely adapted to the use of medical students, while he has endeavored
to retain all the practical matter of the previous writers, so as to make it
equally invaluable to the general practitioner. He has made an addition
of many thousand articles, and more especially in the departments of
chemistry, physiology, surgery, and the practice of medicine ; nor has he
lost any opportunity of giving notoriety to numerous American improve-
ments, wherever the limits of the article have permitted.
Philadelphia, September, 1847.
A NEW
MEDICAL DICTIONARY.
ABB
Al. Alalia privativum denotes the absence
• or privation of any thing ; as, aphyllus,
leafless ; aphonia, loss of voice : when the word
to which it is prefixed begins with a vowel, v
or « is inserted; thus, anorexia, want of appe-
tite.
2. A. aa. ava, ana, of each, used in pre-
scriptions after the mention of two or more in-
gredients, when it is intended that the speci-
fied quantity of each ingredient should be taken.
3. aaa. A contraction of amalgama, an amal-
gam.
Aabam. An alchemical name of lead.
Aarzhil, Waters of. They contain muriates
and sulphates of lime and soda, oxide of iron,
and hydrosulphuric acid.
Abach, Waters of. A hydrosulphureted sa-
line spring.
Abactus venter. Abigcatus. xVbortion.
Abaisir. Abasis. See Spodium.
Abaliena'tio. Abalienation ; decay of body
or mind.
Abalienatus. Abalienated; benumbed; cor-
rupted.
Abanga. See Ady.
Abapti'ston. Abaptista. The old trepan.
Abaremo-temo. A tree of Brazil, probably
a mimosa. The decoction of its bark, which
is bitter and astringent, was applied by the
natives to ill-conditioned ulcers.
Abarnahas. Magnesia.
Abartamen. Lead.
Abarticulation. See Diarthrosis.
Abas. Scald-head.
Ab a'ttoir. Abuildingfor slaughteiing cattle.
Abbeville, Waters of. An acidulous cha-
lybeate spring.
ABBREVIATION. (Abbreviate, onis) f.)
Certain abbreviations, consisting of signs, let-
ters, or parts of words, are used in medical for-
mula; and prescriptions, for the sake of expedi-
tion ; thus, B; signifies recipe ; h. s., hord somni ;
conf. aromat., confectio aromatica. See Pre-
scription.
A variety of characters or signs were used by
the old chemists and pharmacologists : thus, the
seven metals were represented by the signs of
the planets after which they were named; as,
gold or Sol by that of the Sun, ; silver or
Luna by that of the Moon, ]) ; iron by that of
Mars, $ , &c. All the principal substances used
ABD
in chemistry have likewise their particular sym-
bols.
Abbrevia'tds. Abbreviate; shortened.
ABDO'MEN. (men, inis, n. ; from abdo, to
hide.) The belly. The largest cavity in the
body, bounded above by the diaphragm, by
which it is separated from the chest ; below,
by the bones of the pubes and ischium ; on
each side, by various muscles, the short ribs,
and ossa ilii ; anteriorly, by the abdominal mus-
cles, and posteriorly by the lumbar vertebra?
and muscles of the loins. Internally, it is in-
vested by a serous membrane, the peritoneum
(see Peritoneum), and externally by muscles
and common integuments. The abdomen and
the pelvis constitute, in reality, but one cavity,
there being no partition between them.
Abdo'minal regions. If an imaginary line-
bo drawn from the cartilage of the seventh rib
on one side to the same point on the other, and
another line between the anterior superior spi-
nous processes of the ilia, the abdomen will be
divided into three regions. The upper above
the first line is the Epigastric region, the inter-
vening space is the Umbilical region, and that
below, the Hypogastric region. Each of these
is subdivided. The central part -of the upper-
most is the epigastric, and those on each side
the right and left hypochondriac. The umbili-
cal region is divided into the central, or umbil-
ical and right and left lumbar. The hypogas-
tric becomes the pubic in its central part, and
has an iliac and inguinal region on each side.
Abdomina'les. An order of Fishes which
have fins placed on the abdomen, as the salmon,
the trout.
Abdominalis. Abdominal: pertaining to the
belly ; as, abdominal viscera, &c.
Abdominal aorta. That portion of the aorta
which is situated below the diaphragm.
Abdominal aponeurosis. ' The tendinous apon-
eurosis of the oblique and transverse muscles
which forms the linea alba and sheath of the
recti muscles.
Abdominal ganglia. The semilunar ganglia.
Abdominal ring. See Annnlns abdominis.
Abdominal vertebra. The lumbar vertebra*.
Abdominal viscera. The organs included
in the true abdominal cavity ; those which lay
in the pelvis are called pelvic viscera. They
are. anteriorly and laterally, the epiploon, stom
9
A B D
ach, and small intestines, mesentery, lacteal ves-
sels, the pancreas, spleen, liver, and gall-blad-
der. Posteriorly, not included within the peri-
toneum, the kidneys, supra-renal glands, ure-
ters, the receptaculum chyli, the descending
aorta, and the ascending vena cava.
Abdomino'scopy. (From abdomen, and oko-
tcu, to explore.) Exploration of the abdomen.
Abducens labiorum. See Levator anguli oris.
Abducent. That which draws apart. The
sixth pair of nerves are called nervi abducentcs.
See Nervi abducentes.
Abduce'nteS. Motor oculi extemus.
ABDUCTION. (Abductio, onis, f. ; from
ab, and duco, to draw.) 1. The action by
which muscles withdraw a part from the axis
of the body or of a limb.
2. In Surgery, Abruption. A fracture in
which the bone near a joint is so divided that
the extremities recede from each other.
ABDUCTOR, (or, oris, m.) A muscle
which performs the abduction of any part ; its
antagonist is called adductor.
Abductor auricularis. Abductor minimi dig-
iti manus. — Abductor auris. A portion of the
posterior auris muscle. — Abductor brevis alter.
Abductor pollicis manus. — Abductor indicis.
Abductor indicis manus.
Abductor indicis manus. Semi-interossc-
ous indicis. Abductor indicis. It arises from
the metacarpal bone of the thumb and the os
trapezium, and is connected to the superior part
of the first phalanx of the fore finger.
Abductor indicis pedis. It arises from the
metatarsal bone of the fore toe, the metatarsal
bone of the great toe, and the os cuneiforme
internum, and is inserted into the first joint of
the lore toe.
Abductor longus pollicis. Abd. long, pollicis
manus. Extensor primi internodii pollicis.
Abductor longus pollicis manus. Extensor
ossis metacarpi pollicis manus.
Abductor medii digiti pedis. It arises
from the inside of the metatarsal bone of the
middle toe internally, and is inserted into the
inside of the first joint of the middle toe.
Abductor minimi digiti manus. Extensor
tertii internodii minimi digiti. Hypothcnar
minor. Abductor auricularis. It arises from
the pisiform bone, and the ligamentum carpi
annulare, and is inserted into the inner side
of the first bone of the little finger.
Abductor minimi digiti pedis. Abductor.
Parathcnar major and metatarseus, Winslow.
It arises from the inferior part of the protuber-
ance of the os calcis, and the metatarsal bone
of the little toe, and is inserted into the first
J'oint of the little toe externally. Its use is to
end the little toe downward, and to draw the
little toe from the rest.
Abductor oculi. Rectus extemus oculi.
Abductor pollicis manus. Abductor polli-
cis brevis. Abductor thenar Riolani. Abductor
pollicis. It arises from the ligamentum carpi
annulare, and the os trapezium and os navicu-
lare, and is inserted into the outer side of the
first phalanx of the thumb. Its use is to draw
the thumb from the fingers. The Abductor
brevis alter of Albinus is merely the inner por-
tion of this muscle.
10
ABI
Abductor pollicis pedis. Thenar. Ab-
ductor pollicis. It arises from the protuber-
ance of the os calcis, where it forms the heel,
and is inserted into the internal sesamoid bone
and root of the first joint of the great toe. Its
use is to pull the great toe from the rest.
Abductor tertii digiti pedis. It arises,
tendinous and fleshy, from the inside and infe-
rior part of the root of the metatarsal bone of
the third toe, and is inserted, tendinous, into the
inside of the root of the first joint of the third
toe. Its use is to pull the third toe inward.
Abeba'os. Weak; infirm.
Abellice'a. Hamatoxylon campechianum.
Abelmeluch. This is a species of Rici-
nus, according to some authors : a tree grow-
ing in the neighborhood of Mecca is so called.
Its seeds are black and oblong, and are alleged
to act as a very violent cathartic.
Abelmo'schus. Abelmusk. Hibiscus abel-
moschus.
Abensberh, Waters of. A cold sulphureous
spring.
Abepithy'mia. A paralysis of the solarplexus.
Aberratio mensium. Vicarious menstrua-
tion.
ABERRA'TION. (Aberro, to wander from.)
1. The passage of a fluid in the living body into
vessels not destined to receive it, as of red blood
into the capillaries, constituting the error loci
of Boerhaave. 2. The determination of a fluid
to a part different from that to which it is ordi-
narily directed, as in vicarious hemorrhage. 3.
Alienation of the mind, which is its most usual
acceptation.
Aberration. In Optics, a deviation of the
rays of light from a true focus, producing a dis-
torted or colored image. It is also used in as-
tronomy to designate an apparent chango of
place in stars produced by the earth's orbital
motion and the progressive movement of light.
Abe'sasum. Iron rust.
Abcssi. Realgar. In Arabic, faices.
A'besum. Quicklime.
Abevacuation. An incomplete discharge of
humors.
Abhal. An Asiatic fruit from a species of
cypress, believed to be powerfully emmena-
gogue.
A'bies. The fir genus. See Pinus for the
species of Abies.
Abies canadensis. Pinus balsamea.
Abies mungos scopoli. See Pinus pumilio
Abies virginiana. See Pinus balsamea.
Abie'tic acid. Acidum abieticnm. An
acid in the resin of the Pinus abics; it crys-
tallizes in square plates, and is soluble in al-
cohol.
Abieti'na rix. Pix Burgundica.
Abieti'n.e. A division of the natural family
Conifera, including those trees which produce
cones with many rows of scales, under which
their seeds are formed. Pines ; firs.
Abi'etine. Abietina. A resinous substance
obtained from the Strasbourg turpentine. Ber
zelius calls it the resin gamma of the same tur-
pentine.
Abie'tis resina. Thus, the exudation of the
Spruce fir.
Abiga. Teucrium chamapitys.
ABO
Abigea'tus. Abactus.
Abio'tos. Conium maculatum.
Abirrita'tion. Debility; asthenia.
Ablactation. Weaning.
Abla'tion. (Aufero, to remove.) The re-
moval or extirpation of a part. It is used in
Surgery as a generic term, and divided into the
species amputation and extirpation.
Able'psia. (From a, priv., and PXetto, to
see.) Ablepsy; blindness.
Abluent. Abluens. Abstergent.
ABLUTION. (Ablulio; from abluo, to wash
away.) 1. The washing of the body. 2. The
separation of extraneous matters from any sub-
stance by washing.
ABNO'RMAL. Abnormons. Abnormitas.
Anormal. Anomalia. (ab, from ; norma, a
rule.) Irregular; not symmetrical or accord-
ing to rule.
Aboit. Abit. White lead.
Aboli'tion. Abolitio. Destruction ; as of
sight, hearing.
Aboma'sus. Abomasutn. Abomasium. The
fourth stomach of ruminating animals.
Abomina'lio. Disgust; loathing of food.
Abo'rsus. Aborsio. A miscarriage.
Abo'rtiens. Miscarrying. Sterilis, barren,
in Botany.
Abortifacient. Abortive.
ABORTION. (Aborlio, onis, f.) Abortus;
Aborsus. 1. Expulsion of the foetus before the
sixth month ; miscarriage. A birth after the sixth
month, and before the ninth, is called premature
labor, the child being viable. Abortion arises
from an unhealthy condition of the mother or
foetus. A nervous, relaxed, or plethoric habit
in the mother is most calculated to produce
this accident, which, frequently arising from
constitutional causes, becomes habitual. It is
often connected, where habitual, with diseases
of the placenta. Violent shocks produced by
fatigue, mental emotions, or physical violence,
occasionally produce miscarriage, and should
all be avoided by persons liable to the acci-
dent. Abortion occurs from the first month
after conception, but is more frequent between
the second and third. It is attended with
hemorrhage, pains in the loins, spasms in the
bowels, and slight fever, but simulates labor-
pains in the more advanced stages. The' hem-
orrhage continues for several days in late cases,
and may become dangerous. The treatment,
when it has taken place, is to confine the pa-
tient to the horizontal posture, in perfect qui-
escence, render the bowels soluble, use cold
applications to restrain hemorrhage, such as
wet cloths, injections of cold water, or intro-
duce a plug into the vagina when it is excess-
ive ; the diet should be light. The great point
of treatment in abortion is the delivery of the
placenta, which is sometimes retained, and be-
comes putrid, producing a low fever in the pa-
tient, which is to be combated by quinine and
diffusible stimulants, &c., as in typhus. The
acetate of lead is used internally with good ef-
fect. 2. The product of miscarriage.
Abortive. Abortifacient. 1. A medicine sup-
posed to have the power of exciting abortion.
Ergot, savine, borax, and those medicines which
irritate the rectum, sometimes produce this ef-
ABS
feet. 2. In Botany, flowers which do not pro-
duce perfect seed.
Abortus. Aboriment. Abortion.
Aboulaza. A tree of Madagascar, which
yields a medicine for diseases of the heart.
Abrabax. Abraxas. Abrasaxas. A mysti-
cal term, 365.
Abracada'bra. A Syrian idol.
Abra'calan. Abracadabra.
Abra'chia. (a, priv., and fipaxiuv, the arm.)
An absence of the arms.
Abra'nchia. An order of the class Anne
lida.
Abra'sion. (Abrado, to scrape off) Abra-
sio. A superficial lesion of the skin. A very
superficial ulcer or excoriation of the intestinal
mucous membrane.
A'brathan. Abratan. Artemisia abrotanum
Abrette. Abelmoschus.
Abric. Sulphur.
Abro'ma. A gum-bearing tree of New Soutii
Wales.
Abrosia. Abstinence.
Abro'tanum. Common southern-wood. Sew
Artemisia. — A. mas. See Artemisia.
Abrotoni'tes. A wine impregnated with ab-
rotanum.
Abru'pte-finna'tus. Abruptly pinnate; a
pinnate leaf which terminates abruptly without
an odd leaflet or a cirrus.
Abru'ptio. See Abduction.
Abru'ptus. Abrupt. Abrupte pinnatus.
A'brus. A genus of leguminous plants.
— A. precatorius. A small shrub of Africa, the
East and West Indies. Its root resembles liq-
uorice. Its seed (Angola seed) is farinaceous,
and used as food ; it is of a bright scarlet color,
marked with a black spot, and employed for
beads. Wild or Jamaica liquorice.
Absce'dexs. (From abscedo, to depart.) A
decayed part separated from the sound.
ABSCESS. {Abscedo, to separate from.) An
imposthume, boil, or gathering. A collection of
pus in a part of the body, resulting from inflam-
mation, which may be acute or chronic; the
latter is attended with great constitutional dis-
turbance, as in lumbar abscess. The pus is to
be evacuated as soon as fluctuation in the ab-
scess can be discovered, and the wound kept
clean, and dressed with adhesive plaster or lint.
Acute abscesses in unimportant parts are either
discussed by leeches, counter-irritation, or, if too
far advanced, matured by warm poultices. In
chronic abscesses, and those formed internally,
the strength is often to be maintained by gentle
stimulants.
Abscessus. The generic name of a class of
diseases: A. lumborum. Lumbar abscess. —
A. mamma:. Mammary abscess. — A. pectoris.
Empyema. — A. pulmonum. Empyema. — A. oc-
uli. Hypopiou. — A. gangranosus. Anthrax.
— A. capitis sanguineus neonatorum. Cephalffi"
raatoma. — A. spiritosus. Aneurism.
Abscissa vox. Loss of voice.
ABSCI'SSION. (Abscissio; from abscindo, to
cut off.) The cutting away some morbid or
superfluous part. The premature termination
of a disease.
Abscissio piusputii. Circumcision.
Absco'nsio. (From abscondo, to hide.) A
11
ABS
A C A
cavity of a bone, which receives and conceals
the head of another bone. A sinus.
Absi'nthate. Absinthas. A salt of the ab-
sinthic acid.
Absi'nthine. Absinthina. Absinthia. The
bitter uncrystallizable principle of absinthium.
Absi'nthic acid. Acidum absinthicum. A
peculiar acid of absinthium.
Absinthi'tes. Abrotonites.
ABSI'NTHIUM. {urn, ii, u. Aij>tv0iov ; from
a, neg., and ipivdoc, pleasure.) Wormwood.
See Artemisia. — A. commune. Artemisia ab-
sinthium. — A. noMANUM. Artemisia pontica.
— A.vulgare. Artemisia absinthium.
Absolute. Alcohol free from water is called
absolute alcohol; also perfectly pure; as, huile
absolue, pure oleine.
ABSO'RBENT. (Absorbe?is; from absorbeo,
to suck up.) Having the property of absorbing
or neutralizing. Calamine, starch, &c, applied
to ulcerous surfaces to absorb fetid pus, are
termed absorbents. In Anatomy, the delicate
vessels which take up substances from any part
of the body and carry them into the blood.
See Lacteal and Lymphatic.
Absorbents. Bodies which neutralize acids
in the stomach and bowels, as magnesia, chalk.
ABSORBENT SYSTEM. The vessels and
glands throughout the body which produce ab-
sorption ; they discharge, lor the most part, into
the thoracic duct.
ABSO'RPTION. (Absorptio, onis, f.; from
absorbeo, to suck up.) 1. Imbibition. The func-
tion of the absorbents of collecting or imbibing
the chyle and superabundant nutrition of the
body ; the former being the office of the lacteals,
the latter of the lymphatics : by the latter, ab-
normal growths, fat, &c., are occasionally re-
moved. The minute extremities of the veins
are also endowed with the faculty of absorption,
according to Magendie's experiments. Absorp-
tion is applied in pathology to the re-entry of
morbid fluids into the system, as pus, dropsical
effusions, &c. ; in therapeutics, to the passage
of medicines, either from the cutaneous surface
or in any other way. By many physicians the
action of numerous medicines is attributed to
their direct passage to the parts remedied, or
into the circulation. The conditions of absorp-
tion are the presence of numerous pores or ves-
sels in the part, and an affinity between the sub-
stance and the membrane ot the absorbents or
pores.
2. Absorption, in Physics, is the flowing of a
gas or liquid into the pores of any other sub-
stance : this result depends on an electrical af-
finity of the two bodies.
Absorption, interstitial. The removal of
fat from its cellules, and similar offices of the
lymphatic or absorbent system.
Absorpti'vitt. Absorptivite. The power
of absorption inherent in organic tissues.
Abste'mious. (Abstemius; ab, from; and
temetum, wine.) Refraining from wine, accord-
ing to French writers.
Abste'ntio. A suppression or retention.
ABSTERGENT. (Abstergens ; from abster-
geo, to cleanse.) Abstersive. Detergent. A
medicament, which cleanses or clears away foul-
ness.
12
Abstergents. Abstergentia. Detergents.
Abstinence. (Abstinentia, a;, f. ; from ab-
stineo, to abstain.) A sparing use of food.
Abstracti'tius. (From abstraho, to drllw
away.) Abstractitious ; obtained by distillation.
Absus. See Cassia absus.
Abuta. See Cissampelos parcira.
Abvacua'tio. A large evacuation of any fluid,
as of blood from a plethoric person.
Acaca'lis. An Egyptian shrub.
Acacia. Gum acacia.
ACA'CIA. (a, a, f. Anaiua.) The name of
a genus of leguminous trees and shrubs. The
Egyptian thorn.
Acacia altera trieoliata. Acacia trefoil.
Spartium spinosum. — A. falsa. Robinia. — A.
germanica, v. nostras. The sloe, or Prunus spi-
nosa. — A. indica. Tamarindus. — A. zeylonica.
Haematoxylon campechianum.
Acacia catechu. A tree of India ; the ex-
tract of its wood forms catechu.
ACACIA, GUM. Acacia gmnmi. Gum Ara-
bic. Gum Senegal. Common sweet gum, ob-
tained from Barbary, Morocco, and India; it
exudes spontaneously from several species of
acacia, as the A. vera, Arabica, Senegal, &c.
It is found in pale-yellowish, hard, brittle, and
shining fragments, soluble in water; sp. gr 1-4;
insoluble in alcohol ; composition, Ci2H u On
when pure. The mucilage is prepared by dis-
solving one part of gum in two of hot water : it
is demulcent, and an excellent vehicle for sus-
pending oily medicines, which it renders mis-
cible with water.
Acacia vera. The name of the Egyptian
thorn, or gum Arabic tree.
Acacia veravel. The expressed juice of the
immature pods of the Acacia veravel. This
inspissated juice is brought from Egypt : it is
considered a mild astringent medicine.
Acacia gummi. Acacia gum.
Acaid. Vinegar.
Acajou. The cashew nut. Anacardium oc-
cidentale.
Acalai. Salt.
Acalcum. Tin.
Acale'ph;e. Acalephans. A class of radiate
sea animals, as the Medusa?.
Acale'phc. (AnahnQri.) The nettle. Seo
Urtica.
Acalyci'nus. Without a calyx.
Acalypha. The name of a genus of euphor-
biaceous plants. Class, Monadelphia. Order,
Monacia. Acalypha indica. A Malabar plant
used by the natives against gout and syphilis.
Oil in which the«plant has been infused is ap-
plied by friction. — A. betulina furnishes leaves
of aromatic and stomachic properties. — A. vir-
giniaca is indigenous, expectorant, and diuretic.
Aca'matos. A perfect rest of the muscles
Acamech. Impure silver.
ACA'MPSIA. (From a, priv., and ko/itttu,
to bend.) An inflexible state of a joint. See
Anchylosis.
Acanor. An ancient furnace.
A'canos. Acanthium. Onopordium acan-
thium.
Aca'ntha. (a, €E, f. Aicavda; from ann, a
point.) 1. A thorn or prickle. 2. The spinous
processes of vertebra. 3. The spina dorsi
AC C
Aca.vtha'bolus. A kind of forceps for re-
moving thorns.
Acanthalzuca. Echinops.
Aca'nthinum gummi. Gum acacia.
Aca'nthulus. Acanthabolus.
Aca'nthus. A genus of plants. Didynamia.
Angiospermia. — A. mollis. Bear's breech ;
brank-ursine. Branca ursina. The leaves and
root abound with a mucilage. It is employed
for th^feame purposes as althaea.
Acapatli. See Iva frutescens.
Aca'pnon. Marjoram.
Aca'rdia. Acardiac. (From a, p»v., and
h'apdia, the heart.) Without a heart.
Acaricoba. Hydrocotyle umbcllatum.
Acaro'is vesinifera. Botany Bay gum-tree.
A'caron. The wild myrtle.
Acartum. Minium.
A'CARUS. (us, i, m. ; from a, ueg., and
KEipu, to divide, too small to be divided.) The
tick, or mite ; a numerous genus of insects.
Those which are found in the human body are,
1. A. domesticus, domestic tick: observed in
the head, near gangrenous sores, and on dead
bodies. 2. A. scabiei (Scarcoptcs scabiei), itch
tick: this animal is white, with reddish legs.
It burrows near the exulcerations of the itch,
and in the neighborhood of other ulcers : it is
seldom seen except in hot climates. 3. The A.
autumnalis, harvest bug, or wheal insect : the
bite produces inflammation and swelling, ac-
companied by much itching. The insect is of
a globular ovate shape, with an abdomen bristly
behind. Other species are commonly known
as the A. ricinus, or dog tick ; the A. siro, or
cheese mite; the A. dysenteries, or dysentery
tick. The A. folliculorum is said to inhabit the
cutaneous follicles. The irritation caused by
these vermin is relieved by a lotion composed
of equal parts of the aromatic spirit of ammonia
and water.
Acatalf/psia. (a, neg., and Kara2,a/j,6avu, to
apprehend.) Acatalepsy. Uncertainty in the
diagnosis.
Aca 1 talis. The beny of the juniper.
Acata'posis. (a, neg., and Karatnvu, to swal-
low.) Difficult deglutition.
Acata'statos. Acatastaticus. Acatastatic.
(a, neg., and KadioTn/j.t, to determine.) A term
applied by Hippocrates, 1. To fevers which are
irregular in their paroxysms. 2. To turbid
urine without sediment.
Acatera. The greater juniper-tree.
Acatha'rsia. Without purgation.
Acatsjavalli. A Malabar plant — Cassytha
filiformis ? It is astringent and aromatic. Its
infusion is used as a fomentation in cases of
hemicrania ; and its juice, mixed J^th sugar,
is esteemed as a remedy for ophthalmia.
Acau'lis. (a, priv., and Kavlog, a stem.)
Stemless ; without apparent stem.
Acaweria. The root of the Ophyoxylum
serpentinum. It is bitter, and much used in
the East Indies as an antidote to the bite of ser-
pents.
Acazdir. Tin.
Accatum, or accalem. Brass.
ACCELERATION. (Acceleratio, onis, f. ;
from accelero.) An augmentation of motion.
Accelerator URinr.fi. A muscle of the pe-
ACE
nis. Ejaculator seminis. Bulbo-cavernosus of
Winslow. It arises from the sphincter ani and
membranous part of the urethra, and from the
crus and beginning of the corpus cavernosum
penis. It is inserted into a line in the middle
of the bulbous part of the urethra. The use of
these muscles is to drive the urine or semen for-
ward, and to push the blood toward the corpus
cavernosum and glans penis in erections.
Accent. Inflection of the voice.
Accession. (Accessio, onis, f. ; from accedo,
to approach . ) The accession or commencement
of a disease. Applied chiefly to a fever which
has paroxysms or exacerbations ; thus, the ac-
cession of fever means the commencement of
the paroxysm, or approach of the febrilo period.
Accesso'riu?. Accessory. Connected with,
or dependent upon, any thing ; as, an accessory
symptom, accessory muscle, accessory nerve, &c.
Accessorius lumbalis. Sacro-lumbalis.
Accessorius nervus. Accessorii Willisii.
From the second, fourth, and fifth cervical
nerves. The superior respiratory nerves.
Accessory of the pah vagitm. The superior
respiratory nerve.
Accident. {Accident ; from accido, to hap-
pen.) A casualty. An unexpected symptom
arising in the course of a disease. The French
writers use this word synonymously with symp-
tom.
Accidental. Tissus aecidentels. Accident-
al, or false membranes.
Accidental colors. Ocular spectra.
Acci'piter. (From accipiter, a hawk.) A
bandage which was put over the nose; so called
from its resemblance to the claw of a hawk.
Accipitres. The hawk tribe^
Acclimated. Accustomed to a climate.
Acclimatement. Acclimation.
ACCLIMATION. Becoming seasoned or
accustomed to a climate . It is usually preceded
by fevers or some specific disease, which is
hence called the acclimating fever.
Accli'vis. Obliquns internus abdominis.
ACCOUCHEMENT. Parturition.
ACCOUCHEUR. A man-midwife. An ob-
stetrician.
ACCRETION. ( Accretio, onis, f. ; from ad, and
cresco, to grow.) Growth; growing together.
ACCUBA'TIO. (From accumbo, to recline.)
Childbed ; reclining.
Accumbent. Lying against.
Acephalia. (a, a, f. ; from a, priv., and
Ketyakn, a head.) Absence of the head.
Accusatio. Indication.
Acedia. Neglect; fatigue.
Acella. Axilla.
Acephalobra'chia. (a, a, f. ; from a, priv.,
Ketyalrj, a head, and Ppaxiuv, an arm.) Ab-
sence of the head and arms.
Acephalobra'chius. A monster without
head or arms.
Acephaloca'rdia. (a, a, f. ; from a, priv.,
K£<pa2,n, a head, and isapdia, the heart.) Ab-
sence of the head and heart.
Acephaloca'rdius. A foetus born without
head or heart.
Acephalochi'rus. (us, i, m. ; from a, priv.,
Kt(j>a?.7j, a head, and x El P> a hand.) A foetus
born without head or hands.
13
ACE
Acephaloc y'stis. (is, idis, f. ; from a, priv.,
KKpahj, a head, and kvotic, a bladder.) The
acephalocyst, or hydatid. See Entozoa,
Acephaloga'ster. (er, ri, m. ; from a, priv.,
KeQakr], a head, and yaartip, the belly.) A foe-
tus born without the head, chest, and superior
part of the belly.
Ace phaloga stria. Absence of the head,
chest, and upper part of the belly.
Acephai.opo'dia. (a, a, f. ; from a, priv.,
KC<j>a2.tj, a head, and novg, a foot.) Wanting
the head and feet.
Acephalo'podus. A foetus born without
head or feet.
Acephalora'chia. (a, a, f. ; from a, priv.,
Kttyahi, a head, and paxie, the spine.) Want-
ing the head and vertebral column.
Acephat.o'stomus. (us, i, m. ; from a, priv.,
KC<f>a2,n, a head, and OTOfia, the mouth.) An
acephalous foetus, having at its superior part an
aperture resembling a mouth.
Acephai.othora'cia. (a, te, f. ; from a, priv.,
Kttya2.r), a head, and dupai;, the chest.) Ab-
sence of the head and chest.
Acephalotho'rus. A foetus bom without
head or chest.
ACE'PHALUS. Acephalous. Without a
head : applied to a monster bora without a
head.
Acer. Pungent; sharp.
A'CER. (er, eris, n.) A genus of trees.
Family, Aceraccte. The maples.
Acer saccharinum. The sugar maple. It is
as tall as the oak, and from two to three feet in
diameter; puts forth a white blossom in the
spring, before any appearance of leaves; its
ashes afford a large quantity of excellent pot-
ash. It abounds in the space between 43° and
46° N. latitude. Five pounds of sugar are af-
forded by the sap of one tree. It is tapped in
March. The sugar is separated from the sap
by boiling. When refined, it is equal to fine
loaf sugar.
Acer virginianum odoratum. Liquid amber.
A'cerate. A salt of the aceric acid.
Ace'ratos. Unmixed; uncorrupted.
Ace'rr. (Acerbus; from acer, sharp.) Ap-
plied to a tasto compounded of acidity and as-
tringency.
Ace'ric acid. Acidum accricum. An acid
combined with lime iu the juice of the common
maple (Acer campcstrc) — malic acid?
Acercus. A tailless monster.
Ace' rides. Plasters made \vithout wax.
ACE'ROSE. Accrosus. Leaves shaped like
a needle.
Accrosvs. Chaffy ; coarse bread containing
bran.
Acer'vulds cerebri. A sandy substance of
a yellow color which is frequently found near,
or in the substance of, the pineal gland : it con-
sists of phosphate of lime : it has not been ob-
served till after the age of puberty, and does
not appear to be the product of disease.
Acescent. Ace'sccncy. (Acescens; from aces-
co, to grow sour.) Becoming sour.
A'cesis. (is, is, f. ; from aKtofiai, to cure.)
A remedy or cure.
Acesma. A drug.
Acestor. A physician.
14
ACE
Acestos. Curable.
Acestra. A needle.
Ace'stris. Acestoris, or Accstria. A female
physician, or a midwife.
ACETA'BULUM. (urn, i, n. ; from acetabu-
lum, a saucer.) 1. The cup-like cavity of the
os innominatum. See Innominatum os. 2. An
old liquid measure of the $th of a pint. 3. An
old name of the Cotyledon umbilicus. 4. The
lobes or cotyledons of the placenta in Emula-
ting animals have been called acetabula. 5. The
same name has been given to the mouths of the
uterine veins terminating in the placenta.
Aceta medicata. Pharmaceutical prepara-
tions of vinegar.
Aceta'l. A compound of aldehyde with
ether. Formula, AcO+AeO+HO.
Aceta'ria. (a, orum, pi. n. ; from acetum,
vinegar.) A salad; pickles.
Acetarium scorbuticum. A kind of pickle
directed by Dr. Bates for scorbutic persons, and
made of horseradish.
ACE'TAS. (as, alls, f. ; from acetum, vine-
gar.) An acetate ; a salt of the acetic acid.
Acetates are characterized by the pungent
smell of vinegar, which they exhale on the ad-
dition of sulphuric acid ; by yielding, on distil-
lation in a moderate red heat, a very light, odor-
ous, and combustible liquor, called pyroacetic
spirit, or acetone ; by being all soluble in water,
many of them so much so as to be uncrystalliza-
ble. The acetates commonly employed in the
cure of diseases are the acetates of potash, am-
monia, soda, lead, zinc, mercury, morphia.
Acetas AMMONIjE. Acetate of ammonia. Seo
Ammonia: acetatis liquor.
Acetas ferri. Acetate of iron. (D. Ph.) A
mild, good chalybeate.
Acetas hydrargyri. See Hydrargyri ace-
tas.
Acetas morphijj. See Morphia; acetas.
Acetas plumbi. See Plumbi acetas, and
Plnmbi acetatis liquor.
Acetas potass^:. See Potasses acetas.
Acetas sod.e. See Soda; acetas.
Acetas zinci. Acetate of zinc. A salt com-
posed of oxide of zinc and acetic acid. It is
used sometimes as an astringent in inflamma-
tion of the eyes.
Acetate. A salt of acetic acid. See Acetas.
Acetate of Ammonia. See Ammonia; acetatis
liquor.
Acetate of Iron. See Acetas ferri.
Acetate of Lead. Sugar of lead.
Acetate of Mercury. See Hydrargyri acetas.
Acetate of Morphia. See Morphia; acetas.
Acetate of Potash. See Polassm acetas.
Acetat&f Soda. See Soda; acetas.
Acetate of Zinc. See Acetas zinci.
Acetated vegetable Alkali. See Potassa ace-
tas.
Acetated volatile Alkali. See Ammonia; ace-
tatis liquor.
ACETIC ACID. Acidum accticum fortius.
The acid of vinegar (acetum) It exists free,
and combined with bases in many vegetable
products, and is the principal result of the ace-
tous fermentation. The purest acid is obtained
by distilling the acetates with sulphuric acid
and also, indirectly, from pyroligneous acid.
A CE
This is an intensely sour fluid, aromatic, color-
less; sp. gr., 1-062; volatilizes slowly, and boils
at 248° F. ; at 50° F. it becomes solid, forming
rhomboidal crystals containing ith water. The
strongest acid is that which crystallizes perfect-
ly without any excess of water ; it consists of
C4H3O3-I- HO, and is the protohydrate of acetic
acid, the anhydrous compound existing only in
combination. Theoretically, this acetic acid is a
hydrated teroxide'of acetyl, (Ac)=Ac0 3 -{-HO:
there are many other hydrates. It combines
usually in neutral proportions, but also as 2 and
3 atoms to one of base.
Strong acetic acid unites with nearly all ox-
ides: forming acetates, it is powerfully rubefa-
cient, producing blisters on the skin. Its solv-
ent powers are considerable, resins, essential
oils, phosphorus, and many vegetable princi-
ples being dissolved by it. The most common
adulteration is by sulphuric acid, which is de-
tected by chloride of barium, which produces
a white precipitate with sulphuric acid.
Pyroligneous acid is acetic acid distilled from
wood and purified ; it usually retains an empy-
reumatic odor. It is ordered by the Lond. Ph.
of such strength that 100 grs. dissolve 87 grs.
of crystallized carbonate of soda. For the prep-
arations of acetic acid, see Acetum.
ACETIFICA'TION. (Acetificatio ; from ace-
tum, vinegar, and facto, to make.) The action
or process by which vinegar is made.
Acetite. A false name for acetate.
Acetometer. An instrument for estimating
the strength of vinegars.
ACETONE. Pyroacetic spirit. It is the vola-
tile aromatic product of the destructive distilla-
tion of acetate of lime, barytes, &c.; is color-
less, inflammable; boils at 132°; lighter than wa-
ter; sp. gr., 079. Composition, C3H3O. It is
also procured by passing vapor of acetic acid
over charcoal heated to dull redness. It has
been introduced into medicine for consumption
and diseases of the chest.
Aceto'sa. (a, <c, f.) Sorrel. See Rumcx
acetosa.
ACETOSE'LLA. See Oxalis acetosella.
Acetous acid. Formerly acetic acid ; now
applied to Aldehydic acid.
Acetous Fermentation. That stage of fer-
mentation in which vinegar is produced. See
Fermentation.
Ace'tum. (mot, i, n.) Vinegar. The acetic
acid is the characteristic product of the acetous
fermentation. Common vinegar consists of the
acetic acid in a very diluted state, mixed with
saccharine and mucilaginous matter, and other
vegetable impurities. The vinegar used for do-
mestic purposes is obtained from an, infusion of
malt, from wine, or cider. Vinegar, divested
of its impurities by distillation, constitutes the
acidum aceticum dilutum, and the ordinary dis-
tilled vinegar of the shops. Acetic acid of con-
siderable strength may be prepared by satura-
ting perfectly dry charcoal with common vine-
gar, and distilling ; the water comes over first,
and, as the heat increases, is followed by the
acid. Strong acetic acid is also obtained by ex-
posing vinegar to a freezing temperature, when
the water congeals while the acid remains liq-
uid, and may be strained off. A good deal of
ACH
strong vinegar is now made by oxydizing whis-
ky and spirits in the German method. The dis-
tilled vinegar of wood is also used in manufac-
tures : it is febrifuge and antiseptic. Common
vinegar contains less than five per cent, of pure
acetic acid.
Acetum agrcstinum solutivum. An old med-
icine.
Acetum aromaticum. Aromatic vinegar. (E.
Ph.) Take of rosemary tops, dried sage leaves,
aa. fiv. ; dry lavender flowers, 5 ij. ; cloves,
31J- ; distilled vinegar, ftviij. Macerate seven
days, express, filter. (Ed. Ph.) Aromatic and
antiseptic.
Acetum bezoardicum. Aromatic vinegar.
Acetum propkylacticum, &c.
Acetum canthaiudis. (Ph. L.) Vinegar of
cantharides. Take of ■ cantharides, powdered,
fij.; acetic .acid, Oj. Macerate eight days, ex
press, and strain. A prompt vesicant.
Acetum colchici. Vinegar of meadow saf-
fron. Take dry meadow saffron roots, sliced,
5ij.; distilled vinegar, Oij.; alcohol, f. fi. Ma-
cerate in vinegar seven days, express, filter;
add the alcohol. (U. S.) Diuretic, in gout;
dose, f. 3ss. to 3iss.
Acetum destillatum. Acetum distillatum.
Distilled vinegar. Distill over a sand-bath in glass
vessels. Of a gallon of vinegar, reject the first
pint, and preserve the next five only. A fluid
ounce at sp. gr. 1-007 saturates 35 grs. of carb.
potassa, or 58£ crystallized carb. soda. (U. S.)
Acetum opii. Vinegar of opium. Take opi-
um, jiy. ; distilled vinegar, Oj. Macerate sev-
en days, filter. (Ed. P.) Seldom used ; in-
tended as a substitute for the tinct. opii acet v
or for the black drop.
Acetum philosophicum. A preparation of the
alchemists.
Acetum pkophylacticum. Vinaigrcdcsqua-
tre voleurs. Vinegar of the four thieves. A
preparation somewhat similar to aromatic vine-
gar.
Acetum radicatum. Radical vinegar; con-
centrated acetic acid.
Acetum scillje. Vinegar of squills. Take
sliced squill, fiv.; distilled vinegar, Oij.; alco-
hol, f. 5j. Macerate for seven days, express;
add the alcohol to the clear fluid. (U. S.)
The oxymel scilla) is better. Expectorant, diu-
retic ; dose, 3ss. to 3y. : larger doses excite
nausea and vomiting.
Acetum theriacale. Theriacale aromaticum.
Acetyl. A hypothetical compound radical,
C4H3; symbol, Ac : the radical of acetic acid,
&c. Acctylic acid is the acetic acid. Acctylous
acid, AcOyHO, is the same as aldehydic acid.
Aceyte de sal. A South American remedy
for bronchocele, containing a portion of iodine.
Achacana. The edible root of a Peruvian
cactus.
Achjenium. A one-celled, one-seeded, supe-
rior indehiscent dry fruit.
Achanaca. An African plant used in the
kingdom of Mely as an anti-syphilitic.
Achaovan. An Egyptian plant, resembling
the chamomile.
Achaovan abiat. An Egyptian plant; prob-
ably the Cineraria maritima.
Achar. Atchar.
15
ACI
Achari'ston. Various antidotes and collyria. I
A'che. The herb smallage.
Acheii.ia. (From a, x Et ^ 0C > a lip.) Desti-
rute of a lip or lips.
Acheir. (From a, priv., and;rM0, the hand.)
Devoid of hands. — Galen.
Achia. Acinar. The pickled shoots of the
bamboo.
Achi'colum. The sudatorium of the ancient
baths.
Achille'a. A genus of composite plants re-
sembling the tansy in properties. Milfoil ; yar-
row. The A. ageratum, maudlin ; A. millefo-
lium, yarrow ; A. alrata, are bitter aromatics.
A. ptarmica, sneezewort or bastard pellitory, is
a sialogogue, and the powder of the root or
leaves is a sternutatory. A. moschata is the
active body of the Esprit (Viva.
Achillei'on. A sort of sponge.
Achille'is. A species of barley.
Achillis chorda. See Achillis tendo.
Achillis tendo. The strong tendon of the
heel which is formed by the junction of the
gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, and which
extends along the posterior part of the tibia
from the calf to the heel.
Achiote. Annotto.
Achlamy'deous. (a,^a//r;f, acloak.) Plants
without either calyx or corolla.
A'chlys. Darkness ; cloudiness. Opacity of
the cornea caligo.
Achmam. Achmadiam, or Achimadium. An-
timony.
Achmella. Spilanthus acmclla.
A'chne. (A%pti.) 1. Inspissated mucus in
the eye, Hippocrates ; or in the fauces, Galen.
2. Lint.
A'CHOLUS. (From a, priv., and x^V, bile.)
Deficient in bile.
A'CHOR. A pointed pustule, containing
a light yellow matter, and changing into a brown
scab: it attacks the hairy scalp of children.
It is also called Lactumen, Favus, Porrigo lar-
valis, Crusta lactea.
Achori'stos. (Inseparable; from a, priv.,
and x u P l &i to separate.) Applied by the an-
cients to a symptom inseparable from any dis-
ease, as pain in the side from pleurisy.
Achourou. The Carib name of a species of
myrtle. A decoction of the leaves is used by
the natives as a remedy for dropsy.
A'chras sapota. The oval-fruited sapota,
the seeds of which are sometimes given in the
form of emulsion in calculous complaints. It
grows in the West India Islands. The bark of
this, and the Achras mammosa, is very astrin-
gent, and is used medicinally under the name
of Cortex jamaicensis : it has been I'ecommend-
ed as a febrifuge.
Achroa. Without color ; pale.
Achroi. Pallid persons.
Achromatic, (a, xP u l ia f color.) An ar-
rangement of two lenses to avoid colored aber-
ration in optical instruments.
Achro'mato'psia. (From a, xP uua > &n & otyic,
vision.) A term to designate an incapacity of
distinguishing different colors from each other.
Achyrodes. Acerose.
Achyron. Bran; furfur.
A'cia. (From any, a point.) A term used
16
ACI
by Celsus, which some believe to mean a needle,
others the thread, and others a particular kind
of suture.
Aci'cui.ar. (Acicularis ; from acicula, a
needle.) Needle-shaped ; applied to leaves and
to crystals.
ACID. {Acidum, i, n. ; from axic, a point.)
A compound which is capable of uniting, in
definite proportion, with alkaline bases, and
which when liquid, or in a state of solution, has
either a sour taste or reddens litmus paper.
Acids are called mineral or organic, as they are
derived from minerals, plants, or animals ; they
are also divided into oxygen, hydrogen, sul-
phur, &c, acids, as they are compounds of
these elements. Those oxygen acids which
terminate in ic, contain the largest- proportion
of oxygen ; those in ous, a less amount. For
the properties of these compounds, see them
respectively.
Acid aerial. Carbonic acid. — A. calcareous.
Carbonic acid. — Acid of ants. Formic acid. —
Acid of apples. Malic acid. — Acid bath. See
Balneum. — Acid of lemons. Citric acid. — Acid
of milk. Lactic acid. — Acid of tartar. Tartaric
acid. — Acid of sorrel. Oxalic acid. — Acid of
sugar. Oxalic acid.
ACIDIFI'ABLE. Capable of being convert-
ed into an acid by an acidifying principle.
ACIDIFICATION. The endowing of any
thing with acid properties.
ACIDIFYING. That which combines with
an acidifiable substance, as oxygen.
ACIDIME'TRY. The measurement of the
strength of acids. This is effected by saturating
a given weight of them with an alkaline base ;
the quantity requisite for the purpose is the
measure of their power.
ACIDITY. Sourness.
Acidity of the stomach. A symptom of dys-
pepsy ; it is temporarily alleviated by magne-
sia, and remedied by regular diet and exercise.
ACIDULOUS. Somewhat acid ; sub-acid.
Acidulous waters. Mineral waters contain-
ing a large amount of carb6nic acid.
Acidum abietis. An acid liquor distilled
from the fresh branches of the Pinus sylvestris.
Acidum aceticum. See Acetic acid. — A. acet.
aromaticum. Acetum aromaticum. — Acidum
aceticum camphoratum. Take of camphor,
§ ss. ; alcohol, enough to reduce the camphor to
powder ; acetic acid (strong), fvi. ; dissolve.
(Ph. E. and D.) A pungent, refreshing per-
fume, resembling Henry's aromatic vinegar. —
Acidum aceticum concentratum. Acetic acid.—
Acid. acet. fortius and forte. Acetic acid. —
Acidum aceticum empyreumaticum. Pyroligne-
ous acid. See Acetic acid. — Acidum aceticum
ex ligno destillatum. Pyroligneous acid.
Acidum aceticu m dilutum. Concentrated acid
diluted with 10 parts of water. (U. S.)
Acidum acetosella. Oxalic acid.
Acidum acetosum. Acetum.
Acidum athereum. See Sulphuric acid.
Acidum aluminosum. The sulphuric acid.
Acidum arsenicosum. A. arseniosum. Ar-
senious acid.
Acidum benzoicum. Benzoic acid. Take
of gum Benjamin, or benzoin, any quantity;
place in a glass subliming vessel over a sand-
ACI
oath heated to 300° F., and gradually increas-
ed till nothing more ascends. Press the subli-
mate in folds of blotting paper to separate the
oily parts, and sublime again at 400° F. (U.
S. Ph.) Seldom used except in compound
medicines. Stimulant; dose, gr. x. to 3ss.
Acidum borussicum. Hydrocyanic acid.
Acidum catholicon. Sulphuric acid.
Acidum citricum. See Citric acid.
Acidum hydrocarbonicum. Oxalic acid.
Acidum hydrocyanicum. Dilute prussic
acid. Take of cyanuret of silver, grains 51 ;
muriatic acid, grs. 41; distilled water, f. 5j.
Add the salt of silver to the diluted acid, shake
them together in a stoppered vessel, and after
a short interval pour off the clear liquor into
another vessel. Keep this for use, and in a
dark place. (U. S.) It is a powerful seda-
tive, and sometimes used to allay irritation both
of the pulmonary and gastric apparatus ; dose,
one to six or eight drops, dissolved in water or
mucilage : it should be recent. This officinal
or medical acid is not to be confounded with
pure Hydrocyanic acid, which see.
Acidum hydrothionicum liquidum. Solution
of sulphureted hydrogen in water.
Acidum ligncum. Pyroligneous acid. See
Acetic acid.
Acidum marinum conccntratum. Hydrochlo-
ric acid.
Acidum morbosum. Acidity of the stomach.
Acidum muriaticum dilutum. Dilute muri-
atic or hydrochloric acid. Mix four parts, by
measure, of muriatic acid with twelve parts of
distilled water; it should have sp. gr. 1-05.
(U. S.) Tonic and refrigerant; dose, 38s.
Acidum muriaticum nitroso oxygenatum.
Nitro-muriatic acid.
Acidum nitricum. See Nitric acid.
Acidum nitricum dilutum. Take of nitric
acid, a fluid ounce; distilled water, nine fluid
ounces. Mix them. (U. S. and Ph. L.) Dose,
3ss.
Acidum nitro-muriaticum. See Nitro-muri-
atic acid.
Acidum nitrosum. See Nitrous acid.
Acidum pingue. The supposed principle of
causticity.
Acidum primigenium. See Acidum catholi-
con.
Acidum prussicum. See Hydrocyanic acid ;
and for the medical compound, Acidum hydro-
cyanicum.
Acidum pyroaceticum. Pyroligneous acid.
See Acetic acid.
Acidum quercitanicum. Tannic acid.
Acidum sacchari, vel saccharinum. Oxalic
acid.
Acidum salis, or Salis culinaris, or Salis mar-
ini. Muriatic acid.
Acidum solis. See Clyssus.
Acidum suecicum. Swedish acid. Hydro-
fluoric acid.
Acidum sulphureum. See Sulphurous acid.
Acidum sulphuricum. See Sulphutic acid.
Acidum sulphuricum aromaticum. Aro-
matic sulphuric acid. Take sulphuric acid,
f, Shjss.; alcohol, Oij.; cinnamon, in powder,
5iss. ; powdered ginger, ?j. Add the fluids
carefully, mix in the powders, and let them
ACN
digest six days; strain. (U. S.) Tonic and
refrigerant; dose, itlx. to 3ss.
Acidum sulphuricum dilutum. Take of
sulphuric acid, a fluid ounce ; distilled water,
thirteen fluid ounces ; add the water gradually
to the acid in a glass vessel. (U. S.)
Acidum sulphuris volatile, or sulphurosicum.
Sulphurous acid.
Acidum tartari. Acidum tartaricum. See
Tartaric acid.
Acidum universale. Sulphuric acid.
Acidum vitriolicum. See Sulphuric acid.
Acidum vitriolicum dilutum. See Acidum
sulphuricum dilutum.
Acidum zooticum, or zootinicum. Hydro-
cyanic acid.
Acidurgia. Operative surgery..
A'cies. Iron or steel.
Aciesis. Barrenness. Sterility in females.
ACIN ACI'FORMIS. (From acinaces, a cime-
ter, and forma, a shape.) Acinaciform ; shaped
like a saber ; applied to leaves.
Acine'sia. {a, a, f . ; anivnoia; from a,
priv., and Kivnotc, motion.) 1. Loss of motion.
2. The interval of rest between the systole and
diastole of the heart.
Acini biliosi. See Liver.
Acini of Malpighi. Corpora Malpighi-
ana.
Aciniform. Acinosus. (From acinus, a
grape.) Acinose. A name given to the uvea
or posterior lamina of the iris, and to the cho-
roid coat.
A'CINUS. (us, i, m. ; from acinus, a grape.)
1. The minute glandular corpuscles in which
the different secretions take place, as in the
skin, liver, &c, are called acini. 2. Glands
which are in the form of clusters, as the pan-
creas, are sometimes called acini glandulosi. 3.
The term acinus was formerly applied to a
small fleshy granulation. 4. In Botany, the
small berries which compose the fruit of the
mulberry, blackberry, &c, are called acini.
A'cinus. (A/uvoc.) A species of thyme men-
tioned by Dioscorides.
Acipe'nser. A genus of fish of the order
Chondropterysii. The sturgeon. All the
species afford isinglass.
Acma'sticos. A term applied by the Greeks
to a fever which preserves an equal intensity
throughout its course : the term is synonymous
with duorovoc.
A'cme. (e, es, f. ; from aKfin, vigor, matu-
rity.) The height or crisis of a disease.
Acme'lla. See Spilanthus acmella.
Acmon. The incus of the ear.
A'CNE. (A.kvt). Acna, ee, f.) Acne is de-
fined by Bateman as " an eruption of distinct,
hard, inflamed tubercles, which are sometimes
permanent for a considerable length of time,
and sometimes suppurate very slowly and par-
tially." There are four varieties of Acne : A.
simplex ; A. punctata, maggot pimple ; A. in~
durata, stone pock ; and A. rosacea, carbuncle,
grog blotch. This disease usually appears on
the face, especially on the forehead and chin,
and sometimes also on the neck, shoulders, and
breast ; it seldom descends to the lower part of
the trunk, or to the extremities.
Acne'stis. The back.
17
ACO
AC R
Acnestos. Cneorum tricoccum.
Acoe'lius. Emaciated/ Without belly.
Acffisis. The faculty of hearing.
ACO'LOGY. (Acologia, ce, f. ; from okoq, a
remedy, and loyoc, a discourse.) The doctrine
of remedies. The application of the term has
usually been restricted, but without reason, to
surgical remedies.
Acone. A mortar.
Aco'ndylus. (From a, priv., and kovSvTloc, a
joint.) Without a joint.
Aco'nion. An ancient form of medicine for
the eyes.
A'CONITE. Aconitum napellus, and Aconi-
tum neomontanum. (U. S.)
Aconitic acid. An acid found in wolf's-bane,
Equisetum fluviatile, &c. It also results
from the decomposition of citric acid by heat.
Form., C4HO3, HO.
Aconitina. Aconitia. Aconita. Aconitinc.
A narcotic, extremely poisonous alkaloid prin-
ciple in Aconitum napellus, &c. It is white
and granular, or in a colorless, transparent mass,
having a glassy luster ; inodorous, very fusible,
little soluble in water, but readily so in alcohol
and ether. It is highly poisonous, the twelfth
part of a grain being sufficient to destroy the
life of a small bird instantaneously. It is an
arterial and nervous sedative, and is recom-
mended as an antiphlogistic, but is not used in-
ternally. The drug is seldom pure. Dr. Turn-
bull has warmly recommended its external use,
in the form of ointment, in neuralgic, gouty, and
rheumatic cases.
Aconitine. Aconitina, solution of. Turn-
bull's preparation. Aconitine from Mr. Mor-
son's, gr. viij. ; alcohol, s-ij.: dissolve. Applied
to the sound skin by a friction sponge. Begin
with 3ss. for the application.
Aconitine ointment. Turnbull's aconitine,
gr. ij. ; alcohol, gtt. vj. Mix together, and add
3J. of lard. Begin with the use of gr. x., and in-
crease as it is indicated.
Aconi'tum. {um, i, n. Akovitov.) Aconite.
Monk shood. Wolf's-bane. There are several
species, which have all a similar poisonous ac-
tion on the animal economy, but some are
stronger than others. They are perennial Ra-
nunculacea?. The A. napellus is the most im-
portant, but A. paniculatum, cammarum, and
neomontanum are officinal. Properties, narcot-
ic and sudorific ; especially of use in rheumatic
and neuralgic diseases. Dose of the dried
leaves, 1 to 5 grs. : in over-doses it is an acrid
narcotic.
Aconitum anthora. Salutary monk'shood.
This is poisonous, like the rest of the genus;
the dried root is used in doses of 10 to 20 grs.
as a vermifuge and cathartic.
Aconitum lycoctonum. A species possessing
the same properties as wolf's-bane.
Aconu'si. Diseases of the ears.
A'copa. ( a, koitoc, fatigue. ) Medicines
against weariness.
A'copis. A stone ; used as a remedy against
weariness.
Acopon. Acopnm. Singular of Acopa.
A'copos. Supposed to be the Menyanthes
trifoliata.
A'COR. {or, oris, m. ; from aceo, to be sour.)
18
Acidity and acrimony. This word is sometimes
used in the same way as acid.
AcoracejE. Acorina. See Aroidem.
ACO'RIA. (a, m, f. ; from a, priv., and itopeu,
to satiate.) Canine appetite. Inordinate de-
sire for food or drink.
Acori'tes. Acorites vinum. A wine of
acorus, liquorice, &c.
Acortinus. The lupin. See Lupinus.
A'CORUS. A genus of plants. Hexandria.
Digynia. Nat. family, Aroidem. — A. calamus.
The sweet-flag, or acorus. — Calamus aromati-
cus. The root is aromatic, and but seldom
used. Dose, rij., in infusion.
Acorus adulterinus. A. palustris. A. vulgaris.
See Iris. — A. verus. A. asiaticus. The same as
A. aromaticus.
A'cos. A remedy, or medicine.
Aco'smia. 1. Irregularity in the critical days
of fever. — Galen. 2. Baldness.
Acotyle'don. Without a cotyledon. In
the natural system of Jussieu, the Acotyledones
form a class which corresponds with the Cryp-
togamia of Linnreus, and includes Lichens, Sea-
weeds, Fungi, Mosses, &c.
Acou'meter, or acumeter. (From anovu, to
hear, and /xeTpov, a measure.) An instrument
invented by Itard for estimating the extent of
the sense of hearing.
Acou'ophonia. (From aicovu, I hear, and
<puv?i, sound.) Auscultation by the ear of sounds
produced by percussion.
Acou'sma. A deprivation of the sense of
hearing, in which imaginary sounds are heard.
Acou'stic. (From arcovu, to hear.) 1. Be-
longing to the ear, or to sound. 2. An acoustic
medicine is one used in disorders of the sense
of hearing.
Acoustic duct. See Meatus auditorius.
Acoustic nerve. See Portio mollis.
Acoustico-malleus. A doubtful muscle of
the internal ear; the third, or external muscle
of the malleus.
Acou'stics. The science which investigates
the nature and production of sounds.
Acqu'a. See Aqua and Eau.
Acquetta. Liquor arsenicalis.
Acqui, Mineral water of. A thermal (167°
F.) sulphur spring.
Acquired diseases. Diseases which are not
hereditary nor congenital, but dependent on
some adventitious cause operating after birth.
Acrai. A kind of satyriasis or nymphoma-
nia. — Avicenna.
Acrai'palos. Acraipala. Remedial of the
effects of a debauch.
Acra'lea. (From aicpoc, extreme.) The
extreme parts of the body, as the legs, arms,
nose, ears, &c.
Acra'nia. (From a, priv., and Kpaviov, the .
cranium.) Absence of the whole or a part of
the cranium.
Acra'sia. (From a, priv., and npacic, tem-
perance^) Intemperance of any kind. — Hip-
pocrates.
Acratei'a. Acratia. (From a, priv., and
Kparoc, strength.) Debility ; impotence.
Acrati'sma. A meal of bread steeped in pure
wine.
Acrato'meli. Wine mixed with honey
ACR
A'CRATOS. (From a, priv., and Kepavvvfii,
to mix.) Unmixed.
Acrature'sis. Inability to void urine from
weakness (acratia) of the bladder.
A'cre. (AKpn.) The extremity of the nose
or any other part.
A'crea. The same as acralea.
A'CRID. (Acris.) Substances which excite,
in the organs of taste, a sensation of pungency
and heat, and, when applied to the skin, irritate
and inflame it.
ACRIMONY. (Acris, acrid.) Many diseases
were referred to acrimony of the humors. The
term is still partially used in medicine. The
humoral pathologists distinguished an acid and
alkaline acrimony.
Acri'nia. (From a, priv., and Kpivu, I sep-
arate.) The diminution or suspension of a se-
cretion.
A'cris. (A«ptf, the summit of any thing.)
The prominence of a bone. — Hippocrates.
Acri'sia. (From a, priv., and Kpivu, to
judge.) A state of disease in which no judg-
ment can be formed, or one in which the prog-
nosis is unfavorable.
Acrites. Acrita. The lowest division of
animals, as sponges, polypi, sterelmintha, &c.
Acritical. A'critos. Applied to a disease
without a regular crisis, or to a symptom not
indicative of a crisis.
Acrivi'ola. Tropceolum majus.
Acroby'stia. The prepuce.
Acrochei'ris. Acrocheir. (From aitpoc, ex-
treme, and x £l P> a na nd.) The arm from the
elbow to the ends of the fingers.
ACROCHO'RDON. (From aKpoc, extreme,
and #op(5»7, a string.) A small, hard tumor or
wart, placed on a narrow base, or hanging by
a pedicle.
Acrochor'ismus. A species of violent dan-
cing.
Acrocolia. The extremities.
Acrodactylum. The upper surface of the digit.
Acrodrya. Autumnal fruits.
Acrodynia. (From aKpoc, odvvn, pain.) An
epidemic in Paris during 1828, '29, attended
with great pain in the tendons, &c, of the
wrists and ankles, sometimes attended with ir-
ruptions. It is supposed to have been rheu-
matic or nervous, and, according to M. Roberts,
resembling dengue.
Acrogens. (From aKpoc, yevvau, to grow.)
The Cryptogamia, or Acbtyledons, which grow
only by additions to the extremities.
Acroleine. An acrid volatile body resulting
from the decomposition by heat of glycerin, or
oils containing it. Form., C6H4O.;.. It is con-
sidered a hydrated oxide of Acryle — CeH 3 . Ac-
roleine rapidly absorbs oxygen, and becomes
Acrylic acid (C6H 3 3 -(-HO), which is analogous
to the acetic.
Acrole'nion. The Olecranon.
ACROMA'NIA. (a, a, f.; from aKpoc, ex-
treme, and fiavia, madness.) Total or incurable
madness.
ACROMIAL. Acromia'lis. Appertaining to
the acromion.
Acromial artery. External scapular ar-
tery. A branch of the axillary artery, dividing
into an inferior and superior branch, and 6up-
ACT
plying the muscles of the chest and shoulder.
They freely anastomose with the superior scap-
ular, thoracic, and circumflex arteries.
Acromial vein. Accompanies the artery.
Acromio-coracoid. Related or belonging
to these processes, as the acromio-coracoid
ligament.
ACRO'MION. (Acrominm, i,n.; from aKpoc,
extreme, and uuoq, the shoulder.) The pro-
cess of the scapula or shoulder-blade, to which
the clavicle is articulated.
Acro'mphalon. The center of the navel.
Acron. ( A/cpGM>.) The extreme part of a
limb.
Acro'nia. (AKpuvia ; from aKpuv, an ex-
tremity. ) The amputation of any extreme part,
as of a finger or toe.
Acro'pathus. (AKponaOoe ; from aKpoc, ex-
treme, and iradoc, a disease.) A term applied
by Hippocrates to an organ diseased in its ex-
treme part ; or to a disease situated on the sur-
face or extremities of the body.
Acro'phyton. Tussilago farfara.
Acropodium. The upper surface of the foot.
Acropo'sth^. Acropsi'lon. Acrosbystia.
The extremity of the prepuce. The extremity
of the glans penis.
Acros. Extreme; summit. The activity of
strength or of disease, &c.
A'crospire. Acrospira. The young shoot
of germinating seeds.
Acrotarsium. The upper surface of the tarsus.
Acrote'ria. The extremities of the body.
Acroteria'smus. (AKpurnptafa.) The am-
putation of an extremity.
Acrothy'mion. A kind of wart described by
Celsus as hard and rough, readily bleeding,
with a narrow base and a broad top.
Acro'ticus. (From aKpoc, extreme.) Af-
fecting the external surface. Acrolica is Dr.
Good's third order of his class Eccritica.
Acroti'smus. (From a, priv., and Kporoc, the
pulse.) Acrotism, defect of pulse. Asphyxia.
Acryle. Acrylic acid. See Acroleine.
Act.e'a. Acte. Sambucus niger.
ACTjE'A. A genus of plants. Polyandria.
Monogynia. Family, Ranunculacece. — A. spi-
cata. A. Ckristophoriana. Herb Christopher.
Baneberry. A plant growing in mountain for-
ests in most parts of Europe. It is very acrid;
the root is strongly cathartic, and the berries
are poisonous. — A. raccmosa. Cimicifuga.
Black snake-root. Rich-weed. The root of this
plant is astringent, and its decoction has been
used as a gargle in malignant sore throat. It
is acro-narcotic, and has been used in chorea,
epilepsy, &c.
Actjea americana. Sometimes called red
and white cohosh, from being found in two va-
rieties, rubra and alba, with red or white ber-
ries ; it is found in the rich mold of shady and
rocky forests throughout the Northern States to
Virginia, and was in great repute among the
Indians. It is a drastic purgative, and some-
times emetic.
A'ctine. Bunium bulbocastanum.
Acti'nism. Actino-chemistry.
Actinoboli'smus. (From oktlv, a ray, and
(iaTCKu, to throw out.) Irradiatio. Diradiatio.
An ancient term to designate the instantaneous
19
ACU
ADA
How of the animal spirits by which the volitions
of the mind are communicated to the different
organs.
ACTI'NO-CHEMISTRY. (From uktcv, a
ray.) That department of chemistry which
treats of the action of the sun's rays.
Acti'nology. (From auriv, and "koyoc, a dis-
course. ) The science which treats of the action
of the sun's rays.
Acti'nometer. (From annv, and fierpov, a
measure.) An instrument to measure the force
of the sun's light.
ACTION. (Actio, onis, f. ; from ago, to act.)
The exertion or operation of an active power.
1. Voluntary actions are those produced by
acts of the will, as the contractions of the mus-
cles. 2. Involuntary actions are those excited
either mediately, through the nerves and spinal
marrow, as those of the larynx, pharynx, sphinc-
ters, &c. ; or immediately, as those of irritabil-
ity. 3. Mixed actions are those motions or al-
terations of inspiration and expiration which
constitute the acts of respiration. 4. Morbid
actions are those derangements of the ordinary
actions which constitute diseases.
ACTION OF PRESENCE. Catalysis. A
chemical term to indicate the property some
agents possess of causing combination or de-
composition in others without appearing to be
chemically affected ; as when spongy platinum
causes the union of hydrogen with oxygen, &c.
These actions are, for the most part, to be re-
ferred to capillary forces, or to the presence of
ferments.
ACTIVE. Activus. Acting with energy ;
thus we say an active medicine, an active dis-
ease. The term is applied to some particular
diseases in a manner not very significant, as act-
ive hemorrhage, active aneurism.
Actual. Actualis. Any thing which acts
immediately ; it is, however, usually restricted
to red-hot iron employed as a cautery, and call-
ed the actual cautery; while a caustic, or es-
charotic substance, is called the potential or vir-
tual cautery.
Actuation. Actuatio. A word used to sig-
nify that change wrought by the vital powers
on a medicine, &c.
Acua'le os. A styloid process.
Acuitas. Acrimony.
Acui'tio. (From acuo, to sharpen.) Acui-
tion. The sharpening of an acid liquor by the
addition of something more acid ; or, the aug-
mentation of the strength of a medicine by the
addition of something which has similar pow-
ers in a greater degree.
Aculeate. Aculeatus. (From aculeus, a
prickle.) Prickly.
Acu'leus. A prickle.
Aculeus ligneus. A splinter of wood.
ACUMINA'TUS. (From acumen, a point.)
Acuminate; or, terminated by a point some-
what elongated.
ACUPUNCTURE. (Acupunctura, <e, f. ; from
■acus, a needle, and punctus, a prick.) An op-
eration which consists in the introduction of
long, fine needles into any part of the body
with a view to the relief or cure of disease.
This proceeding is sometimes termed acupunc-
turation. The needle is introduced with a
20
slight semi-rotatory motion, and occasions very
little pain ; it is passed to the depth of from
half an inch to two inches, according to the
nature of the part where it is applied, and is
allowed to remain from a few minutes to seV"
eral hours before it is withdrawn. It has been
observed by many practitioners, that one needle,
allowed to remain for a considerable time, is
more efficacious than several which are speed-
ily withdrawn. Practitioners confine this op-
eration to muscular, tendinous, and aponeurotic
parts ; but the Orientals pierce the abdomen
with needles for the relief of colic and other
affections; and M. Bretonneau declares that he
has passed needles in all directions through the
cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, lungs, and stom-
ach of young puppies without any bad effect.
On the Continent of Europe it has been tried,
with more or less apparent success, in most
diseases of which pain is the principal symp-
tom, as rheumatism, neuralgia, gastrodynia
pleurodynia, headache, toothache, &c. Acu
puncture is not generally considered worthy of
any confidence, except in cases of local pain
quite unattended with inflammatory action:
that form of chronic rheumatism in which the
nerves are chiefly implicated, and which may
be termed rheumatic neuralgia, is the disease
in which this remedy has been found most un-
equivocally useful. The practice of making
punctures with a needle, to afford exit to the
fluid effused in anasarca and oedema, is as ef-
fectual as scarification, and much less danger-
ous; in this case, the needle ought not to be
deeply inserted ; the penetration of the cutis is
all that is required.
ACURGIA. Operative surgery.
A'CUS. A needle. See Needle.
Acus cannulata. A trocar.
Acus capilala. A pin.
Acus intcrpunctoria. Acus ophthalmica. A
couching needle. .
Acus moscha'ta. Geranium moschatum.
Acus paracentica. A trocar.
Acus pastoiis. Scandix anthriacus.
Acus tri'quetra. A trocar.
Acus veneris. Eryngium campestre.
Acusis. The faculty of hearing.
Acustica. Acoustics.
Acusto. Nitre.
ACUTE. (Acutus; from acuo, to sharpen.)
Sharp. 1. Designates the shape of objects; an
acute leaf is one which tapers gradually to a
slender, but not a prickly or thorny termina-
tion.
2. In Pathology, it is applied to a disease
which is attended with violent symptoms, and
whose course is short ; it is opposed to chronic.
ACUTENA'CULUM. {urn, i, n. ; from acus,
a needle, and tenaculum, a handle.) The
handle for a needle, to make it penetrate easily
when stitching a wound. Heister calls the
portaiguille by this name.
AcY'ANOBLE'rsiA. Incapability of distinguish-
ing the color of blue.
Acye'sis. (From a, priv., and kvtjoic, preg-
nancy.) Sterility in women. — Vogcl
Acyrus. Arnica montana.
Adaca. Sphmranthus indicus.
Ad^emo'nia. (From a, priv., and daifiov, for-
ADD
ADD
tune.) Hippocrates and Galen use this word
for uneasiness, restlessness, or anxiety.
Adakodien. A Malabar plant, of the tribe
Apocynene ; used in affections of the eyes.
Adal. The part of plants on which their
medicinal virtues depend.
Ad all Lippia. A Malabar plant regarded
by the Indians as an antidote to the bite of the
Cobra di Capello.
A'damas. A6a/iag. The diamond.
Ada'mi morsus os. The thyroid cartilage.
Ada'mica terra. The name applied to sev-
eral kinds of bole or clay, which are of a red
color.
Adam's apple. Pomum adami.
Adam's needle. Yucca gloriosa.
Adami' ta, or adami 1 turn. A very hard, white
calculus. — Paracelsus.
ADANSO'NIA DIGITATA. The baobab.
The pounded bark, leaves, and fruit are used
by the negroes ; they are mucilaginous, and sup-
posed to be useful against fevers.
Ada'rce. Ada'rces. A substance found in-
crusting the reeds and grass in the marshes on
the sea-coast of Galatia. Formerly in repute
for cleansing the skin from tetters, freckles, &c.
Adarigo. Ardarneck. Orpiment.
Adarticula'tio. The same as Arthrodia.
Addad. A bitter, poisonous plant of Numidia.
ADDEPHA'GIA. («, m, f. ; from addnv,
abundantly, and cpayu, to eat.) A voracious ap-
petite. See Bulimia.
Adder. See Vipera.
Adder's tongue. Opioglossum spicatum.
ADDITAME'NTUM. (urn, i, n. ; from addo,
to add.) An addition to any part, which is
sometimes, though not always, found. A term
formerly applied synonymously with epiphysis,
but now only applied to two portions of sutures
of the skull. See Lambdoidal and Squamous
sutures.
Additamentum coli. See Appendix cceci
vermiformis.
Additamentum pedum hippocampi. The
name given to a swelling observed in the sub-
stance which forms the bottom of the ventricles
of the brain; it follows the direction of the cor-
nua ammonis, and is sometimes equally large.
Additamentum necatum. Ad. uncatum ulna.
The olecranon.
Additamentum ad sacro-lumbalcm. See Sac-
ro-lumbalis.
Additamentum ulna. The radius.
Adducens humeri. See Pccloralis major.
Adducens oculi. See Rectus internus oculi.
ADDUCENT. {Adducens; from ad, and
duco, to draw.) Performing the action of ad-
duction ; applied to muscles. See Adduction.
ADDUCTION. Adductio. The action by
which a part is drawn toward the axis of the
body, or of a limb.
ADDU'CTOR. A muscle which performs
the adduction of the part into which it is in-
serted.
Adductor ad minimum digitum. See Ad-
ductor pollicis manus.
Adductor auris. See Retrahens aurem.
Adductor brevis femoris. A muscle of
the thigh, which, with the adductor longus and
magnus femoris, forms the triceps adductor fe-
moris. Adductor femoris sccundus of Douglas
Triceps secundus of Winslow. It is situated on
the posterior part of the thigh, arising, tendin-
ous, from the os pubis, near the symphysis, be-
low and behind the adductor longus femoris,
and is inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the
inner and upper part of the lihea aspera, from
a little below the trochanter minor, to the be-
ginning of the insertion of the adductor longus
femoris. See Triceps adductor femoris.
Adductor femoris primus. See Adductor
longus femoris.
Adductor femoris secundus. See AdduC'
tor brevis femoris.
Adductor femoris tertius. See Adductor
magnus femoris.
Adductor femoris quartius. See Adductor
magnus femoris.
Adductor indicis pedis. An external in-
terosseous muscle of the fore toe, which arises,
tendinous and fleshy, by two origins, from the
root of the inside of the metatarsal bone of the
fore toe, from the outside of the root of the met-
atarsal bone of the great toe, and from the os
cuneiforme internum. It is inserted, tendinous,
into the inside of the root of the first joint of the
fore toe. Its use is to pull the fore toe inward
from the rest of the small toes.
Adductor longus femoris. A muscle situ-
ated on the posterior part of the thigh, which,
with the adductor brevis and magnus femoris,
forms the triceps adductor femoris. Adductor
femoris primus of Douglas. Triceps primus of
Winslow. It arises, by a pretty strong roundish
tendon, from the upper and interior part of the
os pubis, and ligament of its synchondrosis, on
the inner side of' the pectineus, and is inserted
along the middle part of the linea aspera. See
Triceps adductor femoris.
Adductor magnus femoris. A muscle
which, with the adductor brevis femoris, and
the adductor longus femoris, forms the triceps
adductor femoris. Adductor femoris tertius et
quartus of Douglas. Triceps tertius of Winslow.
It arises from the symphysis pubis, and all along
the flat edge of the thyroid foramen, whence it
goes to be inserted into the linea aspera through-
out its whole length. See Triceps adductor
femoris. •
Adductor mcdii digiti pedis. The interos-
seus secivndus.
Adductor metacarpi minimi digiti manus.
Arises fleshy from the os unciforme and annular
ligament, inserted into the fore part of the met-
acarpal bone of the little finger, and serves to
deepen the hollow of the hand.
Adductor minimi digiti pedis. An inter-
nal interosseous muscle of the foot. It arises,
tendinous and fleshy, from the inside of the root
of the metatarsal bone of the little toe. It is in-
serted, tendinous, into the inside of the root of
the first joint of the little toe. Its use is to pull
the little toe inward.
Adductor oculi. See Rectus internus oculi.
Adductor pollicis. See Adductor pollicis
manus.
Adductor pollicis manus. A muscle of the
thumb. Adductor pollicis. Adductor ad mini-
mum digitum. It arises, fleshy, from almost the
whole length of the metacarpal bone that sua
21
ADE
tains the middle finger ; from thence its fibres
are collected together. It is inserted, tendin-
ous, into the inner part of the root of the first
bone of the thumb. Its use is to pull the thumb
toward the fingers.
Adductor pollicis pedis. A muscle of the
great toe. Antithenar -of Winslow. It arises,
y a long, thin tendon, from the os calcis, from
the os cuboides, from the os cuneiforme exter-
num, and from the root of the metatarsal bone of
the second toe. It is inserted into the external
os sesamoideum, and root of the metatarsal bone
of the great toe. Its use is to bring this toe
nearer to the rest.
Adductor prosta't^e. A name given by
Santorini to a muscle, which he also calls Leva-
tor prostata ; and which Winslow calls Prosta-
ticus superior. Albinus, from its office, has
very properly called it Compressor prostata.
Adductor tertii digiti pedis. An external
interosseous muscle of the foot, that arises, ten-
dinous and fleshy, from the roots of the meta-
tarsal bones of the third and little toe. It i3 in-
serted, tendinous, .into the outside of the root of
the first joint of the third toe. Its use is to pull
the third toe outward.
Adech. The interior invisible man, accord-
ing to Paracelsus.
Ade'ctos. (Gr.) Medicines which relieve
the irritation caused by acrimonious medicines.
Sedatives.
Adeliparia. Excessive corpulency.
Adelodagam. A bitter plant used in Mala-
bar against catarrh, asthma, and gout.
Ade'lphea. (From adeltyog, a relation.)
Cognate. Applied by Hippocrates to diseases
which have an affinity to each other — adetyea
TraOnfiara.
Adelphixia. Adelphixis. Syn. Adelphea.
Sometimes sympathy.
A'den. 1. A gland. 2. A bubo.
ADENA'LGIA. (From adnv, and alyog,
pain.) A pain seated in a gland.
ADENEMPHRA'XIS. Adenemphraxia.—
(From adrjv, and e/ufipat-ig, obstruction.) A
swelling or engorgement of a gland.
ADENIA. («, <z, f.) The name of a genus
of plants. Class, Hcxandria. Order, Mono-
gynick—A. venenata. A native of Arabia ; is a
strong poison.
Ade niform. Glandiform.
Adeni'tis. Inflammation of a gland. — A.
mesenterica. Inflammation of the mesenteric
glands.
ADENO'GRAPHY. (Adcnographia, a, f.)
A description of the glands.
ADENO'IDES. Resembling a gland.
ADENO'LOGY. (Adenologia, a, f.; from
adnv, and Zoyoc, a discourse.) The doctrine of
the glands ; that part of anatomy which treats
of the glands.
Adenomeninge'a. ■ (From adnv, and fttJViyH,
a_ membrane.) Adenomeniugeal. A name
given by Pinel to the mucous or pituitous fever,
because the follicular glands and mucous mem-
brane of the intestines are, according to him,
the principal seat of the disorder.
Adenonco'sis. (From adnv, and oynaoig, a
swelling.) Adenoncus. The swelling of a
gland.
22
AD I
Adenoneuro'sa. (From adnv, and vevpov, a
nerve.) Pinel calls the plague febris adenon-
eurosa, because the disease is seated principally
in the nerves and the lymphatic glands of the
axilla and groin.
Adeno-pharynge'us. (From adnv, and $a-
pvyt; , the pharynx.) This name has been given
to some muscular fibres which pass from the
constrictor pharyngis inferior to the thyroid
gland. Their existence is not constant.
Adexopharyngi'tis. Inflammation of the
tonsils and pharynx.
Adenoptha'lmia. (From adnv, and ofdaX-
fiog, the eye.) Inflammation of the meibomian
glands.
Adenophyma. Adenoncosis.
Adenophyma inguinalis. A bubo. •
Adenosclero'sis. (From adnv, and onlnpou,
to harden.) A term applied by Swediaur to a
hard, indolent swelling of a gland which is not
of a sciiTous nature.
ADENO'SUS. .Adenous. Gland-like.
Adenosus abscessus. A hard abscess, re-
sembling a gland.
Adenotomy. Adcnotomia. Dissection of the
glands.
Adepha'gia. Bulimia.
A'DEPS. (s, is, m. and f.) Lard. (U. S.)
Fat. A concrete oily matter contained in the
cells of the adipose tissue. In Medicine, this
word usually means Hog's lard: it is to be
washed free from salt. Adeps is used in the
same sense as Unguentum by some authors.
See Unguentum.
Adeps anserina. Goose grease. Ithasbeen
used as an emollient, and also as an emetic.
Adeps ovillus. Suet. Mutton fat.
Adeps pr^parata. Prepared hog's lard.
Lard is prepared for medicinal purposes by
cutting it into small pieces, melting with a gen-
tle heat, and straining through linen.
Adeps suilla, vel suillus. Hog's lard.
Adepta philosophia. Adepta. (From adi-
piscor, to obtain.) Alchemy, which see.
Adepta medicina. That branch of medicine
which treated of diseases produced by astral
influences was so called by Paracelsus.
Adflatus. Afflatus.
Adh.erentia. Adhesion.
Adhatoda. Justicia adhatoda.
Adherence. Adhesion.
ADHESION. (Adh&sio ; from adhmreo, to
stick to.) 1. In a general sense, the state of
two bodies which are joined together' by at-
traction or the interunion of parts, or the act by
which they are so united. 2. In Surgery, the
reunion of parts that have been divided, by a
particular kind of inflammation, called the Ad-
hesive. See Inflammation. 3. In Pathology,
the morbid union of parts which are naturally
contiguous, but not adherent, by means of ad-
hesive inflammation, as that of the pleura pul-
monalis with the pleura costalis. The French
writers usually make a distinction between ad-
hesion and adherence ; by the former they des-
ignate the act or process of uniting, by the lat-
ter the state of union.
Adhesive inflammation. See Inflammation.
Adhesive plaster. Emplastrum resince.
ADIA'NTUM. A genus of Ferns. Maiden-
ADI
iaair. — A. cethiopicum. Cape of Good Hope
maidenhair. An astringent and aromatic. — A.
album. See Asplenium murale. — A. aureum.
See Polytrichum commune. — A. canadcnse.
Adiantum pedatum. — A. capillus veneris.
Maidenhair. Adiantum vnlgare. Adiantum
verum. Capillus veneris. The leaves of this
plant are somewhat sweet, austere, and mu-
cilaginous, and are used in the preparation of
the sirop de capillaire. — A. nigrum. See As-
plenium adiantum nigrum. — A. pedatum. Adi-
antum canadense. Capillus veneris canadensis.
Canada maidenhair. — A. rabrum. See Aspleni-
um trichomanes.
ADIAPHORE'SIS. Adiaphro'sis. (From a,
priv., and diatfiopeu, to dissipate.) Defect of
cutaneous perspiration.
Adia'phorous. Adiaphorus. Neutral; inact-
ive.
ADIAPNEU'STIA. (a, <c,f.) A diminution
or obstruction of cutaneous perspiration.
Adiapto'tos. An electuary composed of
stone parsley, henbane, and white pepper: it
was given in colic. — Galen.
ADIARRHCE'A. A suppression of any of the
necessary excretions.
Adibat. Mercury.
A'dice. The nettle.
Adipic acid. It results from the action of
nitric acid on oleic acid, and occurs in rounded
masses ; volatile and fusible. Formula, C6H4O3
-{-HO. — Laurent.
ADIPOCE'RA. (a, a, f. ; from adcps, fat,
and cera, wax.) Adipoccre. A substance
closely allied to spermaceti ; grave-wax. It is
the animal fat left after the decay of the fleshy
parts. It is produced by the long-continued
action of water on muscle.
Adipocera cetosa. Spermaceti. Cetaceum.
Adipocire. Adipocera. •
A'DIPOSE. (Adiposus; from adeps, fat.)
Fatty ; as, adipose membrane, &c.
Adipose arteries. This name has been ap-
plied particularly to the twigs of the diaphrag-
matic, capsular, and renal arteries, which sup-
ply the fat around the kidneys.
Adipose ducts. Imaginary ducts of Mal-
pighi, which convey the fat to the cells of adi-
pose tissues.
Adipose membrane. Membrana adiposa.
The tissue in the cells of which the animal mat-
ter called fat is deposited. There is no good
reason to suppose that it differs from common
cellular tissue.
Adipose tissue. See Adipose membrane.
Adipose sarcoma. This is of the character
of suet : it is found on the back and front of the
trunk.
Adiposis. Excessive fatness. Polysarcia.
Adiposis hepatica. Fatty disease of the liver.
Adipous. Adiposus. Fatty.
ADI'PSIA. (a, <b, f. ; from a, neg., and
<5iij[ja, thirst.) Absence of thirst. It is mostly
symptomatic of some disease of the brain.
Adi'pson. (From a, priv., and diipa, thirst.)
A medicine which allays thirst.
Adi'psos. 1. Liquorice. 2. The fruit of the
Egyptian palm.
Adi'tus. An entrance or approach.
Adiuli'stos. Unstrained wine.
ADU
Adjunctum. An adjunct or assistant.
Adjutor partus. The midwife; accoucheur.
Adjuto'rium. A name of the humerus.
ADJUVANT. (Adjuvans; from adjuvo, to
assist.) 1. That which assists in the cure or
prevention of a disease.
2. An ingredient introduced into a prescrip-
tion to aid the operation of the principal ingre-
dient or basis. See Prescription.
ADNATA TUNICA. That portion of the
tunica conjunctiva which covers the sclerotic
coat of the eye has been called tunica adnata.
Adnate. Adna'tus. (From adnascor, to
grow to.) Applied to some parts which appear
to grow to others.
ADOLESCENCE. Adolesce' ntia. (a, <e,f.;
from adolesco, to grow.) Youth ; the period
of life between puberty and the full develop-
ment of the frame ; extending, in man, from the
age of 14 to 25, and in woman from 12 to 21.
Adolia. A Malabar plant, of the leaves of
which, boiled in oil of sesamum, the natives
make a liniment used to facilitate parturition.
ADO'NIS. (is, idis, f.) A genus of plants.
Polyandria. Polygynia. Pheasant's eye. The
roots of the A. verna and A. apennina were for-
merly supposed to possess emmenagogue prop-
erties.
ADO'PTER. A chemical vessel with two
necks, placed between a retort and receiver.
Ador. Maize, or Indian corn.
Adorion. The carrot.
ADOSCULA'TJON. (From ad, and osculor,
to kiss.) Copulation or impregnation by mere
external contact between the genital parts of
the two sexes, without intromission. This
takes place in many birds and fish.
AD PONDUS OMNIUM. To the weight
of the whole. These words, placed after the
name of any ingredient in a prescription, signi-
fy that the weight of such ingredient is to equal
that of all the others put together.
Adrachnc. See Andrachne.
Adraga'nthine. Adraganthina. The mu-
cilage which forms the greater part of gum
tragacanth.
Adram. Fossil salt.
Adrarhi'za. Aristolochia clematitis.
Adrobo'lon. Indian bdellium.
Adros. A full habit or pulse.
Adsaria pala. Dolichos. «
Adspiratio. Adspiration. Inspiration.
ADSPRE'SSUS. Approximate, pressed to,
or laid to.
Adstites glandulosi. The prostate gland.
ADSTRICTION. Adstrictio. The action or
effect of an astringent. Constipation.
Adulasso. Justicia bivalvis. An Indian
shrub used in gout.
ADULT. Adultus. (From adolesco, to
grow.) A term applied to animals or plants
that have arrived at a state of maturity.
ADULTERATION. The act of corrupting
or debasing a thing that is pure, by some im-
proper admixture.
Adurion. Rhus coriaria.
ADU'STIO. Adustion: a burn, cauteriza-
tion. See Cautery, and Moxa.
Adu'stus. (From aduro, to burn.) Adust:
burned, parched.
23
jEGO
ADVENTI'TIOUS. Adventitius. (From ad-
venio, to come to.) Accidental. Applied, 1.
To diseases which are not hereditary nor con-
genital. See Acquired diseases.
2. To tissues which are the product of dis-
ease, as false membranes.
Adversifo'lius. Having opposite leaves.
A'DY. A tree of St. Thomas, Palma ady.
The fruit is called caryoces, cariosse, and aban-
ga. It contains a stone, the kernel of which,
if infused in boiling water, gives out an oil of a
saffron color, which becomes hard in the cold,
and is used as butter.
ADYNA'MIA. (a, a, f. A.6vva/iia; from a,
priv., and dvvajiiq, power.) A defect of vital
power.
Adynamia virilis. Impotence.
Adynamic. Adynamicus. Asthenic. A
term applied to malignant fevers and other dis-
eases attended with great debility.
Ady'namon. A kind of weak wine.
Adynasia. Adynatia. Adynamia.
Adynatos. Weakly, sickly.
M-DS.A.. yEdoia. The genitals.
Mthei'tis. (From aidoia, the parts of gener-
ation.) Inflammation of the pudenda.
JEDffiOBLENORRHffiA. Blenorrhoea.
.3Sd<eogra'phia. JEdaography. The de-
scription of the organs of generation.
^doeolo'gia. jEdceology. A treatise on
the organs of generation.
^Ed(Eomania. Nymphomania.
^DffiON. The groin.
JEdceoptosis. JEdoptosis. Prolapsus of
any part of the genitals.;
•^Edceo'tomy. The anatomy of the organs of
generation.
iEDorso'pHiA. The escape of wind from the
womb through the vagina.
JEeigluce. Sweet wine, or must.
./Egagropi'lus. A concretion of hairs found
in the stomach of goats, deer, cows, &c., for-
merly called Bezoars, and believed to possess
the same virtues as the Oriental bezoars.
■SS'gias. Aigis. j?Egides. A white speck
on the cornea, which occasions a dimness of
sight.
^Egi'dion. An ancient collyrium.
.ffi'GILOPS. j&'gylops. (ops, opis, m.;
from at!;, a goat, and aip, an eye: so named
from the supposition that goats were very sub-
ject to it.) 1. The ancients apply this term to
n sore just under the inner angle of the eye.
The best modern surgeons seem to consider
llie ajgilops only as a stage of the fistula lach-
lymalis.
2. A name of the Bromus sterilis, given to it
from its supposed virtues.
^Egine'tia. A species of Orobanche, used
in Malabar as a masticatory.
^Egi'rinon. (kiyeipivov, from atyeipoc, the
poplar-tree.) A kind of ointment in which the
fruit, or catkin, of the poplar was a principal
ingredient.
JEglia. .ffigias.
JEGOBRONCHO'PHONY. The bleating
sound of the voice with the bronchial voice, as
in pleuropneumonia.
.ffiGo'cEROs. Trigonella fanugracum.
JEgo'lethron. Azalea pontica ?
24
AER
JEgo'nychos. Lithospermum officinale.
^GOPHO'NY. ^Egopho'nia. (From atf, a
goat, and tyuvrj, voice.) A stethescopic sound,
in which the voice of the patient somewhat re-
sembles the bleating of a goat. It is character-
istic of pleurisy accompanied with a small de-
gree of effusion ; if the effusion become consid-
erable,, the peculiar sound is no longer heard.
jEgopo'dium podagraria. Goat-weed; gout-
weed. This umbelliferous plant is sedative,
and was formerly used to mitigate the pains of
gout.
jEgoproso'pon. A name of a lotion for the
eyes when inflamed.
^Egripha. Agrippa.
JEgritudo. Sickness; disease.
^Egrotus. Sick ; a sick person.
JEgyptia. A medicine.
JEgyptia moscata. Hibiscus abelmoschus.
JEgyptia stypteria. Egyptian alum.
/Egyptia ulcera. Ulcers of the fauces and
tonsils, described by Aretaeus as common in
Egypt and Syria — AiyvKTta nai ZvpuiKa e/l-
Ksa.
.Egyptiacum unguentum. JEgyption. A
name given to different unguents of the deter-
gent or corrosive kind. The simple ajgyptia-
cum is a composition of verdigris, vinegar, and
honey, boiled to a due consistence.
.Egyptius pessus. A vaginal suppository
composed of honey, turpentine, butter, oil of
lilies or roses, saffron, and sometimes a little
verdigris.
Aeichry'son. See Sempervivum.
AEIPATHPA. Aipathia. (From aei, al-
ways, and nadoc, a disease.) An inveterate
disease ; a continued disease.
Aei'thales. The house-leek. See Semper-
vivum.
Aeizo'on. (From aei, always, and fwj?, life.)
The sempervivum.
jEnea. A catheter.
^Eolecthyma. Small-pox; variola.
^Eollion. Varicella.
jEolipile. A globular metallic vessel with
only a small aperture or pipe, in which water
may be heated, so that the steam jets out with
considerable force.
iEoN. Acuv. 1. The age of man from birth
till death. — Hippocrates. 2. The spinal mar-
row.
jEone'sis. A sprinkling or washing of the
whole body.
jEo'nion. Aiuvtov. The sempervivum.
jEO'RA. Swinging. A species of exercise
frequently used by the ancients.
jEqualis. Equal.
^Equator oculi. The line formed by the
closed eyelid.
^Eqdivocus. Equivocal; doubtful.
AER. (er, eris, m. Aqp.) Air; a gas. See
Atmosphere.
jEration of the blood. Its conversion into-
arterial blood in the lungs by the absorption of
oxygen and loss of carbonic acid.
Aer factitius. Factitious air; gas artificially
obtained.
Aerficcus. Fixed air. Carbonic acid gas.
Aer ingenitus. The air contained within the
cavity of the tympanum
J1SC
Aerated alkaline water. Water impregnated
with carbonic acid.
^Ere'olum. ^Ereolus. An ancient weight,
the sixth part of an obolus, or about two grains.
It was the same with the Greek x a ^ROvc.
Aerial plants. Plants, as the epidendra,
aerides, &c, which continue to live on moist-
ure imbibed from the air.
.Erifluxus. The discharge of gas or ema-
nations from sick persons.
Aeri'tis. Aeptric. Anagallis arvensis?
JEro-entercctasia. Tympanitis.
A'erolith. Aerolite. A meteoric stone.
See Meteorolite.
AEROLO'GIA. JEroscopy. (a, a, f.) Aerol-
ogy. Pneumatics. The action of the atmo-
sphere on organized bodies is a subject of much
importance in physiology.
Aero'meli. Mel Aereum. Honey-dew. It
is nearly identical with manna.
AERO'METER. (From anp, air, and mrpov,
a measure.) An instrument for making the
necessary corrections in pneumatic experiments
to estimate the mean bulk of gases. An instru-
ment well adapted to this purpose has been in-
vented by Dr. Marshall Hall.
Aeropho'bia. (a, a, f. ; from aqp, air, and
tj>o6oc, fear.) * Dread of air — that is, of a current
of air. This symptom is common in hydro-
phobia, and has been occasionally observed in
other diseases, as hysteria and phrenitis.
Aero'sis. Ar/puaic. In the physiology of
Galen, this term signifies the process by which
the blood was supposed to be attenuated and
converted into the vital spirits.
Aerosta'tics. The science which treats of
the elevation of bodies in the atmosphere, by
means of balloons.
Aerosta'tio. Aerostation. The raising
of heavy bodies in the atmosphere.
jEro'sus lapis. Lapis calaminaris.— Pliny.
jEru'ca. Verdigris. Subacetate of copper.
jEruginous. Of a greenish color, like verdigris.
jERU'GO. (o, inis, f.) The ancient name
for the rust of brass ; (verdigris)
jErugo jeris. Verdigris. See Cupri sub-
acetas.
Ms ustum. Burned copper ; a prepara-
tion consisting of equal parts of copper and
rough brimstone, laid in strata, with a small
quantity of common salt sprinkled on each
layer, and exposed to the fire till the brimstone
is burned out. It has been called JEs veneris,
^Es cremantum, Cinis aris, Crocus veneris, &c.
^Erugo preparata. See Cupri subacetas.
jES. Brass.
iEscHROMYTHE'sis. The obscene language
of the delirious.
jE'schos. Deformity.
.E'SCULINE. The extractive matter of the
horse-chestnut.
.E'SCULUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of trees.
Heptandria. Monogynia. ^Esculacea. — y£.
hippocas'tanum. The bark is an uncertain feb-
rifuge, and by some considered superior to Pe-
ruvian bark. For medical use, it is to be taken
from those branches which are neither very
young nor very old. It is somewhat astringent.
The powder of the dried root is errhine.
.ESCULA'CEjE. A natural order of exo-
.ETH
genous plants, consisting of the horse-chestnut
and other nearly allied species. They are alt
either shrubs or trees inhabiting temperate re-
gions, and nearly correspond with jEsculus
hippocastanum hi the structure of the flowers.
Their seeds contain starch, and their bark is in
some cases bitter and astringent.
^Eseca'vum. Brass.
jEsta'tes. Freckles. See Ephelis.
iEsTHEMA. A sensation or perception.
iEsTHEMATONUsi. Diseases affecting sensation.
ASTHENIC. (From atadavo/iai.) jEsthet-
icus. Affecting the senses. Deprivation or loss
of one or more of the functions of sensation.
The ^Esthetica form the second order of the
Class Neurotica of Dr. Good.
/Esthesis. JEsthcsia. (Awdnaic ; from
aiadavo/iai, to feel.) This term has been ap-
plied both to sensibility and sensation.
^Esthete'rium. JEsthetcrion. (Ato0r)T7)-
piov; from cuadavofiai, to feel or perceive.) The
sensorium.
jESTI'VAL. (JEstivalis ; from astas, sum-
mer.) Belonging to summer.
iESTIVA'TION. jEslivatio. 1. The action
of the summer on the animal economy.
2. The particular state of the bud in plants
before the evolution of the corolla.
.ESTUA'RIUM. (urn, i, n.) A stove, or a
vapor bath.
^E'STUS. Heat : applied both to the natural
sensation when intense, and to the morbid sensa-
tion excited by inflammation or any other cause.
jEstus volaticus. A sudden and fugitive sen-
sation of heat, which leaves a littla redness of
the skin ; sudden heat or flushing of the face ;
Strophulus volaticus, or wild-fire'rash of children.
jE'TAS. (as, tis, f.) The ancients reckon-
ed six stages of life :
1. Infantia vel pueritia: childhood, which is
from birth to the fifth year of our age.
2. Adolesccntia, alas bona: youth, reckoned
to the eighteenth ; and youth, properly so called, *
to the twenty-fifth year.
3. Juvcntus, reckoned from the twenty-fifth
to the thirty-fifth year.
4. Virilis cetas, atas firmata, 30 years ; atas
constans, 40 years ; atas matura, 50 years : man
hood, from the thirty-fifth to the fiftieth year.
5. Senectus, atas provecta, atas mala : old
age, from fifty to sixty.
6. Crepita atas, atas ingravcscens, atas de-
crepita, atas ajjfecta, atas exacta, atas extrema :
decrepid age, which ends in death.
jEthales. See Aeithales.
jEtheogamous plants. The Cryptogamia.
jE'THER. (fir, eris, m. ; from aidtjp, pure
air, or any highly subtile fluid.) Ether. A
volatile inflammable liquor, obtained by distil-
lation from a mixture of alcohol and a concen-
trated acid. The ethers are an important class
of chemical compounds, which agree in certain
general properties, but vary according to the
nature of the acid employed in their formation.
They are all highly volatile and inflammable,
and have a peculiar characteristic odor. The
sulphuric and nitrous ethers are extensively
used in medicine, and the acetic and muriatic
occasionally ; the rest are not employed medi-
cinally. See Ether.
25
M TH
Aether aceticus. Acetic ether. A mild,
agreeable, and diaphoretic ether. Dose, f. 33s.
to f. 3ij.
iETHER chloricus ? Has been used as an
antispasmodic. Dose, f. 3ss.
^Ether, Hoffman's. Spiritus a3theris com-
positus.
./Ether hydrochloricus. The extremely
volatile chloride of ethyl. It boils at 51° F.
A spirituous solution has been used in doses of
f. 3j. to f. 3iij.
JSther hydrocyanicus. JEther prussicus.
See Ether hydrocyanic.
jEther martialis. An etherial solution of
chloride of iron.
^Ether nitricus alcoolisatus. Spiritus
ajtheris nitrici.
j>Ether nitrosus. Nitrous ether. Nitric
ether. Hyponitrous ether. This ether is placed
in the Dublin Pharmacopoeia. It is rarely used,
is very subject to decomposition, and is a yel-
lowish, highly volatile liquid. Sp. gr., 0"94;
boils at 61i° F. ; and has the properties of
sulphuric ether. Composition, Ae0-f-NO3, or
nitrite of oxide of ethyl.
./Ether fhosphoratus. Dissolve 3 grains of
phosphorus in 5J. of ether. (Paris codex.)
Dose, gtt. x. to xx. Used in impotence, and as
a nervous stimulant.
.(Ether rectificatus. JEther sulphuricus
reclificatus.
./Ether sulphuricus. JEther vitriolicus.
Common ether. Prepared by distilling alcohol,
Ibiiss. ; sulphuric acid, Ibiss. It may be used
externally in lotions, &c. Also prepared from
alcohol, Oiv. ; sulphuric acid, Oj. ; and rectified
with potash, 3VJ., and water, f. fiij. (U. S.)
./Ether sulphuricus rectificatus. (U.S.)
Rectified ether. Take common ether, f. fxiv. ;
potash, J ss. ; distilled water, f. fxj. : distill f. fxij.
at 120° F. Wash the product in f. fix. of water.
Sulphuric ether is a perfectly transparent
and colorless liquid; it has a fragrant, pene-
trating odor, and a peculiar, pungent taste : it is
exceedingly volatile, and produces a great de-
gree of cold by its evaporation : it is highly in-
flammable. It boils at about 98° F. Ether
combines with alcohol in all proportions, but
sparingly with water, 1 part only of ether be-
ing taken up by 10 of water. It readily dis
solves the essential oils, camphor, resins, gum
resins, wax, balsams, &c. When most com-
pletely rectified, it has a specific gravity of
about -700.
Sulphuric ether acts on the animal economy
as a very diffusible stimulant ; it is a powerful
antispasmodic, and, under certain circumstan-
ces, has a narcotic effect. The common dose is
from f. 3ss. to f. 31J. ; but, to produce any decided
effect, it often requires to be given in larger
doses than these ; and, from the diffusibility of
its stimulus, the dose ought to be frequently
repeated, if any continued operation of the
remedy be desired. Externally applied, ether
may be made to act as a stimulant or a refriger-
ant: if it be prevented from evaporating by
closely covering the place where it is applied,
it excites a strong sensation of heat and reddens
the skin ; if it be allowed to evaporate freely,
it produces extreme cold, and with this view
26
iETI
has been applied 'to the tumor of strangulated
hernia to favor its reduction. When chemically
pure, it is the oxide of ethyl : C4H5O. Sym
bol, AeO.
JEther sulphuricus acidus. Elixir acidum
Halleri.
JEther sulphuricus cum alcoholc. (Ph. E.)
Spiritus aetheris sulphurici.
JEther sulphuricus cum alcohole aromaticus.
Spiritus ffitheris aromaticus.
JEther vitriolicus. ./Ether sulphuricus.
jEtherea. The ethers.
JEthe'rea herba. Eryngium.
jEthe'real. JEthereus. Appertaining to, or
of the nature of, ether.
./Ethereal acid. Sulphovinic acid
jEthereal oil. Oleum athereum.
./Ethereal tincture. A preparation in
which ether is used in place of alcohol.
jEtherolea. The volatile or essential oils.
JEthiopis. Salvia sclarea.
iE'THIOPS. A name given to several black
powders, oxides, sulphurets, &c.
JEthiops albus. The albino.
./Ethiops alcalisatus. Hydrargyrum cum
creta.
JEthiops animalis. The powder formed by
burning various animals to a chid*.
.Ethiops antimonialis. A preparation still
employed hi cutaneous diseases. It is made by
triturating two parts of sulphuret of antimony
with one of quicksilver. Dose, a few grains at
first, which may be gradually increased to half
a drachm.
JEthiops auripigmentalis. Was made by
triturating sulphuret of arsenic with quick-
silver.
JEthiops jovialis. Was prepared by rubbing
together tin, quicksilver, and sulphur.
JEthiops martialis. The black oxide of iron.
JEthiops mineralis. JEthiops mineral. See
Hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum.
JEthiops narcoticus. ./Ethiops mineral.
./Ethiops per se. The protoxide of mer-
cury was so called, because it may be formed
by merely triturating the mercury for a long
time when exposed to the air.
iEthiops vegetabilis. A powder formed
by incinerating the Fucus vesiculosus in a cov-
ered crucible. It contains iodine, and has been
used in diseases of the glands.
.ETHMOID. See Ethmoid.
jEtho'lices. Burning pustules on the skin.
Furunculi, or boils.
-Etho'sibia. (From aidof , shining, and o/iua,
a sight or spectacle. ) The appearance of flashes
of light before the eyes : a symptom common
in several diseases.
.ETHU'S A. A genus of umbelliferous plants.
— JE. cyna'pium. Fool's parsley. A poison-
ous plant which much resembles parsley. — JE.
meum. Meum. Meum athamanticum, Meu and
Spignel. Baldmony. The root is carminative
and stomachic. It appears to be nearly of the
same nature as that of lovage.
Aetioi phlebes. The temporal veins.
.ETIOLOGY. JEtiologia. (From atria, a
cause, and loyoc, a discourse.) The doctrine of
the causes of diseases, divided by medical writ-
ers into proximate and remote ; and the latter,
AGA
again, are distinguished into predisposing and
exciting.
^ETI'TES. Lapis aquilce. Eagle-stone.
They had wonderful virtues attributed to them,
as that of facilitating parturition and preventing
abortion.
jEthogen. A compound of nitrogen and
boron, remarkable for phosphorescing before
the blow-pipe.
JEto'cion. jEto'lion. See Daphne mezercon.
jEto'nychum. See Litkospermum.
Affectio hypochondriaca. Hypochondri-
asis. — A. hysterica. Hysteria. — A. orthopnoica.
Croup. — A. tympanitica. Tympanitis.
AFFECTION. A disease. Also, certain con-
ditions of the mind ; thus, we speak of the moral
affections.
Affectus. Passion. — A. faucium pestilens.
Cynanche maligna. — A. hypcrodes. Dropsy.
Afferentia vasa. See Vasa afferentia.
AFFINITY. (Affinitas, atis, f.) This term
has been used indifferently with attraction, but
is commonly restricted to chemical attraction.
Chemical affinity is generally supposed to be
the result of the electrical conditions of the
bodies combining. It was formerly divided
into a number of species ; as, disposing affinity,
quiescent affinity; but these are merely theoret-
ical, and have no peculiar importance.
Affinity, vital. The power which regu-
lates the formation of the various solids and
fluids from the common circulating fluids has
been called vital affinity.
A'ffion. An Arabic name of opium.
AFFLA'TUS. (us, us, m. ; ffom affiare, to
blow upon.) 1. A vapor or blast. 2. Applied
to a species of erysipelas, which attacks sud-
denly, as if produced by some unwholesome
wind.
Afflux. Affluxus. A determination of blood
or humor to a part.
Affluxio. Abortion.
Affrodina. Copper.
Affusio orbicularis. The placenta.
AFFUSION. (Affusio; from affundo, to
pour upon.) The affusion of cold water has
been used in the hot stage of certain low fevers.
The water is poured over the head. It some-
times cuts short the disease. It is also used
in nervous affections, especially of the spine.
Affusions may be also made with hot and tepid
water.
Sponging the body with tepid water, or vin-
egar and water, has now in a great measure
superseded the use of the cold affusion. It al-
lays febrile heat and restlessness, and frecpiently
induces a gentle moisture on the surface. It is
useful in most cases where the skin is hot and
dry, but should be avoided where there is any
tendency to perspiration ; it is particularly ser-
viceable in scarlatina, in which disease the heat
of the skin is frequently very intense ; it has
also been recommended in measles, but its
safety in this case is extremely doubtful.
Afium. Opium.
Afragar. Verdigris.
After-birth. See Placenta.
After-pains. See Parturition.
Ag. The symbol of silver. Argentum.
AGALA'CTIA. (From a, priv., and yaha,
AGA
milk.) Agalaxis. Agalactio. Agalactatio. A
defect of milk after childbirth.
AGALA'XIS. See Agalactia.
AGA'LLOCHUM. Lignum a l oe s.
Agamous plants. The Cryptogamia.
Agaric. Agaricum. Boletus ignarius. -
Agaric female. Agaric of the oak. Boletus
ignarius.— Agaric purging. Boletus laricis.
AGA'RICUS. (us, i, m.) Agaric. Mush-
rooms. A genus of Fungi, with a cap, and
gills underneath of a different substance from
the cap. They vary greatly in their qualities.
The poisonous kinds have either a narcotic
smell or acrid taste, and are warty or glutin-
ous. In poisoning, the mushroom is to be
voided by emetics, and appropriate treatment
adopted according to its narcotic or acrid nature.
Agaricus albus. See Boletus laricis.
Agaricus aurantiacns sndpseudo-aurantiacus.
Amanita. — A. auriculmforma. Peziza.
Agaricus campestris. There are several
species of the agaric which go by this term ;
as, the Agaricus edulis, cantharcllus, delicio-
sus, violaceus, &c. The eatable mushroom.
Similar to it in quality is the champignon,
Agaricus pratensis. Great care should be ta-
ken to ascertain that they are of the right sort,
and not of a poisonous nature. Catsup is made
by throwing salt on mushrooms, which causes
them to part with their juice.
None of the following species are known to
be dangerous, and they are all sold for food in
different parts of Europe. Agaricus araneo-
sus ; cantharellus, the chantarelle ; cortinellus ;
albellus, the musk champignon ; eburneus, the
mugnaio ; ericctorum, the jozzolo; virgineus,
the petite oreillette; auricula, the escoubarbe;
eryngii, the ciccioli, which grows on the sea-hol-
ly ; tristis, the fungo appassionato ; nivalis, the
fungo dormiente; socialis, pivoulade d'Ecosse;
ilicinus ; tortilis, the mousseron de Dieppe ;
palomet, the palombette; virens, the verdone;
transluccns, the pivoulade de saule ; deliciosus;
subdulcis ; procerus ; cylindraccus ; attenua-
tus; asper; solitarius,incarnatus ; vaginatus;
aroideus.
Agaricus chirurgorum. See Boletus igni-
arius.
Agaricus cinnamomeus. Brown mushroom.
This species of agaric is of a pleasant smell.
When broiled, it has a good flavor.
Agaricus mineralis. Mountain milk; pure
carbonate of lime, or rock milk.
Agaricus muscarius. Bug agaric. Ama-
nita. So called from its known property of
destroying bugs. This* reddish fungus is the
Agaricus — stipitatus, lamellis dimidiatis solita-
riis, stipite volvato, apicc dilatato, basi ovato,
of Linnaeus. It is intoxicating, narcotic, and
often very poisonous.
Agaricus necator. This has a yellowish
juice, and is a deadly poison.
Agaricus piperatus. Pepper mushroom;
pepper agaric. Fungus albus acris. When
freely taken, fatal consequences are related by
several writers to have been the result. Even
when this vegetable has lost its acrid juice by
drying, its caustic quality still remains.
Agaricus theiogalus. This has a yellowish
juice, and is highly poisonous.
27
AGN
Agaricus vioi.aceus. Violet mashroom.
This fungus requires much boiling, but when
sufficiently done and seasoned, it is very agree-
able to the palate.
Agate. A siliceous stone.
Agathis australis. Syn. Dammara aus-
tiralis. See Cowdie gum.
Agathosma. Syn. Diosma.
Agathotes. Syn. Gcntiana.
Agave Americana. Mexican aloe. The
juice is said to be diuretic.
Agave cubensis. The roots resemble red
sarsaparilla.
AGE. See JEtas.
AGENE'SIA. Agennesia. Agenesis, {a,
<c, f. ; from a, neg., and yeveoic, generation.)
1. Impotence; sterility.
2. A term applied by Breschet to anomalies
of organization consisting in absence or imper-
fect development of parts.
AGENT. (Agens; from ago, to act.) Any
thing which acts or produces an effect upon the
body. In pathology, the extraneous causes of
disease are called morbific agents; and in ther-
apeutics, medicines, and all things used in the
treatment of disease, are called therapeutical
agents. «
Agentia. Active agents.
Ager nature. The uterus.
Agera'sia. A green and vigorous old age.
Age'ratum. Achillea ageratum.
AGEU'STIA. {a, m, f.; from a, neg., and
yevofiai, to taste.) A defect or loss of taste. It
is organic or atonic.
Agglo'merate. (Agglomeratus ; from ag-
glomero, to shape into a ball.) Aggregate.
Agglu'tinant. (From agglutino, to glue
together.) An external application which
unites divided parts by causing them to stick
together.
Agglutinatio. Coition.
Agglutina'tion. 1. The natural process of
adhesion in wounds. 2. The action of an ag-
glutinant.
AGGREGATE. (Aggregatus ; from aggre-
go, to assemble together.) Collected together.
Glands which are clustered together are called
glandular aggregates.
Aghcustia. Aguestia.
Agiahalid. An African shrub resembling
Zimenia. It is vermifuge, and the fruit purga-
tive.
AGITATION. Constant and distressing ac-
tion of body or mind.
Agitatorius. Convulsive.
A'glia. A white cicatrix on the cornea.
Aglossia. Wanting the tongue, from mal-
formation.
Agmjtition. Agluti'tio. (From a, neg., and
glutio, to swallow.) Inability to swallow.
A'gma. A fracture.
Agna'ta. Adnata.
Agnathia. Wanting the jaw, from malfor-
mation.
Agni'na tunica. The amnion. See Amnion.
Agno'ia. (From ayvoeu, to be ignorant; not
to understand.) The state of a patient who
does not recognize those around him.
A'gnus castus. See Vitex agnus castas.
Also, Castor oil.
28
AGE
Ago'ge. 1. The process of reasoning upon
diseases from their symptoms. 2. The order,
state, or tenor of a disease.
Agomphi'asis. (From a, priv., and yo/x<j>U'
aig, a particular mode of connection between
bones.) Looseness of the teeth. This word
has sometimes been incorrectly written gom-
phiasis.
A' gone. Henbane. See Hyoscyamus niger.
Ago'nia. (Ayovia ; from a, priv., and yovoc,
offspring.) Sterility; impotence.
Agoni'sticon. (From ayuvtorng, one who
contends.) Very cold water, given in large
quantity in fevers to overcome the morbid heat
of the blood.
A'GONY. Agonia. (Ayavia ; from ayuv, a
contest.) The straggle which precedes death.
Ago'stos. (From ayu, to bring or lead.)
The forearm from the elbow to the fingers;
also, the palm or hollow of the hand.
Agra. Aypa. An attack or seizure ; a com
mon suffix.
Agrahalid. Agiahalid.
Agre'sta. Verjuice.
Agre'sten. Tartar before it is purified.
AGRE'STIS. {is, is; from ager, a field.) 1.
Pertaining to the field ; the trivial name of many
plants. 2. In the works of some old writers it
is applied to a disease which is malignant or in-
tractable.
A'gria. Ilex aquifolium. Herpes cxedens.
Agria'mpelos. Bryonia alba, or Tamus
communis.
Agrielw'a. Agrielteos. The oleaster, or
wild olive.
Agrijo'lium. The holly-tree. Ilex aquifo-
lium.
AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA. Common ag-
rimony. A mild astringent, corroborant, and
deobstruent, used fresh m infusion, &c. Dose,
3ss. to 3ij. of the substance.
AGRIMONY. Agrimo'nia. (a, a, f.) A ge-
nus of Rosacea?.
Agrimony, hemp. Eupatorium cannabinum.
Agrioca'rdamum. Lepidium iberis.
Agrioca'stanum. Bunium bulbo-castanum.
Agrioci'nara. Cynara scolymus.
Agriococcime'la. Prunus spinosa.
Agriome'la. The crab-apple. See Pyrus
malus. '
A'grion. See Peucedanum silaus.
Agriopastina'ca. Wild parsnip.
Agriophy'llon. Peucedanum silaus.
Agriori'ganum. Origanum vulgare.
Agrioseli'num. Smyrnium olusatrum.
Agrioste'ari. Wild field-corn ; a species of
Triticum.
AGRIOTHY'MIA. (From aypioc, wild, and
tivfioc, disposition.) Furious insanity. — Sau~
vages.
Agripa'lma. The herb motherwort. Leo-
nurus cardiaca.
Agripalma gallis. Leonurus cardiaca.
Agri'ppa. A child or person born with the
feet foremost.
Agrippinus partus. Born with the feet
foremost.
Agro di cedro. The lemon, or citron.
Agroste'mma. The cockle.
Agro'stis. Bent-grass.
AGU
agru'mina. Leeks ; wild onions.
Agruna. The sloe. Prunus spinosa.
AGRY'PNIA. (a, a, f. ; from a, priv., and
vnvoc, sleep.) Watchfulness; sleeplessness.
Insomnia.
AGRYPNOCO'MA. A lethargic kind of
watchfulness.
Agryfnodes. Agrypnus. Watchfulness;
sleeplessness.
AGUE. An ague or intermittent fever is a
disease consisting of febrile paroxysms which
completely subside, and return at stated pe-
riods. During the intermissions, the patient is
generally quite free from fever, but a degree
of languor and inaptitude to exertion frequently
remain. The febrile paroxysm of an ague con-
sists of three periods or stages — the cold, the
hot, and the sweating — and these follow in reg-
ular succession. The paroxysms occur at cer-
tain intervals, and the fever is called quotid-
ian, tertian, quartan) &c, according to their
time of attack.
The cold stage commences with a sense of
debility and sluggishness in motion, frequent
yawning and stretching, and an aversion to
food. The face and extremities become pale,
the features shrink, and the skin over the whole
body appears constricted. At length the pa-
tient feels very cold, and universal rigors come
on, with pains in the head, back, loins, and
joints, nausea, and vomiting of bilious matter ;
the respiration is short, frequent, and anxious ;
the urine is almost colorless; sensibility is
greatly impaired ; the thoughts are somewhat
confused ; and the pulse is small, frequent, and
often irregular. In a few instances, drowsiness
and stupor have prevailed to a degree amount-
ing to complete coma; but this is by no means
usual.
These symptoms abating after a short time,
the second stage commences with an increase
of heat over the whole body, redness of the
face, dryness of the skin, thirst, pain in the
'head, throbbing in the temples, anxiety and
restlessness ; the respiration is fuller and more
free, but still frequent; the tongue is furred,
and the pulse has become regular, hard, and
full. If the attack has been very severe, de-
lirium may occur at this period.
When these symptoms have continued for
some time, a moisture breaks out on the fore-
head, and by degrees becomes a sweat, which
at length extends over the whole body. As the
perspiration continues, the heat of the body
abates, the thirst ceases, and most of the func-
tions are restored to their ordinary state. This
constitutes the third stage.
The quotidian is sometimes converted into a
continuous fever. The tertian, in which the
paroxysms have a remission of forty-eight hours,
is most common; and the quartan, with a re-
mission of seventy-two hours, is most severe
and unmanageable.
But the intervals are sometimes longer, even
to ten days ; and occasionally we find two or
three distinct types affecting the patient at the
same time, as a double tertian, with two par-
oxysms on one day, &c These are called
complicated agues.
When agues arise in the spring of the year,
AHM
they are called vernal; and when in the au-
tumn, they are known by the name of auttimnal.
Intermittents often prove obstinate, and of long
duration, especially in warm climates : they not
unfrequently resist every mode of cure, so as to
become very distressing to the patient ; and by
the extreme debility which they induce, often
give rise to other chronic complaints.
It seems to be pretty generally acknowledged
that marsh miasm, or the effluvia arising from
stagnant water or marshy ground, when acted
upon by^ieat, is by far the most frequent ex-
citing cause of this fever : it is by no means
improbable, however, that other causes may
sometimes operate in its production.
One peculiarity of ague is, its great suscepti
bility of renewal from very slight causes, even
without the repetition of the original exciting
cause.
Ague is not generally a dangerous disease ; in
a few instances the cold or congestive stage has
been so intense as to overwhelm the powers of
life, but such an occurrence is extremely rare.
The debility induced renders the patient liable
to dropsical affections, dyspepsia, and visceral
obstructions.
The indications in the. treatment are to cut
short the paroxysms, and to prevent their re-
currence. The first is effected by the febri-
fuges ; the second is the most important period.
The time immediately before a paroxysm is
best for the administration of revellents, as
emetics, stimidants, hot baths ; a large dose of
quinine, gr. x., is very effectual ; in some cases,
blood-letting. In the intervals between the
paroxysms, quinine, gr. j. to gr. v. Cinchona,
and tonics, often combined with aromatics and
stimulants, are used. The liquor arsenicalis, in
doses of 5 to 20 drops, is used where quinine
disagrees. The bowels must be kept in good
order.
When ague occurs in debilitated constitutions,
or has induced debility by its violence or long
continuance, a generous diet and a pretty free
use of wine is often necessary during the inter-
missions.
AGUE AND FEVER. Ague. Intermittent
fever.
Ague cake. The popular name for a tumor,
consisting, commonly, of an enlarged spleen,
which projects under the false ribs on the left
side. It occurs in patients who have suffered
from protracted ague.
Ague, complicated. See Ague.
Ague, dead. Ague, dumb. Irregular, or
masked intermittent.
Ague drop. Fowler's tasteless ague drop is
a solution of arseniate of potash in water. The
regular substitute is the arsenicalis liquor.
Ague-free. Sassafras.
Ague-weed. Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Agui'os. (From a, priv., and yviov, a mem-
ber.) Wanting limbs. — Hippocrates. Weak;
feeble. — Galen.
Agul. Hedysarum alhagi.
Agyion. Weak; mutilated.
Agy'rias. An opacity of the crystalline lens.
Agy'rtes. Agyrta. An itinerant quack or
mountebank.
Ahme'lla. See Achmella.
29
ALA
ALB
Ahoval. See Thevetia.
Ahusai,. Orpiment.
Aidoromania. Nymphomania.
Aiersa. Iris germanica.
Aigrette. Pappus.
AIMA. Blood. A prefix to many words, but
commonly written Hccma, hcemo, which see.
Aimatera. Hepatirrhoea.
Aimo'rra. Anthcmis tinctoria ?
Aipi. Aipima. Aipipoca. Jatropa manihot.
Am, atmospheric. See Atmosphere.
Air, alkaline. Ammonia. '
Air, azotic. Nitrogen.
Air, dcphlogisticated. Oxygen.
Air, fixed. A., factitious. Carbonic acid.
Air, fluoric. Fluoric acid.
Air, heavy inflammable. Carbureted hydro-
gen.
Air, hepatic. Hydrogen, sulphurated.
Air, inflammable. Hydrogen.
Air, marine. Muriatic acid.
Air, mephitic. Carbonic acid.
Air, nitrous. Nitrogen.
Air, nitrous dcphlogisticated. Protoxide of
nitrogen.
Air, phlogisticatcd. Nitrogen.
Air, phosphoric. Phosphureted hydrogen.
Air, sulphureous. Sulphurous acid.
Air, vital. Oxygen.
Aira. 1. Lolium, or darnel. 2. A genus
of grasses. Hair-grass.
Air-cells of the lungs. Bronchial cells.
AIR-PASSAGES. The larynx, trachea,
bronchi, nostrils, and pharynx.
Airthrey mineral water. Saline and ca-
thartic.
Aithiology. Etiology.
Aisthesis. iEsthesis.
Aithomma. Blackness of the humors of the
eye.
Aitia. Aition. Cause.
AlX LA CHAPELLE, MINERAL WATERS OF. A
thermal (136° F.), strong sulphur spring, much
1 The factitious water is made by mixing
used.
hydrosulphureted water, f. 5=iv. ; carbonate of
soda, 3j.; common salt, gr. ix.'; water, f. fxviiss.
This is the Aqua aquisgranensis.
Aix. A city of Provence. It has thermal
springs, slightly impregnated with saline matter.
Aix. A town of Savoy. It has warm sul-
phureous springs.
Aizo'on. House-leek.
Ajava. The Indian name of a seed used as
a remedy for the colic.
A'juga, or Abiga. Teucrium chamccpitys.
Ajuga pyramidalis. Upright bugloss. Is
slightly astringent and bitter. Ajuga reptans
is said to possess similar properties.
Akalalis. Akatera. Juniperis communis.
Akibot. Sulphur.
Akinesia. See Acinesia.
Ako'logy. Acology. Materia medica.
AL. The symbol for aluminum.
ALA. (a, a, f. ; a wing.) 1. In Anatomy,
applied to many parts, as ala, the arm-pit ; aim
nasi, the lateral cartilages of the nose ; alee
uteri, the broad ligaments of the uterus, &c.
2. In Botany, any lateral expansion of tissue.
Ala auris. The upper and outer part of the
external ear.
30
Ala interna minor. Nymphte.
Ala nasi. The cartilage of the nose which
forms the outer part of the nostrils.
Ala vespertilionis. That part of the liga-
ment of the womb which lies between the Fal-
lopian tube and the ovarium ; so called from its
resemblance^to the wing of a bat. ,
Alabaster. Alabaslrites. Formerly used
in ointments.
Alacab. Sal ammoniac.
Aliform. Alaeformis. (From ala, a wing,
and forma, shape.) Wing-shaped. See Ptery-
goid.
Aix ingrassii. The lesser pterygoid pro-
cesses of the sphenoid bone.
AljE ma jo res. The labia pudendi.
Al.k minores. The nympha?.
Al.e vomeris. The two laminae forming the
sphenoidal edge of the vomer.
Alafor. Alafort. Alafi. Alkali.
Alagao. A shrub which grows in the Phil-
ippine Islands, of which the natives make cat-
aplasms for diseases of the head and belly, for
tumors, and for ulcers.
Alagas os. A name of the sacrum and coc-
cyx.
Alahabar. Alabari. Lead.
Ala'lia. (From a, priv., and haXeu, to
speak.) Defect of articulation.
Alana terra. Tripoli.
Alandahal. Cucumis colocynthis.
Alanfuta. An Arabian name of a vein be-
tween the chin and lower lip, which was for-
merly opened to prevent fetid breath.
Ala'ntine. Inuline.
Alaqueca. A sulphuret of iron.
Alares musculi. Pterygoid muscles.
Ala'res ven.e. The superficial veins at the
bend of the arm.
Alaria ossa. The pterygoid processes of
the sphenoid bone.
ALA'RIS. (From ala, a wing.) Formed
like, or belonging^, a whig.
Alaris externum. The external pterygoid*
muscle.
Alate'rnus. Rhamnus alaternus.
ALA'TUS. (From ala, a wing.) Winged.
Alate. In Pathology, one whose scapula? pro-
ject backward like the wings of a bird.
Alauda arvensis. The field-lark.
Albadara. The sesamoid bone of the great-
toe, to which many extraordinary virtues were
attributed by the superstition of the Rabbins.
Albagenzi. Albagian. Albagiaze. The
os sacrum.
Albamentum. The white of an egg.
Albanum. The saline part of urine.
Alban, Saint. A village in the department
of the Loire, where there is an acidulous chalyb-
eate spring.
Albaras. Albara. Albaras. Albaros. The
Arabic name for the alphos of the Greeks.
Lepra alphoides. — Albaras alba. See Leuce.
— Albaras nigra. Lepra Greecorum. L. nigri-
cans.
Albaras. An alchemical name of arsenic.
A'lba pituita. Leucophlegmasia.
Alba'tio. Dealbatio. Albificatio. The act
of becoming white.
Albetad. Galbanuni.
ALB
Albica'ntia corpora. Corpora alMcantia
Willisii. Two small, rounded bodies or pro-
jections from the base of the brain, of a white
color, anterior to the tuber annulare.
Albinism. Albinoismus. The anomaly of
organization which characterizes the albino.
Albi'no. A Spanish term for the white
progeny of negro parents, but now applied to
all persons presenting the characters of the al-
bino. The whiteness of the surface in the al-
bino is pallid and death-like ; the hair is white
in every part of the body ; the iris of a pale
rose color, and it can not bear a strong light.
The constitution is feeble.
Albino skin. Albinism has been treated of
as a disease under the name of albino skin.
Albi'num. Gnaphalium dioicum.
Albor. Urine.
ALBORA. A disease complicated of the
morphew, serpigo, and leprosy. — Paracelsus.
Alborca. Mercury.
Albotim. Albotai. Turpentine.
Albuginea oculi. The fibrous membrane
situated immediately under the conjunctiva,
formed by the expansion of the tendons of the
four recti muscles. White of the eye.
Albuginea testis. A thick, fibrous mem-
brane, of a white appearance, forming the prop-
er tunic of the testis.
Albugineous. A term applied to substances
of a pearly or pure white color.
Albugineous membranes. The fibrous mem-
ALBUGI'NEUS. (From alius, white). A
term applied by anatomists to certain parts on
account of their whiteness ; as, tunica albuginea
oculi, tunica albuginea testis. Chaussier uses
this term to designate one of the four fibres
which he considers as elementary. Fibre al-
buginee. See Fibre, elementary. Gauthier
calls one of the four layers into which he di-
vides the rete mucosum, membrana albuginea
profunda, and another membrana albuginea
superficialis. See Rete mucosum.
ALBU'GO. Albula. (o, inis, f. ; from albus,
white.) 1. The white of the eye. 2. A white
opacity of the cornea. See Leucoma.
Albugo ovi. The white of an egg.
Albuhar. White lead.
Album balsamum. Copaiba.
Album canis. Album gracum.
Album ceti. Spermaceti.
Album gr^cum. The white dung of dogs.
It consists chiefly of phosphate of lime, and was
formerly applied as a discutient.
Album nigrum. The dung of mice.
Album olus. Valeriana locusta.
Album rhasis. An ointment composed of
ceruse and hog's lard.
ALBU'MEN. (en, inis.) 1. A substance so
named from the albumen, or white of eggs. It
enters largely into the composition of the ani-
mal fluids and solids. It abounds in the serum
of the blood, the vitreous and crystalline humors
of the eye, the fluid of dropsy, and the substance
called coagulable lymph, and forms the great-
er part of most tissues. The white of eggs con-
sists of albumen in a liquid form, and sufficiently
pure for all ordinary purposes, being combined
with water and a trace of soda and saline mat-
ALC
ter. In this state it is a glairy fluid, without
smell or taste, and easily soluble in cold water,
but not in hot, since it begins to coagulate at
145°. When exposed, in a thin stratum, to a
current of air, it concretes into a solid transparent
substance, which is soluble in water, and, if
kept dry, may be preserved for any length of
time without putrefaction. The principal char-
acteristic of albumen is its coagulability by
heat. It coagulates at 160° F., and at 212° it
shrinks and dries into a horny mass. The acids
and metallic oxides coagulate albumen.
On exposure to the atmosphere in a moist
state, albumen passes speedily into putrefaction.
Solid albumen may be obtained by agitating
the white of egg with ten or twelve times its
weight of alcohol, or with acetic acid ; it pre-
cipitates in the form of white insoluble flocculi.
Albumen thus obtained is like fibrin, solid, in-
sipid, inodorous, denser than water, and without
action on vegetable colors. It dissolves in pot-
ash and soda more easily than fibrin, but less
easily in acetic acid and ammonia. It is also
soluble in nitrate and sulphate of potash and
soda, and other neutral salts.
From its coagulability, albumen is much used
for the purpose of clarifying liquids.
There are many varieties of albumen, differ-
ing in physical qualities, but being compounds
of Protein, which see. It is highly nutritious,
and convertible by the economy into fibrin.
Orfila recommends the white of eggs as the
best antidote to corrosive sublimate ; and, as al-
bumen forms precipitates with the solutions of
almost all the metallic salts, it is useful against
other metallic poisons.
2. In Botany, the substance which forms the
chief bulk of some seeds, as corn, coffee, &c.,
and which is of various consistence, being fecu-
lent, farinaceous, horny, or ligneous.
Albu'men aluminosum. Alum curd.
Albumen ovi. Albumor. The white of an
egg; used in pharmacy to suspend oils, fats,
and balsams.
Albuminorrhcea. Bright's disease.
ALBU'MINOSE. Proteine. That part of
albumen or fibrin soluble in weak hydrochlo-
ric acid.
Albuminous. Of the nature of albumen.
Containing albumen.
ALBUMINURIA. Albuminous urine. It is
discovered by heating, or the action of nitric
acid, which coagulates the albumen, and is a
symptom of organic diseases of the kidney
Bright's disease.
ALBU'RNUM. (urn, i, n. ; from albus, white.)
The new wood of trees.
ALCAHEST. Alkahest. Alcaest. The uni-
versal solvent.
Alcahest glauberi. Subcarbonate of pot-
ash.
Alcahest respurii. This was formed by
detonating nitre with metallic zinc, and treating
the residuum with water. The water contained
the alcahest.
Alcahest zwelferi is acetic acid obtained
by distillation from verdigris. •
Alcalescence. Becoming alkaline.
A'lcali. See Alkali.
Alcaligene. Nitrogen.
31
ALC
ALCALIZA'TION. See Alkalization.
Alca'nna. This name has been given to
three plants. 1. Lawsonia inermis. 2. To a
species of Filaria. 3. Anchusa tinctoria.
Alcaol. The solvent for the preparation pf
the philosopher's stone.
Alcarge'n. Cacodylic acid.
Alcarsin. See Cacodyl.
A'LCEA. ATiKea. A genus of malvaceous
plants. Hollyhock. — A. JEgyptiaca villosa.
■See Hibiscus abelmoschus. — A. Indica. See
Hibiscus abelmoschus. — A.. Rosea. Common
hollyhock. The flowers are mucilaginous.
Alcebric vivum. Sulphur.
Alchachenge. Physalis alkekengi.
Alchachil. Rosemary.
Alcharith. Mercury.
Alchemia. See Alchemy.
ALCHEMI'LLA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
Rosaceous plants. Ladies' mantle. — A. vul-
garis. Formerly esteemed as an astringent. —
A. arvensis is slightly diuretic.
A'LCHEMIST. One who practiced alchemy.
A'LCHEMY. Alchymy. Alchimia. Alkima.
This was synonymous with chemistry at first,
but, owing to the theoretical views of the chem-
ists of the seventh century, became the art of
discovering the universal solvent, medicine, &c,
and to some extent falling into the hands of
empirics, has been of late much denounced.
Alchitram. Alchitura. Tar.
Alchitran. 1. Oil of juniper. 2. The re-
siduum of a distillation. Tar.
Alcibia' dium. Alci'bium. Echium vulgare.
Alcimad. Antimony.
Alcoates. See Alcohol.
Alcob. Sal ammoniac.
Alcocalum. Cynara scolymus.
Alcofol. Antimony.
ALCOHOL. The rectified product of the
distillation of whisky, &c. That in the mar-
ket contains 85 per cent, real spirit. The alco-
hol of the U. S. Pharm. is of sp. gr. 0*835, and
represents the spiritus rectificatus of the Lon-
don and alcohol fortius of the Edinburgh Phar-
macopoeia. Alcohol is used in British pharmacy
for the rectified spirit distilled from carbonate
of potassa ; in this way it is obtained with a sp.
gr. of - 810 : this is nearly pure, and may be
made so by repeated distillation from chloride
of calcium, when absolute alcohol of sp. gr.
0-794 is obtained.
It is the peculiar product of the vinous fer-
mentation, and is found in quantities from 4 to
25 per cent, in beer, cider, wines, &c. It has
a hot, pungent taste, is extremely inflamma-
ble, and a remarkable solvent of resins, some
fats, the active principle of many substances,
&c. It boils at 173° F., and is very volatile.
It combines with some saline substances, form-
ing Alcoates. Composition. — Hydrated oxide
of ethyl, AeO-y-HO, or C 4 H 6 04-HO; many
acids separate its water, and thus produce
ether. Medically, it is a powerful diffusible
stimulant, and when habitually used in its
-stronger preparations, produces serious injury
U) the health. Externally it is applied in evap-
orating lotions. In Pharmacy, it is much used
diluted with one half water, as alcohol dilutum
(dihitus), spiritus tenuior, sp. gr. 0*935, and
32
ALE
proof spirit, in the preparation of tinctures, es-
sences, spirits, elixirs. Alcohol is frequently
used for tinclura or spiritus, which see.
Alcohol, absolute. Pure alcohol of sp. gr.
0-794, at 58° F.
Alcohol ammoniatum. (U. S.) Take alco-
hol, Oiiss. ; lime, ibj. ; muriate of ammonia,
■fviij. ; water, f. fvj. ; prepare as in the case of
liquor ammonia. It is stimulant and antispas-
modic ; dose, 3ss. to 3J- It is used in forming
ammoniated tinctures.
Alcohol ammoniatum aromaticum. (U. S.)
Take alcohol ammoniatum, Oj. ; oil of rosemary,
oil of lemons, of each, f. 3y. ; oil of cloves, oil of
cinnamon, each, f. 3ss. Mix, and add a little
water to avoid empyreuma in the distillation:
let Oj. pass over by a gentle heat. Stimulant
and antispasmodic; dose, gtt. xx. to f. 3J.
Alcoholic muriatic ether. A mixture of
equal parts of muriatic ether and alcohol. Dose,
gtt. x. to 3ss. Diffusible stimulus.
Alcohol sulphuricatum. A. sulphuricum.
Elixir acidum Halleri.
Alcohol of sulphur. Bisulphuret of car-
bon. See Carbon.
Alcoholate. Spirit. Essence. Apharma
ceutical preparation in which a tincture is first
made and then distilled, so that it retains only
the volatile portions.
Alcoholic potass a. Potassa fusa purified by
solution in alcohol and evaporation to dryness.
Alcoholmeter. The specific gravity imple-
ments used in ascertaining the purity of spirits.
Areometer.
Alcool. Alcohol. Alcoolcs. Tinctures.
Alcoolats. The preparations called spirits.
See Spiritus.
Alcol. Vinegar.
Alcola. 1. An Aiabic name of aphtha?, or
the thrush. 2. A term applied by Paracelsus
to the sediment of urine.
Alcolita. Urine.
Alcor. Oxide of copper.
Alcornoco. Alcornoquc. The bark of an
unknown South American tree, which has been
introduced into Europe of late years, and ex-
tolled by some as a specific in phthisis: it is
slightly astringent and bitter. Dose, in pow-
der, 3ss.
Alcubrith. Sulphur.
A'lcyon. A bird of the swallow tribe.
Alcyo'nium. Bastard 6ponge. The ashes of
this substance were formerly employed as a den-
tifrice ; they were also believed to promote the
growth of hair, and were used against baldness.
Aldehyde. The hydrated protoxide of ace-
tyl, an ethereal fluid : AcO-)-HO.
Aldehydic acid. The same as the acetylous
acid, a volatile puugent body : it is readily con-
verted by reagents into acetic acid.
ALDER. Betula ulnus.
Alder, berry-bearing. Black alder. See
Rhamnus.
ALE. Cerevisia. A fermented liquor made
from malt and hops, and chiefly distinguished
from beer by a less quantity of hops used therein.
Ale ac as. Liquorice.
Alec. Vitriol.
Alccharith. Mercury.
Alecost. Tanacetum balsamita.
A LG
A LI
Alegar. Vinegar.
Alei'mma. Alei'plia. Au ointment.
Alel.s'on. (From ale, salt, and elaiov, oil.)
A compound of salt and oil, applied by the an-
cients to tumors.
Alema. Flour.
ALE'MBIC, or Alambic Alembicus. A
chemical utensil made of glass, metal, or earth-
en-ware, consisting of a body, to which is fitted a
conical head, with a beak descending laterally,
to be inserted into a receiver. A kind of still.
Alemhic. Lead.
Alembroth, sal. Hydrargyrum praecipita-
turn album.
Alembroth desiccatum. Sal tartari, or
carbonate of potash.
Alemzadat. Alemzadar. Sal ammoniac.
Ales. A compound salt.
Alese. Alexe. A napkin.
A'LETRIS. A genus of asphodelea>. — Afar-
inosa. Star-grass. A plant common in the Uni-
ted States ; it is a strong bitter, and is used as a
tonic and stomachic. Dose, of the powder, 9ss.
Aletron. Flour.
Aleu'ron. Flour.
Aleurotcsis. Sifting.
Alexanders. See Smyrnium.
Alexa'ndria. Prunus lauro-cerasus.
Alexandrinum. Au ancient form of medi-
cine.
Alexica'cum. An antidote or amulet.
Alexipharmacum. An alexipharmic medi-
cine.
ALEXIPHA'RMIC. (Alexipharmicus ; from
aXefw, to expel, and (j>appaitov, a poison.) A
term applied by the ancients to medicines
which were supposed to fortify the system
against poisons, or to obviate their effects when
taken.
Alexipyreticum. Alexipyretum. A febri-
fuge medicine.
Alexipyre'ticus. Alexipy'retus. (From
aAefw, to drive away, and irvpeToc, a fever.)
Possessed of febi'ifuge power.
Alexir. See Elixir.
Alexiteric. Alcxite'rium. (uw», i. ; A/lef-
Tjrjiptov; from a"ke!;w, to aid.) A remedy of
any kind ; but it was applied chiefly to alexi-
pharmics. An antidote to external poisons.
Alexiterium chlorium. Chlorine.
Alexiterium nitricum. Nitrous acid.
Alfatide. Alfol. Sal ammoniac.
A'LGA. {a, m, f.) A sea-weed.
ALGM. Under this term is comprehended
all the sea-weeds.
Algali. Nitre.
Algalie. A catheter, or sound.
Algarab. Anchylops.
ALGAROTH. When chloride of antimony
(butter of antimony) is thrown into water, a
metallic compound is precipitated in the form
of a white powder, which is the powder of al-
garoth, and is an oxychloride of antimony. It is
violently emetic in doses of two or three grains,
and is preferred by many for making the emet-
ic tartar.
ALGE'DO. (o, inis, f. ; from a7>.yoc, pain.)
A violent pain about the anus, perineum, tes-
tes, urethra, and bladder, arising from the sud-
den stoppage of a virulent gonorrhoea.
C
Alge ma. Algedon. Algesis. (kXyjJiia ;
from aXyeu, to be in pain.) Pain of any kind.
Algeric Lime.
Algidus. Coldness.
Algidafebris. Febrishorri'fica. Febris que'r-
quera. A malignant remittent, characterized
by icy coldness of the surface.
A'LGOR. (or, oris, m. ; from algeo, to shiv-
er with cold.) The feeling of coldness which
is general in the first stage of fevers. Rigor.
Algos. Algeticus. Algia. Pain.
Alhagi. See Hedysarum.
Alhandal. Colocynth.
Alhasba. Measles.
Alhenna. See Lawsonia inermis.
Ali'bilis. Alibile. Fit for the purposes of
nutrition.
A'lica. Probably the spelt.
A'lices. The spots which appear on the
skin at the commencement of the eruption of
the small-pox, and which afterward become
pustules.
ALIENATIO. Irregulai-ity ; derangement.
Alien a'tio mentis. Alienation of mind.
Pinel restricts this term to insanity, exclusive
of those derangements of the intellect which
are secondary or symptomatic of some other
disease ; as delirium, &c.
Alienus. Delirious.
A'LIFORM. (From ala, a wing, and forma,
resemblance.) Wing-like. Pterygoid.
Aligulus. A confection.
Alimella. The parotid.
ALIMENT. (Alimentum, i, n. ; from alo,
to nourish.) Any substance which, being sub-
jected to the action of the digestive organs, is
capable of affording nourishment to the body.
Organized matter, or that which has possessed
life, seems to be alone capable of assimilation
with the animal system : hence, every aliment
must necessarily be derived from the animal or
vegetable kingdom. There are, however, cer-
tain inorganic substances, such as water, com-
mon salt, lime, &c, which, though incapable
by themselves of nourishing, appear, when ad-
ministered in conjunction with alimentary sub-
stances, to contribute essentially to nutrition.
Food is azotized or non-azotized : the former
only is capable of sustaining life. Aliments may
be divided into :
1st. Farinaceous, or amylaceous : wheat,
barley, oats, rice, rye, corn, potato, sago, salep,
peas, beans, lentils, &c.
2d. Mucilaginous : carrot, beet-root, turnip,
asparagus, cabbage, lettuce, artichoke, car-
doons, pumpkins, melons, &c.
3d. Sweet : the different sorts of sugar, figs,
dates, dried grapes, apricots, honey, &c.
4th. Acidulous : oranges, gooseberries, cher-
ries, peaches, strawberries, raspberries, mul-
berries, grapes, prunes, pears, apples, sorrel,
vinegar, &c.
5th. Fatty and oily : cocoa, olives, sweet al-
monds, nuts, walnuts, the animal fats, the oils,
butter, &c.
6th. Gelatinous : tendinous parts, as calf's
foot ; some fishes ; and the flesh of young ani-
mals generally ; jellies.
7th. Protein : the flesh and the blood of dif-
ferent animals ; eggs, milk, cheese.
33
ALK
8th. Spirituous : wine, beer, cider, spirits.
ALIMENTARY. Alimenta'rius. Nourish-
ing ; belonging to food.
Alimenta'tion. Alimentatio. The recep-
tion of nourishment.
ALIMENTARY CANAL. Canalis alimenta-
rius. Alimentary duct : a name given to the
•whole conduit through which the food passes
from the mouth to the anus.
Alimentary duct. 1. The alimentary ca-
nal. 2. The thoracic duct is sometimes so
called. See Thoracic duct.
Alimos. Liquorice.
Alinthisar. Elongation of the uvula.
Alip.e'nos. Alipontos. Remedies which
were of a dry nature, as powders, &c.
Alipa'sma. Lipasma.
Alipata. A tree which grows in the Phil-
ippine Islands, and is reputed to be highly poi-
sonous; the juice, which is milky, and the
smoke of the wood, are said to cause blindness.
Ali'ptica. That department of ancient med-
icine which treated of inunction.
ALISMA PLANTAGO. The water-plantain,
the root of which has been used in hydrophobia.
The fresh leaves are rubefacient.
Alitu'ra. The process of assimilation or
nutrition.
Alizarine. The sublimed red coloring mat-
ter of madder.
Alkqfial. Alkafiel. Antimony.
Alkahest. See Alcahest.
Alkale. Pullets' fat.
ALKALE'SCENT. Alkalescens. Slightly
alkaline.
A'LKALI, or ALCALI. A caustic substance
which changes vegetable blue colors to green,
and which combines with acids so as to neutral-
ize their properties more or less perfectly, and
to form salts. Potash, Soda, Lithia, and Am-
monia are known to chemists; the three former
are fixed, and the last volatile. Of late years,
the list of alkalies has been augmented by a nu-
merous and interesting class of vegetable sub-
stances, which have been called by some alka-
loids, because they possess the property of
neutralizing acids. Lime, magnesia, baryta, and
strontia are called alkaline earths.
The composition and chemical relations of
the individual alkalies will be found under their
respective heads.
Alkali ammoniacum. Ammonia.
Alkali ammoniacum spirituosum. Spiritus
ammonia.
Alkali, animal. Ammonia.
Alkali, caustic volatile. See Ammonia.
Alkali causticum. Caustic alkali. Caustic
potash is used in surgery for making issues.
Alkali fixum. See Potash and Soda.
Alkali, fossil, mineral. See Soda.
Alkali, native vegetable. See Alkaloid.
Alkali, phlogisticated. Prussian alkali.
When a fixed alkali is ignited with bullock's
blood or other animal substances, and lixiviated,
it is converted, in a great measure, into ferrocy-
anide of potassium or prussiate of potash.
Alkali, Prussian. Ferrocyanide of potassium.
Alkali, vegetable. See Potash.
Alkali vegetabile salitum. The muriate of
potash.
34
ALK
Alkali, volatile. See Ammonia.
Alkali, volatile, concrete. Ammonia
carbonate.
Alkalid. Alkes. sEs ustum. Oxide of
copper.
ALKALI'METER. The name of an instru-
ment for determining the quantity of alkali in
the impure potash and soda of commerce.
ALKALINE. Alkali'nus. Applied to a sub-
stance partaking of the nature of, or having hi
its composition, an alkali. Under the name of
alkalina, Dr. Ciillen includes those medicines
which are usually called antacids.
Alkaline air. Ammoniacal gas.
Alkaline earths. Lime, magnesia, baryta,
and strontia, which have the property of chang-
ing yellow colors.
ALKALI'NITY. (Alkalinitas ; from alkali.)
The property communicated to bodies by the
presence of an alkali.
ALKALIZATION. Alkalizatio. The com-
munication of alkaline properties to any sub-
stance.
A'LKALOIDS, VEGETABLE. (From al-
kali, and ei6oc, resemblance.) A class of vege-
table substances possessing the property of
combining with acids, usually representing the
active principle of the plant ; as morphia,
strychnia. They are commonly insoluble in
water, but dissolve in alcohol.
As the vegetable alkalies agree in several of
their leading chemical properties, the mode of
preparing one of them admits of being applied
with slight variation to all. The general out-
line of the method is as follows : The substance
containing the alkaline principle is digested, or
more commonly macerated, in a large quantity
of water, which dissolves the salt, the base of
which is the vegetable alkali. On adding some
more powerful salifiable base, such as potash
or ammonia, or boiling the solution for a few
minutes with lime or pure magnesia, the vege-
table alkali is separated from its acid, and, be-
ing in that state insoluble in water, may be
collected on a filter and washed. As thus pro-
cured, however, it is impure, retaining some of
the other principles, such as the oleaginous,
resinous, or coloring matters with which it is
associated in the plant. To purify it from these
substances, it should be mixed with a little an-
imal charcoal, and dissolved in boiling alcohol.
The alcoholic solution, which is to be filtered
while hot, yields the pure alkali, either on cool-
ing or by evaporation ; if not quite colorless, it
should again be subjected to the action of alco-
hol and animal charcoal. In order to avoid the
necessity of employing a large quantity of alco-
hol, the following modification of the process
may be adopted: The vegetable alkali, after
being precipitated and collected on a filter, is
made to unite with some acid, such as the
acetic, sulphuric, or muriatic, and the solution
boiled with animal charcoal until the coloring
matter is removed. The alkali is then precip-
itated by ammonia or some other salifiable
base.
The following substances have been brought
forward of late years as native vegetable alka-
lies, but the title of several of them to be so con-
sidered is more than doubtful :
ALL
ALL
Aconitine,
Crotoniiae,
Arcinia,
Curaiine,
Atropia,
Brucia,
Buxine,
Cusparine,
Cynopia,
Daturine,
Capsicine,
Delphia,
Narcine,
Nicotine,
Picrotoxia,
Populine,
Quinia,
Sabadilline,
Chelidonine, Digitalia, Salicine,
Cinchonia, Emetia, Sanguinaria,
Codeine, Eupatorine, Solania,
Colchicine, Hyoscyamine, Strychnia,
Conine, Jervine, Veratria.
Corticine, Morphia,
Corydalin, Narcotina,
A'LKANET. Alka'nna. See Anchusa tinc-
toria.
Alkanet, bastard. Lithospermum offici-
nale.
Alkan\a vera. See Lawsonia inermis.
Alkant. Mercury.
Alkantum. Oxide of copper. Arsenic.
Alkar. A medicine.
Alkeke'ngi. Physalis alkekengi.
ALKE'RMES. A celebrated remedy, where-
of kermes is the basis.
Alkerva. Ricinus communis.
Alkitran. Ccdria.
Alkoel. Sulphuret of lead.
A'lkohol. Alcohol.
Alkool. Alkoolk. A preparation of anti-
mony used to tinge the eyelids and eyelashes
black.
Alkosor. Camphor.
Alky plumbi. Sugar of lead.
Allabor. Lead.
Allama'nda. A genus of plants. Pentan-
Aria. Monogynia. — Allamanda cathartica. A
shrub of Guiana, the infusion of whose leaves is
said by Linnaeus to be useful in colica picto-
num.
ALLA'NTOID MEMBRANE. (From allae,
a sausage, and eidog, likeness.) Membrana al-
lantoidcs. A membrane of the foetus, which
exists in most of the mammalia. It is situated
between the chorion and amnion ; it communi-
cates with the bladder by the canal termed the
urachus, and contains the urine of the foetus. It
has been much disputed among anatomists
whether this membrane exists in the human sub-
ject and some other animals. The membrane
called vcsicula umbilicalis is not to be found
during the whole period of gestation, like the
allantois, but disappears in the course of the
third month ; it is doubtful whether it commu-
nicates with the bladder, and, consequently,
whether it contains urine ; it has, therefore,
been generally considered as connected with
the nutrition of the foetus. The vesicula um-
bilicalis is sometimes called tunica crythroides,
especially in those of the inferior animals in
which it exists.
Allantoin. Allantoic acid. By gently
evaporating the allantoid fluid, it is deposited in
the form of white acicular crystals. It is neu-
tral. Form., Cy 2 +3HO.
Alla'ntois. See Allantoid.
Allantoto'xicum. (From allac, a sausage,
and to^ikov, a poison.) A poison developed in
putrid sausages made of blood and liver. It
often proves speedily fatal, producing a low
typhus fever.
Alla'sia. A tree that grows on the coast of
Mozambique. A cataplasm made of its leaves
and applied to the loins is said to facilitate par-
turition.
Allelui'a. The wood-sorrel ; oxalis.
All-good. Chenopodium bonus Henricus.
All-heal. See Stachys and Hypericum.
ALLIA'CEOUS. (Alliaceus; from allium',
garlic. ) Pertaining to garlic. Similar to garlic.
Allia'ria. Erysimum alliaria.
Allicar. Vinegar.
Alligatu 'ra . The act of bandaging a wound
Allii radix. Garlic.
Allio'ticum. An alterative medicine.
A'LLIUM. Garlic. Agenusofasphodelea?.
— A. cepa. The onion. It is acrid, rubefa
cient, and stimulating, promoting the secretions,
particularly expectoration and urine ; and pos-
sesses antiscorbutic properties. Externally, they
are employed roasted in poultices, to promote
suppuration. — A. porrum. The leek or porret
Porum. Similar to the onion. — A. sativum.
Garlic. Every part of the plant, but more espe-
cially the bulb, has a pungent, acrimonious taste,
and a peculiarly offensive, strong smell. These
properties depend on an essential oil. It has
the same properties as the onion, but is very
much more active. Dose, 1 to 3 cloves; of the
juice, f. 3ss. to 5J. The syrup is an officinal
pi-eparation. (U. S.) — Allium ascalonicum is
the shallot. — A. schamoprasum. The chive.—
A. scorodoprasum. The rochambole.
Allium gallicum. Portulaca4
Allium victoriale. VictoriaHs lonea. The
root, which, when dried, loses its alliaceous
smell and taste, is said to be efficacious in allay-
ing the abdominal spasms of gravid females ?
Allium redolens. Teucnum scordium.
Allochoos. Delirious.
Allgjo/sis. (AHoluoic ; from alloioo, to>
change.) A change in the constitution.
Alloso'ticus. (From allotou, to change.)
Applied to a medicine capable of effecting a
change in the constitution — alloiuriKa Qapfia-
n.a, alterative medicines.
ALLOPATHY. Allopathi'a. (From alloc,
other, and iradog, a disease.) The effect of a
medicine which cures a diseased action by es-
tablishing another of a different kind.
Allo'phasis. Delirium; incoherence.
Allotriophagi'a. (a, as, f. ; from allorpioc r
foreign, and fayu, to eat.) Depraved appetite.
Allotropism. Allotropy. The change of
property witnessed in elementary bodies, as in
chlorine, carbon, &c.
Alloxan. A crystalline solid produced by
the action of strong nitric acid on uric acid. It
is the erythric acid of Brugnatelli; formula,
C8H4N2O10. It is converted into alloxanic acid
by alkalies, and into alloxantin by sulphurated
hydrogen and other agents. Alloxan and allox-
antin are compounds of uril; the 1st, 2U1.-I-
Oi+4HO ; the 2d, 2Ul.-f»0+5HO.
ALLOY. Metallic compounds in general..
Thus, brass is called an alloy of copper and)
zinc ; bell metal, an alloy of copper and tin-
ALLSPICE. See Myrtus pimenta.
Allyl. A hypothetical radical in the pun
gent principles of garlic, mustard, and simila.
plants.
35
ALO
Alma. Water.
Almaranda. Almakis. Almartak. Litharge.
Almarkasita. Mercury.
Almelilektu. A word used by Avicenna
to express a preternatural heat less than that of
fever, and which may continue after a fever.
Almezerion. Cneorum tricoccuni.
Almisadir. Sal ammoniac.
Almizadir. Verdigris.
ALMOND. See Amygdalus.
Almond cake. The cake left after the ex-
pression of the oil.
Almond paste. This is made; of four ounces
of blanched bitter almonds, the white of an
egg, rose water, and rectified spirits, equal
parts, as much as may be sufficient. It is a
cosmetic for softening the skin and preventing
chaps.
Almonds of the ears. External glands of
the neck situated near the ears. The parotid.
Almonds of the throat. See Tonsils.
Almuri. A cathartic preparation.
Alnus rotundifolia. Betula alnus.
Alnus nigra. Rhamnus frangula.
A'LOE. (e, es, f.) A genus of plants in the
family Liliacea?. Much confusion exists as to
the plants from which the numerous kinds of
aloes are derived, the A. perfoliata of Lin-
naeus having been divided into a number of
species. Aloe vulgaris yields Barbadoes aloes.
Aloe socolorina, the socotorine. Aloe spicata,
which is the only officinal species, yields Cape
aloes. ,.
The active principle of aloes is called aloe'sin;
it is a saponaceous, extractive, and bitter sub-
stance, present to the extent of 81 per cent, in
Barbadoes aloes. It is soluble in water. They
also contain a resinous extractive matter. The
terms aloeresinic and aloetic acids are given to
the two bodies making up the bitter pynciple.
The socotorine aloes yield by distillation a vol-
atile oil which is not obtained from the Barba-
does. The several kinds of aloes are dissolved
almost entirely by boiling water, but the resin
is deposited as the solution cools. Their solu-
bility is increased by the addition of alkalies or
their carbonates. All the kinds of aloes are sol-
uble in proof spirits.
Aloes are a well-known stimulating purga-
tive, emmenagogue, and anthelmintic. The me-
dium dose is from 5 to 15 grains, nor does a
larger quantity operate more effectually. Their
effect is exerted on the large intestines, and
principally on the rectum ; when administered
as a decoction, little of this peculiar effect is ob-
served. Aloes sometimes can not be employed.
It has the effect of stimulating the rectum more
than other purges, and with justice has been
accused of exciting hemorrhoidal swellings, so
that we ought to abstain from it in such cases,
as well as in cases where there is inflammation
or irritation of the intestinal canal ; it is improp-
er in pregnancy.
Aloes are too nauseous to be given in powder.
They are most frequently exhibited in the form
of pill, combined with purgatives, aromatics,
bitters, or other medicines, according to the ef-
fect desired to be produced. The best liquid
form is the Decoctum aloes compositum.
Aloe caballina,ot£ Aloe guineensis. Aloes.
36
ALP
Aloe depurata. A. lota. An old extract.
Aloe insuccata. An old aromatic extract
of aloes.
Aloe socotorina. Aloe zocotorina. Aloes.
Aloeda'rium. khondapiov. A name given
by the Greeks to various cathartic compounds
containing aloes as a principal ingredient.
Aloephangin.e pilule. See PUulce ale-
phangince.
ALOES . The dried j uice of different species
of aloe. The commercial varieties are, Cape,
socotorine, and hepatic or Barbadoes. Some-
times we also hear of Mocha, Indian, and Cab-
alline, or horse aloes.
Aloes, Cape. Shining aloes. Very dark
olive color ; vitreous fracture ; it is the kind
used almost exclusively in the United States.
Aloes, common. Cape aloes.
Aloes, fetid. Horse aloes. — A. barbadensis.
Barbadoes aloes. — A. lucida. Aloes socotorina.
— A. extractum. Aloes.
Aloes, hepatic Barbadoes aloes. Reddish
brown ; aromatic, but unpleasant ; rather soft ;
little used in the United States.
Aloes, horse. Aloes. Dose, 3 vj. for ahorse.
Aloes, lignum. See Lignum aloes.
Aloes, socotorina. Turkey aloes. Aloein-
dica. Reddish yellow; fragrant; garnet edges
when examined by transmitted light ; glossy,
and sometimes with vitreous fracture. It is sel-
dom met with in the United States, but every
kind is passed under this name by dealers.
Aloes, spiked. Aloe.
Aloes wood. See Lignum aloes.
Aloesin. Aloeresinic. Aloetic acid. Aloes.
ALOE'TIC . Alocticus. A medicine in which
aloes is the chief ingredient.
Aloetic acid. Chevreuil regards it as arti-
ficial tannin.
ALOGOTROPHI'A. (From aloyog, dispro-
portionate, and rpt<t>u, to nourish.) A term
employed by some writers to designate an un-
equal nutrition of different parts of the body, es-
pecially of the bones in rachitis.
ALO'PECES. The psoa3 muscles.
ALOPE'CIA. (a, ce. f.) Baldness.
Alopecia areata. Porrigo declavens.
Alouchi. The name of a gum obtained from
the canella alba tree.
Alpam. A Malabar shrub, from which an
ointment for the itch is prepared. The juice
of the leaves mixed with that of the calamus is
used against the bite of serpents.
Alpha, a. A very common prefix in chem-
istry to distinguish varieties; as, alpha orcein,
alpha resin, &c.
A'lphiton. Flour, especially barley-meal.
Alphite'don. A fracture in which a bone is
broken into small fragments.
ALPHO'NSIN. The name of an instrument
for extracting balls. It consists of three branch-
es, which separate from each other by their
elasticity, but are capable of being closed by
means of a tube in which they are included.
ALPHO'SIS. The albino-skin.
A'LPHUS. Alphos. Lepra alphoides.
Alpi'ni balsamum. Balm of Gilead. Amy-
Alpinia c ardamomum. A name given to the
cardamom plant.
ALU
Alratica. A partial or total hnperforation
of the vagina.
Alsamach. The external auditory foramen.
Alsech. Alnmen plumosum.
ALSI'NE. See Stellaria.
Altafor. Camphor.
A'LTERATIVE. Alterans. That which
re-establishes the healthy functions of the ani-
mal economy, without producing any sensible
evacuation by perspiration, purging, or vomit-
ing.
Altercum, or Altercangenon. Hyoscya-
inus niger.
Altern.e plants. Alternate-leaved plants.
ALTELE'A. The name of a genus of malva-
ceous plants. The marshmallow. — Althaea offi-
cinalis. It abounds in mucus, and is useful as
a demulcent in coughs, catarrhs, dysuria, &c.
Both the root and leaves are employed medici-
nally. Althaea is generally used in decoction
and syrup. The root and leaves are officinal.
Althanaca. Althanacha. Orpiment.
Althea, or Altheine. A substance found
by Braconnot in the marshmallow. It is the
same with asparagin. .
Althebegium. An Arabian name for a sort
of swelling, which is observed in cachectic and
leucophlegmatic habits.
Altheben. Pterygium or pannus. See Pter-
ygium.
ALTHE'XIS. The cure of a distemper.
Thence Altheus, a physician.
Althionic acid. It is isomeric with the
sulphovinic, and formed in the same way.
Altilibat. Turpentine.
A'LUDEL. A subliming vessel.
ALUM. The officinal salt is a double sul-
phate of alumina and potassa. There are also
alums which contain soda, ammonia, &c, in
place of these components, and some with iron,
or oxides of chrome or manganese in place of
the alumina.
Alum has a sweetish and very astringent
taste. Its specific gravity is about 1-71. It is
soluble in five parts of water at 60° F., and in
rather more than its own weight of boiling wa-
ter. It crystallizes in octohedrons, or segments
of the octohedron. When the crystals are ex-
posed to a gentle heat, they undergo the watery
fusion ; and when to a stronger heat, they swell,
part with all their water, which amounts to
nearly 50 per cent., and subside into a white^
opaque, friable, spongy substance: this is tftv
alumen exsiccatum, or alumcn ustum of the
Pharmacopoeias.
In medicine, alum is internally applied as an
astringent in cases of passive hemorrhage ; in
those of an active character it is less applicable :
the dose is from 5* to 20 grains every hour or
two till the bleeding is .restrained.
As an astringent tonic, alum may be given in
the dose of 10 grains made into a bolus, three
times a day, or in whey.
Externally, alum is much employed by sur-
geons as an astringent lotion for the eyes. From
2 to 5 grains to an ounce of rose water forms a
proper collyrium. It is also applied as a styp-
tic to bleeding vessels ; as a mild escharotic to
fungous ulcers, and as an astringent to those
with flabby granulations.
ALV
Alum is much used as an ingredient in gar-
gles for sore throat, relaxation of the uvula,
and aphtha; and injections for gleet, leucor-
rhcea, &c.
Alum, compound solution of. See Liquor
aluminis composilus.
Alum curd. Alum curd of Riverius. A co-
agulum made by agitating briskly jj. of alum
with the white of an egg.
Alum root. Heuchera cortusa.
Alum whey. Serum aluminosum. A whey
made by boiling two drachms of alum with a
pint of milk, and then straining. Dose, 3ij.'
Alumen catinum. An old name for pot-
ashes.
Alumen deRochi. Alumen Rochi Gallis are
impure kinds of alum formerly in the market.
Alumen exsiccatum. A. ustum. A. calci~
natum. Dried alum. It is escharotic.
Alumen factitium. A. crystallinum. A.
commune. See Alum.
Alumen fixum. Potash.
Alumen kinosatum. Pulvis aluminis com-
positus.
Alumen rubrum. A. romanum. A. ruti-
lum. The Roman alum, which is of a reddish
color, and nearly free from iron.
Alumen rupeum. Native alum.
Alumen saccharinum. A cosmetic pre-
pared with alum, rose-water, and the white of
eggs.
ALU'MINA. (a, a, f.) Alumine : earth of
alum, argil, or argillaceous earth, A white, in-
soluble, veiy infusible powder. . The sesqui-
oxide of aluminum. It is the basis of clay,
kaolin, the sapphire, and ruby. It combines
with acids, but is not a very powerful base.
The acetate and sidphate of alumina, as well
as the chloride of aluminum, possess the most
extraordinary antiseptic properties. Solutions
of these bodies will perfectly preserve animal
remains.
Alumina pura. Alumina.
Aluminjs sales. See Alumina.
Alumina sulphas acidulus cum potassa.
Alum.
Aluminje et potassa hypersulphas. Alum.
Aluminje sulphas fusus. The Alumen ex-
siccatum.
Aluminous. Aluminosus. Pertaining to, or
partaking of, the nature of alum.
Aluminous acid. Sulphuric acid.
ALU'MINUM, or ALUMI'NIUM. (um, i,
n.) The metallic base of alumina. It is pre-
pared from the chloride, and somewhat resem-
bles platinum in powder.
Alus. Comfrey.
Alusar. Manna.
ALU'SIA. (a, m, f. ; from alvoic, a wander-
ing.) Illusion ; hallucination. The name giv-
en by Dr. Good to a genus of diseases, including
Alusia clatio, sentimentalism, or mental extrav-
agance ; and Alusia hypochondrias, hypochon-
drism, or low spirits.
Alvaquilla. Psoralea glandulosa.
ALVEA'RIUM. (um,i,u.) The meatus au-
ditorius externus of the ear.
A'lveo-labia'lis. The buccinator muscle.
ALVE'OLAR. Alveolaris. Appertaining to
the alveoli, or sockets of the teeth.
37
AMA
AM A
Alveolar artery. The superior maxillary.
Alveolar membra ne. The membrane lying
between the tooth and alveolus.
Alveolar structure. The minute cellular
structure of the intestinal mucous membrane ;
full of small pits.
Alveola'tus. (From alveolus, a little cavi-
ty.) Alveolate ; having small cavities.
ALVE'OLUS. (us, i, m.) A diminutive of
alveus, a cavity.) The socket of a tooth.
A'lveus ampulla'scens. The tumid part of
the thoracic duct at its commencement from
the receptaculum chyli.
Alveus communis. The common duct, or
communication of the ampulla? of the semicircu-
lar canals of the ear, is so termed by Scarpa.
ALVIDU'CUS. Purgative; laxative.
Alvi excretio. Defecation.
Alvi fluxus, v. profluvium. A diarrhoea.
A'LVINE. (From alvus, the belly.) Ap-
pertaining to the belly or bowels.
Alvine concretions. See Enterolithus.
A'lvus. The abdomen; the belly.
Alvus astricta. A. coacta. A. dura. *4.
tarda. Costiveness.
Alvus fluida. Looseness of the bowels.
Alvus renum. Telvis of the kidney.
A'lyce. Alysis. Morbid anxiety and rest-
lessness.
A'lypon. Globularia alypum.
ALY'SMUS. (k"kva(ioe; from aXvu, to be
anxious.) The anxiety and inquietude that ac-
company many states of disease.
ALY'SSUM. Mad wort. See Marrubium
alyssum.
Alyssum galeni. See Marrubium.
Alyssum plinii. See Galium mollugo.
Alyssum verticillatum. Marrubium ver-
ticillatum.
Alzemafor. Cinnabar.
Alzilat. An Arabian weight of 3 grains.
Amadou. A tinder made of dry fungi steeped
in nitre.
AMA'LGAM. An alloy of mercury. See
Mercury.
Amalgamation. The process by which an
amalgam is formed.
Amame'lis. Various fruits.
Amandinus lapis. A stone regarded by the
ancients as a universal antidote to poisons.
AMANI'TA. A genus of fungi nearly re-
sembling the agaricus. A. muscaria, fly ama-
nita, is used to poison flies.
Amanita . Auavirat. A name given by the
ancients to edible fungi, as mushrooms.
Amani'tine. Amanitina. Letellier has given
this name to the poisonous principle of fungi,
which, however, he has not been able to sep-
arate from other matters with which it is asso-
ciated.
Ama'ra du'lcis. Bitter-sweet. Solanum
dulcamara.
Amara medicamenta. Bitters; tonics.
Amara'cina unguenta. Fragrant ointments.
Ama'racum. A fragrant herb. Marjoram?
Amare'lla. The Polygala vulgaris.
Ama'rine. Amarina. A name given by
some to the bitter principle of vegetables. Ac-
cording to Laurent, a product of the action of
ammonia on oil of bitter almonds.
38
Amarities. Amaritudo. Amaror. Bitter
ness.
AMARYLLIDA'CExE. (Amaryllis, one of
its genera.) A natural order of beautiful endo-
gens, with inferior fruit, six stamens, and six
nearly equal segments of the flower. The
greater part consists of bulbous species inhab-
iting the Cape of Good Hope, and the tropical
parts of both hemispheres. The bulbs are often
emetic and poisonous.
Amasesis. Imperfect mastication.
Amato'ria febris. Chlorosis has been so
called.
Amatorium virus. A. veneficium. See Phil-
trum.
Amato'rius. (From amo, to love.) The
superior oblique muscles of the eye have been
called musculi amatorii, from their use in ogling.
AMAURO'SIS. (is, is, f. Apavpuoic; from
afiavpou, to obscure.) Gutta serena. Suffusio
nigra. A diminution or total loss of sight, aris-
ing from a paralysis of the retina or optic nerve.
Amaurosis may exist independently of any vis-
ible lesion of structure in the eye, or it may be
complicated with cataract or any other affection.
It is in general characterized by dilatation of
the pupil and immobility of the iris. These,
however, are not constant symptoms. There
is, moreover, something very characteristic in
the appearance of an amaurotic eye : there is a
total want of the natural expression ; the eye
rolls unmeaningly, and the patient is unable to
direct it at will toward any particular object.
In simple amaurosis, also, the humors of the eye
are perfectly clear ; and when we look into the
organ, the bottom of it frequently appears as if
it were of a dead white or a sea-green color.
It may attack suddenly, or gradually come on;
be complete, or partial and intermittent, as in
attacks of ague.
Causes : — 1. Morbid changes of structure in
the optic nerve, or parts of the brain connected
with it. 2. Compression of the nerves. 3. Ex-
ternal injuries. 4. Exhaustion of the power of
the visual nerves by over - excitement. 5. In-
flammatory affections of the retina. 6. De-
rangement of the digestive organs. 7. Sup-
pressed secretions and discharges, and the sudden
cure of some cutaneous diseases. 8. The influ-
ence of narcotics and other poisonous substances.
9. Congenital malformation.
The prognosis in this disease is generally un-
ci i favorable. When it is congenital, or dependent
on organic lesion, it is totally incurable ; when
it comes on at an advanced period of life, or
when it has been of long continuance, and in-
creased gradually to complete blindness, little
reasonable hope of success can be entertained ;
on the other hand, when #he patient is young
and the blindness not complete, when the at-
tack has been suddeii, when the disease has
not been of long standing, and especially when
it is periodical, judicious treatment will often ef-
fect a cure.
The treatment should always have particular
reference to the cause of the disease, where
this can be ascertained. When it is connected
with increased vascular action, general and lo-
cal blood-letting should be had recourse to, and
followed up by the use of counter-irritants, as
A MB
blisters behind the ears and on the back of the
neck, issues, setons, and the moxa; the appli-
cation of cold to the head by means of the
shower-bath or the douche should not be neg-
lected ; active purgatives are clearly indicated,
and an antiphlogistic regimen should of course
be enjoined. When it arises from genuine pa-
ralysis of the. optic nerve, in consequence of over-
excitement or any other cause, bloodletting and
all debilitating measures are highly injurious,
and tonic treatment is required ; blisters should
be repeatedly applied; and electricity should
have a fair trial, since it has been highly ex-
tolled in this form of the disease, and, at all
events, can do no harm when judiciously regu-
lated.
The internal use of strychnine has been rec-
ommended in that form of amaurosis which con-
sists simply in loss of nervous power ; and its
reputed success in other cases of paralysis justi-
fies a trial of it in this. Mr. Liston, Dr. Short,
and Dr. Heathcote have applied strychnine ex-
ternally with apparent benefit. The cuticle,
raised by a blister, was removed from the tem-
ples, and from one eighth to one fourth of a
grain applied daily to the denuded surface on
each side, the quantity being gradually increas-
ed to a grain, and in one instance to three grains ;
half the latter quantity, however, is as much as
will generally be requisite or safe: repeated
blisters and applications of the strychnine will
sometimes be required.
The partial amaurosis of dyspeptics, &c, must
b^removed by treating the cause.
Amaurotic cat's eye. Amaurosis in which
the pupil is unusually pale, as in old persons.
Amazo'nius. Auafyvioc. A lozenge former-
ly used against flatulency and vomiting : it was
composed of aniseed, wormwood, myrrh, pep-
per, smallage, castor, opium, and cinnamon.
Ambar. Amber. See Succinum.
A'mbe. (Ambe, es, f. ; A/i6r}, the rim or mar-
gin of any thing.) A machine invented by
Hippocrates for reducing dislocations of the
shoulder.
Amber. See Succinum.
Amber seed. See Hibiscus.
A'mbergris. Ambarum. (Ambragrisca, ce,
f.) A substance found in irregular masses float-
ing on the sea near the islands of the Indian
Ocean and many tropical shores. It is dis-
charged from the intestines of the spermaceti
whale, and is a diseased product. It is of a
grayish-yellow color, waxy fracture, and agree-
able odor; melts at 144° F. ; sp. gr., 78 to -92.
Pelletier and Caventou have found ambergris
to consist principally of a substance very anal-
ogous to cholesterine, and to which they have
given the name of ambreine. This is converted
into ambreic acid by nitric acid. From its high
price, ambergris is variously counterfeited. It
has been alleged to possess stimulant and anti-
spasmodic virtues, but it appears to be nearly
inert, and is now scarcely used except by the
perfumer
Ambia. An East Indian fluid, yellow bitumen.
Ambide'xter. (From umbo, both, and dex-
ter, right.) As a substantive, one who uses
both hands with equal facility ; hence, ambidex-
trous.
AMB
Ambil.«vus. Awkward.
Amblo'sis. Amblothridion. Ambloma. A
miscarriage.
Amblo'ticus. (From a^lumg.) Amblotic;
having the power to cause abortion.
Amblyaphia. Dullness of couch or general
sensation.
Amblyo'gmos. See Amblyopia.
AMBLYO'PIA. (a, a:, f. ; Ap6Xvoma; from
afi6hvc, dull, and uty, the eye.) Hippocrates
means by this word the dimness of sight to
which old people are subject. The best mod-
ern writers make amblyopia synonymous with
partial amaurosis.
Amblyopia crepuscularis. Hemeralopia.
— A, dissitorum. Short-sightedness.
Amblyopia meridiana. Nyctalopia.
Amblyopia proximorum. Long-sightedness.
Amblyo'smus. See Amblyopia.
A'mbon. AfiSuv, the margin or tip of the
sockets in which the heads of bones are lodged.
A'mbra. Ambor. Amber. See Succinum.
Ambergris.
Ambreic acid. An acid obtained by treating
ambreine with nitric acid.
Ambreine. A fatty substauce forming the
basis of ambergris: it diners but little from
cholesterine.
Ambro'sia. Afifjpoaia. 1. A name given
to several plants, as tansy, wormwood, the herb
botrys, &c. ,2. The name of several compound
medicines, which were all of the alexipharmic
kind.
Ambulance. {Ambulo, to walk.) A light
caravan, furnished with surgeons' assistants, im-
plements, &c, and orderlies, for attendhig upon
the wounded in the field of battle.
A'mbulans. (From ambulo, to walk.) A
term applied to some erratic diseases, as erysip-
elas ambulans, &c.
Ambuleia. Succory.
Ambuli. An East Indian plant which is bit-
ter and febrifuge.
A'mbulo. Flatus furiosus. Vareni. Flat-
ulent distension of the abdomen, attended with
pain.
AMBU'STIO. (o, onis, f. ; from amburo, to
burn.) A burn or scald. Burns may be di-
vided, according to the degree of injury sus-
tained, into three kinds. 1. Such as merely
excite an inflammation of the skin, attended, or
not, with slight vesication, and which, if it be
not very improperly treated, almost always
shows a tendency to resolution. 2. Those
which affect the vitality of the cutis, causing
detachment of the cuticle and suppuration of
the cutaneous surface, and which become dan-
gerous when extensive. 3. Those in which the
vitality of the integuments is either immediate-
ly destroyed, or so injured that sloughing en-
sues ; these are frequently dangerous, especially
in very young or feeble persons.
Setting aside all exclusive plans, the most ra-
tional and successful treatment of burns seems
to be that founded on the actual condition of
the parts in the three degrees of injury men-
tioned at the commencement of this article.
When the burn or scald is quite superficial, and
the integuments merely inflamed, the inflamma-
tion is to be relieved by the application of cold
30
A AI B
A All
water or cooling lotions. It is to be observed,
however, that when the pulse is feeble and the
skin cold, or when the burn, though superficial,
is extensive, or situated on the trunk, cold ap-
plications are improper, and we may use the
liniment recommended by Sir Astley Cooper,
consisting of equal parts of oil of turpentine,
lime water, and linseed oil, resorting afterward
to cooling applications and antiphlogistic treat-
ment, when reaction is sufficiently established.
When the cuticle has been detached, and sup-
Euration thus rendered necessary, there is no
etter general application than the linimentum
aquce calcis ; though, when the part is very hot
and painful, a poultice will frequently be found
to give more effectual relief. In burns attend-
ed with destruction of parts, the treatment is
the same with that of sphacelus ; the separa-
tion of the sloughs is to be promoted by emol-
lient poultices ; and as the injured part is liable
during this process to assume every variety of
action, stimulating or soothing remedies must
be applied according to circumstances; when
the sores are languid and the sloughs detached
slowly, a certain proportion of turpentine mix-
ed with the dressings will be found useful ; end
when the ulcers are irritable, anodyne fomen-
tations or poultices are necessary to restore a
healthy action.
Slight burns require little constitutional treat-
ment ; laxatives and attention to diet are gener-
ally ail that is required. With respect to those
of a more serious description, the following
summary of practice is given by Mr. Samuel
Cooper :
" With regard to the internal treatment, when
a scald or burn is of a severe description, the
Jirst stage of danger, the danger from the shock
on the system, the period of irritation, as Du-
puytren terms it, immediately presents itself,
sometimes accompanied by violent agitation of
the nervous system, but still more frequently by
shiverings, paleness, stupor, coldness, weak
pulse, and collapse. Now opium, brandy, am-
monia, or ether may be given. Cold applica-
tions are to be avoided, bottles of hot water
may be put to the feet and epigastrium, and the
patient kept covered. The warm bath for chil-
dren is in this stage particularly recommended
by Dupuytren. When the collapse goes off,
and fever and inflammation come on, we are to
adopt antiphlogistic treatment, bleed young, ro-
bust subjects, and administer opium.
" The second period of great suffering and
danger is when the eschars and sloughs are be-
ginning to loosen : the stage of elimination, as
it is named by French surgeons. The constitu-
tional disturbance now runs high, and, when the
patient is strong and young, bleeding is often
necessary, together with leeches and opium.
a The third stage of danger is that of suppu-
ration, when the profuse discharge may be such
as the patient can not safely bear ; purgatives
and astringent lotions are now proper to check
it, followed by bark, dil. sulph. acid, a moder-
ate quantity of wine and opium. For the diar-
rhoea to which burned patients are subject in
the suppurative stage, Dupuytren prefers giving
half a grain of opium, and one of sulphate of
zinc, three or four times a day.
40
" The fourth stage of danger is when hectic
symptoms have been induced by the long dura-
tion of the effects of the injury, the irritation,
pain, discharge, &c. Here we must act ac-
cording to the principles explained in the arti-
cle on hectic fever, support the strength, give
opium, &c. The occasional complications of
burns, phlegmonous erysipelas, tetanus, and the
determination of blood to internal organs, will
of course demand their particular remedies."
Ambutua. Cissampelos pareira.
Ambuya-embo. The name of a Brazilian
species of aristolochia, a decoction of which is
used by the natives against obstructions, &c.
Ameli. A Alalabar shrub of an unknown
genus. The decoction of its leaves is said to be
useful in colic, and its root boiled in oil is ap-
plied to tumors as a discutient.
Ame'lla. The same as achmella.
Amenia. Amenorrhcea.
AMENORRHEA, (a, a, f. ; from a, priv.,
(irjv, a month, and peu, to flow.) An obstruc- .
tion of the menses in women from other causes
than pregnancy or advanced age.
Amenorrhcea involves two distinct cases :
1 . Emansio mensium : Retention of the men-
ses ; when the menses do not appear at the pe-
riod of life at which they may be naturally ex-
pected. See Chlorosis.
2. Suppressio mensium. Alorbid cessation.
This may arise directly from colds, mental emo-
tions, and is to be restored by attending to the
cause : or it may be symptomatic of diseases of
the nervous system, or of debility from tjiese
causes : it often becomes chronic, and is to be
treated as in chlorosis.
AA1ENTACE./E. Amenta' ceaplantec. Amen-
taceous plants.
Amenta'ceous. Amentaceous: having an
amentum or catkin ; as the willow, birch, beech,
poplar, &c.
AME'NTIA. (a, ee, f. ; from a, priv., and
mens, the mind.) Imbecility of mind, in which
the relations of things are either not perceived
or not recollected. When it originates at birth,
it is called amentia congenita, natural idiotism ;
when from the infirmities of age, amentia senilis,
dotage, or second childishness ; and when from
some accidental cause, amentia acquisila.
Ame'ntum. (um, i, n.) A catkin, or decid-
uous, pendulent spike.
Ame'ntum. Alumen siccum.
Amer. A bitter substance produced by act-
ing on raw silk with nitric acid.
American centaury. Sabbatia angularis. —
A. dittany. Cunila mariana. — A. hellebore.
Veratrum album. — A. ipecacuanha. Euphorbia
ipecacuanha ; but principally Gillenia trifoliata.
— A. sanicle. Heuchera americana. — A. senna.
Cassia marilandica. — A. spikenard. Aralia race-
mosa.
Americanum tuberosum. The potato.
Amethy'stus. Amethyst a medicamenta*
Medicines used to prevent or remove the effects
of excess in wine. The amethyst.
Ametria. Intemperance.
Ami'culum. The amnion has been so call-
ed.
Amidogen. The hypothetical compound rad-
ical of ammonia, &c. : NH 2 . Symbol, Ad.
A M M
Amides. Amidides. Salts containing ami-
dogen.
Amidide op hydrogen. Ammonia.
A'midine. Amidin. Gelatinous starch; the
soluble portion of starch : it is formed at once
by the action of hot water on starch.
A'midum. Amidon. See Amylum.
Amiline. A product of the distillation of
hydrated oxide of amyl with dry phosphoric
acid — C10H10.
AmiNje'um vinum. A wine much esteemed
by the ancients. Galen also mentions an Ami-
nceum neapolitanum and an Aminceum siculum.
A'mma. Hamma. A truss.
Ammelide. Ammeline. Products of the de-
composition of sulphocyanogen.
A'MMI. The pharmacopoeia] name of the
herb bishop's weed, of which there are two
sorts. See Sison ammi, and Ammi majus. — A.
majus. The Ammi vulgare of the shops. The
seeds are less powerful than those of the Sison
ammi; they are carminative and tonic. — A.
verum. See Sison ammi.
AMMO'NIA. {a, a, f. ; so called because it
is obtained from sal ammoniac.) Ammonia is
a gaseous body procured by the destructive
distillation of animal matters. It is alkaline,
transparent, of a suffocating, pungent odor. It
may be condensed into a fluid by a pressure of
6} atmospheres, at 50° F. Composition, NH 3
Equivalent, 17-19. Water dissolves 750 times
its bulk, and acquires the properties of the gas.
This is the liquor ammonia?, or solution of am-
monia* The strength of the solution increases
with its specific gravity. The strongest con-
tains 32£ per cent. ; sp. gr., 0-875. The liquor
ammonia? is powerfully caustic and discutient.
It is alkaline, and combines readily with acids,
forming soluble salts for the most part. Heat,
or exposure to the air, removes the ammonia,
which is merely dissolved.
On account of its great volatility, it should be
preserved in well-stopped bottles, a measure
which is also required to prevent the absorp-
tion of carbonic acid. At a temperature of
130° F. it enters into ebullition.
Table of the quantity of real Ammonia in solu-
tions of different densities.
100 parts of
Of real
100 parts of
Of real
sp. gravity
•8750
Ammonia
sp. gravity
•9435
Ammonia
32-5
14-53
■8875
a
29-25
•9476
j-.
13-46
•9000
'Jj
26-00
•9513
"3
12-40
•9054
o
25-37
•9545
a
11-56
•9166
2207
•9573
°
10-82
•9255
19-54
•9597
10-17
•9326
17-52
•9619
9-60
•9385
15-88
•9692
9-50
Real ammonia, in its compounds with other
bodies, betrays a remarkable chemical nature.
Its compounds are formed under four classes:
direct compounds of NH3; these are very few,
instable, and similar to the hydrates: com-
pounds of amidogen, NH 2 , which are amides,
and principally with metallic bodies: com-
pounds of ammonium, NH<, which unites di-
rectly with chlorine, sulphur, &c. : and, lastly,
compounds of oxide of ammonium, NH 4 0,
which is present in the common salts of ammo-
nia.
The presence of free ammoniacal gas may
A MM
always be detected by its odor, by its tempo-
rary action on yellow turmeric paper, and by
its forming dense white fumes of muriate of am-
monia, when a glass rod, moistened with mu-
riatic acid, is brought near it.
Spirits of hartshorn is impure liquor ammo-
nia. For the salts of ammonia, see Ammonia;.
Ammonia acetata. See Ammonia; acetatis
liquor.
Ammonia caustica liquida. Ammonice liq-
uor. — A. hydriodate of, see Iodine. — A. hydro-
sulphuret. A. hepatized. See Ammonia! hy-
drosulphuretum.
Ammonia muriata. See Ammonia; murias.
Ammonia pr.eparata. See Ammonia; sesqui-
carbonas.
Ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate. A triba-
sic phosphate; NH 4 0, 2MgO, P0 5 -f-12HO; it
is granular, sparingly soluble in water, but very
soluble in acids ; it forms a frequent calculus.
See Calculus.
AMMONIA'CUM. (Afifiuvianov. Ammoni-
acum, i, n.) See Heracleum gummiferum.
Ammoniacum sal. Sal ammoniac. See Am-
monia; murias.
Ammonia acetatis liquor. Solution of ace-
tate of .ammonia ; formerly called Aqua ammo-
nia: acetates. Take of sesquicarbonate of am-
monia, two ounces ; dilute acetic acid, four pints.
Add the acid to tho salt, until bubbles of gas
shall no longer arise, and mix. Febrifuge, su-
dorific, diuretic; dose, 31J. ad fij. Externally,
discutient.
Ammonije aqua diluta. (Ed.) Dilute solu-
tion of ammonia is made by mixing tho strong
ammonia solution of chemists, sp. gr. -875, with
two parts of water. Dose, gtt. xv.-xxx.
Ammonia bicarbonas. (D. Ph.) Bicar-
bonate of ammonia. Expose a solution of the
sesquicarbonate to a stream of carbonic acid
gas until it loses its alkaline reaction. It is
much less active than the sesquicarbonate.
Dose, gr. x. to gr. xxv.
Ammonia carbonas. (U. S.) See Ammo-
nia; sesquicarbonas.
Ammoni x. citras. Citrate of ammonia. Ob-
tained by the action of lemon-juice on the sal
volatile or the bicarbonate. It is usually em-
ployed j* the form of effervescing draughts, as
a febrifuge and saline diaphoretic. The juice
of half a lemon will saturate about gr. xv. to
gr. xx. of the ammonia.
Ammonia et ferri murias. Ferrum ammo
niatum.
Ammonia hydrochloras. (L.) Hydro-
chlorate of ammonia. The muriate. See .4m-
monia; murias.
Ammonia hydrosulphuretum. (D.) Am-
monia sulphuretum. Hydrosulphuret of ammo-
nia. Liquor ammonia; hydrosulphatis. (U. S.)
Take liquor ammonia, f. ? iv. ; pass hydrosulphu-
rio acid through it to saturation ; keep in a well-
stopped bottle. (U. S.) A yellowish, fetid,
acrid fluid. It precipitates metallic solutions,
and is decomposed by acids. It is a powerful
arterial and nervous sedative. Dose, gtt. v., in
a tumbler full of water.
Ammonije liquor. Liquor of ammonia ; the
Alkali volatile causticum and Aqua ammonia;
puree. Take lime, ibiss. ; slake with water, ^ix. ;
41
AMM
mix, when cold, with ibj. muriate of ammonia,
in a mortar ; introduce into a retort over a sand-
bath, and distill into a vessel containing Oj. of
distilled water. Sp. gr., 0-944. (Ph. U. S.)
This preparation is colorless and transparent,
with a strong, peculiar smell : it parts with the
ammonia in the form of gas, if heated to 130°,
and requires to be kept from the contact of at-
mospheric air.
The solution of ammonia is stimulant and
antacid, and is given in doses of gtt. x. to xx.
Externally applied, it is rubefacient, and use-
ful when it is desirable to establish a strong
counter-irritation in a short time. Taken inter-
nally in an over-dose, it is rapidly fatal; the
best antidote is vinegar.
Ammonije murias. Miniate of ammonia.
Hydrochlorate of ammonia. Sal ammoniacus
or ammoniacum. A salt formed by the combi-
nation of muriatic acid with ammonia.
The ordinary mode of manufacturing sal am-
moniac in Europe is by combining with muri-
atic acid the ammonia resulting from the igne-
ous decomposition of animal matters in close
vessels.
Muriate of ammonia has a pungent, acrid, and
cool taste. Its crystals are of a tetrahedral
form, but they are seldom regular. It is totally
volatile, but a strong fire is recpiisite to sublime
it. It is soluble in 3-25 parts of water at 60°,
and in its own weight of boiling water. Its
solution in cold water is attended with a great
reduction of temperature, hence it is mixed
with ice to form freezing mixtures. Its specific
gravity is about 1-450. Chemically, it is a
chloride of ammonium : NH.i-|-Cl. Sal am-
moniac was formerly given in different doses as
a purgative, emetic, diuretic, and sudorific. It
is now hardly ever used internally; it may,
however, be given in the dose of a drachm to
act as a diuretic or diaphoretic, according as its
operation is determined to the kidneys or the
skin. Externally applied, it is an excellent dis-
cutient, and is frequently used by surgeons as
an ingredient in lotions for indolent tumors,
chilblains, &c. Dissolved with its own weight
of nitre in eight parts of water, it forms an ex-
cellent refrigerant application.
Ammonije nitras. Ammonia nitmata. Ni-
trate of ammonia. Nitrate of oxide of ammo-
nium. Composed of the nitric acid and ammo-
nia, its virtues are internally diuretic, and ex-
ternally resolvent and sialogogue. Dose, 3j.-
9\j. It is the substance from which protoxide
of nitrogen, or laughing gas, is obtained.
Ammonije sesquicarbonas. (L.) Subcar-
bonate of ammonia. Sal volatilis, or Sal vola-
tile. It is made thus : Take of muriate of am-
monia, a pound; of prepared chalk, dried, a
pound and a half. Reduce them separately to
powder ; then mix them together, and sublime
in a heat gradually raised, till the retort be-
comes red.
This salt is prepared on the large scale. It
should be kept in well-stopped bottles, for,
when exposed to the air, it gradually parts with
its ammonia, loses its pungency, and effloresces.
When very pure, carbonate of ammonia has
a crystalline form, but the crystals are seldom
very regular. Its specific gravity is 0-966. The
42
AMN
taste and smell of this salt are the same with
those of pure ammonia, but much weaker. It is
soluble hi rather more than twice its weight of
cold water, and in its own weight of hot water,
but is volatilized by a boiling temperature.
Heat sublimes it.
The sesquicarbonate is stimulant, antacid, di-
aphoretic, and, in large doses, emetic ; in some
nervous affections, it acts as an antispasmodic.
Dose, gr. x. to xv. The common smelling
salts of the shops consist of this salt, with the
addition of some fragrant substance.
Ammonia sesq,uicarbonatis liquor. (L.)
Solution of carbonate of ammonia. Take of
sesquicarbonate of ammonia, four ounces ; dis-
tilled water, a pint. Dissolve and filter. It
spoils by keeping. The dose is from 3ss. to 5L
Ammonia spiritus aromaticus. A. spiritus
compositus. See Alcohol ammoniatum aromati-
cum.
Ammonia, spiritus fcetidus. See Spiritus
ammonite fatidus.
Ammonia spiritus succinatus. See Spiritus
ammonia succinatus.
Ammonite sulphas. Sulphate of ammonia.
Consists of sulphuric acid and ammonia (NH4
O.SO3.HO). Sulphate of oxide of ammonium.
Properties similar to muriate of ammonia.
Ammonite tartras. Tartrate of ammonia
Formed by saturating carbonate of ammonia by
tartaric acid. It may be given in solution or
as effervescing draught, as a febrifuge. Seldom
used.
Ammoxiaretum cupri. Cuprum ammonia-
tum.
Ammoniated copper. See Cuprum ammo-
niatum. — A. iron. Ferrum ammoniatum. — A.
iron, tincture of. Tinctura ferri ammoniati.
— A. copper, liqtior of. Cupri ammoniati liq-
uor.
Ammonio-chloride of mercury. Ammonia-
ted submuriate of mercury. A. mercury. A.
oxychloruret of mercury. White precipitate.
See Hydrargyrum ammoniatum.
Ammonio sulphate of copper. Cupri am-
moniatum.
Ammo'nion. A collyrium.
Ammo'nium. {um, i, n.) The hypothetical
compound NH4 ; its oxide, NH 4 0,is the common
base of ammoniacal salts. See Ammonia.
Ammonium, chloride of. Ammoniac murias.
AMMONIURET. {Ammoniurctum, i, n.) A
compound of ammonia, and a metallic oxide ;
as, ammoniuret of gold, silver, zinc, &c.
Ammoniuret of teroxide of gold. Fulmi-
nating gold. Aurate of gold. It has been giv-
en, very culpably, in venereal disease, &c.
Amna alkalisata. A name given by Para-
celsus and others to natural saline waters.
AMNE'SIA. Amne'stia. (a, ee, f. ; from a,
priv., and fivnaic, memory.) Forgetfulness.
A'mnic acid. See Amnion.
Amnioclepsis. Premature escape of the
liquor amnii.
A'MNION. Amnios. The innermost mem-
brane of the ovum, which immediately sur-
rounds the foetus. It lines the chorion, covers
the placenta, and is reflected on the umbilical
cord, which it invests as far as the navel, where
it terminates. It contains a thin, watery fluid,
AMP
called the liquor amnii, or water of the amnion,
and in popular language the waters. The quan-
tity is usually two pints at parturition, but may
be only six ounces, or in great excess. This
fluid is generally transparent, often milky, and
sometimes of a yellow or light brown color,
and very different in consistence. It has a
slightly saline taste. The obvious uses of the
amniotic fluid are, to afford the foetus a yield-
ing medium, which does not restrain its mo-
tions, while it protects it from external shocks
and injuries ; and to act as a soft but powerful
wedge for the dilatation of the os uteri and vag-
ina at the time of parturition.
Amnios. In Botany, a transparent fluid in
which the young embryo is at first suspended.
Amo'mis. The fruit of the plant now called
Matonia cardamomum.
AMO'MUM. A genus of plants; family,
Zingiberacea?.
Amomum cardamomum. The round carda-
mom.
Amomum galanga. Maranta galanga. Am.
zcdoaria. Ka3mpferia rotunda.
Amomum granum paradisi. The plant which
affords the grains of paradise. It has also been
called Cardamomum majus, and Cardamomum
piperatum.
Grains of paradise, or the greater cardamom
seeds, are contained in a large brown, trian-
gular pod. The seeds are angular, and of a
reddish-brown color, smaller than pepper.
They are extremely hot, and similar in virtue
to pepper.
Amomum plinii. The Solatium.
Amomum racemosum. See Cardamomum.
Amomum vulgare. See Sison amomum.
Amomum zingiber. See Zingiber officinale.
A'MOR. (or, oris, m.) Love. See Pathe-
mata animi.
Amo'rge. See Amurca.
Amo'rpha. A genus of plants of the class
Diadelphia, and order Decandria. There is
only one species known. It grows in America,
and. the bruised root is said to be good for the
toothache.
Amorphous. (From a, fiop<j>n, form.) With-
out regular form.
Amosteus. Osteocolla.
Ampac. An East Indian tree, which affords
a very odoriferous resin ; the leaves are used to
medicate baths.
Ampar. Succinium.
Ampelosa'gria. Bryonia.
Ampharisteros. Awkward with the hands.
Amphemeri'nus. A/ifnfiepivoc. Occurring
daily. Applied by the Greeks to a quotidian
ague — nvpsroc afyrj/iepivoc.
Amphiam. Opium.
AMPHIARTHRO'SIS. (From a/jujn, both,
and apdpumc, an articulation.) A mixed kind
of articulation, in which the articular surfaces
of bones are united by an intermediate sub-
stance, in a manner which admits of a small
degree of motion. The junction of the verte-
bra) by the intervertebral cartilages is of this
kind. Some use the term synonymously with
synchondrosis.
AMPHI'BIA. A class of animals, embracing
frogs. They are vertebrated, with cold blood
AMY
and naked skin; oviparous, and most undergo
a metamorphosis, adapting them to a transition
from an aquatic to an atmospheric medium of
respiration.
Amphi'bius. (From ap^i, both, and (3ioc,
life; as being capable of two modes of life.)
Amphibious.
Amphiblestroi'des. The hyaloid membrane
surrounding the vitreous humor of the eye.
Amphibra'nchia. The tonsils and parts ad-
jacent to them. — Hippocrates.
Amphicaustis. The vulva.
Amphi'deon. The os >iteri.
AMPHIDIARTHRO'SIS. (From a^i, both,
and diapdpuGic, a movable articulation.) A
name given by Winslow to the articulation of
the lower jaw with the os temporis, because it
partakes of the nature both of ginglymus and
arthrodia.
Amphimerina. Pertussis. — A. hcctica. Hec-
tic fever.
Amphion. Maslach.
Amphiplex. AfHpnrlint;. The perineum.
Amphipneu'ma. (From a/tfa, about, and
nvevfia, breath.) A great difficulty of breath-
ing. — Hippocrates.
Aphismi'la. A dissecting-knife.
Amphispha'lsis. Circumduction.
A'mphora. See Weights and Measures.
AMPHORIC RESONANCE. A stethescopic
sound, which is a variety of the metallic tink-
ling. See Metallic Tinkling.
Amphi'stoma. A genus of intestinal worms
Amplexicau'lis. Amplexicaul. Embracing
or clasping the stem.
Ampu'lla. A large-bellied bottle. In Anato-
my, the dilated part of the membranaceous
semicircular canals in the ear. In Pathology,
some writers use it synonymously with bulla, a
bleb, or watery bladder on the skin; hence
pemphigus has been called Febris ampullosa.
Ampulla chylifera. Receptaculum chyli.
Ampulla. Phlyctasna.
Ampuixula. (a, ee, f.) Applied by anato-
mists to a canal or bag, which is a little enlarged
in the centre.
AMPUTA'TION. (Amputatio, onis, f. ; from
amputo, to cut off.) The removal of a limb, # or
any projecting part, as the penis, by means of
a cutting instrument. In the case of a tumor,
the term excision or extirpation is generally
used. The amputation may be by a circular
cut, which is the old plan ; or, more properly,
by so directing the knife as to leave flaps which
can be nicely adjusted, so as to cover the bone.
A tourniquet is used where the part is supplied
with large arteries, or, if that is inapplicable,
strong pressure.
A'mulet. Amulctum. Gems 1 , stones, pieces
of paper inscribed with certain words, Sua.,
were formerly worn suspended from the neck,
as prophylactics against different diseases.
Amu'rca. The marc of the olive.
A'myche. A slight exulceration, excoriation,
or abrasion of the skin. — Hippocrates.
Amy'cticus. Applied to irritating medicines
used to excite torpid parts into action.
Amydriasis. See Mydriasis.
Amye'lia. A monstrosity consisting in par
tial or total absence of the spinal marrow.
43
AMY
ANA
AMY'GDALA. (a,«,f. Ajj.vy8a.lri.) 1- The
almond. Amygdalus communis. 2. The tonsils
are called amygdala.
Amygdala amara. The bitter almond. See
Amygdalus communis.
Amygdala dulcis. The sweet almond. See
Amygdalus communis.
Amygdala oleum. Amygdalus communis.
Amygdalae placenta. Almond cake.
Amygdala'tum. Almond emulsion.
Amygda'leje. A tribe of the natural family
of the Rosacea , of which the genus Amygdalus
is the type.
Amygdalin. A crystalline, white, bitter sub-
stance, obtained from bitter almonds, cherry-
laurel, &c. (C4oH.2 7 N0 22 — anhydrous), which is
readily metamorphosed into hydrocyanic acid,
&c. Amygdalic acid is a product.
Amygdalitis. Cynanche tonsillaris.
AMY'GDALUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. — A. communis. The almond-tree. The
systematic name of the plant which affords the
almond. Amygdalus — foliis scrratis infimis
glandulosis, floribus sessilibus gcminis, of Lin-
naeus.
The almond is a small tree. The sweet and
bitter fruit is the product of varieties. The
fruit yields by expression an abundance of bland
oil — Oleum amygdala;. But, besides this, the
bitter kinds contain a principle called amygda-
lin, which is readily decomposed, and, under
ordinary circumstances, converted into oil of
bitter almonds and prussic acid. Hence their
poisonous nature. They are seldom used alone.
Almonds are employed in emulsion and confec-
tion, but principally in confectionary. They
are demulcent.
Amygdalus persica. The common peach-
tree. The leaves and flowers owe their flavor
to prussic acid.
Amygmos. Scarification.
Amyl. Ayl. The hypothetical radical of a
class of bodies resembling the ethyl series.
Formula, CioHn. Oil of grain spirits, or pota-
toes. Amilic alcohol is AylO,HO ; amiline is
C10H10.
AMYLA'CEOUS. Possessing the properties
o/ starch.
A'myline. See Amidine.
A'MYLUM. Amyleon. (urn, i, n. A/xvlov;
from a, priv., and pvkw, a mill; because the
ancients made it from unground wheat. ) Starch.
A white, insipid substance, insoluble in cold
water, but forming a jelly with boiling water.
Starch exists abundantly in all plants, and is
readily separated bjy pounding and washing.
Its composition is C12H10O10. Its presence is
ascertained by the action of iodine on a cold
solution, which it renders blue. It is very infe-
rior as a nutritious body because of the absence
of nitrogen. Tapioca, sago, arrow-root, cassa-
da, &c., are forms of impure starch. The gran-
ules of starch present miscroscopic differences,
by which they may be recognized. Each gran-
ule consists of an external waxy envelope, and
of a soluble center, which is Amidin.
It is a demulcent ; and a mucilage prepared
from it often produces excellent effects, especial-
ly in the form of clyster, in dysentery and di-
arrhoea. Externally, surgeons sometimes apply
44
the powder as an absorbent in erysipelas and
abrasions of the skin.
Amylum iodatum. See Iodide of starch.
Amylum marantjs. Arrow-root.
A'myos. (From a, priv., and /xvc, a muscle.)
Applied to a limb so emaciated that the mus-
cles scarcely appear. — Hippocrates.
Amyosis. Imperforate his or pupil.
AMYRIDACEjE. An order of dicotyledo-
nous plants, abounding in fragrant resin. Trees
or shrubs, with leaves compound, with pellucid
dots ; corolla, polypetalous ; stamens, hypogy-
nous; ovary, superior; fruit, sub-drupaceous,
samaroid, or leguminous.
Amyris elemifera. A tree yielding gum
elemi. The resin is softish, somewhat transpar-
ent, of a pale whitish color, inclining a little to
green, and of a strong, though not unpleasant
smell. It is only used in an officinal ointment,
the Unguentum elemi compositum, and is now
seldom, if ever, to be found genuine in the shops.
Amyris gileadensis. Balm of Gilead, or
balsam of Mecca tree. It is a native of Abyssin-
ia and Arabia. The fruit is termed carpobal-
samum in the old pharmacopoeias, and the wood
of the branches xylobalsamum. The best balm
of Gilead is a spontaneous exudation from the
tree, and is held in such high estimation by the
Turks, that it is rarely, if ever, to be met with
genuine among us. The medicinal virtues are
similar to tolu. Dose, gtt. xv. Other species of
amyris, as A. plumieri, A. zelandica, &c, are
also spoken of as sources of medicinal balsams.
Amyron. Carthamus.
Amyxis. Scarification.
ANA. Iu medical prescriptions it means " of
each." See A.
ANA'BASIS. (From avaftaivu, to ascend.)
The first period of a disease, or that of increase ;
hence, anabaticus.
Anabe'xis. (From avadnrru, to cough up.)
An expectoration.
Anable'psis. (From ava, again, and/3Zen-w,
to see.) The recovery of sight after it has been
lost.
Ana'bole. (e, cs, f. ; from ava6aHa>, to re-
ject.) The discharge of any thing by vomiting ;
expectoration.
Anabrochi'smos. (Anabrochismus ; fromava,
with, and (ipoxoc, a running knot.) The re-
moval of the eyelashes, when they irritate the
eye, by means of a hair knotted round them.—
Hippoc, Galen, Paulus.
Anabro'sis. {is, is, f. ; ava6puoic, from ava-
6pooKu, to corrode.) A corrosion.
ANACARDIACE.E. The cashew tribe of
dicotyledonous plants, abounding in a resinous,
sometimes acrid, highly poisonous juice. Trees
or shrubs with leaves alternate ; flowers, usually
unisexual; stameres,perigynous; ovary,B\iperioT;
fruit, generally drupaceous.
Anacardium occidentale. The cashew-
nut, called, also, Acajou and Acajuba, is of this
family.
Anacardium orientale. The Malacca bean.
See Avicennia tomentosa.
Anacatha'rsis. Anachrempsis. Expectora
tion. Blancard denotes, by this word, the op
eration of medicines which act upward, as emet
ics, expectorants, &c.
ANA.
ANA
Anacatha'rticus. Anacathartic. Proino-
tiug expectoration, or vomiting.
Anachmus. An alchemical term for a spirit.
Anachron. Soda.
ANA'CLASIS. (is, is, f. ; from avatcTiau, to
bend back.) A recurvature of any part, as of
a joint, of a fractured limb, &c.
Anaclinterium. A reclining chair.
Ana'clisis. (is, is, f. ; from avaicTuvu, to re-
cline.) Decubitus. The attitude of a sick per-
son in bed, which affords important indications
in several diseases.
Anacolle'ma. (From avanoXXau, to glue
together.) An epithem made of agglutinant
substances, and applied to the foi-ehead. — Ga-
len.
Anacoluppa. A Malabar plant which is
used by the natives to cure epilepsy, and as an-
tidote to the bite of the naja. It is probably
the Zapania nodiflora.
Anacte'sis. Anacomide. (From avaxrao/xai,
to recover.) Restoration of strength ; recovery
from sickness. — Hippocrates.
Anacyclus pyrethrum. Anthemis pyre-
thrum.
Anadesmus. A fascia.
Anadiplo'sis. (From avadiirAou, to redupli-
cate.) The reduplication of the paroxysm in
agues of a double type.
Ana'dora. Excoriation.
Ana'drome. The translation of a pain from
the lower to the upper parts of the body.
An-edo/us. A monster without genitals.
Anjematopoiesis. Defective sanguification.
ANjE'MIA. (a, m, f. ; from a, priv., and
atfia, blood.) Exsanguinity. Deficiency of
blood. The general cause of such deficiency is
hemorrhage ; but there is a remarkable disease,
the leading feature of which is an insufficient
formation of blood (Marasmus anhcemia).
" Face, lips, and general surface ghastly pale ;
pulse quick and feeble ; appetite impaired ; al-
vine evacuations irregular, black, and fetid, oc-
casionally with severe gripings; languor and
emaciation extreme."
Anaimia has been divided into A. chlorosis v.
vera for the true disease, and A. spuria con-
secutiva for loss of blood. It appears to arise
from disease of the mesenteric vessels where it
is true. Tonics, stomachics, and generous diet,
with change of habits, residence, &c, are the
only means of treatment. Mercury is said some-
times to succeed.
An.2emos1s. Anaemia. ^
AnjEMOtrophy. Deficiency of blood in a
part ; deficient nutrition.
ANjESTHE'SIA. (a,ee,f. AvatodTjma; from
a, priv., and atadavoftai, I feel.) Loss of the
sense of touch. Diminished or lost sense of feel-
ing. When numbness occurs without obvious
pressure, it shows a tendency to a paralytic
state, and should be watched. There is some-
times a total loss of the sense of touch, mostly
partial, but sometimes general, over the whole
surface of the body.
Anagallis arvensis. Scarlet pimpernel. A
beautiful little plant, very common. It has
been considered as antispasmodic and stom-
achic, but does not seem to possess any activ-
ity.
Anagargali'cta. AvayapyaAinra. A gargle.
Anagargari'stum. Avayapyaptorov. A gar-
gle.
Anagly'phe. (From avaylvfyu, to engrave.)
See Calamus scriptorius.
Ana'gogue. That which produces an evac-
uation upward.
Ana'graphe. (From avaypa<jtu, to write or
prescribe.) A prescription or receipt.
Anagyris fcetida. This plant grows in Italy
and the south of France. Its wood exhales a
very fetid odor. Its leaves are strongly ca-
thartic.
A'NAL. (Analis; from anus.) Appertain-
ing to the anus, or extremity of the great gut.
Anale'ntia. A term of Paracelsus to denote
a species of epilepsy.
Anale'psia. Epilepsy arising from affection
of the stomach. — John of Gadesden.
ANALE'PSIS, or ANALE'PSIA. (From
avaXafi6avu, to restore.) A recovery of strength
after sickness.
ANALE'PTIC. Analcpticus. That which
recruits the strength which has been lost by
sickness. Restorative.
Analge'sia. Absence from pain.
Analogous. The organs of different animals
which have the same anatomical relations.
Morbid tissues which resemble sound structures
ai - e termed analogous.
ANALO'SIS. (is, is, f. AvaAuou;; from
avaXionu, to consume.) A consumption or
atrophy.
Analtesis. Recovery of strength.
ANA'LYSIS. (is, is, f. AvaAvcu; ; from
avaTivu, to resolve.) The resolution of any sub-
stance into its constituent elements. Analysis
is proximate when the various compound parts
are separated, as a sulphate into the acid and
base ; and ultimate when the elementary parts
are separated. Organic analysis is the investi-
gation of animal or vegetable bodies.
Anamirta cocculus. Cocculus indicus.
Anamne'sticus. (Ava/xvnanKoc ; from ava-
ftifivnoicu, to remember.) Anamnestic. Med-
icines supposed to strengthen the memory.
A'nanas. Ananassa. See Bromelia.
Anapeti'a. Avanereia. An expansion of
the orifices of vessels or canals. — Galen.
Anaphalanti'asis. A falling off of hair from
the eyebrows. Baldness.
Anaphone'sis. Vociferation.
Ana'phora. Expectoration; vomiting.
ANAPHRODI'SIA. Impotence. See Ster-
ility.
Anaphro'meli. Clarified honey.
ANA'PLASIS. (AvcmAaaic ; from avanXaa-
ou, to form anew.) Hippocrates uses this term
to signify the reunion of a fractured bone.
ANAPLERO'SIS. (AvanAnpuaic, repletio;
from avanAnpou, to fill up.) The restitution of
parts that have been destroyed, as the incarna-
tion of an abscess, or the healing of a wound
attended with loss of substance.
Anaplero'ticus. Incarnative; a medicament
which favors the restoration of the lost substance
of a part.
Anapleu'sis. (From avaizAeu, to float.) The
exfoliation and casting off of dead portions of
bone.
45
•
*» ANA
ANAPNEU'SIS. (From avanveu, to respire.)
Respiration.
Ana'pnoe. Kvanvor). Respiration.
Ana'posis. A recession of humors from the
skin inwardly.
Anapse. Emaciation. Atrophy.
Anapsia. Blindness.
Ana'ptysis. Avanrvaic. Expectoration.
Anarrhegnu'minos. (From avapprjyvvni, to
break again.) A term applied by Hippocrates
to ulcers which heal prematurely and break out
again — avappnyvv/icva tTucea.
Anarrht'non. That which issues from the
nose or skin.
ANARRHCE'A. (From ava, and pew, to
flow.) A flux of humors from below up-
ward.
Anarrho'pia. (AvappoTua; from ava, up-
ward, and psnu. to tend.) A flux of humors
from below upward. — Hippocrates.
Anarthros. A person so fat that his joints
are scarcely seen.
A'NAS. A duck or drake. — A. anser. The
goose, called also Anser domcsticus. — A. cygnus.
The swan. — A. domestica. The tame duck.
ANASA'RCA. (From ava, throughout, and
oapt;, the flesh.) Anasarca is a collection of se-
rous fluid in the cellular membrane immediate-
ly under the skin. As the accumulation in-
creases, the skin often becomes inflamed and
thickened, and presents an appearance of ery-
sipelas. The fluid gravitates toward the lower
extremities, which often become excessively
swollen. . The distended cuticle at last gives
way, and affords an outlet of the effused fluid,
which, however, continues to be poured into
the cellular tissue with great rapidity.
Anasarca is usually symptomatic of visceral
diseases in which the functions of the absorbents
and veins are interrupted. It may be active or
passive, or may follow as a sequel of the exan-
thems. It is treated in the same way as dropsy.
See Hydrops.
Anasarca hystericum. A transient swelling
sometimes observed in hysterical persons. — A.
pulmonum. (Edema of the lungs. — A. serosa.
Phlegmasia dolens.
ANASPADIAS. Anaspadiceus. When the
urethra opens on the upper surface of the penis.
Ana'spasis. (From avaanau, to draw to-
gether.) Contraction of the stomach, &c.
Anasta'lticus. (From avaareXku, to re-
strain.) Styptic or astringent.
ANA'STASIS. (From aviarnpn, to rise, or
rise again; to cause to rise.) 1. A recovery
from sickness; a restoration to health. 2. A
translation of humors to a superior part. — Hip-
pocrates.
ANASTOMO'SIS. {Avaarojiomc ; from ava,
mutually, and oro/ia, a mouth.) The inoscula-
tion or communication of vessels, as arteries,
veins, and lymphatics. The term has also been
hypothetically applied to the union of the branch-
es of nerves, from the notion that these were
canals for the transmission of a nervous fluid.
ANASTOMO'TICUS. Anastomotic. I. A
term anciently applied to medicines which were
supposed to open the mouths of vessels, as ca-
thartics, diuretics, deobstruents, diaphoretics.
2 Applied by anatomists to those branches
46
ANA
of vessels by which a union or anastomosis with
other vessels is effected.
Anastomoticus magnus. The branch of the
brachial artery which is given off a little above
the elbow, and supplies the adjacent parts.
Anatasis. Extension.
Anathymiasis. Anasarca hystericum; also
hypochondriasis. Fumigation and exhalation.
Ana'tica portio. An unequal portion ; from
ava, of each.
Anatomia animata, v. viva. Physiology.
Anatomical nomenclature. See Nomencla-
ture, anatomical.
ANA'TOMY. (AvaTOfiia or AvaToftn. Ana-
tomia, a, f., or Anatome, cs, f. ; from avarefivu,
to cut up.) The dissection of organized bodies,
with a view to elucidate their structure and
functions ; also, the science which treats of the
structure of organized bodies, and which is learn-
ed by dissection. Anatomy is divided into hu-
man, and comparative, which compares the
structure of all organized beings. The anatomy
of the inferior animals is called zootomy ; that
of vegetables, phytotomy. Anatomy is also di-
vided into general and descriptive : general
anatomy teaches the structure and physical
properties of the various tissues which compose
the body, without reference to the form or sit-
uation of the organs into whose composition
they enter; descriptive anatomy takes cogni-
zance of the shape, position, and connection of
parts.
Descriptive anatomy is sudivided into,
Osteology ; the study of the bones.
Syndcsmology ; that of the ligaments.
Myology ; of the muscles.
Neurology ; of the nerves.
Angiology ; of the vessels.
Adenology ; of the glands.
Splanchnology; of the viscera.
Dermology ; of the cutaneous textures.
Lastly, anatomy is divided, according to the
object with a view to which it is especially cul-
tivated, into pathological, or morbid anatomy,
which investigates the changes induced in the
structure of organs by disease ; surgical anatomy,
which demonstrates the relative position of
parts, with a reference to those operations which
it may be necessary to perform on them ; phys-
iological anatomy, which regards the structure
of organs only in as far as it elucidates their
functions, and classifies organs according to the
functions to which they minister ; transcendent-
al anatomy, which regards the plan or model
on which the living frame and its organs are
developed.
Anatomy, artificial. The art of making
models in wax or other materials of anatomical
objects.
Anatrepsis. Recovery from sickness.
Anatre'sis. The operation of trepanning the
skull. — Galen.
Anatri'psin. Anatribe. (From avarpi6u
to rub.) Friction of the surface of the body.
Anatripso'logy. A treatise on the use of
friction.
Anatris. Anatris. Mercury.
Anatron. Analrum. See Natron.
Ana'trope. Inverted action of the stomach
nausea and vomiting. — Galen.
AN C
ANAU'DIA. (a, or, f. ; from a, priv., and
avdn, speech.) Aphonia ; loss of voice. Cata-
lepsy.
Anazoturia. Deficiency of urea.
"A'nceps. (cps, ipitis.) Two-edged.
Ancha. (Arabic.) The hip.
A'NCHILOPS. {ops, opis, m. ; from ayxh
near, and urp, the eye.) A disease in the inner
corner of the eye. See JEgilops.
Anchora'lis. The coracoid process.
Anchovy pear. Grias cauliflora.
ANCHU'SA. Ayxovoa. A genus of plants,
family Boragineee. — A. officinalis. The offici-
nal bugloss. It was formerly esteemed in mel-
ancholia and hypochondriasis, but is seldom
used. — A. tinctoria. The anchusa or alkanna
of the pharmacopoeias. The alkanet plant. The
root is externally of a deep purple color, and
is used by dyers, and in pharmacy for coloring
ointments, as lip salves, &c.
ANCHYLO'SIS. See Ancylosis.
Ancipi'tius. Anceps. Two-edged.
Ancistron. Syn. hamulus. A hook.
A'NCON. Aynuv. The elbow joint. Some-
times restricted to the olecranon. See Ulna.
ANCONE'US. (From aynuv, the elbow.) A
small triangular muscle, situated on the back
part of the elbow. Anconeus minor of Winslow.
Anconeus vel cubitalis Riolani of Douglas. It
arises from the ridge, and from the external
condyle of the humerus, and, after running
about three inches obliquely backward, it is
inserted by fleshy fibres into the back part or
ridge of the ulna. Its use is to assist in extend-
ing the forearm.
Anconeus externus. A. internus. A. ma-
jor. See Triceps extensor.
Anconeus minor. See Anconeus.
Anconeus processus. Anco'noid process.
See Ulna.
Ancte'res. Aynrnpte. Fibulae or clasps,
with which the lips of gaping wounds, which
did not admit of the suture, were brought into
apposition. — Celsus.
Ancteria'smus. The operation of bringing
the lips of wounds together by fibula) or
clasps.
A'NCYLE. (From aynvlog, crooked or con-
tracted.) Contraction or stiffness of a joint.
ANCYLOBLEPH AEON. (From aynvln, and
(3%e<papov, the eyelid.) An adhesion of the
margins of the eyelids to each other.
Ancyloglo'ssus. Ancyloglossum. '(From
ayKvTkT), and yhuaaa, the tongue.) Applied to
one who is tongue-tied.
Ancylome'le. A curved probe.
Ancylomerismus. Morbid adhesions.
ANCYLO'SIS. (AyKvAufft?; from ayavloc,
crooked or contracted.) Stiffness and immo-
bility of a joint. Ancylosis is divided into true,
or complete, and false, or incomplete. In the
first there is commonly osseous union ; in the
second, contraction of the ligaments and ten-
dons. False ancylosis is treated by gradual ex-
tension, frictions with liniments, and fomenta-
tions. The true, bony anchylosis has been
remedied by making a false joint, sawing
through the parts; but this is a desperate ex-
pedient.
Ancylo'tomus. (From ay win, and refiva,
AND
to cut.) 1. A crooked surgical knife or bis
toury. 2. A knife for dividing the framum lin
guse in tongue-tied persons.
Ancyra. A hook.
Ancyroi'des. The coracoid process of the
scapula.
Anda. An euphorbiaceous tree, the fruit of
which is an oval nut, containing two seeds.
The seeds are oily and strongly cathartic, and
have also an emetic effect; the green outer por-
tion is astringent, and used in diarrhoea.
Andely. A town of France, near Gysors.
It has cold mineral springs, which are slightly
chalybeate.
Anderson's pills. Anderson' 1 s Scotch Pills
These consist of Barbadoes aloes, with a pro-
portion of jalap and oil of aniseed.
ANDI'KA. A genus of plants, family Mimo-
seae. — A. inermis. The Gcoffroya inermis. The
cabbage-tree. This is a lofty tree growing in
the East and West Indies, and other hot coun-
tries. The bark is cathartic and narcotic, and
is celebrated as an anthelmintic. It may be
given in powder, decoction, extract, or syrup.
The dose of the powder is from 3j. to 333. ; of
the extract, gr. iij. The dose of this medicine
is to be gradually increased till it induces a de-
gree of nausea, the occurrence of which limits
the dose ; for if it be earned further, it occa-
sions vomiting, fever, and delirium.
The seeds of this plant possess the same vir-
tues as the bark. The bark and seeds of the
Andira racemosa and Andira retusa ( Geoffroya
surinamensis) have been used for the same pur-
poses as those of the Andira inermis.
Andrachne. Purslane.
Andranatom'ia. Andranatome. The dis-
section of the human body.
Andria. Adult age.
Andria mulier. An hermaphrodite.
Androceum. The stamens, with the parts
to which they are attached.
Androgenic, (kvdpoyeveia ; from avnp, a
man, and yeveatg, generation.) The generation
of males. — Hippocrates. •
Andro'gynus. (Avdpoyvvog ; from avnp, and
yvvn, a woman.) An hermaphrodite.
Androma'nia. Nymphomania.
ANDRO'MEDA. A genus of plants, family
Ericaceas. — A. maria'na. Broad-leaved Moor-
wort. A decoction of the leaves is said to be
useful in the disease called the ground-itch, or
toe-itch. — A. arborea. The sorrel-tree furnishes
leaves of a pleasant acid taste, a decoction of
which is used in fevers.
Andro'phorus. The slender pillar which
supports the united anthers in monadelphous
and diadelphous plants.
Andropogon nardus. Indian nard. Spica
nardi. The root is moderately warm and pun-
gent, and its flavor is not disagreeable.
Andropogon schjena'nthus. Camels'-hay,
or sweet-rush. Juncus odoratus. The dried
plant has an agreeable smell, and a warm, bit-
terish, not unpleasant taste.
Androsace. Cotyledon umbilicus.
Andros^mum. Hypericum anirosmmum.
Androto'mia. Andro'tome. The dissection
of man. Androtomy, human dissection.
A'ndrum. Ksempfer has given this name to
47
ANE
a species of elephantiasis of the scrotum, which
is endemic in the south of Asia.
Ane'bium. The herb alkanet. See An-
■chusa.
Anebus. Not of adult age.
Anecpyetus. Not subject to suppuration.
Anegertice. The act of resuscitating the
apparently dead.
Aneile'ma. Aneilesis. Flatulence.
Anele'ctric The same as non-electric.
Anemia. Anaemia.
Anemometer. A wind gauge.
ANEMO'NE. Anemony. A genus of plants
in the family Eanunculacece. — A. hepatica. The
hepatica, or herb trinity. This plant is alleged
to possess mildly astringent and corroborant
virtues. — A. ncmorosa. The systematic name
of the Ranunculus albus of the pharmacopoeias.
The bruised leaves and flowers are said to cure
tinea capitis, if applied to the part. The whole
plant is acrid and poisonous. — A. pratensis.
The Pulsatilla nigricans of the pharmacopoeias.
Baron Stoerck attributes to it extraordinaiy
virtues in chronic diseases of the eyes, second-
ary syphilis, and cutaneous diseases. The plant
has scarcely any smell, but its taste is extremely
acrid, and when chewed it inflames the tongue
and fauces. A. pulsatilla has acrid properties.
Anemony, meadow. A. pratensis. — A. wood.
A. nemorosa.
Anemo'nin, or Anemo'nia. A volatile, crys-
tallizable substance obtained from some species
of anemony. It bums like camphor. Form.,
CsHsCv With bases it yields anemonic acid.
Anence'phalus. A fcetusbora without abrain.
Anenteronervia. Colic.
ANEPITHY'MIA. {a, w, f. ; from a, priv.,
and emdvfiia, desire.) Loss of any of the nat-
ural appetites, as hunger, thirst, &c.
Anerethi'sia. (From a, priv., and epedu,
to irritate.) The name given by Swediaur to
defect of irritability.
A'NESIS. (Avefftc; from avinjxi, to remit.)
A remission.
Aneson. Anet. Aiethum.
Anesum. Aniseed.
ANE'THUM. (um, i, n. Avndov.) A genus
of plants, family Umbelliferae. — A. faniculum.
Sweet fennel. The seeds are aromatic, and
warm : they contain a large proportion of es-
sential oil. They are stomachic and carmina-
tive. The root is said to be pectoral and diu-
retic. — A. grave' olcns. Dill. Anethum of the
shops. An essential oil and a distilled water
are prepared from the seeds, which are given
in flatulent colic and dyspepsia.
ANE'TICUS. Anodyne.
ANE'TUS. {us, i, m. ; from avin/xi, to re-
mit.) Dr. Good uses this as the generic name
of intermittent fevers.
A'NEURISM. Aneuri'sma. Ancurysma.
{Avevpvo/ia; from avevpvvu, to dilate.) A tu-
mor arising from the dilatation of an arteiy;
but it has been extended to several diseases and
lesions of the blood-vessels, and to dilatations
of the heart. There are four principal kinds :
1. True aneurism. Spontaneous aneurism. —
A pulsating tumor, caused by rupture, or ulcer-
ation of the internal and middle coats of an
artery, with dilatation of its external coat, or
48
ANE
by a simple dilatation of all the coats. In the
ordinary progress of true aneurism, the two in-
ner coats ulcerate, or are torn, and the blood
comes in contact with the external or cellular
coat of the artery, which is immediately dis-
tended ; the blood, being now out of the course
of the circulation, coagulates, and, as the sac
of the aneurism enlarges, the lymph is deposit-
ed within it in successive layers, which are ar-
ranged concentrically, and which are firmer the
further they recede from the artery. This dep-
osition of lymph resists the impulse of the blood ;
and when the disease undergoes a spontaneous
cure, it is by the accumulation of coagula,
which completely fill up the sac, put a stop to
the circulation through the artery, and cause
the obliteration of its canal. More frequently,
however, the layers of lymph only offer a tem-
porary resistance to the evil: when the cellular
coat is distended to the utmost, it gives way,
and the cellular sheath of the artery becomes
the sac of the aneurism, and, in its turn, is also
raptured; the blood, however, is not effused,
since, by the pressure of the tumor on the sur-
rounding parts, inflammation has been excited,
and the sac united with them by coagulating
lymph. At length the parietes of the tumor
yield to the constantly increasing pressure of
the contained blood, and a rapid hemorrhage
puts a period to the patient's life and suffer-
ings, if he has not been previously worn out
by constitutional irritation, or destroyed by the
pressure of the aneurismal tumor on parts es-
sential to life. The mode in which the aneur-
ism bursts varies according to its situation.
When the tumor points on the external surface
of the body, a slough is generally formed, on
the detachment of which the fatal hemorrhage
ensues; and the same happens when the an-
eurism gives way into cavities lined with mu-
cous membrane, as the gullet or intestines ; but
when it presses upon a serous membrane, as in
the case of aneurisms which burst into the cav-
ity of the thorax or abdomen, the distended
part gives way by laceration.
True aneurism is most frequently met with
in the aorta, particularly at its arch; its next
most common situation is the popliteal artery ;
it is also familiar to surgeons as occurring in the
external iliac, femoral, common carotid, and
subclavian arteries ; it is rare in the brachial
artery, wherever situated. Some writers re-
strict true aneurism to dilation, without rapture
of any kind.
2. False Aneurism. Traumatic aneurism. —
When all the coats of an artery are ruptured or
wounded, and the blood, escaping into the sur-
rounding textures, occasions a pulsating tumor,
the case is said to be one of false aneurism.
This kind of aneurism may be either circum-
scribed or diffused : the former takes place
where the blood is poured out slowly, and its
diffusion prevented by the pressure of dense
cellular membrane or other unyielding text-
ures ; the latter, when the blood escapes readi-
ly into a lax cellular tissue, which allows it to
spread in all directions. False aneurism may
arise from the rapture of an artery by some
sudden exertion, but it most usually results
from punctured wounds of the arteries.
ANE
3. Aneurismal Varix, or Varicose Aneurism.
—When an artery is punctured with a vein,
and the opening between them remains, the
blood passes from the artery into the vein,
which becomes dilated to a greater or less ex-
tent above and below the seat of the injury, and
is felt to pulsate like an arteiy ; the passage of
the blood from the artery into the vein is ac-
companied with a whizzing sound, analogoits to
the bellows sound heard in certain diseases of
the heart.
5. Aneurism by Anastomosis. — A tumor con-
sisting of the smaller arteries and veins of a
{>art, which have become dilated, and open into
ittle sacs in the cellular substance, which give
way when over-distended, and often discharge
blood so profusely as to endanger the life of the
patient. Ntsvus is of this nature.
The spontaneous cure of aneurism, when it
occurs, depends upon the formation of coagula
in the sac, or the artery, or both ; or upon some
mechanical obstruction to the course of the
blood through the artery, which eventually
causes a deposition of lymph within the canal
of the vessel. The treatment, whether medical
or surgical, is founded on a knowledge of these
facts. The medical treatment consists in the
use of such means as diminish the action of the
heart and favor the formation of coagula within
the aneurismal sac: the principal of these
means are small but frequent abstractions of
blood from the general system, purgatives, a
very spai'e diet, and perfect quietude. Digita-
lis, colchicum, tartar emetic, acetate of lead, and
acetic acid are also used to diminish the circu-
lation. This treatment is the only one applica-
ble to aneurisms of the aorta, or others situated
within the chest or abdomen, in which it is not
deemed expedient to attempt a surgical opera-
tion. In the case of aneurisms situated in the
extremities, however, the reducing practice just
described becomes a valuable adjunct to local
compression.
The surgical treatment of aneurism is two-
fold ; namely, by compression, and by ligature.
Compression is only applicable to aneurisms
situated in the extremities, and is applied to the
aneurismal tumor itself, to the artery between
it and the heart, or to both, according to cir-
cumstances. When the case is not of long
standing, and the tumor is small, pressure is
advantageously applied to the tumor itself;
when the tumor is larger, pressure, directly ex-
ercised upon it, would be, for obvious reasons,
both ineffectual and injurious, and can only be
applied with propriety on the artery between
it and the heart. In all cases, the compression
must by no means involve the whole circum-
ference of the limb. This means seldom pro-
duces a radical cure.
The great surgical means for the cure of an-
eurism is the ligature of the artery, whereby
the canal of the artery is obliterated.
Formerly, the ligature was placed beyond the
aneurism ; but now it is always placed between
it and the heart, if possible.
In the method of curing aneurism by the lig-
ature, there are several very important precepts
to be observed :
1. The ligature shoidd be thin and round, so
D
ANG
as to effect a clean division of the two inner
coats, and it should be tightly applied in order
to insure this result.
2. The vessel should bo detached from its
connections as little as possible, and the wound
caused by the operation should be immediately
brought together, with a view to its healing by
the first intention.
3. In spontaneous or true aneurism, the liga-
tuie should not be applied too near the sac,
lest the artery should be diseased, and incapa-
ble of assuming the adhesive inflammation on
which the cure depends: in traumatic or false
aneurism, the artery is sound ; and the ligature
may, therefore, be applied near the sac.
4. The ligature ought never to be applied to
the artery too near a large anastomosing branch ;
for the impulse of the blood will prevent the
formation of a firm coagulum, and may frustrate
the whole sanatoiy process.
An aneurism situated on tha limbs, neck, or
outward parts, is an external aneurism; that in
the internal organs, an internal aneurism.
It sometimes happens that an external an-
eurism is situated so near the trunk of the
body, or otherwise so circumstanced, that a lig-
ature can not be applied at any point of the ar-
tery nearer the heart ; in such cases, the artery
has been tied beyond the tumor.
Aneurismal varix seldom requires treatment :
if it becomes very large, compression may be
tried ; and if it bursts, the arteiy is to be tied.
The aneurism by anastomosis has been vari-
ously treated. Whenever the tumor is so situ-
ated that it can be secured by ligature or extir-
pated with safety, it should, without hesitation,
be removed ; it must not be wounded, for the
bleeding may be fatal ; otherwise it is better to
let it alone, unless it be a serious difficulty.
Aneurism, dissecting. When one or two ,
arterial coats are ruptured,and the effused blood
passes between them and the outward coat or
coats, separating them for a distance.
Aneuiiism of the heart. Tliis term has
been applied to enlargement of the heart.
When it is attended with thickening of the
parietes, it is called active aneurism; and when
with enlargement of the cavities and extenua-
tion of the parietes, passive aneurism. See
Heart, diseases of.
Aneurisma spurium. False aneurism. See
Aneurism.
Aneurisma varico'sum. Varicose aneurism,
aneurismal varix, or venous aneurism. See
Aneurism.
Aneurisma verum. True aneurism. See
Aneurism.
Aneurismal ctst, or sac. The pouch in
which the blood is accumulated.
Aneurismal varix. See Aneurism.
Aneurysmus. Dilatation.
Anfractuo'sity. Anfractus. This word ia
used by anatomists for a sinuous depression or
groove ; thus, the furrows which separate the
convolutions of the brain have been called cer-
ebral anfractuosities.
ANGEIAL. (ayyeiov, a vessel.) Vascular.
The serous membrane which lines the blood-
vessels and lymphatics.
Angeio'logy. Angeio'tomy. See Angiologia.
49
• A N G
Angeion. A vessel. From this word is com-
pounded a great number of terms little used :
as, Angeioleucitis, scrofulous inflammation ; An-
geiosteosis, ossification of the vessels ; Angeio-
pathia, disease of the vessels ; Angiography
and Angeiohydrography, anatomy of the vessels
and lymphatics.
Angeiorrhagia. Hemorrhage.
ANGE'LICA. (a, a, f.) A genus of um-
belliferous plants. — A. archangelica. The roots
have a fragrant, agreeable smell, and a bitter-
ish, pungent taste. The stalk, leaves, and
seeds possess the same qualities, though in an
inferior degree. They are aromatic and car-
minative. The dose, 3ss. to $j., three or four
times a day. Confectioners make a sweetmeat
of the stems. — A. atropurpurea is indigenous,
and similar in property. — A., garden. See
Angelica archangelica. — A. pilula. Anderson's
pill. — A. saliva. See Angelica sylvestris. — A.
sylvestris. Wild angelica. This species pos-
sesses inferior properties to the garden species.
Angelicus pulvis. Algaroth.
Angeli'n-e cortex. See Andira.
Anger. Ira. See Pathemata animi.
Angie'ctasis. (From ayyeiov, a vessel, and
enraaic, extension.) Any dilatation of a vessel ;
a term comprehending the different kinds of
aneurism, varix, &c.
ANGI'NA. (a, <e, f.; from ango, to strangle.)
A term that has been applied to several diseases
which are attended with difficult deglutition or
respiration. Inflammation of the throat, phar-
ynx, or surrounding parts.
Angina has been often used for croup, which
has the following synonymes : Angina canina ;
A. exudatoria ; A. humida ; A. infantum ; A.
inflammatoria ; A. cynanche ; A. membrana-
cea; A. pellicularis ; A. pemiciosa; A. poly-
. posa ; A. ptdposa ; A. strepiiosa; A. trache-
litis; A. svffocativa.
It is a synonyme of Cynanche maligna, which
has been termed Angina epidemica ; gangre-
nosa ; maligna ; ulcerosa.
Angina aphthosa. Aphtha?. — A. bronchialis.
Bronchitis. — A. interna. A. laryngea. Laryn-
gitis. — A. paralytica. Paralysis of the pharynx.
— A. uvularis. Uvulitis. — A. tonsillaris. Sore
throat.
Angina external. A. maxillaris and A.
parolidea are synonymes of mumps.
Angina EPiGLOTTinEA. A. asdematosa. An
cedematous affection of the glottis, the conse-
quence of chronic laryngitis. See Laryngitis.
Angina nasalis. Inflammation of the pos-
terior portions of the Schneiderian membrane.
Nasitis.
Angina pectoris. A. cordis. Neuralgia of
the heart. Suffocative breast-pang. This af-
fection is acute or chronic. The acute is char-
acterized by a sense of painful constriction in
the chest, most about the lower part of the
sternum, inclining to the left side, and extend-
ing to the left arm. The pain is always severe,
and sometimes amounts to agony ; the action of
the heart and lungs is variously disordered, and
the patient is harassed with dyspnoea, palpita
tion, extreme anxiety, and a sense of impending
dissolution; the pulse is sometimes not much
affected, but it is generally either oppressed,
50
ANG
feeble, and intermittent, or full and tiirobbing :
it occasionally alternates between these two
states; the functions of the stomach are also
much deranged, and there is often excessive
flatulence and eructation. After continuing
from a few minutes to one or more hours, these
distressing symptoms subside, and the patient
returns to his ordinary state.
The chronic form of the disease is less violent,
but the paroxysms are more frequent, and of
longer duration, and the intermissions less per-
fect. The chronic form often results from the
long continuance of the acute. The fits are
brought on by considerable exercise, fatigue,
indigestion, depressing passions.
It is chiefly dependent on gout, rheumatism,
dyspepsia, neuralgia. The prognosis is rather
unfavorable in aged persons. The treatment
depends upon the cause, which must be assailed
during the intermissions, whether it be gastric,
rheumatic, or neuralgic. During the parox-
ysms, friction over the heart, counter-irritation,
antispasmodics, especially small doses of ipe-
cacuanha or antimony, are very serviceable.
Hydrocyanic acid, spiritus ammonia? fcetidus,
and camphor are much employed. Bleeding is
serviceable where there is plethora or conges-
tions of the parts near the heart. Mild laxatives
are also to be used. The patient should lead a
quiet, regular life, taking as much exercise as
he can. Organic affections of the heart and
great vessels are also causes, such as ossification
of the different valves, ossification of the coro-
nary arteries, hypertrophy of the heart, or pas-
sive dilatation — more frequently the latter.
Angina pellicula'ris. A name lately given
to those inflammations of the pharynx, larynx,
or adjacent parts, which are attended with the
formation of false membranes, as croup.
Angina polypo'sa. See Croup.
Angina scirrho'sa. Difficulty of deglutition,
occasioned by scirrhus of the pharynx or oesoph-
agus. See Stricture.
Angina sicca. A chronic inflammation of
the pharynx, accompanied with a distressing
sensation of dryness and heat It is generally
symptomatic of chronic affections of the stomach
or lungs.
Angina trachealis adultortjm. Laryngitis.
Angino'sus. Attended with angina, as Scar-
latina anginosa.
Angio. A prefix, similar to Angeio, which see.
A'ngioca'rpous. (From ayytiov, a case, and
Kapnoc, fruit.) When seed-vessels are inclosed
within a covering that does not form a part of
themselves ; as the filbert, acorn, such fungi as
have their spores included in a peridium, or
hollow shell, as lycoperdon.
ANGIOLO'GIA. (a, cc, f. ; from ayyeiov, a
vessel, and Xoyog, a discourse.) Angiology, or
the doctrine of the blood-vessels and absorbents.
Angiopyra. Continued fever.
Angio'sis. A term under which Alibert in-
cludes all diseases of the blood-vessels.
ANGIOSPE'RMIA. An order of plants in
the class Didynamia of Linnaeus, the seeds of
which are lodged in a pericarpium or seed-ves-
sel.
Angiotenic. Synocha. Inflammatory fever.
ANGIOTO'MIA. (a, a, f ; from ayyeiov, a
ANH
v essel, and refivu, to cut. ) Angiotomy ; the anat-
omy of the sanguiferous and absorbent vessels.
Angle. Angulus. The inclination of two
lines tdward each other, which meet at a point.
The term is applied by anatomists to various
parts, which are of an angular shape ; thus, we
speak of the external and internal angle of the
eyes, of the angle of the jaw.
Angle, facial. A straight line drawn from
the most prominent part of the forehead to the
alveolar edge of the upper jaw, opposite to the
incisor teeth, and another from the external au-
ditory foramen to the same point, form an angle
called the facial angle. The facial angle affords
but a very defective criterion of the develop-
ment of the cranium, or the sagacity of the an-
imal ; still, however, there appears to be some
general truth in the indications derived from it,
especially in relation to the human species ; for
in the European race the facial angle is seldom
less than 80°, while in the negro it is seldom
more than 70°.
Angle, optic Angle of vision. Visual an-
gle. The angle formed by two rays of light
proceeding from different objects, or opposite
extremities of the same object, and meeting in
the pupil.
Angola seed. Abrus precatorius.
Angolan. A fine East Indian tree, the wood
of which is believed to possess diuretic and
vermifuge powers. It is the Alangium decape-
talum.
A'ngone. (e, es, f. ; from ayx^, to strangle.)
A name given to the feeling of strangulation
common in hysteria. Globus hystericus.
A'NGOR. {or, oris, m.) In pathology, a
feeling of anxiety and constriction in the pre-
cordial region. Anguish.
Angor febrilis. The weariness and pain
which commences some fevers.
Angor pectoris. Angina pectoris.
A'ngos. A.yyoc. A vessel. The uterus. A
bubo.
Angosturin. A bitter neutral, crystalline
principle, obtained by evaporating the alcoholic
solution of cusparia.
Angui'lla. The eel.
Angular artery. The facial artery, where
it is distributed near the inner angle of the eye,
and also the facial artery.
Angular processes. The orbitary processes
of the frontal bone.
Angular vein. The vein accompanying the
angular artery.
Angularis. The levator scapulae.
ANGULO'SUS. Angular.
Angusta'tio. The morbid contraction of a
vessel or canal.
Angustatio cordis. The contraction, or
systole, of the heart.
Angustia. Contraction; anxiety.
Angustifo'lium. Narrow-leaved.
ANGUSTU'RA. Angusturia cusparia. See
Bonplandia.
Angustura spuria. A. ferruginea. See
Brucia antidysenterica.
Anhjsmatosia. Asphyxia; anaemia.
Anh.kmia. Anaemia.
Anhalti'na. Certain distilled aromatic spir-
its supposed to possess analeptic virtues.
AN I
ANHELA'TION. Dyspnoea. Difficulty of
breathing; panting.
ANHE'LITUS. (us, us, m. ; from anhelo, to
breathe with difficulty.) Anhelation. The
breath; dyspnoea; asthma.
Anhistous. Inorganic. The decidua is
termed an anhistous membrane by Velpeau.
ANHY'DROUS. (From a, neg., and vdup,
water.) Without water. A term applied by
chemists to various substances which contain
no combined water, as crystals, &c.
Anice'ton. A plaster of litharge, alum, ce-
russa, frankincense, white pepper, and turpen-
tine, formerly reputed in tinea, &c.
Anideus. (From a, neg., and el6oc, shape.)
Amorphous.
Anidro'sis. (Avidpucjtc ; from a, neg., and
idpuc, sweat.) Absence of cutaneous perspira-
tion.
Anil. See Indigofera.
Anile. Senseless.
Aniline. Anilicacid. Products from indigo.
A'NIMA. (a, m, f. ; from ave/ioc, wind, or
breath.) The soul, or vital principle. Any
simple and volatile substance ; the purest part
of any substance. A medicine supposed to
have particular virtues in curing the diseases of
any organ was sometimes called the anima.
Anima aloes. Refined aloes.
Anima articulorum. See Hermodactylus.
Anima he patis. Sulphate of iron. So called
from the efficacy it was formerly supposed to
possess in diseases of the liver.
Anima mundi. The universal spirit or intel-
ligence.
Anima pulmonum. A name given to saffron
on account of its use in asthmas.
Anima rhabarbari. The best rhubarb.
Anima saturni. Sugar of lead.
ANIMAL. A symmetrical organization pro-
vided with an internal stomach, and having the
power of voluntary motion to a greater or less
extent. The nervous system is peculiar to ani-
mals, although it can not be traced in every
species. The term includes eveiy variety of
form and degree of development. Chemically
considered, animals are compounded of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, chiefly. Phos-
phorus and sulphur exist in all to a limited ex-
tent; the earthy bodies are peculiar to some
only. Animals differ from plants in their power
of digestion ; while the latter convert gases, wa-
ter, and inorganic substances into starch, fibrin,
&c, animals are incapable of producing exten-
sive changes on the food they receive, and re-
quire that which is highly organized for their
nutrition.
Animal acids. Those acids produced by
the metamorphoses occurring within animals,
such as the cliolic, uric, cystic, lactic, cerebric,-
margaric, stearic, &c.
Animal black. Charred bone, horn, &c.
Animal fluids. The blood, bile, pancreatic:
juice, gastric juice, mucous and serous exhala-
tions, chyle, lymphatic fluid, semen, &c.
Animal heat. The temperature which re-
sults from vital operations occurring in the
bodies of the higher animals, and which main-
tains them at a nearly uniform heat. The chan-
ges producing it seem to occur in the capillary
51
A N I
system of the whole body, and to be dependent
upon the alterations occurring in arterial blood
in the function of nutrition. Its development
is under the influence of the nervous system, in-
somuch as nutrition is regulated by jnervous
Eower. The average temperature of the human
ody is 98° F. ; but it fluctuates on the skin
by several degrees.
Animal jelly. See Gelatine.
Animal kingdom. The entire collection of
animated objects. The following view by Pro-
fessor Owen is the most complete.
In this there are four primary divisions, or
sub-kingdoms: 1. Vertebrata, or animals fur-
nished with a regular back-bone ; 2d. Articu-
lata, animals which contain no internal skele-
ton, but are covered with a crust or shell made
of distinct parts or articulations, as the lobster ;
3d. Mollusca, animals destitute of skeleton or
articulations, but usually inhabiting shells; and,
4th. Radiata, animals of the lowest organiza-
tion, destitute of an internal respiratory organ,
and having a nervous system composed of mere
lines, which are often radiated from a centre.
These sub-kingdoms contain each several class-
es, as may be seen in the table.
Kingdom Animalia.
Sub-kingdom Vertebrata.
•Class Mammalia, mammals.
Aves, birds.
Reptilia, reptiles.
■ Pisces, fishes.
Sub-kingdom Articulata.
Class Crustacea, such as lobsters.
Arachnida, spiders.
Insecta, insects.
Anellata, worms.
- Cirripedia, barnacles.
Sub-kingdom Mollusca.
Class Cephalopoda, with a cartilaginous head.
Gasteropoda, with an organ for locomo-
tion situated under the stomach, as the
snail.
Pteropoda, organs of locomotion two
membranous fins, situated at the sides
of the neck.
Lamellibranchiata, without head, the
gills disposed in bands, as oysters.
Brachiopoda, without head, inclosed in
a mantle, with two fleshy arms.
Tunicata, without head, without shell,
covered with a membrane.
Sub-kingdom Radiata.
Nematoneura, nerves apparent.
Acrita, nerves rudimentary.
Class Enchinoderma (Cuvier), those furnished
with a crust.
Acalepha (Cuvier), those which are
without crust.
C(elelmintha (Owen), Entozoa, with a
distinct alimentary canal.
Sterelmintha (Owen), without a sep-
arate abdominal cavity, hydatids.
Ciliobrachiata (Farre), with a distinct
abdomen and anus.
Nudibrachiata (Farre), corals without
intestines or separate anus.
Rotifera (Ehrenb.), Infusoria, furnished
52
li
a i
&
Organic
ANI
with a nervous system, a distinct ab
dominal cavity, and cilliae around the
mouth.
Polygastra (Ehrenb.), Infusoria, a sim-
ple jelly containing many cavities or
stomachs.
Animal (economy. See CEconomy, animal.
Animal oil. See Oleum animate.
Animal sensibility. This is divided into
true sensibility and contractility, and further, as
follows :
Animal sensibility. Perceptive; cere-
bral; sensibility of relation, &c. Attended
with consciousness, and requiring for its
manifestation a particular apparatus or ar-
rangement of parts.
Organic sensibility. Nutritive; vegeta-
tive; latent; molecular sensibility. Unat-
tended with consciousness, requiring no
particular organ, and existing in all living
^ parts, whether animal or vegetable.
Animal contractility. Voluntary; con-
tractility of relation, &c. Excited by the
will, and accompanied with consciousness.
Subordinate to animal sensibility.
Involuntary, and unaccom-
panied with sensation; irri-
tability. Corresponding to
contractility. ] organic sensibility.
involuntary, but accom-
k panied with sensation.
Animal spirits. The buoyancy of health.
The perception of force and power which char-
acterizes hearty life.
ANIMA'LCULE. (Animalculum, i, n.) A
minute animal which can not be distinctly seen
without the help of glasses, and is often invisible
to the naked eye.
Animalcules, infusory. Infusoria.
Animalcules, spermatic. See Semen.
Animaliza'tion. The pi - ocess by which the
nutritive part of the food is converted into the
various substances that compose the body.
Animation. The state of a living animal.
Animation, suspended. See Asphyxia.
A'nime gummi. See Hymenwa courbaril.
Animella. The parotid.
A'nimi deliquium. Animicasus subitus. Syn-
cope. Fainting.
A'NIMISTS. Those physiologists who fol-
lowed Stahl in believing that all the functions
of the living body are performed by the imme-
diate agency of the anima, or soul, were called
Animists.
A'NIMUS. (us, i, m. ; from ave/ioc, wind or
breath.) The soul or mind; the intellectual
principle. Anima usually denotes the vital
principle, while animus denotes a conscious and
intelligent principle.
Aninga. A root which grows in the Antil-
les, and is used by sugar-bakers for refining
their sugar.
A'NIONS. (From ava, upward, and iuv, go-
ing.) Substances which, in electro-chemical
decompositions, are evolved from their combi-
nations at the surface, by which the electricity
enters the electrolyte. See Electrode.
Ani'satum. A medicated wine, formerly
prepared with the wine of Ascalon, honev and
aniseed.
ANN
ANO
Anisca'lptor. The latissiraus dorsi muscle.
ANISEED. Anise. See Pimpinella anisum.
Aniseed-tree. Illicium anisatum.
ANISE'TTE. The French liqueur, made by-
distilling anise, fennel, and coriander seed with
brandy, and sweetening the produce.
Ani'si camphora. When the volatile oil of
anise is exposed to a low temperature, it sepa-
rates into a thin liquid and a concrete substance ;
the latter has been called camphor of anise : it
is the same with the substance named scrusina
by Bizio.
Anisic acid. A crystallizable, volatile prod-
uct of the action of nitric acid on concrete oil
of aniseed (C16H6O5, HO); heated with baryta
it yields an oily liquid, Anisole (C14H7O2).
Aniso'sthenes. When one or more muscles
act more strongly than the rest, as in opisthot-
onos.
Aniso'tachys. (From aviaoc, unequal, and
raxvc, quick.) Applied, formerly, to a pulse
which is quick and unequal.
ANI'SUM. Anisumvulgare. Anisi seviina.
Aviaov. See Pimpinella outturn.
Anisum africanum frutescens. A. fructi-
cosum, galbaniferum. Bubon galbanum.
Anisum sinense. Anisum stellatnm. See
Illicium.
Ankle. Malleolus.
ANKY. A prefix similar to Ancy, which see.
ANNEALING. Tempering metals and
glass.
Anni climacterici. Critici, dccretorii, fa-
tales, genetliliaci, gradarii, hcbdomadici, heroici,
scalares, scanciles. The climacteric years.
Annota'tio. Under this name some writers
have included the symptoms which precede an
attack of ague, as languor, yawning, chilliness,
&c.
Annotto. Bixa orleana.
ANNUAL. (Animus, yearly.) In Pathology,
this term has been applied to diseases which
return about the same time every year : morbi
annul; morbi annivcrsarii.
A'nnuens. (From annuo, to nod.) The
recti antici capitis have been called musculi an-
nuentes.
Annuitio. Nodding.
A'NNULAR. {Annularis ; from annulus, a
ring.) Resembling a ring, or having relation to
a ring : as an annular bone, an annular cartilage.
Digitus annularis, the ring finger.
Annular bone. See Circulis osscus.
Annular cartilage. The cricoid cartilage.
. Annular ligament of the radius. See
Ligaments.
Annular ligaments. Two sets of ligaments
at the carpus and tarsus, serving to bind down
the muscular tendons to those parts.
Annular protuberance. Annularis pro-
cessus. See Pons varolii.
Annularis ani. The sphincter ani.
Annula'ris vena. The vein situated be-
tween the rinjj finger and the little finger.
ANNULA'TUS. (From annulus, a ring.)
Annulate ; having rings.
A'NNULUS. (us, i, m.) A ring. This
name is given to ring-like parts, openings, &c. ;
as, annulus osseus of the temporal bone in the
foetus, annulus abdominis.
Annulus abdominis. The abdominal ring.
An opening formed by the separation of the
fibers of the external oblique muscle of the ab-
domen, through which passes the spermatic cord
in man, and the round ligament of the uterus in
woman. It is through this opening that the ab-
dominal viscera protrude in inguinal hernia.
See Obliqutis cxternus abdominis.
Annulus chirurgicus. A ring formed of
lead or brass, and used to fix the eye in surgical
operations.
Annulus gangliformis tunicje choroide^.
Annulus ligamenlosus. A. albidus. The ciliary
circle.
Annulus purgatorius. A ring made of glass
of antimony, formerly supposed to have the
power of purging.
Annulus repens. Herpes circinatus.
Annulus umbilicalis. The umbilical ring
— A. ventriculi. The pylorus.
Annus climacte'ricus. The great climac-
teric year; the 63d and 81st year of the age of
man, from a notion that men are more likely
to die during these years than any other.
Anocatha'rtic Anocatharticus. Emetic ;
purging upward.
Anochei'lum. The upper lip.
Anocjelia. The stomach.
Anode. ( From ava, upward, and odoc, a way.)
A term applied by Dr. Faraday to that part of
the surface of a decomposing body which the
electric current enters — the part immediately
touching the positive pole.
Anodia. (From a, priv., and u6ij, song.)
Dissonant speech.
A'NODYNE. (Anodynus; KvuSvvoc; from
a, priv., and odvvn, pain.) Applied to medi-
cines which allay pain. Anodyne medicines
are divided into three sorts : paregorics, or such
as actually assuage pain ; hypnotics, or such as
relieve by procuring sleep; and narcotics, or
such as give ease by stupifying the senses.
The principal anodynes are opium, camphoi',
hyoscyamus, belladonna, tobacco, conium, oil
of bitter almonds.
Anodyne necklaces are made of the rootB
of henbane, bryony, &c. They are believed by
the credulous to facilitate dentition, procure
sleep, &c.
Anody'nia. Absence of pain. In Vogel's
classification this is the name of a class of dis-
eases.
Ano'dynum martiale. The precipitata form-
ed by adding potash to a solution of the ferrum
ammoniatum in water.
Ano'dynum minerale. 1. The sal prunella?.
2. Nitrum stibiatum.
Ance'a. Avoia. The same as amentia.
Idiotism.
Anomalia nervorum. The nervous diathesis.
Anomaloce'phalus. An individual whose
head is deformed. — G. St. Hilairc.
Anomalotrophia. Diseases depending on
modified nutrition.
ANO'MALOUS. ( Anomalus ; avufiakog ;
from a, neg., and opahoc, ragular.) Irregular;
subject to no certain law. Applied to diseases
which do not follow the ordinary course, or
which have something peculiar and unusual in
their symptoms.
53
ANT
Anomaly. A deviation from ordinary laws.
Monstrosities are called anomalies of organiza-
tion.
Ano'mphalos. Anomphalus. Without a na-
vel.
ANO'NYMOUS. (Anonymvs ; from a, priv.,
and ovofia, a name.) Nameless. Applied to
several parts of the body ; as, the anonymous
bone, or os innominatum; the anonymous fora-
men, or foramen innominatum.
Anoptha'lmus. Anopsia. Anommatus. Eye-
less.
Anorchides. Persons without testicles.
ANO'RCHUS. Anorchis. (us, i, m. ; from
a, priv., and op%ic, the testicle.) One who is
born without testicles, or who has been depriv-
ed of these organs. The apparent absence of
the testicles at birth is very common, and arises
merely from their not having yet descended
into the scrotum ; they are sometimes retained
within the abdomen to the age of ten or fifteen
years, or even through life. Occasionally one
testicle descends into the scrotum, while the
other remains in the abdomen. Men in whom
the testicles are retained within the abdomen
are not at all less apt for generation than others.
ANORE'XIA. (a, ee, f. ; from a, priv., and
opel-ic, appetite.) Anorexy. A want of appe-
tite, without loathing of food. It is generally
symptomatic. See Dyspepsia.
Anormal. Anormis. Abnormal. (From ab,
vw&norma, a law or rule.) Irregular. Contrary
to ordinary laws. It is opposed to normal, or
regular.
Axosia. (From a, priv., and voaoe, disease.)
Freedom from disease ; health.
ANO'SMIA. (a, m, f.; from a, neg., and oop.11,
an odor.) A loss of the sense of smell. When
it arises from a disease of the Schneiderian
membrane, it is termed Anosmia organica ; and
when from no manifest cause, Anosmia atonica.
Anosthre'sia. (From a, priv., and oafypnoic,
the sense of smell.) Loss of the sense of smell.
Anser dome'sticus. The domestic goose.
Anseri'na. Potentilla anserina.
Ant. Formica rufa.
ANTA'CID. (Anfacidus; from avn, against,
and acidus, acid.) Applied to medicines which
destroy acidity. They are simply palliatives ;
used in dyspepsia and diarrhoea. The principal
are, potash, soda, ammonia, magnesia, lime, and
their carbonates. Where the acidity is con-
joined with nausea and faintness, ammonia acts
as a grateful stimulant as well as an antacid ;
when irritability of the gastro-enteric mucous
membrane prevails, potash is particularly indi-
cated.
Anta'chid. (Antacridus; from avn, against,
and acridus, acrid.) Applied to a medicine
which corrects acrimony.
Antagonism. (Antagonismus ; from avn,
against, and ayuvifa, to contend.) The action
ot muscles which oppose each other. This
term is also used for conntcr4rritation.
ANTAGONIST. Antagonista. A term ap-
plied to a muscle whose action is opposed to
that of another muscle : thus, the flexors and
extensors of a limb are antagonists, and also
the abductors and adductors.
ANTA'LGIC. Relieving pain. Anodyne.
54
ANT
ANTA'LKALINE. Antalkalinus. Having
the power of neutralizing alkalies. All the
acids, except the carbonic, have this power.
ANTAPHRODI'SIAC. Antaphrodi'tic. (An-
taphrodisiacus ; from avn, and atypodioianoc,
venereal.) Applied, 1. To medicines which
diminish the venereal appetite. 2. To medi
cines used against syphilis.
Antapo'dosis. (From avTairodtdu/ii, to re-
ciprocate.) The succession or return of the
paroxysms in fevers. — Hippocrates.
Antarthri'tic. Antarthriticus. Applied to
a medicine used against the gout, as colchicum.
Antasthma'tic Antasthmaticus. A medi-
cine which relieves asthma, as stramonium, &c.
Antatro'phic. Antatrophicus. Applied to
medicines used against an atrophy, or maras-
mus.
ANTEFLEXION. A bending forward. An-
teflexion of the uterus is when the fundus is
curved forward, without much displacement
of the os uteri.
Antela'bium. The extremity of the lip.
Ante'mbasis. The reception or insertion of
bones into each other. — Galen.
Anteme'tic. Antimeticus. Applied to a
medicine used against vomiting.
Antendei'xis. Contra-indication.
ANTE'NNiE. Articulated processes with
which the heads of insects, crustaceous animals,
&c., are furnished.
Antennaria dioica. The plant cat's-foot,
sometimes used in hemorrhage, diarrhoea, &c.
Antenea'smus. Maniacal dancing, with a
tendency to suicide.
Antephi'altic. (From avn, and eQiatonc,
the nightmare.) A medicine used against the
nightmare.
Antepile'i'tic. A medicine used against
epilepsy.
ANTE'RIOR. This word is often used by
anatomists to designate parts which are situated
before others, as the anterior lobes of the brain,
the foramen lacerum antei-ius, &c.
Anterior auris. Musculus anterior amis.
A muscle of the external ear. It arises, thin
and membranous, near the posterior part of the
zygoma, and is inserted into a small eminence
on the back of the helix, opposite to the concha
which it draws a little forward and upward.
Anterior intercostal nerve. Ncrvus in-
tcrcoslalis anterior. This is also called the
splanchnic nerve, and is a branch of the great
intercostal that is given off in the thorax.
Anterior mallei. See Laxator tympani.
Anteroticus. Antaphrodisiac.
Anteupho'rbium. See Cacalia.
Anteve'rrio uteri. Anteversion. When
the fundus falls into the inferior strait, the os
uteri being toward the sacrum, and often out of
reach.
Anthanor. See Athanor.
Anth^morrha'gic Anthmmorrhagicus. A
medicine used to check hemorrhage.
Anthelitragus. A muscle of the pavilion
of the ear.
A'NTHELIX. (Anlihclix; from avn, oppo-
site to, and eXtf, the margin or circumference
of the external ear.) An eminence on the car-
tilage of the ear, situated before, or, more prop-
ANT
eriy, within the helix, and consisting, at its up-
per part, of two ridges, which unite as they
descend.
Anthe'lmia. Spigclia anthelmintica.
ANTHELMINTIC. (Anthelmintics ; from
avTi, against, and e"K[ilvc, a worm.) Medicines
are so called which procure the evacuation of
worms from the stomach and intestines. The
principal are, calomel, iron, tin, salt, olive oil,
oil of turpentine, cowhage, worm-seed, spigelia
marilandica, male fern, tansy, the bark ot the
cabbage-tree, and gamboge. See these, and
also Invermination.
A'NTHEMIS. (is, idis, fem. ; from avdoc, a
flower.) A genus of plants. Cla3s, Syngenesia .
Order, Polygamia supcrjltia. Composites. — A.
cotula. The may -weed, or stinking chamomile .
Cotula fmtida. Chamcemelum fcetidum. Has a
very disagreeable smell, and the leaves a strong,
acrid, bitterish taste. It is said to have been
useful in hysterical affections, but is very sel-
dom employed. — A. nobilis. The common
chamomile. Chamamelum. Anthemis. (U. S.)
Both the leaves and flowers of this indigenous
plant have a strong smell, and a very bitter,
nauseous taste; but the latter have the more
bitterness, and are considerably more aromatic.
The flowers are the part generally used. They
possess tonic and stomachic qualities, and are
employed as a light tonic in debility of the
digestive organs. A simple infusion of the
flowers is frequently taken to excite vomiting,
or to promote the operation of emetics. Ex-
ternally, they are used in fomentations. An oil
is sold, which is aromatic only, not bitter. — A.
py'rethrum. The Spanish chamomile ; pellitory
of Spain. Pyrethrum. Its taste is hot and
acrid; the acrimony resides in a resin called
pyretln-in. Its qualities are stimulant; but it
is never used, except as a masticatory, in tooth-
aches, rheumatic affections of the face, and pa-
ralysis of the tongue, hi which it affords relief
by stimulating the salivary glands. — A. tinc-
toria. Dyer's chamomile. Is bitter and sto-
machic.
A'NTHER. (Anthera, ee, f.) A lobed organ
forming the summit of the stamen of plants. It
contains the pollen or fecundating substance.
Anthe'ra. (From avdrjpog, Jloridus.) A
medicament used by the ancients, composed
•of myrrh, sandarach, alum, rose-leaves, saffron,
and other ingredients.
Anthe'rion. Avdepeuv. The chin.
Anthe'sis. (Avdnoig; from avdeu, to flow-
er.) The period of full inflorescence in a plant.
ANTHIARIN. The active principle of a
gum-resin obtained from the Anthiaris toxica-
ria, the most deadly of the Upas poisons.
ANTHO'DIUM. A head of florets, like the
thistle, may-weed, &c, with one common in-
volucrum.
Anthophy'llus. The fruit of the clove.
A'NTHORA. Aconitum anthora.
A'NTHOS. Rosmarinus officinalis.
Anthosatum. The flower of rosemary.
Anthracene. A volatile, crystalline sub-
stance found in coal-tar ; melts at 356° ; form.,
C30H10.
ANTHRACIA. Carbuncular exanthem. A
genus of diseases characterized by fever, with
ANT
an eruption of carbuncular tumors, as plague,
yaws, &c.
Anthuacia pestis. Plague. — A. rubula.
Frambcesia.
Anthracoid. Resembling anthrax.
Anthracokali. The name given by Dr.
Polya to a remedy in certain herpetic affections.
The simple preparation consists of a levigated
coal-dust and pure potassa; the sulphurated,
of sulphur, levigated coal-dust, and caustic po-
tassa. Dose, gr. ij.
Anthraco'sis oculi. Anthracia. A red,
livid, burning, sloughy, very painful tumor, oc-
cun-ing on the eyeball or eyelids. — Paulus
JEgineta.
ANTHRAX, (ax, acis, m. ; from avdpat, a
live coal.) A carbuncle. Anthracia. Anthro-
cosia. Anthrocoma. A hard and circumscribed
inflammatory tumor, commonly on the neck,
back, or loins. A carbuncle is nearly allied to
a boil, but more severe. The swelling is larger,
the pain more severe ; the livid pustule in. the
centre appears earlier ; there is no defined cen-
tral core, as in a boil, and the gangrene spreads
wider and more rapidly. The tumor soon be-
comes shining, somewhat oedematous at the
sides, and black in the middle ; a bloody pus
or ichor is discharged through several small
openings, and at length the slough is detached,
leaving a deep, ragged, ulcerous cavity. It
attacks aged persons, and those whose consti-
tutions are impaired. Treatment. — 'Open it
freely, as soon as soft, and assist the removal of
the slough by poultices or stimulant applica-
tions. If the patient sinks, support the strength
by quinine, wine, generous diet, and use opium
to allay pain. It is a very dangerous disease.
Anthri'scus. See Scandix and Caucalis.
Anthro. (From avdpurcoc, a man.) . A pre-
fix of many words; it means human.
Anthrope. The skin.
Anthropo'geny. (Anthro pogenia; avdpu-
ttoc, and yevecte, generation.) The study of
the generation of man.
Anthropo'graphy. (From avdpuiroc, and
ypa<pu, to write. ) A description of the structure
of man.
Anthropo'logy. (From avOpunoc, and.Xoyoc,
a discourse.) The description of man. Phys-
iology.
Anthropo'phagus. Anthropopha 1 gha. A
man-eater ; a cannibal.
Anthroposo'phia. (From avdpunoc, and
ooQta, knowledge.) The philosophy of man.
Anthro potomy. Anatomv of man.
ANTHY'LLIS. AvOvUig. A name given
by the ancients to a number of plants. A genus
of plants; family, heguminosce. — A. vulnera'ria
is used as an application to wounds, bruises, &c
— A. cre'tica is supposed to have laxative prop-
erties.
Anthypno'tic (Anthypnoticus ; from avn,
against, and vTrvog, sleep.) Applied to medi-
cines which prevent sleep. Coffee and strong
tea has this effect on many persons.
Anthypoco'ndriac. Anthypochondriacus.
Medicines used against hypochondriasis.
Anthyste'ric (Anthystcricus ; from avn,
against, and varepa, the womb.) Applied to
medicines used against hysteria.
55
A N T
ANT
ANTI. Ant- Avti. A prefix meaning op-
posed to, against. See the compound words
Ant-; as, Antapoplectic, Antarthritic, Antasth-
tnatic, Antatropic, Antemetic, Antephialtic.
Anti'ades. The tonsils.
Antiadi'tis. Inflammation of the tonsils.
Antiado'ncus. Anti'agri. A swelling of
the tonsils.
Antiarine. Anthiarin.
Antiaris toxicaria. See Upas.
Antiballo'menos. Applied to a medicine
used as a substitute for another.
Antibra'chial. Antibrachialis. Appertain-
ing to the forearm.
Antebrachial aponeurosis. The aponeu-
rosis or cellular sheath covering the forearm;
it arises above from the brachial aponeurosis,
and the tendons of biceps and triceps, as well
as the 'condyle, and is lost below in the annular
ligaments.
Antibra'chium. The forearm.
Anticache'ctic Anticachecticus. A med-
icine against a cachexy.
Anticancerous. Anticarcinomatous. A
medicine against cancer.
Antica'rdium. {urn, i, n. ; from avri, op-
posite to, and Kapdia, the heart.) The hollow
at the bottom of the breast, commonly called
scrobiculus cordis, or pit of the stomach.
Anticatarrhal. Anticatarrhalis. A med-
icine used against a catarrh.
Ai^ticauso'tic. {Anticausoticus ; from aim,
against, and navaoc, a burning fever.) Applied
to a medicine used against an ardent fever.
A'nticheir. The thumb. — Galen.
Anticholerica. Sophora heptaphylla.
ANTICIPATING. Anti'cipans. When cer-
tain phenomena of the living body occur before
their accustomed time ; as to the menses, an-
ticipating their monthly period, or the parox-
ysm of an ague coming on before the expected
hour.
Anticipa'tio. Anticipation. See Anticipans.
Anticne'mion. The shin. — Galen.
Antico'lic. Anticolicus. A medicine used
against the colic.
Anticus. Anterior ; in front.
ANTIDE'SMA. A genus of East Indian
plants. The leaves of the A. alexiteria are
used as an antidote to the bite of serpents. The
A. zeylanica is supposed to be an antidote to
the bite of the naja.
Antidinic. Antidi'nicus. (From avri,
against, and divoc, giddiness.) A medicine
used against vertigo or giddiness.
ANTIDOTA'RIUM. A dispensatory ; a phar-
macopoeia.
A'NTIDOTE. Anti'dotus. Anti'dotum.—
(From avn, against, and didofii, to give.) A
medicine used to prevent or remove the effects
of poison. Originally it meant any medicine.
Antidynous. Anodyne.
Antidysente'ric. Antidysentericus. Amed-
icine used against a dysentery.
Antifebrile. Antifebrilis. A febrifuge.
Antigala'ctic. (Antigalacticus ; from avri,
and yaXa, milk.) Medicines or other means
•which diminish the secretion of milk.
Antih.«morrhagic. Styptic. Antihsemor-
rhagic extract is a styptic extract of ergot.
56
Antihe'ctic Anthecticus. Anthectic. «A
medichie against hectic fever.
Antihectic mixture of Griffith. See Mis-
turaferri composita.
Antihe'cticum poterii. Diaphoreticum, Jo-
viale. Formerly extolled for its efficacy in hec-
tic fevers. It was made by fusing antimony
and tin together in a crucible, pounding, and
then detonating them with nitre.
Antihydro'pic. (Antihydropicus ; from avn,
against, and vdpuirc, dropsy.) Medicines used
against dropsy.
Antii'cteric (Anti-ictericus ; from avri,
and mrepoc, jaundice.) Applied to medicines
used against jaundice.
Anti-imfetigines, Solomon's. Liquor hy
drargyri oxymuriatis.
Antilactics. Antigalactic.
Antili'thic. (From avri, and Tudog, a stone.)
Synonymous with Lithontriptic.
Antilo'bium. The tragus.
Antiloi'mic. Antiloimicus ; from avri, and
/lot/zoc, a pestilence.) Applied to a preservative
against pestilence.
ANTILOPE. Antilopus. Antholops. The
horns and hoofs were formerly supposed to
possess antispasmodic virtues, and were given
in hysteria and epilepsy.
Antilyssic (From avri, and "kvoaa, mad
ness.) A medicine useful in madness.
ANTILY'SSUS. (From avri, and Tivaaa,
canine madness.) Medicine which is adminis-
tered against the effect of a mad dog's bite.
Antimelancho'lic. A medicine given to
remove melancholy.
ANTIMO'NIAL. Antimonialis. A prepara-
tion of antimony. •
Antimonial powder. See Antimonialis pul-
vis.
Antimonial wine. See Antimonii tartarizali
vinum.
Antimonialis pulvis. Pulvis antimonii com-
positus. Antimonial powder. Take sulphuret
of antimony, powdered, a pound ; hartshorn
shavings, two pounds. Mix, and throw them
into a crucible at a red heat, and stir the mix-
ture until it ceases to give off vapor. Pound
the residue, and place in a crucible with a
loose lid ; keep at a red heat two hours.
It was introduced as a substitute for James's
powder, and is an uncertain mixture of oxide
of antimony, antimonious acid, and bone earth.
It is principally employed as a sudorific in
febrile diseases, given in powder or pill ; dose,
gr. v. to x. Minute doses of emetic tartar pro-
duce the same diaphoretic effect, and with much
greater certainty.
Antimoniale causticum. Antimony, chlo-
ride of.
Antimo'niate. A salt formed by the com-
bination of the antimonic acid with a base.
Antimoniatum tartar. Antimonii tartaric
zatum.
Antimonii butyrum. See Antimony. — A.
calx. Antimonium calcinatum. — A. cinnaba-
ris. See Cinnabar. — A. clyssus. Sulphuret of
antimony deflagrated with nitre. — A. crocus.
See Antimonii vitrum. — A. flores argentini.
See Antimony. — A. flores Helmontii. See Flo-
res antimonii Helmontii. — A. flores rubri- See-
ANT
Flores antimonii rubri. — A. hepar. Antimonii
sulphuretum pra>cipitatum.
Antimonii cerussa. A. cinis. See Antimo-
nium calcinatum.
Antimonii et potass,* tartras. A.potassio
tartras. Antimony et potash, tartrate of. An-
timonium tartarizatum, which see.
Antimonii muriatum. Antimony, muriate of.
Antimony, chloride of.
Antimonii nix. Oxide of antimony.
Antimonii oleum. Antimony, chloride of.
Antimonii oxydulum hydrosulphuratum.
Antimonii sulphuretum prcecipitatum.
Antimonii oxydum. Oxide of antimony.
Teroxicle or sesquioxide of antimony. See An-
timony.
Antimonii oxydum cum sulphure vitrifica-
tum. A. oxydum sulphuretum vitrificatum. See
Antimonii vitrum.
Antimonii oxydum nitro-muriaticum. (Ph.
D.) Antimony, nitro-muriatic oxide of. See
Antimonium tartarizatum.
Antimonii oxysulphuretum. Antimony ox-
ysulphuret. See Antimonium sulphuretum pra-
cipitalum.
Antimonii regulus. The native sulphuret.
Antimonii sal. Antimonium tartarizatum.
Antimonii sesquioxydum. A. sesquisulphu-
retum. A. sesquichloridum. These are now
called the oxide, &c, or the teroxide, &c. See
Antimony oxide, Antimonium sulphuretum prce-
cipitatum.
Antimonii sulphuratum, v. pr^cipitatum.
See Antimonii sulphuretum pracipitatum.
Antimonii sulphure'tum. Sulphuret of an-
timony is an abundant natural product, and is
found in the form of the common ore of anti-
mony; it exhibits a brilliant lead-gray color,
and radiated o\ fibrous crystalline texture. It
is used to form the compounds of antimony, and
not as a medicine. Its composition is SbSs;
and it is a tersulphuret, aud not a sesquisulphu-
ret or sulphuret.
Antimonii sulphuretum pr^cipitatum. (U.
S.) Sulphur: antimonii prcecipitatum. Pre-
cipitated sulphuret of antimony. A preparation
which is made thus : Take of sulphuret of anti-
mony, in powder, six ounces ; of the solution
of potash, four pints ; of distilled water, three
pints.
Mix, and boil the mixture over a slow fire for
three hours, stirring it well, and occasionally
adding distilled water, so that the same measure
may be preserved. Strain the solution quickly
through a double linen cloth, and, while it is
yet hot, drop in, gradually, as much sulphuric
acid as may be required to precipitate the pow-
der ; then wash away the sulphate of potash
with hot water ; dry the precipitated sulphuret
of antimony, and reduce it to a fine powder. It
is an oxysulphuret of antimony {Hepar anti-
monii).
If the decanted liquor be allowed to cool be-
fore the addition of the acid, the orange-red
precipitate, called kcrmes mineral, will be
thrown down.
Oolden sulphuret is obtained by precipitating
the solution by an acid after the kermes has
subsided.
The precipitated sulphuret of antimony is di-
AN T
aphoretic and expectorant in small doses, and
emetic in a larger dose. In modem practice it
is only used as an alterative. It is useful in
many cutaneous affections, and in chronic rheu-
matism, especially combined with calomel, as
in Dr. Plummer's pill. The dose of the precip-
itated sulphuret is from gr. j. to gr. iv., twice a
day. Acids increase the emetic effect of this
medicine, and should therefore be avoided
during its use.
Antimonii sulphuretum pr^pahatum. (U.
S. ) Prepared sulphuret of antimony. It is pre-
pared in the same way as chalk, but is an un-
safe medicine, seldom used; dose, gr. x. to 9j.
Antimonii sulphuretum rubrum. The red
precipitate which falls spontaneously from the
solution of sulphuret of antimony in potash.
Kermes mineral.
Antimonii tartariza'ti vinum. Vinum an-
timonii. (U.S.) Wine of tartaiized antimony.
Take of tartarized antimony, one scrapie ; Ten-
eriffe wine, §x. Dissolve. Each fj. contains
two grains.
Antimonii tartras. Antimonium tartariza-
tum.
Antimonii vitriolum. See Sulphas anti-
monii.
Antimonii vitrum. Glass of antimony. A
preparation which is thus made : sulphuret of
antimony in powder is exposed in a shallow
iron dish to heat, and is kept constantly stir-
red to prevent agglutination. It is heated un-
til fumes are no longer given off. The gray
powder thus obtained answers well for the for-
mation of tartarized antimony ; but if it is to be
vitrified, it must be put into a covered iron cru-
cible, and exposed to a strong heat until it fuses
into a clear glass ; the glass should be transpar-
ent, and of a bright brownish-red or hyacinthine
color. It consists of oxide and sulphuret of an-
timony, in proportions which are somewhat
variable. When the oxide is dissolved by acids, ■
there remains the crocus or saffron of antimony,
an oxysulphuret : Sb03-f-2SbS 3 .
This preparation was formerly employed as a
diaphoretic, aperient, and emetic ; but it is now
only used in making some other preparations.
Antimonite. A salt formed by the combi-
nation of the antimonious acid with a base. See
Antimony.
Antimonium calcinatum. The impure ox-
ide of antimony, as obtained by calcining the
sulphuret. It is of an ash-gray color, and con-
tains antimonious acid.
Antimonium diaphore'ticum. Diaphoretic
antimony. An old preparation; called, also,
Calx antimonii Anglorum : made by deflagra-
ting in a crucible one part of gray antimony
with three of nitre.
Antimonium diaphoreticum lotum. Anti-
moniate of potash. This is the diaphoretic an-
timony washed.
Antimonium diaphoreticum martia'le. An-
ticacheclicum Ludovici. An old medicine, made
by fusing together equal weights of powdered
sulphuret of antimony and iron filings, reducing
them when cool to powder, deflagrating them
with three times their weight of nitre, and dis-
solving the product in water ; a yellowish-
brown precipitate is formed, which is the mar-
57
ANT
A N T
tiai diaphoretic antimony. It was given as a
tonic in doses of 15 or 20 grains.
Antimo.vium medicina'le. Melt together
sulphuret of antimony, Jv.j potash, fj.; com-
mon salt, g iv. When cold, separate the crust ;
powder, and wash.
Antimonium salitum. Antimony, chloride of.
Antimonium tartariza'tum. Antimonii et
roxAss^; tartras. (U. S.) Tartarized anti-
mony; tartar emetic. Take prepared sulphu-
ret of antimony, fij. ; muriatic acid, jxiiss. ;
nitric acid, 3J. ; water, Cj. Digest with heat
in the acids; filter; add to the water. Collect
the precipitate {nitro-murialic oxide, Dub/) ;
wash thoroughly; dry. Take of this oxide, §ij. ;
powdered supertartrate of potash, §iiss. ; dis-
tilled water, f xviij. Boil, filter, and set it aside
to crystallize.
Pure tartar emetic is in crystals, the primary
form of which is an octahedron with a rhombic
base. They arc transparent when first formed,
but become white and opaque by exposure to
the air. It reddens litmus. Its taste is slightly
styptic and metallic. Exposed to the air, it ef-
floresces slowly. It is insoluble in alcohol.
Boiling water dissolves half its weight, and cold
water a fifteenth part. If the aqueous solution
be long kept, the salt is spontaneously decom-
posed.
As an emetic, it is given in doses of gr. j. to
gr. iij., and produces, also, active purgation.
It is not suitable for children, from the* prostra-
tion it produces. It acts as an arterial sedative,
and sometimes is altogether contra-indicated in
any form, from the patient's idiosyncrasy.
In small quantities, emetic tartar is of great
utility as a nauseating medicine, a diaphoretic,
and an expectorant. Dose, gr. i to gr. $. In
minute doses, and combined with calomel, it is
a powerful alterative in many diseases of the
skin.
It is sometimes administered in doses of gr.
v. to x. in inflammations, especially of the
chest, to produce a full sedative effect. When
nibbed into the skin, or applied to the surface
of a wound, tartarized antimony produces its
characteristic effects on the system.
An ointment, formed by triturating sij. of
tartarized antimony with ?j. of lard, and nibbed
into the skin, has the singular property of
bringing out a crop of large and inflamed pus-
tules, something resembling those of small-pox.
This is used with great effect in all cases where
powerful counter-irritation is required, and has
the advantage of all other means in one partic-
ular, namely, that it not only excites inflamma-
tion, but establishes a new and specific action,
and imitates closely the natural process by
which internal disease is sometimes thrown
upon the surface. When taken in a poisonous
dose, emetic tartar produces effects very analo-
gous to those of arsenic: violent vomiting and
purging, with severe colic, pain and sensation
of burning hi the stomach, difficult respiration,
fainting, convulsions, and death. The treat-
ment consists in evacuating the poison by the
copious use of bland diluents, decomposing it
by decoctions of oak bark or infusion of galls,
and subsequently abating the inflammation of
the bowels by bleeding and opium.
58
Antimonium vitrificatum. See Antimonii
vitrum.
A'NTIMONY. {Antimonium, i, n.) A metal
of a grayish-white color, having a slight bluish
shade, and very brilliant. Its texture is lamella-
ted. Its specific gravity is about 6 - 7. It is
moderately hard, very brittle, fuses at 800° F.,
and, if the heat be increased, it is volatilized in
white fumes of oxide of antimony. Symbol,
Sb ; equivalent, 129*24, or, according to some
chemists, 64 - 62. When antimony is heated to
a full red or white heat in a covered crucible,
and then suddenly exposed to the air, it in-
flames and burns with a white light; the vapor
which rises condenses on cool surfaces, fre-
quently in the form of small acicular crystals of
a silvery whiteness : these were formerly called
argentine flowers of antimony ( SbOs). It is
the active oxide of medicines.
Antimonious acid : Sb0.i. It is generated
when the oxide is exposed to heat in open ves-
sels, and is formed in the process of preparing
the pulvis antimonialis. It is probably a mix-
ture of the oxide and antimonic acid.
Antimonic acid, sometimes called peroxide
of antimony, is obtained as a white hydrate by
digesting the metal in strong nitric acid. When
exposed to a red heat, it parts with oxygen,
and is converted into antimonious acid. Its
form, is SbOs.
Chloride of antimony, SbCls, or Terchloride,
formerly the sesquioxide, is formed by distill-
ing metallic antimony with rather more than
twice its weight of corrosive sublimate; the
volatile chloride of antimony passes over, and
the mercury remains in the retort. This butter
of antimony is soft, dissolves with a gentle heat,
and crystallizes on cooling. When it is thrown
into water, the greater part subsides in the
state of an oxychloride, which is the powder of
Algaroth. The chloride, or butter, is deliques-
cent, and has caustic qualities. It is rarely
used except by veterinary surgeons.
Antimony forms an important series of com-
pounds with sulphur. The common sulphuret,
kermes mineral, and golden sulphuret, have al-
ready been described. See Antimonii sulphu-
rctum and Antimonii sulphur c turn prcrcipitatum.
There are several oxysulphurets of antimony,
which are of rather variable composition, ac-
cording as more or less of the sulphuret is
oxydized during their formation. Of this nature
are the glass of antimony, the crocus or saffron
of antimony, and the liver of antimony. See
Antimonii vitntm. The compound of antimony
most important to the physician is the double
tartrate of antimony and potash, or emetic tar-
tar of the shops. See Antimonium tartariza-
tum.
Antimony ash. Antimonium calcinatum. —
A., jlowers. See Antimony. — A., deutoxide of.
Antimonious acid : Sb0 4 . The antimonium
calcinatum is an impure kind. — A., golden sul-
phuret. See Antimonii sulphuretum prajcipi-
tatum. — A.,hydrochlorate. A.,munatc. Antimo-
ny, chloride. — A.,peroxidc. Antimonious acid.
Antimonium calcinatum. — A., red. Kermes
mineral. Antimonii sulphuretum prtecipita-
tum. — A., submuriale. Powder of Algaroth.
See Antimony, chloride. — A.,sesqnioxide.A.,ses
ANT
quisulphurct, &c. The same as the oxide, sul-
phuret, the former terms being used when the
equivalent of antimony is taken at 64-62 : thus,
the oxide becomes 2SbC*3. — A.,tcroxide. A.,
tersulphurcl. The same compounds as are
usually termed the oxide, sulphuret, &c.
Antimony, butter of. See Antimony, chlo-
ride of.
Antimony, cerated. Cerated glass of. The
levigated powder of the glass, mixed with £th
wax, roasted till no more vapors arise, and
then pounded. An old preparation.
Antimony, crude. The sulphuret of anti-
mony of commerce.
Antimony, glass of. See Antimonii vitrum.
Antimony, sulphuret of. See Antimonii
sulphureturn.
Antimony, tartarized. See Antimoninm
tartarizatum.
Antimony, vitrified oxide of. See Anti-
monii vitrum.
Antinephri'tic. (Antinephriticiis ; from avrt,
and vcfpinc, a disease of the kidneys.) Medi-
cines used against disorders of the kidneys.
Antineurotic. Nerviue remedies.
Antiochi hieri, and A. theriaca. Compli-
cated medicines used by the ancients in mania,
&c.
Antiodonta'lgic. See Antodontalgic.
Antiorga'stic. (Antiorgasticus ; from avn,
and opyafa, to excite vehemently.) Seda-
tive.
Antiparaly'tic Antiparalyticus. Medi-
cines against palsy.
Antiparasitic Antiparasiticus. Substances
which destroy vermin.
Antipa'thic Possessed of an antipathy.
Applied to things whose nature is adverse and
opposed.
ANTI'PATHY. {Antipathia, ce, f. ; from
avTi, against, and nadog, an affection. ) Disgust
and honor at the presence of particular objects,
with great restlessness or fainting. It com-
prises two speoies, viz., Antipathia sensilis,
eensile antipathy, antipathy excited through the
medium of the external senses ; and Antipathia
insensilis, insensile antipathy, where the antip-
athy is not excited by objects within the range
of vision.
ANTIPERISTALTIC. Antiperistaltics.
An inverted action of the intestines, by which
their contents are urged upward. It is op-
posed to Peristaltic, which see.
Antiperi'stasis. Antagonism.
Antipertussis. An old remedy against
hooping-cough, containing the sulphate of zinc.
Antipestilential. The same as antiloimic.
Antipha'rmic Autipharmacon. (Antiphar-
micus; from avn, and Qap/ianov, a poison. ) The
same as alexipharmic.
ANTIPHLOGISTIC. (Antiphlogisticus ;
from avn, against, and <j>\eyu, to burn.) A
term applied to those means, whether medicinal
or hygienic, which tend to reduce inflamma-
tion. Bleeding, purging, refrigerants, and a low
diet form the most important part of the anti-
phlogistic treatment.
Antiphtheiriaca. Antiparasitic medicines.
Antiphthi'sic Anliphthisicus. Against a
consumption.
ANT
Anti'phthora. See Anthora.
Antiphy'sical. {Antiphysicus ; from avn,
against, and Qvoaw, to blow.) Synonymous
with carminative.
Antipleuri'tic Antipleur Ulcus. Against
a pleurisy.
Antipoda'gric Antipodagricus. Medicines
which relieve the gout.
Antipra'xia. Antipraxis. (From av~i, and
irpaaau, to work.) A contrariety of diseased
states coexisting in the same patient, as spasm
of the muscles in one limb, and paralysis in
another.
Antifro'stat.e glandule. Cowper's glands,
so called because they are situated before the
prostate.
Antiputric Antiseptic.
Antipso'ric. Medicines used against the itch.
Antipyic. {Antipyicus; from avn, against,
and ttvov, pus. ) Medicines or other means used
to prevent suppuration.
Antipyre'tic. Antipyrelicus. Against a
fever. Febrifuge.
Antipyro'tic. (Antipyroticus: from avrt,
against, and nvp, fire.) Applied to remedies
used in the cure of burns.
Antiquartana'rium. A remedy against a
quartan ague.
Antiqua'rticum. The same as Antiquarta-
narium.
Antiquarticum peruvianum. The cinchona,
or Peruvian bark.
Anti'qui morbi. Chronic diseases.
Antirachitic. Against rachitis, or the
ANTI'RRHINUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Didynamia. Angiospermia. Family,
Scrophularinem. — A. elati'ne. Elaline. The
leaves of this plant have a roughish, bitter taste,
but no smell. Formerly used against scurvy
and old ulcerations. — A. lina'ria. Toad-flax.
Linaria. The leaves have a bitterish, saline
taste. They are diuretic and cathartic. They
have been much used as an application to piles
in ointment, &c.
Antisco'lic (Antiscolicus ; from avn, and
OKuknl;, a worm.) Anthelmintic.
ANTISCORBU'TIC. Antiscorbuticus. Against
the scurvy.
ANTISCROFULOUS. Antistrumous. Med-
icines or other means opposed to scroftda.
ANTISE'PTIC. (Anlisepticus ; from avn,
against, and anirc), to putrefy.) A term applied
to any substance which has the power of pre-
venting animal matter from passing into a state
of putrefaction, and of obviating putrefaction
when already begun. In the arts, salt, nitre,
acetic acid, mineral acids, creasote, acetate and
muriate of alumina, chlorine, sulphate of iron,
charcoal, acetone, arsenic, corrosive sublimate,
sulphate of copper, acetate of iron, &c., are of
this kind. Antiseptic medicines are those which
are used to correct the tendency to putrescency
supposed to exist in certain malignant diseases.
This class of medicines has been divided into,
1. Tonic antiseptics; as cinchona, cusparia,
anthemis, quinine. 2. Refrigerating antisep
tics ; as the mineral acids. 3. Stimulating an-
tiseptics ; as wine, alcohol, creasote, acetone,
chlorine water, chloride of lime, and soda. 4
JW
ANT
Antispasmodic antiseptics ; as camphor, assafoe-
tida, musk.
Anti'spasis. A revulsion or derivation, as in
the action of a blister. See Revulsion.
ANTISPASMODIC. (Antispasmodics ;
from avri, against, and oiraajjioc, a spasm.) An
antispasmodic medicine properly means one
which has the power of allaying spasm, but is
usually extended to those which allay severe
pain unconnected with inflammation. The
principal are musk, castor, petroleum, ammonia,
asafetida, sagapenum, galbanum, ammoniacum,
valerian, cajeput oil, ether, opium, camphor,
and animal oils.
Antispa'stic. Antispasticus. Antispasmod-
ic. Derivative or revulsive.
Antiste'rnum. AvTiarepvov. The back.
Antistropha. The first and second ribs
have been so called.
Antistrumous. Antiscrofulous.
ANTISYPHILI'TIC. Against the venereal
disease.
Anti'tasis. (From avri, against, and tclcic,
extension.) Counter-extension.
Anti'thenar. This name has been given to
two muscles: adductor ad indicem., and adductor
pollicis pedis.
Antitra'gicus. A muscle of the external
ear ; use, to turn the tip of the antitragus a lit-
tle outward.
ANTI'TRAGUS. (us, i, n. ; from uvti, and
rpayog, the tragus.) An eminence of the outer
ear, opposite to the tragus.
Antitypia. Resistance.
_ ANTIVENEREAL. Anlivenercus. Medi-
cines used in the cure of venereal diseases.
Anti verminous. Anthelmintic.
Antizy'mic Applied to that which prevents
fermentation. Antiseptic.
Anth'a lactea. Antlia mammaria. A
breast-pump.
Antonii sancti ignis. See Erysipelas.
Antophy'llos. Anthophyllos.
Antri'tis. (From antrum, a cave.) Inflam-
mation of any cavity of the body.
A'NTRUM. (urn, i, n., a cave.) A cavity
which has a small opening. The term is ap-
plied by anatomists to several cavities.
Antrum buccinosum. The cochlea of the
ear.
Antrum gen.e. See Antrum Highmoria-
num.
Antrum Highmorta'num. Antrum of High-
more. Antrum maxillee superioris. Maxillary
sinus. A large cavity in each superior maxil-
lary bone, between the eye and the roof of the
mouth, lined by a mucous membrane.
The maxillary sinuses are liable to several
morbid affections. Sometimes their membra-
nous lining inflames, and secretes a great quan-
tity of mucus or pus. Various polypi, fungi,
and other tumors are produced in them. Their
bony parietes are occasionally affected with ex-
ostosis, or caries. The antrum is subject to
abscess, which is accompanied with great pain
and swelling, ending in caries of the palate,
nasal plate, &c, whereby the pus is evacuated.
It may be remedied by extracting a molar
tooth, and perforating, through its socket, the
cavity. After the pus is discharged, inject the
60
AOR
cavity with tepid water. But it is also subject
to polypus and malignant growths, which re-
quire the antrum to be laid open, and often
cauterized by fire.
Antrum pylo'ri. The small extremity of
the stomach approaching the pylorus.
Ants,' acid of. Formic acid.
Anty'lion. AvtvXiov. An astringent cata-
plasm.
Anuria. Ischuria.
A'NUS. (us, i, m.) The fundament, or ter
mination of the rectum. The seat. The anus
is furnished with muscles, viz., the sphincter,
which keeps it closed ; and the levatorcs ani,
which retract it into its natural situation after
the expulsion of the fasces. It is surrounded
with a very loose cellular substance. The anus
is subject to various diseases, especially piles,
ulceration, abscesses, excrescences, and prolap-
sus, and to imperforation in new-born infants.
2. The foramen commune postcrius, in the brain.
Anus, artificial. An artificial opening
made by the surgeon in the situation of tho
anus in cases where the rectum is imperforate ;
or, a serious operation for the purpose of afford-
ing an outlet to the fasces by a new way, when,
from disease or accident, a portion of the intes-
tinal canal is obliterated.
Anus, constriction of. The same as that
below, with or without ulcerations.
Anus, fissure of. Contraction of the anus,
accompanied by a slight elongated ulceration
of the rectum, the edges of which are red;
there is, also, contraction of the rectum. It is
attended with great anguish during defalcation,
lasting from half an hour to several days. The
introduction of the finger is attended with tho
greatest pain. Laxatives, leeches to the anus,
and fomentations are of little service if the dis-
ease be established ; nothing but a free division
of the sphincter toward the coccyx, and the
introduction of tents during the cicatrization,
will effect a perfect cure.
Anus, preternatural. An accidental open-
ing in the parietes of the abdomen, to which
opening some part of the intestinal canal leads,
and through which the faeces are either wholly
or in part discharged. It may arise from a
wound or gangrene of a strangulated hernia.
Every means are to be taken to direct the faeces
in their natural direction.
ANXIETY. Anxictas. In medical language,
this term is applied to a painful restlessness
and inquietude, usually accompanied with a
sense of weight in the precordial region.
Any'dron. A species of night-shade. — Blan-
card.
AO'RTA. (a, «. f.) The main trunk of tho
arterial system, which gives rise to eveiy artery
in the body except the pulmonary. The aorta
rises behind the pulmonary arteiy from the up-
per and back part of the left ventricle of the
heart, opposite the third dorsal vertebra. It8
mouth is closed by three semilunar valves. It
ends at the fourth lumbar vertebra, and bifur-
cates into the right and left iliac arteries.
Aorta, arch of. The bend between the
ascending and descending portions.
Aorta, ascending. That portion which
goes from the heart to the arch.
a r ft
APH
Aorta, descending. The whole of the aorta
from the termination of the arch to its bifurca-
tion into the iliac arteries.
Aorta, thoracic The portion of the aorta
between the heart and the diaphragm.
. Aorteuri'sma. Aneurism of the aorta.
Aortic. Appertaining to the aorta, as aortic
valves.
AORTI'TIS. Inflammation of the aorta. An
extremely obscure disease, usually associated
with diseases of the heart, lungs, and pleura,
and resulting in aneurism and other organic and
fatal consequences. Increasedactionoftheheart,
dyspnoea, uneasiness in the course of the arteiy,
violent pulsations, are the few uncertain signs.
The affection is very common in its chronic form,
as autopsies reveal. Treatment. — Counter-irri-
tation, with tartar emetic ointment, issues, blood-
letting, rest, antiphlogistic treatment.
Ao'rtra. Aotron. The lungs.
Ao'tus. (From a, and ovc, an ear.) A mon-
ster without ears.
Apa'gma. The fracture of a bone.
Apalachi'ne gallis. Ilex vomitoria
Ar all age. Change for the better.
Apalotica. Deformities of the soft parts.
Apanthismus. The obliteration of parts no
longer useful, as the thymus gland.
Apa'nthropy. (Apanthropia ; from a, and
avQpuiroe, a man.) A species of melancholy
characterized by a dislike to society.
Apari'ne. Goose-grass. See Galium aparine.
Aparthro'sis. The same as Abarticulation.
APATHY. (Apathia, ee, f. ; from a, priv.,
and naOoc, affection.) A morbid suspension of
the natural passions and feelings. It is a com-
mon symptom in low fevers, and other diseases
which greatly impair the energy of the brain.
Apeche'ma. Counter-fissure.
Ape'lla. Retraction or smallness of the pre-
puce, or any soft appendage.
Ape'psia. Indigestion. See Dyspepsia.
Aperiens palpebrarum rectus. See Le-
vator palpebra superioris.
APE'RIENT. Ape'riens. Apertivus. (From
aperio, to open.) Applied to a medicine which
gently opens the bowels.
Aperi'statos. Aperislatum. An epithet
applied by Galen to a small hollow ulcer which
is not surrounded by inflammation, or accom-
panied with any particular morbid disposition.
Ape'rtor oculi. Levator palpebra; superi-
oris.
Aperto'rium. An instrument that has been
used to dilate the os uteri during labor.
APE'TALOUS. Apetalus. Without a petal.
Apeuthy'smenos. The rectum.
A'PEX. {ex, ids, m.) The extremity or
tip of a part, as the apex of the tongue.
APH^'RESIS. Amputation or extirpation.
APHE'LXIA. (a, a, f. ; from atytkKu, to
abstract.) Revery. Dr. Good has three spe-
cies: 1. A. socors, absence of mind. 2. A. in-
tenla, abstraction of mind. 3. A. otiosa, brown
study.
Aphepse'ma. (A0ei/>J7//a.) Aphepsis. A de-
coction.
A'phesis. 1. The remission or resolution of
a disease. 2. Laxity and debility of the whole
body, or of any part. •
A philanthropy. Aphilanthropia. (From
a, <f>i?,EU, to love, and avdpurcoe, a man.) Dis-
like of men ; love of solitude.
APHO'NIA. {Afuvia, a, as, f. ; from a, priv.,
and (jtavjj, the voice.) Speechlessness; dumb-
ness ; loss of voice. Apoplexy. — Hippocrates.
Dumbness may proceed from loss of the
tongue or organic affections of that organ, de-
fects in the larynx, and be complete — or it may
be partial, and arise from nervous atony, as in
catalepsy, or as a symptom of nervous diseases
or complications, as in hysteria, or from inflam-
mation of the parts around the larynx. Division
of the recurrent nerve or pneumogastric pro-
duces incurable dumbness. Violent emotions
are occasionally attended with aphonia. Per-
sons born deaf are commonly without speech.
Where it is a nervous symptom, counter-irrita-
tion is used to recover the voice ; hi atony and
great prostration, tonic stimulants.
Aphonia surdorum. The dumbness of deaf
persons.
Apho'ria. Barrenness. Sterility in the fe-
male.
Aphorisbi. A maxim.
Aphro'des. Resembling froth.
Aphrodi'sia. Coition. Puberty.
APHRODI'SIAC. {Aphrodisiacus ; from
a<j>podioia, venery.) Applied to articles oil food,
medicines, &c, which excite the venereal appe-
tite. Phosphorus dissolved in oil is said to have
this property, in doses of ^th to -J^th of a grain.
Aphrodisia'smus- Aphrodisia.
Aphrodi'sius morbus. The venereal disease.
Aphronia. Apoplexy.
Aphrosyne. Insanity.
A'PHTHA. (a, a;, f. ; k<f>6ai ; from anru, to
inflame. ) The thrash ; called, also, Aphtha lac-
turfmen. Small white ulcers upon the tongue,
gums, inside of the lips and palate, resembling
particles of curdled milk. There are three
species of this affection : 1. Aphtha infantum.
This appears in children soon after birth. When
it is mild it is confined to the mouth, or extends
no farther than the fauces ; but when violent
and of long standing, it is apt to extend through
the whole course of the alimentary canal, from
the mouth down to the anus ; and to excite se-
vere purging, with great constitutional irrita-
tion. The disease, when recent and confined
to the mouth, may in general be easily removed ;
but when it is of long standing, and has extend-
ed to the stomach and intestines, it very fre-
quently proves fatal.
2. Aphtha maligna. Black thrush. In this
the ulceration spreads from the larynx to the
mouth, the sloughs are black, and the patient
is affected with typhoid fever. It is usually
symptomatic. A gangrenous form of thrush
{Aphtha gangrenosa, or A. serpentes) has fre-
quently been very fatal among children, espe-
cially in foundling hospitals.
3. Aphtha chronica. The thrush sometimes
occurs as a chronic disease, both in warm cli-
mates and in those northern countries where
the cold is combined with a considerable de-
gree of moisture, or where the soil is very
marshy. The treatment of the thrush in chil-
dren is generally to be begun by clearing out
the bowels with rhubarb and magnesia, or
61
AP
mild aperients. Where the child is very weak,
and the aphthae of a dark color, bark and other
tonics must be had recourse to. The separation
of the sloughs and healing of the ulcers may be
promoted by washing the mouth occasionally
with the honey of borax, diluted with two or
three parts of rose water. The diet should be
light and gelatinous. Warm clothing is neces-
sary where there is dampness or cold.
Aphtha lactantium. Aphtha infantum. — A.
adultorum. Aphtha maligna. — A. anginosa.
Aphthae of the throat.
Aphthous. Partaking of the nature of aph-
tha.
APHY'LLUS. (From a, priv., and fvTJMv,
a leaf.) Aphyllous; leafless.
A'pios. Formerly Euphorbia apios. Also,
the Bunium bulbocastanum, Lathyrus tuberosus,
and Glycine apios.
A'PIS. (is, is, f.) The name of a genus of
Hymenopterous insects. The bee is A. mclli-
fica.
A'PIUM. (um, i, n.) The name of a genus
of plants; family, TJmbellifcra. — A. grave 1 olens.
Apium. Smallage. The roots, &c, are said to
be aperient and carminative ; the whole plant
is acrid and poisonous. Celery is a variety
produced by cultivation. — A. hortense. See
Apium, petroselinum. — A. pctroselinum. (Ph.
U. S.) Common parsley. The seeds possess
aromatic and carminative powers, but arc sel-
dom prescribed.
Aplastic. Not plastic. See Plastic.
APNCE'A. Apnus. Apncustia. (a, a, f. ;
from a, priv., and nveu, to breathe.) An ex-
treme feebleness of respiration, as in syncope
— sometimes asphyxia.
Apo-. Ano. From; off; out. A common
prefix.
Apoarthrosis. Articulation.
Apoca'rpason. Apocarpathon. Apocalpa-
son. See Carpasus.
Apocarpje. Apocarpous. Without distinct
carpels.
APOCATHA'RSIS. (From ano, and nadai-
pu, to purge.) A purgation, whether upward
or downward.
Apocatha'rtic The same as cathartic.
APOCENO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from ano, and
Kevou, to evacuate.) 1. A flow or evacuation
of any humor. 2. An order in the class Locales
of Cullen is called Apocenoses, which embraces
diseases characterized by a flux of blood, or
other fluid, without pyrexia.
Apochrempsis. Expuition.
Apochyli'sma. An extract.
Apochy'ma. Ano^v/ia. Pitch impregnated
with sea-salt.
Apocla'sma. Apagma.
Apo'cope. Abscission.
Apocrenic acid. A product of decaying
vegetable matter, probably a humate of ammo-
nia. — Mulder.
Apo'crisis. (From anoKpivu, to secrete from.)
An excretion of superabundant humors.
Apocru'sticus. Apocroustic; repellant.
Apocye'sis. (From ano, and kvu, to bring
forth.) Parturition.
APOCYNACE.E. An order of dicotyledon-
ous plants, nearly agreeing with asclepiadaceee,
62
APO
but of rather more suspicious properties. Trees
or shrubs, usually with milky juice, with leaves
opposite, sometimes whorled ; corolla, monope-
talous, hypogynous ; stamens, inserted into the
corolla ; ovaries, two ; fruit, a follicle, capsule,
drupe, or berry, single or double. ,
Apocy'nine. A bitter principle from apocy-
num.
APO'CYNUM. Dog's-baue. A genus of
plants: class, Pcnlandria; order, Moufigynia;
family, Apocynacecc. — A. androswmifolium. (U.
S.) The powder of the root is given as an
emetic, thirty grains producing about the same
effect as a scrapie of ipecacuanha. — A. canna-
binum. (U. S.) Indian hemp. Powerfully
emetic and cathartic. Dose, 3j. Also diuretic.
Used in dropsies. — A. rnari'timum, or Vcnetum.
Grows near Venice, and contains a milky, poi-
sonous juice. — A. juvc'ntas is used in India as a
cordial. — A. scandens. The allamanda.
Apodacry'ticus. Substances which first ex-
cite a flow of tears and then repress them.
AroDYTE'RiuM. The anteroom of the bath.
Apogalacti'smus. Ablactatio.
APOGEU'SIS. (From ano, and yevouai, to
taste.) A generic term used by Vogel, includ-
ing the various disorders of the sense of taste.
Ageustia.
Apoglauco'sis. Glaucoma.
APOLE'PSIS. (knofajipic ; from ano/M/i-
6avu, to intercept.) A suppression of any
function.
Apollinaris altercum. Hyoscyamus.
Apo'lysis. Relaxation.
Apo'meli. An oxymel.
APONEURO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from ano, and
vevpov, a nerve, or a tendon, which the an-
cients confound together.) A tendinous ex-
pansion. It is sometimes used for fascia. See
Muscle.
Aponeurosis crural, or femoral. Fascia
lata. — A. iliac. Fascia iliaca.
A'poxos. Anodyne.
Apopalle'sis. Apopalsis. Expulsion. Pro-
trusion. — Hippocrates.
Apopa'lsis. See Apopallesis.
Apopedasis. Dislocation.
A p o p h l E g m a ' t i c . Apophlegmaii 'smus.
(Apophlegmaticus ; from ano, and (fkeyfia,
phlegm.) A medicine which excites a dis-
charge of mucus. The term, therefore, includes
errhines, masticatories, detergent gargles, &c.
Apo'phrades. (From anu, and <j>pa£o, to
speak.) Unlucky days, dies nefandi ; days
which are not critical, or those on which no
favorable change in a disease is expected to
take place — Dies apophrades.
Apo'phthora. Apophtha'rma. Abortion
APO'PHYSIS. (is, is, f. ; from anofvu, to
produce or send forth.) A process, projection,
or protuberance of a bone or other part.
Apophysis of Ingrassius. The ahe minores
of the sphenoid bone.
Apophysis of Rau. See Malleus.
Apople'cta ve'xa. The internal jugular
vein.
APOPLECTIC. Apoplcclicvs. Appertain
ing to apoplexy.
Apoplectic cell. The cavity into which
blood has been effused m apoplexy.
APO
APP
Apoplectifaclents. The true narcotics, as
opium, morphia, and lactucarium, which stupefy
and produce conn-acted pupil.
Apople'xia hyorocepha'lica. Acute hy-
drocephalus.
Apoplexia catale'ptica. A. parva. Cat-
alepsy.
Apoplexia infa'ntum. A form of apoplexy
which has been observed to occur in children
from the effect of teething, worms, or intestinal
irritation.
Apople'cticje ve'sje. The jugular veins.
A'POPLEXY. (Apoplexia, w,i.; anon7i,n^i.a;
from anoTr'fa)Gau, to strike or astound.) A
sudden abolition, or great diminution, of the
powers of sense and voluntary motion, the pa-
tient lying in a sleep-like state ; the action of
the heart continuing, as well as the respiration,
which is often accompanied with a stertorous
sound. The fit of apoplexy is frequently at-
tended with convulsions of one side of the body
and paralysis of the other. It is most frequent
after thirty -five, and the prognosis is unfavora-
ble.
Apoplexy is usually divided into sanguineous
(A. sanguined) and serous (A. serosa, A. pitui-
tosa), according as there is blood or serum effus-
ed into the brain ; the terms sthenic and asthenic
are, howevei*, preferable. In sthenic apoplexy
there is a full habit, plethora, tendency to hemor-
rhage; in asthenic there is feebleness, small pulse,
pallor, and tendency to nervous disease. The
precursory signs of pain in the head, vertigo,
somnolency, deep inspirations, belong to both;
but the stupor of the sthenic variety is deep-
er, and the liability to paralytic consequences is
greater in the asthenic. The worst symptoms
during the fit are, close contraction of the pu-
pil, deep stertor, clinched jaw, foaming at the
mouth ; spontaneous hemorrhages are favora-
ble. The treatment depends on the variety;
where there is plethora, bleeding, counter-irri-
tation, and purgation are actively employed ;
but in the asthenic form bleeding is always to
be cautiously employed, the main dependence
being on counter-irritants. The fits last from
eight hours to upward of two days, and the
prognosis will depend soinewhat-on their length.
The asthenic form is most dangerous. During
convalescence the diet is to be low or nutritious,
according to the variety. There is a liability to
recurrence produced by the attack.
Simple apoplexy (Apoplexia nervosa, or A.
simplex') is a name given to a disease the
symptoms of which are similar to those of com-
mon apoplexy, but in which it is of nervous or
cerebral origin, and unconnected with effusion
either of blood or serum.
Apoplexy, cutaneous. Apoplexie cutanee.
A great and sudden determination of blood to-
ward the skin and subjacent cellular membrane.
Apoplexy, pulmonary. Extravasation of
blood in the lungs from the rupture of vessels,
or exhalation and transmission from the mem-
branes of the bronchia;, &c. See Hemoptysis.
Apoplexy, renal. A congested state of the
kidney, with irregular, dark, or black tubercu-
lated knots.
Apopni'xis. Suffocation.,
Apopsy'chia. Complete syncope.
Aporrhce'a. (From anofipeu, to flow from.)/
Dcjluvium. Effluvium. Miasm. Alopoecia.
Aposce'mma. Aposcepsis. 1. The metas-
tasis of a disease. — Hippocrates. 2. Faces.
Aposceparni'smus. A wound of the cranium,
from which a fragment has been chipped off by
a sharp instrument.
Apo'schasis. (From ano(rx a &, to scarify.)
Aposchasmus. A scarification. Venesection
— Hippocrates.
Apose'pidin. Caseous oxide.
Apo'sia. Absence of thirst.
Aposi'tia. A loathing of food.
Aposi'tic Medicines, &c, which take away
the appetite.
Apospa'sma. A solution of continuity, at-
tended with recession of the divided parts from
each other, as laceration of tendons, &c. — Galen.
Aposphaceli'sis. Sphacelus.
Apo'stasis. (is, cos, f. ; from atytarntii, to
sepai - ate.) The Greek, writers apply this term,
1. To abscesses in general. 2. To the separation
of a fragment of bone. 3. To the resolution of
a disease by excretion, or by a critical discharge.
Aposta'xis. The dropping of any fluid. See
Staxis.
APOSTE'MA. (a, alis, n. ; from a<l>t.0Tn[ii,
discedo, absccdo ; hence, abscessus.) An apos-
tcm, imposthume, or apostume. Abscess.
Apostema apostasis. An abscess from me-
tastasis.
Apostema fsoaticum. Lumbar abscess.
Apo'stropiie. An aversion for food.
Aposyringesis. The passage of a sore into
a fistula.
Apotelesma. The termination of a disease.
APOTHE'CA. (kirodnicn, a repository.) A
storehouse for medicines ; an apothecary's shop.
Apothecaries' Hall. The place of business
of the Company of Apothecaries, whose office,
in England, is to examine candidates for the
diploma of apothecary or general practitioner,
and to prepare and 'sell pure medicines.
Apo'thecary. (Apothecarius, i, m. ; from
airodrjKn.) A general practitioner and druggist.
This term formerly signified a druggist.
Apothe'cia, or Apothe'cium. The recepta-
cle of lichens.
Apo'theme. The dark, insoluble body into
which extractive matter becomes changed by
contact with air.
Apo'thesis. (From anoTidn/ii, to replace.)
The proper position for a reduced bone or part
Apo'tocus. Abortive; pi - emature.
Apotome. Amputation.
APO'ZEMA. A'pozem. (a, atis, n. ; airofr
/in, ; from ano&o, to boil.) A decoction or apo-
zem.
APPARA'TUS. (us, lis, m.; from apparo,
to prepare.) The instruments used in the prac-
tice of any art, as chemical apparatus, surgical
apparatus. In Surgery, to certain methods of
performing operations, as apparatus major, and
apparatus minor — particular methods of opera-
ting for the stone. In Physiology, to a catena-
tion of organs all ministering to the same func-
tion, as the respiratory apparatus, the digest
ive apparatus.
Apparatus at.tus. The high operation for
the stone.
63
APR
Apparatus, chemical. The instruments re-
quired for chemical investigations, such as fur-
naces, crucibles, evaporating vessels, retorts,
receivers, adopters, &c.
Apparatus lateralis. Apparatus major.
Apparatus minor. See Lithotomy.
Apparatus, pneumatic. The name given to
various contrivances for collecting the gases that
result from chemical processes, and subjecting
them to experiment. They are received over
water or mercury usually.
Apparatus, immovable. A method of sup-
porting fractures by bandages or pasteboard,
wetted with starch, or some stiffening paste.
Appe'ndices cerebe'lli vermifo'rmes. Two
eminences on the cerebellum, one of which is
situated on the anterior and superior part, the
other on the posterior and inferior. They some-
what resemble earth-worms coiled up, whence
their name.
APPINDI'CULA. («, cc, f. ; dimin. of ap-
pendix.) A term applied by anatomists to cer-
tain parts appended ;to others.
Appendicula ceci vermiformis. See Ap-
pendix cceci vermiformis.
Appendicula cerebri. The pituitary gland.
Appendicul„e epiplo'icje. Appendices coli
adiposw, vel pinguedinosa. Numerous small
appendages of the colon and rectum, consisting
of the peritoneal tunic filled with adipose mat-
ter.
ArpEsru'cuLATE. Appendiculatus. Leaves,
leaf-stalks, &c, furnished with an appendix or
additional organ.
APPE'NDIX. (ix, ids, f.) An appendage.
Appendix auricularis. A process of the
upper and anterior part of the auricles of the
heart.
Appendix cmci vermiformis. A hollow
process attached to the ciecum. It is of varia-
ble length, usually about four inches, and of the
diameter of a goose-quill.
Appendix ventriculi. The duodenum.
Appetence. Strong desire.
APPETITE. (Appctitus, Us, m. ; from ap-
peto, to desire.) An instinctive desire to per-
form certain natural functions, especially those
of digestion and generation. — A., canine. Bu-
limia. — A., depraved. Pica. — A., insatiable.
Bulimia. — A., morbid. Bulimia, Pica, Dyspep-
sia, Limosis.
Apple. Pyrus mains.
Apple, Adam's. Pomum Adami.
Apples, acid of. Malic acid.
Application. (From applico, to apply.) In
medical language, remedial agents which are
used externally, as poultices, lotions, &c, are
called external applications, as opposed to in-
ternal medicines.
Apprehe'nsio. (From apprehendo, to take
hold of.) 1. Catalepsy has been so called. 2.
Indication.
Approximate. Approximatus. A term used
in botany. See Adpressus.
Approximation. {Approximate, onis, f.)
The name given by Ettmuller to a pretended
method of curing diseases by making them
pass from the human body into animals or veg-
etables.
Apricot. Armcniaca vulgaris.
64
AQU
Apulo'tic. Epulotic.
Apye'tus. (Anvnroc; from a, priv., and
nvov, pus.) A term applied by the ancients to
external tumors which do not suppurate.
APYRE'TIC. (Apyreticus, anvperoc; from
a, priv., and nvp, fire.) A term that has been
applied, 1. To those days on which the inter-
mission happens in agues. 2. To local affec-
tions which are not accompanied with febrile
excitement of the system.
APYRE'XIA. (a, a, f. ; from a, priv., and
irvpe^ia, fever.) Apyrexy. The intermission
of an ague. Also, freedom, or cessation of
fever.
Apyrous. (Apyrus; from a, neg., and Trt'p,
fire.) Applied, 1. To a body which sustains
the action of a strong heat without change. 2.
To a body which has not been subjected to the
action of fire.
A'QUA. (a, a, f.) Water. In Pharmacy,
water is divided into several species; as, Aq.
fonlana, spring water; Aq. ftuviatilis, Aq. ex
flumine, river water ; Aq. ex lacu, lake water ;
Aq.pura, Aq. destillata, pure or distilled water;
Aq. medicata soteria, mineral water; Aq. ni-
vea, nivalis, snow water; Aq. pluvia, pluvialis,
imbrium, rain water ; Aq. paludosa, ex palude,
marsh water ; Aq. putealis, ex puteo, well wa-
ter. The term is also erroneously employed
for Spiritiis, as Aqua anisi fortis, Aq. cinnamo-
mi fortis, Aq. junipcri, Aq. menthaj spirituosa,
Aq. ardiente, &c. ; for all of which, see Spiritus.
Aqua aeris fixi. A. acidi carbonici. Wa-
ter impregnated with fixed air. See Carbonic
acid water.
Aqua alexite'ria. A water distilled from
leaves of spearmint, fresh tops of sea worm-
wood, and fresh angelica leaves.
The aqua alexiteria spirituosa was made
from the same ingredients, but with the addition
of proof spirit. The latter preparation, with
vinegar added to it, was cnlled Aqua alexiteria
spirituosa cum aceto.
Aqua alkali'na oxymuria'tica. Chloride
of soda.
Aqua alu'minis composita. Aqua aluminosa
Bateana. See Liquor aluminis compositus.
Aqua ammo'nije aceta'tje. See Ammonia
acetatis liquor.
Aqua ammonia ruR-s:, or fortissimo, or
caustica. See Ammonia. *
Aqua amygdalarum amarum concentrata.
Water of bitter almonds. Take bitter almonds,
ibij. ; water, Ibx. ; alcohol, Ibiv. Bruise the
almonds, and add the fluids gradually. Set the
mixture aside in a well-closed vessel for a day.
Distill ; receive Ibij. It contains prussic acid,
and takes the place of the Aqua laurocerasi,
and Aqua cerasorum nigrorum, or black cherry
water, but it does not keep well.
Aqua anethi. See Anethum graveolens.
Aqua argentea. Mercury.
Aqua arsenicalis pearsonii. Solution of
arsenite of soda ; it is almost identical in prop-
erty with the arsenicalis liquor, or Fowler's so-
lution.
Aqua benedicta rulandi. A solution of
crocus of antimony in wine. It is an active
emetic.
Aqua binelli. Aq. balsamica arterialis.
AQU
An Italian styptic of little value, supposed to be
a solution of creasote in water.
Aqua brocchieri. Eau de Brocchieri. Very
similar to the Aq. binelli.
Ao.ua calcis. See Calcis liquor.
Aqua camphorje. (U. S.) Camphor water
or mixture. Camphor, 3ij.; alcohol, HI xl. ; mag-
nesia, 3J.; distilled water, Oij. Rub the cam-
phor with the alcohol, then, with the magnesia,
dissolve and filter. Dose, f. fss. to f. fj.
Aqua camphorata (of Bates). See Aqua
vitriolica camphorata.
Aqua carui. See Caruin carui.
Aqua cerasorum nigrorum. Black cherry
water. Prepared by bruising black cherries
so as to break the stones, and then distilling
with only a small proportion of water.
Aqua chlorinii. See Chlorine water.
Aqua cinnamomi. See Aqum distillates.
Aqua coslestis. Water holding ammonia-
ted copper in solution. See Liquor cupri am-
monio-sulphatis. «
Aqua cosrulea. See Aqua sapphirina.
Aqua coloniensis. Cologne water. Eau
de Cologne.
v Aqua cupri ammonia'ti. See Liquor cupri
ammonio-sulphatis.
Aqua cupri vitriola'ti composita. Aqua
vitriolica cmrulea. See Solutio sulphatis cupri
Aqua di na'poli. See Aquctta.
Aqua distillata. Aq. stillata. Distilled
water, obtained by distilling water in clean
vessels, until about two thirds have come over.
Aqua ferne'lii. A mixture of corrosive
sublimate and lime-water, with the addition of
a little spirit of wine.
Aqua florum aurantii. Aqua napha. Or-
ange-flower water. A simple water distilled
from orange flowers. It has a fragrant but
sickly smell, and is antispasmodic. Dose, fj.
to § iv.
Aqua funiculi. See Anethum fceniculum.
Aqua fortis. A weak and impure nitric
acid.
Aqua gr.ec a. A weak solution of nitrate of
silver, which is sold by venders of nostrums to
turn red hair black.
Aqua gryse a. An aqueous solution of nitrate
of mercury mixed with a decoction of various
pktnts.
Aqua hepatica. Aq. acidi hydro sulphur ata.
Hydrosulphuretted water.
Aqua hordeata. Barley-water. See Decoc-
tum hordei.
Aqua inter cutem. Anasarca.
Aqua kali pr^parati. See Potassa car-
bonatis liquor.
Aqua kali puri. See Potassce liquor.
Aqua lab yrinthi. The fluid of the internal
ear.
Aqua lithargyri acetati. See Plumbi
acetatis liquor.
Aqua lithargyri acetati composita. See
Plumbi acetatis liquor dilutus.
Aqua lucue. Spiritu3 ammoniae succinates,
or aromaticus.
Aqua marina. Sea-water.
Aqua menthjs piperita. See Mentha pi-
perita.
E
AQU
Aqua Mentha sativje. Aqua menthce viridts.
See Mentha viridis.
Aqua mephritica. Aqua nucis moschatje.
Spiritus myristicae.
Aqua mirabilis. This was made by digest-
ing aromatics in alcohol, and then distilling.
Aqua mulsa. Hydromeli.
Aqua obscura. The cataract. A term
translated from the Aiabian authors.
Aqua ophthalmica. Aqua zinci sulphatis
cum camphora.
Aqua pelagica. Sea-water.
Aqua phagede'nica. The common yellow
wash. See Yellow wash.
Aqua picis liquids. (D. Ph.) Aquapicea.
Tar water. Mix of tar, Oij. ; water, Cj. ; stir
15 minutes, and, when clear, strain. Stimulant
and diuretic. Dose, Oj. and Oij. ; in the day.
Aqua pimento. See Myrtus pimenta.
Aqua potass^;. Liquor potassae.
Aqua pulegii. See Mentha pulegium.
Aqua rabelli. Elixir acidum Halleri. — A.
raphani composita. Spiritus armoraciae compos-
itus. — A. saturni. Plumbi acetatis liquor. — A.
sulphurata simplex. Hydrosulphuretted water.
— A. naphte. A. neroli. See Aq. florum au-
rantii. — A. vulneraria. A. thediana. A. trau-
matica. A. sclopetaria. Eau d'Arquebusade.
Aqua regia. Aqua regalis. Nitromuriatic
acid.
Aqua ros.e. (U. S.) Rose-water. Rose
petals, Ibviij. ; water, Cij. Distill one gallon.
Aqua sapphirina. Aqua cmrulea. Aqua
cupri ammoniati. Blue eye-water. This is
made by mixing sj. of sal ammoniac with fi»j.
of lime-water, and putting into the mixture a
small piece of clean copper, which is to remain
till the fluid has acquired a fine blue color
Aqua sere'na. Amaurosis.
Aqua stygia. Nitromuriatic acid.
Aqua sty'ptica. A name formerly given to
a solution of sulphate of copper (or iron) and
alum in water, with the addition of sulphuric
acid. Solutio sulphatis cupri composita.
Aqua toffania. See Aquetta.
Aqua ve'geto-minera'lis. Eau vegeto-min-
erale. Goulard water is so called from its be-
ing made of vinegar and lead.
Aqua vit^:. Brandy.
Aqua vitriolica camphorata. Camphora-
ted water. Take of white vitriol, Armenian
bole, aa. fiv. ; camphor, fj. Powder. Sprinkle
one ounce at a time into Ibiv. of boiling water,
and stir it briskly, and filter. A preparation
formerly much used as a detergent to ulcers
and a collyrium in chronic ophthalmia.
Aqua zinci sulphatis (vel vitriolati) cum
ca'mphora. Dissolve of sulphate of zinc, f ss.,
in a quart of boiling water ; add of camphora-
ted spirits, f. 588., and filter. This is astringent,
and a good collyrium.
Aquje distilla'te. Distilled waters. These
are made by distilling vegetables or other sub-
stances with common water, and continuing the
process as long as the water which comes over
is strongly impregnated with the volatile part
of the substance employed. The distilled wa-
ters of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia are prepared by
rubbing the essential oil with carbonate of mag-
nesia, triturating with water, and then filter-
65
AQU
ing ; f. 388. of oil is added to two pints of water.
To every gallon five ounces of proof spirit are
to be added. It is unnecessary to enumerate
all the distilled waters, as their names indicate
the substance -with the virtues of which they
are impregnated. Dose, fss. to ?ij.
Aquje minerales. See Mineral waters.
Aoyrn stillati'tie simplices. Simple dis-
tilled waters.
AQU.K STILLATITIiE SPIRITUOS.E. SpirftUOUS
distilled waters, now called spirits. See Spir-
itus.
AQILEDU'CTUS. An aqueduct. This name
has been given by anatomists to several canals
in different parts of the body, but not very cor-
rectly, as several of them contain no fluid.
Aqu^lductus cerebri. The infundibulum
of the brain.
Aqueductus co'chle.s:. A very narrow
canal, which begins at the under part of the
Bcala tympani, near the fenestra rotunda, and,
passing through the pars petrosa of the tem-
poral bone, terminates by a triangular opening
on the surface of the dura mater.
Aqueductus cotu'nnii. The aqueducts of
Cotunnius. The aquwductus cochlea and aqua-
ductus vestibuli.
AqcjEDUCtus fallopii. The aqueduct or
canal of Fallopius, so called after the anatomist
of that name. It commences within the meatus
auditorius interims, passes through the pars
petrosa of the temporal bone, and terminates in
the stylo-mastoid foramen. It transmits the
portio dura of the seventh pair of nerves.
Aqueductus sylvii. From the under and
back part of the third ventricle of the brain to
the fourth ventricle. Iter ad quartum ventric-
ulum, or canalis medius.
Aqujeductus vestibuli. A canal which
commences in the vestibule of the internal ear,
near the common orifice of the semicircular
canals, and terminates between the layers of the
dura mater on the posterior surface of the pars
Eetrosa of the temporal bone. Its use is not
nown.
Aquatic nut. See Trapa nutans.
AQUA'TICUS. (From aqua, water.)
Aquatic.
_ Aqueous humor. Humor aquosus. The
limpid, watery fluid which fills the space be-
tween the cornea and crystalline lens in the
eye. See Eye.
AQUETTA. Aqua Tojfania. Aqua delta
Tqffana. Aquetta di Napoli. A celebrated
poison prepared by a woman named Toffana.
It was a concentrated solution of arsenic.
Aquifo'lium. Hex aquifolium. Holly.
A'QUILA. (a,a:,f.) The Latin for an eagle.
An alchemical name of sal ammoniac, the mer-
curius metallorum, arsenic, sulphur, and the
philosopher's stone.
Aquila alba. A. mitigata. Calomel.
Aquila c(elestis. Some preparation of mer-
cury.
Aquila lachrymje. A preparation of which
calomel was an ingredient.
■ Aquila veneris. An old chemical prepara-
tion, made by subliming verdigris with sal am-
moniac.
Aquile lignum. Seo Lignum aloes.
66
AEA
Aquile vene. The temporal veins.
AQUILE'GIA. The herb columbine. A
genus of plants. Family, RanunculacetB.
Aquilegia vulgaris. The seeds, flowers,
and the whole plant have been used medicinal-
ly in exanthematous diseases, scurvy, jaundice,
&c. It is retained in several foreign Pharma-
copoeias.
Aquili'cia. A genus pf plants, of the class
Pentandria, and order Monogynia. It contains
only one species, the Aquilicia sambucina, which
is a native of Java, the Moluccas, &c. The
decoction of the root is used against heartburn ;
that of the wood is said to allay thirst.
Aquili'na. The same as Aquilegia.
Aquo-capsulitis. Aquo-membranitis. In
flammation of the anterior chamber of the eye.
Aquula. In medical language, it has been
applied to a hydatid, a fatty tumor under the
skin of the eyelid, &c.
Aquula acustica. Aqua labyrinlhi.
Arabic gum. See Acacia vera.
Arabica antidotus hepatica. A powder
composed of myrrh, costus, white pepper, and
cassia leaves. It is not now used.
Arabine. Soluble and pure gum.
A'rabis. A species of nasturtium used by
the ancients in pickles.
Aracee. Aroideas. ■
Arachis hypogea. The earth-nut.
Ara'chnida. (From apaxvn, a spider.) The
spider tribe.
Arachni'tis. A term generally applied to
inflammation of the arachnoid membrane.
Arachnoiditis, or Arachnoditis. See Encephali-
tis and Spinal cord, diseases of the.
ARA'CHNOID. (Arachnoides ; from apax-
vj], a spider, or spider's web, and eidoc, like-
ness. ) Cobweb-like.
Arachnoid membrane. Membrana arach-
noides. Tunica aranea. 1. A very thin and
transparent membrane, investing the brain,
medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. It is situ-
ated between the dura mater and pia mater.
Over the whole upper surface of the brain the
arachnoid membrane adheres so closely to the
pia mater as to be scarcely separable from it ;
but, in different parts of the base of the brain,
especially about the tuber annulare, it is merely
in contact with the pia mater, and can easily be
raised with the aid of the blow-pipe. Trie
arachnoid membrane does not insinuate itself
between the convolutions of the brain. No
blood-vessels or absorbents have hitherto been
detected in the arachnoid membrane, although
the phenomena of disease sufficiently evince
that it is endowed with both. The inner sur-
face of this membrane is constantly bedewed
with a serous exhalation, and there is little
doubt that, like other membranes of this class,
it forms, in its whole extent, a closed sac.
2. The term arachnoid was also applied by
the Greek anatomists to the hyaloid membrane,
or runic of the vitreous humor of the eye.
3. The capsule of the crystalline lens has
been called tunica aranea by modern anato-
mists.
A'RACK. Arac. An Indian spirituous liq
uor, prepared from rice, &c.
Aracouchini. See Idea aracouckini.
ARC
ARC
Aracus aromaticus. Vanilla.
Arados. A commotion.
Areometer. The hydrometer.
ArWticus. Medicines supposed to rarefy
the fluids of the body.
ARA'LIA. (a, m, f.) A genus of plants.
Class, Pentandria; order, Pentagynia. — A. nu-
dicaulis. (U. S.) False sarsaparilla. The
roots are sometimes chopped up and mixed
with the sarsaparilla of the shops. It is said
to be a mild stimulant and diaphoretic, and has
been recommended as a substitute for sarsa-
parilla. — A. spinosa. Angelica-tree. Prickly
ash. Toothache-tree. The bark of this species
is useful in toothache, colic, and rheumatism. —
A. umbellifera. This species affords an aro-
matic gum-resin which exudes from the bark.
Aralia'ceje. The natural family of plants,
of which the genus Aralia is the type.
Aralia'strjjm. The ginseng. See Panax
quinquefolium.
Ara'nea. 1. A spider. This insect was
formerly held to be highly poisonous, and also
very efficacious in medicine. The web was
likewise used externally and internally as a
febrifuge. The web is not a bad mechanical
styptic. 2. The herb Paris has been called Ara-
nea. See Paris quadrifolia.
Aranea tarantula. The tarantula.
Aranea tunica. Arachnoid membrane.
Araneo'sa urina. Urine which contains
filaments resembling a spider's web.
Araneosus pulsus. An extremely feeble
pulse.
Araneum ulcus. See Astahillos.
Arantia. The same as aurantium. See
Citrus aurantium.
A'rar. The Thuya occidentalis, which
yields gum sandarach.
Aratrum. The vomer.
A'RBOR. {or, oris, f.) A tree. The term
arbor has been applied to things more or less
resembling a tree, as arbor vita, arbor Diana.
Arbor alba. Melaleuca minor.
Arbor maris. Coral has been so called.
Arbor toxicaria. The Upas-tree.
Arbor vitje. The tree of life. 1. When the
cerebellum is cut vertically, the medullary sub-
stance appears ramified so as to represent a
tree ; this dendriform arrangement of the white
matter is named Arbor vita;. 2. The Thuya
occidentalis is named Arbor vita.
Arbor vit.s: uterina. The arborescent folds
of the membrane on the interior of the cervix
uteri. •
Arbore'scent. Arborescens. Woody plants :
resembling the shape of a tree.
Arbuscula gummifera. Hypericum bacci-
ferum.
A'RBUTUS. (us, i, f.) A genus of plants.
Ericacea. Decandria. Monogynia. — A., trail-
ing. See Arbutus uva ursi. — A. u'nedo. Une-
do papyracea. The strawberry-tree. The
leaves are astringent. — A. uva ursi. Bear's-
berry. The leaves are astringent and tonic,
and used in calculous and other diseases of the
urinary organs. The powder of the leaves is
given in doses of from 9j. to 3J. twice or thrice
a day.
Arca cordis. The pericardium.
Arceus, balsam of. A soft ointment con-
taining resin and turpentine.
ARCA'NUM. (um,i, n.) A secret. A nos-
trum or medicine.
Arcanum be'cchicum. A solution of fiver
of sulphur and sugar in water.
Arcanum cora llinum. An old preparation
made by digesting the nitric-oxide of mercury
in solution of potash, washing it, and burning
spirit of wine upon it. It was used internally
to excite salivation, and externally as an escha-
rotic.
Arcanum duplicatum. Panacea Holsatica.
Sulphate of potash.
Arcanum duplicatum catholicum. An am-
ulet composed of the root of colchicum and*plant-
ain. Preservative from pestilential diseases.
Arcanum ludemanni. Oxide of zinc.
Arcanum ta'rtari. The acetate of potash.
Arceuthos. Apuevdog. Juniper.
Archangelica officinalis. See Angelica.
A'rche. (Apxq, a beginning.) The earli-
est stage of a disease.
Archegeni morbi. Acute diseases.
Archelogia. A treatise on the principles
of medicine.
Arches of the palate. The anterior and
posterior folds of the mucous membrane, &c,
between which are the tonsils.
ARCHE'US. Archccus. The vital principle;
an occult power.
ARCHIA'TER. A chief physician.
Archil. Archilla. See Lichen rocella.
Archima'gia. Archimia. The art of mak-
ing gold and silver.
Archopto'ma. Archoptosis. (From apxoc,
the rectum or anus, and tttiztu, to fall down.)
Prolapsus ani.
Arciform fibres. Curved fibres proceeding
from the corpus pyramidale, beneath the cor-
pus olivare, to the cerebellum.
ARC OS. Arcus. The rectum. Hence,
Arckorrhagia, Archorrhasa. Hemorrhage from
the rectum. — Archosyrinx. Fistula in ano.
Arcta'tio. (o, onis, f. ; from arcto, to con-
tract.) Arctitudo. Narrowing or constriction
in any sense ; the term has been chiefly applied
to constipation of the bowels, and preternatural
narrowness of the female pudenda.
A'RCTIUM. (um, i, n. ; apiceiov.) A genus
of plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia mqualis.
Composite. — A. lappa. Burdock, or clit-bur.
Bardana. Arctium. The seeds have a bitter-
ish, sub-acrid taste : they are diuretic in the
quantity of a drachm. The roots are esteemed
aperient, diuretic, and sudorific.
Arctosta'phylos. The uva ursi. See Ar-
butus.
Arcua'lis. (From arcus, a bow.) Shaped
like a bow. The coronal suture has been called
sutura arcualis; and the parietal, as also the
temporal bones, have been called ossa arcualia.
Arcua'tio. (From arcus, a bow.) A gib-
bosity or projection of the sternum.
Arcua'tus morbus. Morbus arquatus. The
jaundice. See Icterus.
A'rcula. The orbits or sockets of the eyes
have been called arcula. A cradle.
Arcula cordis. The pericardium.
Arcus medullaris. The fornix.
67
ARE
ARG
Arcus senilis. An opacity around the cor-
nea, occurring in advanced life.
Ardent. Ardens. (From ardeo, to burn.)
Burning: applied to fevers and to alcoholic
spirits.
A'RDOR. {or, oris, m. ; from ardeo, to
burn.) Intense heat.
Ardor febri'lis. Feverish heat.
Ardor uri'nje. Scalding of the urine. A
common symptom in gonorrhoea.
Ardor ventri'culi, or A. stomachi. Heart-
burn. See Cardialgia pyrosis.
A'REA. {a, a, f. ; the space contained with-
in the boundaries of a plane figure.) This term
was applied by Celsus to a cutaneous disease,
of winch he makes two varieties, one corre-
sponding to alopecia, the other to ophiasis.
Area pellucida. The transparent space
formed after the lapse of several hours in the
incubated egg, around the first trace of the
embryo, by the middle portion of the germinal
membrane.
Area vasculosa. A second distinct space
surrounding the area pellucida, and so named
from the formation of the blood-vessels in it.
Area vitellina. A third distinct space sur-
rounding the area vasculosa. This zone event-
ually incloses the whole yolk.
ARE'C A. A genus of Palms.
Areca catechu. Areca indica. East In-
dies. Two kinds of catechu are extracted from
the nut by the Indians, one called cuttacamboo,
and the other cashcutti.
Areca oleracea. Areca Americana. The
cabbage-tree palm. The pith forms an inferior
kind of sago ; the young buds are eaten as cab-
bage, and the fruit yields oil.
Arefaction. Drying.
Are'gon. A resolvent ointment.
Aremaros. Cinnabar.
Are'na. (a, a:, f.) Sand. Applied to gravel
deposited from the urine.
Arena callida. The sand-bath.
Arenaria peploi'des. Sea-side sand-wort.
Sea chick-weed. This herb has been used as
an application to whitlows.
Arenamen. Armenian bole. — Ruland.
Arena'tio. (o, onis, f. ; from arena, sand.)
A practice formerly prevailed of immersing the
whole body, or the feet only, in hot sand ; this
was called arenatio, and was used in cases of
dropsy.
Are'nga. A palm which grows in the Mo-
luccas. The sap affords sugar ; the pith, a kind
of sago. The ripe fruit, when eaten, is said to
«ause insupportable itching of the skin.
ARE'OLA. (a, cc, f. ; diminutive of area.)
Applied, 1. In Anatomy, to the small interstices
of cellular or other tissues. 2. A circle of a
pale-reddish color, which surrounds the nipple
m women. During pregnancy, and for some
time after, the areola is considerably enlarged,
and of a darker color. 3. An inflamed ring
around pustules, &c. The areola surrounding
the vaccine vesicle affords an important indica-
tion of the disease being genuine.
Areola papilla'ris. The areola round the
nipple in women.
Areo'meter. See Hydrometer.
Aret^noi'des. See Arytcenoides.
68
A'rete. Vigor.
A'RGAL. Argol. Crude tartar.
A'rgema. (From apyoe, white.) Argemon.
An ulcer of the eye, situated on the margin of
the cornea.
ARGEMO'NE. A genus of plants. Polyan-
dria. Polygynia. Papaveracece. — A. mexi-
cana. Papaver spinosum. Prickly poppy.
The seeds are purgative and emetic, and the
flowers narcotic. An infusion of the leaves is
said to be useful in ophthalmia. The yellow
juice is said to be hydragogue.
Argentate of ammonia. Fulminating silver.
Argenti cyanuretum. (U. S.) Cyanide,
Cyanodide, Cyanuret, or Hydrocyanate of sil-
ver. Take nitrate of silver, 3xv. ; prussic acid
and water, aa. Oj. Dissolve the nitrate in the
water and add the acid; mix. Wash the
precipitate with distilled water ; dry. Use, to
prepare hydrocyanic acid from. It has been
used in syphilis in doses of gr. £.
Arge'nti ni'tras. Argentum nitratum. Ni-
trate of silver; lunar caustic. Take of silver,
5j. ; nitric acid, f. 3V. ; distilled water, two fluid
ounces. Mix the nitric acid and water, and
dissolve the silver therein on a sand-bath; then
increase the heat gradually, that the nitrate of
silver may be dried. Melt the salt in a cruci-
ble over a slow fire, until, the water being
evaporated, it shall cease to boil ; then pour it
quickly into molds of convenient shape. It is
inodorous; has a very nauseous, metallic, and
caustic taste ; and, when applied to the skin,
immediately tinges it black. It is used as a
caustic — and externally, in solution, gr. v.-3j.
to the fj. of water, as a wash to ulcers and in-
flamed surfaces, especially in purulent ophthal-
mia and erysipelas. Internally it is tonic, and
given in epilepsy, chorea, &c, in doses of gr. \
to gr. iij., three times a day ; but, if long used,
produces a leaden appearance of the skin.
Argenti'na. Potentilla anserina.
Argentine flowers of antimony. See An-
timony.
Arge'ntum. (um,i,n.) Silver. This metal
occurs both native and combined with gold, &c.
Pure silver is white, brilliant, malleable, and
ductile ; a good conductor of heat and electric-
ity; sp. gr., 10-5; soluble in nitric acid; sym-
bol, Ag; equivalent, 108-3. Silver leaf, Ar-
gentum foliatum, is sometimes used to cover
pills. Silver combines readily with chlorine,
iodine, and analogous elements. The oxide Ar-
genti oxydum has been partially used as a sub-
stitute for the nitratef but is not sufficiently act-
ive; internally, it has been given in doses of
gr. SB., in gastric and epileptic diseases. The
chloride {Argenti chloridum) has been used in
similar cases; dose, gr. iij.; 3ss. is an emetic.
Both these remedies were formerly used, and
then abandoned. The iodide and the chloride
of silver and ammonia have also been used in
syphilis, but without remarkable advantage
over mercurials ; doses, gr. f to {.
Argentum divisum. Metallic silver in fine
particles.
Argentum nitra'tum. See Argenti nitras.
Argentum vivum. Argentum fugitivum. Ar-
gentum mobile. Quicksilver. See Mercury.
Argentum zootinicum. Argenti cyanuretum.
ARI
ARGI'LLA. Argil. Alumina, or argilla pura,
has been used as an absorbent; dose, 3ss. to 3ij.
See Alumina.
Argilla vitriola'ta. Alum.
Argilla'ceous. Argillaceus. Of, or belong-
ing to, argil or clay. •
ARGYREI'A. A genus of plants. Class, Pen-
tandria. Order, Monogynia. It includes some
shrubs natives of Cochin-China. Cataplasms
made of their leaves and roots are applied to
tumors of the breast.
Argyri'tis. Litharge.
Argyroli'banos. The white olibanum.
Argyro'phora anti'dotus. A medicine de-
scribed by Nicolaus Myrepsus.
Argyropce'ia. The art of making silver.
Argyrotrophe'ma. (From apyoc, white, and
rpo(j>rifia, food.) A white, cooling food, made
with milk. — Galen.
Ari'a. Aronia. See Crataegus.
ARICINA. Aricine. C 2 oH 12 N0 3 . An alka-
loid found in Cusco-cinckona bark, and very
analogous in its properties to cinchonia and qui-
na. These three alkaloids may be viewed as
oxides of the same compound radical.
Aricy'mon. (on, onis, f. ; from apt, an in-
tensive 'particle, and kvu, to be pregnant.) A
woman who conceives readily and often. — Hip-
pocrates.
Aridena. Leanness of any part.
Aridity. Ariditas. Dryness, especially of
the tongue and skin.
Aridu'ra. (From area, to be dried up.)
Wasting of any particular limb or other part, as
opposed to atrophia, or general wasting of the
body. — Ettmuller. Sauvages.
ARI'LLUS. (us, i, m.) A tunic investing
the seeds of some plants, completely or partially.
Ari'sta. (a, m, f.) The awn. A sharp,
bristle-like appendage, which proceeds from the
husk or glume of grasses.
Ariobarza'nium. Apio&ap^avtov., The name
of a discutient plaster mentioned by Aetius.
Arista'rchi anti'dotus pauli'na. A com-
pound of opium, castor, styrax, galbanum, and
aromatics, mixed up with honey.
Aristi emplastrum nigrum. See Telra-
pharmacum.
Aristio'nis machinamentum. An apparatus
invented by Aristion for the reduction of dislo-
cations.
AristaltHje'a. Althcsa officinalis.
Arista'tus. (From<m'sta,anawn.) Awned.
ARISTOLOCHI'A. (a, ce, f. ; from apioToc,
best, and Xoxeia, parturition. ) A genus of plants.
Gynandria. Hcxandria. Family, Aristolo-
chiacea. — A. anguici'da. Snake-killing birth-
wort. Contra capitan. The juice of the root
has the property of so stupefying seipents, that
they may be handled with impunity. One or
two drops are sufficient ; and if more be drop-
ped into the mouth, it kills them. It is also
esteemed as a preservative against the effects
of the bite of venomous serpents. — A. clemati'-
tis. The Aristolochia vulgaris of some Phar-
macopoeias; called, also, Aristolochia tenuis.
This plant is diaphoretic ; it is retained in some
Pharmacopoeias, but has no great activity. — A.
fdba'cea. See Fumaria bulbosa. — A. grandi-
flo'ra. This plant grows in the West Indies
ARN
Its flowers have a very fetid smell, and its root
is said to be a deadly poison to all animals that
eat of it. — A. longa. The aristolochia of the
Pharmacopoeias. The root of this plant only
is in use; it possesses a somewhat aromatic
smell, and a warm, bitterish taste, accompanied
with a slight degree of pungency. It is some-
times given as an aromatic stimulant in gout
and other diseases. — A. odoratissima. Bastard
contrayerva. The root is tonic. — A> pistolochia,
or polyrrhiz a. Aromatic, acrid, and bitter. —
A. rotunda. Properties same as Aristolochia
longa. — A. serpenta'ria. The Scrpentaria vir-
giniana. Virginian snake-root. Aristolochia.
Its root has an aromatic smell, approaching to
that of valerian, but more agreeable ; and a
warm, bitterish, pungent taste. Its active prin-
ciples appear to be a bitter resin and an essen
tial oil. It possesses stimulant and diaphoretic
virtues, and is employed in some fevers where
these effects are required. It is thought to in-
crease the efficacy of cinchona in cases of pro-
tracted ague, and is a useful tonic in dyspepsia.
It may be given in powder, in doses of gr. xv.
increased to 3ss., or an infusion may be made
by macerating gi. of the bruised root in gxy. of
boiling water, and giss. or fij. may be given
several times a day. Decoction impairs its
virtue by dissipating the essential oil. — A. tc'-
nuis. See Aristolochia clematitis. — A. triloba' ta.
Three-lobed birthwort. The root, and every
part of this plant, is diuretic, and has been em-
ployed against the bite of serpents. — A. vulga'-
ris. See Aristolochia clematitis.
ARISTOLOCHIACEiE. A tribe of Dicot-
yledonous plants. Herbaceous plants or shrubs,
with leaves alternate ; flowers apetalous, her-
maphrodite; stamens epigynous; ovary many-
celled ; fruit dry or succulent, many-celled.
Aristolochica medicamenta. Medicines
which promote the flow of the lochia.
Aristrios. See Astragalus.
Arkansas springs. These are thermal;
temp., 100° F.
ARM. Brachium. That part of the upper
extremity which extends from the shoulder to
the wrist. It is divided into the brachium,
properly so called, which extends from the
shoulder to the bend of the arm ; and the anti-
brachium, or fore-arm, which is between the
bend of the arm and the wrist.
' Armadi'llo. See Millepedes.
Arma'lia ossa. The temporal bones.
Armarium unguentum. See Unguentum ar-
marium.
Armatu'ra. Armor. The amnion has been
so called.
Armeni'aca malus. Armeniaca vulgaris.
The apricot.
Armenian bole. See Bole, Armenian.
Arme'nius lapis. Apfieviog ludoc. Arme-
nian stone.
Armi'lla. The annular ligament of the car-
pus.
Armoniacum sal. See Ammoniacum saL
Armora'cia. See Cochlearia armoracia.
Arnaldia. A doubtful disease.
A'RNICA. (a, a, £ ) A genus of plants.
Syngenesia. Polygamia supcrflua. Composite.
— A. montana. Arnica of the Pharmacopoeias.
69
AES
Leopard's bane. The plant, when dried, has
a Blight aromatic odor ; the leaves and flowers
have a weak, bitter, and aromatic flavor ; the
root is bitter and acrid. The leaves and flow-
ers are narcotic, stimulant, diaphoretic, and er-
rhine; the root is aromatic and tonic. The
leaves and flowers have been greatly extolled
in paralysis, amaurosis, gout, rheumatism, and
other cases; in an over-dose, they are narcotic.
In powder, iose fi-om gr. v. to gr. x. twice or
thrice a day ; or an infusion may be made with
3Jss. of the dried leaves or flowers, or 3J. of the
root, to sfxij. of water, and given in the quan-
tity of fjss. The principal preparation is an
oil {Oleum arnica). It is dissolved in ether,
and given in doses of gtt. -jL to \ of the oil.
Arnica suede'nsis. A. spuria. See Inula
dysenterica.
Arnoglo'ssum. See Plantago.
Arno'tto. See Bixa orlcana.
Arohot. Quicksilver.
Aroideje. The Arum tribe of Monocotyled-
onous plants, containing an acrid, and, in some
cases, a highly dangerous principle. Herba-
ceous plants, with leaves sheathing at the base ;
flowers unisexual, arranged upon a spadix,
within a spathe; stamens hypogynous; ovary
superior ; fruit succulent.
ARO'MA. (a, atis, n., apuua.) The odorif-
erous principle of plants, which resides either
in a volatile oil or a resinous matter.
AROMA'TIC. {Aromalicus ; from apufia,
an odor. ) Certain vegetable substances which
have a peculiar spicy odor and a warm and
generally agreeable flavor, as ginger, cinnamon,
cardamom, &c. Substances of this class are
more or less similar in their operation on the
animal economy, being all stimulant and car-
minative.
Aromatic vinegar. See Acetum aromaticum.
Aroma'ticus cortex. A name of canella
alba. See Wintera aromatica.
Aromati'tes. A name given, according to
Pliny, 1. To a bituminous stone found in Ara-
bia, having the color and odor of myrrh. 2.
To a factitious wine containing various aromat-
ics.
Aromatopoua. A druggist.
Aronia. See Aria.
Arquebusa'de. Eau d'arquebusade.
Arrack. See Arack.
A'rraphon, or Arabon. (From a, priv., and
patyn, a suture.) A term that has been applied
to a cranium without sutures.
Arrhje'a. {a, a, f. ; from a, neg., and peu,
to flow.) The suppression of any natural flux,
as the menses, &c.
Arrhi'zus. (From a, priv., and pifr, a root.)
Destitute of a root.
Arrhostema. Arrhostia. Disease.
Arrow-head. See Sagittaria.
ARROW-ROOT. The fecula, chiefly starch,
obtained from the roots of the Maranta arundi-
nacea. This term is used, also, for that obtained
from potatoes, Arum (Portland) ; Zamias (Flor-
ida); Curcuma (East Indies), and other sour-
ces. It is used, often very injudiciously, as
aliment for sick persons. Its properties are the
same as starch.
ARS. Art. This term is often used to des-
70
ARS
ignate a science ; as, Ars chymiatria, A. hermet-
ica, A. ma jorum, A. separatoria, A. spagirica,
are terms for chemistry.
Ars machaonia. A. medica. A. sanandi.
The medical art.
Arse'niate. Arsenias. K A salt formed by
the combination of the arsenious acid with a
base. See Arsenic acid.
Arseniate of ammonia {Arsenias ammonia)
and Arseniate of potash {Arsenias potassa)
have been recently used in cutaneous affections,
&c, but they have no advantage over the Ar-
senicalis liquor. The dose is gr. -J^th to £th,
dissolved in water. They are prepared by
bringing together arsenic acid and the carbon-
ates of the bases.
Arseniate of iron. Arsenias ferri. Has
been used in ointment, and internally, in doses
of gr. ^gth to gr. -|-th, in cancerous affections,
inveterate skin diseases, and scrofula.
A'RSENIC. {Arsenicum, i, n. Kpaevwov,
or apfievticov, masculine: so called on account of
its strength as a poison.) Arsenic is met with
abundantly in nature, sometimes in its metallic
state, more frequently combined with sulphur
and with other metals. United with sulphur, it
forms the native realgar and native orpiment of
mineralogists.
Arsenic is an extremely brittle, dark metal.
It is of a crystalline texture. Its specific grav-
ity is 5-235 to 5-8843. Symbol, As. Equiva-
lent, 75-34 or 37-7. It sublimes at 356° F.,
without previous fusion. Its vapor has a
strong alliaceous smell. When it is exposed to
the air its surface tarnishes, and it slowly falls
to powder, and constitutes fly-powder, or mort
a mouches.
The known compounds of arsenic and oxy-
gen are two, and they both possess acid prop-
erties: one is the arsenious acid, which is the
well-known poison called white arsenic, or arse-
nic in commerce; the other is called arsenic
acid. (See Arsenious acid and Arsenic acid.)
It forms a fetid gas with hydrogen, and a vola-
tile product with chlorine, called the fuming
liquor of arsenic. These are both poisonous.
Of the combinations of arsenic with sulphur,
three are distinctly known. The bi-sulphuret,
well known in commerce under the name of
realgar, occurs in a native state. It is of a
ruby-red color, transparent, and crystalline.
The compound ASS3 is also familiar under
the name of orpiment. The sulpharsenic acid,
AsSg, nearly resembles orpiment. Arsenic also
unites with bromine, iodine, &c, and produces
highly poisonous compounds. The iodide has
been used in ointment, and internally in doses
of gr. £th to gr. Jd, in skin diseases.
Arsenic and mercury, iodide of. Liquor
hydriodatis arsenici et hydrargyri. Made hy
rubbing 6-08 grs. metallic arsenic; 15-38 grs.
quicksilver; 50 grs. iodine ; with f. 3J. of alco-
hol; until the mass is dry and of a pale-red
color. Dissolve in Oss. of distilled water ; add
of hydriodic acid 53s., and boil a few minutes.
Make up the cold solution to f. fviij. by distill
ed water. Each fluid drachm contains of arse
nic gr. i ; dose, HI xv. to f. 3S8., three times duily.
Useful in cutaneous affections and fungoid dis-
eases. — Donovan.
ARS
Arse'nic acid. This acid is obtained by
dissolving arsenious acid in nitric acid, and
drying. Composition, AsCv Arsenic acid is
of a milk-white color. It is soluble in five or
six times its weight of cold, and in a smaller
quantity of boiling water. It is very deliques-
cent. It is poisonous in the highest degree,
more so, apparently, even than the arsenious
acid. Its salts are called arseniates.
Arsenic, bromide of. See Arsenic. — A.,
fuming liquor of. The chloride of arsenic. —
A., iodide of. See Arsenic. — A., oxide of.
Arsenious acid. — A., sublimed white. See Ar-
senicum album sublimatum. — A., sulphur et of.
See Arsenic. — A., white. A., white oxide of. See
Arsenious acid.
Arsenical caustic A species of caustic
which was used by Mr. Justamond in the treat-
ment of cancer. It was composed of two parts
of white arsenic to one of levigated antimony,
melted together in a crucible. The caustic
was mixed with opium. The use of arsenical
caustics is of doubtful propriety.
Arsenical solution. See Arsenicalis liquor.
Arsenica'lis liquor. Liquor potass^; ar-
senitis. (U. S.) Fowler's solution. Arseni-
cal solution. Take of oxide of arsenic, in very-
fine powder, subcarbonate of potash, of each
64 grains; distilled water, a pint. Boil them
together in a glass vessel, until the arsenic be
entirely dissolved. When the solution is cold,
add compound spirit of lavender, four fluid
drachms. Then add as much distilled water
as may exactly fill a pint measure. Each ounce
of this fluid contains four grains of the oxide,
and each drachm half a grain. The dose is
from 11 v. to HI xx., given twice or thrice a day.
The medicinal properties of this solution are
noticed under the head Arsen%us acid. It is
incompatible in prescription with lime-water,
nitrate of silver, hydrosulphuret of potash, the
salts of copper, and cinchona bark.
Arsenical paste. See Pate arscnicale.
Arsenici iodidum. Arsenicum ioduretum, as,
also, the other binary compounds of arsenic. See
Arsenic.
Arsenici oxydum pr.'eparatum. See Arsen-
icum album sublimatum.
Arsenicum album sublimatum. Reduce
white arsenic to powder, then put it into a cru-
cible and expose it to the fire, so as to sublime
it into another crucible inverted over the former.
Arsenicum crystallinum. See Arsenious
acid.
ARSE'NIOUS ACID. White oxide of arse-
nic. White arsenic. The common form of
arsenic, obtained by subliming the ores of arse-
nic in the air ; it exists as a translucent mass,
in octahedral crystals, or, more commonly, as a
■white, opaque substance, the powder of which
is found in the shops. Its sp. gr. is 3-7 ; com-
position, AsOs. It has little taste, but acid prop-
erties. It is soluble in 13 times its weight of
boiling water, but requires 80 times its weight
of cold. The solution crystallizes, and the acid
assumes the form of regular octahedrons.
The solution is very acrid, reddens blue col-
ors, unites with the earthy bases, and decom-
poses the alkaline sulphurets.
Arsenious acid combines with the earthy and
ARS
alkaline bases. The earthy arsenites possess
little solubility ; and hence the solutions of ba-
ryta, strontia, and lime form precipitates with
that of arsenious acid.
With^ the fixed alkalies the arsenious acid
forms viscid arsenites, which do not crystallize,
and which are decomposable by fire, the arse-
nious acid being volatilized by the heat. The
arsenite of potash is the active ingredient in the
arsenical solution of the Pharmacopoeias.
The solution of Arsenite of soda, or Pearson's
solution, is identical in its properties with the
Arsenicalis liquor.
Arsenious acid is readily precipitated from
colorless solutions, of a yellow color, by sulphu-
reted hydrogen, or nitrate of silver and ammonia.
Ammoniacal sulphate of, copper produces a
green precipitate, called Scheele's green.
But the decisive trial, or experimentum cruets,
is to take a little of the dry matter, mix it with
a small pinch of dry, black flux, put it into a
narrow glass tube sealed at one end, and after
cleansing the sides with a feather, subject the
bottom of the tube to the action of the blow-
pipe till it has been red hot for a minute; a
garlic odor will then be perceptible, and the
steel-lustred coating of metallic arsenic will be
seen in the tube about one fourth of an inch
above its bottom. Cut the tube across at that
point by means of a fine file ; detach the scale
of arsenic with the point of a penknife ; put a
fragment of it into the bottom of a small wine-
glass along with a few drops of ammoniacal
acetate of copper, and triturate them well to-
gether for a few minutes with a round-headed
glass rod : the mazarine blue color will soon be
transmuted into a lively grass-green, while the
metallic scale will vanish. Thus we distinguish
perfectly between a particle of metallic arsenic
and one of animalized charcoal. Another par-
ticle of the scale may be placed between two
smooth and bright surfaces of copper, with a
touch of fine oil, and while they are firmly
pressed together, exposed to a red heat: the
tombac alloy will appear as a white stain. A
third particle may be placed on a bit of heated
metal, and held a little under the nostrils, when
the garlic odor will be recognized. No danger
can be apprehended, as the fragment need not
exceed the tenth of a grain.
A test superior to those by precipitation is
called Marsh's test; the suspected fluid is in-
closed in a curved tube, or Woulfe's bottle, and
mixed with pieces of zinc and dilute sulphuric
acid; the hydrogen thus produced combines
with any arsenic present, and gaseous arseniuret-
ted hydrogen is produced : the gas, being allow-
ed to pass from the reservoir by a small jet, is
readily ignited, and a plate or tube held over
the flame shows rings of metallic arsenic and
arsenious acid — or the gas may be reduced by a
red heat in a tube before issuing into the air.
Another test, somewhat superior, is to evaporate
the suspected fluid to a small bulk, add pure hy-
drochloric acid, digest, and then introduce strips
of pure, clean copper foil ; these collect the
metallic arsenic, and become of a dark metallic
color. The strips, introduced into a small open
tube and heated, yield crystallized arsenious acid;
or, surrounded with charcoal, give off" the metal.
71
A RS
The following minute specification of symp-
toms in poisoning by arsenic is given by Orfila :
"An austere taste in the mouth; frequent
ptyalism; continual spitting ; constriction of the
pharynx and oesophagus; teeth set on edge;
hiccough; nausea; vomiting of brown or bloody
matter; anxiety; frequent fainting-fits; burn-
ing heat at the praecordia ; inflammation of the
lips, tongue, palate, throat, stomach ; acute pain
of stomach, rendering the mildest drinks intol-
erable ; black stools of an indescribable fetor ;
pulse frequent, oppressed, and irregular, some-
times slow and unequal; palpitation of the
heart ; syncope ; unextinguishable thirst ; burn-
ing sensation over the whole body, resembling
a consuming fire — at times an icy coldness ; dif-
ficult respiration ; cold sweats ; scanty urine, of"
a red or bloody appearance ; altered expression
of countenance; a livid circle round the eye-
lids; swelling and itching of the whole body,
which becomes covered with livid spots, or with
a miliary eruption ; prostration of strength ; loss
of feeling, especially in the feet and hands ; de-
lirium ; convulsions, sometimes accompanied
with an insupportable priapism; loss of the
hair ; separation of the* epidermis ; horrible con-
vulsions; and death."
In cases of poisoning, the arsenic is first to be
evacuated : this is done by means of the stomach-
pump; active emetics (sulphate of zinc, 3j.)»
mucilaginous and warm drinks — whites of eggs
are to be freely administered, to enable the op-
erator to collect all the particles in the stomach;
and, as soon as it can be prepared, a table-
Bpoonful of fresh hydratcd sesquioxide of iron
is to be given eveiy five minutes until relief is
had. If the means do not exist at hand for the
preparation of this antidote, lime-water is the
next best means within reach. The after treat-
ment is chiefly counter-irritant and demulcent,
but must be directed according to the urgent
eymptoms, for the poison may act almost entire-
ly on the heart and nervous system, prostrating
their action. Clysters and suitable means are
to be taken to evacuate the whole alimentary
canal.
In testing for the poison, all vomited matters,
the contents of the stomach, and suspected food,
are to be secured and treated by Marsh's test,
or with the hydrochloric acid and copper foil.
Bodies poisoned by arsenic are preserved in a
remarkable way.
Uses: Arsenious acid is seldom given inter-
nally, Fowler's solution and other forms being
preferred. The classes of diseases for which ar-
senical preparations are administered internally
are, intermittents, neuroses, inveterate skin dis-
eases, epilepsy ; dose, of the acid, gr. y B to gr. -J,
in pill. All these preparations are to be dis-
continued when the oedema arsenicalis is pro-
duced, or salivation, headache, &c. ; for a chron-
ic poisoning leading to death is produced by
the smallest doses long continued. A fatal dose
is from gr. ij. to gr. v. ; but the effect depends
on the fullness and condition of the stomach ;
for, when vomiting is at once produced, half an
ounce has been rejected without any dangerous
effect.
Arsenis potass.e. Arscnis potasses liquor.
Arsenite of potash. See Arsenicalis liquor.
72
ART
A'rsenite. A salt formed by the union of
the arsenious acid with a base.
Arsenite of copper. Scheele's green.
Arsenite of potash. The active agent of
the arsenicalis liquor.
Ars smart. The genus Polygonum.
Artaneck. Artancch. Arsenic.
ARTEMTSIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants
in the Linnaean system. Syngenesia. Poly-
gamia superflua. Composite. — A. abro'tanum.
Common southern-wood. Abrotanum. Abro~
tanum mas. It has a strong, agreeable smell ;
a pungent, bitter, and somewhat nauseous taste.
It is said to be tonic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic \
seldom used except in fomentations. — A. absin-
thium. Common wormwood. Absinthium vul-
gare of the Pharmacopoeias. This species of
wormwood yields an essential oil by distillation,
which is said to possess narcotic powers. Ac-
cording to Bergius, wormwood is antiseptic,
anthelmintic, resolvent, tonic, and antispas-
modic. It is so seldom used in the present day,
that it is difficult to find it in the shops. Both
alcohol and water extract the virtues of the
plant. It is sometimes administered as a tonic
in dyspepsia, either in the form of powder or
infusion. The powder of the dried leaves may
be given in the dose of 3j. to 3ij. Of the in-
fusion, made with 3vj. of the herb to fxij. of
boiling water, from one to two ounces may be
given three times a day. The powder of the
root is highly recommended in epilepsy ; dose,
3J., thrice daily. — A. campestris. Field south-
ern- wood. Is bitter, and similar to the Abro-
tanum. — A. chinensis; sinensis; latifolia. A
soft woolly substance, called Moxa, is prepared
in China and Japan from it. This is used as a
moxa. — A. dracunculns is common Tarragon. —
A. glacialis. Siftilar to common wormwood. —
A. judaica. Artemisia santonica. — A. latifolia.
See Artemisia chinensis. — A. maritima. Sea
wormwood. Absinthium maritimum of the
Pharmacopoeias. It has been preferred to the
absinthium, as being less nauseous; but it is
also less active, and is now hardly ever used. —
A. pontica. Absinthium ponticum, or Roman
wormwood, not now used medicinally. — A.
rupestris. Genipi album. Used in some coun-
tries in ague and amenorrhoea. — A. santo'nica.
The Tartarian southern-wood or worm-seed.
The Semen santonici; called, also, Absinthium
santonicum. The seeds are small, light, and
oval ; they have been esteemed as stomachic
and emmenagogue, but were chiefly prized for
their anthelmintic virtues. For adults, the dose
in substance is from one to two drachms, twice
a day. — A. vulgaris. Mugwort. Slightly bit-
ter, and now neglected, but said to be useful in
epilepsy ; dose, ^j. of the dried root.
Arteria. An arteiy; see the particular
branch for a description.
Arteria aspera. The trachea.
Arteria centralis retina. A very small
branch of the ophthalmic which penetrates the
optic nerve, and runs imbedded within it till
it arrives at the retina, on the internal surface
of which it is dispersed in numerous minute
branches. One branch passes through the vit-
reous humor to the posterior surface of the cap-
sule of the crystalline lens.
ART
A K T
Arteria venosa. This name was given by
the ancient anatomists to the pulmonary vein,
or, rather, veins, for there are four trunks.
Arteri'acus. Medicines used against dis-
eases of the windpipe — apTijptaica Qap/Aaica. —
Oaten.
Arterije helicinje. Short, curved branches
supplying the corpora cavernosa penis.
Arterial blood. The red blood of the ar-
teries.
Arterial circle of Willis. The arteries
of the base of the brain, formed by the internal
carotids and vertebral arteries.
ARTERIALIZATION OF THE BLOOD.
Its conversion from black to red blood in the
lungs, during which oxygen is absorbed and
carbonic acid eliminated.
Arteriectasis. Arterieurysma. Arterio-
dyalysis. Arteriorrhexis. Aneurism.
Arteriography. Arteriology. A treatise
on the arteries.
Arteriosa vena. See Vena arlcriosa.
Arteriosus ductus. See Ductus arteriosus.
ARTERIO'TOMY. ( Arteriotomia, ee, f. ;
from aprnpta, an artery, and rsftvu, to cut.)
The opening of an arteiy for the purpose of
abstracting blood from the system. This oper-
ation is only practiced by modem surgeons on
the temporal artery ; but the ancients used also
to open the frontal and occipital, and the artery
of the thumb between it and the fore-finger.
ARTERITIS. Arteriitis. Artereitis. In-
flammation of an artery. Tumultuous vascular
excitement, palpitations, heat, and throbbing in
the course of the principal trunks, succeeded
by collapse, and occasionally gangrene of the
part affected, or of a limb. Treatment. — Anti-
phlogistic, with arterial sedatives, as tartar
emetic, digitalis, and colchicum. In the chron-
ic form, It is often complicated with other in-
flammations and diseases.
A'RTERY. {Arteria, a, f. ; from anp, air,
and TTjpeu, to keep : so called because the an-
cients believed the arteries to contain air only.)
The main arterial trunks are only two in num-
ber ; the aorta rising from the left ventricle of
the heart, and the pulmonary artery from the
right : all the other arteries are branches of the
aorta. The arteries terminate in veins ; in cap-
illary vessels; in glands and follicles, by se-
cretory ducts ; in exhalent vessels ; in cells, as
those of the penis ; or, lastly, they anastomose
with each other. The arteries are composed of
three tunics; an external or cellular, a middle
or muscular, and an internal or proper coat.
The following table exhibits a general view
of the arterial system. The anatomy of the in-
dividual arteries is more particularly described
under their respective titles.
A Table of the Arteries.
All the arteries originate from the pulmonary artery
and the aorta.
The pulmonary artery emerges from the right ventri-
cle of the heart, and soon divides into a right and left
branch, which are distributed by innumerable ramifica-
tions through the lungs.
_ The aorta arises from the left ventricle of the heart,
giving off the anterior and posterior coronary arteries
unmediately at its origin. It then proceeds to supply
every part of the body with blood, in the following
order:
a. It first forms an arch.
b. It then descends along the spine ; and,
c. It divides into the two common iliac arteries.
a. The abch of the aorta gives off three branches.
1. The arteria innominata, which divides into the right
common carotid and right subclavian.
2. The left common carotid.
3. The left subclavian.
I. The common carotids are divided into external and
internal.
The external carotids give off,
1. The superior thyroid.
2. The lingual.
3. The facial.
4. The inferior pharyngeal.
5. The occipital.
6. The posterior auris.
7. The internal maxillary, from which the spinous artery
of the dura mater, the lower maxillary, and several
branches about the palate and orbit arise.
8. The temporal.
The internal carotid affords,
1. The ophthalmic.
2. The middle cerebral.
3. The communicans, which inosculates with the verte-
bral.
II. The subclavians give off the following branches :
1. The internal mammary, from which arise the thymic,
comes phrenici, pericardiac, and phrenico-pcricardiac ar-
teries.
2. The inferior thyroid, which gives off the tracheal, as-
cending thyroid, and transversalis humeri.
3. The vertebral, which ascends on each side through a
canal formed by foramina in the transverse processes
of the cervical vertebrae, and, having given off the an-
terior arteries of the spinal cord, joins its fellow of the
opposite side within the cranium to form the basilar
artery, from which proceed the anterior ccrebelli, the
posterior cerebelli, which usually give off the posterior
arteries of the spinal cord, the posterior cerebri, and
many branches about the brain.
4. The cervicalis profunda.
5. The cervicalis superficialis.
6. The superior intercostal.
7. The supra-scapular.
As soon as the subclavian arrives at the arm-pit, it is
called the axillary artery ; and when the latter reaches
the arm, it is called the brachial.
The axillary artery gives off,
1. Four external thoracic or mammary arteries.
2. The sub-scapular, which divides into the scapularie in-
terna and dorsalis scapula inferior.
3. The posterior circumflex, and,
4. The anterior circumflex, both of which are ramified
about the shoulder-joint.
The brachial artery gives off,
1. Many lateral branches.
2. The profunda humeri superior.
3. The profunda humeri inferior.
4. The great anastomosing artery, which ramifies about
the elbow-joint.
The brachial artery then divides, about the bend of the
arm, into the ulnar and radial arteries, which are rami-
fied to the ends of the fingers.
The ulnar artery gives off,
1. The ulnar recurrent.
2. The posterior interosseous.
3. The anterior interosseous.
The ulnar artery terminates by forming the superficial
palmar arch, from which proceed the digital arteries.
The radial artery gives off,
1. The radial recurrent.
2. The superficialis vola.
3. The palmaris profunda, which forms the deep palmar
arch.
b. The descending aokta gives off,
In the thorax,
1. The bronchial, and,
2. The esophageal arteries, both varying in number.
3. The inferior intercostals.
In the abdomen,
1. The inferior diaphragmatic.
2. The cceliac, which divides into three branches :
1. The hepatic, from which are given off, before it
reaches the liver,
a. The duodeno-gastric, which sends off the right
gastro-epiploic and the pancreatico-duodenal,
B. The pylorica superior hepatica.
73
ART
2. The coronaria vcntriculi.
3. The splenic, which emits the great and small pan-
creatics, the posterior gastric, the left gastro-epiploic,
and the vasa brevia.
3. The superior mesenteric,
4. The renal or emulgents.
5. The spermatics.
6. The inferior mesenteric.
7. The lumbar arteries.
8. The middle sacral.
c. The aorta then bifurcates into the common iliacs,
each of which divides into an external and internal iliac.
The internal iliac, called, also, hypogastric, gives off,
1. The ileo-lumbar.
2. The lateral sacrals.
3. The gluteal or posterior iliac.
4. The obturatory.
5. The umbilical.
6. The uterine. I
7. The middle hemorrhoidal.
8. The pudic, which gives off the external hemorrhoidal,
perineal, and arteria penis.
{). The ischiadic.
The external iliac gives off, in the groin,
1. The epigastric.
2. The circumflexa iliaca.
It then passes under Poupart's ligament, and is called
the femoral artery, sending off,
1. The external pudics.
2. The profunda, which gives off the rami perforantcs.
3. The internal circumflex.
4. The external circumflex.
5. The ramus anastomoticus magnus, which ramifies
about the knee-joint
The femoral artery having reached the ham, is termed
the popliteal, and here gives off the articular arteries. It
then divides into the anterior and posterior tibial.
The anterior tibial gives off,
1. The recurrent.
2. The internal malleolar.
3. The external malleolar.
4. The tarsal,
5. The metatarsal.
6. The dorsalis halicis.
The posterior tibial divides into the fibular or peroneal,
and the posterior tibial, properly so called.
The peroneal divides into the anterior peroneal and
posterior peroneal.
The posterior tibial, properly so called, sends off,
1. The nutritia tibia.
2. Many small branches.
3. The internal plantar.
4. The external plantar, from which an arch is formed,
that gives off the digitals of the toes.
Arthani'ta. Cyclamen europmum.
Arthe'ticus. Arthereticus. The same as
Artkriticus.
Arthoicum. Pannonium. A certain red
oil, expressed from bread and herbs digested
in dung.
Arthre'mdolum. Arthefnbolus. An instru-
ment for reducing luxated bones.
Arthri'tica herba. Teucrium chamapitys,
and other herbs.
Arthri'tic. Arthri' licus. Pertaining to the
gout.
ARTHRI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from apdpov, a
joint.) Morbus articularis. Gout. Inflam-
mation of a joint. The ancients distinguished
arthritis into four principal varieties, according
to its seat : Chiragra, in the hand ; Podagra,
in the feet (gout) ; Ischias, in the hip ; Gona-
gra, in the knee.
Arthritis arthrodynia. Rheumatism. —
A. diapkragmatica. Angina pectoris. — A. hy-
drarthros. Hydrarthrus. — A. planetica. A.
vaga. Podagra. — A. verus. Gout.
ARTHROCA'CE. A collection of matter
within the cavity of a bone. Caries of the
bones.
ARTHRO'DIA. (a, a, f.; from apdpov, a
74
ART
joint.) A connection of bones, in which the
head of one is received into a superficial cavity,
so as to admit of free motion in every direction,
as the articulation of the head of the humerus
with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Arthrodium. A small joint.
ARTHRODY'NIA. (a, a, f.; from apdpov,
and oSvvn, pain.) The name given by Cullen
to chronic rheumatism. — A. podagrica is gout.
Arthro'mbole. From apdpov, and (3a?i,Xv, to
cast.) Coaptation. The reduction of a dislo-
cation or fracture.
Arthron. A movable joint.
Arthronalgia. Arthralgia. Arthrodynia.
Arthro'ncus. (From apdpov, and oytcoc, a
tumor.) The name given by Swediaur to the
detached cartilaginous bodies which sometimes
form within the knee-joint.
Arthrophlogo'sis. (From apdpov, and <j>lo-
yuatc, inflammation. ) Inflammation of a joint.
ARTHROPUO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from apdpov,
and ttvov, pus.) Arthropyosis. Suppuration
in the cavity of a joint.
Arthro'sia. (a, a, f.) Articular inflamma-
tion.
Arthrosia acuta. Rheumatism, acute. —
A. chronica. Rheumatism, chronic. — A. lum-
borum. Lumbago. — A. podagra. Gout.
ARTHROSIS, (is, is, I; from apdpov.)
Articulation.
Arthrospongus. A sponge-like tumor of
the joints.
A'rtia. Aprta. April). The same as arte-
ria; but especially the aspera arteria, or wind-
pipe.
Arti'calus. The artichoke.
Artichoke. Artichoke, French. See Ci-
nara scolymus.
Artichoke, Jerusalem. See Hclianthus tu-
bcrosus.
ARTI'CULAR. (Articularis; from articu-
lus, a joint.) Belonging to a joint; as, articular
cartilages, articular arteries, &c.
Articular arteries. Five branches of the
popliteal artery given off" around the knee-joint.
They anastomose freely, and cany sufficient
blood to establish the circulation of the fore-
leg, where the popliteal is tied for aneurism,
&c. They are, 1. A superior external articular
(Arteria articularis superior externa). 2. The
superior internal articular (Art. arlicularit su-
perior interna). These arise above the con-
dyles of the femur. 3. The middle articular
(Art. articularis media), distributed to the pos-
terior capsular ligament and adipose matter.
4. The inferior internal articular (Art. articu-
laris inferior interna) ; and, 5. The inferior ex-
ternal articular (Art. articularis inferior exter-
na). The articular veins correspond with
these.
Articularis gena. Subcrurccus. A few
detached muscular fibres, found under the cru-
rams, and attached to the capsule of the knee-
joint.
Articularis morbus. Arthritis, or gout.
Articula'ta. Articulated animals, as in-
sects, worms, lobsters.
ARTICULA'TION. (Articulatio, onis, f.;
from articulus, a joint.) 1. In Physiology, the
formation of distinct syllables by the organs of
ARU
ASA
speech. 2. In Anatomy, the natural connection
of one bone with another in the skeleton.
Anatomists distinguish three kinds of articula-
tion : the first they name Diarthrosis ; the sec-
ond, Synarthrosis ; and the third, Symphysis ;
which see, under their respective heads.
Articulation, false. False joint. Where
a fractured bone remains ununited, a false joint
is produced. Operations have been performed
to cause reunion even after years : they consist
of cutting to the bones, destroying the articular
surfaces, and establishing a union through the
resulting inflammation. An extremely severe,
and almost unjustifiable process.
ARTICULA'TUS. Articulate; jointed. Ap-
plied to objects which are formed of distinct
pieces, united as if one piece grew out of an-
other.
ARTTCULUS. (us, i, m. ) A joint or artic-
ulation. The phalanges of the fingers have
also been called articuli.
Artificial. Artificialis. Formed by art.
ARTIFICIAL EYE. It is made of enamel
beautifully colored, and is a shell of less than a
hemisphere. It is applied under the eyelids,
over the diseased ball. At first it produces
considerable irritation, and can not be worn but
for a few hours ; but, as the part hardens, it
becomes easy, and the patient is capable of im-
parting a slight motion to the shell.
ARTIFICIAL TEETH. They are now made
of enamel. The mode of insertion is various.
They may be attached by gold or platinum
wire, or a band, to sound teeth, or to a plate
attached to the gums. The artificial tooth is
also attached to a sound stump by means of a
wedge of wood fitted into corresponding holes
in the two.
Arti'scus. A troch.
ARTOCA'RPUS. (From aproc, bread, nap-
7rof, fruit.) A genus of plants. — A. incisa is
the bread-fruit tree. — A. integrifolia. The
jack or jaca tree. The fruit of this tree is also
used as food. — A. bcnghalcnsis. The fruit is
preserved in salt, and used in cookery.
Arto'meli. A cataplasm of bread and honey.
— Galen.
A'RUM. (urn, i, "n. Apov.) A genus of
plants. Gynandria. Polyandria. Family,
Aroideec.—A. coloCasia. Colocasia. This spe-
cies is cultivated in the East Indies, Syria,
Egypt, and the South of Europe. The leaves
and root boiled in water are much used as food.
— A. dracontium. See Dracontium pertusum.
— A. dracunculus. A. polyphyllum. Dragon's-
wort. This plant is extremely acrimonious;
more so than the A. maculatum, with which,
however, it agrees in its general properties,
and, like it, becomes bland and nutritious by
drying or boiling. — A. csculentum. Taro. The
root is a pot-herb in the West Indies and else-
where. — A. maculatum. Wake-robin. Arum
of the Pharmacopoeias. Arum — acaule; foliis
hastatis, integerrimis ; spadice clavato of Lin-
nams. The root is the medicinal part of this
plant. When recent, it is very acrimonious.
When cut in slices, and applied to the skin, it
has been known to produce blisters. This ac-
rimony, however, is gradually lost by drying,
and may be so far dissipated by the application
of heat as to leave the root a bland, farinaceous
aliment. The dose of the fresh root, gr. x. to
3j. The dried root is inert. It has been used
in rheumatism chiefly. — A. triphyllum. Indian
turnip. Arum (U. S.) has the same properties
as A- maculatum- — A. vcnenosum. A. segui-
num. Caladium seguinum.
ARUNDINA'CEUS. (From arundo, a reed.)
Arundinaceous, or reed-like.
Arundinaceje . A natural tribe of plants, of
which the genus Arundo is the type.
ARU'NDO. (o, inis, f.) A reed. A genus
of plants. Triandria. Digynia. Graminew.
— A. saccharifera. The sugar-cane. See Sac-
charum officinale. — A. bambos. The bamboo
plant. — A.phragmi'tes. The common reed has
been used in syphilis, &c. , but there is no reason
to believe that it possesses any medicinal activity.
Arundo brachii major. The ulna.
Arundo brachii minor. The radius.
Arvi'na. Hog's lard.
Artt^'no-epiglottide'us. Arytamo-epiglot-
ticus. A muscle which runs on each side, from
the arytamoid cartilage to the epiglottis. The
use of the two muscles, which act together, is
to draw the epiglottis directly downward upon
the glottis dining the act of deglutition.
ARYTENOID. (Arytmnoides; often improp-
erly called arytcenoideus ; from apvraiva, a fun-
nel, and Eidoc, shape.) Funnel-shaped; applied
to two cartilages of the larynx, and also to the
muscles, glands, &c., connected with these car-
tilages.
Arytjenoid cartilage. Cartilago aryt<c-
noides. See Larynx.
Aryt,enoide'us major. See Arytcenoideus
transversus.
Aryt.enoideus minor. See Arytmnoideus
obliqnus.
Arytjenoideus obliquus. A muscle of the
glottis. Arytcenoideus minor of Douglas. It
arises from the base of one arytamoid cartilage,
and, crossing its fellow, is inserted near the tip
of the opposite arytamoid cartilage. This mus-
cle is occasionally wanting ; but when present,
its use, in conjunction with its fellow, is to pull
the arytamoid cartilages toward each other.
Arytjenoideus transversus. An azygos,
or single muscle of the glottis. Arytcenoideus
major of Douglas. It arises from the side of one
arytamoid cartilage, from near its articulation
with the cricoid to near its tip. The fibers run
across, and are inserted in the same manner
into the other arytamoid cartilage. Its use is to
shut the glottis, by bringing the two arytamoid
cartilages, with their ligaments, nearer to each
other. Both these are now often called the
Arytjenoideus.
Ary'thmus. Arrhythmns. Appvd/ioc. An
irregular pulse.
AS. The symbol for arsenic.
As,orAssis. (is,is, m.) The Roman pound,
which was divided into twelve equal parts, or
ounces.
Asa dulcis. Styrax benzoin.
AsAFffiTiDA. See Ferula assafoetida.
ASAGRjEA OFFICINALIS (Lindley). _ Me~
lanthacece. A Mexican plant which furnishes,
with Veratrum sabadilla, a portion of the saba-
dilla seeds of commerce.
75
ASC
Asaphatum. See Saphatum.
As aphi'a. (AoaQeia ; from a, neg., and oatyrjc,
clear.) Defect of speech.
Asarabacca. See Asarum europmum.
Asarone. A'sarine. A species of crystalline
etearoptene discovered in the Asarum europmum.
It has an emetic quality. Form., C20H13O5.
A'SARUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Dodecandria. Monogynia. — A. canadense.
Wild ginger. The root resembles ginger in
properties. It is the asarum of the U. S. Ph. —
A. europmum-. Asarabacca. Its leaves are ac-
rid, bitter, nauseous, and slightly aromatic. The
root is extremely acrid. It loses much of its
medicinal activity by drying. It was formerly
used as an emetic, but is now seldom employed
except as an errhine. It contains a principle
called Asarone.
Asarum hy.pocistus. Cytinus hypocistus.
Asarum oil and camphor. These are ob-
tained from the A. europmum.
Ascalo'nia, or Ascalo'nium. The shallot.
Ascaricida. Vernonia anthelmintica.
Asca'rides. The plural of ascaris.
A'SCARIS. (is, idis, f. ; from aoicapi£u, to
leap. ) The name of a genus of intestinal worms.
See Entosoa.
ASCE'NDENS. (From ascendo, to ascend.)
Adscendens. Ascending. Applied, in Anatomy,
to various parts, as musculus obliquus ascendens
and onobrycliis.
Ascendens obliquus. See Obliquus internus
abdominis.
Ascending aorta. See Aorta, ascending.
Asce'nsus. (us, us, m.) An ascent. This
term has been applied, 1. In Pathology, to the
increase of a disease. 2. Sublimation has been
called distillatio per ascensum.
Ascensus uteri. Hysteria.
Ascesis. Exercise.
A'scia, or Dola'bra. The spiral bandage,
said to be so called from its having the shape of
a hatchet when applied ; but this resemblance
is not very obvious.
Asci'dium. (urn, i, n. ; from aoicidiov, a small
round bottle.) Hollow appendages formed by
a leaf or other organ.
ASCI'TES. Askitcs.' (es, a, m. ; aoKiTTjc;
from aoKoc, uler, a bottle : so called from its
bottle-like protuberance.) Hydrops utricula-
rius. Dropsy of the belly within the periton-
eum.
Ascites is generally recognized with great
facility. The symptoms are, swelling of the
abdomen, coming on gradually, equable when
the patient is upright or laid upon the back, and
following the motions of the body by gravita-
ting to the side toward which the patient leans.
To the touch the swelling is somewhat tense ;
and if one hand be placed on either side of the
abdomen, and the opposite side be sharply
struck with the other hand, a sense of fluctua-
tion is communicated, which can hardly be mis-
taken by an experienced observer. There is
generally anasarca of the lower extremities and
other parts of the body, the urine is commonly
high colored and very scanty, the breathing is
difficult, and those parts of the body which are
not puffed up by watery infiltration are emacia-
ted.
76
A SO
The treatment of ascites is, on the whole, to
be conducted as in dropsy. In the acute idio-
pathic form of the disease, bleeding, purgatives,
and other antiphlogistic means are required.
When there are evident symptoms of peritoneal
inflammation, local bleeding by leeches, and the
application of blisters, are of manifest utility.
In by far the greater number of cases, however,
ascites presents itself as a chronic affection, con-
nected with a shattered constitution, and too
frequently with incurable disease of some im-
portant viscus ; hence the prognosis is nearly
always unfavorable. Diuretics, with hydragogue
cathartics, are freely employed ; mercury as an
alterative, and tonics, are also necessary.
The blue pill, to produce a slight effect on
the mouth, is very beneficial; and the combi-
nation of this medicine with squill, digitalis,
and other diuretics, is often found to increase
their effect upon the kidneys. Tapping is em-
ployed to alleviate the urgent symptoms of the
distended abdomen, but it is only palliative ; it
has sometimes been repeated 60 times and up-
ward.
The diet of dropsical patients should be nour-
ishing, but light; and cooling and acidulated
beverages may be safely allowed, notwithstand-
ing a vulgar prejudice to the contrary.
Asci'tic. Asciticus. Affected with ascites.
ASCLEPIADA'CEjE. The asclepias tribe
of dicotyledonous plants. Shrubs or herbaceous
plants, with leaves opposite, alternate, or whorl-
ed; corolla monopetakms, hypogynous; stamens
inserted into the base of the corolla; ovaries
two ; fruit one or two follicles. In this tribe
the sexual apparatus is very peculiar.
ASCLE'PIAS. (as, adis, f.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. — A. asthmatica.
Cynanckum ipecacuanha. Coromandel ipecacu-
anha is emetic and diaphoretic, and celebrated
in asthma. — A. curassa'vica. Bastard ipecacu-
anha. White ipecacuanha of St. Domingo. The
leaves are emetic in the dose of 3j. or 9ij.
The root is mixed with that of ipecacuanha, and
possesses similar virtues, but in a less degree.—
A. gigantea. The Mudar of the East. It has
an acrid, milky juice, and is employed m cu-
taneous diseases; a medicated oil is also used
as a liniment in gout. The inner bark of the
root is given in syphilis and tape-worm, in doses
of gr. v., twice a day. — A. incarnata. (U. S.)
It has pink flowers, and is veiy common ; the
root is emetic and cathartic. — A. pseudosarsa.
Syn. of Hemidesmus indicus. — A. syriaca. (U.
S.) Apocynum syriacum. Syrian dog's-bane.
Common silk-weed. The milky juice of thia
plant is an acrid poison. Boiling appears to
destroy the poison in the young shoots. The
root is said to be useful jn asthmatic and other
pulmonary affections; dose, 3J. of the dried bark,
in the day. — A. tuberosa. (U. S.) Butterfly
weed. Pleurisy root. The root of this species
is diaphoretic and slightly purgative. It is said
to be also expectorant and febrifuge. In Vir-
ginia and the Carolinas it is used in pulmonary
affections. — A. vincetoxicum. Swallow-wort.
Vincetoxicum of the Pharmacopoeias. The root
of this plant smells, when fresh, somewhat like
valerian ; it has at first a sweet taste, succeed-
ed by an unpleasant, sub-acrid bitterness. It
ASP
was formerly in esteem as an alexipharmic, and
has had diuretic and deobstruent virtues attrib-
uted to it ; but it is now very seldom used.
Asco'ma. The eminence of the pubes.
A'SCYRUM. («,i,n. Aanvpov.) 1. The
Greek name of the herb St. Peter's wort.
2. The name of a genus of plants of the fam-
ily of the HypericecB. The species are natives
of America.
Asef. Albasef. Pemphigus.
Asegon. Asegen. Asogen. Dragon's blood.
Aselli. Asellus. The wood-louse. Onis-
-cus aselli.
Ash. See Fraxinus.
Ash, bitter. Quassia.
ASIATIC PILLS. Each pill contains about
jjth of a grain of white oxide of arsenic, and
somewhat more than half a grain of black pep-
per.
Asiaticum balsamum. Balm of Gilead.
Asininum lac. Ass's milk. See Milk.
ASI'TIA. (a, m, f. ; from a, priv., and atroc,
food.) Loathing of food.
Asius lapis. See Assius lapis.
Asjogan. Asjagan. (Indian.) A tree grow-
ing in Malabar and the East Indies, the juice of
which is used against the colic.
ASO'DES. (Aoudeg.) A fever accompanied
with great internal heat, anxiety, nausea, and
loathing of food — aaudeg nvp.
Asp. See Net] a.
ASPA'LATHUS. A thorny shrub. Cytisus
lanigerus ?
Aspa'kagin. A peculiar principle of the as-
paragus. It exists, also, in the root of the liquor-
ice and marshmallow, and in potatoes. It is
crystallized in octahedrons of a white color,
having a cool and slightly nauseous taste.
They are soluble in hot water, but sparingly so
in cold water, and not at all in alcohol. For-
mula, CsHsNjjOe+SHO. It is also called aspar-
amide, and is converted by bases into aspartic
acid and ammonia.
ASPA'RAGUS. (us, i, m. ; Aanapayog, a
young shoot.) A genus of plants. Hexandria.
Monogynia. Family, Asphodelece. — A. officina-
lis. The root has been esteemed diuretic.
The young shoots are an agreeable and whole-
some article of diet.
Aspa'sia. A constrictive application, con-
sisting of wool soaked in infusion of galls, for
the vagina.
Aspen. See Populus tremula.
As per. Rough. Applied to parts which are
rough, as the linea aspcra of the thigh-bone.
A'spera arteria. The windpipe. See
Trachea.
Asperifo'lius. Rough-leaved.
Asperity. Asperitas. Roughness.
Asperma'sia. (a, ce, f. ; from a, priv., and
cirep/ia, seed.) Deficiency of semen.
Aspermati'smus. (From a, priv., and dKEp-
fia.) A reflux of the semen into the bladder,
preventing its emission in coitu. It is the Dys-
permatismus refluus of Sauvages.
ASPE'RSION. Aspersio. Sprinkling. The
sprinkling of the surface of the body, or any
part of it, with a liquid or a powder.
ASPE'RULA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Tetrandria. Monogynia. Rubiacew. — A. odo-
ASP
rata. Sweet woodruff. The plant has been
recommended as a cordial, diuretic, deobstruent,
and vulnerary.
Aspha'ltias. ,Aa(j>aXTiac. Asphalitis, and
Asphallilis. The last lumbar vertebra.
ASPHA'LTUM. (urn, i, n. ; from aofalroc,
bitumen.) A smooth, hard, brittle, black, or
brown substance, which melts easily when
heated, and, if pure, burns without residue. It
is found in a soft or liquid state on the surface
of the Dead Sea and the Island of Trinidad. It
occurs, also, as a mineral production in various
parts of Europe, Asia, and America.
The Egyptians used asphaltum in embalming,
under the name of mumia. It was used by the
Babylonians instead of mortar for cementing
bricks. Taken internally, asphaltum acts as a
stimulant, but it is now hardly ever used unless
as an ingredient in some plasters a»d ointments.
A'sphodel. See Asphodelus.
ASPHO'DELEiE. The asphodel or lily tribe
of monocotyledonousplants. Herbaceous plants,
with bulbs, occasionally arborescent, with leaves
not articulated with the stem, parallel-veined ;
flowers hexapetaloideous; stamens hypogynous;
ovary supeiior ; fruit succulent, or dry and cap-
sular.
ASPHO'DELUS. (us, i, m. k^oSelog.)
A genus of plants. Hexandria. Monogynia.
Family, Asphodelece, or Liliacece. — A. ramosus.
Branched asphodel, or king's spear. The bulb
was formerly supposed to possess diuretic and
emmenagogue virtues, and was applied locally
to promote suppuration. It loses its acridity by
boiling.
ASPHY'XIA. (a, ce, f. ; from a, priv., and
a<j>v!;tg, the pulse.) Asphyxia. This term prop-
erly signifies absence of the pulse, but is usu-
ally applied, in medical language, to that state
in which the vital phenomena are suspended
from some cause interrupting respiration, but
in which life is not actually extinct. Dr. Mason
Good divides asphyxia into four varieties :
1. Asphyxia suffocationis. Asphyxia from
suffocation, produced by hanging or drowning :
countenance turgid and livid
2. A. mephitica. Choke-damp; produced
by inhaling carbonic acid, or some other irre
spirable exhalation : countenance pallid.
3. A. electrica. Electrical asphyxia; pro-
duced by a stroke of lightning or electricity :
Kmbs flexible, countenance pale, blood uncoag
ulable.
4. A.algida. Frost-bite asphyxia; produced
by intense cold : limbs rigid, countenance pale
and shriveled.
In the first variety, from hanging or drown-
ing, the immediate cause is suffocation, or a total
obstruction to the breathing. The face is tur-
gid with blood, and of a livid hue. The counte-
nance has a semblance of apoplexy, as though
there were congestion of blood in the head.
The immediate cause of asphyxia is an occlu-
sion of the larynx ; and where this is partial,
some apoplectic symptoms are generally ob-
servable. It is on this account that the face
of those who die by hanging is more frequently
turgid, and the muscles give proof of more con-
vulsive action than the face of those who die
by drowning.
77
ASP
It is the same with persons who are exposed
to the action of carbonic acid or other mephitic
gases, so far diluted with respirable air as to
render them incapable of destroying life in-
stantly ; in which case, there has not only been
sometimes a feeble prolongation of the circula-
tion, but even stertorous breathing, and many
other symptoms of apoplexy, of which we shall
have to speak further under the next variety.
Some of the narcotic poisons seem to act in a
similar manner. Given in a full dose, they
destroy life instantly; but when the dose is
smaller, the circulation is continued feebly, and
apoplectic symptoms ensue.
How long the living principle may remain
attached to the animal frame, so as to admit of
the resuscitation of the individual, has not been
ascertained with any degree of accuracy, even
to the present time ; and there is very probably
some diversity in this respect, according to the
varying degree of irritability in different indi-
viduals.
It has been known, however, from a very
early time, that torpitude from drowning may
be induced and continue for some minutes with-
out much danger ; but after 20 minutes recov-
ery becomes rare, although persons have been
resuscitated after three quarters of an hour and
more.
In the resuscitation of drowned persons, the
two means on which we have principally to de-
pend are the regulated application of warmth
and artificial inflation of the lungs. The body
should be quietly conveyed to a warm and dry
place, where it should be stripped of its cloth-
ing, wrapped in warm blankets, and placed on
its back on a table, with the head, shoulders,
and chest a little raised. The room should be
very freely ventilated, and all persons whose
attendance is unnecessary excluded. Blankets
wrung out in very hot water should be placed
over the trunk, especially the stomach, and bot-
tles of hot water applied to the feet. It is ne-
cessary, however, to be cautious in the applica-
tion of heat, since, if too suddenly applied, or in
too high a degree, it will immediately destroy
the feeble vitality which remains. A restoration
of the action of the lungs is, however, the most
important object of all. The manner of accom-
Slishing this has been very accurately described
y Dr. Currie as follows : " While an assistant
sustains the wooden tube (into which a common
pair of bellows can be made by the assistance
of a strip of linen,- ribbon, or tape, to fit accu-
rately) in one nostril, and stops the other nostril
with his left hand, and with his right hand ac-
curately closes the mouth, another assistant
(who ought to be placed on the opposite or left
hand of the body) is, with his right hand, to
press backward, and draw gently downward
toward the chest, the upper end of the wind-
pipe, that part which lies a little below the
chin, and which, from its prominence in men, is
vulgarly called Adam's apple; by doing this,
the gullet or passage to the stomach will be com-
pletely stopped up, while the windpipe will be
rendered more open, to let the air pass freely
into the lungs. The left hand of this second
assistant is to be spread lightly over the pit of
the stomach, ready to compress the chest, and
78
ASP
expel the air again as soon as the lungs have
been moderately filled ; the first assistant un-
stopping the mouth or nostril at the same time,
to let the air escape. The operation is to be
conducted in a regular and steady manner,
either until natural respiration begins, or until
this and the other measures recommended have
been persisted in for at least six hours, without
any appearance of returning life." Nothing ap-
proaching violence should be used, as the tissue
of the lungs will be ruptured thereby.
Oxygen and protoxide of nitrogen have been
recommended in place of air, but the means of
obtaining them are not always at hand.
In addition to the means already stated, the
surface of the body may be rubbed with am-
moniacal or other stimulating liquids. Stimu-
lating injections, containing ammonia, and bran-
dy, or other spirits, have often been introduced
with success into the rectum, and will be found
most beneficial when administered moderately
warm. It is also advisable to convey some cor-
dial, volatile alkali, or the compound spirit. of
lavender into the stomach by means of a canula.
Venesection, and especially that of the jugu-
lar vein, has been strenuously recommended;
and wherever there is reason to believe that
the drowning has followed upon a sudden fit
of apoplexy, the recommendation is rational
enough, provided it can be practiced with effect.
But commonly the blood will not flow.
Returning life is usually first discoverable by
the symptoms of sighing, gasping, twitching, or
subsultus, and slight pulsation of the heart; in
effect, by a weak or clonic action in most of the
organs.
The general principles of the remedial treat-
ment here recommended apply to most of the
other varieties of asphyxia, or suspended anima-
tion. We may observe, however, that in at-
tempting the recovery of those who have been
hanged, and particularly those who have inex-
pertly hanged themselves, bleeding from the
jugular veins may be more frequently found
necessary than in the drowned.
In asphyxia from inhalation of irrespirable
gases, death, in many cases, takes place instan-
taneously ; and, consequently, the countenance,
as well as the general surface of the body, is
pale. Yet, as the gas is often in some degree
diluted with atmospheric air, the circulation,
and even the breathing, are occasionally continu-
ed for some time in a feeble and imperfect man-
ner, and the asphyxia is united with symptoms
of apoplexy, or genuine apoplexy takes place
in its stead.
The gases that are found most fatal are the
carbonic acid, and several which are thrown
forth from putrefying animal and vegetable
substances, and especially from cemeteries.
The most common source of injury is car-
bonic acid, which is found in close rooms where
charcoal has been burned, over fermenting vats
or wells, and in many natural cavities of the
earth. As it will not support flame, the com-
mon and easiest test, where it is suspected to
exist, is that of a lighted candle, which is well
known to be extinguished immediately if this
gas be present in a quantity sufficient to be in-
jurious to respiration.
A S P
The patient, if any degree of sensibility re-
main, should, in this variety of asphyxia, be
freely exposed to the open air, histead of a
heated atmosphere, as in the preceding ; and,
if he can swallow, moderately stimulating
drinks may be given. If insensible, cold water
should be dashed on the face, aromatic vinegar
applied to the nostrils, and stimulating clysters
injected, as recommended under the first vari-
ety. The lungs should be artificially inflated.
A proper use of voltaic or magnetic electricity
is also, in many instances, found highly ser-
viceable. The fluid should be transmitted
along the course of the nerves, as from the
phrenic nerve in the neck, toward the dia-
phragm, or from the pneumogastric and great
sympathetic nerves, immediately under the
Bterno-mastoid muscle, where they lie in a
common sheath. In Dr. Babington's case, the
application of voltaic electricity surpiisingly in-
creased the power of the muscles of respiration,
but appeared rather to diminish the action of
the heart. It was hence used alternately with
a forcible inhalation of oxygen gas and various
external stimulants. Venesection was tried,
but does not seem to have been beneficial.
The man recovered in a few days.
In the third, or electric variety, the system
appears to be suddenly exhausted of all its
nervous power. The mode in which the elec-
tricity is communicated is of little importance ;
for, if sufficiently powerful for the purpose, real
or apparent death is instantaneously produced,
whether the stroke flow from lightning, an elec-
tric battery, or a voltaic trough, and every or-
gan is equally exhausted of its vital power.
The shock of lightning destroys the contrac-
tility of the muscles, and renders the blood
loose and uncoagulable.
The general principle of medical treatment
has been laid down under the first variety.
Stimulants of the most active kind should be
resorted to without loss of time ; but, of all stim-
ulants, that of electricity or voltaism seems to
be specially called for in the present modifica-
tion of asphyxia.
In frost-bite asphyxia, or that produced by
intense cold, the limbs are rigid, and the coun-
tenance pale and shriveled. This variety is
always preceded by an insurmountable desire
to sleep, which the utmost exertion of the will
is unable to counteract. The sleep, in most
cases, terminates in death.
In applying remedial means to this modifica-
tion of asphyxia, great caution is necessary re-
specting the employment of warmth. In this
last case, commence by immersing the body for
a few minutes in a bath of cold sea-water or
salted water, at the same time that the lungs
are inflated with air moderately warm, and the
stomach and rectum excited by gentle stimu-
lants. After a short immersion in sea-water,
the body should be taken out, wiped perfectly
dry, laid in flannel in a moderately warm room,
and submitted to the friction of warm hands.
Asphyxia idiopathica. Fatal syncope from
relaxation of the heart.
Asphyxia, local. Gangrene.
Asphyxia neonatorum. Asphyxia of new-
born infants. This name has been unnecessari-
ASS
ly given to defect of respiration in children just
born, which may arise from various mechanical
and physiological causes.
Asphyxiated. In a state of asphyxia or suf-
focation.
Aspidi'scus. AomtiiCKog. The sphincter
ani.
ASPI'DIUM. (mot, i, n. ; from aomc, a
shield.) A genus of plants. Cryptogamia.
Filices. — A. coriaceum. Calagualae radix. — A.
filix mas. The male fern, or polypody. The
root of this plant has been greatly celebrated
for its effects upon the tcenia, or broad tape-
worm. Dose, 3ij. to 3 iij . , in powder, followed
by a cathartic.
Aspiration. Aspiration. Inspiration; im-
bibition.
ASPLE'NIUM. (mot, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Cryptogamia. Filices. — A. adia'n-
tum nigrum. Leek fern. Black maidenhair.
This is used as an astringent and pectoral. —
A. ce'tcrach. Spleen-wort. Miltwaste. A.
officinarum. It has a mucilaginous, roughish
taste, and has been recommended in diseases
of the chest, and in nephritic and calculous
cases. — A. hemioni'lis. Hemionitis. Mule's-
fern. Used with the same intentions as the
Scolopendrium vulgare. — A. murale. Wall-rue.
Tent-wort. A. ruta muraria. It has been
supposed by some to possess specific virtues in
the cure of ulcers of the lungs, and is exhibited
in the form of decoction. — A. officinarum. See
Asplenium ceterach. — A. ruta muraria. See
Asplenium murale. — A. scolopendrium. See Sco-
lopendrium vulgare. — A. tricho' 'manes. The
common maiden hair or spleen-wort. Tricho-
manes of the Pharmacopoeias. The leaves of
this plant have a mucilaginous, sweetish, sub-
astringent taste, without any particular flavor;
they have been esteemed as an expectorant and
deobstruent.
Aspredo. Trachoma.
Aspredo miliacea. Miliary fever.
Aspre'lla. Equisetum majus.
Assa dulcis. Benzoin.
Ass's milk. See Milk, ass's.
ASSAFCETIDA. See Ferula assafcetida.
A'ssala. The nutmeg.
Assarabacca. See Asarum europceum.
Ass a'rius . A Eoman weight of two drachms.
Assarthrosis. Articulation.
ASSAY. An operation, the object of which
is to determine the quantity of valuable metal
contained in any mineral or metallic mixture.
Asserac An intoxicating preparation used
by the Eastern nations. It is made with opium,
or with the cannabis sativa.
Assidens. Accompanying.
Asside'ntia signa. Accessory symptoms.
ASSIMILATION. {Assimilatio, onis, ■ f. ;
from assimilo, to make like to.) Assimilation.
The conversion of nutritious matter into the
proper organic substance of the different text-
ures of the animal body. The term is synony-
mous with nutrition.
Assiste'ntes gla'ndulje. The lobes of the
prostate gland have been so called.
Associated movement. Consensual move-
ments. Movements which, without our cogni-
zance, accompany voluntary exertions.
79
AST
Assodes. See Asodes.
Assula. A splint.
A'STACUS. (us, i, m.) The name of a
genus of shell-fish. — A. jluviatilis. The offici-
nal crevis, or cray-fish. See Cancer astacus. —
A. marinus. The lobster. See Cancer gam-
in arus.
Astakillos. A malignant ulcer of the foot.
Astasia. Uneasiness.
A'static. Where the magnetic direction of
one needle is neutralized by another, so that
the two stand in any position, and not constant-
ly north and south.
Astera'ntium. Anthemis pyrethrum.
Aste'ria. Aslerias. Astroites. Astrios. A
stone to which the ancients attributed imagin-
ary virtues.
Aste'ricum. See Anthemis pyrethrum.
ASTHE'NIA. (a, ce, f. ; from a, priv., and
cBevog, strength.) Debility.
Asthenia deglutitionis, Paralysis of the
pharynx.
Asthenia pectoralis. Angina pectoris.
Asthenia suffocationis. Asphyxia.
ASTHENIC. Weak: of debility; there-
verse of sthenic. It is used extensively as a
term to qualify disease.
Asthenopia. Weak-sighted.
A'STHMA. (a, atis, neut. Aad/xa; from
aodfiafa, to breathe with difficulty.) Asthma
■spasticum adultorum. A. seniorum. A. con-
vulsivum. A. intermittens. A. chronicum. A
disease characterized by difficulty of breathing,
recurring in paroxysms, accompanied with a
wheezing sound, cough, and sense of constric-
tion in the chest, and terminating in expectora-
tion more or less copious. Asthma is more fre-
quently met with at an advanced age than at
an early period of life : it seldom appears in
infancy or youth.
The paroxysm of asthma is very generally
preceded by languor, flatulency, headache,
heaviness over the eyes, sickness, pale urine,
disturbed rest, and sense of oppression about
the praecordia. The accession usually happens
about the middle of the night, and during the
first and deepest sleep : the cause of this it
would be difficult to explain.
In many instances there is an ineffectual ef-
fort to spit, with a harsh and dry cough that
brings up nothing but a little frothy mucus dur-
ing the whole of the paroxysm. In such cases
the fit is seldom of long duration, and often
subsides in two or three hours. In other in-
t stances the cough is violent and suffocative;
and when it has lasted for an hour or two, an
expectoration of tough viscid mucus commen-
ces, which gradually becomes copious and af-
fords relief. It is occasionally mixed with
blood from the severity of the struggle, and,
when this occurs, it tends the more effectually
to unload the bronchial vessels, and alleviate
the symptoms.
It is often, however, many hours before the
severity of the paroxysm is very sensibly di-
minished: the patient generally feels some
degree of constriction during the whole of the
ensuing day, and is fortunate if the next night
be passed without a return of the fit. The ten-
dency to such returns usually continues for
80
AST
several nights ; in severe cases, for a week or a
fortnight. The paroxysms are rarely fatal, but
the disease induces organic affections, which
may become so.
The ordinary seat of the asthmatic spasm is
in the bronchial tubes. At the same time, the
muscles of the larynx may, in some instances,
become involved in the morbid action, or that,
in cases of extreme severity, the external mus-
cles of respiration, overpowered by ineffectual
exertion, may participate in the spasm instead
of opposing it ; but this is evidently a state of
things which could not endure long without
occasioning death. The pneumogastric nerve
is undoubtedly implicated, if not the cause of
the disease in many cases.
The copious expectoration which occurs in
one kind of asthma, and the absence or small
degree of this excretion in the other, has occa-
sioned the division of asthma, both in popular
language and in systems of nosology, into dry
and humid, under which heads we shall con-
sider it in the present article.
1. Asthma siccum : dry asthma ; nervous
asthma.
2. Asthma humidum: humid asthma; com-
mon asthma.
Asthma siccum. Paroxysm sudden, violent,
and of short duration ; cough slight ; expecto-
ration scanty, only appearing toward the close
of the fit, or, in some instances, altogether ab-
sent.
This is the proper convulsive or nervous
asthma of Willis, Hoffman, Floyer, and Aken-
side. Dr. Mason Good makes five varieties of
dry asthma.
a. Simplex. Simple nervous asthma. With-
out any obvious cause, or connection with any
other affection.
/8. Metastaticum. From retropulsion of some
acrid humor from the surface of the body.
y. Phlegmaticum. From repelled oedema of
the extremities in phlegmatic or cachectic hab-
its, with a scanty secretion of urine.
6. Vaporosum. From inhaled fumes of met-
als, especially of lead and arsenic ; of sulphur,
charcoal, nitric acid, and other deleterious sub-
stances.
e. Organicum. From organic derangement
of the walls or contents of the chest.
Asthma humidum. Attack gradual. Parox-
ysm ingravescent and protracted; cough se-
vere ; expectoration commencing early ; at first
scanty and viscid, afterward copious and afford-
ing great relief.
This species, like the preceding, generally
appears without any obvious cause or marked
connection with any other disorder. In some
cases, however, it seems to be connected with
plethora, and a loaded state of the pulmonary
vessels. In other instances, as in old age, or
after long-continued and repeated catarrhs, it is
accompanied with, and perhaps excited by. an
excess of mucus flowing from a weakened and
relaxed state of the mucous glands of the bron
chiffi. Dr. Good has three varieties :
a. Simplex. Simple humid asthma. Without
any manifest cause, or combination with any
other affection.
j3. Plethoricum. From plethora, or the sup-
AST
pression of some accustomed sanguineous evac-
uation.
y. Atonicum. From local atony. From a
debilitated and relaxed condition of the excre-
tories of the air-ves3els, as a consequence of
chronic and neglected catarrhs, or of old age.
In the treatment of asthma, our attention
should be directed to the paroxysm itself, and
to the state of the constitution during the inter-
vals of the paroxysms.
Bleeding. — When there is much general
plethora, inflammatory action in any important
organ, or great embarrassment of the pulmonary
circulation occasioning congestion in the brain,
the propriety of venesection, under proper lim-
itations, is sufficiently obvious.
Purgatives, except in as far as they may be
needful to keep the bowels regularly open, have
seldom proved beneficial. Emetics, especially
ipecacuanha, have been highly extolled by
many writers, but overrated.
Sir John Floyer is said to have found great
benefit in his own case from the use of very
strong coffee.
Narcotics and antispasmodics, given alone,
have rarely been attended with any decided
advantage. They have occasionally afforded
relief in the diy asthma, but have little effect in
the humid ; they should be combined with di-
aphoretics, as in Dover's powder, which is some-
times followed by a moisture over the whole
surface of the body, and a corresponding abate-
ment of the internal spasm. This state of gentle
diaphoresis, however induced, is always favor-
able. Antispasmodics, as musk, castor, valerian,
camphor, and the fetid gums, may perhaps be
employed successfully; and they acquire ad-
ditional efficacy from a union with diaphoret-
ics, as the neutral salts, and small doses of ipe-
cacuanha, or antimonial powder.
The hyoscyamus has often succeeded as a nar-
cotic where opium has failed, but should not
be trusted to by itself. Camphor is much es-
teemed.
Where the urine is small in quantity, and of
a pale hue, and particularly where the disease
is connected with a pituitous or phlegmatic
habit, diuretics have been found unquestionably
serviceable.
The fetid gums, which combine an expec-
torant with an antispasmodic power, have been
much employed, especially ammoniacum and
asafcetida; both these should be combined with
saline medicines. Squill and ipecacuanha, com-
bined in small and frequently-repeated doses,
will generally be found more efficacious than
any other expectorant, and their efficacy will
often be increased by the addition of a minute
quantity of the blue pill, especially in cases
where the abdominal secretions are in a disor-
dered state.
Acids, especially nitric acid, gtt. vj., combined
with squill and hyoscyamus, have been found to
give great relief. Smoking tobacco, and espe-
cially stramonium leaves, is often useful.
Within the last few years a new anti-asthmatic
remedy has sprung up in the lobelia injlata : in
some cases it has doubtless afforded almost im-
mediate relief, but it fails much more frequently
than it succeeds. It is given in the form of a
F
AST
•
saturated tincture of the leave;*, in doses of from
3ss. to 3VJ-
The general treatment is to be conducted
with a view of establishing a healthy tone ; if
the disease be associated with plethora, gout,
or a nervous diathesis, appropriate medicines
are to be employed; these , have reference,
chiefly, to diet, regular exercise, and habits.
It can not bo too strongly inculcated, that
there is no disorder in which a careful regula-
tion of the ordinary habits of the patient is of
more avail than in asthma. An exact temper-
ance in diet, an undeviating regularity in the
hours of rising, taking food and exercise, and
going to rest, and residence in a locality which
is found by experience to be salubrious to the
individual, have often produced a marked im-
provement, if not a complete cure, in cases on
which half the materia medica had been ex-
hausted.
Asthma acutum. A. spasticum infantum.
A. spasmodicum infantum. A. Koppian. A.
Millar's. A. thymicum. A. thymic. Spas-
modic croup. See Laryngismus stridulus.
Asthma acreum. A. emphysematicum. Pneu-
mothorax.
Asthma arthriticum. A. convulsivum. A.
diaphragmaticum. A. dolorificum. Angina
pectoris.
Asthma cardiac. Dyspnoea, dependent on
disease of the heart.
Asthma gypseum. A. montanum. A. put-
verulenlum. Asthma arising from particles of
dust irritating the air-passages ; the asthma of
bakers, millers, &c.
Asthma infantum. Croup. •
Asthma nocturnum. The nightmare.
Asthma uteri. Hysteria. — Van Helmont.
Asthmatic. Broken-winded; subject to asth-
ma.
A'stites. The lobes of the prostate gland.
A'stomus. (Aorofioc; from a, priv., and
orofia, a mouth.) Without a mouth.
ASTRA'GALUS. (us, i,m.) 1. Astragalus
os, the ankle-bone ; a bone of the tarsus, upon
which the tibia moves. It is placed at the up-
per and back part of the tarsus, and its superior
surface presents a large smooth head for articu-
lation with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.
The ankle-joint which is thus formed is a com-
plete ginglymus, or hinge-joint.
2. In Botany, a genus of leguminous plants.
Diadclphia. Decandria.
Astragalus exscapus. Stemless milk-vetch.
The root of this plant is said to cure confirmed
syphilis.
Astragalus tragaca'ntha. This species
was supposed to be the plant that afforded the
gum called tragacanth. See Astragalus vents.
Astragalus verus. Goat's thorn; milk-
vetch. Astragalus aculeatus. The gum-trag-
acanth is derived principally from the Astragalus
verus, but in part, also, from the A. gummifera
and A. creticus. Gum-tragacanth, or gum-dra-
gant, or dragon, exudes spontaneously from the
plant in summer. The best is white, semi-
transparent, dry, yet somewhat soft to the touch.
Put into water, it slowly imbibes a great
quantity of the liquid, swells to a large volume,
and forms a soft, but not fluid mucilage ; if more
81
AT C
■water be added, a fluid solution may be obtain-
ed by agitation, but the liquid looks turbid and
whey-like. Tragacanth contains 40 to 50 per
cent, of bassorin.
Tragacanth is usually preferred to the other
gums for making up troches, and other like
purposes, and is, perhaps, superior as a demul-
cent to gum-arabic.
ASTRA'NTIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Class, Pentandria. Order, Digynia. — A. ma-
jor. Astrantia nigra. Astrantia vulgaris.
Black master-wort. The root of this plant is
acrid, and was formerly employed as a purga-
tive. The Imperatoria ostruthium has been
called astrantia.
Astricta alvus. Costiveness of the bowels.
Astriction. Astrictio. Constringent; the
action of an astringent. The corrugation and
contraction produced by astringents.
Astricto'rius. Astringent; styptic.
ASTRI'NGENT. {Astringent; from aslrin-
go, to constringe.) An astringent medicine is
one which, when applied to the body, renders
the solids denser and firmer, by contracting
their fibres. Astringents serve to diminish ex-
cessive discharges ; and, by condensing relaxed
parts, act indirectly as tonics. The substances
of this class are, the mineral acids, alum, lime-
water, and several preparations of copper, zinc,
iron, lead, creasote, and nitrate of silver. A
great variety of vegetable substances possess as-
tringent properties, which they probably owe to
the presence of tannin, as oak bark, galls, cate-
chu, kino, krameria, logwood, red Sander's
wood, the rosa gallica, uva ursi, tormentil ; these
are the pure astringents.
Astringent principle. Tannin or tannic
acid.
Astringents. Aslringcntia. See Astringent.
A'strion. The astragalus.
Astroboli'smus. ( Atrrpofio/lio/ioc.) Apo-
plexy, or sudden paralysis.
Astrologia. Astrology.
Astrum duplicatum. A medicine composed
of the tinctures of antimony and coral, essence
of amber and musk. Great cordial virtues were
attributed to it.
Astysia. Asynodia. Impotence.
Asuoli. Soot. Ink.
Atac Talc. Nitre.
A'tavism. When an hereditary affection is
lost in one generation and reappears in the
next.
ATA'XIA. (a, a, f. ; from a, neg., and ran-
au, to order.) Want of regularity. Applied to
the course or symptoms ot a disease, or to the
functions of the animal body. Sydenham uses
the term ataxia spirituum to signify commotion
of the nervous system. It has been most gen-
erally used by recent writers to denote that
state ofcthe nervous system which accompanies
nervous fever.
Ata'xic Ataxicus. Ara«rof. In a state
of ataxia. Ataxic fever means nervous fever.
A low state.
ATA'XO-ADYNA'MIC. (Ataxo-adynami-
cus ; from arat-ia, disorder, and advvafiia, de-
bility.) A term applied by the French to ty-
phus fever — -fievre ataxo-adynamique.
Atchar. A condiment used in India, con-
82
AT L
sisting of various green fruits, garlic, ginger
mustard, and pimenta, pickled in vinegar.
Ate'cma. Ate'cnia. (From a, priv.. and
tekvov, a child.) Anaphrodisia. Sterility.
Atelectasis pulmonum. Imperfect dilata-
tion of the lungs at birth.
A'TELES. kreljje. Imperfect; defective.
Atelo. From Ateles. With this prefix is
compounded many words signifying an absence
or defect of a part; as — Atelocheilia, malfor-
mation of the hps — Atcloencephalia, imperfect
brain — Atelognathia, imperfect jaws — Atelomy-
elia, imperfect spinal marrow — Ateloprosopia,
imperfect development of the face — Atelosto
mia, imperfect mouth.
Ater succus. Black bile.
ATHAMA'NTA. (a,a,f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Digynia. Umlelliferce. — A. cre-
tensis. Candy carrot. Daucus creticus of the
Pharmacopoeias. The seeds have an aromatic
smell, and a slightly pungent flavor, and have
been employed as carminatives and diuretics.
— A. meum. jEthusa meum. — A. oreoseli'num.
Black mountain parsley. The officinal oreose-
linum. An extract and tincture prepared from
the root were said to be attenuant, aperient, de-
obstruent, and lithontriptic. The oil obtained
by distillation from the seed was esteemed as
a remedy for the toothache.
Athama'nticubt. ^thusa meum.
ATHANA'SIA. (a, a, f. ; kdavaaia, immor-
tality.) A name given to tansy ; also, to several
medicines.
Athanor. Athonor. An old kind of fur-
nace.
AthelasThus. Unable to suckle.
Athelsis. Suckling.
Athe'na. Adnva. A compound plaster in
much repute among the ancients.
Athenato'nium. A glass cover for a cucurbit.
Athenio'nis catapo'tium. The name of a
pill, composed of myrrh, pepper, castor, and
opium. Celsus recommends it against a cough.
Atheni'ppum. Diasmyrnes. Evuoec. An
ancient collyrium, described by Scribonius
Largus.
Athera. Athara. Pulse ; pap ; also, a lin-
iment. .
ATHERO'MA. («, atis, n. A8epu/ia, or
adnpupa; from aOapa, pulse or pap.) An en-
cysted tumor that contains a substance of a
pulpy consistence, as molluscum.
Atheromatous. Atheromatodes. The ad-
jective derived from atheroma ; thus, we say an
atheromatous tumor. Beclard observes that the
substance of these tumors is sebaceous, the
cysts being distended follicles.
ATHLETIC. {Athleticus; from aBloe, a
contest.) Individuals in whom the muscular
system is highly developed are said to be ath-
letic.
ATHY'MIA. («, ce, f. ; from a, neg., and
■&v/iog, courage.) Despondency or melancholy.
Atincar, or Atinkar. Borax.
A'TLAS. Atlantion. Atloid. (From a, in
tensive, and r"kau, to sustain.) The name of
the first vertebra. This vertebra has a small
arch instead of a body, and little or no spinous
process, but a very large ring. In the fresh
subject this is partially filled up so as to cor-
ATO
respond with the rest of the spinal canal, by
the odontoid process of the second vertebra. It
is articulated above with the condyles of the oc-
cipital bone ( atloido-occipital articulation) ;
and below, by the oblique processes, with the
dentata (atloido-axoid articulation). The nod-
ding motions of the head are performed between
the occipital bone and the atlas; the rotatory
motions, between the atlas and dentata.
Atloido-axoid ligaments. Two bgaments
passing between the atlas and axis, or dentata.
Atle. The tamarisk — Prosper Alpinus.
Atmidia'trice. Atmiatria. (From ar/xic,
vapor, and tarpiKn, with rexvn understood, the
medical art. ) The art of curing diseases by ex-
posure of the body to the action of vapors.
Atmisterion. A vapor -bath.
Atmo'meter, or Atmido'meter. (From ar-
fioc, or arfiic, a vapor, and [icrpov, a measure.)
An instrument for measuring the quantity of
vapor exhaled from a humid surface in a given
time.
A'TMOSPHERE. (Almosphera, a, f. ; from
dTfioc, vapor, and a<paipa, a globe.) The elastic
gases and vapor which surround the earth. It
extends some 45 miles upward; consists of-
nitrogen, 79 parts ; oxygen, 21 per cent. ; with
about puVo tb of carbonic acid ; the quantity of
vapor of water depends upon the temperature,
being most in warm weather. The atmosphere
exerts a pressure at the surface of the earth of
15 lbs. on the square inch, but this diminishes
rapidly as we ascend elevations. It is because
of this pressure that fluids boil at a fixed tem-
perature, mercury stands at 30 inches in the
barometer, &c . A diminution of pressure would
much derange the circulation.
Atmospheres. An expression in physical
Bcience to indicate the pressure under which a
gas or vapor is condensed. Each atmosphere
is a pressure of 15 pounds on the square inch,
or 30 inches of. mercury. They are enumera-
ted by the ordinary numbers.
ATO'CIA. (From aroKOf, barren.) Sterility.
Ato'cium. (Same etymon.) A name that
has been given to the Lychnis sylvestris; be-
cause, as it is said, the flowers often bear no seed.
Ato'lmia. (a, neg., and rolpa, confidence.)
Despondency ; want of confidence.
A'TOM. (Atomus, i, m., arofioc; from a,
neg., and refivu, to cut or divide.) Synony-
mous with equivalent. The smallest or ulti-
mate particles of which material bodies are-
composed are called atoms; of these larger
portions of matter are composed, and between
them the actions of attraction and repulsion,
whereby the condition of bodies is changed,
may be supposed to take place. This view of
the constitution of bodies has given rise to the
atomic theory. — A., compound, or component.
An atom which contains two or more element-
ary atoms. — -A., elementary. The atom of a
substance which has not been decomposed. —
A., organic. The atoms of substances which
are found in organic bodies, or are obtained
from them by various processes. — A., primary.
The same with elementary atoms. — Atomic
theory. See Combination, chemical.
Ato'nia palpebrarum. Falling down of
the upper eyelids. See Ptosis.
ATE
ATO'NIC. (Atonicus; from arovia, weak
ness.) Deficient in tone ; weak.
A'TONY. (Atonia, ce, f., arovia; from a,
neg., and reivu, to extend.) Deficiency of
tone ; weakness ; properly, of muscular organs,
to the healthy state of which a certain tone or
tension of their fibres has been supposed neces-
sary ; but the term is now applied to debility
of any kind.
A'TRA BI'LIS. (xoItj pelaiva.) Black
bile. A fluid imagined by the ancients, but
which has no real existence. A redundance
produced melancholia.
Atrabilia'ri^: arte'ri^:. The arteries which
supply the supra-renal glands.
Atrabiliari^; cap's ulje. The supra-renal
glands or capsules.
Atrabiliarije ven.se . The veins which sup
ply the supra-renal glands.
Atrabi'liary. Atrabilious. Atrabiliosus.
(Atrabiliarius ; from atra bills.) Appertaining
to black bile.
Atrabiliary temperament. The melan-
cholic and hypochondriac temperament.
Atrachelocephalus. A monster without
neck.
Atrache'lus. (From a, priv., and rpaxv
"koc, the neck.) Short-necked.
ATRA'CTYLIS. The distaff thistle. A ge-
nus of plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia aqua
lis. Composite. — A. gummi'fera.' Gummy
rooted atractylis; pine thistle. The root
abounds with a gummy matter, which exudes
when it is wounded. The root and tops of the
flower-stalks, boiled and dressed with oil, are
used as food. The gummy matter is said to be
chewed for the purpose of strengthening the
gums.
Atrage'ne. A name of the Clematis vitalba.
Atrame'ntum. (urn, i, n.) Ink; also, black-
ing, copperas or vitriol, and the black fluid se-
creted by the cuttle-fisb.
Atramentum sutorium. Sulphate of iron.
Atramentum sympatheticum. See Ink,
sympathetic.
Atrapha'xis. Arpa<j>a!;ic. Atriplex.
ATRE'SIA. Atretismus. (From a, neg.,
and rirpn/u, to perforate.) Imperforation. Ab-
sence of the natural opening of any canal or
cavity, owing to congenital malformation or oc-
clusion of the same from disease or injury.
Atre'tus. One who has an imperforate
anus or genitals.
Atrices. Altrices. Small tumors about the
anus, as hemorrhoids or condylomata.
A'trici. Small sinuses in the vicinity of the
anus, which do not penetrate into the cavity of
the rectum.
A'TRIPLEX. (ex, ids, f. Arpa^ic.) A
genus of plants. Polygamia. Monoecia. Chc~
nopodiaceee. Orache. — A. foetida. See Cheno-
podium vulvaria. — A. hallimus. A. hortensis.
See Atriplex littoralis. — A. littoralis. A. hah-
mus. A. marina. Grass-leaved sea orache.
The leaves and young shoots are pickled and
eaten like samphire. The plant was formerly
considered antiscorbutic. — A. papula. The
leaves of this are eaten like spinage. — A.portu-
lacoi'des. Portulaca marina. Sea purslane.
Shrubby orache. The leaves and shoots are
83
ATE
sometimes used for pickles, and the plant was
formerly esteemed antiscorbutic ; it is not now
employed in medicine. — A. saliva. Orache.
A. hortensis of the Pharmacopoeias. The herb
and seed of this plant have been exhibited me-
dicinally as antiscorbutics.
A'trium co'rdis de'xtrum. The right auri-
cle of the heart.
A'trium co'rdis sini'strum. The left auricle
of the heart.
A'TROPA. (a, a, f. ; from AtjOOttoc.) A ge-
nus of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. So-
lanacece. — A. Icllado'nna. Deadly night-shade.
The Belladonna of the Pharmacopoeias. The
activity of this plant depends on a peculiar al-
kaline principle called Atropia. (See Atropia.)
Belladonna is a powerful narcotic, and is al-
leged, also, to possess sudorific and diuretic
properties. It has been recommended in scir-
rhous and cancerous affections and neuroses.
Dose, of dried leaves, in powder, a grain, grad-
ually increased to 10 or 12 grains; or an infu-
sion may be made. Externally applied, bella-
donna has great efficacy in allaying local pain
and spasm. The powder or extract made into
an ointment, with an equal weight of lard, and
rubbed on the penis and perineum, relieves
chordee more effectually than any other appli-
cation. But the most familiar use of belladon-
na is for dilating the pupil of the eye, so as to
facilitate' the examination of the deep-seated
parts of this organ. For this purpose, the ex-
tract of belladonna, diluted with a sufficient
quantity of water, is rubbed over the eyebrow
and around the eye, and in less than an hour
the pupil becomes widely dilated. It has also
been used as a preventive of scarlatina. The
extract is the only officinal preparation of bella-
donna. — A. mandra' gora. Mavdpayopac. Av-
dpunofiop&oc. Mandragora. The mandrake.
This plant is a native of Asia and the South of
Europe ; formerly used as a love philter. The
mandrake possesses considerable narcotic pow-
er, and the root was formerly much used in
medicine, but it is entirely discarded from the
practice of the present day.
Atrophia mesenterica. A. glandularis.
A. infantum. See Tabes mesenterica.
A'TROPHY. (Atrophia, a, f. ; from a, priv.,
and rpetjxo, to nourish.) A wasting of" the
whole body, or any particular part of it. Local
atrophy may arise from congenital defect in the
organization of the part, as in the case of a limb
which is small and imperfectly developed in
comparison with the rest of the body ; or it
may arise from some cause impeding the natu-
ral supply of blood, as when the main artery of
any organ is rendered impervious; or from a
diminution of the nervous influence, as in the
wasting of a paralytic limb ; or from total sus-
pension of the natural functions of an organ, as
in the degeneration of muscles that are % never
used ; or, lastly, from the effects of inflamma-
tion, as frequently exemplified in the testicle
and other parts. General atrophy or wasting
of the body is observed to arise from insufficient
nourishment, from profuse evacuations, and
from a diseased state of the apparatus of nutri-
tion, consisting either in imperfect chylification
or imperfect assimilation.
84
ATT
The treatment of atrophy will, of course, in-
volve a most scrupulous attention to the diet
and habits of the patient. The bowels should
be kept regular ; mercurial alteratives may
sometimes be required, and the vegetable and
mineral tonics. Cleanliness, fresh air, and mod-
erate exercise are quite indispensable. Cold
bathing, where it is not contra-indicated, will
be found a powerful auxiliary. The atrophy
of old age is to be met by the most nutritious
food, wine, and warmth.
ATRO'PIA. Atropina. (a, a, f.) Atropine.
The alkaloid of Atropa belladonna. It is a white
crystalline body, acrid and bitter ; sparingly sol-
uble, even in alcohol. It combines with the or-
dinary acids, forming soluble crystalline salts.
Formula C34H23O6 (Liebig.)
M. Brandes was obliged to discontinue his
experiments on this alkali from its bad effects
on his health. Even the vapor of it occasioned
violent headaches, nausea, pains in the back,
giddiness, and dilatation of the pupil. He once
tasted a small quantity of sulphate of atropia,
and found it merely saline; but he was soon
affected with violent headache, shaking in the
limbs, alternate sensations of heat and cold, op-
pression of the chest, difficulty in breathing,
and feebleness of the circulation.
Atropia lactantium. Wasting from bad
breast milk.
Atropia verminos a. Marasmus from worms.
Atropi'na. See Atropia.
A'tropine. See Atropia.
ATTE'NUANT. (Attenuans; ixova.att.enuo,
to make thin.) Diluent. A medicine which
has the power of rendering the consistence of
the blood thinner. The existence of any such
power in medicine i3 hypothetical.
Attenua'tus. Attenuated.
Attitude. The different positions which
the body is capable of assuming by the action
of its muscles are called attitudes. The atti-
tude of the body in disease often affords import-
ant indications.
ATTO'LLENS. (From attollo, to lift up.)
Lifting up : applied to some muscles, the office
of which is to lift up the parts they are affix-
ed to.
Attollens aurem. A muscle of the exter
nal ear : Attollens auricula and Attollens auric-
ulam. It arises, thin, broad, and tendinous,
from the tendon of the occipito-frontalis, from
which it is almost inseparable, where it covers
the aponeurosis of the temporal muscle ; and is
inserted into the upper part of the ear, oppo
site to the antihelix.
Attollens oculi. See Rectus superior oculi.
Atto'nitus. Properly, thunder-struck, but
also used by the Latins synonymously with
amazed or surprised, whence the English word
astonished. The term attonitus morbus was ap-
plied by Celsus to apoplexy, from its sudden
and overwhelming attack.
ATTRACTION. (Attractio, onis, f. ; from
attraho, to attract.) The terms attraction and
repulsion are employed merely as the expres-
sion of the general facts, that the masses or
particles of matter have a tendency to approach
and unite to, or to recede from, one another,
under certain circumstances. The term affinity
AUD
has been used synonymously with attraction,
but it is now commonly applied only to chemi-
cal attraction.
Attraction op affinity. Chemical attrac-
tion. The force (usually electrical) which
combines dissimilar atoms into definite chemi-
cal bodies. It acts only at insensible distances,
and between definite numbers of atoms.
Attraction of aggregation. Cohesion, or
Attraction of cohesion.
Attraction, capillary. Capillarity. The
attraction exerted by certain bodies, whereby
they wet the surfaces of others, or rise in fine
tubes or between plates. Thus, water exerts
a capillary attraction for glass, wood, or a
sponge, but not for oils or fats. The penetra-
tion of fluids through tissues and porous vessels
is by reason of their capillary attraction ; hence,
some will not penetrate. There are also dif-
ferent degrees of attraction; one fluid rising
higher in tubes than another, or, in a mixture,
rising before another of less attraction. All
the phenomena of capillarity are under the in-
fluence of electrical or galvanic arrangements.
Attraction of cohesion. The force which
unites similar atoms into masses ; it acts only at
insensible distances.
Attraction, elective. Chemical attraction.
The attraction which selects certain atoms in
producing compound's. Thus, when sulphuric
acid is presented to a solution containing bary-
ta, magnesia, soda, it elects the baryta, forming
the sulphate of baryta.
Attraction, electrical. The approach of
bodies dissimilarly electrified. This force oper-
ates at sensible distances, as between clouds
and the earth. Magnetic attraction is the
same as exhibited by the magnet.
Attraction of gravitation. Gravity. The
force which causes masses to approach each
other, if free. It acts at great distances, the
force diminishing as the squares of the distan-
ces. It is the great central force of astronomy.
A'TTRAHENS. Attrahent. Attractorius.
Drawing. Attrahentia mcdicamenta are me-
dicaments which irritate the surface and attract
the fluids to the parts to which they are applied,
as blisters, sinapisms, &c. The term is synony-
mous with epispastic.
Attrahens auris. The anterior auris muscle.
Attrition. Attritio. (o, onis, f.) In med-
ical language, this term has been applied, 1. To
a graze, or abrasion of the cuticle. 2. To the
crushing of a part by violence. 3. To a severe
kind of cardialgia, or heartburn, accompanied
with great pain and sense of suffocation.
Atypic A'typus. (From a, priv., and rv-
iroc, a type.) Without type. Applied to fevers
the course of which is so irregular as to be re-
ducible to no law.
Au. The symbol for gold (aurum).
Aua'nte. Auapse. (Avavrn ; from avai-
vu, to dry.) A disease attended with emacia-
tion.
Audinac springs. Mineral waters contain-
ing a little sulphureted hydrogen.
AUD'ITION. Auditus. Anditio. The qual-
ity of hearing. The impression of the waves of
sound is supposed to reach the auditory nerves
through their action on the aqua labynnthi.
AUR
AU'DITORY. {Auditorius; from audio, to
hear.) Appertaining to the sense of hearing.
Auditory arteries. The external is a
branch of the styloid; the internal, of the basilar.
This accompanies the portio mollis. The veins
empty into the jugulars.
Auditory canal. See Auris.
Auditory nerve. See Portio mollis.
Auditory passage. See Auris.
Audi'tus. (us, us, m.) The sense of hearing.
Augmentation. Augme'ntum. (um, i, n.)
Incrementum. The augment ; augmentation ;
increase. This term is applied to the period
of a fever between its commencement and its
height.
Auli'scos. (From avhoc, a reed-pipe.) A
catheter, or clyster-pipe.
Aumale. A small town of Upper Normandy.
It has acidulous chalybeate springs.
AU'RA. (a, a, f.) A subtile vapor or exha-
lation.
Aura ele'ctrica. If electricity be received
from a sharp point, a sensation is felt as if a cold
wind were blowing on the part exposed to it.
This is called the aura electrica.
Aura epile'ptica. A sensation which is
sometimes felt immediately before a fit of epi-
lepsy. The patient feels as if a stream of cold
air were ascending from some distant part of
the body toward the head. See.. Epilepsy. A
similar phenomenon is alleged sometimes to
occur in hysteria, in which case it is called aura
hysterica.
Aura hysterica. See Aura cpileptica.
Aura podagrica. The precursory warning
of a fit of gout.
Aura semina'lis. Aura scminis. The most
subtile and vivifying portion of the semen virile,
which, according to some physiologists, ascends
through the Fallopian tubes, to impregnate the
ovum in the ovarium. The existence of this
aura is entirely hypothetical.
Aura vita'lis. So Helmont calls the vital
principle.
Aura'ntia curassave'ntia. Curassoa ap-
ples, or oranges. These are immature oranges.
When dried they are of a stony hardness, and
have a pleasant aromatic and bitter flavor, with-
out any acidity. Infused in wine or brandy
they make a good stomachic. When reduced
in size and rendered smooth by turning, they
are used as issue-peas.
Aurantia'ce*. A natural family of plants,
of which the orange is the type.
Aurantii BACCfls. See Citrus aurantium.
Auranth cortex. Orange rind.
Aurantin. Aurantine. The bitter principle
of orange rind.
AURA'NTIUM. (urn, i, n.) The orange,
See Citrus aurantium.
Au'rate. (Auras, atis, f.) A salt formed by
the combination of the auric acid with a base.
Auratf. of ammonia Fulminating gold.
See Aurum.
Au'rea alexandri'na. A kind of opiate.
Aureola. Areola.
Aureum olus. Orache. See Atriplex.
Au'reus a'rabum. The seventh part of an
ounce. It was the same with the denarius of
the Romans.
85
AU R
AUR
AURI CHLORIDUM. Chloride of gold. See
Aurum for this and the other compounds of
gold.
Auric acid. See Aurum.
AURI'CULA. (a, ce, f. ; dim. of auris, the
ear.) An auricle, or little ear. The external
ear, and two cavities of the heart which have
Bomewhat the appearance of little ears. See
Auris and Cor.
Auiu'cula i'nfima. The lobule of the ear.
Auri'cula judjE. See Peziza auricula.
Auricula leporis. See Bupleurum.
Auricula muris. See Hieracium and Myo-
Auricul^; cordis. The auricles of the heart.
Auricula'ris. (From auris, the ear.) Au-
ricular. Pertaining to the ear; as, auricular
muscles, auricular arteries, &c.
Auricularis digitus. The little finger : so
called because it is frequently introduced into
the ear.
Auriculate. Auricula' lus. A leaf, furnished
at its base with a pair of leaflets.
Auri'culo-ventri'cular orifices. The ap-
ertures by which the auricles and ventricles of
the heart communicate are so called.
Auri'ga. A kind of bandage used by the
ancients in wounds of the thorax.
Auri'go. Icterus.
Aurillac A town in the department of
Cantal, in France, which has cold chalybeate
springs.
Auripigme'ntum. Yellow orpiment.
AU'RIS. (is, is, f.) The ear. The organ
of hearing in man may be divided into the Au-
ricle, or external ear; the Tympanum, or mid-
dle ear ; and the Labyrinth, or internal ear.
1. External ear. This includes the Pinna,
or that part called in common language the
ear, and the Meatus auditorius cxtcrnus, or
external auditory canal. The pinna consists
chiefly of fibro-cartilage, covered with the com-
mon integuments ; but the soft lower portion
contains no cartilage. The upper cartilaginous
{>art is called Ala, and sometimes Pavilion ; the
ower soft part is called Lobns. The prominent
margin which surrounds the greater part of the
ear is called the Helix ; another curved ridge
within this is the Antihelix ; the little triangu-
lar flap that projects over the forepart of the
auditory canal is termed the Tragus ; and the
smaller eminence opposite to it, which forms
the termination of the antihelix, is styled the
Antitragus. The groove between the helix
and antihelix is called fossa innominata ; the
shallow depression between the two ridges at
the upper part of the antihelix is the fossa na-
vicularis, and the deep central hollow bounded
by the antihelix, and leading to the meatus ex-
ternus or auditory tube, is called the concha.
There arc several muscles connected with the
pinna, viz., the attollens aurcm, anterior auris,
retrahentes aurcm, the major helicis, minor hc-
licis, tragicus, antitragicus, transversus auricu-
las, obliquus auris, and contractor meatus. De-
scriptions of these muscles will be found under
their respective heads. From the concha, the
meatus auditorius externus passes toward the
tympanum in a direction obliquely forward and
inward. The tube is rather more than an inch
86
in length; it is somewhat wider at its outer
than at its inner extremity, and is a little con-
tracted at its middle. The meatus is lined
throughout its course by a prolongation of the
common integument, which becomes thinner
as it proceeds further inward, and, being re-
flected from the membrana tympani at the bot-
tom of the meatus, constitutes a blind sac. In
the outer half of the meatus, numerous small
glands are found between the cutaneous lining
and the cartilage ; these secrete the cerumen,
or wax of the ear, and aie called Glandular ce-
ruminosce. At the bottom of the meatus exter-
nus, the Membrana tympani is stretched over
the orifice of the tympanum, forming a parti-
tion between it and the meatus. It is a thin,
firm, somewhat elastic, semi-transparent mem-
brane, of a circular or very slightly oval shape,
and rather more than the third of an inch in
diameter.
2. Middle ear. This is formed by the cav-
ity called the Tympanum, or Drum. The tym-
panum is of an irregular form ; it is situated in
the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and
is bounded externally by the membrana tym-
pani, and internally by an osseous septum, which
divides it from the labyrinth ; anteriorly it com-
municates with the Eustachian tube, and pos-
teriorly with the mastoid cells.
The osseous septum, which divides the tym^
panum from the labyrinth, presents about its
middle a rounded eminence called the Promon-
tory, and above and behind this a small process,
called, from its shape, the Pyramid, and which
is hollow, with a foramen at its top. The tym-
panum, thus situated and bounded, has several
openings in its bony parietes; these are as fol-
lows : 1. The Fenestra ovalis is situated imme-
diately above the promontory, and would com-
municate with the cavity called the vestibule,
were it not closed in the fresh state by a thin
membrane. 2. The Fenestra rotunda, which
is smaller than the last, is placed below the
back part of the promontory, and would com-
municate with a part of the cochlea called scala
tympani, were it not closed by a membrane:
the real form of this aperture is triangular rather
than round. 3. Behind and beneath the pyra-
mid is a very small foramen, which gives en-
trance to the chorda tympani nerve. 4. At the
upper and back part of the tympanum are three
or four foramina leading into the mastoid cells,
which are cavities hollowed out in the mastoid
process of the temporal bone, communicating
with each other, and lined by a prolongation of
the mucous membrane of the tympanum. 5.
In the floor of the tympanum, at its anterior
part, is the Glenoid fissure, or Fissura Glaserii,
which transmits the chorda tympani nerve and
laxator tympani muscle, and lodges the slender
process of the malleus. 6. At the inner and
forepart of the cavity of the tympanum are two
apertures, separated from each other by a small
plate of bone called Processus cochlcariformis ;
these lead to two canals, one of which transmits
the tensor tympani muscle, and the other forms
part of the Eustachian tube. The Eustachian
tube forms an important accessory part of the
auditory apparatus. It passes from the cavity
of the tympanum obliquely forward and inward,
AUR
AUR
and opens just above the arch of the palate at
the outer edge of the posterior aperture of the
nostril. The whole tube is from an inch and a
half to two inches long ; about a third part of it
toward the ear is bony ; the remainder is com-
posed of cartilage and fibrous membrane ; the
osseous part widens toward its aperture in the
tympanum, but the cartilaginous portion widens
toward its aperture at the posterior nostril, so
that the tube is constricted in its middle portion,
but dilated toward each extremity ; the orifice
near the nostril is the larger. The whole tube
is lined by a prolongation of the mucous mem-
brane of the pharynx, which is also expanded
through the tympanum and mastoid cells.
Within the cavity of the tympanum are certain
small bones called Ossicula auditus, which are
articulated with one another so as to form a
chain extending across the cavity from the mem-
brana tympani to the fenestra ovalis. These
bones are called the Malleus, Incus, Stapes, and
Os orbiculare, which last is considered by some
anatomists as merely a process of the incus.
The Malleus, so named from its being shaped
something like a hammer, is the most external
of the ossicula ; it consists of a round head, a
neck, a handle, and a long and short process.
The handle, or manubrium, is directed down-
ward and forward, and adheres by a rounded
extremity to the centre of the membrana tym-
pani ; the head is directed upward and inward,
and articulates with the incus by two small
cartilaginous surfaces ; the short process, pro-
cessus brevis, comes off at right angles from the
upper part of the handle, and is in contact with
the membrana tympani; the long process, or
slender process, processus gracilis, projects from
the neck of the malleus downward and for-
ward, and terminates in a point which enters
the glenoid fissure. The Incus, so called from
a fancied resemblance to an anvil, comes next
to the malleus. It consists of a body and two
crura, or processes. The body is of a flattened
form, and has, on its anterior border, a cavity
"which receives and is articulated with the head
of the malleus. The shorter of these processes
runs obliquely backward, and terminates in a
point at the opening of the mastoid cells ; the
longer, which is also the more slender, is directed
downward and curved inward at its extremity,
to which is appended the Os orbiculare. The
Os orbiculare is very minute, being smaller
than a gram of mustard-seed. Some consider
it as a distinct bone, and others merely as a part
of the long process of the incus. The os orbic-
ulare is articulated with the head of the stapes.
The Stapes is so named from its resemblance
to a stirrup, and is divided into a head, crura,
and base. The stapes is placed horizontally, its
head or apex being articulated with the os or-
biculare, and its base attached to the fenestra
ovalis, with which it corresponds in size and
shape. The anterior eras is shorter than the
posterior, and the interval between them is
filled up with a membrane.
Connected with this chain of bones are cer-
tain minute muscles by which their movements
are effected. These are four in number, viz., 1 .
The Tensor tympani, or Internus mallei, which
arises from the cartilaginous extremity of the
Eustachian tube, runs backward in a bony canat
parallel with the tube, enters the tympanum,
where it becomes tendinous, and is inserted
into the short process of the malleus : its use is
to render the membrana tympani tense by draw-
ing the malleus inward. 2. The Laxator tym-
pani, or Externus mallei, which arises from the
spinous process of the sphenoid bone, and soon
becoming tendinous, passes through the glenoid
fissure to be inserted into the long process of
the malleus : its use is to relax the membrana
tympani by drawing the malleus forward and
outward. 3. The Laxator tympani minor is
described as rising from the upper part of the
bony extremity of the meatus auditorius externus,
and inserted into the handle of the malleus : it
is so small and indistinct that many anatomists
deny its muscularity, and consider it merely as
a ligament. 4. The Stapedius, which is lodged
within the tube of the pyramid, and sends out
a tendon to be inserted into the neck of the
stapes : its use is to render the membrane of
the fenestra ovalis tense by drawing the head
of the stapes upward and backward.
3. Internal ear, or Labyrinth. This, as
before stated, is the essential part of .the organ.
As* fully developed in the human subject, it con-
sists ol three parts, viz., the Vestibule, Cochlea,
and Semicircular canals.
The Vestibule, so named from its forming a
kind of porch to the other cavities of the laby-
rinth, is a small cavity of an irregular oval fig-
ure. Externally, it is bounded by the partition
between it and the tympanum already describ-
ed ; internally, by a cribriform plate of bone,
which separates it from the meatus auditorius
internus ; anteriorly, by the cochlea ; and pos-
teriorly, by the semicircular canals.
The vestibule has several apertures, viz. : 1.
The fenestra ovalis, already described, by which
it communicates with the tympanum. 2. Four
or five small perforations in the plate which
separates the vestibule from the meatus internus,
through which the filaments of the auditory
nerve enter. 3. A round hole at the fore and
under part, leading to a canal termed Scala
cochlea:, by which the vestibule communicates
with the cochlea. 4. Five similar foramina
behind, by which it opens into the semicircu-
lar canals : one of these foramina is common to
two of the canals. 5. Near the common fora-
men last mentioned is a small hole leading into
the passage termed Aquceductus vcstibuli.
The Cochlea is so named from its bearing
some resemblance to a snail-shell. It is of a
pyramidal form ; it is placed obliquely at the
forepart of the vestibule, with its base directed
toward the meatus auditorius internus, and its
apex outward and a little downward. The
cochlea consists of an osseous tube, coiled spi-
rally round a central pillar. The tube makes
two turns and a half round this axis from the
base of the cochlea to its summit, or cupola.
The central pillar of the cochlea consists of two
parts : the one called Modiolus, from its resem-
blance to the spindle of a winding stair-case;
the other Infundibulum, because it is funnel- "
shaped. The Modiolus is a hollow cone, con
taining that branch of the auditory nerve which
is destined for the cochlea ; and its sides, which
87
AUE
consist of two plates, with intervening cells, are
every where perforated with minute holes for
the transmission of the nervous fibres. The In-
fundibulum is an imperfect bony funnel, con-
nected, by its small end, with the top of the
modiolus. The first turn, or gyrus, of the coch-
lea, and half of the second, are described round
the modiolus, the remaining half of the second
gyrus winds round the small end of the infundi-
bulum, and the upper extremities of the gyri,
which communicate with each other, are in-
closed by the cupola of -the cochlea. The tube
of the cochlea, which thus winds around the
central pillar, is divided by a longitudinal par-
tition into two canals, termed Scala;, from their
supposed resemblance to stair-cases; the sep-
tum which divides them is composed of a bony
plate and a membranous portion, and is called
Lamina spiralis. One of the scala3 commences
in the vestibule at a foramen already described,
makes its two turns and a half round the cen-
tral axis, and ends in the cupola ; this is called
Scala vestibuli: the other scala begins at the
cupola, makes its two turns and a half round
the central axis, and ends in the fenestra rotun-
da, by the membrane covering winch the scala
is prevented from communicating with the cav-
ity of the tympanum ; this scala, which is the
smaller of the two, is called Scala tympani.
The cochlea, like all the rest of the labyrinth,
is] lined by a soft mucous membrane.
The Semicircular cavMs are three very small
bony tubes, each of which forms a curve great-
er than half the circumference of a circle. They
are situated behind the vestibule, in the sub-
stance of the petrous portion of the temporal
bone. One of them is placed transversely, with
its convex side upward, and is called superior,
or vertical ; another is placed obliquely, with
the convex side backward, and is styled poste-
rior, or oblique; the third, which is smaller than
either of the others, is placed horizontally, and
is termed exterior, or horizontal. These three
canals communicate at both ends with the ves-
tibule, but the upper extremity of the posterior
canal joins with the internal extremity of the
vertical canal, forming a common passage, so
that the holes by which all the three canals open
into the vestibule are only five in number. The
canals are lined by a fine mucous membrane,
inclosing the expansion of the auditory nerve,
and each canal has, at one of its extremities, a
small dilatation called Ampulla, or Cavitas el-
liptica, corresponding with an enlargement of
the contained nerve.
The whole of the labyrinth is lined with
periosteum, which forms the membranes of the
two fenestra!, and the membranous portion of
the lamina spiralis. Besides the periosteum,
the whole labyrinth is lined with a very soft
mucous membrane. In the vestibule this mem-
brane forms a sac, called Sacculus vestibuli,
which sac is divided by a partition of the same
texture with itself, and called by Meckel Septum
vestibuli nervoso-membranaceum. In the semi-
pircular canals the mucous membrane is not in
contact with the periosteum, but forms distinct
tubes, which contain the nervous matter, and
have an ampulla at one end corresponding with
the enlargement of the nerve and its canal. A
88
AUR
watery fluid, much resembling the aqueous hu-
mor of the eye, and called Aqua labyrinthi, fills
the vestibule and scalse of the cochlea, and sur-
rounds the membranous tubes of the semicircu-
lar canals.
Connected with the labyrinth are several ca-
nals for the transmission of nerves or veins ;
these are, 1. The Meatus auditorius internus,ov
internal auditory canal, which commences at a
foramen on the back part of the petrous portion
of the temporal bone ; it runs outward and for-
ward toward the vestibule; it is about three
lines in length, and rather less in diameter. It
transmits the auditory and the facial nerve with
a small branch of the posterior cerebral artery.
At its termination, the meatus is divided by a
small bony ridge into two recesses of unequal
size : the inferior, which is the larger, receives
the auditory nerve; the superior, and smaller,
the facial nerve. These recesses, at first, ap-
pear to form a cul dc sac ; but the smaller pit
is found to contain a foramen by which the fa-
cial nerve passes into the aqueduct of Fallopius;
and the larger is found to transmit the fibres
of the auditory nerve to the vestibule, by nu-
merous foramina in the cribriform plate already
described as forming a partition between the
vestibule and the meatus. 2. The Foramen
innominatum, or Hiatus Fallopii, which is a fis-
sure leading obliquely backward and outward
from the anterior surface of the pars petrosa,
and giving passage to the vidian nerve into the
aqueduct of Fallopius. 3. The Aquceductus
Fallopii, which commences at the foramen al-
ready described at the bottom of the meatus
interims, passes through the petrous portion of
the temporal bone, and terminates externally
at the stylo-mastoid foramen, giving transmis-
sion to the facial nerve. 4. Two small canals,
called the Aqueducts of Cotunnius, because
that anatomist supposed that their use was to
carry off the superfluous water of the labyrinth.
One of these canals, called Aquceductus cochlea,
commences within the scala tympani near its
termination, and opens on the posterior border
of the pars petrosa, near the jugular fossa..
These aqueducts of Cotunnius seem merely to
give transmission to small veins; at least, if
they have any other uses, it is not understood.
Having now described all the cavities of the
ear, we have to consider the distribution of the
nerves and blood-vessels, and the relation of
the different parts of the apparatus to the sense
of hearing. The nerves distributed to the in
ternal ear are the Seventh pair, the Vidian
nerve, and those derived from the Otic ganglion.
The seventh pair of nerves consists of the Por-
tio mollis, or auditory nerve, and the Portio
dura, or facial nerve. The portio mollis and
portio dura enter the meatus auditorius inter-
nus together : at the bottom of this canal they
separate ; the portio mollis passing through the
cribriform plate to the labyrinth, and the portio
dura into the aqueduct of Fallopius.
The Auditory nerve divides at the bottom of
the meatus into two sets of filaments, which
pass through the foramina of the cribriform
plate. One set proceeds to the base of the
cochlea, enters the hollow of the modiolus, and
creeps through the numerous minute foramina
AUK
A U R
in its sides to form an intricate net-work on the
ecalre and lamina spiralis ; the other set is ex-
panded on the lining membrane of the vestibule
and semicircular canals.
The Facial nerve, separating from the audi-
tory at the bottom of the meatus, passes into
the aqueduct of Fallopius. During its course
through this canal, it is joined by the Vidian
nerve, which reaches it through the hiatus Fal-
lopii, and afterward separates from it to enter
the tympanum : the facial nerve, while still in
the aqueduct, gives a filament to the tensor tym-
pani muscle and one to the stapedius ; finally,
it passes out at the stylo-mastoid foramen, to
be distributed on the side of the head and face.
The Vidian nerve rises from the sphenopal-
atine ganglion, passes backward through the
pterygoid foramen of the sphenoid bone, and,
having given twigs to the sphenoidal sinuses,
nasal fossae, pharynx, and Eustachian tube, di-
vides into two filaments, one of which goes to
join the carotid plexus in the carotid canal;
the other, which is the portion in which we
are at present interested, ascends through the
foramen lacerum anterius, in the base of the
cranium, and, running along the groove on the
ridge of the os petrosum, covered by the dura
mater, enters the aqueduct of Fallopius by the
hiatus already described. Here it accompa-
nies the facial nerve for a short distance, and
then, parting from it, enters the hollow of the
pyramid, through which it passes into the tym-
panum, where it receives the name of Chorda
tympani. It crosses the cavity from behind
forward, passing between the handle of the
malleus and the long process of the incus ; it
then quits the tympanum by the glenoid fis-
sure: its final destination is to the sub-maxillary
gland. Jacobson described a plexus within the
cavity of the tympanum, formed by filaments
entering at opposite points from the vidian,
glosso-pharyngeal, and sympathetic nerves.
According to this anatomist, the vidian, while
in the hiatus Fallopii, and before it joins the fa-
cial, gives off two delicate filaments, which
pass through minute canals into the tympa-
num; the filament from the sympathetic en-
ters the tympanum by a small foramen from
the carotid canal ; lastly; the filament from the
glosso-pharyngeal enters the same cavity by a
small canal, leading from the fossa occupied by
that nerve: all these filaments meet upon the
promontory, and form a plexus.
The Otic, or Auricular ganglion, is a small,
soft ganglion, of a reddish-gray color, connected
with the third branch of the fifth pair of nerves,
and situated immediately below the foramen
ovale of the sphenoid bone. It gives off sev-
eral minute branches, two of which go to the
internal ear, viz., one to the tensor tympani
muscle, and another to the tympanic plexus
above described.
The arteries of the tympanum and labyrinth
are derived from the posterior auricular, inter-
nal maxillary, and basil s*ry. 1. The posterior
auricular sends a stylo-mastoid branch into the
foramen of that name, which passes along the
aqueduct of Fallopius to the tympanum, where
it divides into minute branches, some of which
pass to the mastoid cells, and others to the
labyrinth. 2. The internal maxillary gives off
a tympanic branch, which passes through the
glenoid fissure, to be distributed on the lining
of the tympanum, the laxator tympani muscle,
and the membrana tympani. These two twigs,
the stylo-mastoid and tympanic, form, in young
subjects, a sort of coronary artery round the
termination of the meatus auditorms externus r
from which minute vessels pass inward upon
the membrana tympani. 3. The basilary artery
sends a branch called the internal auditory into
the meatus auditorius interims, which, passing
along with the nerves, enters the labyrinth
through the cribriform plate, and is distributed
over its lining membrane. The stylo-mastoid
and tympanic arteries are accompanied by cor
responding veins; but the blood supplied to
the labyrinth by the internal auditory artery is
returned by two small veins, which pass through
the aqueducts of Cotunnius.
Aurisca'lpium. An instrument for cleansing
the ear. An ear-pick.
Aurist. One who attends to diseases of the
ear.
Aurium fluctuatio. A. sibilus. A. sonitus.
A. susurus. A. tinnitus. Singing or buzzing
in the ears.
Auru'go. The jaundice.
AURU'M. (um, i, n.) Gold. It occurs al-
ways in the metallic state ; is yellow, eoft, of
moderate brilliancy ; the best conductor of heat
and electricity ; insoluble, except in nitromuri-
atic acid ; fuses &t 2016°. It is the most ductile
and malleable metal; sp. gr., 19-4 to 19*65;
equivalent, 99 "6, Berz. (200, Brande) ; symbol,
Au. There are two oxides, Au 2 and AU2O3 ;
these have been called the oxide or aurous oxide
(protoxide), and peroxide, or auric acid (ses-
quioxide). There exist, also, analogous com-
pounds with chlorine and sulphur, and probably
with iodine and bromine. The following com-
pounds have been introduced into medicine, for
the most part, in syphilitic and scrofulous dis-
eases; their efficacy is doubtful, for Velpeau
and Baudeloque could discover none of the prop-
erties attributed to them by Chrestien, Orfila,
and others, although employed in doses 100
times larger, as 12 grs. They are all applied
by friction to the tongue, lips, or adjacent parts.
Aum et sodii chloridum. Aurum muriat-
icum natronatum. Murias aurico -natricum.
Chloruretum auri et natrii. Aurum chloratum
natronatum. Sodii auro-terchloridum. Per-
chloruretum auri et sodii. Chloride of gold
and sodium. Auro-terchloride of sodium. Auro-
sesquichloride of sodium. NaCl-|-Au2Cl3-}-4HO.
Orange-colored four-sided prisms; soluble in
water. Dissolve 85 grs. of sesquichloride of
gold, and 6 grs. of chloride of sodium, in a little
distilled water ; evaporate gently until a pellicle
forms, then set aside to crystallize. (Paris
Codex.) Dose, internally, gr. -^ to gr. ^.
Auri iodidum. A. ioduretum. Iodide of
gold. Aurous iodide. Au^I. Precipitated
from a solution of sesquichloride of gold by
iodide of potassium. A yellowish, insoluble
powder ; dose, gr. y^ to gr. y^.
Auri nitromurias. Aurum nitrico-muria-
tum. This has been called nitromuriate of gold,
but is only a solution of sesquichloride of gold
89
A U R
(gr. vj.) in nitromuriatic acid (fj.). The acid
constitutes it a violent escharotic ; it lias been
used as such to cancerous tumors.
Auri oxvdum. Auri teroxydum. Peroxide
of gold. Auric acid. Auric oxide. AU2O3.
Take four parts calcined magnesia, one part
sesquichloride of gold, 40 parts water; boil;
wash the powder first in water, and afterward
with dilute nitric acid. A brown, insoluble
powder; dose, gr. J ff to gr. j. If an excess of
ammonia be used to precipitate instead of mag-
nesia, there is formed the aurate of ammonia,
ammonuret of gold, or fulminating gold ; a vio-
lently detonating powder, most culpably used
by some persons in medicine.
Aurum chloratum. Auri chloridum. Auri
chloruretum. Aurum muriaticum. Aurum sa-
litum. Auri tcrchloridum. Auri sesquichlori-
dum. Auric chloride. Solution of gold. Nitro-
muriate of gold. Sesquichloride of gold. Chlo-
ride of gold. Au 3 . CI3. Dissolve one part of
fold in three parts of nitromuriatic acid, with
eat ; evaporate at a low heat until it begins to
emit chlorine ; set aside to crystallize. (Paris
C.) Crystalline needles of an orange color, de-
liquescent, with a strong styptic taste. It must be
kept in a well-closed vessel in darkness. It is
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. This is
one of the most active preparations, being
equally powerful with corrosive sublimate, ac-
cording to Orfila. The powder is mixed with
liquorice or some other innocuous substance,
and rubbed on the tongue, cancerous swelling,
&c., in the dose of gr. yg- to gr. ^, twice daily,
and gradually increased ; or it may be made
into pill. Externally applied, begin with gr.
5th. Antidote, white of eggs.
Aurum cyanidum. Auri cyanuretum. Auri
tercyanidum. Tercyanide of gold. Cyanide
of gold. Sesquicyanide of gold. AujCya- Add
to a pure solution of sesquichloride of gold, so-
lution of cyanide of potassium, until no further
precipitate falls. The precipitate, which is a
yellow, insoluble powder, is the sesquicyanide
of gold. (Paris C.) Dose, gr. T j to gr. -jL.
Aurum foi.ia'tum. Gold leaf.
Aurum fu'lmixaxs. Fulminating gold. See
Auri oxydum.
Aurum lepro'sum. Antimony.
Aurum metallicum. Pulvis auri. Aurum
pulveralum. Aurum limatum. Gold filings.
Gold leaf rubbed into a powder, or the powder
precipitated from the solution of the chloride by
sulphate of iron; dose, gr. \ to gr. j.
Aurum musi'vum. Mosaic gold. Bisulphuret
of tin.
Aurum pota'bile. Potable gold. Some vol-
atile oil, as that of rosemary, was poured on a
solution of gold ; this reduced the gold and sep-
arated it from the rest of the liquor; alcohol
■was added to this. The aurum pota'bile was in
high esteem as a cordial medicine.
Aurum sophi'sticum. Brass.
Aurum stanno-paratum. Purpura mine-
rals Cassii. Purple of Cassius. Add a solu-
tion of protochloride and perchloride of tin to
a solution of sesquichloride of gold. Filter,
and dry the powder. Dose, gr. Ath to gr. *\»th.
Au'rus braziue'nsis. An obsolete name of
the Calamus aromalicus.
90
A US
AUSCULTA'TION. (Auscultalio, onis, f.;
from ausculto, to listen.) This term is applied
to the several methods of detecting the nature
and seat of disease by means of the sense of
hearing. The sounds perceived in auscultation
divide themselves into those produced sponta-
neously within the body by its healthy or dis-
eased actions, and those which are excited arti-
ficially. The former, alone, are usually consid-
ered under the head of auscultation ; the latter
are referred to that of percussion. (See Per-
cussion.) Again, auscultation is distinguished
into immediate, or that effected by the direct
application of the car, and mediate, or that ef-
fected through the medium of an intervening
body, namely, the stethescope.
These two modes of auscultation should be
used conjointly, and the ear should be accus-
tomed to both, since, under different circum-
stances, sometimes one and sometimes the other
will be found to convey the more accurate in-
formation. Auscultation may be used with
more or less advantage in all cases where mor-
bid sounds are produced ; but its general appli-
cations, and the only ones on which it is neces-
sary to dwell in this place, are,
1. The auscultation of respiration.
2. Auscultation of the voice.
3. Auscultation of the cough.
4. Auscultation of sounds foreign to the res-
piration, voice, or cough, but sometimes accom-
panying them.
5. Auscultation of the actions of the heart.
6. Obstetric auscultation.
We may here describe the natural sounds
detected by each of these modes of auscultation,
giving an enumeration merely of the morbid
sounds, a further notice of which will be found
under their respective heads.
1. Auscultation of respiration. The pass-
age of the air into and out of the lungs, in the act
of breathing, causes certain sounds, which vary
according to the size of the cavities through
which the air passes; these are called the Ve-
sicular, the Bronchial, and the Tracheal sounds.
The Vesicular respiration, or pulmonic respi-
ratory murmur, is heard pretty distinctly at all
parts of the chest, but most so where the lungs
are neai'est the surface, as in the axilla, in the
space between the clavicle and the trapezius
muscle, and that between the clavicle and the
mamma. It is a soft, crepitating sound, and
conveys the idea of air entering into a number
of very minute cells. The respiratory murmur
is, ceeteris paribus, heard strongly in propor-
tion to the frequency, not to the depth ot the in-
spiration : hence, when we have any difficulty
in distinguishing this sound, the patient should
be desired to breathe quick, and it will imme-
diately become obvious. The intensity of the
respiratory murmur varies at different ages,
and in different individuals. It is much more
strongly marked before the age of puberty than
after, and in infants is particularly noisy. The
respiration of adults affords this sound in very
different degrees of intensity in different indi-
viduals, although the lungs be perfectly healthy;
in some it is so slight as hardly to be perceived
in the ordinary state of the respiration, while
in others it is so strong as to obtain the name of
AUS
puerile respiration : the latter peculiarity (sup-
posing a healthy state of the lungs) is only
observed in women, and in men of a highly
nervous temperammt. Whenever the respira-
tory murmur has ceased, or is remarkably di-
minished over any portion of the surface of the
thorax, we may conclude that the correspond-
ing portion of the lungs has, from some cause,
become impermeable to the air, in a greater or
less degree.
The Bronchial respiration can not, generally,
be distinguished from the vesicular over the
greater part of the thorax. It is usually heard
only in the space below the clavicle, but in
thin persons may also be frequently detected at
the upper part of the sternum, in the axillae,
and in the interscapular region. The bronchial
sound diners from that of vesicular respiration
in the air seeming to pass through larger cavi-
ties. When any portion of the pulmonary text-
ure, situated near a considerable bronchial
tube, becomes impervious to the air, the bron-
chial sound is heard more distinctly from the
cessation of the vesicular, and may be detected
at parts of the thorax where, in the healthy
state of things, it is confounded with the vesic-
ular sound. Whenever this change from the
natural sounds of respiration occurs, we may
be sure that the surrounding texture of the
lung is morbidly condensed, as by hepatization,
tubercle, effusion, &c.
The Tracheal respiration is heard only in the
course of the trachea, and the sound is of the
same kind as the bronchial, only louder and
more blowing, from the greater size of the tube
through which the air passes.
The sounds of morbid respiration ai'e,
a. Cavernous respiration.
b. Blowing respiration, or souffle.
2. Auscultation of the voice. If we apply
the hand or the ear to the chest of a healthy per-
son, while they are speaking or singing, we per-
ceive a distinct vibration, and a similar impres-
sion is communicated to the ear through the
stethescope. The strength of this vibration will
vary greatly abcording to the natural power of
the voice, the fatness or leanness of the individu-
al, &c . Over those parts of the lungs distant from
any large bronchial tube it is comparatively
feeble. If we apply the stethescope between
the scapulae, over the large bronchial'tubes at
the root of the lungs, the resonance of the voice
is very strong, and the words of the speaker
may sometimes be heard, but they always seem
to hang, as it were, at the end of the instrument
furthest from the ear, and not to traverse its
tube : the sound of the voice thus heard pro-
ceeding from a bronchial tube is called Bron-
chophony. Again, if the stethescope be applied
over the larynx or trachea, the sound is still
stronger, the words are distinctly heard, and
they appear to pass right through the tube of
the instrument to the ear of the listener; the
sound of the voice thus heard is called Laryn-
gophony. The sounds of the voice indicative
of disease are,
a. Bronchophony, in situations where it does
not exist in health.
b. ^Egophony.
e. Pectoriloquy.
AUS
3. Auscultation of the cough. If the lungs
be healthy, no particular sound is developed by
the act of coughing : the shock is perceived in
all parts of the chest, and, as in the case of the
voice, the sound is heard very distinctly from
the larger bronchial tubes, and seems to pass
directly through the stethescope to the ear from
the trachea and larynx. The auscultation of
the cough is chiefly useful because it sometimes
develops other sounds, as the crepitous, or
cavernous rattle, which, under certain circum-
stances, may not be detected in the ordinary
states of respiration. Two sounds indicative
of disease are connected with the cough:
a. The Tubal cough.
b. The Cavcrnotis cough.
4. Auscultation of sounds foreign to the
respiration, voice, or cough, but sometimes
accompanying them. These sounds are all mor-
bid, and consist of those arising from diseased
state of the bronchial tubes, and those arising
from diseased states of parts within the thoi'ax,
but exterior to the lungs. The first class in
eludes the several kinds of Rattle, Ronchus,
or, as it is called by the adoption of the French
term, Rale.
Laennec describes five species of ronchus:
a. The Crepitous.
b. The Mucous.
c. The Sonorous.
d. The Sibilous.
e. The Crackling.
The second class, or sounds arising from dis-
eased states of parts within the thorax, but ex-
terior to the lungs, includes,
a. The Metallic tinkling, of which the Am
phoric resonance is a modification.
b. The Sound of friction.
5. Auscultation of the heart. The action
of the heart gives rise to sounds which are per-
ceived very distinctly in the cardiac region, and
more obscurely over an extent of the thorax,
varying in different individuals. The stethe-
scope, applied over the lower third of the ster-
num, indicates the state of the right cavities of
the heart ; over the cartilages of the ribs, from
the fourth to the seventh, it indicates the state
of the left cavities. Three leading circumstan-
ces are to be attended to in the auscultation of
the heart, namely, the impulse, the sound, and
the rhythm.
The Impulse. This is perceived both by
means of the stethescope and by the application
of the hand, and in a healthy individual is con-
fined to the cardiac region, or extends only a
little beyond it. The impulse is, cceteris pari
bus, stronger in proportion as the walls of the
heart are thicker ; hence it is much increased
in hypertrophy, while in passive dilatation of
the heart it can hardly be perceived, even
though the action of the heart be violent. The
impulse communicated by the heart to the pa-
rietes of the thorax was, till lately, supposed to
arise from the apex of the heart being tilted
forward by the reaction of the column of blood,
suddenly impelled, by the contraction of the
heart, into the curved aorta. This explanation
is now generally relinquished, and the most
prevalent opinion is, that the impulse is occa-
sioned simply by the muscular action of the
91
AUS
heart itself: Dr. Hope, however, believes that,
in consequence of the retraction of the ventri-
cles upon their base, and upon the auricles
which are in a state of extreme distension, the
apex of the heart is tilted against the ribs, and
produces the impulse. The strength of the im-
pulse is influenced by a variety of circumstan-
ces ; thu3, all causes which produce great de-
bility, as large evacuations of blood, diarrhoea,
extreme abstinence, &c, diminish the impulse
so much, that it may be feeble even where hy-
pertrophy exists : the same effect is produced
by severe dyspnoea, whether arising from asth-
ma, pulmonary congestion, or any other cause;
here the diminished impulse arises from the
action of the heart being impeded by the accu-
mulation of blood in its cavities. On the other
hand, violent exercise, nervous excitement, fe-
ver, and other causes, frequently render the
impulse very forcible where there is no hyper-
trophy.
Sound and rhythm of the heart's action. If
the ear be applied, with or without the inter-
vention of the stethescope, to the cardiac region
of a healthy person, two successive sounds will
be heard, then a brief interval of silence, then
a repetition of the two sounds, then another in-
terval; and so on in a series, continued with
perfect regularity, and susceptible of being rep-
resented by musical notation. This peculiar
and constant succession of sounds is called the
rhythm. The sounds of the heart's action in
the healthy state are very distinct in the cardiac
region, but faint at any considerable distance
from it ; a quick ear will, however, detect them
at most parts of the chest. The two sounds
heard at each pulsation of the heart differ both
in kind and in duration. The first sound is
grave, prolonged, rather louder at its com-
mencement than at its termination, and seems
to be suddenly broken in upon by the second,
which is short, acute, and compared to the clap
of the valve of a pair of bellows. The relative
duration of the two sounds, and the pause which
succeeds them, is thus estimated by Laennec :
the whole time being divided into four parts,
two of these are occupied by the first sound,
one by the second, and one by the pause which
succeeds it. The first sound is synchronous
with the impulse of the heart, and, in the
healthy state, with the arterial pulse; but the
latter is subject to variation in disease. It was
supposed by Laennec that the first sound was
caused by the contraction of the ventricles, and
the second by that of the auricles; and this
was for some time the received opinion. It was
first called in question by Mr. Turner ; and the
observations of Drs. Corrigan, Stokes, and Hope
have conduced to a different view of the sub-
ject. The experiments of Dr. Hope appear,
indeed, to have placed it beyond a doubt that
the auricle has no part in the production of the
second sound. Dr. Hope conceives that the
first sound is occasioned by the systole of the
ventricle, and the second by its diastole:
whether the second sound be caused precisely
by the diastole of the ventricle or not may still
be uncertain; but it is now pretty generally
admitted that it is caused by some action of the
ventricle.
92
AUS
It has already been observed of the impulse,
that it is strong in proportion as the walls of the
ventricles are thick: the reverse is true with
respect to the sound of the h*art, which is found
to be loud in proportion as the walls of the
ventricle are thin ; hence, in passive dilatation
of the heart, the sound is louder than natural,
and is heard distinctly at parts of the chest
where, in the healthy state, it is very obscure,
or altogether inaudible ; while in hypertrophy
the sound is indistinct, and very circumscribed
in its extent. Besides these sounds occasioned
by the action of the ventricles, which exist in
health, and which, as above explained, afford
by their deviations diagnostics of disease, there
are other sounds of the heart which are always
indicative of disease. The auscultatory signs
connected with morbid states of the heart are.
a. Increased impulse.
b. Diminished impulse.
c. Increased sound.
d. Diminished sound.
e. The Bellows sound. Bruit de souffle.
f. The Rasp sound. Bruit de rape.
g. The Purring tremor (Frcmissement ca-
taire), which, although perceived by the touch
rather than the hearing, is placed here, since it
accompanies the rasp sound, and arises from
the same causes.
h. The New-leather sound. Bruit de cuir
neuf.
i. Arterial sounds. 1. Bruit de soufflet inter-
mittent. An intermittent blowing sound, occa-
sioned by contraction of the calibre of an artery,
from tumor, &c. It is sufficient to compress
the artery with the stethescope to produce this
noise. 2. Bruit du soufflet continu. A contin-
uous blowing and snoring sound, resembling
the blowing noise of the bellows of a forge.
The bruit de diablc, or sound of the humming-
top, is a variety of this soufflet. Sometimes a
kind bf.'tune of the arteries is heard, resembling
the humming of 'certain insects ; this is called
sifflement module, ou chant des arteres.
6. Obstetric auscultation. The use of aus-
cultation, as a means of detecting pregnancy,
was first made known in 1818 by M. Mayer,
of Geneva, who stated that the pulsations of
the foetal heart might be distinctly perceived by
the application of .the ear to the abdomen of the
mother. "His observations have been confirmed
and extended by M. Kergaradec and others,
and two auscultatory sounds are now recognized
which, when they unequivocally exist, may be
considered as conclusive evidence of pregnan-
cy, at the same time that their non-existence,
in any particular case, must not be admitted as
sufficient ground for denying that a woman is
gravid. These two signs are the sounds of the
foetal heart and the placental sound.
a. The sound of the fatal heart. The stethe-
scope, applied to the abdomen of a pregnant
woman, detects a series of sounds following
exactly the same rhythm as those of the adult
heart, but differing from them in being much
quicker and much feebler. The pulsations of
the foetal heart vary from 120 to 160 in a min-
ute, and are different at different times in the
same subject. Changes in the rapidity or force
of the circulation of the mother do not influence
AUT
the heart of the foetus, and vice versa any agi-
tation of the fetal circulation has no effect on
that of the mother. The sounds of the fetal
heart can seldom be detected with any degree
of certainty before the sixth month of preg-
nancy. The facility with which they are heard
depends upon the position of the fetus, the
quantity of liquor amnii, and other circumstan-
ces. They are heard most distinctly when the
anterior part of the chest of the fetus is near
that part of the parietes of the litems over
which the stethescope is applied. They some-
times cease to be discoverable for hours, or
even days together ; and hence a single auscul-
tation is not always sufficient. The situation
in which the pulsations are most distinctly heard
varies according to the position of the fetus ;
but as they may be heard more or less over the
whole uterine region, they may easily be traced
to their source.
b. The placental sound. Bruit placentaire.
This sound was first detected by M. Kergara-
dec. It is heard principally over that part of
the uterus where the placenta is attached ; and
hence, although the situation in which it is
most audible varies in different cases of preg-
nancy, it must remain unchanged throughout
the same pregnancy. It very nearly resembles
the bellows sound of the adult heart, and is
isochronous with the pulse of tho mother. It
generally becomes perceptible about the fourth
month, and is then more distinct than at a .later
period of gestation. Several opinions have
been held as to the cause of this sound, but
there is little doubt that it proceeds from the
enlarged vessels of the uterus which are con-
nected with the placenta; for, on the one hand,
it remains audible for a short time after the pla-
centa is detached, and, on the other, this sound,
or one very similar to it, seems to be occasionally
heard in parts of the uterine parietes distant
from that at which the placenta is attached.
The sound of the fetal heart and the placen-
tal sound can generally be detected by the ear,
without the assistance of the stethescope.
Auscultatory percussion. Acouophonia.
Au'stere. Austcrus. An acid and astrin-
gent flavor.
Auta'lgia dolorosa. Pleurodynia.
Autemesia. Idiopathic vomiting.
Authe'meros. (From avroc, the same, and
rjfiepa, a day.) Appertaining to the same day.
Autochiria. Suicidal insanity.
AUTOCRATEI'A. Autocratia. Autocrato-
ria. Autocrasy. (From avroc, itself, and Kpa-
roc, strength.) The vital principle. The vis
medicatrix naturae.
Automa'tic. (Automations; avrofiaroe; from
avTOjiaTifa, to act of one's own accord.) In
Physiology, those functions which are perform-
ed instinctively, and without the exercise of
the will, are called automatic.
AUTOPHONIA. (From avroc, and fury,
voice.) The process of examining the modifi-
cations of one's own voice when speaking with
the head close to a patient's chest, abdomen,
&c.
Autopho'sphorus. Phosphorus.
AUTOPLA'STY. Autoplastic surgery. The
restoration of lost parts, as the nose, &c.
AXI
AUTO'PSY. Auto'psia. Autophia. (a, a,
f. ; from avroc, one's self, and oibic, vision.) In-
spection; personal observation; the dissection
of a dead body.
Autumnal fever. An intermittent, or re-
mittent, with bilious complication.
Auxiliary. Auxiliaris. Auxilium. As-
sistant. Auxiliary muscles are those which
concur with others, and aid them in their action.
An auxiliary medicine is one which is given
along with another to increase its efficacy.
Avella'na. The hazel-nut. Corylus avel-
lana. — A. catharlica. The purgative nut of
Jatropha curcas. Physic-nut. — A. i'ndica.
The ben-nut. See Balanns myrepsica. — A.
mexicana. Cacao. Theobroma cacao. — A.
purgatrix. Garden spurge.
AVE'NA. (a, a, f.) A. sati'va. The oat.
Gruel made with oatmeal is in common use as
an article of diet for the sick. Externally, oat-
meal is used as the basis of several poultices.
Avenje farina. Oatmeal.
AVENJE SEMINA. Oats.
Avenaine. A principle said to exist in oats.
Avenheim. A village not far from Stras-
bourg. It has mineral waters, which contain
bitumen, carbonate of soda, &c. They are ape-
rient and absorbent.
Avens. See Geum.
Averrhoa bilimbi, and A. carambola. In-
dian trees, the fruit of which is acid and refrig-
erant.
Aversion. Aversio. (o, onis, f. ; from aver-
to, to turn away.) In therapeutics, this term
has been used in the same sense as derivation,
01* 7'C'V7llSt07l>
AVICE'NNIA. (a,ce,i.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Angiospermia. — A. tomento'sa.
The white mangrove of Brazil. A large tree.
The fruit, boiled in water, is eaten, and the
leaves are used in emollient cataplasms.
Avi'cul^e herme'ticje. A pretended uni-
versal salt.
Aviga'to pear. See Laurus persea.
Avis medica. The peacock.
AVOIRDUPOIS. Averdupois. See Weights
and Measures.
Avranches. A town of Lower Normandy,
which has acidulous chalybeate waters.
Avulsion. Evulsion.
Ax. A small town in the department of Ar-
riege. It abounds in sulphureous waters.
A'xea commissu'ra. See Trochoides.
Axia. A shrub of Cochin-China, said to be
tonic and diaphoretic.
AXI'LLA. (a, ee, f.) 1. The arm-pit. 2.
In Botany, the angle formed by the leaf with
the stem.
AXILLA'RIS. Axillary. (From axilla, the
arm-pit.) Of, or belonging to, the axilla, or
arm-pit.
Axillaris arteria. The axillary artery is
a continuation of the subclavian, and gives oft*
in the axilla four mammary arteries, the sub-
scapular, and the posterior and anterior cir-
cumflex arteries, whi6h ramify about the joint.
Axillaris vena. The axillary vein, which
is a continuation of the basilic vein, and re-
ceives the blood from the cephalic, and the
veins corresponding to the branches of the axil-
93
B AC
lary artery. When the axillary vein passes un-
der the clavicle, it becomes the subclavian.
Axillary. See Axillaris.
Axillary glands. The lymphatic glands
of the arm-pit. They receive the fluid of the
lymphatics of the arm.
Axi'llary plexus. Plexus axillaris. The
axillary or brachial plexus of nerves is formed
by the last three cervical nerves and the first
dorsal. It surrounds the axillary artery ; and,
having given off the external thoracic nerves,
and some muscular branches, the plexus divides
into the large nerves which supply the upper
extremity. See Nervous system.
Axilla'tus. Disposed round an axis.
AXIS. Afwv. 1. This term is applied, in
the general language of science, to a right line
passing through, or supposed to occupy, the
centre of a body. 2. The second cervical ver-
tebra, or dentata.
Axoi'do-atlandoid. The ligaments, articu-
lation, &c, of the axis and atlas. This junction
is liable to fatal accidents, as when the process
of the dentatus is broken, or the ligaments
which confine it.
AX'UNGE. Axungia. (a,<c,L) The lard
or fat of an animal. — A. anserina. Goose fat.
— A. castoris. The fluid of the oil-bags of the
castor fiber. — A. ctira'ta. A. prceparata. Puri-
fied hogs' lard. — A. ale mu'mia. Marrow. — A.
porci'na. Hogs' lard.
Ayally. The name of a grass used in St.
Domingo as a laxative.
Azagor. Verdigris.
AZA'LEA. A genus of plants. Pentandria.
Monogynia. — A. pon'tica. The Pontic azalea,
believed to be the JEgolethron of the ancients.
A nectareous juice exudes from it, which has
intoxicating and poisonous properties.
Azamar. Vermilion ; also, minium.
Azederach. Melia azederach.
Azelaic acid. The product of the action of
nitric on oleic acid.
Azobenzide. Azobenzoyl. Azobenzoidc.
Azobenzoidine. Azobenzoilide. Azotide of
benzoyle. Products of the decomposition of
benzoyle and its compounds.
Azoerythrine. An azotized compound of
archil.
Azolitmine. A purple coloring matter, the
principal constituent of litmus.
Azoodynamia. Loss of vital power.
AZORES. The climate is mild, moist, and
equable.
B AC
Azotane. The chloride of azote.
Azotates. Nitrates.
A'ZOTE. (Azotum, i, n. ; from a, priv.,
and Z/urn, life, because it is unfit for respiration.)
See Nitrogen.
Azotenesis. (From azote, and voaoc, dis-
ease.) Diseases arising from excess of nitrogen
in the system.
Azo'tic acid. The nitric acid has been so
called
Azotic gas. See Nitrogen.
AZOTIZED BODIES. Organic compounds
containing nitrogen, and especially the com-
pounds of proteine, which are remarkable for
their nutritiousness.
Azotureted hydrogen. Ammonia.
Azoturia. An excess of urea in the urine.
Azu'lmic acid. During the spontaneous de-
composition of hydrocyanic acid, a black matter
is deposited, very similar to the ulmic acid. This
has been named by M. Boullay Azulmic acid.
Azurestone. See Lapis lazuli.
A'zyges. The sphenoid bone.
A'ZYGOS. (From a, priv., and fyyoc, a
yoke; because it has no fellow.) Several sin-
gle muscles, veins, bones, &c, are so called.
Azygos processus. A process of the os
sphenoides.
Azygos u'vul^k. Azygos muscle. Palato-
uvularis. A muscle of the uvula. Palato-sta-
phalinus of Douglas. Staphalinns, or Epista-
phalinus, of Winslow. It arises from the pos-
terior extremity of the suture, which joins the
palate bones, and runs down the whole length
of the velum and uvula, covered by the mucous
membrane, and adhering in its passage to the ten-
dons of the circumflexi muscles. It is inserted
into the tip of the uvula. Its use is to raise the
uvula upward and forward, and to shorten it.
Azygos vein. Azygos vena. This vein is
formed by the union of the lower intercostal
veins of the left side, and ascends on the fore-
part of the spine at the right side of the aorta ;
it passes through the diaphragm into the chest,
crosses the aorta, generally behind, but some-
times before, to the right side of the chest, and
terminates in the vena cava superior, just before
it enters the pericardium. In this course it re-
ceives blood from the renal and lumbar veins,
the right intercostals, the oesophageal veins,
and the right bronchial vein. On the left side
of the spine is a large vein called Semi-azygos.
See Semi-azygos.
Azymus. Unleavened.
B.
B
The symbol for Boron.
Ba. Barium.
Babuzica'rius. The nightmare. SeeEphi-
altes.
BA'CCA. (a, a, f. ; a berry.) A pulpy
seed-vessel, inclosing several seeds.
Baccs. Berries. — Baccee bermudensis. See
Sapindus saponaria.— B. piscatorice. B. orien-
tates. Cocculus indicus.
Baccje copaifer* factitls:. Copaiba in-
closed in gelatinous capsules.
94
Baccar. Bacchar. Baccharis. TSaKKapie.
BanxapiC- A fragrant herb formerly used.
BA'CCHARIS. A genus of plants. Synge-
nesia. Polygamia superflua. — B. braziliana.
The bruised leaves are used against ophthal-
mia. — B. ivtsfolia. The leaves are used in in-
fusion as a stomachic by the Peruvians.
Ba'cchia. Acne rosacea.
Ba'cchica. Ivy.
Bacci'ferous. Bacciferus. Berry -bear-
ing.
B AL
Baccifo'rmis. Bacciform. Having the form
of a berry.
Bacci'nia. Baccinium. The genus Vaccin-
ium.
Bacher's pills. Pilules tonic<z Bacheri.
These consist of extract of black hellebore, fj.;
myrrh, fj. ; carduus benedictus, fiij. ; made
into a mass, and divided into pills of one grain
each. From two to six pills are ^iven three
times a day.
Baci'llum. A troche of a cylindrical shape.
A pastile. Several surgical instruments.
Bacopa. A genus ot plants. Class, Pcntan-
dria. Order, Monogynia. The Bacopa aquatica
is used in Cayenne as a remedy for burns.
Baden. A town of Austria. It has mineral
springs containing carbonates of lime and mag-
nesia; sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda;
and muriates of soda and alumina.
Badia'ga. A sea-weed. It is used in Rus-
sia to take away the livid marks of bruises ;
and the powder of it applied to the part is said
to have this effect in the course of a single night.
Badian. Illicium anisatum.
Badulam. A small tree of Ceylon. The
Ardisia humilis. Its fruit, made into syrup, is
given to allay heat and thirst in ardent fevers.
Bagneres-adour. A small town in the de-
partment of the Hautes Pyrenees which has
numerous mineral springs, the greater part of
which are warm and sulphureous; but some
warm and saline, and others cokj and chalybe-
ate.
Bagneres-de-luchon. A small town in the
department of the Haute Garonne, which
abounds in hot sulphureous springs.
Bagnigge wells. A saline mineral spring
near London.
Bagnoles. A village in the department of
the Orne. Its water is like that of Bagneres-
de-Luchon.
Bagnols. A village in the department of
Lozere. It has sulphureous waters.
BAHAMA ISLANDS. The climate is warm,
but subject to rapid alternations of temperature
and moisture from winds and storms. Hence
it can not be recommended to consumptives as
a winter residence.
Bahel. Columnea longifolia.
Bah el schulli. Genista spinosa indica.
Bailey's itch ointment. This consists of
nitre, alum, white vitriol, cinnabar, olive oil,
lard, oils of aniseed, origanum, and lavender,
colored with alkanet-root.
Bains. 1. A city in the department of Vos-
ges. It has thermal saline waters. 2. A village
near Aries. It has hot sulphureous waters.
Baker's itch. Psoriasis diffusa.
Baker's salt. Carbonate of ammonia.
Baljena macrocephala. The sperm whale.
Balance electrometer. An instrument
constructed on the application of the common
balance and weights, to estimate the mutual
attraction of oppositely-electrified surfaces.
Balance, hydrostatic. A balance adjusted
for taking specific gravities.
Bala'nda. The beech-tree.
BALANITIS. (Ba?Mvog, glans.) Inflamma-
tion of the mucous membrane of .the glans pe-
nis, and inner layer of the prepuce, &c.
B AL
Balanoca'stanum. Bunium bulbocastanum.
Balanorrhcea. Balanitis; false gonorrhoea.
BA'LANUS. (us, i, m. ; from fiakavoe, an
acorn.) 1. Several kinds of nuts, as the ben-nut.
2. A suppositoiy or pessary. 3. The glans
penis and the glans clitoridis.
Balanus myrepsica. The ben-nut. See
Moringa aptera.
BALARtfc. A town in the department of
Herault in France. It has warm saline springs.
Balau'stium. Balausta. Balaustinis. The
flower of the pomegranate.
Balbis. BaMic. An oblong cavity.
Balbus. Balatro. A stammerer.
BALBU'TIES. (From balbutio, to stammer.)
A defect of articulation ; stammering.
Baldmony. sEthiisa meum.
BALDNESS. Calvities. The falling off of
the hair, which is natural in old age, may be
prematurely induced by a variety of causes, as
after severe fevers, and in consumptive and ca-
chectic diseases. Some healthy persons lose
their hair early in life. Where the disposition
to baldness is only slight, the use of animal fat,
as bear's grease, &c, will often suffice to obvi-
ate it ; but when the hair falls off in any quan-
tity, the only effectual remedy is to shave the
head.
Baldwin's phosphorus. Fused nitrate of
lime.
Baline'um. See Balneum.
Ball and socket joint. Enarthrosis.
Balli'smus. (BaAAttr/zoc; from /3a/U.t£iw, to
dance.) Chorea.
Balli'sta. Batista. Os balista. The as-
tragalus.
Balloon. (Ballon, French.) A large glass
receiver in the form of a hollow globe, usually
with two necks.
BALLO'TA. Ballote. BalluTn. A genus
of plants. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. La-
biatm. — B. nigra. B. fcetida. Marrubium ni-
grum. Black, or stinking horehound. A
common plant, to which detersive and other
virtues have been ascribed. — B. lanata. A
Siberian species, recommended by Brera in
rheumatism, gout, and dropsy, as a diuretic.
Dose, fss., in decoction.
BALLOTTEMENT. A French term intro-
duced into medicine. It means the motion
communicated to the foetus in utero, by striking
the cervix uteri with the finger of one hand
introduced into the vagina, while the other
hand is placed on the abdomen to fix the uterus.
The foetus is thus made to ascend and descend
floating in the liquor amnii. This ballottement
is one of the least equivocal signs of pregnancy.
BALLSTON SPA. A village in Saratoga
county, New York. It has acidulous chalybe-
ate springs, which are much frequented. It
has, also, a sulphureous spring.
Balm. Ste Melissa.
Balm of Gilead. Balm of Mecca. Amyris
Balm of Gilead fir. Abies balsamea.
Balm, Turkey. See Dracocephalum.
Balnea cknosa. The mud surrounding
mineral springs. It has been often topically
applied.
BA'LNEUM. (um,i,n. Balaveiov.) A bath.
95
BAL
Baths are distinguished, according to the me-
dium employed, into the water bath, the vapour
bath, the air bath, &c. : according as the water
or other medium is applied to the whole body
or only to a part, into general and partial : ac-
cording to the part which is bathed, into pedi-
luvium, or the foot bath ; coxceluvium, or semi-
cupium, the hip bath ; manuluvium, or the hand
bath, &c. : according to the manner in which
the medium is applied, into the shower bath;
the douche bath ; and affusion. When the me-
dium is not applied in its simple state, but im-
pregnated with some medicinal substance, the
bath is said to be medicated. We shall hence,
in the present article, consider the subject of
bathing under the following heads :
1. The cold bath.
2. The tepid bath.
3. The hot bath.
4. The vapor bath.
5. The air bath.
6. Partial bathing.
7. The shower bath.
8. The douche.
9. Affusion.
10. Medicated baths.
1. The Cold Bath. The temperature of this
is from 42° to 85° F. When a healthy indi-
vidual immerses his body in cold water, he at
first experiences a sensation of cold and a cer-
tain shock to the whole system; these very
soon subside, and, unless the immersion be long
continued, the water communicates a pleasant
sensation, and feels warm rather than cold:
when he leaves the water a very marked re-
action of the arterial system takes place ; the
pulse becomes very full and sti-ong ; there is a
glow on the surface from the increased action
of the capillary vessels; the muscles are braced,
and the general sensations are those of elasticity
and vigor. It is by the production of this reac-
tion that the cold bath proves so salubrious,
and it is therefore beneficial or otherwise, ac-
cording as the system is sufficiently vigorous
to establish this reaction or not. Cold bathing
is not only conducive to the preservation of
health, but is a very powerful therapeutical
agent. The general circumstances of disorder
for which cold bathing appears to be of service,
are languor and weakness of circulation, ac-
companied with profuse sweating and fatigue
on very moderate exertion; tremors in the
limbs, and many of those symptoms usually
called nervous ; weakness of the moving pow-
ers, and a listless and indolent state of the mind;
provided that these symptoms are unconnected
with any permanent disease of the viscera.
The sea bath is best.
2. The Tepid Bath. The range of temper-
ature of this is from 85° to 97° F. Tepid
bathing is chiefly serviceable by relaxing the
skin, and promoting insensible perspiration. It
is hence used with advantage in most cases
wherp the skin is arid, and transpiration defi-
cient; and in many chronic cutaneous diseases
its use is indispensable to cleanse the pores of
the skin from the vitiated secretions which are
continually obstructing them. The tepid bath
is frequently used as a preparation for the cold
in the case of weakly patients, who would, at
96
BAL
first, be unable to sustain the shock of the
latter.
3. The Hot Bath. The temperature of this
is from 95° to 100° F., but about 96° is the
best for ordinary purposes. Immersion in wa-
ter of this degree of heat has a remarkably
tranquillizing effect on the nervous system ; it
renders the skin soft and perspirable ; it allays
irritation, and produces a strong tendency to
quietude and sleep. At a temperature of 98°
the hot bath usually renders the pulse some-
what quicker and fuller. At 100° and upward
it strongly stimulates the arterial system, and
produces a general unpleasant sensation of ex-
citement and turgescence, which is presently
relieved by perspiration; if the immersion be
long continued, it causes extreme lassitude, de-
bility, and somnolency. The bath at 96° oper-
ates as a powerful antispasmodic, and relieves
visceral inflammation by determining the blood
to the surface of the body ; it hence affords the
greatest relief in cases where an inflammatory
and a spasmodic state are combined, as in en-
teritis, cystitis, gall stones, &c. It is employed
by surgeons to iavor the reduction of strangu-
lated hernia by the relaxation it occasions. It
is much usecLin convulsive affections, especially
those of young children; and in cutaneous dis-
eases accompanied with a very rough and im-
perspirable state of the cuticle, its utility is
obvious. A very hot bath of 104° F. is, in
some cases, a valuable remedial agent, as in the
cold stage of malignant fevers, and other cases
in which the heart is almost overpowered, and
the blood, accumulating in the larger vessels,
leaves the surface cold and pallid.
4. The Vapor Bath. This bath is formed
by letting the steam from a kettle pass between
the sheets which surround the patient, taking
care that the vapor is not too hot. Or it may
be formed by pouring water on hot bricks, &c,
placed under a suitable cover. The. tempera-
ture varies from 112° to 130°. It produces
nearly similar effects, and is applicable nearly
to the same cases, as the hot water bath: it
differs, however, in exciting the circulation less,
and producing more immediate and copious
diaphoresis.
5. The Air Bath. The exposure of the naked
body to the atmosphere of a cool chamber is
often very useful in allaying the restlessness
arising from slight degrees of febrile excitement;
and this may be called a cold air bath. The
air bath, however, which is generally used as
a therapeutical agent, is the warm air bath, in
which the body of the patient is placed in an
apparatus adapted to the purpose, and exposed
to the action of the air heated to a temperature
of from 90° to 130°. The warm air bath is
more stimulating than the vapor bath, and pro-
duces copious perspiration in a still shorter
time ; it is hence a powerful remedy in highly
congestive forms of fever, and in the cold stage
of the malignant cholera. It is also used with
advantage in stiffness of the joints from chronic
rheumatism, and other cases.
6. Partial Bathing. The beneficial effectst
of the topical application of water are known
to every one. Thus, cold water applied to the
head is a common means of diminishing cere-
B AL
bral excitement; the topical use of the same
agent to restrain hemorrhage in abortion and
other cases is equally familiar; nor less so is
the immersion of a scalded part in cold water
as the most effectual means ot allaying pain and
preventing vesication. The immersion of the
feet and legs in warm water is a popular and
useful means of determining the blood from in-
ternal parts, and producing moisture on the
skin; the inflammation caused by sprains and
bruises is much relieved by bathing with warm
water, and the suppuration of external abscess-
es is promoted by the same means. Many
other examples might be adduced, but the
above may suffice.
7. The Shower Bath. In this kind of bath
water is made to fall from a height through nu-
merous apertures upon the head and body of
the patient. Its effects are similar to those of
the ordinary cold bath, except that it produces
a more transient shock, and is, therefore, better
adapted to individuals whose power of reaction
is feeble.
8. The Douche. This consists in the projec-
tion of a stream of cold water from a tube upon
any part of the body. It is a most powerful
means of refrigeration, and diminishes remark-
ably all the vital actions of the part to which it
is applied. Its effect varies according to the
temperature of. the water, the diameter of the
stream, and the force with which it is projected.
When applied to the head it speedily dimin-
ishes every action of the system, and will often,
in a short time, reduce a full, inflammatory
pulse to a thread. It is used principally in in-
flammatory affections of the brain, and is a rem-
edy of extraordinary efficacy in such cases: the
'louche should here be used with due caution,
for its depressing power is so great, that if too
long or too severely applied, it may have fatal
effects.
9. Affusion. The affusion of cold water has
been much extolled as a means of cutting short
fever. It has already been treated of in the ar-
ticle Affusion, which see. Sponging the body
with cold water, or cold ablution, is highly con-
ducive to the preservation of health : it should
be practiced regularly imiediately on getting
out of bed in the morning.
10. Medicated Baths. "'hese are such as
consist of particular liquids or vapors different
from the ordinary media used for bathing, or
of the common media impregnated with foreign
substances, with a view of giving them some
peculiar efficacy. Thus we have wine baths,
milk baths, sulphureous baths, acid baths, ai - o-
matic baths ; baths prepared with sulphate of
iron, with quicklime, with alum, with sal am-
moniac, &c. Generally speaking, much more
importance seems to have been attached to
medicated baths than their real efficacy war-
rants. The sulphureous and acid baths, how-
ever, form an exception to this remark. The
sulphureous vapor bath is applied by placing
the patient in a box, not including his head,
and introducing the fumes arising from sulphur
placed upon a piece of hot iron. This bath is
used in vaiious cutaneous diseases, and often
with success, especially in the different forms of
scabies and impetigo. It has also been extolled
G
B AL
•
for its efficacy in rheumatism, gout, paralysis,
disorder^ of the digestive organs, &c, in which
cases its efficacy is much more doubtful.
The nitro-muriatic acid bath was invented by
Dr. Scott, of Calcutta, and used by him in many
morbid conditions of the liver, especially a tor-
pid state of that viscus. It is not often found
necessary to raise the bath much above the
knees, and a mere foot bath, or common wash-
hand basin, is occasionally sufficient; in which
case the attendants sponge the parts above the
knee, or the aims, with the acid water.
Three parts, by measure, of muriatic, and
two of nitric acid, are to be carefully mixed,
and added to five parts of distilled water. The
bath is to consist of three ounces of this dilute
acid to every gallon of water.
The feet should remain in the bath for twen-
ty minutes or half an hour, and the legs, thighs,
and abdomen be, in the mean time, frequently
sponged with the liquid. In winter the bath
may be used warm, but this is not necessary in
summer.
Dr. Scott affirms that he has employed this
process with decided advantage in almost all
cases dependent on a morbid secretion of bile ;
whether the secretion be superabundant, de-
fective, or depraved. He found it often, within
a few hours after the first bathing, increase the
flow of bile and ameliorate its character, caus-
ing the expulsion of dark-colored faeces, bright-
colored bile, or bile of a brown, green, or black
color, like tar mixed with oil. In the parox-
ysm of pain from a gall-stone passing the bile
ducts, or from common spasm, he also found it
act like a charm, and produce almost immedi-
ate ease.
Balneum animale. The animal bath. Wrap-
ping the skin of an animal just killed round the
body of a patient, or any part of it.
Balneum aren.e. A sand bath.
Balneum calidum. A hot bath.
Balneum frigidum. A cold bath.
Balneum mari.e. The water bath used by
chemists.
Balneum medicatum. A medicated bath.
A bath impregnated with some substance to
give it a peculiar activity or virtue.
Balneum rori's. A bath of dew. An old
name for the vapor bath.
Balneum siccum. A dry bath. The im-
mersion of the body in any dry material, as
ashes, salt, sand, &c. , is called a dry bath. Also,
the hot air bath.
Balneum sulphureum. A bath containing
some preparation of sulphur.
Balneum tepidum. A tepid bath.
Balneum vaporis. A vapor bath.
BALSAM. (Balsamum, i, n. BaXoafiov;
from baal samen, the Hebrew for the prince of
oils.) This term was formerly applied to any
strong-scented, fluid, natural vegetable resin.
Latterly, however, chemists have restricted this
term to vegetable juices, either liquid, or which
spontaneously become concrete, consisting of a
substance of a resinous nature, combined with
benzoic acid. They are insoluble in water, but
readily dissolve in alcohol and ether.
Balsam apple, male. See Mormordica bah
97
B AL
•
Balsam, artificial. Compound medicines
are thus termed which are made of a^balsamic
consistence and fragrance.
Balsam of Canada See Pinus balsamea.
Balsam, Canary. See Dracocephalum.
Balsam of Copaiba, or Capivi. See Copai-
fera officinalis.
Balsam of honey. The preparation sold
under this name is generally either tincture of
benzoin or tincture of tolu.
Balsam of horehound, Ford's. See Ford's
balsam of horehound.
Balsam of liq_uidambar. See Liquidambar
tityracifi.ua.
Balsam of liquorice. A nostrum which,
according to Dr. Paris, consists principally of
paregoric elixir, very strongly impregnated with
oil of anise.
Balsam of mercury. The unguentum hy-
drargyri nitratis.
Balsam, natural. A balsam which exudes
from a plant is thus called.
Balsam, Peruvian. See Myroxylon peru-
ifierum.
Balsam, Riga. Pinus cembra.
Balsam of storax. Balsams procured from
the Liquidambar atlinia and orientate.
Balsam, sea-side. Croton eleuteria.
Balsam of sulphur. See Balsamum sul-
jahuris.
Balsam of Tolu. See Toluifera balsamum.
Balsam, Turkey. See Dracocephalum.
Balsam for wounds. Tinctura benzoini
eomposita.
Balsama'tio. The embalming of dead bodies.
Balsamelje'on. Balsa'mi oleum. Balm of
Gilead. See Amyris gileadensis.
BALSA'MIC. Balsamicus. Balsameus.
Eelating to a balsam. Hoffman applies this
name to medicines which are stimulant, hot,
and acrid. Dr. Cullen speaks of them under
the joint title of balsamica et resinosa.
BALSAMPFERA. Balm-bearing.— B. bra-
xiliensis. See Copaifera officinalis. — B. indi-
eana. See Myroxylon peruiferum.
Balsamina. B.fcemina. See Impatiens.
15ai.sa.mita fceminea. See Achillea agera-
tum.
Balsamita lutea. See Polygonum.
Balsamita major. B. mas. See Tanacetum
balsamita.
Balsamita minor. See Achillea ageratum.
Balsamita suavolens. A composite plant,
resembling tansy in its appearance and virtues.
Balsamodendron gileadensis Syn. of
Amyris gileadensis.
BALSAMODENDRON MYRRH A. The
myrrh-tree; a plant of the order Terebintha-
cece, which yields the gum-resin myrrh. It is
thought 6yu. with B. kataf.
Balsamum. A balsam. Every nostrum of
extraordinary virtue was fonnerly called a bal-
sam, but few of them are now known. See
Balsam.
Balsamum acusticum. Acoustic balsam. A
mixture of antispasmodic tinctures, essential
oils, and the like. Baume's consists of tinctures
of assafoetida, ambergris, and castor, terebinthi-
nated balsam of sulphur, and oil of rue. It is
dropped into the ear, or a piece of cotton moist-
98
B AL
ened with it introduced, in cases of atonic deaf-
ness.
Balsamum ^Egyptiacum. See Amyris gilead-
ensis.
Balsamum alpini. See Amyris gileadensis.
Balsamum americanum. See Myroxylon pe-
ruiferum.
Balsamum anodynum Batei. See Bates's
anodyne balsam.
Balsamum anodynum guidonis. Balsamum
guidonis. A vulnerary balsam prescribed by
Guy of Caliac. It consisted of hepatic aloes,
ammoniacum, bdellium, caranna, castor, galba-
num, labdanum, myrrh, Peruvian balsam, oli-
banum, amber, tacamahaca, storax, and Venice
turpentine.
Balsamum apoplecticum. This was pre-
pared with musk, amber, civet, Peruvian bal-
sam, volatile oils, &c. It was applied external-
ly to the head and nostrils of apoplectic patients,
and was believed to be of great efficacy in that
disease.
Balsamum arcvei. A digestive ointment.
The unguentum elemi compositum.
Balsamum asiaticum. See Amyris.
Balsamum braziliense. See Copaifera of-
ficinalis.
Balsamum canadense. See Pinus balsamea.
Balsamum carpathicum. 1. The essential
oil distilled very carefully from the fresh cones
of the trees which yield the common turpen-
tine. 2. The resinous juice of the young twigs
of the Pinus cembra.
Balsamum cephalicum saxonicum. A dis-
tillation from various essential oils.
Balsamum commandatoris. Friar's balsam.
See Tinctura benzoini eomposita.
Balsamum copaiba. See Copaifera offici-
nalis.
Balsamum embryonum. Aqua embryonum.
A preparation made by mixing a vinous infu-
sion of different aromatics, misletoe, &c., with
several kinds of distilled waters ; digesting and
then distilling. It was used internally and ex-
ternally with a view of preventing abortion by
strengthening the foetus and the womb ; whence
its name.
Balsamum filicis. Oleum filicis.
Balsamum genuinum antiquorum. B. gil
eadense. See Amyris gileadensis.
Balsamum guaiaci'num. An old prepara-
tion made by dissolving a pound of guiac and
three drachms of Peruvian balsam in two pints
and a half of rectified spirits of wine.
Balsamum guidonis. See Balsamum anody-
num guidonis.
Balsamum hungaricum. A resin which ex-
udes from the extremities of the branches of
the Pinus pumilio, and is also expressed from
the cones of the same tree.
Balsamum judaicum. See Amyris gilead-
ensis.
Balsamum libani. Riga balsam.
Balsamum locatelli. Balsamum lucatelli.
A preparation made of olive oil, Venice turpen-
tine, yellow wax, and red sanders. It was
formerly exhibited in phthisis, coughs of long
standing, &c, but is now disused.
Balsamum mas. See Tanacetum balsamita. ■
Balsamum e mecca. See Amyris gileadensis
BAL
Balsamum mexicanum. See Myroxylon peru-
iferum.
Balsamum persicum. Tinctura benzoini
composita.
Balsamum peruvianum. See Myroxylon
peruiferum.
Balsamum rackasi'ri. Balsamum racaz-
zira. Balsamum rhadasiri. A balsamic sub-
stance which is inodorous when cold, but when
heated has a smell somewhat resembling the
balsam of Tolu ; said to have the properties of
copaiba.
Balsamum saponaceum. Opodeldoc. -Lini-
mentum saponis compositum.
Balsamum saturni. The remedy so named
is prepared by dissolving acetate of lead in oil
of turpentine. It is a good application for
cleansing foul ulcers.
Balsamum styracis benzoini. See Styrax
benzoin.
Balsamum succini. Oil of amber.
Balsamum sulphuris. Oleum sulphuratum.
tilsamum sulphuris simplex. Balsamum sul-
m uris crassum. A solution of sulphur in olive
oil in the proportion of one part of the former
to eight of the latter ; their union being effect-
ed by a gentle heat. This preparation was
formerly given in catarrh, asthma, and other
pectoral affections, in doses of from HI v. to 3ss.,
in water. It is never administered internally
at present, but is sometimes used as an appli-
cation to foul ulcers.
Balsamum sulphuris ani'satum. A solution
of sulphur in oil of aniseed, with or without the
addition of oil of turpentine.
Balsamum sulphuris barbadense. Petro-
leum sulphuratum. Sulphur boiled with Bar-
badoes tar.
Balsamum sulphuris crassum. B. sulphu-
ris simplex. See Balsamum sulphuris.
Balsamum sulphuris terebinthinatum.
This is made by digesting sulphur with oil of
turpentine; its use is now confined to veteri-
nary medicine.
Balsamum syriacum. See Amyris gilcad-
e.nsis.
Balsamum tolutanum. See Toluifera bal-
samum.
Balsamum traumaticum. Balsam for cuts.
Vulnerary balsam. See Tinctura benzoini
composita.
Balsamum universale. The ceratum plum-
bi- compositum has been so called.
Balsamum verum. See Amyris gilcadcnsis.
Balsamum viride. Green balsam. 1. A
preparation formerly much used by surgeons
as a detergent. It was made of verdigris, lin-
seed oil, and elemi ; or of verdigris, linseed oil,
and oil of turpentine, or of verdigris and lin-
seed oil without any other ingredient. There
is a preparation still used in France called
Baume vert de Metz, Balsamum viride Mctcn-
sium, which consists of subcarbonate of cop-
per, sulphate of zinc, turpentine, aloes, and
several fixed and volatile oils. 2. A natural
balsam brought from Peru. It is the produce
of the Chloroxylon verticillalnm.
Balsamum vita:. Several artificial balsams
have been so called ; as, Balsa?num Vita: Hoff-
manni, Balsamum Vita; Tcichmczerianum, &c.
BAR
That of Hoffman was the most celebrated. It
was composed of ambergris, balsam of Peru,
and a variety of essential oils dissolved in high-
ly-rectified spirit of wine. It was used both
externally as a corroborant, and internally as a
cordial, &c. The number of its ingredients is
now much diminished, and it is scarcely used.
Balzoinum. Benzoin.
Bambalia. Stammering.
BAMBA'LIO. One who stammers or lisps.
BAMBU'SA. Bamboo. Various pickles and
condiments are prepared from the young shoots,
and the substance called tabasheen, which con-
cretes in the cavities of the bamboo, is much
esteemed by the natives as a deobstruent.
Bamia. Bammia. — B. moscha'la. Hibiscus
abelmoschus.
Bana'na. See Musa.
BANDAGE. Deligatio. Fascia. An ap-
paratus consisting of one or several pieces of
linen, flannel, or other material, used to give
support to parts, to exert pressure on them, or
retain dressings, &c, in their proper position.
Bandages are either simple or compound. The
chief of the simple are the circular, the spiral,
the uniting, and the retaining. The compound
bandages are the T bandage,, the suspensory,
three or four tailed, the eighteen-tailed band-
age, &c.
Bandy leg. A leg which has the bones
curved outward, or in any other direction.
Bangue. See Cannabis indica.
Banilla. Epidendrum vanilla.
Banyer's ointment. Litharge, Ibss. ; burn-
ed alum, fij. ; calomel, ?iss. ; Venice turpen-
tine, Ibss. ; lard, Ibij. Used in porrigo.
Baobab. Adansonia digitata.
Baptica coccus. The kermes insect.
BAPTISIA TINCTORIA. Wild indigo. A
leguminous perennial. The root is laxative and
acrid; in large quantity, emetic. It is used
freely in domestic economy as a source of in-
digo.
Baras. An Arabic name of the alphos, or
white leprosy.
Ba'rba. a, m, f. A beard.
Barba Aronis. See Arum maculatum.
Barb a caprje. See Spirea ulmaria.
Barba hirci. See Tragopogon. *
Barba jovis. Jupiter's beard. Several
herbs have been so called.
Barbadoes cherry. Malpighia glabra.
BARBADOES LEG. A disease endemic in
the island of Barbadoes and the East Indies.
The Elephantiasis arabum. An enormous dis-
tension of the cellular tissue of the leg, of a
dark color. It is preceded by fever and in-
flammation, in which stage it is managed by
antiphlogistic means, scarifications, &o ; but if
this stage be passed, the disease is unmanage-
able. Amputation has been practiced.
Barbadoes nut. See Jatropha.
Barbadoes tar. Petroleum barbadense.
Barbarea. See Erysimum barbarea.
Barba'ria. Barbaricum. Rhubarb.
Barbaross.k pilule. Barbarossa's pills.
These were composed of quicksilver, rhubarb,
diagridium, musk, amber, &c. It was one of
the earliest mercurial medicines which came
into general estimation.
99
BAR
Barbarv gum. A variety of Senegal gum.
Barba'tus. (From barba, a beard.) Beard-
ed : applied, in botany, to leaves or other parts
of plants which have a hair-like appendage ; as
the Mesembryanthemum barbatum, and Spanan-
the paniculata ; and in zoology, to animals
which have a beard, or an appendage resem-
bling one.
Barberry. See Berberis.
BARBIERS. A paralytic affection of the
tropics, commencing in*the limbs, but followed
by loss of voice, emaciation, adynamia. It
principally affects strangers, and has been con-
founded with beriberi.
Barclay's antibilious pills. These con-
sist of colocynth, 3ij.; extract of jalap, 3J. ; al-
mond soap, 3iss. ; guiac, 3iij. ; emetic tartar, gr.
viij. ; essential oils of juniper, caraway, and
rosemary, of each gtt. iv., made into a mass
with a sufficient quantity of syrup of buckthorn,
and divided into sixty-four pills.
Barda'na. Burdock. See Arctium lappa.
BARE'GES. In Haute Pyrenees. There
are several thermal (85° to 112° F.) sulphure-
ous springs.
Baru chloridum. Baku iodidum. See
Baryta.
BARI'LLA. (a, a, f.) The impure soda ash,
procured by burning to ashes different plants
that grow on the sea-shore.
BA'RIUM. {urn, i, n.) The metallic basis
of the earth baryta. The sulphuret and chlo- ■
ride are used iii medicine.
Barium, chloride of. See Baryta.
BARK. Cortex. 1. The common integu-
ment of vegetables. 2. The Peruvian bark is
called bark by way of eminence. See Cincho-
na.
Bark, Caribbean. See Cinchona caribaa.
Bark, Jamaica. See Cinchona caribaa.
Bark, Peruvian. See Cinchona.
Bark, red. See Cinchona oblongifolia.
Bark, yellow. See Cinchona cordifolia.
Barley. See Hordeum.
Barley, caustic See Cevadilla.
Barm. Yeast.
Barnet, waters of. A saline purging spring
near London.
BARO'METER. (From (iapoc, weight, and
fierpov, a measure.) An instrument for deter-
mining the weight of the atmosphere; it is
commonly called a weather glass. It is made
thus : take a glass tube more than thirty inches
long, seal it hermetically at one end, fill it with
mercury, and invert it in a basin of the same
fluid; the mercury in the tube will fall to a
point, at which it is exactly balanced by the
pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of
the mercury in the basin, leaving a vacuum in
the upper part of the tube. The ascent and
descent of the mercury in the tube indicates
the variations in the weight of the atmosphere.
The whole is supported by a convenient appa-
ratus, to which a scale is adapted for measuring
the height of the mercury.
Baro'nes. Small worms.
Barosma. Diosma.
Barras. The resinous juice which exudes
from the Pinus maritima, and concretes on the
bark in yellow masses. It is also called galipot.
100
B AS
Barre, springs of. They are thermal and
chalybeate.
BARREN. In Botany, a barren flower is
that which has no pistil.
Barrenness. See Sterility.
BARRY'S EXTRACTS. These are pre-
pared with great care in vacuo, and by steam
heat only.
Bartholinian.e glandule. See Sublingual
Baryecoi'a. Dullness of hearing; deafness.
Baryoco'ccalon. Datura stramonium.
Barypho'nia. A difficulty of speaking.
Barypi'cron. Absinthium latifolium.
BARY'TA. («, m, l\ from (3apvc, heavy.)
Barytes. This earth is a protoxide of barium.
It occurs abundantly in nature in the form of
sulphate and carbonate. It is a grayish caustic
powder. The salts of baryta are white, and
more or less transparent. They are all poison-
ous except the sulphate ; and hence the proper
counter-poison is dilute sulphuric acid for the
carbonate, and sulphate of soda for the solul|le
salts.
Baryta, carbonate. Barytm carbonas-
Used for the preparation of the chloride and
other salts.
Baryta, hydriodate. Iodide of Barium.
Has been used in scrofula. Dose, gr. $th thrice
daily ; and also in the form of ointment.
Baryta, muriate. Baryta hydrochlorate.
Barii chloridum. Chloride of Barium. Take
carbonate of baiyta, Ibj. ; muriatic acid, f. fxij. ;
water, Oiij. Dissolve gradually; warm, filter,
evaporate, so that crystals may form. It is
used in solution. — Liquor baryta murias. One
part salt to three water. Employed principal-
ly in scrofulous diseases ; also in cutaneous dis-
eases, and as a wash to ulcers. Dose, gtt. vj.
to gtt. x., continued until nausea is produced.
It is a violent, irritating poison. It is the test
for sulphuric acid in solution, throwing down
the white, insoluble sulphate of baryta.
Barytin. A new base from Veratrum album.
Basaal. An Indian tree. The leaves are
used iu gargles. The kernels are said to be
vermifuge.
Basalt. Trap rock.
BASCULATION. (Basculer, French.) A
term used in examinations of the uterus in re-
troversion; the fundus is pressed upward, the
cervix drawn downward.
BASE. See Basis.
Base, acidifiable. A body which, by its
union with oxygen, forms acids.
Basia'tor. (From basio, to kiss.) The or-
bicularis oris muscle.
Basic water. Water which is combined
with an acid or other substance as a regular
metallic base, and not in the crystals or as a
hydrate.
Basil. See Ocimum basilicum.
Basilaris processus. See Occipital bone.
BASILARY. Basilaris. Appertaining to
the base. A term used in anatomy: thus, a
process of the occipital bone is called the basi-
lary process, because it is situated at the base
of the skull.
Basilary apophysis. See Occipital bone.
Basilary artery. An artery of the brain:
BAT
so called because it lies upon the basilary pro-
cess of the occipital bone. It is formed by the
junction of the two vertebral arteries within
the skull, and runs forward to the sella turcica
along the pons varolii, which, as well as the
adjacent parts, it supplies with blood.
Basilary vertebra. The last lumbar ver-
tebra.
Basilic velx. Basilica vena. The large
vein that runs oft the inner side of the arm, and
terminates in the axillary vein. The branch
which crosses, at the bend of the arm, from the
long median vein to join the basilic, is called
the median basilic. Either of them may be
opened in the operation of blood-letting.
Basilica mediana. See Basilic vein.
Basilica nux. The walnut.
Basilicon. See Unguentum basilicum.
Basi'licum. Ocimum basilicum.
Basilicum unguentum. See Unguentum ba-
silicum.
BASI'LICUS. In Anatomy, parts supposed
to be very important in their functions ; and
in Pharmacy, compositions highly esteemed for
their efficacy.
Ba'silis. An ancient collyrium.
Basili'scus. Basilisk. A fabulous serpent.
The philosopher's stone. Corrosive sublimate.
Ba'sio-cf/rato-glo'ssus. The Hyoglossus
muscle has been so named from its attachment
to the basilary process of the occipital bone, the
corner of the os hyoides, and the tongue.
Basio-cestrum. A kind of crotchet.
Basio-glossus. That portion of the hyoglos-
sus muscle which is inserted into the base of
the os hyoides.
Basio-pharyng^us. See Constrictor pha-
ryngis medius.
BA'SIS. (is, is, f.) A base. 1. That from
which other parts are supported. 2. The princi-
pal medicine in a prescription. 3. The electro-
positive component of a salt; as lime, potash.
Basis cordis. The base of the heart.
Bassi colica. A medicine compounded of
aromatics and honey.
Bassora gum. GumKuteera. A gum which
distills from the Stercidia urens. See Bassorine.
BA'SSORINE. A variety of gum which
swells, but does not dissolve, in water ; as trag-
acanth.
BASTARD. False.
Bastard contrayerva. Aristolochia odo-
ratissima.
Bastard dittany. Dictamnns fraxinclla.
It appears to have no sensible properties, al-
though used by some as an antispasmodic.
Bastard tellitory. See Achillea ptarmica.
Bastard peripneumony. See Peripneumo-
nia notha.
Bastard pleurisy. See Peripneumonia no-
tha.
Basyle. The metallic radical of a salt.
Bata'tas. The natives of Peru give this
name to the root of a convolvulus, and to the
potato. See Solanum tuberosum, and Convol-
vulus batatas.
Batatas peregrina. See Ipomcna quamoclit.
Bateman's pectoral drops. These consist,
chiefly, according to Dr. Paris, of tincture of
castor, with proportions of camphor and opium,
BAY
flavored with aniseed, and colored with cochi-
neal.
Bates's alum water. Liquor aluminis com-
Bates's anodyne balsam. A preparation
corresponding wfth the linimentum saponis com-
positum.
Bates's aqua camphorata. Take sulphate
of copper, French bole, aa gr. xv. ; camphor,
gr. iv. : dissolve in water, Oiv. An eye wash.
BATH. 1. A place for bathing, or the me-
dium in which the body is bathed. See Bal-
neum for every kind of bath. 2. The name of
a city in England long celebrated for its nu-
merous hot springs, called Bathonim aqua, So-
lis aqua", Badiguce aqua (from 112° to 116° F.).
The mineral components are of little import-
ance.
Bath, Dupuytren's. Gelatino-sulphurous
bath. Add glue, lib., dissolved in water; sul-
phuret of potassium, §iv. ; water, 30 gallons.
Use a wooden bath vessel.
Bath, sulphurous. The above, without the
glue.
Bastennes. A place in Gascon v. Its min-
eral waters are said to be similar to those of
Bareges.
Ba'thmis. The cavity of a bone which re-
ceives the articular extremity of another bone.
Ba'thron. Badpov. An instrument for re-
ducing luxations in general.
Bathypi'cron. Absinthium.
Batisse. A place near Clermont. Its min-
eral waters contain subcarbonate of soda, sul-
phates of soda, iron, and lime, muriate of mag-
nesia, and carbonate of lime.
BATRA'CHIA. Animals of the frog kind.
Batra'chium. Ranunculus.
Batrachi'tes. See Bufonitcs.
Ba'trachus. Ranula.
Battari'smus. Stammering.
Batta'ta peregrina. Ipomrca quamoclit.
Battata virginiana. Solanum tuberosum.
Battery, electrical. A combination of
Leyden jars, all of which can be discharged at
once.
Battery, galvanic. Numerous pairs of gal-
vanic plates.
Battley's solution. See Liquor opii seda-
tivus.
Baudricourt, waters of. Sulphurous
springs.
Bauhin, valve of. The ileo-colic valve.
Baume's hydrometer. See Hydrometer.
Baurin. A village in the department of the
Somme. It has mineral springs which are
strongly chalybeate.
BAY-CHERRY. Bay -laurel. Bay-
leaves. See Prunus lauro-cerasus.
Bay-leaved passion-flower. See Pnssi-
jlora laurifolia.
Bay-rum. Spirit flavored with bay-leaves.
Bay-salt. Common salt obtained by evapo-
rating sea water in shallow ponds by the heat
of the sun. It is of a dark-gray color, and con-
tains a minute quantity of iodine.
Bay, sweet. Laurus nobilis.
Baynton's adhesive plaster. This consists
of six drachms of resin, melted with a pound
of lead plaster.
101
BEG
Baynton's bandage. This consists in the
application of strips of adhesive plaster round
the leg in regular order, one above the other,
and with their edges in contact. It is of the
greatest use in indolent ulcers of the leg, and
acts, both by approximating the edges of the
ulcers to each other, and by its uniform press-
ure.
Bdella. A leech.
BDELLIUM, (mot, i, n.) A gum-resin hav-
ing somewhat the appearance of very impure
myrrh, and with similar properties, but it is not
used now.
Bdello'meter. (From (ide'XXa, a leech, and
fiETpov, a measure.) An instrument proposed
as a substitute for the leech; it consists of a
cupping-glass, to which are attached a scarifi-
cator and exhausting syringe.
Bean. Vicia faba.
Bean, French. B., kidney. Phaseolus
vulgaris.
Bean, Malacca. Anacavdium indicum.
Bean of Carthagena. Lauras pichurim
and Ocotea puchury. See Bejuoi.
Bean, St. Ignatius's. Strychnos Sancti Ig-
natii.
Bear's berry. Bear's bilberry. Bear's
whortleberry. Arbutus uva ursi.
Bear's breech. Acanthus mollis.
Bear's foot. Helleboras fcetidus.
Beauvais. Department of Oise. It has
chalybeate springs.
Beaver. Castor fiber.
BEBEERU. A tree of Guiana, the bark of
which yields bebecrine, a principle analogous in
properties with quinine.
Beccabunga. (a, <c, f.) Veronica beccabunga.
Be'chicus. (From fin!;, a cough.) Reme-
dial of a cough.
Be'chion. Tussilago farfara.
Bechorthopnea. FertusBis.
Beconguilles. A root which is bi - ought
from South America. It has emetic properties
analogous to those of ipecacuanha.
Becui'ba nux. A nut produced by a Brazil-
ian tree, from which a balsam is drawn that is
held in estimation in rheumatism.
Bedegar, Or Bedeguar. Spongia cynosbati.
An excrescence found on different species of
wild roses.
Bedford strings. In Pennsylvania. They
are saline and carbonated.
Bedstraw. Galium aparine.
Bee. Apis mellifica.
Beech. Fagus sylvatica.
Beech drots. Orobanche virginiana.
Beer. See Cerevisia.
Beestings. The colostrum.
Bees' wax. See Cera.
Beet. Beta vulgaris.
Beetles. Coleopterans.
. Begma. Bny/ia. The* matter expectorated
by coughing.
BEGO'NIA. A genus of plants. Class, Mo-
ncecia; order, Polyandria. The roots of B.
grandiflora and B. tomentosa are used in Peru
against hemorrhages, diseases of the chest,
scurvy, &c.
Beguan. A bezoar or concretion found in
the intestines of the iguana lizard
102
BEN
Beguin's sulphurated spirit. The sut-
phuret of ammonia.
Behen album. See Centaurea behen.
Behen, officinarum. See Cucubalus behen
Behen rubrum. See Statice limonium.
Behen tree. The Moringa aptera.
Beidelsar. Beid el ossar. A plant used in
Africa as a remedy for fever and the bites of
serpents. It is supposed to be the Asclcpias
procera. Cataplasms made of its leaves are
applied to indolent swellings, and its caustic,
milky juice is used to discuss venereal nodes.
The Egyptians use the down of its seed as
tinder.
Beju'io. Habilla de Carthagena. Bean of
Carthagena. A kind of bean famed for being
an effectual antidote against the poison of all
serpents.
Bela-aye. Nerium antidysentericum.
Beledamboc. A kind of convolvulus which
grows in Malabar. It contains an acrid juice,
which is made, with oil and ginger, into a lini-
ment, and used against the bite of a mad dog.
Belamodagam. A Malabar plant of the ge-
nus Scavola. Its leaves are said to be diuretic
and emmeuagogue.
Belching. Eructation.
Belenoi'des. Belemnoid. (From (3b?loc, a
dart, and eidoc., form.) Belenokl. A term that
has been applied to the styloid processes in
general.
BELLADO'NNA. (a, a, f.) The deadly
nightshade. See Atropa belladonna.
Belladonine. A principle said to be dis-
tinct from atropia, and found in the belladonna.
Bellegu. Belleregi-myrobalanus.
Belleris. MyrobalanuB bellirica.
Bellesme. A town near Montagne, where
there is a cold chalybeate spring.
Bellison. Belilla. Mussanda frondosa.
Bell metal. An alloy of copper, zinc, tin,
and a small quantity of antimony.
Bellon. Dry colic.
Bellotas. The fruit of the Ilex major.
Recommended by some Spanish physicians in
diseases of the chest, accompanied with profuse
expectoration and hamioptysis.
BELLOWS SOUND. Bruit de soufflet. A
sound resembling that which is produced by
the action of a pair of bellows. It is heard in
cases of enlargement of the heart, or contrac-
tion of its orifices. It is rarely constant, but
ceases and returns abruptly, often without any
apparent cause. It sometimes exists in a heart
that is perfectly healthy, especially in hysteri-
cal or highly-nervous subjects. The same sort
of sound, only sharper and more whizzing, is
heard in different arteries, often without any
assignable cause. It is always loud and dis-
tinct in cases of aneurismal varix. When the
bellows sound, as heard at the heart, becomes
somewhat rough to the ear, it passes into what
is called the rasp sound. See Rasp sound.
Bellu.e. The pachyderms.
Bellyache. Colic.
Belzoinum. Belzoim. Benzoin. See Sly
rax benzoin.
Bel moschus. Hibiscus abelmoschus.
Ben. See Ouilandina moringa.
Ben moenja. A tree of Malabar. The de-
BER
coction pf its roots is thought by the natives to
be of great efficacy in malignant fevers. Its
bark, given in decoction, is said immediately
to stop the vomiting caused by the bite of ser-
pents.
Ben-nut. Moringa aptera.
Benedicta herba. The Geum urbanum.
Benedicta laxativa. The lenitive elec-
tuary. See Confectio senna.
Benedictum laxativum. Rhubarb, and also
the lenitive electuary.
Beneficium nature. Spontaneous recovery
without medicine.
Beneolentia. Fragrant medicines, &c.
Bengal quince. See Erateva marmelos.
Benga'l.*: radix. See Cassumuniar.
BENI'GNUS. Benign. A term applied to the
mild form of a disease as opposed to the malig-
nant. A medicine which is gentle in its oper-
ation was likewise so called by the older writers.
Benivivum. Benzoin.
Benjamin. See Styrax benzoin.
Benjamin flowers. See Benzoic acid.
Bennet herb. Geum urbanum.
Bent grass. Agrostis.
Benumbers. Agents which produce numb-
ness and loss of muscular power, as aconitine,
stramonium.
Benzamide. Bz. Ad. Obtained by satura-
ting chloride of benzoyl with dry ammonia, and
washing to remove the muriate of ammonia.
It is crystalline, pearly, soluble, fuses at 239°.
It is decomposed by acids or alkalies, with wa-
ter, into ammonia and benzoic acid.
Benzile. A substance procured by passing
a stream of chlorine gas through fused benzoin.
Benzimide. A substance discovered by*
Laurent in crude essence of bitter almonds.
Benzin. Benzene. The name of the bicar-
buret of hydrogen, procured by heating benzoic
acid with lime; this compound is termed by
Liebig benzole (Ci2H e ).
Benzoas. Benzoate. A salt formed by the
union of the benzoic acid with a base.
BENZOIC ACID. (Acidum benzoicum ; so
called because it is procured from benzoin.)
This acid is easily obtained by subliming gum
benjamin. It forms long, hexagonal, silky nee-
dles ; is sweet and hot to the taste. Soluble in
alcohol. Formula, CnHsOs-f-HO, or hydrated
oxide of benzoyl, HO, Bz.O.
Benzoic acid is veiy seldom used in medi-
cine, but now and then it is ordered as a stim-
ulant in spasmodic coughs and dyspnoea. The
dose is from one grain to five.
Benzone. A volatile fluid procured by Pel-
iglot by heating dry benzoate of lime.
Benzoyl, Benzoii.e, or Benzyle. C14H5O2.
Bz. The hypothetical radical of a series of
compounds, including benzoic acid, and the es-
sence or volatile oil of bitter almonds.
Berberia. See Beriberia.
Berberin. The yellow coloring matter of
the barberry root.
BE'RBERIS. (m, is, f.) A genus of plants.
Hexandria. Monogynia. — B. vulgaris. The
barberry of the Pharmacopoeias. The berries,
which are gratefully acid, and moderately as-
tringent, were formerly believed to be of great
use in biliary fluxes.
BEX
Bergamot. Citrus medica.
Bergmehl. A Swedish infusory formation
resembling earth, said to be very nutritious.
Beriberia. See Beriberi.
BERI'BERI. An acute dropsy common in
Malabar and Ceylon, attended with muscular
debility and spasms. The treatment is very
uncertain.
Berlin blue. Prussian blue.
BERMUDA, CLIMATE OF. The winter
is mild, but too liable to sharp, dry winds for
invalids. „
Bermuda berry. See Sapindus saponaria.
Berry. See Bacca.
Berthollet's neutral carbonate of am-
monia. The bicarbonate. It is almost desti-
tute of odor.
Beru. A place in Champagne, France. It
has mineral waters, which are slightly chalyb-
eate.
Bes, or Bessis. An eight-ounce measure.
BETA. A genus of plants. Pcntandria.
Digynia. Clienopodiacem. — B. hybrida. Man-
gel wurzel of the Germans. — B. rubra. The
systematic name of the red beet, the root of
which is used indifferently with that of the
beta vulgaris. — B. vulgaris. The common beet-
root, well known as an agreeable and whole-
some article of diet. It yields sugar.
Betel. Piper betel. A species of pepper
cultivated in several parts of India. The na-
tives are in the habit of chewing a preparation
made with the leaves of this plant, lime, and
areca ; this mixture is called Betel. It is con-
sidered tonic and astringent.
BETO'NICA. Betony. A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labiata. -— B.
aquatica. See Scrophularia aquatica. — B. offi-
cinalis. The wood betony of the Pharmaco-
poeias: also, B. purpurea, B. vulgaris. This
plant, though formerly much esteemed, has little
activity, and is not used now. Root slightly
cathartic and emetic.
Betonica fauli. Veronica.
Betony. See Betonica.
Betony, water. Scrophularia aquatica.
BE'TULA. (a, <b, f.) A genus of plants.
Monwcia. Tetrandria. Betulinea:. — B. alba.
The betula of the Pharmacopoeias, or white
birch. The juice is sweet and fermentable.
The leaves and bark are slightly astringent and
tonic. The bark has been used hi mtermit-
tents. — B. alnus. The alnus of the Pharma-
copoeias. The common alder. This, like the
birch and other trees of the same genus, affords
a large quantity of saccharine juice. A wine is
made from it, called Alder wine.
Betuli'na. Betuline. A substance discov-
ered in the bark of the Betula alba. It is of a
white color, veiy light, crystallizes in the form
of long needles ; soluble in ether, alcohol, and
oils; fusible, volatile, and inflammable.
Beulah spa. A saline mineral spring near
London.
Beuvigny. A place near Bayeux, in Nor-
mandy. Its waters are said to be chalybeate.
BEX. Bexis. Cough.
Bex convulsiva. B. theriodes. Pertussis.
Bex humida. A cough, with expectoration.
Bexaguillo. A name given to the white
103
BEZ
ipecacuanha, which the Spaniards bring from
Pern.
Bexugo. A purgative root formerly import-
ed from Peru. It is supposed by some to have
been a species of Hippocratea.
Bezetta cosrulea. Croton tinctorium.
BE'ZOAR. Lapis bezoardicus. Bezoard.
A preternatural concretion formed in the intes-
tines of animals. Some of these substances
were formerly celebrated for their medicinal
virtues. They were supposed alexipharmic,
and used as amulets. They are concretions of
phosphate of lime, magnesia, and other salts,
mixed with hair, and tinged with bile. Others
are biliary, or of cholesterine.
Bezoar bovinum. Bezoar of the ox.
Bezoar germanicum. The bezoar from the
alpine goat.
Bezoar hojwnis. Biliary concretions.
Bezoar hy'stricis. The bezoar of the In-
dian porcupine.
Bezoar microco'smicum. The vesical cal-
culus of the chamois.
Bezoar occidentale. Occidental bezoar.
Bezoar orientals. Lapis bezoar oricntalis.
Oriental bezoar.
Bezoar porcinum. See Bezoar hystricis.
Bezoar simije. The bezoar from the mon-
key.
Bezoa'rdic. Bezoardicus. Of, or belonging
to, the bezoar. Alexipharmic.
Bezoardica radix. See Dorstcnia contra-
yerva.
BEZOARDICUM. A bezoar, or bezoardic
medicine. The name was given to numerous
very complex bodies, most of which are now un-
known, and none used. The principal are
mentioned below.
Bezoardicum joviale. An old preparation
made by fusing regulus of antimony with tin in
a crucible ; reducing them to powder when
cold, mixing them intimately with corrosive
sublimate, keeping the mixture for some days,
distilling it, and mixing the liquor that comes
over with a large quantity of water, whereby
a white powder is precipitated, washing the
precipitate repeatedly with water, drying it,
and detonating with nitre ; lastly, washing the
product carefully and again drying. This prep-
aration was a very powerful diaphoretic, and
■was given in doses of from gr. x. to 9j.
Bezoardicum lunare. 1. A medicine pre-
pared by distilling butter of antimony with a
solution of nitrate of silver. It was deemed of
great efficacy in epilepsy, and various affections
of the head; the dose was from gr. 6 to gr. 12.
2. The Pulvis Viennensis Alhis Virgineus;
not now used.
Bezoardicum martiale. The Bezoardicum
joviale, with the substitution of iron for tin.
Tonic and diaphoretic. Dose, gr. xv. to gr.
XXV.
Bezoardicum minerale. Antimonious acid.
Bezoardicum saturni. An old preparation
made by distilling protoxide of lead and butter
of antimony with nitric acid ; it was given in
doses of gr. vi. in' diseases of the spleen.
Bezoardicus lapis. See Bezoar.
Bezoardicus pulvis. See Pulvis bezoardi-
cut.
104
BIC
BI. Bin. Bis. Two, or twice. A com-
mon prefix, meaning two, twice, a pair. In
Chemistry it means, in any compound, two
atoms of the electro-negative body.
Biarchetunsim. Cerusse.
Bibasic Acids which combine with two
atoms of base, or can form double salts.
Bibenella. See Pimpinella.
Bibito'rius. Rectus internus oculi.
Biborate op soda. Borax.
Bibulous. Bibulus. Attracting moisture:
charta bibula, blotting paper.
Bicarbonas potassje. See Potasses bicar-
bonas.
Bicarbonates. Salts with two atoms of
carbonic acid.
Bicauda'lis. The posterior auris muscle.
Bicephalium. (From bis, twice, and Ke(pa"kr} r
a head.) A large sarcoma growing on the
head.
Bicephalus. Dicephalus.
BI'CEPS. (From bis, twice, and caput, a
head. ) Two-headed : applied to muscles which
have two distinct origins or heads.
Biceps brachii. See Biceps flexor cubiti.
Biceps cruris. See Biceps flexor cruris.
Biceps cubiti. See Biceps flexor cubiti.
Biceps externus. See Triceps extensor
cubiti.
Biceps flexor cruris. Biceps cruris. Bi-
ceps. A muscle of the leg, situated on the
hind part of the thigh. It arises by two dis-
tinct heads: the first, called longus, from the
upper and posterior part of the tuberosity of
the os ischium. The second, called brevis,
arises from the linea aspera, a little below the
termination of the glutasus maximus. It is in-
serted, by a strong tendon, into the upper part
of the head of the fibula. Its use is to bend
the leg. This muscle forms what is called the
outer ham-string; and between it and the in-
ner, the popliteal arteiy, vein, and nerve are
situated.
Biceps flexor cubiti. Coraco-radialis*
Biceps internus humeri. A muscle of the fore-
arm, situated on the forepart of the os humeri.
It arises by two heads. The first and outer-
most, called longus, begins tendinous from the
upper edge of the glenoid cavity of the scapula,
passes over the head of the os humeri within
the shoulder joint, and is afterward inclosed, in
its descent, in a groove near the head of the os
humeri, by a membranous ligament that pro-
ceeds from the capsular ligament and adjacent
tendons. The second, or innermost head, call-
ed brevis, arises, tendinous and fleshy, from
the coracoid process of the scapula, in common
with the coraco-brachialis muscle. The mus-
cle is inserted into the inner tubercle at the
upper end of the radius. Its use is to turn the
hand supine, and to bend the fore-arm.
Biceps internus. See Biceps flexor cubiti.
Biceps manus. See Biceps flexor cubiti.
Bicipital. Relating to the biceps muscle;,
thus, the groove in the os humeri which lodges
the tendon of the long head of the biceps, is-
called the bicipital groove. The bicipital tu-
berosity is the prominence near the end of the
radius, into which the tendon of the biceps is-
inserted.
BIL
Bichichxs. Pectoral troches consisting of
liquorice juice, sugar, starch, tragacanth, al-
monds, and mucilage of quince-seed.
Bichios. Bicho. The Guinea worm.
Bicho m culo. A disease endemic in Brazil.
It consists in great relaxation of the anus.
Bichos. The chigoe, or chigger.
Bico'ngius. A measure containing two con-
gii, or twelve sextarii.
Biconjuga'tus. Yoked together. Biconju-
gate.
Bico'rnis. Two-horned. The os hyoides.
Bicorne os. The os hyoides.
BICUSPID. Bicuspidatus, or Bicuspis.
(Bis, twice, and cuspis, a point.) Bicuspidate.
Applied, 1. To teeth. SeeDcntes. 2. To leaves:
folium bicuspidum, or bicuspidatum, a leaf that
terminates in two points.
BI'DENS. A genus of plants. Syngenesia.
Polygamia cequalis. Composite. — B. tripar-
tita. The hemp agrimony, formerly esteemed
as a diuretic, sudorific, vulnerary, &c, but now
disused.
BIE'NNIAL. Biennis. Applied to plants
which live for two years.
Blestings. The first milk; 'colostrum.
Bifarious. Arranged in two rows.
Bife'moro-calca'neus. Bifemoro-calcanien.
The gastrocnemius muscle.
Bifid. Bifidus. Forked ; divided into two.
Bifo'lium. Ophrys ovata.
BIFURCATION. Bifurcatio. The division
of a trunk into two branches, as that of the
aorta, the trachea, or the stem of a plant.
Bifurcate. Bifurcatus. Divided into two
branches.
Bigarade. The bitter or Seville orange.
Biga'ster. Biventer, or Digastricus.
BIGNO'NIA. A genus of plants. Didyna-
mia. Angiospermia. The leaves of the Big-
nonia indica are used by the natives of India
as an emollient application to ulcers, and the
flowers of the B. chelonoides are used in Mala-
bar as a perfume. — B. catalpa is the catalpa-
tree.
Bignonia'ce.e. A natural family of plants,
of which the genus Bignonia is the type.
Bihydrate of amiline. Corn spirit oil, or
amilic alcohol.
Bikh. The poisonous aconitum ferox of India.
Bilabiate. Bilabiatus. Two-lipped.
Biladen. Steel.
Bilate of soda. Choleate of soda combined
with coloring matter.
Bilazay waters. Department of Deux
Sevres. A thermal sulphureous spring.
Bilberry. See Vaccinium.
Bilberry bean. See Arbutus uva ursi.
BILE. (Bilis, is,f.) A bitter, nauseous fluid,
of a greenish-brown color, secreted by the liv-
er. That from the gall-bladder is thick and
dark (cystic bile), but that which flows directly
into the duodenum from the liver (hepatic bile)
is thin, yellowish, and inodorous. Bile does
not putrefy readily ; it is soluble in water and
alcohol; acids produce a turbidity. Alkalies
dissolve bile. This secretion possesses the
property of dissolving fatty substances. Bile
contains about ten per cent, of solid matter, the
rest being water The solid part contains the
BIL
fatty acids, cholesterine, bilin, cholepyrrhin or
coloring matter, fellinic and cholinic acid, soda,
phosphates, &c, and mucus. Liebig calls the
whole of the organic matter choleic acid, since
it combines with oxide of lead and other bases.
The chemical history of bile is very obscure : it
is so readily metamorphosed that the ordinary
tests and manipulations are impossible in its
examination. Bilin (Berzelius J is the princi-
pal compound in bile, and is in combination
with the fellinic and cholinic acids, forming the
bilifellinic and bilicholinic acids of Berzelius.
Bilin is a gummy, yellowish solid, without ni-
trogen ; it is decomposed at 212° F., and burns,
leaving an ash. Liebig gives the formula
C76N 2 H 6 ^D22 for his choleic acid, which is all
that part of bile soluble in alcohol, and contain-
ing the bilin, &c, of Berzelius. This substance
is resolved by muriatic acid into taurine, am-
monia, and a new acid, the choloidic, and by
the action of caustic potash into carbonic acid,
.ammonia, and a new cholic acid : both these
acids are found to contain no nitrogen. This
author regards the bile as a secretion destined
to prepare carbonaceous food for the function
of calorification, and not as an excretion ; and
his view is sustained by the fact that choleic
acid can not be discovered in healthy fasces.
The most obvious use of the bile in the ani-
mal economy is to separate the chyle from the
chyme. It aids in exciting the peristaltic ac-
tion of the intestines; hence, in' jaundice, the
bowels are, in general, extremely torpid. The
color of the faeces seems to depend on the state
of the bile.
The bile or gall of various animals was for-
merly used in medicine. All bile was supposed
to be calefacient, drying, detergent, discutient,
vermifuge ; it was believed, also, to facilitate
parturition.
Bile, Pettenkofer's test for. The sus-
pected fluid, or an alcoholic solution of the
solid, is placed in a test tube, and two thirds
the volume of pure sulphuric acid added by
drops. When the mixture is cold, two or three
drops of pure syrup is added, when, if choleic
acid be present, the mixture assumes a violet-red
color.
Bile sugar. Picromel.
Biliary. Biliarius. Appertaining or rela
ting to bile ; as, Biliary ducts, Biliary concre
tions. •
Biliary apparatus. The liver, ducts, &c,
concerned in the secretion of bile.
Biliary calculus. B. concretions. See
Calculus.
Biliary ducts. See Hepar.
Biliary resin. (Theiiard.) This is a mix-
ture of the bilifellinic and bilichohnic acids of
Berzelius.
Bilicholinic acid. See Bile.
Bilifellinic acid. See Bile.
Bilifulvin. An insoluble pale-yellow col-
oring matter, produced by the action of oxygen
on cholepyrrhin ; and left, after the precipita-
tion of the biliverdin, by an acid from the oxi-
dized solution.
Bilimbi. An Indian tree (the Averrhoa bi~
limbi) which yields a juice used by the natives
for the cure of itch and other cutaneous disor-
105
BIR
BIT
ders ; it is said that for this purpose they wear
linen dipped in the juice.
Bilin. The principal constituent of bile,
which see.
Bilious. Abounding in bile.
Bilious fever. See Febris and Fever.
Bilious temperament. See Temperament.
Biliph.*:in. The reddish-yellow coloring
matter of bile, called cholepyrrhin by Berzelius.
It is found in some biliary calculi, and as a
{>owder in the gall-bladder. It is very slight-
y soluble, except in solutions of potash or soda;
and in this case, when exposed to air, it ab-
sorbs oxygen, and the yellow changes to green
(Biliverdin), which may be precipitated by an
acid, leaving behind the Bilifulvin. The pres-
ence of biliphami in serum, urine, &c, is at
once known by adding a little nitric acid, when
it changes to blue, then green, violet, red, and,
ultimately, yellowish-brown.
BI'LIS. See Bile.
Bins atra. Black bile. The fanciful cause
of melancholy.
Biliverdin. The green oxidized biliphocin.
That obtained from ox bile is said to closely
resemble chlorophyll.
BTLOBED. Bilobus. Having two lobes.
Bilocular. Bilocularis. Two-celled: ap-
plied to a capsule which has two cells.
Bimana. The order of mammalia containing
the genus man, or homo.
Bi'manus. Two-handed. A term applied
by zoologists to man.
Binary. Binary. A binary compound is
that resulting from the union of two elements.
Bina'tus. Binate; in pairs.
Bindweed. The genus Convolvulus.
Bindweed tribe. Convolvulacea?.
Bino'culus. Diophthalmos. (From bis,
twice, and oculus, the eye.) The name of a
bandage adapted to be applied over both
eyes.
Biochemia. Biochtmia. Animal or vital
chemistry.
Bio-dynamics. The doctrine of the vital
forces.
BIO'LOGY. (Biologia, a, f . ; from (iioc
life, and Tioyoc, a discourse.) The doctrine or
science of life.
Bioly'chnium. Biolychnion. (From ftioc,
life, and ?.vxviov, a lamp.) The vital or animal
heat. #
Bipari'etal. That diameter of the cranium
which passes from one parietal protuberance
to the other is called by some the biparietal di-
ameter.
Bipartite. Biparti'tus. Deeply divided,
almost to the basis.
Bipeneli.a. See Pimpinclla.
Biped. (From bipc.i.) An animal with only
two legs.
Bipinnati'fidus. Doubly pinnatifid.
Bipinnate. Bipinnatus. Doubly pinnate.
Bir. The thorax.
Birch. See Betnla alba.
Birdlime. Viscus aucupum. So called be-
cause, from its great viscidity, it is used to en-
tangle birds. A vegetable substance, generally
prepared from the middle bark of the holly.
Bird's eye. The Adonis verna. See Adonis.
108
Bird's tongue. The seeds of the Fraxinut
excelsior.
Birthwort. See Aristolochia.
Birthwort, climbing. See Aristolochia
clematitis.
Birthwort, long-rooted. See Aristolochia
longa.
Birthwort, snake-killing. See Aristolo-
chia anguicida.
Birthwort, three-lobed. See Aristolochia
trilobata.
Bische. Biecho. A malignant dysentery
of the West Indies.
Biserial. Arranged in two rows.
Biserrate. With two orders of seratures.
Bisferiens. Dicrotus.
Bishop's weed. See Ammi.
Bisli'ngua. Ruscus hypoglossum.
Bismalva. Althma officinalis.
BISMUTH. (Bismuthum, i, n.) A brittle,
crystalline metal, fusible at about 400° F. ; of
a pink tinge ; readily soluble in nitric acid. It
is a very inferior conductor of heat and elec-
tricity. Sp.gr., 9-5; equivalent, 71*0; symbol,
Bi. When heated in the open air, it burns
into the oxide BX), or flowers of bismuth of a
fine white color. The salts of bismuth have
attracted little attention in medicine, the sub-
nitrate, or magistery of bismuth, being the only
officinal preparation. The chloride of bismuth,
also called the butter of bismuth, is corrosive,
and of a soft consistency.
Bismuth subnitrate. B. trisnitratc. B. te-
tarto-nitrate. This is formed when a solution
of the nitrate is dropped into a large quantity
of pure water. The subnitrate (3 BiO-f-NOs)
falls as an insoluble, beautifully-white powder,
known under the names of pearl powder and
magistery of bismuth. This powder has ob-
tained some celebrity in the treatment of gas-
trodynia, obstinate vomiting, and painful affec-
tions of the stomach. Dose, gr. iv. to gr. x.,
three times a day. It is but an uncertain med-
icine, however, and has been pushed to doses
J of 3j. without benefit.
Bismuthi subnitras. See Bismuth subni-
| trate.
Bismuthum album. Bismuth, subnitrate.
Bistort. See Bistorta.
BISTO'RTA. (a, «, f.) Polygonum bis-
torta.
BI'STOURY. Bislouri. Any small knife
for surgical purposes. Bistouries are straight,
convex, concave, sharp-pointed, probe-pointed,
&c.
Bistoury cache. A bistoury, the blade of
which is concealed in a sheath, from which it
is made to protrude by pressing on a spring.
Bisulphas. Bisulphate.
Bisulphas potassjE. See Potassce bisulphas.
Bitartrate of potash. Cream of tartar.
Bi'thynos. TSidvvoc. An ancient plaster
against dropsy.
BIT NOBEN. (Indian.) Salt of bitumen.
A white saline substance imported from India,
which is not a natural production, but a prep
aration made by the Hindoos. It is called in
the country padanoon, soucherloon, and popu-
larly, khala mimuc, or black salt. It is used by
the Indians in all complaints.
BLA
Bitter. See Amarus.
Bitter apple. See Cucumis colocynthis.
Bitter earth. Magnesia.
Bitter of welter. Carbazotic acid.
Bitter infusion. An infusion of gentian,
quassia, &c.
BITTER PRINCIPLE. This name was
formerly applied to a substance supposed to be
common to bitter plants, and to be the cause of
their peculiar taste. There is no such common
principle.
Bitter-sweet. Solauum dulcamara
Bitter wood. Quassia.
BI'TTERN. The mother water which re-
mains after the crystallization of common salt
from sea-water. It abounds with sulphate and
muriate of magnesia, and contains iodine and
bromine.
BITTERS. Medicines of a bitter taste.
They are usually tonics, and are by some wri-
ters divided into pure or simple bitters, aro-
matic bitters, and astringent bitters. — Bitters,
wine or spirit. Tinctura gentiana; composita.
Bittos. A disease marked by acute pain in
the anus.
BITU'MEN. (en, init, n.) This term in-
cludes a number of inflammable mineral substan-
ces. The fluid are naphtha, petroleum, mineral
tar, mineral pitch. The solid are asphaltum,
elastic bitumen or mineral caoutchouc, mineral
adipocire, retinasphaltum, pit coal, jet mellilite
or honey-stone, and amber. Of these substan-
ces, asphaltum and amber have been used in
medicine. See Asphaltum and Succinum.
Bitumen barbaden.se. See Petroleum har-
badense.
* Bitumen judaicum. See Asphaltum
Bitumen liquidum. See Petroleum.
Bitumenization. The transformation of or-
ganic matters into bitumen. Thus, wood is
converted by natural processes into several va-
rieties of coal, and the substance called peat
co/isists of the remains of vegetables which have
undergone a similar change.
Bitumenized. Changed into bitumen. Thus,
bitumenised wood, &c.
Bituminous. Partaking of the nature of bi-
tumen.
BIVALVE. Bivalvis. Two-valved; form-
ed of two pieces.
BIVE'NTER. Digastric. A muscle is so
termed which has two bellies.
Biventer cervicis. The complexus muscle.
Biventer maxill.e inferioris. The digas-
tric muscle.
BI'XA. A genus of plants. Polyandria.
Monogynia. — B. orellana. B. orleana. An-
notto. The substance so called is obtained from
the pellicles of the seeds. In Jamaica and oth-
er warm climates, it is considered as a useful
remedy in dysentery, possessing astringent and
stomachic qualities.
Blacci^:. Rubeola.
Black boy gum. A red resin of New Hol-
land, from the Xantliorrhoea arborea.
Black death. See Pestis nigra.
Black draught. Infusion of senna with
salts.
Black drop. Gutta nigra.
Black flux. Cream of tartar heated to red-
B LE
ness, or a mixture of carbonate of potash and
charcoal.
Black jaundice. See Icterus.
Black lead. Plumbago.
Black leprosy. See Lepra.
Black pestilence. Plague. See Pestis ni-
gra.
Black snake-root. Actam (cimicifuga)race-
mosa.
Black sticking plaster. Solution of isin
glass, with a little tincture of benzoin brushed
over silk.
Black tongue. An epidemic typhoid disease.
Black turpeth. Black oxide of mercury.
Black vomit. See Yellow fever.
Black wadd. Peroxide of manganese.
Black wash. Lotio calcis composita.
Black water. The water-brash. Pyrosis
Blackberry. Rubus villosus.
Bladder. See Urinary bladder.
Bladder-wrack. See Fucus vcsiculostts.
Bladdery fever. Pemphigus.
Blade-bone. See Scapula.
BLjESITAS. (as, atis, f.; from blcesus.)
Stammering.
Bl.s:sus. T&Tmiooc. A term applied to one
who has the legs or feet distorted outward ; to
one who has the spine bent forward or back-
ward ; to a paralytic ; or to one who stammers.
Blain. A small wateiy vesicle of the skin.
Rupia.
Blanc de Troyes. Creta preparata.
Bla'nca. A medicine of turpentine, various
fetid gums, euphorbium, colocynth, antimony,
aromatics, &c. White lead.
Blanca mulierum. The whites. See Leu-
corrhaa.
Blanch. To whiten. Blanched almonds
are those deprived of their testa.
Bla'nquinine. An alkaloid supposed to ex-
ist in cinchona ovalifolia.
Blas. A term of Van Helmont, who applied
it to the motions and influences of the stars, and
to the activities of animal bodies.
Blast. Afflatus. Erysipelas.
BLASTE'MA. (B2.aoTT/fia. BXaarnmg ;
from j3Xaaravu, to germinate.) 1. The eruption
of any morbific humor. 2. The rudimentary
mass of an organ in a state of development. 3.
The substance which nourishes the cytoblast,
or cell-germ.
BLASTODERMA. The germinal membrane
or skin, within and about which the develop-
ment of the nucleus takes place.
Bla'tta byza'ntia. Unguis odoratus. The
operculum of a shell-fish, formerly used in
medicine.
Blatta'ria. Verbascum blattaria.
Blaud's pills. Nearly the same as the pi-
lula> ferri compositre.
Bleaching liquid. Solution of chloride of
soda or lime.
Bleaching powder. Chloride of lime.
Blear-eye. A weak and weeping eye, with
a chronic inflammation of the eye-lids. See
Lippitudo.
Bleb. A bulla or small bladder.
BLE'CHNUM. A genus of ferns.— B. lin-
guifoliwm. See Scolopendrium vulgare. — B
squamosum. See Ceterach officinalis.
]07
BLE
BLECHR-o'rviius. A name given by some
•writers to the slow, nervous fever.
Blechros. Slow; feeble: as, blechrospkyg-
mia, a slow pulse.
BLEEDING. 1. A discharge of blood from
the animal body, from whatever cause. See
Hemorrhage. 2. The operation of blood-let-
ting for the cure or prevention of disease. See
Blood-letting.
Blende. Sulphuret of zinc.
BLENNA. Mucus. Hence, Blennelytria,
leucorrhcea — Blenncnteria, dysentery — Blen-
nisthmia, an increased flow of mucus from the
pharynx and larynx — Blennogenous tissue, a
tissue for the production of mucus, especially
that of the skin.
Blennophthalmia. Purulent ophthalmia.
Blennoptysis. Catarrh.
Blennopyria. Fevers with mucous disturb-
ance.
. BLENNORRHA'GIA. (From Qlevva, mu-
cus, and pTiyvvfii, to burst forth.) A discharge
of mucus. Gonorrhoea.
Blennorrha'gic Relating to blennorrha-
gia.
BLENNORRHCE'A. (From fiXevva, mucus,
and peu, to flow.) A flow of mucus. The
term is applicable to an increased discharge
from any of the mucous surfaces, but is usu-
ally restricted to that from the m-ethra and va-
gina. Blennorrhea may be divided into two
species :
1. The Blennorrhea simplex, which is a sim-
ple increased secretion of mucus from the ure-
thra, proceeding from local irritation or debil-
ity. It requires rest, cold applications, tonics,
and mild aperients.
2. Blennorheea chronica. — It is the common
sequel of a clap, which has either been badly
treated, or has lasted long and produced great
local weakness ; but it occurs, also, indepen-
dently of any clap, from other causes of weak-
ness. The discharge is yellowish, slimy, and
stiffens the linen. It varies greatly in quantity
in different cases. Another cause of gleet is
stricture of the urethra. In common cases,
gleet yields to terebinthinate medicines: the
copaiba and Chian turpentine are most esteem-
ed. Warm stimulants are also serviceable ; as
cubebs, and other peppers. When these are
ineffectual in stopping the discharge, tonics and
cold bathing should be resorted to. Passing a
bougie occasionally often so stimulates the re-
laxed urethra as \p remove the disease. Weak
astringent injections seldom fail of stopping the
discharge. Solutions of acetate of lead, sul-
phate of zinc, or acetate of zinc, are generally
the best adapted for this purpose.
BLENNORRHEA. A generic term for a
disease attended with mucus discharge ; as, B.
genitalium, leucorrhcea — B. luodes, venerea,
vrethralis, urethritis or clap — B. oculi, ophthal-
mia— U. nasalis, coiyza — B. urinalis, vesica,
cystorrhoea — B. ventriculi, gastorrhnea — B. va-
gina, uteri, leucorrhcea.
BLENNO'SES. Affections of the mucous
tissues.
Blennothorax. Catarrh ; peripneumonia
notha.
Blepharadeni'tis. (From filefyapov. the
108
BLO
eyelid, and a6i]v, a gland.) Inflammation of
the Meibomian glands.
Blepharelosis. Entropion.
Blephari'tis. (From (3he$apov, the eyelid.)
An inflammation of the eyelid.
BLEPHARON. The eyelid. From this is
compounded a number of words ; as, Blepha-
rcedema, or hydroblepharon — Blepharoplastice,
the formation of a new eyelid — Blepharospas-
ms, a spasm of the eyelid.
BLEPHARO'NCUS. (From ftletyapov, and
oynoc, a tumor.) A tumor on the eyelid. The
term Blcpharoncosis has been improperly substi-
tuted for this; oyKOtuc means a general aug-
mentation of the bulk of any thing.
BLEPHAROPHTHA'LMIA. Blepharotis.
Blephar otitis. An inflammation of the eyelid.
BLEPHAROPLE'GIA. (From (Uefyapov,
and nXnyn, a stroke, or paralysis.) Falling
down of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the
levator muscle. See Blepharoptosis.
BLEPH AROPTO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from /fte-
<j>apov, and irruatc, from mrrru, to fail.) Ble-
pharoplegia. A prolapse, or falling down of
the upper eyelid. It may arise from a relaxed
state of the common integuments of the eyelids,
or from paralysis of the levator muscle ; in the
latter case it is often connected with disease of
the brain : some writers consider spasm of the
orbicular muscle as an occasional cause.
Blepharoxy'stum. An instrument used by
the Greek surgeons to remove callosities from
the inner surface of the eyelid.
Blessed thistle. See Centaurea bcncdicta.
Blestri'smus. Jactitation; restlessness.
Ble'villk. It possesses an acidulous cha- #
lybeate spring.
Blindness. Coecitas.
Blindness, nocturnal. See Hcmeralopia.
BLISTER. 1. An elevation of the cuticle,
arising from the deposition of a serous fluid un-
derneath it. A blister may be raised artificially
by topical applications, or it may be caused By
a burn, by hard friction of the cuticle, or by
disease. 2. A topical application, which raises
the cuticle in the form of a vesicle, filled with
a serous fluid. See Vesicatorium.
Blister-fly. See Cantharis.
Blister, perpetual. One that is kept open
by stimulating dressings.
BLI'TUM. (fan, i, n. ; /3/Urov.) A genus
of plants. Class, Monandria ; Order, Digynia.
— Blitnm capitatum. The Amaranthiis blitum.
A pot-herb : it has been employed as an emol-
lient. — B. fmtidum. Chenopodium vulnaria.
BLOOD. The chief circulating fluid of ani-
mals, wherefrom the materials for the repair of
parts and the production of secretions are de-
rived. It is of a red color and high tempera-
ture (98° to 102°) in man and the higher ani-
mals, but in reptiles, fishes, and the inferior
races little elevated above the medium in
which they dwell, and of a white, or yellcAvish,
or pink color. The amount of blood in an in-
dividual has been estimated at from 8 to 100 lbs.,
and it is supposed not to exceed 30 lbs. The
sp. gr. is from 1042 to 1058. While circula-
ting in the body it consists of a transparent
fluid, the liquor sanguinis or plasma, in which
numerous minute globules float. The globules
BLO
are of three kinds: 1. The ordinary red glob-
ule, of an elliptical and flattened figure, and
about ^ ? V<r tn °^ an mcn m diameter. 2. Lymph
globules, which are jspherical, granular, and
colorless, and contain minute nuclei, sometimes
seen to be in motion. 3. Chyle globules, which
do not differ in any remarkable points from the
lymph globules. The last two are called the
white globules of the blood, and there may
also be oil globules. When drawn and allow-
ed to rest, the blood divides spontaneously into
a light yellow fluid, the scrum, and into a solid
portion, the clot or crassamcnlmn. The latter
is produced by the deposit of the fibrin of the
liquor sanguinis, which invests and carries down
the globules. The serum contains Water, sa-
line matters, and albumen. Notwithstanding
the marked difference in color, and capacity of
sustaining life, between venous and arterial
blood, there is nothing known with certainty
concerning their chemical differences.
Much attention has been paid of late to the
normal composition of healthy blood for the
purpose of obtaining a standard of comparison
to judge of the effects of disease on this impor-
tant fluid. The mean of Simon represents
healthy blood as consisting of 80 per cent, wa-
ter and 20 solid residue, witli 0*2 per cent,
fibrin, and the same amount of fats ; 10 to 13
per cent, of globules ; 6 to 7 per cent, of albu-
men ; and 1 per cent, of extractive matters and
salts. The extractive is divided into alcohol
and water extracts, of which but little isknown.
The salts consist of chloride of sodium and potas-
sium; carbonate of soda; phosphate of soda, lime,
and magnesia ; peroxide of iron, and sulphate
of soda. The fats consist of common fats, phos-
phorized fat, and a minute amount of serolin.
In diseases of an inflammatory order the
fibrin may become as much as 6 to 10 parts in
1000, especially in pneumonitis and acute rheu-
matism, whereas in typhoid states it falls so
low (0-9 in 1000) as to impair the coagulability
of the blood. The blood globules are diminish-
ed by bleeding and hemorrhages, and fall much
below the standard in cachexies, especially
chlorosis, in which they sink to 3 or 2 per
cent. There are also certain bodies, as sugar,
urea, cholesterine, and bile, which are occa-
sionally discovered in unhealthy blood. The
bufiy coat of inflammation arises from the ex-
cess of fibrin, or of a modification of it, called
the tritoxide of protein by Mulder.
The blood is, for the most part, recruited
from the lacteals, and receives contributions
from the lymphatic system also ; these, being
mixed with the venous or black blood returned
from all parts of the system, are exposed to air
in the lungs, part with carbonic acid, and ob-
tain oxygen, which is, according to some, mere-
ly absorbed by the liquor sanguinis, and, ac-
cording to others, acts upon the fibrin or on the
coloring matter. In the course of the circula-
tion, the oxygen, whether free or combined, is
replaced by carbonic acid, converting the arte-
rial into venous blood. The ultimate analysis
of dry blood gives, according to Liebig, carbon,
51-96; hydrogen, 7*25; nitrogen, 15-07; oxy-
gen, 21-30; ashes, 4-42: which nearly coin-
cides with the formula C^HsgNeOis.
BOD
Blood, black. Venous blood.
Blood corpuscules. B. globules. B.
disks. See Globules of the blood.
Blood, deficiency of. Anaemia.
Blood, dragon's. Calamus rotang.
Blood, fullness of. Plethora.
Blood, menstrual. The sanguineous fluid
discharged by the healthy uterus of unimpreg
nated females is of an acid reaction, and non-
coagulable. By analysis, it is found to contain
an excess of blood globules, epithelium cells,
nearly 0-3 per cent, of fats, the normal quantity
of albumen and salts, and almost an entire free-
dom from fibrin.
Blood, spitting of. Haemoptysis.
Blood stroke. An universal congestion.
Blood, vomiting of. Hrematemesis.
Blood, white. Lymph.
BLOOD-LETTING. Under this term is
comprehended every artificial discharge of blood
made with a view to the cure or prevention of
disease. Blood-letting is divided into general
and topical. The former includes venwsection
and arteriotomy ; and the latter, the application
of leeches, cupping-glasses, and scarification.
Blood-root. Sanguinaria canadensis.
Blood-shot. When the vessels of the eye-
ball are distended with red blood.
Blood-stone. Haematite.
Blood-vessel, breaking a. Ha;morrhagia.
Bloody flux. Dysentery.
BLOW-PIPE. An instrument used by anato-
mists and chemists. The anatomical blow-pipe
is a silver or brass tube, by means of which
parts are inflated. By means of the blow-pipe
the flame of a candle or lamp is directed on the
object intended to be acted on. The flame
assumes a conical shape, and the greatest heat
is at the point of the cone. By substituting for
common air a stream of oxygen gas, a much
' higher temperature is produced, and a mixture
of oxygen and hydrogen gases propelled through
the tube by a convenient apparatus causes a •
degree of heat nearly equal to that of the arc
of flame in the voltaic circuit. This constitutes
what is called the Oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe.
The blow-pipe is an invaluable instrument to
the chemist, and affords the mineralogist a prin-
cipal means of determining the nature of min
eral substances.
Blue bottle. Centaurea cyanus.
Blue disease. Blue skin. Blue jaundice
See Cyanosis.
Blue eye-water. See Aqua cupri ammoniati.
Blue ointment. Unguentum hydrargyri
Blue pill. See Pilula hydrargyri.
Blue stone. Blue vitriol. Blue cop-
peras. Sulphate of copper.
Blunt hook. Hook blunt.
BO'A. (a, <e, f.) 1. The Latin name of a
papular eruption. 2. The Lues venerea. 3
The name of a genus of serpents.
Boar. Sus scrofa.
Boche'tum. A decoction of the woods.
Bo'chia. A glass subliming vessel.
Bo'cium. Bochium. Boetum. Bronchocele.
BODY. In the language of science this term
is sometimes used in the same sense as matter;
that is, it designates a substance which has
length, breadth, and thickness ; is divisible,
109
BOL
impenetrable, and movable ; but it is more fre-
quently used to designate those circumscribed
forms of matter which are the objects of sight
and touch ; as animals, vegetables, stones, &c.
Body, coming down of. Proctocele.
Boerhaave's ague rowDER. A mixture of
alum, powdered nutmeg, and Armenian bole.
Boerhaave's red pill. A pill containing
cinnabar.
Bog-bean. See Mcnyanthes trifoliata.
Bogia gummi. Gamboge.
Boil. See Furunculus.
Boiling point. The temperature at which
fluids boil at the ordinary pressure of the atmo-
sphere, or 30 inches of the barometer.
Bola. Myrrh.
Bolar earth. Bole. See Bole.
BOLE. (Bolus, i, m.; (3u?mc, a mass.) An
argillaceous mineral, having a conchoidal frac-
ture, a glimmering internal lustre, and a shining
streak, and of various colors. These earths
were commonly mado into little cakes or flat
masses, and stamped with certain impressions ;
from which circumstance they received the
name of terra; sigillatw, or sealed earths.
Bole, Armenian. Bolus Armenia:. The
Armenian bole is an argillaceous earth of a
pale but bright-red color. It is occasionally
mixed with honey, and applied to the aphtha) ;
it is also used as a tooth-powder when mixed
with some aromatic.
BOLE' TIC. Boleticus. Appertaining to
the boletus.
Boletic acid. Acidum bolcticum. An acid
discovered by Braconnot in the juice of the
Boletus pseud o-ign iarius.
BOLE'TUS. (us, i, va.\ QuknriQ.) 1. A
kind of fungus referred by Lhmams to the ge-
nus Lycopcrdon. 2. A genus of fungi, which
differ from the agarics in having tubes under
the caps instead of gills.
Boletus cervi. The deer ball. This is
said to be aphrodisiac.
Boletus igniarius. Agaric of the oak;
touchwood boletus ; female agaric. The Agar-
icus of the Pharmacopoeias : called, also, Agar-
icus chirurgorum, Agaricus quercus. Has been
much used by surgeons as an external styptic,
when softened by beating.
Boletus laricis. Agaricus albus. It is
parasitic on the larch, and it is a drastic purge
in the dose of sj. to jij.
Boletus purgans. The boletus laricis.
Boletus suave'olens. The Fungus salicis
of the Pharmacopoeias. When fresh, it has a
sub-urinous smell, and at first an acid taste, fol-
lowed by a bitter. Formerly given in phthis-
ical complaints.
Boletus sulphureus. On drying, this
evolves needle-like crystals of oxalic acid near-
ly pure.
Bolismus. See Bulimia.
Bolognian stone. A pyrophorus. The ex-
act process is not known; but a substance very
distinctly luminous in the dark, after exposure
to the sun's rays, may bo obtained by making
powdered sulphate of baryta into cakes with
mucilage of gum tragacanth, calcining them
carefully in the open fire, and allowing them to
cool slowly.
110
BOH
BO'LUS. (Bolus, i, m. ; /JuAof, a mass.) 1.
Any medicine, rolled into the shape of a ball
larger than an ordinary-sized pill, and yet not
too large to be swallowed. 2. A kind of argil-
laceous earth. See Bole.
Bolus ad quartanum. A medicine of Laen-
nec for pneumonia. #. Emetic tartar, gr. j. ;
bark, sj. : make into a mass with oil of juniper.
Bolus Armenia. See Bole, Armenian.
Bolus armeni.e albus. The white Armen-
ian bole.
Bolus blessensis. BoleofBlois.
Bolus gallicus. Bolus albus. French bole.
A pale, red-colored earth, variegated with ir-
regular specks and veins of white and yellow.
It was formerly esteemed as an absorbent and
antacid.
Bomarea salsilla. This Chilian plant is
used as a sudorific.
Bqmbic acid. Acidum bombicum. Acid of
the silk-worm ; formic acid ?
BO'MBUS. (us, i, m. ; (iofi6og, the buzzing
of bees.) In medical language, this word has
been used to denote, 1. The sensation of ring-
ing in the ears. Tinnitus aurium. 2. The
noise caused by the movement of gas in the in-
testines, otherwise called Borborygmus. See
Borborygmus.
Bonduch Indorum. See Guilandina.
BONE. See Os.
Bone-binder. See Osleocolla.
Bone black. Charred bones ; ivory black.
Bone earth. It consists nearly altogether
of phosphate of lime.
Bone nippers. Bone forceps. A strong
pair of forceps with cutting edges, for removing
and cutting away fragments of bones.
Boneset. Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Bone spirit. The impure ammonia distilled
from bones.
Bones, brittleness or friability of. This
morbid state is a consequence of several dis-
eases, especially syphilis. The gelatinous mat-
ter of the bones is removed, and there being
an excess of earthy particles, they become brit-
tle, so as to be fractured upon the slightest vio-
lence.
Bones. SALT of. Carbonate of ammonia.
Bones, softening of. Mollities ossium.
Bonnes, mineral waters of. They are sul-
phureous and thermal : 98° F.
BONPLANDIA. A genus of lofty trees of
South America, the bark of which yields angos-
tura or cusparia bark, especially that of the B.
trifoliata.
Bonus genius. Peucedanum.
Bonus Henricus. See Chenopodmm bonus
Henricus. •
BORA'CIC ACID. Acidum boracicum. Aci-
dum boracis. Sedative salt of Homberg. Bo-
racic acid is most readily obtained by dissolving
borax in hot water, filtering the solution ; add-
ing sulphuric acid by little and little, till the
liquid has a sensibly acid taste, and setting it
aside to cool : the boracic acid will be depos-
ited in small, white, shining, scaly crystals. It
is slightly acid ; soluble ; vitrified by heat.
Composition, boron 1— f-3 oxygen. It was for-
merly thought to be a sedative.
Borage. See Borago.
BOT
BORAGI'NEjE. Boraginacem. The Borage
tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous
plants or shrubs, with leaves alternate, covered
■with asperities ; corolla gamopetalous ; stamens
inserted in the corolla ; fruit, four nats, distinct.
BORA'GO. (o, mis, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Boraginem. — B. of-
ficinalis. Borage. It is used in Europe in pul-
monary diseases, in rheumatism, and in cutane-
ous affections.
BO'RAS. (as, atis, f.) A borate.
Boras sodje. See Sodm biboras.
Boras supersodicus. Borax.
Borate. A salt of boracic acid.
Borate of mercury. A compound of bora-
cic acid with oxide of mercury. It has been
recommended in syphilis.
BORAX. (Boras, acis, m. ; from Bourach,
an Arabic word.) See Sodm biboras.
BORBORY'GMUS. (us,i,m. Boptopvyfioe.)
The rumbling noise occasioned by flatus in the
intestines.
Bordeaux, waters of. They are chalybe-
ate.
Boric acid. Boracic acid.
Boritis. The philosopher's stone.
Borneen. The name given to a compound
of carbon and hydrogen found in valerian root,
and which, on exposure to moisture, acquires
the properties of Borneo camphor. It is sup-
posed to be identical with liquid camphor. The
camphor itself has been named borneol, and it
is converted, by the action of nitric acid, into
laurel-camphor.
Borneo camphor. That found in the crevi-
ces of the dryobalonops-tree.
BORON. Borium. Boracium. The basis
of- boracic acid. It is an element, solid, of a
greenish-black color, and resembling carbon.
Eq., 136*25 ; sym., B. It combines with sul-
phur, chlorine, and oxygen, forming with the
last, BO3, boracic acid.
Borozail, or Zail. (Ethiopic.) A disease
which is endemic on the shores of the River
Senegal. It attacks the genital organs of both
sexes, but is different from syphilis. Accord-
ing to Blancard, it is called Asab in men, and
Assdbatus in women. It is probably identical
with Frambmsia, or the Yaws.
Boruret. A combination of boron with a
simple body. A boride.
Borri. Borri-borri. Boberri. Turmeric;
also an ointment.
BOS. (os, ovis, m.) The ox. A well-known
genus of ruminant animals. The flesh of the
ox, commonly called beef, is highly-nutritious
and digestible.
BOS WE'LLIA. A genus of plants. Decan-
dria. Monogynia. B. serrata is supposed to
afford the olibanum of commerce. — B. thuife-
ra. The olibanum-tree.
Bota'le foramen. The foramen ovale of
the foetal heart.
BOTANICA. Botany.
Bota'nicon. A plaster made of herbs.
Botano'logy. Botany.
BO'TANY. (BoraviKn, Botanica; from jio-
ravtj, an herb, or grass. ) That branch of natural
history which relates to the vegetable kingdom.
Botany is not confined to the description and
BOU
classification of plants, but involves the whole
philosophy of one great department of nature.
It consists of the terminology, or nomenclature
of the several parts of plants which are exter-
nally visible; as stems, leaves, flowers, seed-
vessels, &c.
The classification, or arrangement. A knowl-
edge of the different parts of a plant must ne-
cessarily be gained before it is described ; but,
amid the multiplicity of objects which the veg-
etable kingdom presents, it is impossible to dis-
tinguish individuals from each other, by char-
acters which the memory can retain, without
having recourse to such general similarities and
differences as are common to a number of indi-
viduals. By tracing these general resemblance*
and diversities through a number of gradations,
we are enabled to found on them primary and
subordinate divisions, either ascending from
particulars to generals, or descending from gen-
erals to particulars. Such divisions and distri-
butions in the science before us constitute the
various systems, arrangements, or classifications-
of botanists ; and these, according to the kind
of characters on which they are founded, are
called natural or artificial. A view of the
principal classifications of plants will be given
in the article Vegetable Kingdom.
Vegetable chemistry is the chemical exami-
nation of the substances which enter into the
composition of plants, or are formed by them.
This now forms the greater part of vegetable
physiology.
Botany-bay gum. See Xanthorhasa haslilis.
Botargo. A salted preparation made in Ita-
ly and the South of France, from the row of the
gray mullet. It is used as a seasoning to other
food.
Bo'thrion. Botrium. 1. The socket of a
tooth. 2. A small, deep ulcer of the cornea.
BOTHRIOCE'PHALUS. (us, i, m.; from
Podpiov, and ke^oXv, a head.) The tape- worm.
See Entozoa.
BoTHRiocErHALus latus. See Entozoa.
Bo'tium. A bronchocele.
BO'TRYS. (Borpvc, a cluster of grapes.)
Supposed to be the Chenopodium botrys. — B.
mexicana. Chenopodium ambrosioides. — B.
vulgaris- Chenopodium botrys.
Botts. The larva of several flies which aro
found in the stomach and intestines of horses
and domestic animals.
Botulinic acid. A poisonous, oily acid
found in decaying sausages.
BOUGI'E. (French for a wax candle.) A
long, slender instrument that is introduced into
the urethra, oesophagus, or rectum, to overcome
strictures of those canals. Bougies for the ure-
thra are made of various materials, as elastic
gum, wax, catgut, and metal, and of various
sizes, according to the degree of stricture.
Each kind of bougie has its advantages for par-
ticular purposes, but the elastic gum is the one
most generally used, and to be preferred in
common cases of stricture of the urethra. When
the bougie has some escharotic substance at-
tached to the end of it, it is called a medicated
or armed bougie. Armed bougies are some-
times used in inveterate cases of stricture. A
common bougie, with a piece of nitrate of sil-
111
BRA
ver fitted into the end of it, is the contrivance
generally used by such surgeons as approve of
the use of armed bougies. Bougies for the
esophagus are usually made of elastic gum, and
are sometimes armed with caustic, like those
for the urethra. Bougies for the rectum are
generally made of elastic gum or of crystal
Bouillon. Broth.
Boulogne. Its mineral waters are acidulous
and chalybeate.
Bourbon-lan cy. It has thermal saline
springs, containing carbonic acid, muriates of
soda and lime, sulphate of soda, carbonates of
lime, iron, and silica. Their temperature is
from 106° to 135° F.
BOURDONNEMENT. The name given by
the French to the several varieties of imaginary
sounds, termed, 1. Syrigmus, or ringing in the
ears. 2. Susurrus, or whizzing sounds. 3.
Bombus, or beating sounds.
BOURDONNEMENT AMPHORIQUE. An
auscultatory sound resembling the buzzing of a
bee confined in a vase.
Bovi'll^e. The measles.
Bovi'na fames. See Bulimia.
Bovi'stus. See Lycoperdon.
Box-tree. See Buxus.
Box-wood. Cornus florida.
Boyle's fuming liquor. Boyle's hell. Sul-
phuret of ammonia.
BR. Bromine.
Brache'rium. A truss or bandage for hernia.
BRACHLE'US. (From brachium, the arm.)
Appertaining to the arm.
Brachi^eus externus. See Triceps exten-
sor cubiti.
BrachijEUS internus. See Brachialis in-
terims.
Brachi^us musculus. See Brachialis inter-
ims.
BRA'CHIAL. {Brachialis, from brachium,
the arm.) Appertaining to the arm.
Brachial aponeurosis. The euveloping
aponeurosis of the arm.
Brachial artery. Arteria brachialis. Ar-
teria humeralis. It is the continuation of the
axillary, which, as it passes behind the tendon
of the pectoralis major, receives the name of
brachial. It runs down on the inside of the
arm, behind the inner edge of the coraco-bra-
chialis and biceps muscles. It gives off the
profunda humeri superior, the profunda infe-
rior, and the ramus anastomoticus magnus. At
about an inch below the bend of the arm it di-
vides into the radial and ulnar.
Brachial plexus. The lower cervical nerves
and the first dorsal form this plexus. From this
all the great nerves of the upper extremity are
derived. It also gives off the external thoracic
nerves and twigs to the muscles in its vicinity.
Brachia'le. The carpus.
Brachialis externus. See Triceps exten-
sor cubiti.
Brachialis internus. Brachiaus. Bra-
chieeus interims. It arises fleshy from the mid-
dle of the os humeri, at each side of the inser-
tion of the deltoid muscle, covering all the
inferior and forepart of this bone ; runs over
the joint, and adheres firmly to the ligament ;
112
BRA
is inserted, by a strong, short tendon, into th/v
coronoid process of the ulna. Its use is to bend
the fore-arm, and to prevent the capsular liga-
ment of the joint from being pinched during
that actios.
BRACHIA'TUS. Brachiate. Applied to
branches, panicles, &c, spread in four direo
tions, crossing each other alternately in pairs.
Brachii os. See Humeri os.
Brachio-cefhalic artery. The arteria in-
nominata.
Brachio-cubital ligament. See Ligament-
um brachio-cubitale .
BRACHIO'PODA. (From fipaxiuv, an arm.
and novc, a foot.) An order of molluscous ani-
mals, so called because their feet resemble
arms.
Brachio-radial ligament. See Ligament-
um brachio-radiale.
BRA'CHIUM. {um, i, n.; fipaxiuv, the
arm.) The arm, or, more properly, that part
of it extending from the shoulder to the elbow.
Brachium movexs quartus. See Latissi-
mus dorsi.
Brachu'na. A species of satyriasis. Nym-
phomania.
Brachyau'chen. One with a short neck.
Brachychro'nius. (From (ipaxvc, short, and
Xpovoe, time.) A term applied by Galen to a
disease which continues but a short time.
Brachypnce'a. From j3paxvc, and ttveu, to
breathe.) Dyspnoea.
BRACT. Bractea. A floral leaf. A bract
is a little leaf-like appendage to some flowers,
lying under or interspersed in the flower, but
generally different in color from the true leaves
of the plant.
Bractea'tus. Bracteate: having a floral
leaf.
Bracteifo'rmis. Resembling a bract.
Bradymasesis. Dysmasesis.
Bradype'psia. (From (ipadvc, slow, and
■retttu, to concoct.) Weak digestion.
Bra'dyspermati'smus. Sterility.
Bradysuria. Painful and frequent urination.
Bragg at. A ptisan of honey and water.
BRAIN. See Cerebrum.
Brain, little. See Cerebellum.
Braine. A small town three leagues from
Soissons. It has mineral waters similar to those
of Passy.
Bramble. Rubrus fructicosus.
Bran. Furfur. It is laxative.
Branca leonina. B. leonis. See Alche-
milla.
Branca ursina. See Acanthus and Hera-
cleum.
Branchi. Branches. Swelling of the tonsils.
BRA'NCHIA. {a, a:, f. ; from (ipayxia, the
gills of a fish.) A gill. The respiratory organs
of those animals that breathe water instead of
air are called branchice, or gills.
BRANCHIO'PODA. (From (3pay X ia, gills,
and novg, a foot.) An order of crustaceous ani-
mals, so called because their branchial are situ-
ated on the feet.
Branchus. Bpuyxoc. Hoarseness.
Brandish's alkaline solution. A solution
of potash.
BRANDY. Spiritus Gallicus. An alcoholic
BRE
liquor, obtained by distillation from wine. It
contains from 50 to 60 per cent, of pure spirit.
Its peculiar flavor depends on the essential oil.
It acts like other ardent spirits; it is, howev-
er, preferable as a stimulant in typhus and oth-
er asthenic diseases. Brandy, largely diluted
with water, will often be found a good ordinary
drink at dinner, in cases of dyspepsia unattend-
ed with an inflammatory state of the stomach.
Brank-ursine. Acanthus mollis.
Bkanks. Mumps.
Brase'gur waters. They have both ca-
thartic and astringent properties.
Brasi'lia. Brazil wood.
Brasiliense lignum.' See Ccesalpinia.
Brasiliensis radix. The ipecacuanha root.
Bra'sium. Malt, or germinated barley.
Brass. Ms.
Brassade'lla. Brassatella. Ophioglossum
spicatum.
BRA'SSICA. (a, a, f.) Kpn/ify. Cabbage
or colewort. A genus of cruciferous plants.
Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. — B. acidulata. Sour
crout. — B. alba. The white cabbage. — B. api-
ana. Jagged or crimpled colewort. — B. canina.
See Mereurialis perennis. — B. capitata. See
Brassica oleracea: — B. cuma'na. The red cole-
wort. — B. eru'ca. Brassica erucastrum. Gar-
den rocket. Roman rocket. Eruca sylves-
tris. The seeds of this plant {semen eruca;)
have an acrid taste. They are said to be good
aperients and antiscorbutics. The rocket was
esteemed aphrodisiac by the ancient Romans. —
B. erucastrum. See Brassica eruca. — B. flori-
da. The cauliflower. — B. lacuturria. The
Savoy plant. — B. marina. See Convolvulus
soldanella. — B. napus. Wild navew, or rape.
The systematic name for the plant from which
the semen napi is obtained. Napus sylvestris.
Bunias. The seeds yield, upon expression, a
large quantity of oil, called rape oil, which is
sometimes ordered in stimulating liniments. —
B. oleracea. The sea cabbage. Cabbages in
general are somewhat hard of digestion, and
are apt to produce flatulency in weak stomachs.
The pickles of cabbage ai - e considered as anti-
scorbutic, from the vinegar and spices they
contain. — B. rapa. The turnip. The turnip
is somewhat laxative, but liable to produce flat-
ulencies. — B. rubra. Red cabbage. This
makes a good pickle. The infusion of its leaves,
which is of a very rich blue color, affords an
excellent test both for acids and alkalies, turn-
ing green with alkalies, and red with acids. —
B. sabduda. The Savoy plant. — B. saliva.
The common garden cabbage.
BRAYERA ANTHELMINTICA. A rosa-
ceous plant of Abyssinia, the flowers of which,
in decoction, are said to be of great value in
tapeworm, and as a vermifuge.
Brazil wood. See Casalpinia.
Bread-fruit. The Artocarpus incisa.
BREAST. The mamma, which see ; also,
the thorax or chest.
Breast -glass. A curved tube furnished
with a large bulb about midway, and used for
the purpose of drawing, by suction, the milk
from tumid breasts. There is another imple-
ment called a breast-glass, which is adapted to
the nipple, and resembles a small cup, the use
H
BRO
being to receive the milk which overflows from
the breast.
Breast-pump. A small bell-glass furnished
with an exhausting syringe for the purpose of
relieving tumid breasts.
BREATH. The air expelled from the chest
at each expiration. (See Respiration.) Fetor
of the breath arises from a variety of causes,
and constitutes the disagreeable infirmity com-
monly called a bad breath. It may arise from
decayed teeth, diseases of the nostrils or fauces,
&c. ; but it is most frequently connected with
a disordered state of the digestive organs. In
some persons, however, who enjoy perfect
health, fetor of tho breath is constitutional and
incurable.
Breath, short or difficult. Dyspnoea.
Breech presentations. See Parturition.
BRE'GMA. {a, tis, n. ; from /?/3£%o, to
moisten : formerly so called, because, in infants,
it is tender and moist.) The top of the head,
formed by the junction of the parietal bones.
Brenning. Gonorrhoea.
• Brevis cubiti. The anconeus.
Brevissimus oculi. The obliquus inferior
Brezilin. The coloring matter of Brazil
wood.
Bricklayer's itch. A kind of impetigo on
the hands.
Bricks. Bricks and brick-earth were for-
merly articles of the materia medica ; indeed,
the oil of bricks is sometimes used in the pres-
ent day. See Oleum laterinum. The powder
of bricks, made into an ointment with lard, has
been used as an application to herpetic and
other cutaneous diseases.
Bricks, oil of. Oleum laterinum.
BRIGHT'S DISEASE. A granular degen-
eration of the kidney, with albuminous urine.
The symptoms are cachexia, dyspepsia, lumbar
pain, inflammation of the kidney, frequent uri-
nation, dropsies, or visceral disease.
Brim of the pelvis. The margin of the
upper strait of the pelvis.
Brimstone. See Sulphur.
BRISTOL HOT WELL. Bristoliensis aqua.
A thermal and slightly acidulous mineral spring,
situated about a mile below Bristol. The fresh
water is inodorous, perfectly limpid and spark-
ling, and sends forth numerous air-bubbles when
poured into a glass. It is very agreeable to the
palate, but without having any very decided
taste.
British gum. Starch heated to 700° F.
British oil. Oleum petrre vulgare.
Broad ligaments. See Uterus.
Brochus. Bpoxog. Laqueus. A noose; a
particular kind of bandage.
Bro'chus. A person with a very prominent
upper lip, or whose teeth project forward.
Brocoli. Brassica florida.
Bro'dium. Jusculum. Broth, or the liquor in
which any thing is boiled. It has also been
used to designate any liquid vehicle of a medi-
cine. Brodium salis means a decoction of salt.
Bro'mal. A caustic, volatile, oily compound,
made by acting on alcohol with bromine in the
cold. Formula, C 4 B 3 0-f-HO.
Bromate. Bromas. A salt formed by the
combination of the bromic acid with a base.
113
BRO
BBO
BROMATO'LOGY. (Bromatologia, ee, f. ;
from ppo/ia, food, and Aoyoc, a discourse.) A
discourse or treatise on aliments.
BROME'LIA. A genus of plants. Hexan-
dria. Monogynia. — B. ananas. The pine-ap-
ple. The B. penguin yields a refrigerant fruit.
Bromic acid. See Bromine.
BROMIDE. A compound formed by the
union of bromine with a base. See Bromine.
BROMINE. (Bromium; from fipuuoc, fee-
tor : so called from its peculiarly offensive
smell.) Brome. An elementary body obtain-
ed from bittern. At common temperatures
bromine is a deep reddish-brown liquid, of a
peculiarly suffocating, disagreeable odor. Spe-
cific gravity about 3. It emits a brownish-red
vapor at common temperatures, and hoils rap-
idly at 1 16°. At a temperature somewhat be-
low 0° it congeals into a brittle solid. It is
slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
This element is closely analogous with chlo-
rine and iodine. Eq., 78*39; sym., Br. It
forms an acid with oxygen, the bromic, BrOs,
and an acid gas with hydrogen, very similar to
the hydrochloric acid. Its compounds with
elementary bodies and compound radicals are
closely similar with those of chlorine, and are
called bromides.
Bromine has been lately introduced into
medicine. M. Magendie regards its properties
as somewhat analogous to those of iodine, but
more active; he has employed it in scrofula,
amenorrhoea, and hypertrophy of the heart.
The bromide of potassium, also called hydrobro-
mate of potash, may be given in distilled water
or any other simple vehicle, in the dose of from
three to five grains twice a day.
Bromide of sodium seems to be a preparation
very similar to the bromide of potassium.
The bromide of potassium and sodium has
been applied externally by M. Magendie, in the
form of ointment, to scrofulous swellings. Thir-
ty-four grains of the bromide may be blended
with an ounce of lard, and half a drachm or a
drachm of this ointment rubbed into the part at
each application.
The bromide of iron has been administered
internally by M. Magendie: he divides ten
grains of the bromide, beat up with conserve
of roses and gum Arabic, into twenty pills, and
gives two of the pills night and morning.
Bromide of mercury has been given in syph-
ilis; and the bromide of silver is extremely sen-
sible to the action of light.
BRO'MINUM. (am, i, n.) Bromine.
Bromogra'phia. Bromography. A treatise
on food.
Bro'muret. The same as bromide. *
BRO'MUS. 1. The Greek name of the oat.
2. A genus of grasses. — B. dioscoridis. The
wild oat. — B. sterilis. The wild oat.
BRO'NCHIA. Bronchi. (From /3poy X oc,
the throat.) The tubes into which the trachea
divides. See Trachea.
BRONCHIAL. Bronchialis. Appertaining
to the bronchia, as bronchial arteries, bronchial
veins, &c.
Bronchial arteries. Bronchial glands.
Bronchial plexus. See Trachea.
Bronchial cells. See Pulmo.
114
Bronchial cough. This auscultatory sound
indicates obstruction of the cells.
Bronchial respiration. See Auscultation.
Bronchial tubes, dilatation of. See
Bronchitis.
Bronchial veins. See Trachea.
Bronchiectasis. Dilatation of the bronchia.
BRONCHI'TIS. Inflammation of the mu-
cous lining of the bronchi. Bronchitis may be
considered under two forms, the acute and the
chronic, the description of which will render
the intermediate forms in which it presents it-
self sufficiently intelligible.
1. Acute Bronchitis. — This sometimes com
mences in the bronchial tubes themselves, and
sometimes extends to them from the trachea.
In the majority of cases the disease arises from
exposure to cold, and it is then usually accom-
panied with.coryza and a general inflammatory
state of the mucous membrane of the nose,
frontal sinuses, and windpipe. Acute bronchi-
tis, in its lighter and more common form, is not
a serious affection, and amounts, in fact, to noth-
ing more than what is called " a cold on the
chest." Sometimes, however, acute bronchitis
presents itself as a very formidable affection.
The difference between the more severe and
lighter forms of bronchitis depends partly on
the degree of inflammatory action and the ex-
tent of membranous surface affected, but prin-
cipally on the site of the disease, which, in the
slighter cases, is confined to the large tubes,
and in the severer, extends to the minute ram-
ifications: in the former, the turgescent state
of the membrane and the increased mucous se-
cretion offer no serious impediment to respira-
tion; while in the latter, the same things oc-
curring in the small tubes prevent the due aera-
tion of the blood in the cells of the lungs to
such a degree, that the patient often dies from
suffocation. In the severer forms of acute bron-
chitis the fever is sharp, and at first usually of
the inflammatory kind, the pulse being hard
and quick, and the urine scanty and high-col-
ored. The oppression on the chest is very
great, and generally accompanied with pain,
which is of a much more obtuse kind than that
attendant on pleurisy ; the cough is severe, fre-
quent, and distressing; the expectoration is at
first scanty, and afterward becomes copious,
frothy or viscid, and sometimes streaked with
blood ; the increased secretion affords no relief
to the symptoms, and the dyspnoea and cough
are aggravated by it. All the symptoms enu-
merated are worse toward night, at which time
there is an exacerbation of fever. This state
of things having continued for some days, the
patient generally begins to recover, or becomes
very rapidly worse. The first symptom of
amelioration is a greater freedom of breathing,
with a change in the expectoration, the sputa
becoming thicker, whiter, and less abundant;
when this happens, the expectoration evidently
relieves the dyspnoea and cough. In those ca-
ses where the disease takes an unfavorable turn,
a state of extreme debility and collapse super-
venes very suddenly to that of excitement.
Where the event is to be favorable, acute bron-
chitis often runs on for a week or more before
a change for the better occurs ; but in the fatal
BRO
cases, the stage of collapse generally commen-
ces within four or five days, and in some in-
stances the disease is exceedingly rapid in its
progress, death taking place within forty-eight
hours from the first attack.
In young children, acute bronchitis some-
times runs its course very insidiously. There
may, perhaps, be no pain, little fever, and little
general indication of serious disease of any kind ;
nor is cough always present: attentive obser-
vation, however, easily detects the mischief
that is going on : the respiration is quick, with a
disposition to wheezing; on applying the ear,
a mucous rattle is heard in every part of the
chest; while the countenance, which is pale,
anxious, and slightly livid, indicates the insuffi-
cient aeration of the blood. This state of
things, unless speedily obviated, is soon follow-
ed by a sudden accession of extreme dyspnoea,
accompanied with great rapidity of the pulse;
these symptoms abate for a while, leaving the
child during the interval in a drowsy state ; but
they return with increased severity, and death
takes place from asphyxia.
In the severer forms of acute bronchitis
blood-letting is generally required, but the ex-
tent to which it should be earned varies ex-
tremely in different cases. Some think that
bronchitis is a disease which will never bear
large bleeding; but this is an erroneous opinion:
it is true, indeed, that bleeding ought not to be
carried so far in bronchitis as m pleuritis or in-
flammation of serous membranes in general,
and it is equally true that bleeding has not
nearly so great an influence in subduing the in-
flammatory action in the former case as in the
latter ; nevertheless, in acute cases of bronchitis
occurring in young and robust subjects, and
marked by symptoms of high arterial excite-
ment, blood may be drawn freely at the com-
mencement of the disease, and the evacuation
repeated if the pulse indicates it. Bronchitis is
one of those cases in which local may often be
advantageously substituted for general blood-
letting; and cupping is usually preferable to
the application of leeches, as the bleeding is
more under control. Bleeding is. improper in
epidemic or asthenic acute bronchitis.
After blood-letting, where this is deemed
necessary, a smart purgative should be given,
as a dose of calomel and jalap ; and the bowels
should, of course, be kept sufficiently free
throughout the disease, especially in children.
Emetics are much recommended by some au-
thors at the commencement of acute bronchitis:
in the case of young children they are almost
always serviceable, by exciting expectoration.
Blisters and counter-irritation are useful after
the first violence of the fever. Minute doses of
ipecacuanha and diaphoresis by antimony are
very important.
Those practitioners who advocate the use of
large doses of tartar emetic, recommend it to
be administered in acute bronchitis in the same
manner as in pneumonia. The inhalation of
vapors is sometimes beneficial in acute bron-
chitis.
In the stage of collapse and extreme debility,
all antiphlogistic measures must be entirely laid
aside. At the same time, as inflammation is
BRO
still going on, we must not have recourse to any
alcoholic or other stimulants which increase
the actions of the vascular system. Stimulants
of some kind are, nevertheless, essential to
raise the brain from the torpor occasioned by
the circulation of dark-colored blood, and to
make the patient expectorate the mucus which
is continually accumulating in the lungs, and
threatening him with suffocation. The medi-
cine which best answers these intentions is the-
carbonate of ammonia, which may be given in-
full doses ; camphor in large doses is also a val-
uable stimulant in such cases; and with these
may be combined the more stimulating expec-
torant gum-resins, as ammoniacum, galbanum,
&c. Dr. Copland strongly recommends the ex-
ternal use of turpentine. The use of narcotics
has perhaps been too indiscriminately recom-
mended in acute bronchitis. In the irritable
stage, hyoscyamus, conium, or opium may be
combined with the ipecacuanha and antimony,
but these should be omitted in the stage of ooU
lapse, or used with a veiy vigilant attention to
their effects.
When acute bronchitis, instead of terminating-
in recovery or death, passes gradually into the
chronic form, the treatment must, of necessity,
vary accordingly. Light tonics are often ser-
viceable when this transition seems about to
take place.
2. Chronic Bronchitis. — Chronic bronchitis
differs from the acute in the greater mildness
and longer continuance of its symptoms, the
duration of which varies from a week to many
years. The expectorated matter is also of an
entirely different character, being, in the chro-
nic disease, of s thicker consistence, opaque,
and of a greenish or yellowish-white color : it
is often muco-purulent ; and in inveterate cases
distinctly purulent, and sometimes streaked
with blood. Chronic bronchitis may supervene
on an acute attack ; but it is more frequently a
primary disease, and, as such, affects elderly
rather than young persons ; but it occurs at all
ages. In its milder forms it is often almost
dormant during the fine weather of summer;
but in the winter, or when there is a continu-
ance of inclement weather, the patient is har-
assed with severe cough and copious viscid ex-
pectoration, especially in the morning. There
are generally slight dyspnoea, and acceleration ■•
of pulse if the patient use any personal exer-
tion; but otherwise the health may be good,,
and continue so for many years. The greater
number of older persons, indeed, are subject to
a slight degree of chronic bronchitis ; and many
labor under it to a more considerable extent,
without serious derangement of the health, or
abridgment of the ordinary term of fife.
In its severer forms, chronic bronchitis is a
most distressing affection. The respiration, al-
ways oppressed, becomes extremely laborious
on the slightest exertion; and where the ex*
pectoration is purulent, there are hectic fever,,
great emaciation, nocturnal sweats, and occa-
sional diarrhoea, forming frequently an aggre-
gate of symptoms so closely resembling those
of tubercular phthisis, that an accurate diagno-
sis between the two diseases can only be formed
by the aid of auscultation. This form of bron-
115
BRO
chitis may be induced by a long continuance
of the milder form ; it may supervene on an
attack of acute bronchitis ; or it may be con-
secutive on measles or other affections of chil-
dren, which involve the lining membrane of the
air-passages. There is a very severe and fatal
form of chronic bronchitis, which arises from the
inhalation of metallic or other irritating parti-
cles to which persons engaged in particular arts
and occupations are exposed. Lastly, chronic
bronchitis forms a frequent complication of tu-
bercular phthisis and asthma, and may be in-
duced by any of those diseases of the thoracic
viscera which occasion great disturbance of the
pulmonary circulation. The only disease in
which chronic bronchitis is likely to be con-
founded is tubercular phthisis. The history of
the case, the greater dilatability of the chest,
the general absence of pain, and the minor de-
gree and less regular course of the hectic symp-
toms, will generally suffice to distinguish chro-
nic bronchitis from phthisis; but auscultation
and percussion afford the best criterion.
In chronic bronchitis, the resonance of the
chest on percussion is little diminished; in
many cases not at all. The sibilant, sonorous,
and mucous rattles are heard at different parts
of the chest at different times, according as the
mucus happens to be accumulated and the
bronchi obstructed in one portion of the lungs
or another. The respiratory murmur often
varies much in intensity, being sometimes in-
distinct and sometimes puerile ; but it is never
permanently absent in any part of the chest.
There is one circumstance, and only one, which
may render the diagnosis by auscultation ob-
scure ; when the disease has been of long
standing, the bronchial tubes sometimes become
dilated, a state which we shall presently ad-
vert to ; and when this dilatation is considera-
ble, a loud bronchophony, scarcely distinguish-
able from pectoriloquy, is heard in the situation
of the dilated tube ; occasionally, indeed, the
sound is that of veiy distinct pectoriloquy, and
the cavernous i - attle is also heard. The dull-
ness of sound on percussion, which surrounds a
vomica, is not, however, perceived in an equal
degree in the vicinity qf a dilated bronchial
tube; moreover, the situation of the cavity in
the two cases is generally different; vomicte
being most frequently found in the subclavian
and axillary regions, and dilated bronchi in the
scapulary, mammary, and lateral regions.
The treatment of chronic bronchitis must
vary according as it is intended to be curative
or merely palliative. In cases of recent date,
and especially where the chronic succeeds the
acute form of the disease, a complete cure may
generally be effected ; while in cases of very
long standing, in which the texture of the bron-
chial membrane has undergone a morbid change
and the constitutional powers are greatly im-
! mired, our endeavors must be confined to al-
aying urgent symptoms as they arise, and reg-
ulating the habits of the patient in the man-
ner best adapted to sustain the system under a
continued irritation, and to guard against such
causes as are likely to increase it.
At an early period, blisters and the tartar
ismetic ointment are of great utility, and should
116
BBO
be frequently applied ; and throughout the
course of the disease they are useful in subdu-
ing occasional exacerbations. Where the dis-
ease is obstinate, and the patient has sufficient
strength, issues and setons may be very advan-
tageously used; but in the advanced stage, or
where the constitution is feeble, their effect is
much too exhausting. Blood-letting, or digita-
lis and colchicum, are sometimes indicated
where there is too much irritation; squill and
ipecacuanha, with the terebinthine balsams,
are the best expectorants, but proper attention
to diet and air ai - e most serviceable. Inhala-
tion of tar vapor has been of late recommended.
Bronchitis asthenica. The bronchitis of
old persons.
Bronchitis epidemica. B. convulsiva. Per-
tussis.
Bronchitis membranacea. B.plastica. Pol-
ypus brouchialis.
Bronchius musculus. The sterno-thyroi-
deus.
Bronchlemit'is. (From ftpoyxoc, and leflMa,
a sheath or membrane.) The specific name of
croup in Dr. Good's system.
BRONCHOCE'LE. (e,es,f.; from (Ipoyxoc,
the windpipe, and ktjIt], a tumor.) Goitre A
tumor on the forepart of the neck, formed by
an indolent enlargement of the thyroid gland.
"The tumor, when not accidentally inflamed,
is free from pain, and, in its incipient state,
has a soft, elastic consistence. When it has ex-
isted some time, the gland loses its natural fig-
ure, assumes a firm, fleshy feel, being firmer,
however, in some places than in others, spread-
ing toward the 6ides of the neck, and some-
times attaining a prodigious magnitude. When
the adjacent cellular substance and lymphatic
glands participate in the disease, the base of the
swelling may extend from one side of the neck
to the other. In a few instances, only one lobe
is affected. Bronchocele is treated by iodine
internally administered, and applied as an oint-
ment ; if this fails, a seton passed through the
tumor has caused its absorption. It has also
been excised, but the hemorrhage is often dan-
gerous.
Bronchocephalitis. Pertussis. — Desruelles.
Bro'ncho-h^morrhagia. (From Bpoyxoc,
and aifioppayia, a flow of blood.) A term ap-
plied by M. Andral to an exudation of blood
from the bronchial membrane, as opposed to
pneumo-hcemorrhasia, or hemorrhage from the
rupture of vessels m the lungs.
BRONCHO'PHONY. (Bronchophonia, a,U
from Bpoyxoc, and <povn, the voice.) The sound
of the voice as heard by applying tjie stethe-
scope over a large bronchial tube. See Aus-
cultation.
Bro'ncho-pneumonia. A form of inflamma-
tion of the lungs, which commences in the
bronchial membrane, and afterward involves
the parenchyma of the lungs. — Frank.
Bronchorrhoi'a. Increased bronchial se-
cretion without fever.
Broncho'tomus. (From Bpoyxoc, the wind-
pipe, and refivu, to cut.) A kind of sheathed
knife, formerly used in the operation of bron-
chotomy.
BRONCHO'TOMY. (Bronchotomia, ce. f.
BBU
from jipoyxoc, and te/xvu, to cut ) A surgical
operation, in which an opening is made into the
larynx or trachea, to afford a passage for the air
into and out of the lungs, when any disease
prevents the patient from breathing through
the mouth or nostrils; or to extract foreign
bodies which have accidentally fallen into the
trachea ; or, lastly, to facilitate the inflation of
the lungs in cases of suffocation, drowning, &c.
The operation is called Tracheotomy when the
opening is made into the trachea, and Laryn-
gotomy when the opening is made into the
larynx. The practice of bronchotomy is of
great antiquity.
BRO'NCHUS. (us, i, m. ; fipoyxoc, from
Bpexu, to moisten.) The trachea ; also improp-
erly substituted by some for branchus, ppayxoe,
hoarseness.
Bro'ntolithe. A meteoric stone.
Bronze. An alloy of copper, with a small
proportion of tin.
Brooklime. See Veronica bcccabunga.
Broom. See Sparlium scoparium.
Broom-rape. See Orobanche.
Brossardiere, waters of. In Bas Poitu.
They contain carbonates of iron and lime, mu-
riate of soda, and sulphate of lime.
BROUSSAIST. An advocate of the theories
of Broussais.
Brownist. See Brunonian System.
BRU'CEA. (a, m, f.) A genus of plants.
Diacia. Tetrandria. — B.ferruginea. Brucea
antidysenterica. A tree of Abyssinia, Woogi-
noos. Its bark is bitter and astringent, and
valued as a remedy in dysentery and diarrhoea.
This free is generally supposed to afford the
false angustura bark. — B. pseudo-ferruginea.
The tree which probably yields the false an-
gustura bark ; it is little known, and frequently
confounded with the Brucea ferruginea.
BRU'CIA. (a, cc, f.) Brucine. Brucina.
A vegetable alkaloid from the false angustura
bark. It exists also in small quantity in St.
Ignatius's bean, the nux vomica, and the Strych-
nos tiente. Its taste is exceedingly bitter and
acrid. It is soluble in cold, and still more so
in hot alcohol, and it is also soluble, with the
aid of heat, in diluted alcohol. Nitric acid
strikes a red color with brucia, and this is
changed into a violet by the addition of proto-
muriate of tin. It is doubtful whether this is
not strychnia, rendered impure by resin. It has
the properties of strychnine, but in a less de-
gree. Six grains appear to equal one of strych-
nine. Dose, gr. jth five to six times daily.
Brucine. See Brucia.
Brucourt, waters of. They contain car-
bonic acid, muriate and sulphate of soda, sul-
phate of lime, &c.
Bruisewort. See Saponaria.
BRUIT. Sound. A term admitted into
medicine from the French to express the sounds
of auscultation and percussion.
Bruit de craquement. Bruit de cuir nevf.
New-leather sound, produced by the friction of
the pericardium, when dry and roughened by
Bruit de diable. The venous hum : a high
degree of bellows sound, indicating impover-
ished blood ?
BRU
Bruit de frottement, ascendant et de
scendant. See Friction, sound of.
Bruit humorique. Bruit hydropneumatique.
The sound on percussing organs filled with a
liquid and gas.
Bruit musculaire. Bruit rotatoire. The
sound which accompanies the first impulse of
the heart, and is supposed to be due to muscu-
lar contraction.
Bruit de parchemin. Parchment sound.
The sound resembling two pieces of parchment
rubbed together; heard in diseases of the heart,
and said to be produced by thickening and ri-
gidity of the valves.
Bruit placentaire. Bruit de soufflet pla*
centaire. See Auscultation.
Bruit de pot fele. Sound of a cracked
pot: the sound heard on percussion when a
cavern exists in the lungs, which has only a
small communication with the bronchi.
Bruit de raclement. Sound of scraping
heard when the pericardium scrapes against a
bony substance, as in ossification of the coro-
nary arteries.
Bruit de rape. See Rasp sound.
Bruit de scie. Bruit de lime a bois. See
Rasp sound.
Bruit de soufflet. See Bellows sound.
Bruit de soufflet placentaire. Bruit
placentaire. See Auscultation.
Bruit tymfanique. Tympanitic sound.
The sound produced on percussing the abdo-
men when the intestines contain much gas.
Bruma'les plants. Plants of warm cli-
mates which flower during the time of the year
corresponding to our winter.
BRUNNER\S GLANDS. BrunneH glandu-
la.. The solitary muciparous glands of the
stomach and small intestines have been so
named, after Brunner, a Swiss anatomist, who
died in 1727 ; these glands, however, had
been previously described by Peyer. See In-
BRUNONIAN SYSTEM. A system of med-
icine by John Brown. In this system it is as-
sumed that the living body is endowed with a
peculiar property of excitability; that every
agent capable of affecting the living body acts
on the excitability as a stimulant ; that the ef-
fect of the operation of stimulants, or excite-
ment, when only in a due degree, is to produce
the natural and healthy functions of life ; that
the effect of excessive excitement is to produce
exhaustion, or direct debility ; and the effect of
deficient 'excitement to cause an accumulation
of excitability, or indirect debility. All morbid
actions are supposed to arise from one or other
of these states of direct or indirect debility, and
all diseases are consequently referred to two
classes, the sthenic or the asthenic.
Brunswick green. An ammoniaco-chloride
of copper.
Bruta. The savine plant.
Bru'tia. A kind of pitch. Pix brutia.
Bru'tino. Turpentine.
Brutobon. An ancient ointment.
Brutole. See Brytoli.
Brutua. Cissampelos pareira.
Bruxaneli. A tall tree of Malabar, the bark
of which is said to be diuretic, and the root an
117
BUB
tiarthritic. Its juice, mixed with butter, is used
as a liniment for boils.
BKY'GMDS. (us, i, m. ; (3pvy/xoc; from
[ipv%u, to grind the teeth.) Grinding or chat-
tering of the teeth.
BRYO'NIA. (a, m, f.) Bryony. A genus
of plants. Class, Diacia; order, Syngenesia;
natural family, Cucurbitacca. — B. dioica. B.
alba. White bryony plant ; called, also, Bry-
onia aspera. Wild vine. Wild hops. Tetter-
berry. The root has a very nauseous, biting
taste, and disagreeable smell. It is said to
be purgative, hydragogue, emmenagogue, and
diuretic; and, when fresh, emetic. In small
doses, it is said to operate as a diuretic, and to
be resolvent and deobstruent. Given in powder
from 3j. to 3J., it proves strongly purgative ; and
the expressed juice, in the quantity of a spoon-
ful, operates violently both upward and down-
ward. The fresh root, when braised, is used
as a cataplasm, and is discutient. Taken in an
overdose, the white bryony produces inflamma-
tion of the bowels, and all the other effects of
an acrid vegetable poison. — B. mcchoachanna
alba. See Convolvulus mechoachanna. — B.
mcchoachanna nigra. The jalap plant. — B.
nigra. Tamus communis. — B. peruviana.
Jalap.
Bryonine. A bitter principle in white bry-
ony root.
Bryony, black. Tamus communis.
Bryony, white. See Bryonia dioica.
Brytole. Brutol<5. A French term applied
to a preparation made by macerating some me-
dicinal substance in beer, as brutole de quinqui-
na, cinchona beer; brutolc de raifort, horse-
radish beer.
Bry'ton. Bpvrov. Ale or beer.
BU'BO. (o, onis, m. ; ^ov5uv, from the He-
brew bobo, which is a reduplicate of the word
boe, or bo, to swell.) A swelling of a lymphatic
gland, particularly those of the groin or axilla.
This may arise from the mere irritation of some
local disorder, in which case the bubo is styled
sympathetic ; from the absorption of some irri-
tating matter, such as the venereal poison ; or
from constitutional causes, as in the pestilential
bubo, and scrofulous swellings of the inguinal
and axillary glands. The term bubo is now
Beldom applied except to venereal swellings of
the inguinal glands, and pestilential glandular
tumors, or those which occur in the plague and
fevers allied to it.
BD'BON. Bov6uv. 1. The Greek word for
the groin, and also for a bubo or glandular
swelling occurring in the groin. 2. A genus of
umbelliferous plants. Pentandria. Digynia. —
B. galbanum. See Galbanum. — B. macedoni-
cum. Macedonian parsley. The systematic
name of the plant which affords the semen pe-
troselini Macedonici of the shops.
Bubo'nium. Aster Atticus. A species of
starwort.
BUBO'NOCE'LE. (e, ei, f. ; from (3ov6uv,
the groin, and kj/'Xt), a tumor.) An inguinal
hernia. See Hernia.
Bubonore'xis. Bubonorixis. A term which
has been applied to a bubonocele when accom-
panied with a division of the peritoneum, or, in
other words, when it is without a hernial sac.
' 118
BUC
Bubo'nulus. A painful swelling of the lym
phatic glands of the penis.
BU'CCA. (a, a, f.) The cheek. The hoi,
low of the cheek, that is inflated by the act of,
blowing.
BU'CCAL. (Buccalis, from bucca, the
cheek.) Of, or belonging to, the cheek.
Buccal artery. A branch of the internal
maxillary artery. See Internal maxillary ar-
tery.
Buccal membrane. The mucous membrane
which lines the mouth.
Buccal nerve. The buccinator nerve: a
branch of the inferior maxillary nerve.
Buccales glandule. The small mucous
glands or follicles situated within the cheek,
under its lining membrane. Their fluid lubri-
cates the mouth, and assists the saliva in pre-
paring the food for deglutition.
Bu'ccea. Buccclla. A mouthful ; a morsel.
Bucce'lla. A polypus in the nose.
Bucce'laton. BovKiceXaTOv. A purgative
medicine consisting of scammony, opium, and
aromatics.
BUCCINA'TOR. (or, oris, m. ; from bucci-
no, to blow the trumpet.) Bucco-labialis. It
arises from a ridge extending between the last
molar tooth and the coronoid process of the lower
jaw-bone, and from the upper jaw between the
last molar tooth and pterygoid process of the
sphenoid bone: it goes forward, with direct
fibres, to be inserted into the corner of the
mouth : it is thin and flat, covers in the mouth,
and forms the walls of the cheek, to the lining
membrane of which it adheres closely, and is
perforated in the middle of the cheek by the
duct of the parotid gland.
Bucco-labial nerve. The buccal nerve.
Bu'cco-pharynge'al aponeurosis. A ten-
dinous expansion extending from the internal
ala of the pteiygoid process of the sphenoid
bone to the posterior part of the lower alveolar
arch ; its anterior part gives attachment to the
buccinator muscle, and its posterior part to the
constrictor pharyngis superior.
Bu'ccula. The fleshy part under the chin.
Bucella'tio. A method of stopping hemor-
rhage by applying lint upon a vein or artery. —
Fallopius.
Bucephalox, red-fruiter. The Trophis
Americana.
Bu'ceras. Buccros. Fenugreek. Trigo-
nella foenumgracum.
BUCHU. See Diosma crcnata.
Buck-bean. See Menyanthes trifoliata.
Buck-eye. jEscuIus pavia.
Buck-thorn. See Rkamnits catharticus.
Buck-wheat. See Polygonum, fagopyrum.
Buck-wheat, eastern. See Polygonum di-
varicatum.
BUCNE'MIA. (a, a, f . ; from Jiov, and
KVTjfiri, the leg.) Dr. Good gives this generic
name to a disease which is characterized by a
tense, diffuse, inflammatory swelling of a lower
extremity ; usually commencing at the inguinal
glands, and extending in the course of the lym-
phatics. The genus comprises two species:
Bucnemia sparganosis, or the puerperal swelled
leg, and Bucnemia tropica, or the Barbadoes leg.
See Phlegmasia dolens, and Barbadoes leg.
BUL
Bucra'nion. The Snap-dragon plant. See
Antirrhinum.
Bu'cton. The hymen.
Buffy coat. See Blood.
BU'FO. (o, onis, m.) A well-known genus
of Batrachian animals. The toad. — B. vulga-
ris. The common toad. Many superstitious
notions were formerly entertained of this ani-
mal. See Bufonites.
. Bufoni'tes. Bufonis lapis. A fossil body
supposed to be generated in the head of toads
and other reptiles, and to possess extraordinary
alexipharmic virtues.
Buga'ntia. A chilblain. See Pernio.
Bugle. The Prunella vulgaris.
Buglo'ssum. Bugloss. Buglo'ssa. B. an-
gustifolium. B. majus. B. sativum. B. syl-
vestre. Anchusa officinalis.
Bu'gula. Ajuga pyramidalis.
Bulam fever. Remittent fever.
BULB. In Anatomy, any enlargement of a
part, as the bulb of the urethra, bulb of a tooth.
Bulb, rachidian. The medulla oblongata.
Bulbi'ferus. Bulb-bearing.
BULBI PRIORUM CRURUM FORNICIS. The
mammary tubercles.
Bulboca'stanum. Bunium bulbocastanum.
Bulboca'vernosus. The accelerator urina;
muscle.
Bu'lbonach. Bolbonach. Lunaria rediviva.
BULBO'SUS. Bulbous. In Anatomy, ap-
plied to soft parts which are naturally enlarged,
as the bulbous part of the urethra.
Bu'lbulus. A little bulb.
BUL'BUS. (us, i, m.) BoUoc. A bulb.
A globular or pyriform coated body, solid, or
formed of fleshy scales or layers, constituting
the lower part of some plants, and giving off
radicals from the circumference of the flattened
Bulbus arteriosus. The anterior of the
three cavities of the heart in its early develop-
ment in vertebrata.
Bulbus vomitorius. See Hyacinthus mus-
cari.
Bulge-water tree. See Geoffroya jamai-
■censis.
Bulging. See Gibbous.
BULI'MIA. (a, a, f. ; from (3ov, a particle
of excess, and lifioc, hunger. ) Voracity ; insatia-
ble hunger ; canine appetite : Bulimiasis, Bou-
limos, Bulimus, Bolismos. Bulimia, hi various
degrees, is often symptomatic of worms, preg-
nancy, and diseases and anomalies of organiza-
tion in the stomach, duodenum, and other ab-
dominal viscera ; it seems, however, sometimes
to occur as an idiopathic affection, which may
consist simply in excessive voracity, or may be
accompanied with a sense of faintness, and in
other instances by vomiting. Hence, Dr. Cul-
len makes three species :
1. Bulimia helluonum ; in which there is no
other disorder of the stomach than an excessive
craving for food.
2. Bulimia syncopalis ; in which there is a
frequent desire for food, preceded by swooning.
3. Bulimia emelica; in which an extraordi-
nary appetite for food is followed by vomiting.
The real causes of this disease are little under-
*tood; it has been supposed to proceed from
BUE
an acid in the stomach, from disordered states
of the gastric juice, from indigested sordes, from
worms, or from malformation of the stomach.
Tonics are indicated in some cases, and nause-
ating doses of ipecacuanha may be useful in
others ; but, in most, a proper regulation of the
diet is the most important means of cure.
Bu'lithos. A bezoar concretion found in
the ox.
BU'LLA. (a, ee, f. ; a bubble.) A bleb. A
vesicle containing a watery humor, which ari-
ses from burns, scalds, or other causes. The
bulla constitute the fourth order of Dr. Willan's
arrangement of cutaneous diseases.
Bull* rotundje cervicis uteri. Naboth's
glands.
Bulla'tus. Bullate ; blistered. In Pathol-
ogy, the vesicular fever, because the skin is
covered with little blisters. See Pemphigus.
Bullo'sus. Bullatus.
Bunch. Racemus.
Bundle. Fasciculus.
BUN IAS. A genus of plants. Tetradyna-
mia. Siliculosa. Crucifera.
Buni'tes vinum. Wine made from bunium
and must.
BU'NIUM. A genus of plants. Pentandria.
Digynia. Umbelliferce. — B. bulbocastanum.
Earth-nut. Pig-nut.
Bunyon. Bunion. Enlargement and irrita-
tion of the bursa mucosa of the great toe.-
BUPEI'NA. Bulimia.
Buphthalmia. See Buphlhalmus.
BUPHTHA'LMUM. A genus of plants.
Syngenesia. Polygamia superflua. Composites.
Ox-eye. — B. crcticum. Anthemis pyrethrum.
— B. germanicum. B. majus. Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum. — B. oleraccum is said to be
used as a pot-herb in Cochin China. — B. salici-
folium, said to be slightly narcotic. According
to Pallas, its leaves are used in Persia as tea.
BUPHTHA'LMUS. (us, i, m. ; from pove,
an ox, and otydaTifioc, an eye.) Buphthalmia.
Most writers have applied this name to the first
stage of hydrophthalmia, or dropsy of the eye.
Sabatier applies it to an increase of the vitre-
ous humor, which pushes the iris forward, and
forms a sort of border round the crystalline lens.
BUPLEU'RUM. A genus of plants. Syn-
genesia. Polygamia superflua. The hare's
ear. — B. rotundifolium, or Thorough-wax ; call-
ed, also, Bupleuron, Bupleuroidcs, and formerly"
celebrated for curing ruptures.
Burdock. See Arctium lappa.
Burgundy pitch. See Pinus aides.
Buris. The name given by Avicenna to a
species of hernia. The disease referred to is
probablyascirrhousinduration of the testicle.
BURN. See Ambustio.
Burina. Pitch. — Ruland.
Burnet saxifrage. See Pimpinella.
Burning. Brenning. Gonorrhoea.
Burning glass. A convex lens.
Burnt hartshorn. See Cornu usium.
Burnt magnesia. Calcined magnesia.
Burnt sponge. See Spongia usta.
Bu'rrhi spi'ritus matrica'lis. A compound
of myrrh, olibanum, amber, mastich, and spirit
of wine.
BU'RSA. (From /Jvpaa, abag.) Thescrotum.
119
CAB
BU'RSA MUCO'SA. A small sac lined with
synovial membrane, which secretes an oily
fluid to lubricate the surfaces over which the
tendons of muscles play. The bursos mucosa?
are of different sizes, and are situated near the
joints, particularly the large joints of the ex-
tremities.
Bursa pastoris. Thlaspi bursa pastoris.
Bursa testium. B. virilis. Scrotum.
Bursa'lis. The Obturator internus.
Bursa'logy. Bursalogia. An account of
the bursa? mucosae.
Bursera oummifera. The resin of this tree
is sweetish and aromatic. It is used by the
French.
Buseh'num. The carrot.
Bu'ssn spi'ritus bezoa'rdicus. Made by dis-
tilling spirit of hartshorn or of ivory, sal ammo-
niac, crude potash, amber, oil of cedar, and al-
cohol.
Butcher's-broom. Ruscus aculeatus.
BU'TEA FRONDOSA. An Eastern legumi-
nous tree which yields a kind of kino, called
Butea gum.
Bu'tiga. Acne rosea.
BUTTER. (Butyrum, i, n. ; from (iovc, a
cow, and rvpoe, coagulum, or cheese.) The
oily parts of milk. Butter differs from the
common animal fats in containing peculiar ole-
aginous matters — butyrine,caprone, and caprine.
When saponified, it yields, in addition to the
usual products, three volatile odoriferous sub-
stances, called the butyric, caproic, and capric
acids. The common mode of preserving it is
by the addition of salt, which will keep it good
for a considerable time, if in sufficient quantity.
Fresh butter is not uuwholesome unless taken
in too great quantity; it generally disagrees,
however, with very bilious persons. Rancid
butter is extremely unwholesome and indigest-
ible. Milk yields 3 to 5 per cent.
Butter of antimony. Chloride of antimony.
Butter of bambouc. An oil said to be ob-
tained from a species of almond in Senegal, and
used in neuralgic affections.
Butter of cacao. An oily concrete matter
obtained from the cacao-nut.
Butter-bur. See Tussilago petasitcs.
Butter-flower. Butter-cup. See Ranun-
culus.
Butter-milk. The sour milk left from the
churning. It is nutritious.
CAC
Butter-nut. Juglans cinerea.
Butterfly-shaped. See Papilionaceus.
Butterfly weed. Asclepias tuberosa.
Butterwort. See Pinguicula.
Button snake-root. Two plants are known
by this name in the United States : Eryngium
aquaticum and Liatris spicata.
Butua. See Cissampelos pareira.
Buty'ric acid. A limpid, volatile oil, of a
rancid smell and etherial taste. It exists, com-
bined with glycerine, in butter, forming buty-
rine; and, when distilled, yields butyrone
(C 6 H 6 0).
Butyrum amygdalarum. Almond confec-
tion.
Butyrum antimonii. See Antimony.
Butyrum saturni. Unguentum plumbi su-
peracetatis.
Butyrum zinci. Chloride of zinc.
Buxine. An alkaline substance, lately de-
tected by M. Faure in the Buxus sempervirens.
BUXTON. A village in Derbyshire, where
there are thermal springs. Buxtoniensis aquae.
Their temperature is about 82° F.
BUX'US. (us, i, m. ; from nvKafa, to be-
come hard.) The box-tree. 1. The name of
a genus of plants in the Linncoan system. Class,
Moncecia ; order, Triandria. 2. The pharma-
copceal name of the box. See Buxus semper-
virens. — B. sempe'rvirens. The buxus. The
leaves possess a very strong, nauseous, bitter
taste, and aperient virtues. They have been
employed, in form of decoction, in cases of
dropsy, asthma, and worms.
By'arus. A plexus of blood-vessels in the
brain.
Byne. Malt.
Byrethrum. Forest gives this name to a
kind of cap for the head, containing cephalic
drugs.
By'rsa. (Bvpaa, a hide.) A piece of leather.
Bysauchen. Stiffness of the neck.
Byssaceous. Divided into fine filaments
like wool.
By'ssus. Byssum. Bvaooc. 1. Linen. 2.
A genus of lichens. 3. The hairy appendage
by which some shell-fish attach themselves to
rocks.
Bysti'ni antidotus. A corroborant and di-
uretic medicine mentioned by Aretaeus.
Bythos. The fundus of the stomach.
c
c.
The symbol for carbon.
Ca. Calcium.
Caa-apia. See Dorstenia braziliensis.
Caa-ataya. A Brazilian plant, a species of
gratiola? It is bitter, and esteemed a good
purgative.
Caa-ghiyugo. A Brazilian shrub, with leaves
of a detersive quality.
Caa-peba. Pareira brava.
Caa-roba. A Brazilian tree, the leaves of
which are sudorific.
C A' BALA. Cabbala; Kabala; Cabalia;
Caballa ; Ars caballistica ; Cqbula. (Hebrew,
120
Kibel, to receive.) Applied to a mystical in-
terpretation of the Pentateuch alleged to have
been received by Moses from the Deity. Any
thing mystical
Cabalhan. A poisonous plant of Mexico.
Caballine aloes. Horse aloes. A coarse
species of aloes.
Cabbage. See Brassica.
Cabbage-bark tree. See Andira inermis.
Cabureiba. Cabureiciba. Myroxylon pe
ruiferum.
CACiEMIA. (From kokoc, bad, and ai/ia
blood.) A diseased condition of the blood.
C AC
Cacagogue. An old ointment to produce
defecation.
C AC ALIA, {a, m, f.) Syngenesia. Poly-
gamic/, aqualis. Composites. — C. alpina. Le-
ontice veterum. Strange colt's-foot. Supposed
to possess desiccative and other virtues. — C.
anteuphorbium, of Africa. Supposed to be an
antidote to the euphorbium. — C. hastata, of
Siberia. Is a violent purgative, and is said to
be antisyphilitic. — C.odora, of Arabia; used as
a fumigation in the chambers of those sick of
small-pox. — C. pendula. The expressed juice
is used in Arabia against diseases of the ear. —
C. sonchifolia. This is used in India as a con-
diment.
Ca'camum. Cancamum.
Cacanum. Kanavov. A demulcent plant.
Cacao. See Theobroma cacao.
Caca'tio. Cacation. Defecation.
Cacatoria febris. Febris dejectoria. Fe-
bris cathartica. A species of intermittent fever
accompanied with diarrhoea, and sometimes
with tormina.
Caccionde. See Pilulm de Caccionde.
Cachang parang. Mimosa scandens of Su-
matra. The beans are said to be used in pleu-
risy.
CACHE 'C TIC. Cachecticus, KaxenriKoc.
Affected with cachexia. See Cachexia.
CACHE'XIA. (a, as, f. ; from kokoc, bad,
and efrc, a habit.) A bad condition or habit
of body, as that arising from scurvy, syphilis,
&c. Some writers have also used the term
cachexia synonymously with diathesis, or dis-
ease, as Cachexia icterica, the jaundice, or a
disposition to it ; Cachexia uterina, the whites.
Cachexia africana. See Pica.
Cachexia londinensis. The paleness of
those resident in cities.
Cachexia splenica. A cachexy accompa-
nying disease of the spleen.
Cachexia virginum. Chlorosis.
Cache'xi.e. A class of diseases in Cullen's
Nosology, embracing three orders, viz., Mar-
cores, IntumescentiiB, and Impetigines.
CACCHINA'TION. (From cachinno, to
laugh aloud.) Immoderate laughter, a symp-
tom which occurs in hysteria, mania, and other
affections.
Cachore. A name of catechu.
CA'CHRYS. A genus of plants. Pentan-
dria. Digynia. Vmbellifera. — C. libanolis.
This plant is aromatic and astringent. The
seeds are acrid. — C. odontalgia. The root of
this species has been used like that of the py-
rethrum against toothache.
Cachu. Catechu.
CACHU'NDE. A medicine highly celebra-
ted among the Chinese and Indians, made of
several aromatic ingredients, perfumes, medici-
nal earths, and precious stones ; said to be ner-
vine and cordial.
Cacoalexite'rium. Alexiterium.
OACOCHO'LIA. {a, as, f. ; from kukoc, and
XoKt), bile.) Diseases with a vitiated or un-
healthy condition of the bile.
Cacochroi. Diseases with a morbid change
of color in the face, &c.
CACOCHY'LUS. (From kanoc, and X ^oc,
chyle.) Productive of bad chyle. Cacochyla
C AC
alimenta, aliments which afford bad chyle; that
is, aliments which are of difficult digestion.
Cacocht'lia. Depraved chylification.
CACOCHY'MIA. (a, as, f. ; from kokoc, and
XVfioc, juice, or humor.) An unhealthy state
of the humors, as Cacochymia scorbutica, pur-
pura ; C. venerea, syphilis.
Cachochymica febris. A fever supposed to
arise from a depraved state of the humors.
Cacocore'ma. A medicine which purges
off vitiated humors.
Cacod^'mon. The nightmare.
CACODYL. (From nance, and oSvg, odor.)
CtH 6 As.Kd. A compound radical. It is ethe-
rial, nauseous ; crystallizes in prisms ; takes
fire spontaneously in air, chlorine, &c. ; insolu-
ble in water ; boils at 338° F. The oxide, for-
merly called alcarsin,- KdO, is a limpid etherial
liquid, and solidifies at 94° F. It is very pun-
gent, and resembles arseniureted hydrogen in
odor. It is self-inflammable in air, and very
poisonous. Cacodylic acid, or alcargen, is
HO-j-Kd0 3 . It is inodorous, soluble, and crys-
tallizes in large colorless prisms, and is feebly
acid. There are also sulphurets, chlorides,
iodides, cyanides, &c, of cacodyl. The odor
of the chloride of cacodyl is extremely penetra-
ting and stupefying. The cacodyl compounds
are also supposed by Liebig and others to con-
tain the compound radical acetyl.
CACOE'THES. (Ka/co^r, from /sa/cof,
and t/Ooc, disposition.) 1. As a substantive. A
bad habit of body or a malignant ulcer. 2. As
an adjective. Ill-conditioned.
Cacomorphia. Deformity.
Cacopa'thia. A diseased condition of the
mind.
CACOPHO'NIA. (a, as, f. ; from kgkoc, and
<j>uvq, the voice.) A discordance or indistinct-
ness of the voice.
Cacopra'gia. A disease in those viscera
which minister to nutrition.
Cacorrhachitis. Cacorrhachis. Diseased
spine.
Cacorry'thmus. Disordered. Applied to
an irregular pulse.
Caco'sis. Kanooic. A bad habit of body.
— Hippocrates.
Cacosi'tia. An aversion to food.
Cacosphy'xia. A disordered or bad state
of the pulse.
Cacosto'machus. Unpleasant food.
C ACOTHY'MIA. (a, a, f. ; from k anoc , and
dv/ioc, the mind.) A diseased state of the mind.
Cacotri'bulus. Centaurea calcitrapa.
CACOTRO'PHIA. (a, a, f. ; from kukoc,
and rpeipu, to nourish.) Disordered nutrition.
Cacoucia coccinea. A perennial plant of
South America which is emetic and cathartic.
CACTACEvE. The tribe of plants to which
the cactus belongs. The species are all harm-
less.
CACTUS. KanToc. 1. An ancient name of
the artichoke. 2. A genus of plants. Icosan-
dria. Monogynia. Cactaceat. — C. coccinelli-
fer. Nopal. Its leaves are the habitation of
the cochineal insect. — C. melo-cactus. The
melon thistle. — C. opuntia. The Indian fig, or
prickly pear ; the opuntia of the Pharmacopoe-
ias. The prickly leaves abound with a muci-
121
CML
laginous matter, and are used in the form of
poultices as an emollient application.
Cadaba. A genus of Indian plants, family
Capparidese. The C. farinosa is said to be an
antidote to snake-bites.
CADA'VER. (er, eris, neut. ; from cado, to
fall.) A carcase, or body deprived of life.
Cadaveric. Cadaverous. Cadaverosus.
Appertaining to a dead body.
Cadet, fuming liquor of. Alcarsin. See
Cacodyl.
Cadia. A leguminous plant of Egypt. The
fresh leaves are said to relieve colic.
Cadmi'a. KadfiEia. Katifua. A variety of
different substances. — C. factilia. C. forna-
cum. Tutia. — C. fossilis. C. lapidosa. Cal-
amine. — C. metallica. Cobalt. — C. nativa.
Cobalt, and the lapis calaminaris.
Cadmii sulphas. Cadmium sulphuricum.
Sulphate of cadmium. A solution of gr. i. to
gr. iv. in §j. of water is used as a collyrium in
spots of the cornea and torpid inflammation of
the conjunctiva.
CADMI'UM. {urn, i, n.) Cadmium, in col-
or and lustre, has a strong resemblance to tin,
but is somewhat harder and more tenacious.
It is very ductile and malleable. Its specific
gravity is 8*004 before being hammered, and
8-694 afterward. It melts at about the same
temperature as tin, and is nearly as volatile as
mercury, condensing like it into globules which
have a metallic lustre. Its vapor lias no odor.
Equivalent, 56. Its oxide is salifiable. Cd-|-0.
Caduca membrana. C. Hunteri. See Dc-
cidua.
Caduca passio. Epilepsy.
CADU'CIBR'ANCHIATES. ( Caducus,bran-
chim, gills.) Those batrachians which under-
go a metamorphosis, and lose their branchial
apparatus before arriving at the period of ma-
turity ; as the frog, toad, salamander, and newt.
CADU'CUS. (From cado, to fall.) Cadu-
cous. Falling off: applied generally in natural
history. 1. In Anatomy, to the tunica decidua
uteri. 2. In Pathology, to epilepsy.
Ca'dus. An ancient measure equal to 120
pounds when applied to wine, and 10o when
applied to oil.
CiECAL. Cacalio. Appertaining to the
caecum.
Cecal appendix. The appendix caeci ver-
miformis.
C^E'CITAS. (From eweus, blind.) Blind-
ness. See Caligo, and Amaurosis.
CjE'CUM. (um, i, n. : from emeus, blind:
so called from its being perforated at one end
only.) The blind gut. The first portion of
the large intestine, situated in the right iliac
region. It is in this intestine that the ilium
terminates by a valve, called the valve of the
cascum. The appendix caci vermiformis is also
attached to it.
CjE'CUS. Blind: applied, in, anatomy, to
canals which are closed at one extremity, as the
intestinum cecum.
Ckla-dolo. See Toronia Asiatica.
CjELiaca mucosa. Mucous diarrhoea.
Celi donum. Chelidonium majus.
Cjeli flos. Cmli rosa. The Lychnis coro-
naria.
122
CAL
Csrulosis neonatorum. Cyanosis.
CjESALPI'NIA. A genus of plants. Class,
Decandria ; order, Monogynia. All the plants
afford wood which is used in dyeing : they are
known in commerce under the name of Brazil
woods. The principal are C. echinata, which
yields the best; C. crista, and C. sappan, of
Siam.
CjERULEUM BEU0L1NENSE. C. borussicum.
Frussian blue.
Czeruleum montanum. The Armenian stone.
CESARIAN OPERATION. Casarian sec-
tion. The operation of making an incision into
the uterus to extract the child, cither after the
death of the mother, or when the obstacles to
delivery are so great as to leave no other alter-
native.
Cafa. Caf. Cafar. Camphor.
C affeic acid. An acid discovered by Runge,
which possesses the odor of the roasted coffee
when heated.
Caffein. A slightly bitter, white, silky prin-
ciple, obtained from coffee, tea, guarana, and
paullinia. It sublimes at 72-5°. It is the same
as theine. Liebig finds it to consist of CsHsNj
Oo-4-HO. He lias shown that it may act as
food in increasing the amount of bile formed,
by furnishing nitrogen thereto. To the same
end asparagine and theobromine, analogous
principles, arc also destined.
Caga'strum. The germ of diseases which
arise from corruption. — Paracelsus.
Cahen laguen. Chironia chilensis.
CAINCA. Caincce radix. Cahincm. The
Brazilian name of a root celebrated as an anti-
dote to the bite of serpents, and for emetic and
diuretic qualities. Dose of the bark, 9j. to 3J.
The aqueous extract is used in doses of gr. x.
as an emetic and purgative. It is said to be
valuable in intermittents. Pelletier gave the
name of caincic acid to a substance found in the
bark of the root. See Chiocca racemosa.
Caipa schora. A cucurbitaceous plant of
Malabar. The natives drink the juice of its
fruit, with a little nutmeg, to stop the hiccough.
The unripe fruit is emetic.
Cajan. Phaseolus creticus.
Cajeput oil. Caju-kilan. Cajuputi. See
Melaleuca, and Oleum Cajeputi.
Calaba. Calophyllum inophyllum.
Calabash tree. Crescentia cujeti.
Calaf. Salix a?gyptiaca.
Calageiu. Calagirah. Veronica anthel-
mintica.
Calaguala. Polypodiuin calaguala.
Calamagro'stis. Reed grass. The Arundo
calamagrostis of Linnaeus. The root has been
said to possess diuretic and emmenagogue prop-
erties.
Calama'rije. The reed-plants.
• Calambac Calambouk. Lignum aloes.
Calamina preparata. Prepared calamine.
Burn the calamine and reduce it to powder;
then let it be brought into the state of a very
fine powder, in the same manner that chalk is
directed to be prepared. See Calamine.
CA'LAMINE. ( Calamina, a, f. ) Lapis
calaminaris. A native carbonate of zinc. It
is very heavy, moderately hard and brittle, of a
gray, yellowish-red, or blackish-brown color,
CAL
insoluble in water, but soluble, with efferves-
cence, in sulphuric acid. This mineral, pre-
Sared by calcination and reduced to fine pow-
er, forms an article of the materia medica.
In this state it is sprinkled on ulcers and exco-
riations to promote their healing. Mixed with
rose or elder-flower water, it has been used as
a collyrium for weak eyes. It is the basis of
the Ceralum calamine:, long known under the
name of Turner's cerate.
CALAMI'NTHA. Calamint. Melissa cal-
iiinintha. — C. humilior. Glechoma liederacea.
Calamita. Styrax.
Calamita bianca. A very adhesive kind of
white bole.
CA'LAMUS. (us, i, m. KaTiapoc.) Acorus
calamus. (U. S.) A genus of reed-plants. —
C. alcxandrinus. A medicine mentioned by
Celsus, probably the Andropogon nardus. — C.
aromaticus. Acorus calamus. — C. draco. The
plant which yields dragon's blood. — C. odora-
tus. Andropogon nardus. — C. saccharinus. C.
indicus. The sugar-cane. — C. scriplorius. A
furrow at the bottom of the fourth ventricle of
the brain, so called from its resemblance to a
writing pen. — C. vulgaris. Arando phragmites.
Calapi'tte. A stony concretion found in
the inside of some cocoa-nuts.
Calathium. Calathidium. A depressed
anthodium or capitulum.
Calbia'num. An ancient plaster.
Calcadinum. Calcatar. Colcotar. Vitriol.
CALCA'NEUM. (um, i, u. ; from calx, the
heel.) The heel, or bone of the heel. Os
calcis.
Calcan'thum. Calcanthos. Flowers of
brass; vitriol.
CA'LCAR. (ar, aris, n.; a spur.) 1. The
os calcis. 2. Applied by botanists to the spur-
red process of the riugeiit and personate corolla
of plants.
Calcarate. Calcaratus. Spurred: applied
to the corals and nectaries of plants.
Calcar avis. The hippocampus minor.
CALCAREOUS. ( Calcarius ; from calx,
lime.) Partaking of the nature of lime.
Calcareous earth. See Lime.
Calcareous soap. Linimentum calcis.
Calcareus. Calcaria. Lime.
Calcaris flos. Calcatrippa. The lark
spur. See Delphinium.
Calcaton. A troche containing arsenic.
Calcena. Calcenon. Calccnonia. Calci-
nonia. Concretions of tartrate of lime. — Para-
celsus.
CALCEOLA'RIA. A genus of plants. Di-
andria. Monogynia. Slipper-wort. — C. pri-
mata is used in Peru as a laxative. — C. trifida
is employed as a febrifuge.
Ca lckum equi'num. Tussilago.
Calchithius. Verdigris.
Calcidicum. A medicine containing arsenic.
Calci'fraga. Globularia alypum.
Calcigerous. Bearing or containing calca-
reous matter, as the calcigerous cellules of the
teeth.
CALCII CHLORIDI LIQUOR. This prep-
aration is made by dissolving four ounces of
chloride of calcium in twelve ounces of distilled
water. The dose is from 1*1 xx. to jij. The
CAL
Liquor calcii chloridi (U. S.) is of double this
strength.
CALCII CHLORIDUM. Calcii chlorure
turn. Chloride of calcium. Take of chalk,five
ounces ; hydrochloric acid, distilled water, each
half a pint. Mix the acid with the water, and
add the chalk to saturation. The effervescence
being finished, strain and evaporate the liquor
until the salt is dried. Put the salt into a cru-
cible, and having liquefied it by exposure to
the fire, pour it upon a flat, clean stone. When
it is coid, break it into small pieces, and keep
it in a well-closed vessel. It has been sup-
posed to possess tonic and deobstruent proper-
ties, and acquired a high reputation in scrofula
and bronchocele, which it has failed to main-
tain. The dose is xv. grains to 8j.
Calcii oxychloruretum. C . protochlorure-
tum. See Calcis chloridum.
Calcii oxydum. Lime.
CALCINATION. (Calcinatio, onis, i.) The
process of subjecting a body to the action of
fire, or to a considerable degree of heat, to
drive oft* its volatile parts ; or to convert it into
a calx or oxide.
Calcinatum majus. Dulcification.
Calcinatum majus Poterii. A compound
of mercury, prepared by dissolving the metal
in aquafortis, and precipitating with salt water.
Calcinatum minus. A sweet substance.
CALCINED MAGNESIA. See Magnesia.
Calcined mercury. Binoxide of mercury.
Calcis bichloruretum. Calcis chloridum.
Calcis carbonas. See Lime, and Creta
praparata.
CALCIS CHLORIDUM. Chloride of lime.
Oxymuriate of lime. Itis much used in bleach-
ing, under the name of bleaching powder; and
an aqueous solution of it, commonly known
under the name of Labarraque's disinfecting
fluid, is a powerful corrector of putrid effluvia,
and of great use as an application to putrid ul-
cers, discharges, &c. A useful solution is made
with f j. to Oss. of water.
Calcis hepar. Sulphuret of lime.
Calcis hydras. Hydrate of lime, or slacked
lime.
Calcis hypochloris. Calcis chloridum.
Calcis liquor. Solution of lime. Aqua
calcis. Lime-water. Take of lime, half a
pound ; boiling distilled water, twelve pints.
Upon the lime, first slaked with a little of the
water, pour the remainder of the water and
shake them together; next cover the vessel
immediately, and let it stand for three hours ;
then keep the solution upon the remaining lime
in stopped glass bottles, and pour off the clear
liquor when it is wanted for use.
Lime is soluble in about 450 times its weight
of water, or little more than one grain in one
fluid ounce. Lime-water is colorless and in-
odorous, and has an unpleasant alkaline taste.
It absorbs carbonic acid rapidly from the atmo-
sphere, so that, if it be not carefully preserved,
the whole of the lime is soon precipitated in
the form of carbonate. It is given internally
as an antacid, in doses of from two ounces to
six, in cardialgia, diarrhoea, &c. Mixed with
olive oil, it forms the celebrated application to
burns, known under the name of Carran oil
123
CAL
Calcis murias. C. oxymurias. Calcii chlo-
ridum.
Calcis muriatis liquor. See Calcii chlo-
ridi liquor..
Calcis os. Calcar. Calcaneum. Plerna.
The largest bone of the tarsus, which forms the
heel. It is situated posteriorly under the as-
tragalus. It is divided into a body and pro-
cesses. It has a large tuberosity behind to form
the heel, into which the tendo achillis is insert-
ed. A sinuous cavity, as its forepart, which, in
the fresh subject, is filled with fat, and gives
origin to several ligaments. Two prominences,
at the inner and forepart of the bone, with a
pit between them, for the articulation of the
under and forepart of the astragalus. A de-
pression, in the external surface of the bone
near its forepart, where the tendon of the pero-
nacus longus runs. A large cavity, at the inner
side of the bone, lodging the long flexors of the
toes, together with the vessels and nerves of
the sole. There are two prominences, at the
under and back part of this bone, that give ori-
gin to the aponeurosis, and several muscles of
the sole. The anterior surface of the os calcis
is concave, for its articulation with the os cu-
boides, and it is articulated to the astragalus by
ligaments.
Calcis sulphuretum. Sulphuret of lime.
It has been used in a bath for itch, &c.
Calcitari. Alkaline salt.
Calcitea. Calcitrea. Vitriol.
Calciteosa. Litharge.
Calcithos. Verdigris.
Calcitra'pa. Centaurea calcitrapa.
CA'LCIUM. (urn, i, n. ; from calx.) The
metallic basis of lime, which is the oxide of
calcium. For the officinal compound, see Calcii.
Calcoi'dea ossi'cula. The three cuneiform
bones of the tarsus.
Calco-subphalangeus. The abductor mus-
cles of the foot.
Cal'cotar. Sulphate of iron. Ferri sul-
phas.
Calc sinter. The calcareous deposite of
some springs.
Calc spar. Native crystallized carbonate
of lime. It possesses the power of double re-
fraction, and is much used in polariscopes.
Calculi'fragus. (From calculus, and fran-
go, to break.) Having the power of breaking
stone in the bladder. 1. Lithontriptic medi-
cines. 2. The name of an instrument which is
introduced into the bladder to break down cal-
culi. See Lithotrity. 3. The scolopendrium,
and pimpernel.
Calculosus. Afflicted with the stone.
CALCULUS. («*, i, m. A pebble.) In
pathology, this term is applied to morbid con-
cretions of a hard or stony consistence, which
form in different cavities and other parts of the
body.
Calculus, arthritic Gouty concretions;
chalk-stones. See Podagra.
Calculus, articular. See Concretions, ar-
Ocular.
Calculus, biliary. Calculus biliosus. Cal-
culi cystici. Calculi fellei. Gall-stone. Bili-
ary calculi are of common occurrence, and usu-
ally consist of the substance called cholesterine,
124
CAL
blended with various proportions of coloring
matter, inspissated bile, albumen, &c. Four
kinds have been observed. 1. One kind is of
a white color, sometimes a Uttle yellowish or
greenish. It is nearly pure cholesterine. 2.
Another kind is of a round or polygonal shape,
often of a gray color externally, and brown
within. It exhibits concentric layers, which
appear to consist of inspissated bile ; and there
is generally a central nucleus of the white crys-
talline matter, or cholesterine. 3. A third kind
is of a deep brown, or green color. Its texture
is made up of crystals of cholesterine, inter-
mixed with biliverdin. A fourth kind is said to
be insoluble in alcohol.
Gall-stones often exist without occasioning
pain or any disagreeable symptoms, so that
their presence is not detected till after death.
Where, however, they become impacted in
their passage through the gall-ducts, they ob-
struct the flow of bile into the intestines, there-
by causing jaundice ; and they sometimes occa-
sion excruciating pain. Opium, the warm bath,
the nitro-muriatic acid bath, and antiphlogistics,
are used in these cases. See Icterus.
Calculi of the ears. Masses of indurated
wax.
Calculus, encysted. When the calculus
becomes covered or surrounded by mucus and
membrane.
Calculus, intestinal. See Enter -olilhus.
Calculi, lachrymal. Concretions some-
times form in the lachrymal passages, where
they cause abscesses and fistula;.
Calculus of the mamma. Concretions
found in mammary abscess.
Calculus, pancreatic Some have sup-
posed that certain transparent calculi, which
have been vomited or passed by stool, were
formed in the pancreas ; but there seems no
good reason for any such belief.
Calculi of the pineal gland. Morbid
concretions have been found on dissection in
the pineal gland, the presence of which was
not indicated during life by any particular
symptoms. They consist of phosphate of lime,
like the gritty matter naturally found in the part.
Calculi of the prostate gland. Stony
concretions are sometimes found in the sub-
stance of the prostate gland, and occasion the
same evil as any other enlargement of the part.
They generally consist of phosphate of lime.
Calculus, pulmonary. Concretions are
sometimes expectorated in great number during
life, or found in the substance of the lungs, or
ramifications of the bronchi, after death. In
most cases in which this occurs, it is an accom-
paniment of tubercular phthisis ; but there are
cases on record in which an expectoration of
chalky concretions has taken place, from time
to time, during a number of years, unconnect-
ed with any bad symptoms, and without injury
to the general health of the patient. The pres-
ence of such concretions is supposed, by M.
Bayle, to give rise to a form of phthisis, which
he calls Phthisic calculeuse.
Calculi, salivary. Concretions which are
sometimes found in the substance of the salivary
glands, or in their ducts. They generally con-
sist of phosphate of lime and animal matter.
CAL
Calculi, spermatic. Calculi have occa-
sionally been detected after death in the vesic-
ulse seminales.
Calculi of the tonsils. Concretions pro-
duced in the tonsils.
CALCULI, URINARY. Calculi vesica, ves-
ical calculi. Calculi formed by a morbid depo-
sition from the urine may be found in the kid-
ney, ureter, bladder, or urethra. Whatever be
their position, they are always formed in the
kidney or bladder : they are therefore renal or
vesical.
1. Renal calculi. When calculous matter is
separated in the kidneys, it assumes the form
either of fine sand, which passes off without
causing any severe symptoms, and is deposited
after the exci - eted mine has been some time at
rest, or of distinct calculi, varying in size, but
large enough to occasion very distressing pain
in their passage through the urinary canals.
Both these varieties are, in popular language,
called the gravel; and the severe symptoms
arising from the passage of renal calculi through
the ureters is styled a Jit of the gravel.
For the sake of perspicuity, it will be best to
designate mere sabulous deposites as urinary
'sand, and distinct concretions as renal calculi.
a. Urinary sand is of two kinds, white and
red. The white consists of phosphate of lime,
or of the ammouio-magnesian phosphate, or of
a mixture of the two. The red consists of uric
acid. Both of these morbid states of the urine
are usually connected with disorder of the di-
gestive organs ; and those general therapeutical
means which are adapted to the removal of
such disorder are beneficial in both. With a
view to correct the state of the urinary secre-
tion, on which the sabulous deposite more im-
mediately depends, alkalis are given where the
uric acid predominates, and the mineral acids
where the deposite consists of the phosphates.
In the latter case the muriatic acid is generally
found most useful.
b. Renal calculi. These sometimes exist for
a long time, and remain stationary in the kid-
ney, where they may attain a considerable
magnitude without giving rise to any symptoms
which lead to a suspicion of their presence ; or
they may excite chronic inflammation and sup-
puration of the kidney, with bloody urine and
hectic fever, which finally destroys the patient.
More generally, however, they descend along
the ureter, and give rise to the painful affection
commonly called a fit of the gravel. »The de-
scent of a renal calculus is usually attended
with pain in the loins, shooting down through
the pelvis to the inside of the thighs, retraction
of the testicle, and numbness of the leg of the
affected side, shivering, faintness, nausea, and
vomiting. In ordinary cases the calculus soon
reaches the bladder, and the distressing symp-
toms cease for the time. It is then either void-
ed through the urethra, with more or less pain
and difficulty, or it remains in the bladder and
becomes the nucleus of a vesical calculus. If
the calculus become firmly impacted in the
ureter, inflammation of the kidney supervenes,
or a fatal suppression of the urinary secretion,
■which may take place in both kidneys, though
there be a calculus in only one of, the ureters;
CAL
or the case may terminate fatally in a more
gradual manner, by inflammation and ulcera-
tion of the ureter and extravasation of urine.
In a few cases an abscess has formed in the
ureter, and discharged itself by a fistulous open-
ing in the lumbar region, or in the groin, through
which the urine also finds an outlet. These
formidable consequences are, however, com-
paratively rare. The treatment, while a calcu-
lus is passing down the ureter, should consist
in the use of the warm bath, which is of great
service by its relaxing and antispasmodic effect;
blood-letting, if necessary to obviate inflamma
tion, and opiates to allay pain.
The constitutional disposition to the formation
of renal calculi is to be obviated by the means
applicable to calculous disorders in general.
These will be noticed at the conclusion of the
present article.
2. Vesical calculus. A vesical calculus, or
stone in the bladder, may arise from a renal
calculus having passed into the bladder, and
there increased in size by successive depositions
upon its surface ; or it may be originally fanned
in the bladder itself; or a foreign body, which
has accidentally got into the bladder, may form
a nucleus around which calculous matter is de-
posited : it appears, however, that calculi found
in the bladder have generally their origin in
the kidney. The composition of urinary cal-
culi is very diversified. The calculi hitherto
observed consist of,
1. Uric or lithic acid.
2. Urate of ammonia.
3. Phosphate of lime.
4. Ammonio-magnesian phosphate.
5. Oxalate of lime.
G. Cystic oxide.
7. Carbonate of lime.
8. Silica.
9. The alternating calculus, consisting of al-
ternate layers of .the matters composing those
already enumerated.
The first five of the foregoing substances are
of most frequent occurrence, but their relative
frequency varies in different countries and dis-
tricts.
1. Calculi composed of uric (lithic) acid are
of a brown or fawn color, and, when cut
through, appear of a more or less distinctly
laminated texture. Their surface is generally
smooth, or nearly so, being sometimes slightly
tuberculated. Sp. gr., 1*5. Before the blow-
pipe, this calculus blackens, and gives out a
peculiar ammoniacal odor, leaving a minute
portion of white ash : it is soluble in solution of
pure potassa, and, heated with a little nitric
acid, affords a fine pink compound.
2. Urate of ammonia forms calculi, the sur-
face of which is sometimes smooth, sometimes
tuberculated ; they are made up of concentric
layers, and the fracture is fine earthy, resem-
bling that of compact limestone ; they are gen-
erally of a small size, and rather uncommon,
though urate of ammonia often occurs mixed
with uric acid. They usually decrepitate be-
fore the blow-pipe, are more soluble than the
uric calculus, evolve ammonia when heated
with solution of potassa, and are readily soluble
125
C AL
lu the alkaline carbonates, which pure uric acid
is not.
3. Phosphate of lime calculus is of a pale
brown or gray color, smooth, and made up of
regular and easily-separable lamina;. It is sol-
uble in muriatic acid, and precipitated by pure
ammonia, and does not fuse before the blow-
pipe. Calculi from the prostate gland are fre-
quently composed of phosphate of lime.
4. Ammonio-magncsian, or triple calculus, is
generally white or pale gray, and tho surface
often presents minute crystals; its texture is
generally compact, and often somewhat hard
and translucent; heated by the blow-pipe, it
exhales ammonia, and leaves phosphate of mag-
nesia. It is more easily soluble than the pre-
ceding ; and oxalate of ammonia forms no pre-
cipitate in its muriatic solution.
It frequently happens that calculi consist of
a mixture of the two last-mentioned substances,
in which case they fuse before the blow-pipe,
and are hence termed fusible calculi. They are
■white, or nearly so, and softer than the sepai'ate
substances, often resembling chalk in appear-
ance. They are easily soluble in muriatic acid,
and if oxalate of ammonia be added to their
solution, the lime is precipitated in the state of
oxalate.
5. Oxalate of lime forms calculi, the exterior
color of which is generally dark brown, or red-
dish; sp. gr., 1-4 and upward; they are com-
monly rough or tuberculated upon the surface,
and have hence been called mulberry calculi.
Before the blow-pipe they blacken and swell,
leaving a white infusible residue, which is
easily recognized as quicklime. Small oxalate
of lime calculi are, however, sometimes per-
fectly smooth upon the surface, and somewhat
resemble a hempseed in appearance.
6. Cystic oxide is a very rare species. It is
yellowish-white, crystalline, and of a waxy lus-
tre. They are soft, and, when burned by the
blow-pipe, exhale a peculiar fetid odor. They
are soluble in nitric, sulphuric, muriatic, phos-
phoric, and oxalic acids, and also in alkaline
solutions. Cystic oxide forms crystallizable
compounds with nitric, muriatic, and oxalic
acids. With sulphuric acid it forms a viscid,
colorless, and uncrystallizable compound. The
composition is CeNFLjC^Sj.
7. Dr. Prout, and Mr. Smith of Bristol (Med-
ico.-Chir. Trans., xi., 14), have described cal-
culi composed almost entirely of carbonate of
lime ; but this species is exceedingly rare.
8. Silica, as an ingredient in urinary sand,
and in some calculi, is very rare.
9. Xanthic oxide forms a very rare calculus.
It has a brown surface, scaly fracture, is brown
interiorly, and acquires a resinous appearance
when rubbed. It is entirely soluble in potash,
and precipitated by carbonic acid. Composi-
tion, C 6 N. 2 H 2 0s.
A stone may exist in the bladder without
causing much inconvenience, provided it be
email, smooth, and of a rounded figure ; but if
it be large, rough, or of an angular figure, it is
always productive of severe suffering. The
degree of pain will, however, vary greatly, ac-
cording to the state of the bladder and the qual-
ity of the urine.
126
C AL
The general symptoms indicative of a stone
in the bladder are, a painful itching along the
penis, especially the glans; the micturition is
painful, and a stream of urine is liable to be
suddenly arrested before the bladder is empty,
so that the urine is expelled by fits, and the
pain is greatest immediately after its evacua-
tion ; there is a dull pain and sense of weight
about the neck of the bladder; the urine is
mixed with a large quantity of mucus, and fre-
quently tinged with blood, especially after ex-
ercise. All the symptoms of stone are aggra-
vated to an intolerable degree by the motion
of a carriage, or exercise on horseback. At an
advanced stage of the disease the bladder be-
comes inflamed, and its mucous coat suppu-
rates; the ureters and kidneys participate in
the diseased action; large quantities of blood
and pus are passed with the urine ; the patient
becomes emaciated, and finally dies, worn out
by pain and hectic fever.
The symptoms attendant on enlargement of
the prostate gland in some respects resemble
those of stone, but the pain arising from calcu-
lus in the bladder generally comes on only in
paroxysms, while that from a diseased prostate
is constant. Surgeons agree that the presence •
of a calculus in the bladder can only be dis-
tinctly ascertained by the operation of sound-
ing.
Calculus is more common in temperate than
in warm or very cold climates. It occurs more
frequently in early life than in old age, but
more frequently in either than during the mid-
dle period of Hie. Persons of sedentary habits
are more liable to it than those of active habits.
Luxurious persons are more obnoxious to it
than those who are temperate. The disposi-
tion to gravel and urinary calculi is intimately
connected with the gouty diathesis. Injuries
of the spine and kidneys have been observed
to give a disposition to calculus, and especially
to that form of it which arises from a deposition
of the phosphates. Strictures of the urethra,
and enlargement of the prostate gland, favor
the formation of calculi.
When a stone in the bladder has become too
large to pass through the urethra, it can only be
got rid of with certainty by a surgical opera-
tion. See Lithotomy and Lithotrity.
Certain means have long been in use for the
purpose of dissolving the stone, and rendering
an operation unnecessary. There are cases on
record in which the judicious use of alkalies
appears to have had a marked effect on uric
acid calculi. It was proposed by Fourcroy to
attempt the solution of stones in the bladder by
the injection of appropriate fluids. It appears,
from the trials which have been made at differ-
ent times, that alkaline injections of sufficient
strength to answer the purpose are too irrita-
ting for the bladder to bear ; but Sir B. Brodie
has succeeded in dissolving some deposites of
phosphate and carbonate ol lime by nitric acid,
highly diluted, sent in a stream through the
bladder by means of a double catheter of pure
gold.
Admitting that largo stones are only to be
got rid of by the aid of surgery, it becomes of
great importance to obviate, if possible, the
C AL
calculous diathesis. There is more or less de-
rangement of. the digestive functions in all ; and
hence a particular attention to diet and regimen,
and the use of vegetable bitters and astringents,
are serviceable in most cases. Among the bit-
ters, the Uva ursi and Pareira brava are espe-
cially recommended. In the cases which de-
pend on an acid diathesis, namely, those in
which the calculus is composed of uric acid, of
oxalate of lime, or of cystic oxide, the general
principle is to obviate the acid tendency by al-
kaline medicines. There are, however, many
exceptions to this rule. In cases where lithic
acid is predominant, it has frequently been
found most beneficial to pi'oniote a copious dis-
charge of that acid by means of turpentine and
other medicines which are known to have this
effect. Dr. Prout has also found that the dis-
position to form oxalate <*f lime is converted by
the use of muriatic acid into the common lithic
diathesis; he has made similar observations
with respect to the cystic oxide, and hence in
these cases he recommends the use of muriatic
acid where it is not contra-indicated by an irri-
table state of the bladder.
Where the alkaline or phosphatic diathesis
prevails, the mineral acids are indicated ; their
effect, however, is by no means so striking as
that of alkalies in the acid diathesis ; indeed, it
is supposed by many, and probably with good
reason, that the benefit derived from them is
chiefly referrible to the tonic effects on the di-
gestive organs. The muriatic acid has been
found most generally useful.
In the actual paroxysm of stone in the blad-
der the suffering is dreadfully severe, and gen-
erally admits of no effectual relief; it may,
however, be considerably palliated by the use
of the warm hip-bath and anodyne suppositories
and enemata.
Calculus, urethral. A calculus impacted
in the urethra. If immovable, it is cut out by
dividing the urethra longitudinally.
Calculi of the uterus. They are some-
times present, but very rare, in engorgements
of a chronic nature.
Caldas springs. They are thermal, con-
taining sulphureted hydrogen, sulphate of iron,
and the common salts.
CALDA'RIUM. The hot bath of the an-
cients.
Caleanthum. Copperas. — Pliny.
Calebash. Cucurbita lagenaria.
CALEFA'CIENT. (Cale/aciens ; from cal-
efacio, to make warm.) Substances are so
called which excite a degree of warmth in the
parts to which they are applied, as mustard,
pepper, &c. They belong to the class of stim-
ulants.
CALEF ACTION. Calefactio. The act or
process of heating.
CALE'NDULA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia necessaria.
Composites. — C. alpina. Arnica montana. — C.
arvensis. Caltha palustris. — C. officinalis. C.
sativa. Garden marigold. The plant is ape-
rient and diaphoretic. — C. palustris. See
Caltha palustris.
Calendulje martiales. Ferrum ammonia-
turn.
C AL
Calendulin. A kind of gum bassorin ob-
tained from the marigold.
Calenturas. Cinchona ?
CA'LENTURE. ( Calcntura, <b, f. ; from
caleo, to be hot.) A form of phrenitis alleged
formerly to have been common among seamen
in tropical latitudes.
Cale'sium. A tree of Malabar, the bark of
which, made into an "ointment with butter,
cures convulsions from wounds, and heals ul-
cers. The juice of the bark cures aphthse, and,
taken inwardly, the dysentery. — Ray.
Caleza de negro. See Phytelephas.
Call See Kali.
Calico bush. Kalmia latifolia.
Casidum innatum. C. animate. See Cali-
dus.
CA'LIDUS. Warm. Hence calidum inna-
tum, animal or vital heat.
CALI'GO. (o, inis, f.) In pathology this
term is applied to dimness of sight or blind-
ness, caused by the interposition of an opaque
body between the object and the retina: hence
its species are,
1. Caligo palpebrarum. The obstruction to
the light being in the eyelids.
2. Caligo cornea. Opacities, &c.
3. Caligo lentis. The obstruction being In
the lens or its capsule. Cataract.
4. Caligo pupillm. The iris being closed.
5. Caligo humorum. The aqueous or vitre-
ous humors having lost their transparency.
6. Caligo synizesis. Synizesis.
CALIPERS. Compasses with curved legs.
Bourdeloque's calipers are used to ascertain the
capacity of the pelvis.
CALISAYA BARK. Cinchona flava. (U.S.)
Calix. See Calyx.
Calli. Gouty nodes.
CALLICARPA. A genus of plants. Tc-
trandia. Monogynia. It contains oidy one
species, C. americana, which grows in South
Carolina and Virginia. The leaves are used in
dropsy.
CALLICO'CCA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Pcntandria. Monogynia. See Ipe-
cacuanha.
Callicreas. The sweet-bread. See Pan-
creas.
Calli'gonum. See Polygonum.
Callip^di'a. The art of generating beauti-
ful children. ,
Calliphy'llum. Asplenium trichomanes.
Callistemon seed. Pohutu-kauva.
CALLI'TRICHE. A genus of plants. Mo-
nandria. Digynia. 1. Water stai*wort. Wa-
ter chickweed. 2. Adiantum.
Callositas palpebrarum. Scleriasis.
CALLOSITY. Callositas. Preternatural
hardness of the skin or other parts.
Callous. Callo'sus. Indurated.
CA'LLUS. (us, i, m.) 1. The flexible sub-
stance deposited between the divided ends of
broken bones, in which the osseous matter by
which they are permanently united is deposit-
ed. See Fracture. 2. A preternatural hard-
ness of any part, especially of the skin.
Calmet. Antimony.
Calome'lanos turque'ti. A purgative pill
made of calomel, sulphur, and resin of jalap.
127
C AL
CAM
CALO'MEL. Calomelas. {as, ilnos, m. ;
from ttaloc, and ftehag, black.) Originally ap-
plied to black sulphuret of mercury, but now to
calomel. See Hydrargyri chloridum mite.
Calomelas pr.ecipitatum. (Ph. D.) Calo-
mel prepared by the formula of the Dublin
Pharmacopoeia ; that is, by Jewell's process.
Calomelas sublimatum. (Ph. D.) Calomel
prepared by sublimation".
Calonia. KaXovia. Myrrh.
CALOPHYLLUM. A genus of tropical
plants. Poiyandria. Monogynia. The C.
inophyllum, tacamahaca, &c, yield a kind of
tacamahaca, and also an oil for lamps. — C. cal-
<iba produces the Oleum Sancta Maries.
Calor animalis. Animal temperature*
Calor fervens. Boiling heat.
Calor lentis. A gentle heat; about 100° F.
Calor mordicans. The pungent heat of the
skin in ardent fevers, which leaves an unpleas-
ant tingling sensation on the fingers for some
minutes after touching the patient.
Calor nativus. Animal or vital heat.
CALO'RIC. {Caloricum, i, n. ; from calor,
heat.) The cause which produces the sensa-
tion and effects of heat. The characteristic.ef-
fect of caloric is expansion, but it is also an
agent in producing chemical change. The form
and gravity of bodies is dependent on this im-
ponderable. Its nature is utterly unknown.
Caloric, latent. Insensible heat. Heat ex-
isting in all bodies, and not made evident by af-
fecting the thermometer. Also, heat which pass-
es into liquids, to convert them into vapor, &c.
Caloric, specific. The precise amount of
heat necessary to raise different bodies to a
given degree of temperature.
Calorific Having the quality of producing
heat, as the calorific rays of the spectrum, which
are the red, orange, and yellow.
Calorification. (From calor, heat, and
jacio, to make.) The function of generating
animal heat.
Calori'meter. An apparatus to measure the
quantity of heat which a body gives out in
pooling.
Calorimotor. A galvanic arrangement by
Dr. Hare for the production of great heat. It
consists of one pair of plates of great surface.
Calotropis gigantea. Asclepiasgigantea;
mudor.
Calo'type. The name given by Mr. Talbot
to pictures obtained on paper rendered sensible
to light by the gallo-nitrate of silver.
CA'LTHA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Polyandria. Polygynia. Ranunculacea. — C.
arvensis. C. vulgaris. The wild marigold.
The juice has been given in scrofula. — C. pa-
iustris. Populago. It is said to be caustic and
deleterious.
Caltrops. See Trapa.
CALUMBA. See Cocculus palmatus. The
root is a good tonic. Dose, gr. x. to 33s.
Calumba, American or false. The Frasera
Walteri.
Calumbin. The bitter principle of calumba.
Calva. Calva'ria. The skull; the vertex.
Calvata ferramexta. An old name for
such surgical instruments as have a button at
the end.
128 *
CALVTTIES. {es, ei, f. ; from calvus, bald. )
Calvitium. Baldness.
CALX. {Calx, cis, fcem.) 1. Lime. 2. An
oxide.
Calx. {Calx, cis, m.) The heel.
Calx antimonii. Oxide of antimony.
Calx bismuthi. Bismuth, subnitrate.
Calx chlorina'ta. Chloride of lime, or
bleaching powder. See Calcis chloridum.
Calx cum kali puro. See Potassa cumcalce-
Calx cum potassa. See Potassa cum calce.
Calx e testis. Shell lime.
Calx, extincta. Slaked lime.
Calx hydrargyri alba. See Hydrargyrum
ammoniatum.
Calx salita. Calcii chloridum.
Calx viva. C. usta, recens. Quick-lime.
Made by burning limestone.
Caly'bio. A one-ceiled, inferior, few-seeded
fruit, inclosed in a capsule, as the acorn.
Calyca'nthemje. Plants which, among
other characteristics, have the corolla and sta-
mina inserted into the calyx.
Calyciflo'r^:. Plants which have the sta
mina inserted into the calyx.
CALYCI'NUS. (From calyx, the flower-
cup.) Calycinalis. Calycine: belonging to
the calyx of a flower.
Calycula'tus. Calyculate: having a double
calyx, or several successively diminishing in size.
Caly'culu.s. {us, i, m.) A little calyx.
CALYP'TRA. {a, cc, f. ; from nalvnTu, to
cover.) The veil or covering of mosses. A
kind of membranous hood placed on their cap-
sule or fructification.
CALYPTRA'TUS. Calyptrate : furnished
with a calyptra.
CA'LYX. {yx, ids, f . ; «a/lu£; from KoJkv-
tttu, to cover.) 1. The flower-cup. It is gen-
erally of a green color. 2. The infundibula, or
membranous tubes which rise round the base
of the papillae of the kidneys, and receive the
urine from them, are also called calyces. See
Kidney.
Camandag. Camandang. A tree of the
Philippine Islands. It yields a milky juice,
called by the natives tague : it is used to poi-
son arrows.
CAMARA. {a, cc, f. ; from aauapa, a vault.)
Camarium. 1. The fornix of the brain. 2.
The vaulted part of the auricle of the heart.
Camarez. Its mineral waters are impreg-
nated with the sulphates of soda and iron.
Camaro'ma. (From Kafiapa, a vault.) Ca-
marosis. Camaratio. A fracture of the skull,
where the bones present the appearance of an
arch or vault.
CA'MBIUM. {urn, i, n.) 1. The nutritious
humor which is changed into the materials of
which the body is composed. 2. The dex-
trine, or matter of organization found between
the young bark and new wood of plants in
spring.
Cambine. Cambing. A tree of the Molucca
Islands, the bark of which exudes a juice much
esteemed against dysentery.
Cambo. A village in the department of the
Basses Pyrenees, where there are two mineral
springs ; one is an acidulous chalybeate, and the
other sulphureous.
CAM
CAMBO'GIA. Cambo'dia. («, a, f.) See
Stalagmilis cambogioides and Garcinia.
Cambu'ca. Cambucca membrata. A bubo
or ulcer on the genitals.
Came lan. Anisum moluccanum. A small
tree of Amboyna, the seeds of which smell like
those of anise, and are used for the same pur-
poses.
Cameli'xa. See Myagrum.
Game'llidje. Camelliccc. A natural family
of plants, including the genera Camellia and
Then.
CA'MKRA. A chamber; applied to the
cavities of the eye, before and behind the iris,
which contain the aqueous humor. See Ocu-
Ins.
Camera lucida. A prism of glass invented
by Dr. Wolluston for the purpose of enabling
any person to make drawings of objects.
Camera obscura. A dark chamber, or box,
into which the images of objects are brought to
a focus by means of one or more lenses.
Cameratio. See Camaroma.
Caminga. See Canella alba.
Cami'sia foetus. The chorion.
Cammaron. Arnica scorpioides?
Ca'mosiers. It has springs containing car-
bonate of lime, sulphur, muriate of soda, &c.
These waters are purgative, and are used in
diseases of the skin.
CAMPA'NA. («, a, f.) A bell. In Chem-
istry, a receptacle like a bell, for making sul-
phuric acid; whence the name of oleum sul-
phnris per campanum.
Campana'ceje. Campanulaccm. Bell-shaped
flowers. The name of an order in Linineus's
natural method : now Campanulacem.
Campana'ceus. Bell-shaped.
Campanifo'rmis. Bell-shaped.
OAMPA'NULA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Pcntandria. Monogynia. — C. trachc-
leum. The great throat-wort. A decoction of
the root has been recommended in cases of sore
throat, relaxation of the uvula, &c.
Campanula'te. (From campanula, a little
bell.) Bell-shaped.
Campeachy wood. See Hccmatoxylon cam-
pechianum.
Campe'stris. Of, or belonging to, the field.
Camphene. The name given by Dumas to
pure oil of turpentine : form., C 2 oHi 6 .
Camphine. A commercial spirit used for
lighting ; it is merely the common oil of turpen-
tine redistilled.
Camphogen. A colorless liquid ; density,
0-861. See Camphor, which is the hydrate of
camphogen.
Campholic acid. A solid acid having the
composition of camphor.
CA'MPHOR. {a, <e, f. ; from the Arabic ca-
foor.) Camphora. Camphirc. A peculiar
stearopten existing in several plants.
1. The Dryobalanops camphora, D. aromati-
ca, a tall tree growing in forests in Sumatra and
Borneo. The camphor concretes in the heart
of the tree, occupying cavities a foot or a foot
and a half long. The young trees contain an
oily camphor.
2. The Laurus camphora, or Camphora offi-
cinarum, a native of China and Japan. Its
CAM
roots, wood, and leaves smell strongly of cam-
phor, which is obtained by distillation.
Camphor, when pure, has a strong and pecu-
liar fragrance, and a bitter, pungent taste. It is ,
white, semitransparent, unctuous to the touch,
brittle, and of an irregular crystalline texture.
Its specific gravity is -9837. It is very vola-
tile ; boils at 400° ; and sublimes in close ves-
sels, crysttdlizing in hexagonal plates. It is
very inflammable, and bums with a bright
flame and much smoke.
It is a solid essential oil; composition, C M Hi4
-]-2HO, the radical being camphogen, which
may be separated by repeated distillation with
phosphoric acid. Camphogen resembles, in its
chemical relations, benzin and naphthaline, and
is found in many essential oils.
Camphor is soluble in alcohol, ethers, and
oils both fixed and volatile. Concentrated sul-
phuric acid decomposes camphor, giving rise to
the formation of artificial tannin ; diluted sul-
phuric or diluted nitric acid dissolves it ; so do
the muriatic, strong acetic, and fluoric acids.
The addition of water to the spirituous or
acid solutions of camphor instantly separates it.
Alkalies have hardly any effect on camphor.
Resins combine with it, forming a tenacious
mass.
Concrete oils of tobacco, elecampane, &c ,
have been called camphors, and true camphor
is found in many of the aromatic salviaceous
plants.
Camphor, in its action on the animal econo-
my, is stimulant, narcotic, antispasmodic, and
diaphoretic. Its stimulus is very diffusible, and
soon followed by a sedative effect. In an over-
dose it causes vomiting, giddiness, delirium, and
convulsions. Employed externally, it is a very
useful ingredient in anodyne liniments, and
twenty or thirty grains of it added to a poultice,
and applied to the perineum, allays chordee.
The dose of camphor is from gr. ij . to 3j . When
given in the solid form, it is very apt to occa-
sion pain at the cardiac orifice of the stomach,
and vomiting; it is therefore best given sus-
pended in water by means of mucilage.
Camphor, artificial. Produced by the ac-
tion of dry muriatic acid on turpentine oil, and
other similar essences. It is a hydrochlorate
of camphene ; C 30 Hi6-|-HCl. It has the appear-
ance and odor of camphor, but is not a nervine.
— Orfila.
Camphor, Borneo. The native camphor of
the Dryobalanops.
Camphor, liquid. Camphor oil. The fluid
obtained by tapping the dryobalanops. It has
the odor of camphor or cajaputi, and contains
an elaopten, which, when pure, is C. 2 oHi 6 , ac-
cording to Telouze, but which becomes C 2 oHieO<
by exposure to air.
Camphor, oil of. This name is given to a
solution of camphor in dilute nitric acid {nitrate
of camphor, Pereira) ; but it is also used for
liquid camphor, and for the liniment of camphor.
Camphor water. Mistura camphorae.
Camphors flores compositi. Camphor
sublimed with benzoin.
Camphors flos. That portion of the cam-
phor which ascends first in the process of sub-
limation. /
129
CAN
Camphorata. See Camphorosma.
Camphorate. Cam'phoras. (as, atis, f.)
A salt formed by the union of the camphoric
acid with a base ; thus, camphorate of alumina,
camphorate of ammonia, &c.
Camphorated spirit. Camphorated spirit
of wine. Tinctura camphor®.
Camphorated tincture of opium. See
Tinctura opii camphorata.
Camphora'tus. Camphorated.
CAMPHORIC ACID. Acidum camphori-
cum. An acid obtained by distilling nitric acid
eight times following fromjcamphor. It has an
acid taste, crystallizes in prisms, is inodorous,
fuses at 145 0- 4, and emits a pungent vapor, and
sublimes partially into the anhydrous acid.
The ordinary acid is tribasic ; form., 3 HO+
C10H7O3. It combines with the earthy, alka-
line, and metallic bases, and forms salts, called
camphorates.
CAMPHORO'SMA. A genus of plants. Tc-
trandria. Monogynia. — C. monspelicnsis. C.
hirsute. Camphorata of the Pharmacopoeias.
Stinking ground-pine ; formerly used in decoc-
tion in dropsical and asthmatic complaints.
Camphrone. An oily substance produced
by M. Fremy by dropping pieces of camphor
into a porcelain tube containing quicklime at a
red heat, and condensing the vapor. Formula
C 30 H 21 O. It boils at 167° F.
Camphylorrhachis. One with a crooked
spine.
Campsis. Ka/irpic- When a bone or carti-
lage is bent without breakage ; hence, campsis
depressio, a depression.
Ca'mpuli'tropous. In Botany, a name given
to such ovules as bend down upon themselves
till their apex touches the base.
Camwood. A red dye-wood from Africa.
Canaijin a aquatica. See Bidens.
Canada balsam. See Pinus balsamea.
Canada maidenhair. Adiantum pedatum.
CANAL. Several foramina and passages are
so called. See Canalis and the specific names.
Canal, alimentary or digestive. Alimenta-
ry duct, Canalis cibarius. The entire length
of the passage from the mouth to the anus.
Canal, arachnoidian. Canal of Bichat.
A passage^ produced by the extension of the
arachnoid membrane over the transverse and
longitudinal fissures of the brain.
Canal, intestinal. See Intestinal canal.
Canal of Fontana. Ciliary canal. A mi-
nute vascular canal within the ciliary ligament.
Canal of Petit. Canalis Petitianus. See
Oculus.
Canal of Schlemm. A minute canal at the
junction of the cornea and sclerotica.
Can ales semicirculares. The semicircular
canal. See Auris.
Canaliculate. Canalicula'tus. Channel-
ed ; having a long furrow.
Canaliculus. ( Diminutive of canalis, a
channel.) A little canal. See Ductus arte-
riosus.
Canalis Arteriosus. See Ductus arteri-
osus.
Canalis nasalis. See Ductus nasalis.
Canalis venosus. See Ductus venosus.
CANARIES, CLIMATE OF THE. It re-
130
CAN
sembles, but is not quite as equable as, that of
Madeira.
Canary balsam. See Dracocephalum.
Ca'ncamum. Various gums and resins.
Cancella'te. Latticed ,• having a reticu-
lated appearance.
CANCE'LLI. (i, orum, pi. m.) Lattice-
work. The reticular substance in bones is so
called. See Os.
CA'NCER. (Cancer, cri, m.) A genus of
cru8taceous animals. — C. pagurus. This is the
common crab. The crab's claws, chela; can-
crorum of the shops, are taken from this spe-
cies. — C. ga'mmarus. Astacus marinus. The
common lobster. — C. a'stacus. C. fluviatUis.
Astacus fiuviatilis. The craw-fish. Certain
concretions in the stomach of this animal con-
stitute the crab's eyes (cancrorum oculi) of the
shops. — C. Bernhardus. Pagurus streblonya.
Hermit crab. This species takes up its abode
in univalve shells which it finds empty.
CANCER, (cer, ceris, f.) A malignant dis-
ease ; so called because a part affected with it,
being raised into a tumor and surrounded by di-
lated veins, bears some resemblance to a crab,
for which reason it was called by the Greeks
Carcinoma, from Kapiuvoc, a crab. The follow-
ing general account of this malady is condensed
from Dr. Copland's Dictionary of Practical Med-
icine :
Cancer consists of two states or stages : the
first is scirrhus; the second, true cancer, or car-
cinoma.
I. Scirrhous Stage. — Occult cancer. It com-
mences with a tumor, a limited local hardness.;
is usually single; is veiy rarely, at its com-
mencement, detected in different parts at once ;
and is not surrounded by a cyst. It is distin-
guished, at this period, by hardness, coldness,
whiteness, or paleness, insensibility, and defi-
ciency of red blood-vessels : a state indicating
the low degree of vitality of the part.
The scirrhous structure, when fully develop-
ed, consists of a firm, hard, rugged, incompressi-
ble, and unequal mass, the limits of which are
not distinctly defined. Its color is generally of
a light gray, and, when cut into thin slices, it is
semi-transparent. Upon close inspection, it is
found to consist of two distinct substances ; the
one hard, fibrous, and organized ; the other soft,
and apparently inorganic. The former compo-
ses the chief part of the diseased mass, and
consists of septa, which are opaque, of a paler
color than the soft part, unequal in their length,
breadth, and thickness, disposed in various di-
rections ; sometimes forming a nearly solid
mass ; in other instances, a number of cells or
irregular cavities, which contain the soft part.
The latter is sometimes semi-transparent, of a
bluish color, and of the consistence of softened
glue ; at other times more opaque, softer, some-
what oleaginous, and like cream in color and
consistence.
The fibrous structure seems to be the cellu-
lar, or proper tissue of the part, in a state of
induration and hypertrophy ; assuming, in con-
sequence of its increased density and bulk, an
appearance similar to the fibrous or fibro-carti-
laginous structure; while the softer portion,
contained in the meshes and cells of the former,
CAN
appeal's to be merely a morbid secretion pour-
ed out by the vessels nourishing the organized
fibrous tissue, and is probably the exhalation of
the part, either secreted in a modified state, or
accumulated and changed by the disease of* its
containing structure.
The proportion of each of those two substan-
ces, and the modes of their distribution, vary
very considerably in different scirrhous masses.
Bayle makes the following species :
1. The Chondroid, (from xovdpog, cartilage,
and eiSoc, likeness), or cartilaginifomi.
2. The Hyaloid (from valoc, glass, and eidoc),
or vitriform.
3. The Larinoid (from 'kapLvog. fat, and cidog ),
or lardiform.
4. The Bunioid (from jdovviov. a turnip, and
e i6og), or napiform.
5. The Encephaloid (from ejke'JhiXoc, the
brain, and euhc), or cerebrif'orm.
6. The Colloid (from ko?.?m, glue, and etioc ),
or gelatiniform.
7. The Compound cancerous; the Mixed cun-
cerous; and the Superficial cancerous.
At the commencement of scirrhous disease,
the structure of the tissue or organ in which it
is seated preserves for some time its aspect and
color, being changed merely in volume and
density : sometimes, however, its volume is but
little augmented, while its density is very much
increased. As the disease advances, the prop-
er tissue of the organ becomes more obscure,
and verges nearer to that already described.
Scirrhous tumors do not always remain in
the state now described ; and the period during
which they thus continue is not determinate.
When once they commence, they seldom retro-
grade, and the part affected never is restored
to its healthy state. It is chiefly in this respect
that the early stages of scirrhus differ from sim-
ple induration proceeding from chronic inflam-
mation. Scirrhus may remain nearly stationary
for several years, occasioning but little consti-
tutional disturbance; but generally an impor-
tant change takes place in its structure, and the
disease afterward makes rapid progress.
II. Carcinomatous, or Cancerous Stage. —
Open or ulcerated cancer. After a time, por-
tions of the scirrhous mass begin to soften, and
pass into a state of unhealthy suppuration and
ulceration. The soft or inorganic substance re-
solves itself into a thin ichorous matter, very
different from pus; and disorganization com-
mences, generally about the centre of the mass,
and extending toward that part of it which is
nearest J^ther the surface of the body or any of
the natWal openings. After this period the
diseased mass seldom increases much in bulk,
but is destroyed by an ulcerative process. The
malady now makes rapid progress, owing to
the contamination of the adjoining structures
by the morbid matter secreted by the ulcera-
ting part, a portion of which matter is evident-
ly absorbed, irritating the lymphatic glands,
and vitiating the whole frame. In consequence
of this infection, the powers of life sink.
When the skin covering a scirrhous tumor
ulcerates, a fungus of a cauliflower appearance,
and hard, gristly structure, sometimes proceeds
CAN
from the surface of the mass. In some cases,
ulceration destroys both the fungus and the pri-
mary tumor. It has been observed by Sir E.
Home that some cancerous sores have suddenly
changed from a painful and malignant charac-
ter to a more healthy aspect at some part, and
even have begun to cicatrize. This apparent
amendment is never permanent, for, sooner or
later, the ulcerative process is renewed, and
the disease pursues its usual course. Dr. Parr
states that he has seen several cases thus ter-
minate spontaneously ; but the patients were
all soon afterward apt off* by internal disease,
probably consisting of the internal development
or metastasis of the malady, cases of which oc-
currence are not unfrequent.
Cancerous tumors generally contaminate the
glands in the vicinity, particularly after ulcera-
tion lias commenced.
Scirrho-cancer most commonly originates in
glands whose functions have been interrupted,
or which have never performed the offices in-
tended for them ; or it affects parts which have
been previously diseased, or have received, at
some period, an external injury. Thus it at-
tacks the mamm;r, the uterus, the ovaria, the
testes, the thyroid glands. It also very fre-
quently commences in the integumental, and
the digestive, and urino-genital mucous surfa-
ces ; more particularly in the skin of the face ;
in the mucous membrane of the nose, lips,
mouth, pharynx, and oesophagus ; in the stom-
ach, especially the pylorus and cardia ; in the
intestinal canal, the ileo-csecal valve, rectum, and
anus, and in the urinary bladder. The viscera
which are secondarily affected are commonly
the lungs, bronchial glands, the liver, the omen-
tum, the mesentery, the spleen, the pancreas,
the brain, the medulla of the bones, and the
skin. Several of these, particularly the liver,
pancreas, mesentery, brain, &c, may also be
primarily or coevally affected with other parts.
Scirrhus affects the skin in two forms : the one
is that of wart, the other that of tubercle ; the
former being primary, the latter secondary.
III. Diagnosis. — It is of great importance to
be able to distinguish between this disease and
various others for which it is liable to be mis-
taken. For instance, the simple induration
proceeding from chronic inflammation has been
mistaken for scirrhus.
In simple induration the part affected is red-
der, more injected, retains more of its original
structure, is less indurated, and less tabulated,
than scirrhus. The parts also surrounding the
indurated portion are frequently slightly infil-
trated with serum. Induration, the result of
inflammatory action, admits of resolution, and
entirely disappears, sometimes in consequence
of a natural flux or evacuation, of active exer-
cise, the return of accustomed discharges, or
pregnancy. Thus the menstrual flux sometimes-
dissipates inflammatory induration of the mam-
ma?, or of the neck of the uterus.
The fibrous production generally appears in
the form of a rounded body, implanted, but
isolated, in the proper structure of the organ,
and adhering to it merely by means of lamina-
ted tissue. Upon dividing this structure, it
grates under the scalpel ; and it sometimes pre-
131
CAN
sents dilated vessels, which are never observed
in scirrhous masses : moreover, it occasions little
or no pain, and never passes into the cancerous
state.
Compared with tubercular or lardaccous pro-
ductions, scirrho-cancer off#s remarkable differ-
ences : 1st. The latter is never found isolated
in the cellular tissue, or in the parenchyma of
organs, in the form of granulations, or of small
rounded tumors, as the tubercular formations
are ; nor in largely-diffused masses- as the lard-
aceous substance. 2d. It is never inclosed in
a cyst. 3d. It does not Greatly increase the
volume of the part it affects; sometimes the
part is even diminished, but much more dense.
4th. It is not susceptible of the same kind of
softening as the tubercular and lardaccous pro-
ductions ; but rather of a peculiar rareiaction,
passing into a peculiar form of fungus, followed
by the development of blood-vessels. 5th. Its
vital properties arc excited, and its sensibility
becomes exalted, as the disease advances ; cir-
cumstances which are never observed in con-
nection with these productions.
Cancerous "ulceration is characterized by a
jagged, thick, soft edge, which is turned out-
ward. The surface of the ulcer is grayish, or
grayish brown, sometimes livid brown, eleva-
ted into loose, fungous vegetations, discharging
a fetid, corroding sanies or ichor, and bleeding
slightly upon irritation, a. Chronic inflamma-
tory ulcers differ from the former in the absence
of a fetid corroding ichor; in the hardness of
their margin, which turns inward ; and in the
reddish and more healthy appearance of their
bottoms, which in cancer is colorless, or of a
livid brown, hard, irregular, fungous, some-
times with cauliform excrescences, and extreme-
ly offensive, b. Local tumors sometimes ap-
pear, particularly on the tongue, originating in
uritation, and exasperated by the continuance
of this cause. These usually commence with a
small pimple or wart, becoming more and more
hard and irritable as they increase, until they
assume a scirrhus-like induration. They seldom
endanger the constitution, yet appear sometimes
to assume a malignant character.
As soon as the carcinomatous change takes
place in the scirrhous mass, the disease involves
adjoining parts, and the system generally. The
local suffering is more fully developed, and the
vital actions of the part are changed greatly
from the healthy course. The sensibility is
morbidly augmented in short paroxysms ; the
pain being violent, and what is usually called
lancinating or stinging during the exacerba-
tions, but often slight, or almost altogether ab-
sent in the intervals. If the surface be exposed,
the pain is burning, and the part is always sore.
As the disease advances, and particularly as the
ulceration proceeds, the paroxysms of lancina-
ting and burning pain increase in violence, and
the remissions become more imperfect and of
shorter duration. The cancerous sanies is gen-
erally very fluid; but its appearance varies
with the treatment, the situation of the disease,
and with the diet of the patient. It is gener-
ally of a grayish white or reddish gray; it
slightly effervesces with sulphuric acid, and
turns*syrup of violets green.
132
CAN
The characters of cancerous cachexia are.
emaciation; softness and flaccidity of the soft
solids; cedema of the extremities ; hectic fever;
a peculiar change of the complexion and color
of the whole surface of the body, which become
of a pale leaden, or pale straw color, or waxy
hue ; and general depravation of the functions.
Causes. — Scirrhus, like scrofula, is hereditary.
It is almost altogether confined to persons ad-
vanced in life, and very rare before the age of
thirty. Females, owing to the liability of then-
appropriate organs to bo attacked, are more
subject to it than males, especially those who
have not borne children, the disease generally
appearing in them upon the cessation of the
catamenia.
It is generally excited by blows and external
injuries, by repeated or continued irritation,
the abuse of spirituous liquors, and by low and
poor diet. The proximate cause of this dread
ful disease is extremely obscure.
The best pathologists regard cancer as essen-
tially depending upon a weakened and otherwise
morbid state of the system generally ; and aris-
ing from depravation of the vital conditions of
the part affected, whereby its nutrition, nervous
sensibility, and secreting function become spe-
cifically changed, and all the fluids and solids,
■ultimately contaminated.
Treatment.— Dr. Copland conceives that the
treatment of this disease should be directed to
the fulfillment of the following intentions : 1st.
To support the energies of life, by exciting the
digestive functions, and the abdominal secre-
tions and excretions. 2d. To soothe the mor-
bid sensibility of the part, and promote the
absorption of morbid depositions in its tissues,
by means of anodynes combined with deob-
struents and discutients ; and, 3d. To impart
vigor to the frame by suitable medicine, diet,
and regimen.
The preparations of iodine, given in very
small and frequently-repeated doses, with po-
tass, and conium, or opium, will be found
among the best remedies that can be used ; in-
asmuch as, when exhibited in this manner, they
are both tonic and deobstruent. They may
also be used externally in the form of ointment.
Either stramonium, conium, opium, belladonna,
hyoscyamus, or aconitum, may be given in va-
rious forms in the intervals between the exhi-
bition of the iodine ; and be combined with tonic
infusions or decoctions, with the fixed or vola-
tile alkalies, or with camphor in doses of from
two to six grains. They may also be tried in
conjunction with the preparations of arsenic,
or of iron, or the chlorates of potashJJBoda, or
lime, and as external applications alio, when
the disease has gone on to ulceration. In fe- ,
males, scirrho-cancer is generally connected, at
its commencement, with disorder or the cessa-
tion of the menstrual discharge. In such cases,
the preparations of iron with ammonia, or the
fixed alkalies, and aloes, are sometimes of ser-
vice. Dr. Copland has observed most ad-
vantage in these cases from frequent and full
doses of conium, in the form of powder, given
with the sub-borate of soda.
Tonic infusions, or decoctions, with liquor
ammonia; acetatis, or with the carbonates of the
CAN
alkalies, and extract of conium, or the tincture
of hyoscyamus ; the oxymur. hydrarg. in the
compound tincture of cinchona, or compound
decoction of sarsaparilla ; or small doses of blue
pill, or hydrarg. cum creta, with camphor, and
either of the narcotic extracts ; the preparations
of sulphur, and the sulphurets ; the phosphates
of iron, or this metal combined with ammonia,
and conium; the sulphates of quinine and zinc;
and the balsams and terebinthinates, may sev-
erally be employed.
Although the malady obviously lias a consti
tutional origin, yet the propriety of extirpating
the affected part, as soon as the true scirrhous
character becomes manifest, may be conceded.
After this is accomplished, the constitutional
vice may be more successfully combated, and
the reappearance of the local disease more
probably prevented than at a later period.
When, however, the system exhibits any of the
symptoms of cancerous cachexia, whether the
adjoining glands be enlarged or not, nothing
will be gained by an operation ; but some ad-
vantage may still accrue from judicious and en-
ergetic medical treatment, particularly from
tonics combined with anodynes, alteratives,
and deobstruents.
During the treatment of this malady, atten-
tion must be especially directed to the secre-
tions and evacuations. Tho bowels ought to be
kept freely open with deobstruent laxatives,
combined with tonics and vegetable bitters.
The diet should be nutritious and easy of di-
gestion. Change of air and of scene, with
agreeable amusements, serve essentially in as-
sisting the influence of a judiciously-devised
method of cure, and should, therefore, not be
overlooked by the practitioner; and the tonic
and saline mineral waters are of use.
Cancer aquaticus. The cancrum oris.
Cancer, chimney-sweeper's. Cancer mun-
ditorum.
Cancer galeni. An eight-tailed bandage
for the head.
Cancer munditorum. C. scroti. A pecu-
# liar ulceration of the scrotum in chhnney-
Bweepers. It begins at the lower part of the
scrotum. Extirpation of tho part is the only
remedy.
Cancer ossis. See Osteosarcoma.
Cancer powder, Martin's. Contained ^th
of arsenic, mixed with belladonna or other veg-
etable substances.
Cancer root. Orobanchc virginiana.
• Cancer scroti. The chimney-sweeper's
cancer.
Cancer weed. See Sylvia lyrata.
Canchai.agua. Erythrasa chilensis. A bit-
ter plant of Chili, said to be aperient, tonic, and
vermifuge.
Cancre'na. Gangrene.
Cancroid. Cancroideus. Having a cancer-
ous nature; used by Alibert also for cheloid
cancers, or those which affect the skin, and
have a flattened surface, marked like the back
of a tortoise.
CANCRORUM CHEL.E. Crab's claws.
See Carbonas calcis and Cancer pagurus.
Cancrorum lapides. C. lapilli. C. oculi.
See Cancer astaevs.
CAN
CA'NCRUM. (um, i, n. ; from cancer, a
spreading ulcer.) The cancer.
Cancrum oris. Canker of the mouth ; the
common name for ulperated gums, and ulcers
inside the cheeks. See Stomacace.
Cande. A village of Haut Poitou, which has
mineral waters containing sulphate of lime and
iron.
Candela fumalis. A pastil. See Pastillum.
Candela medicata. A medicated bougie.
Candela probatoria. A bougie.
., Candela'ria. Verbascum thapsus.
Candidum ovi. White of egg.
Candisa'tio. The process of candying sugar.
Candle-tree oil. The solid oil of Croton
seMferum.
Ca'ndum. Canthum. Sugar candy.
Candy carrot. See Atkamanta crclensis.
Cane sugar. See Sit gar.
CANE'LLA, (a, (r, f.) A genus of plants.
Dodecandria. Monogynia. Magnoliacea.—
C. alba. This plant produces the bark called
canclla. The canclla alba is a native of the
West Indies and South America. The bark
is in quills or flat pieces, of a light yellow-
ish-gray color, and of an aromatic smell and
taste. Alcohol extracts its aromatic principle ;
water does- so imperfectly. It yields a thick
essential oil by distillation. It is a sufficiently
good aromatic, and is sometimes used with that
intention in combination with other medicines.
— C. caryophyllata. Myrtus caryophyllata. —
C. ccylanica. Cinnamon. — C. cubana. See
Canclla alba.
Canellje malabaricx cortex. Cassia bark.
Canellifkra malabarica. Cassia bark.
Ca'nicse. Coarse meal.
Canica'ckus panis. Bread made of coarse
meal.
Canici'da. Aconite.
Canicui.a'ris. (From canicula, the dog-
star.) Appertaining to the dog-star. Applied
to the hottest days of the year.
CANINA A1TETENTIA. Canine appetite.
See Bulimia.
Canina brassica. Mercurialis perennis.
Canina lingua. See Cynoglossum.
Canina malus. The fruit of the Atropa man-
dragora.
Canina rabies. See Hydrophobia.
CANINE. (Caninus; from canis, a dog.)
Appertaining to, or partaking of the nature of,
a dog.
Canine fossa. See Fossa canina.
Canine madness. See Hydrophobia.
Canine teeth. The four eye-teeth.
Caninus musculus. The levator anguli
oris.
Caninus risus. C. spasmus. See Risus
sardonicus.
Caniru'bus. Rosa canina.
Canis cerebrum. The antirrhinum.
Cani'ties. Canitia. (From canvs, gray-
headed.) Grayness of the liair.
Canker. See Cancer.
CA'NNA. (a, <r. f.) 1. A reed or hollow
cane. 2. The tibia or fibula.
Canna fistula. See Cassia fistula.
Canni indica! See Sagittaria alexiphar
mica.
133
C AN
CAT
Canna starch. The variety of starch called
Tous les mois.
Cannabi'nus. Resembling hemp.
CANNABIS. (is,is,f.) Hemp. A genus
of plants. Dicecia. Pentandria. Urticacece. —
C saliva. Common hemp. It has a strong
and narcotic smell, which causes giddiness,
dimness of sight, and intoxication. Hemp
seeds, when fresh, afford a considerable quan-
tity of oil. Decoctions and emulsions of them
have been recommended against coughs, ardor
urinse, &c. — C. indica. A variety of hemp
much used in the East as an excitant. Bangue.
Hashish. Malach. The leaves are chewed or
smoked like those of tobacco, and an intoxica-
ting liquor is prepared from them.
Cannelt.in. A sweet substance extracted
from canella bark.
Cannon bone. The single metatarsal bone
of the horse and equine race.
CA'NNULA. (a, m, f. ; diminutive of canna,
a reed.) A metallic tube used by surgeons for
various puiposes.
Canopi'te. An ancient collyriuni.
Cano'pum. Kavuirov. The flower or bark
of the elder-tree. — Paulus JEgineta.
Canta'brica. The convolvulus cantabrica ?
Ca'ntabrum. Bran.
CANTERBURY. It has a mineral water,
Cantauriensis aqua, strongly impregnated with
iron, sulphur, and carbonic acid gas.
Cantharidin. See Cantharis.
CA'NTHARIS. (is, idis, f. Kaydaptr, from
Kavdapoe, a beetle.) The blistering fly, and
Spanish fly. The genus cantharis affords nu-
merous blistering species. The bright-green
commercial Spanish fly is C. vesicatoria. The
C vittata, or potato fly, is admitted into the
United States' officinal list, and C. cincrea,
marginala, and atrata have been used success-
fully in different parts of the country: many
others have blistering properties. They owe
their activity to a crystalline principle resem-
bling spermaceti, but extremely acrid, and
called cantharidin. This is a true essential oil.
Their chief use in medicine is as a vesicating
material in plaster or oils; but in this form
they sometimes produce partial strangury,
which may be avoided by placing a piece of
tissue paper over the surface of the plaster, and
if it has occurred, may be averted by copious
mucilaginous drinks. They are used internally,
with caution, in gleet, leucorrhcea, paralysis
of the bladder. In over doses they are a vio-
lent acrid poison, producing inflammation of
the bowels and intestines, or satyriasis, convul-
sions, and death. Use demulcents, laudanum,
and camphor, with frictions on the spine, as
soon as the poison can be thrown off from the
atomach. Dose of the powdered flies, gr. i. to
gr. iij. ; of the tincture, gtt. x. to 3ss.
Canthare'llus. Meloe proscarabams.
Canthum saccharum. Sugar candy.
CA'NTHUS. (us,i,m. Kavdoc.) The an-
gle of the eye, where the upper and under eye-
lids meet. That nearest the nose is termed the
internal, or greater canthus; and the other, near-
est the temple, the external, or lesser canthus.
Cantia'nus pulvis. Lady Kent's powder.
An ancient cordial.
134
• Canton's phosphorus A composition made
by mixing three parts of calcined oyster-shells
with one of flowers of sulphur, and subjecting
them for an hour to a strong heat in a covered,
crucible. The resulting substance is luminous
in the dark.
Canula. See Cannula.
Caoutchine. Coutchoucine. One of the
volatile oils produced by the destructive distil-
lation of caoutchouc. It dissolves Indian rub-
ber.
Caoutchouc. Indian rubber. Itisahydro-
carbon, and soluble hi coal naphtha, &c. Com-
position, CsHr. — Faraday. Elastic bitumen is
called mineral caoutchouc.
Capacity for heat. The capacity or power
any substance possesses of absorbing heat, to
produce a given elevation of temperature. It
differs exceedingly in different bodies.
CAPAIBA. Capaiva. See Copaifera offici-
nalis.
Capeli'na. A bandage which, when ap
plied, has somewhat the form of a hood.
Caper. See Capparis spinosa.
Caper spurge. Euphorbia lathyris.
Caphopicrite. The bitter principle of rhu
barb.
Capilla'ceus. Resembling a hair.
Capill'aire. Syrup flavored with orange-
flower water ; formerly syrup of adiantum.
Capillaris. See Capillary.
Capillaris vermiculus. See Dracunculis.
CAPILLARY. (Capillaris; from capillus,
a hair.) Resembling a hair. Applied, 1. In
Anatomy, to the minute vessels by which the
terminal arteries and veins communicate with
each other. The capillary vessels are distribu-
ted throughout all parenchymatous organs, and
possess a circulation of their own. The chem-
ical changes which result in the production of
heat and the secretions occur in those vessels
and tissues. 2. In Botany, to parts of plants
which resemble hairs. 3. In Surgery, to a
linear fracture of the skull, unattended with
any separation of the parts of the injured bone.
Capillary attraction. The electrical af- •
finity which exists between dissimilar substan-
ces, and which produces the ascent of fluids in
tubes, and other phenomena. It is a prime
mover in the circulation of the capillary vessels
of animals.
Capilla'tio. A capillary fracture of the
cranium.
CAPI'LLUS. (us, i, in.) The hair. Slen-
der, cylindrical, semi-transparent, insensible, I
and elastic filaments, which arise from small
bulbs or roots situated in the true skin, or the
cellular substance under it. Each of the bulbs
has two capsules, between which is an oily
fluid containing the coloring matter of the hair.
The hairs,' in passing through the skin, carry •
with them transparent sheaths, which are pro-
cesses of the epidermis. Each hair is found to
consist of a bundle of smaller hairs, among
which are one or two canals containing a nu-
tritious fluid, called the medulla. If the hairs
be much dried, their cuticular sheath gives way
at the point, and the constituent filaments sep-
arate. Their composition is the same as that
of horn.
CAP
Capilli'tium. The hairy scalp.
Capillus veneris. See Adiantum.
Capillus veneris canadensis. See Adian-
tum pedatum.
Capiple'nium. A catarrh; also, heaviness
of the head.
Capistra'tio. Phimosis.
Ca pi's tru m. A bandage used chiefly in frac-
tures and injuries of the lower jaw.
CA'PITAL. Capitalis. 1 . Belonging to the
head, as capitalia medicamenta, cephalic medi-
cines, or medicines for the head. 2. The head
or upper part of an alembic.
Capitate. Capita' tus. Headed; resem-
bling a head in shape.
Capitatje papilla. The large or lenticular
papilke of the tongue.
CapitatjE plants. The Cinarocephalcc.
Capitilu'vium. A lotion for the head.
Capitis oblkjuus inferior et major. See
■Obliqmts inferior capitis.
Capitis par tertium fallopii. See Tra-
chelo-mastoideus.
Capitis posticus. See Rectus capitis posti-
cus major.
Capitis rectus. See Rectus capitis posticus
minor.
Capitula'tus. Headed.
CAPPTULUM. (urn, i, n.; diminutive of
caput, the head.) 1. A small head, or knob.
2. A protuberance of a bone, received into the
concavity of another bone. 3. An alembic. 4.
In Botany, a species of inflorescence, called a
head or tuft, formed of many flowers arranged
in a globular form upon a common peduncle.
Capi'vi. See Copaifera officinalis.
Capnel^'um. A very liquid kind of resin
mentioned by Galen.
Capni'tis. Tutty.
Capnomor. A volatile, colorless liquid, ob-
tained from tar, and. having the property of
dissolving caoutchouc.
Ca'pnos. Capnium. Capnites. Fumaria.
CA'PPARIS. {is, is, m.) A gejnus of plants.
Polyandria. Monogynia. Capparidcte. — C.
baducca. Badukka. Cultivated in India. The
natives make a liniment of its juice, winch is
believed to be anodyne. The flowers, which
are very beautiful, are purgative. — C. mithrida-
tica. This grows in Arabia. It is said to be
alexipharmic. — C. spinosa. The caper plant.
It is a native of the South of Europe. The
buds, or unexpanded flowers of this plant, are
in common use as a pickle, under the name of
■capers.
Capra hircus. The domesticated goat.
CAPRARIA. A genus of plants. Didyna-
mia. Angiospermia. — C. biflora is the Mexi-
can tea.
Caprate. A salt of capric acid.
CAPREOLA'RIS. (From capreolus.) Cap-
reolatm. Resembling the tendrils of a vine.
The spermatic vessels have been called Vasa
eapreoiaria, from their tortuous course.
Capre'olus. A tendril.
Capreolus auris. The helix, so called from
its twisted shape. See Auris.
Capric acid. Acidum capricum. An oily
acid discovered by M. Chevreuil in butter of
goat's and cow's milk. It has a disagreeable
CAP
odor resembling sweat. It is volatile ; density,
092; boils above 212° F. Formula, HO+
C18H14O3. — Caproic acid is very similar. For-
mula, H04-Ci 2 H 9 3 .
Caprice'rva. The antelope.
Capricornus. An alchemical name of lead.
Caprifi'cus. The wild fig-tree. See Ficus.
C APRIFOLIA'CE^E . A family of plants, of
which caprifolium is the type. They are near-
ly allied to the cinchonacea;.
Caprifo'lium. See Lonicera.
Caprj'zans pulsus. A bounding pulse.
Caproic acid. See Capric acid.
C apronje. Capronia. (Quasi a capitepro-
n<B.) The hair which hangs down over the
forehead.
Caps a cordis. The pericardium.
Capse'lla. Echium vulgare.
CA'PSICUM. (urn, i, n. ) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Solanacew. — C. an-
nul/ m. Cayenne pepper. Guinea pepper. Used
in excess, peppers debilitate the digestive or-
gans. In the practice of medicine, Cayenne
pepper is a powerful and useful stimulant, and
is very advantageously given in atonic gout,
paralysis, low fevers, and other cases. A gar-
gle made by adding 31). of the officinal tincture
to 3=vi. of water is in common use in malignant
sore throat. Capsicum may be given in the
form of pills in doses of from gr. v. to gr. x., or
from fllx. to ji. of the officinal tincture. — C
baccatum and C. frutcscens are shrubby plants
existing in hot climates, and furnish the hottest
Cayenne pepper.
Capsicin. An acrid resinous principle of
Cayenne pepper.
CA'PSULA. (a, je, f. ; diminutive of capsa,
a box or case.) A capsule. 1. In Anatomy, a
membranous production inclosing a part like a
bag; as the capsular ligaments, the capsule of
the crystalline lens, &c 2. In Botany, a dry,
woody, coriaceous, or membranaceous pericarp
or seed-vessel, consisting of several valves.
Capsula atraciliaris. See Renal glands-
Capsula cordis. The pericardium.
Capsula glissonii. See Capsule of Glisson.
Capsula lumba'ris. The receptaculum
chyli.
Capsula renalis. See Renal glands.
Capsulje seminales. Bartholin gives this
name to the dilated extremities of the vasa def-
erentia, near the vesicular seminales ; some
other anatomists have applied it to the vesicula?
themselves.
CapsuljE synovia'les. The capsular liga-
ments of the joints.
CA'PSULAR. (Capsnlaris; from capsa, a
bag.) 1. Surrounding a part, like a bag : ap-
plied to a fibrous membrane which surrounds
every movable articulation, and contains the
synovia, as in a bag. It is to be distinguish-
ed from the synovial membrane, which elabo-
rates the synovial fluid, and is serous. 2. Ap-
pertaining to a capsule ; as the capsular arteriet
and capsular veins. See Kidney.
Capsule. An evaporating vessel <of porce-
lain or other ware. See, also, Capsula.
Capsule, fibrous. The capsular ligament.
Ca'psule, gela'tinous. Ca'psula gela'tinte.
Little cases made of gelatine, of the size of a
135
CAR
yul, and containing copaiba or other disagree-
able medicines. Sometimes they are called
capsules of copaiba, or by the name of the in-
closed drug, or simply capsules. They are
very readily made by dipping a smooth iron
rod, with a rounded end, of the proper size,
into hot jelly of the proper consistence, remov-
ing the capsule when dry, introducing the
drug, and sealing with a drop of jelly.
Capsule of glisson. Capsula Glissonii.
Capsula communis Glissonii. Capsula-hepatica.
A strong tunic, formed of cellular membrane,
which accompanies the vena portse in its rami-
fications through the liver. See Hepar.
CAPSULITIS. Inflammation of the capsule
of the crystalline lens.
Capuli. The Physalis pubescens.
Ca'pulum. A contortion of the eyelids or
other parts.
CA'PUT. (ut, itis, neut.) The head. In
Anatomy this term is variously applied. 1. To
the part called, in ordinary language, the head.
2. To the upper extremity of a long bone ; as
the head of the humerus or femur. 3. To the
origin of a muscle ; as the long head of the bi-
ceps. 4. To a protuberance resembling a head.
5. To the beginning of a part; as caput ccccumcoli.
Caput gallina ginis. Vcrumontanum. An
eminence of the urethra in men, situated before
the neck of the bladder. See Urethra.
Caput inclava'tum. Caput incuncatum.
Locked head. A case in obstetrics in which
the head of the fcotus is firmly impacted in the
bones of the pelvis.
Caput mo'nachi. Leontodon taraxacum.
Caput mortuum. The fixed residue of
chemical operations, in wkich volatile matters
were driven off; also, the useless parts.
Caput obsti'pum. The wry neck.
Caput purgum. Capitipurgium. A medi-
cine which causes a defluxion from the head,
as an errhine, a sia/ogoguc, &c. — Matthaus Syl-
vaticus.
Caput succedaneum. An cedematous swell-
ing on the head of a fetus, formed during labor
by pressure.
Caput testis. The epididymus.
Carabaccium. An aromatic wood of India.
The decoction is said to be stomachic and anti-
scorbutic.
Oarabe funerum. Bitumen.
Ca'rabus. A genus of coleopterous insects.
Caramata. A tree, the bark of which, ac-
cording to Dr. Hancock, is superior as a febri-
fuge to cinchona bark in many cases.
Caramel. Sugar made brown by heat.
Cara'nna. (a, <s, f.) A resin formerly em-
ployed as an ingredient in vulnerary balsams,
but now disused ; called, also, Caragna.
Carapa'ce. The upper shell of chelonians.
Carapoucha. Carapullo. A poisonous
:gras8 indigenous to Lima, which is a narcotic ;
, perhaps Festuca quadridentata ?
Cara schulli. Barleria buxifolia. A plant
of Malabar, used by the natives externally as a
suppurative, and internally against suppression
of urine.
Caraway. See Carum.
Carbamide. A compound of amidogene with
carbonic oxide : NH 2 CO. It is formed during
136
CAR
the action of chloro-carbonic acid on ammonia.
It is soluble, and acts as a base.
CAR'BASIJS. (us, i, m. and f. ; pi. a, arum,
n.) Fine linen; lint.
CARBAZOTIC ACID. (Carbazotic; from
carbon and azote.) A peculiar acid, formed by
the action of nitric acid on indigo. It is the
same as the bitter principle of Welter, obtained
by the action of nitric acid on silk ; and tho
bitter principle which Braconnot obtained from
aloes by treating them with nitric acid. It
crystallizes in yellow prisms ; is bitter, fusible,
and volatile, and sparingly soluble. Its salts
are yellow, and some detonate when heated.
Formula, HO+CuHsNaO^ (Dumas). Accord-
ing to M. Rapp, ten grains will kill a dog. It
produces convulsions, tremors, and, finally,
complete insensibility. The acid used was
not, however, pure.
CA'RBO. (o, onis, m.) 1. Charcoal. 2.
A carbuncle. See Anthrax.
Carbo animalis. Animal charcoal.
Carbo animalis purificatus. This is ani-
mal charcoal from which the bone earth has
been carefully separated by muriatic acid, and
subsequently well washed.
Carbo fossilis. Pit coal.
Carbo ligxi. C. vcgetabilis. Charcoal.
Carholic acid. One of the products of the
distillation of coal.
Carbomethyuc acid. An acid obtained by
acting upon pyroxylic acid by carbonic acid.
CARBON, (on, onis, n. ; from carbo, coal.)
An elementary body, found in the purest state
in the diamond and anthracite. The term va-
por of carbon- is used for a hypothetical form of
carbon existing in gaseous compounds. Equiv-
alent, 6; symbol, 0.
Charcoal is obtained from most organic
matters by ignition in closo vessels. Wood
yields it very abundantly. It is carbon, with
ashes, &c. Charcoal is a good conductor of
electricity, unchangeable at ordinary tempera-
tures, and repiarkable for its capacity of absorb-
ing certain gases, as well as disinfecting and
decolorizing solutions. The two latter proper-
ties are particularly great in animal charcoal
obtained from charred bones. Charcoal pow-
der is an excellent disinfectant and antiseptic
application to foul ulcers, and is also employed
internally by the homeopaths. It forms a good
tooth-powder, and has been used, in doses of
gr. ss. to gr. iij., in scrofulous affections and
cancer.
Carbon unites with all tho common simple
combustibles, and with nitrogen, forming a se-
ries of most important compounds. With sul-
phur it forms a curious limpid liquid, called
carburet of sulphur, or sulphuret of carbon.
With phosphorus it forms a compound, tho
properties of which aro not yet perfectly ascer-
tained. It unites with hydrogen in two defi-
nite proportions, constituting carbureted and
bicarbureted hydrogen gases. With azote it
forms cyanogen. Steel and plumbago are two
different compounds of carbon with iron.
Carbon, or charcoal, in combination with
oxygen, forms two important compounds, viz.,
the oxide of carbon, and carbonic acid. See
Carbonic acid and Carbonic oxide.
CAR
Carbon, sesqui-iodide of. See Carbonis
sesqui-iodidum.
Carbonaceous acid. Sec Carbonic acid.
Carbonas ammoni.£. See Ammonia.
Carbonas calcis. See Crcta pratparata.
Carbonas calcis dura. Marble.
Carbonas calcis friabilis. Chalk.
Carbonas ferri. See Ferrum.
Carbonas magnesije. See Magnesia.
Carbonas flumbi. See Lead.
Carbonas potass.k. See Potassa.
Carbonas soD.fi. See Soda.
Carbonas zinci impurus. Calamine.
C A'RBONATE. ( Carbonas, atis, f. ) A car-
bonate. A salt formed by the union of carbo-
nic acid with a base. They all effervesce with
strong acids, and all are decomposed by heat,
except the carbonates of potash, soda, and lithia.
Carbonate of lime. See Creta prccparata.
Carbonate of potash. See Potasscc carbo-
nas.
Carbonate of soda. See Soda: carbonas.
Carbonated hydrogen gas. Carbureted
hydrogen gas.
Carbonated waters. Those waters im-
pregnated with carbtmic acid.
CARBONIC. Carbonicus. Of, or belonging
to, carbon.
Carbonic acid. Acidum carbonicum. The
gaseous product of the combustion of carbon
in abundance of oxygen. It is irrespirable,
non-combustible, nor a supporter of combus-
tion. Density, 1524. Water dissolves its own
volume. It reddens litmus, and acts as an acid
body. Formula, COj; equivalent, 22. Car-
bonic acid is condensed into a fluid and solid
by great pressures. This gas is liberated in
processes of fermentation ; exists to the extent
of nearly TT ^ in air, and very freely in calca-
reous rocks. It adds a sprightly flavor to wa-
ter and many mineral springs, and is grateful
to the stomach. Its salts are called carbonates ;
and it may be freely generated from these by
the action of strong acids, as in the case of the
effervescing draught, in which bicarbonate of
soda and tartaric acid are used.
Carbonic acid water. Aqua acidi carbo-
nici. (U. S.) By means of a forcing-pump,
throw into a suitable receiver, nearly filled
with water, carbonic acid equal to five times
the amount of water.
Carbonic oxide. Gaseous oxide of carbon.
This is the protoxide of carbon: CO. It is
combustible, burning with a blue flame, irre-
spirable, and neutral ; density, -972. There is
good reason for supposing this a compound
radical, and the basis of oxalic acid, &c. It
does not exist in nature, but is formed when
carbon burns without free access of oxygen.
When a mixture of carbonic oxide and chlorine
is exposed to sunshine, a curious compound is
formed, called phosgene gas, or chlorocarbonic
acid: C0+C1.
Carbonicum natrum. Carbonate of soda.
CARBONIDES. Compounds of oxalic acid
with metals, &c, in which it unites without an
equivalent of water, as carbonide of lead. — Du-
mas.
Carbo'nis sksqui-iodidum. Carbonis sesqui-
ioduretum. Sesqui-iodide of carbon. This
CAR
substance has a false name, no such compound
as iodide of carbon existing. It is iodoform,
C 2 HI 3 , and is obtained by adding caustic soda
or potash to a concentrated solution of iodide
in alcohol, until the latter loses its color. By
adding water to this, the iodoform is precipita-
ted as a yellow powder. Iodoform is soluble
in ether and alcohol, and may be obtained
crystalline from these. It has a saffron odor
and disagreeable taste. It has been used in
strumous diseases, lepra, porrigo, &c. Fifty
grains will kill a dog. An ointment of 38S. to
5j. cerate has been employed.
Carbonis sulfhuretum. Sulphuret of car-
bon.
Carbonium. Carbon.
Carboniza'tion. The conversion of organic
substances into charcoal.
CARBUNCLE. Anthrax.
Carbuncle berry. C. fungous. Termin-
thus.
Carbuncle of the tongue. Glossanthrax.
Carbuncular exanthem. Anthracia.
Carbunculate. Carbnnculatns. Affected
with acne rosacea.
Carbu'nculus. Anthrax.
Carbunculus anginosus. Malignant soro
throat. *
CA'RBURET. (Carburctum,i,n.} A com-
pound of carbon with other elementary substan-
ces.
Carburet of iron. Steel.
Carburet of sulphur. Sulphuret of car-
bon.
Carbureted hydrogen. The number of
compounds so called are numei'ous, but it is
now especially applied to light carbureted hy-
drogen or marsh gas: CH<>. It is a colorless,
inodorous, veiy inflammable gas ; density, '559.
It is neutral in composition. This gas is given
off from marshes and the combustion of bitumi-
nous coal, and forms the explosive gas of mines
when mixed with air.
defiant gas, also called per-carburet of hy-
drogen, consists of C4H4, or, more properly, of
C4H3-I-II, or hydrate of acetyl. It is a very
combustible gas, and in consequence of its ba-
sis, acetyl, forms combinations with chlorine,
bromine, &c, which act by replacing the hy-
drogen.
Carbydrogen. Pyroxylic spirit.
Ca'rcarus. Intermittent fever ; ague.
Ca'rcer. An antispasmodic medicine.
Carcerui.us. A compound fruit, consisting
of a few dry, indehiscent, few-seeded carpels.
Carche'sius. A kind of noose used in the
reduction of dislocations — Kapunoioc (ipoxoc.
Carcine'thron. KapKivqdpov. Polygonum
aviculare ? .
Carcino'des. Cancer-like.
CARCINO'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from Kapmvoc.}
Synonymous with cancer.
Carcinoma HfiMATODEs, spongiosum. Fun-
gus ha>matodes.
Carcinoma melanoticum. Melanosis.
CARCINO'MATOUS. Cancerous.
Ca'rcinus. Cancer.
Carcinus spongiosus. Fungus hacmatodes.
CARDAMI'NE. (e,e*,f.) A genus of plants.
Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. Crucifera. — C-
137
CAR
pralensis. Cardamantica. Ladies' smock, or
cuckoo-flower. Cardamine of the Pharmaco-
poeias. Said to be antispasmodic ; probably
inert.
CARDAMO'MUM. (um,i,n.) Cardamoms.
The seeds of various plants of the family Scita-
minece, especially the Elctta'ria cardamo'mum,
which yields the cardamomum minus. The
seeds are of a warm, agreeable flavor, which is
due to an essential oil, and used in various phar-
maceutical preparations on this account. Nu-
merous varieties, called Java, Ceylon, large
and medium cardamoms, are treated of, but
the above are the only description found in the
Cardamo'ms, Ceylon. The grains of Para-
dise.
Cardamomum majus. See Amomum granum
paradisi.
Cardamomum pipehatum. The common
cardamom.
CA'RDIA. (a, a, I; Kapha.) 1. The heart.
U. The superior orifice of the stomach.
CA'RDIAC. Cardiacus. 1. Of, or belong-
ing to, the heart. 2. Cordial. Applied to med-
icines supposed to strengthen the heart. See
Cordial.
Cardiac? arteries. The coronary arteries
of the heart.
Cardiac confection". See Confcctio aromat-
ica.
Cardiac herb. Leonurus cardiaca.
Cardiac passion. The heartburn.
Cardiac plexus. Cardiac nerves. The
plexus of nerves which supplies the heart.
Cardiac veins. The coronary veins of the
heart. See Heart.
Cardiacus morbus. The heartburn.
Cardiagmu8. Cardialgia.
CARDIA'LGIA. (a, a:, f. ; from icapiha, the
cardia, and ahyoc, pain.) Cordolium. Heart-
burn. An uneasy sensation in the stomach,
with heat more or less violent, sometimes at-
tended with anxiety and faintness, and often
with an inclination to vomit, or a plentiful dis-
charge of a clear watery fluid (pyrosis).
Cardialgia is frequently a symptom of other
complaints ; as dyspepsia, scirrhus, chronic in-
flammation of the stomach, worms, retrocedent
gout, suppressed menstruation, and various dis-
eases of the heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and
intestines ; but it is likewise found, in many
instances, as an idiopathic affection.
In idiopathic cases, the treatment consists of
a proper attention to diet; tonics, with gentle
stimulants, when there is no inflammation pres-
ent. Alkaline medicines, combined with rhu-
barb, are very useful ; exercise, with a proper
attention to the bowels, is also necessary.
Cardialgia inflammatoria. Gastritis.
Cardialgia sputatoria. Pyrosis.
Cardialogy. Cardialogia. A treatise on
the heart.
Card i an a strophe. Malposition of the
heart.
Cahdia'rus. A worm said to have been
found in the heart or pericardium.
CARDIF/CTASIS. (From icapdia, and ektu-
■eic, extension.) The name given by Breschet
to dilatation of the heart.
13S
CAR
Cardielco'sis. Ulceration of the heart.
Cardimelech. The vital principle.
Cardinalis de lugo cortex. In the year
1653, Cardinal de Lugo administered the Peru
vian bark, whence the name of Cardinal de Lu-
go's bark.
Cardinalis flos. Cardinal flower. Lobe-
lia cardinalis.
CARDINAL HUMORS. Blood, phlegm,
yellow bile, and black bile. These were sup-
posed to originate from the four elements, and
to form all the solids and fluids of the body.
Cardiname'ntum. Ginglymus.
Cardioce'le. The protrusion of the heart
into the abdomen through a wound of the dia
phragm has been so called.
CARDIO'GMUS. (us, i, m. Kapdiuyftoc*-
This term has been variously applied. With
the Greek writers it is synonymous with cardi
algia ; some modern authors have applied it to
angina pectoris; and Sauvages understands by
it an incipient aneurism of the heai't or its large
vessels.
Cardiogmus cordis sinistri. Angina pec
toris.
CARDIOMALA'CIA. "(From napdia, and
fiaXaKia, softness.) Softening of the heart from
deficient nutrition or from inflammation.
CARDIO'NCHUS. (us, i, m. ; from icapdia,
and oynoc, a tumor.) Aneurism of the heart.
CARDIOPA'LMUS. (From mp6ia, and
naTifioc, palpitation.) Palpitation of the heart.
CARDIORRHE'XIS. (From icapdca, and
pn&e, a rapture.) Rupture of the heart.
Cardio'tromus. Tremor of the heart : that
is, a slight degree of palpitation.
Cardi pericarditis. Pericarditis.
CARDI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from aapiha.) In-
flammation of the heart. Inflammation of the
entire substance of the heart is of comparative-
ly rare occurrence, although inflammation of
particular parts of it is not very uncommon.
When the muscular substance of the heart be-
comes inflamed, this proceeds, in a great ma-
jority of cases, from the extension of inflamma-
tion from the pericardium. See Pi-ricarditis.
Cardium edule. The common cockle.
Ca'rdo. A hinge. Ginglymux.
Cardopa'tium. Carliiia acaulis.
CA'RDUUS. (us, i, m.) A genua of plants.
Syngenesia. Polygamia aqnalis. Compositor.
— C. acanthus. Acanthus mollis. — C. altilis.
C. chrysal nthemus. C. domesticus. The arti-
choke. — C. arvensis. See Serratuln. — C. bent-
dictus. See Centaurea. — C. fidhmnm. Dipsa-
cus fullonum. — C. hmmorrhoidalis. See Serra-
tula arvensis. — C. lacleus. C. moriunus. C
marim. Common milk-thistle, or Lndy's-this-
tle. The seeds of this plant, and the herb,
have been employed medicinally. The former
contain a bitter oil, and are recommended as
relaxants. — C. pinea. Atractylis gummifera. —
C. sativus. Cinara scolymus. — C. solslitialis.
Calcitrapa officinalis. — C. spinossimus. Cardu-
us nutans. — C. stellatus. Centaurea calcitrapa.
— C. tomentosus. Onopordium acanthium. — C.
veneris. The Dipsacus sylvestris.
Carebari'a. Heaviness of the head.
Ca'reum. Carum carui.
CA'REX. (ex, icis, f.) A genus of plants.
OAR
Sedges. — C. arenaria. Sea sedge. The root
is said to have been found serviceable in some
affections of the trachea, in rheumatic pains,
&c. — C. hirta. The roots of this and several
other species, as C. villosa, C. disticha, and C.
intermedia, are called German sarsaparilla,
and are sometimes mixed with the true sarsa-
parilla.
Cariacou. A fermented liquor made in
Cayenne from a mixture of cassava, potatoes,
and cane syrup.
Caribbean bark. A false cinchona ; the
bark of Exosfcma carihmun of the West In-
dies.
CA'RICA. The tig. Ficus carka.
Carica fructus. Figs.
Carica papaya. I'apaw-trec. This is in-
digenous, and native of both Indies and of the
Guinea coast. Every part of the papaw-tree,
except the ripe fruit, affords a milky juice,
which is considered, when fresh, a remedy for
the tape-worm.
Ca'ricum. KapiKOv. An ancient escharotic
and detergent.
CA'RIES. (es, ei, 'f.) The ulceration of a
bone, or that state of a bone which is analogous
to ulceration of the soft parts. The bone swells,
produces a great irritation in the neighboring
soft parts, with abscesses, which leave fistulous
passages, from which a thin sanies exudes. It
usually arises from a morbid diathesis, or poison
in the system; when otherwise, it is to be
treated by stimulants and caustics.
CARI'NA* 1. The back-bone. 2. In Bota-
ny, the keel, or the lower part of a papiliona-
ceous flower, consisting of two petals united or
separate.
Carinatk. Carina' I us. Keel-shaped; boat-
shaped.
Cariosse. See Ady.
Carious. Cariosus. Affected with caries.
CARLI'NA. A genus of plants. Syngenc-
sia. Polygamia aqualis. Composita. — C.
acanthifolia. Artichaut sauvage, or wild arti-
choke. — C. acavlis. The Carline thistle; for-
merly used as a bitter and vermifuge.
Ca'rlo s ancto. St. Charles's root. It is
found in Mechoachan. Its bark has an aromat-
ic flavor, and a bitter, acrid taste. It is said to
be sudorific, and to strengthen the gums and
stomach.
Carlsbad, waters of. These are thermal
(120° to 100° F.) and saline.
Carmelite water. Eau des Cannes.
Ca'rminans. Carminative.
CARMI'NATIVE. Carminativus. Applied
to medicines which allay spasmodic pain of the
bowels, and dispel flatulence. The principal
carminatives are ginger, cardamom, anise, and
caraway seeds ; several of the essential oils, as
those of peppermint, anise, caraway, and juni-
per; ardent spirits, and especially aromatic
tinctures.
Carmine. A beautiful pigment, formed of
the coloring matter of the cochineal.
Carnaba'dium. Caraway seed.
Carney column.e. See Heart.
Carnelian. A reddish calcedony.
CA'RNEOUS. Carneous: fleshy. Applied
to some muscles of the heart.
CAR
Carni'cula. A small fleshy substance. The
gums.
Carnifica'tion. Carnificatio. The conver-
sion of any texture of the animal body into a
substance resembling flesh, as in hepatization
of the lungs.
Carnifo'rmis. (From caro, flesh, and for
ma, likeness. ) Having the appearance of flesh.
CARNI'VORA. An order of the class Mam-
malia, which prey upon other animals.
Carnivorous. Flesh-devouring: applied to
animals that live on flesh.
Carnosa cutis. See Pannicnlus carnosus.
Carnositas. A small fleshy growth.
Carno'sus. Fleshy.
CA'RO. (Caro, cam is, f.) Flesh.
Caro anseuina. Caro gallinacea. Cutis
anserina.
Caro luxurians. A fungous growth.
Caro orbicularis. The placenta.
Carob. Ceratonia.
Caroli. Syphilitic sores on the penis
Carolina pink. Spigelia marilandica.
Caros. Caro'sis. See Cams.
Caro'ta. (a, a; f.) See Daucus.
Carotica mkdicamenta. Narcotic medi-
cines.
CARO'TID. (Carotis, Caroticus; from tca-
pou, to cause to sleep.) The common carotids
are two considerable ai'teries that ascend on
the forepart of the cervical vertebrae to the
head, to supply it with blood. The right com-
mon carotid is given off from the arteria inno-
minata. The left arises from the arch of tho
aorta. In its course up the neck, the common
cai'otid artery lies by the side of the trachea,
and behind the sterno-mastoid muscle, and is
contained in a common cellular sheath with
the internal jugular vein and the pneumogas-
tric nerve. About midway between the thy-
roid cartilage and the os hyoides, the common
carotid divides into the external and internal
carotids : this point varies.
The external carotid usually gives off the fol-
lowing branches to the neck and External part
of the head: the svperior thyroideal, the lin-
gual, the facial, the inferior pharyngeal, the
occipital, the posterior auris, the internal max-
illary, and the temporal. The internal carotid
passes through the cai - otic canal of the tempo-
ral bone to the interior of the cranium, where
it gives off the ophthalmic, the middle cerebral,
and the arteria communicans.
Carotid canal. The canal in the lower
part of the temporal bone in which the carotid
artery passes. The foramina at its ends are the
carotid foramina.
Carotin. A ruby-colored, crystalline, neu-
tral substance obtained from carrots. It is
soluble in oils, not in ether, and slightly in
alcohol.
Caro'um. The caraway seed.
Carpal. Relating to the carpus, or wrist.
Carpathian balsam. See Balsamum carpa-
thicum.
CARPEL. ( From icapnoc, a fruit.) The entire
pistil, including the lower expanded portion
which forms the fruit cells. A compound fruit
consists of a number of carpels or carpellary
leaves.
139
CAR
Carpentaria. The Achillea millefolium?
Carpe'sium. Kapmjaiov. An ancient plant.
CARPHOLO'GIA. (a, or, f. ; from Kap<j>og,
chaff, and Aeyu, to pluck.) Carpologia. A
disposition to pick minute objects, which ac-
companies the delirium of low fever. Contin-
ual picking at the bed-clothes is a frequent
symptom in such cases. It is usually accom-
panied by a vacancy of expression in the coun-
tenance, and is indicative of great cerebral ex-
haustion and extreme danger.
Ca'rphos. Fenugreek.
CA'RPIA. (a, cc, f. ; from carpo, to pluck.)
Lint.
Carpi^eus. The palmaris brovis.
Carpial. Carpian. Relating to the carpus
or wrist.
Carpi'smus. The wrist.
Carpoba'lsamum. Amyris gilcadensis.
Ca'rpolites. Fossil fruits and seeds.
Carpologia. See Carphologia.
Carpologia spasmodica. Subsultus tendi-
num.
CARPOLOGY. (From naprcoc , fruit, and
"hoyoc, a description. ) A treatise on fruits.
Carpo metacarpeus minimi digiti. Adduc-
tor metacarpi minimi digiti.
CARPO-PEDAL SPASM. A spasmodic af-
fection of the chest and larynx, with croupy
cough, convulsions, especially of the thumbs
and toes, which become bent for some time.
It occurs in children of from three to nine
months, and is probably connected with teeth-
ing or spinal irritation. It is often readily re-
moved by the warm bath, carminative cathar-
tics, lancing the gums, and gentle narcotics.
Counter irritation is very useful. There is a
carpo-pedal spasm somewhat symptomatic of
spasm of the glottis, which is a much more fa-
tal state.
CARro'piiORUM. The name of the central
column, which, in the fruit of the geranium,
the euphorbia, or apiaceous plants, bears the
ripe carpels, and holds them together when
they attempt to separate at maturity.
CARPO'TICA. (From Kapnoc, fruit.) Dis-
eases affecting impregnation. The name given
by J. Mason Good to the third order of Ins class
GrCiictzcct
CARPUS. (««,*', m. Kaptzoc.) The wrist.
The wrist is a very complex articulation, by
means of which the hand moves on the fore-
arm. It consists of eight bones, viz., the os
scaphoides, lunar e, onieiformr, pisiforme, trape-
zium trapczoides, magnum, and unciforme. The
first four of these bones form one row, and the
second form another row. These bones are
connected to each other, and to the metacarpal
bones, by numerous ligaments, styled oblique,
transverse, capsular, lateral, &c. The three
first bones of the carpus are connected with the
extremities of the radius and ulna by a capsular
and two lateral ligaments. A transverse, ante-
rior, or annular ligament is stretched from the
projecting points of the pisiform and unciform
bones to the scaphoides and trapezium, binding
down the tendons of the flexor muscles of the
fingers, and giving firmness to the articulation
of the wrist.
CARRAGEEN MOSS. Ckrondrus crispus.
140
OAR
A sea-weed growing on the rocks of the coast,
and collected for sale in Ireland. It produces
an abundance of vegetable jelly when boiled.
Carrageenin. A kind of pectin obtained
by boiling carrageen moss.
Carron oil. Linimentum aqua; calcis.
Carrot. See Daucus carota.
Carrot, candy. See Athamanta crctensis.
Carrot poultice. See Cataplasma dauci.
CARTHAGENA BARKS. Two varieties
occur, but they are both obtained from the Cin-
chona cordifolia.
Carthamin. The brilliant red or rouge col-
or obtained from safflower.
CA'RTHAMUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Syngcnesia. Polygamia aqualis. Com-
positm. — C. tinctorius. Safflower, or bastard
saffron. Carthamum officinarum. The seeds
are strongly cathartic; they are also emetic
and diuretic ? The dried flowers are frequent-
ly mixed with saffron to adulterate it. The
plant is cultivated in many places on account
of its flowers, which arc used as a dye.
C A' R TIL AGE. (Cartilago, inis, f.) A
white, elastic, glistening substance, commonly
called gristle. Ossification takes place in a
kind oi cartilage. Cartilages are divided by
anatomists into ohducent, which cover the mo-
vable articulations of bones ; intcr-articular,
which are situated between the articulations,
and uniting cartilages, which unite one bone
with another. Cartilage consists chiefly of
chondrine, with four per cent, of bone earth.
Cartilage, loose or free. Portions of car-
tilage which become free and are found be-
tween joints. They produce great irritation,
and often excruciating pain during exercise.
The loose cartilage should be fixed by a band-
age, and extracted; but this operation some-
times ends in violent inflammation of the joint.
C A R T I L A'G I N O U S . Cartilaginous. In
Anatomy, applied to parts which naturally, or
from disease, have a cartilaginous consistence.
Cartilago annularis. The ring-like carti-
lage. See Cartilago cricoides.
Cartilago arytjenoidea. See Larynx.
Cartilago cricoi'des. C.innominata. The
cricoid cartilage. See Larynx.
Cartilago ensiformis. C. mucronata. C.
xiphoides. Xiphoid cartilage. Ensiform carti-
lage. A cartilage shaped somewhat like a
sword, attached to the lower end of the ster-
num.
Cartilago gutturalis. The arytenoid car-
tilage.
Cartilago scutiformis. C. Thyroidea. C.
Clypealis. See Thyroid cartilage.
Cartilago tri'quetra. The arytenoid car-
tilage.
Cartilago xiphoides. See Cartilago ensi-
formis.
CA'RUM. (mot, i, n. Kapo C .) 1. The
caraway. 2. A genus of plants. Pentandria.
Monogynia. Umbelliferce. — C. carui. The
caraway plant. Carvi. Carus. Caruon. The
seeds have a pleasant, spicy smell, and a warm,
aromatic taste. They are esteemed carmina-
tive, cordial, and stomachic. An essential oil
and distilled water are prepared. ' Dose of the
oil, gtt. ij. to gtt. x.
CAR
CAS
CARU'NCULA. (a, a-, f . ; diminutive of
caro, flesh.) A caruncle, or little fleshy ex-
crescence. It is variously applied. 1. To
healthy and natural parts; as the caruncula;
myrtiformes, and caruncula lachrymalis. 2. To
soft, fleshy excrescences which are the product
of disease.
Caruncul/E cuticulares. This name has
been given to the nymphaj.
Caruncula lachrymalis. The lachrymal
caruncle. A little, fleshy, conoidal, glandiform
body, red externally, situated in the internal
canthus of each eye. It appears to be formed
of numerous sebaceous glands, from which
many small hairs grow. The gum-like sub-
stance found in the inner corner; of the eye in
the morning is the indurated secretion of this
caruncle.
Caruncula mamillares. The extremities
of the lactiferous tubes in the nipple.
Caruncula myrtiformks. Two or more
caruncles, which represent the lacerated hymen.
Caruncul.e papillarks. The protuberan-
ces within the pelvis of the kidney, formed by
the convergence of the tubuli uriniferi.
Caruon. See Carum.
CA'RUS. (us,i,m. Kapoc-) The most pro-
found degree of coma. The word has been
variously applied by different medical writers,
but by all to some form of coma.
Ca'rva. The cassia lignca.
Carta. The genus to which the hickory,
C. alba, belongs.
CARTE don. (From napva, a nut.) Cary-
don. A sort of fracture, where the bono is bro-
ken into small pieces, like the shell of a cracked
nut.
Cary'ocar. A South American genus, the
trees of which yield excellent nuts, especially
the C. glabrum and batryosum, which produce
the Saouari nuts.
Caryoces. See Ady.
Caryocosti'num. An electuary, so named
from two of its ingredients, the clove and costus.
CARYOPHYLLACE^E. The chick-weed
tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous
plants, with leaves opposite, and tumid nodes ;
flowers, polypetalous, symmetrical ; stamens,
definite ; ovarium, one-celled, with a free cen-
tral placenta; fruit, a one-celled capsule, by
obliteration.
Caryophylla'ta. Geum urbanum.
Caryophyllic acid. The heavier oil of
cloves. The lighter oil is called clove hydro-
carbon.
C aryoph yllin. The resin of cloves extract-
ed by alcohol.
Caryophylloides cortex. See Laurus cu-
lilawan.
Caryophy'llum. (um, i, n.) Eugenia cary-
ophyllata. The clove.
CARYOPHY'LLUS. (us, i, m.) The clove-
tree. A genus of plants. Polyandria. Mo-
nogynia. — C. aromaticus. See Eugenia caryo-
phyllata. — C. aromaticus americanus. Myrtus
pimenta. — C. hortensis. C. ruber. See Dian-
thus caryophyllus. — C. vulgaris. See Geum
urbanum.
Cary'opsis. The botanical name for the
iruit of wheat, oats, &c.
Cary'ota urens. A palm bearing acrid
fruit.
CASCARI'LLA. (a, a, f.) A name given
originally to small specimens of cinchona, but
now applied to another bark. See Croton cas-
carilla.
Caschu. See Acacia catechu.
Casein. See Protein.
Casein of the blood. Globulin.
Caseous. Resembling cheese or casein.
Caseous oxide. See Cheese.
Caseum. Sec Cheese.
Cashew-nut. See Anacardium occidentale.
Cashow. See Acacia catechu.
Casminar. See Cassumnniar.
Cassa'da. Cassava. See Jatropha manihot.
CA'SSIA. (a, cc, f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Monogynia. Lc gummosa:. — C.
absns. The small Egyptian lotus. The Egyp-
tians powder the seeds with an equal quantity
of sugar, and put a little of the mixture under
the eyelids at the commencement of their oph-
thalmia. — C. alata. The systematic namo of a
plant, the leaves of which are bitter, nauseous
in their taste, and supposed to be cathartic.
They are said to cure herpes. — C. caryophylla'-
ta. The clove-bark tree. See Myrtus cary-
ophyllata. — C. fistula. The purging cassia.
Called, also, C. nigra, C.fistularis, C. Alexan-
drina, C. solntiva. This plant is now transfer-
red to another genus. See Cathartocarpus.
The pulp of the pods is laxative in the dose of
§ss. to 3j. — C. latinorum. C- monspeliensivm.
C. poetica. See Osyris. — C. lignca. See Cin-
namomum. — C. marilandica. Indigenous sen-
na. See Senna, American. — C. senna. One
of the plants which produce senna. See Senna.
— C. solutiva. See Cassia fistula.
Cassia bark. See Cinnnmomvm.
Cassi.»e artamentum. The pulp of cassia
fistula.
Cassia: pulpa. See Cassia fistula.
Cassina. Ilex cassina.
Cassius's precipitate. The purple powder
of Cassius.
Cassoleta. A kind of moist fumigation de-
scribed by P. Morellus.
CASSUMU'NIAR. A root which is brought
from the East Indies in irregular slices of vari-
ous forms, some cut transversely, others longi-
tudinally. The cortical part is marked with
circles of a dusky brown color ; the internal
part is paler, and. unequally yellow. It pos-
sesses moderately warm, bitter, and aromatic
qualities, and a smell like ginger. It is recom-
mended in hysterical, epileptic, and paralytic
affections.
Cassuvium roMiFERUM. Anacardium occi-
dentale.
CASTA'NEA. (a, a, f. ) The chestnut.
See Fagus castanea. — C. equina. The horse-
chestnut. See iEsculus hippocastanum. — C.
pumila. The chinquapin.
Castile soap. A hard soap formed of olive
oil and carbonate of soda.
Castjoe. See Acacia catechu.
Castle-leod. The name of a place in Rosa-
shire, in Scotland, where there is a sulphureous
spring, celebrated for the cure of cutaneous dis-
eases and foul ulcers.
141
CAT
CAT
CA'STOR. (or, oris, m.) 1. The name of a
genus of animals. 2. Castoreum. — C. fiber. The
beaver. The name of castoreum, or castor, is
given to two bags, situated in the inguinal re-
gions of the beaver, which contain a very odor-
ous substance, soft, and almost fluid when re-
cently cut from the animal, but which dries,
and assumes a resinous consistence in process
of time. The best comes from Russia. It is
of grayish-yellow or light-brown color. Castor
has an acrid, bitter, and nauseous taste ; its smell
is strong, aromatic, and fetid. It is a powerful
antispasmodic. Dose, from 10 to 30 grains.
Castorink. A crystalline fatty matter in
castoreum.
Castor oil. See Ricinus.
CASTO'REUM. (urn, i, ».) See Castor
fiber.
CASTRATION. (Castratio, onis, f. ; from
castro.) In Surgery, an operation by which a
testicle is removed from the body.
Castra'tus. One who is castrated. When
this operation is performed on young persons,
it produces a tendency to fatness, and the
voice remains of a high pitch, and clear. Many
of the best Italian singers are castrati.
Castre'nsis. Belonging to a camp; as,/e-
bris castrensis, camp fever.
Casus palpebr.e superioris. Falling of
the eyelid. Blepharoptosis.
Catabasis. An expulsion of humors by pur-
gation.
• Cataba'ticus. Applied to a fever which
gradually diminishes in severity till it termi-
nates.
Catable'ma. The outermost fillet, which
secures other bandages.
Catabythismomania. Insanity, with a dis-
position to drowning.
Catacau'ma. A burn or scald.
CATACAU'SIS. (From Karaicatu, to bum.)
Combustion, or burning ; also, spontaneous
combustion.
Cataceras'ticus. Having the property of
obtunding the acrimony of humors.
Catachri'ston*. Catachrisma. An ointment.
Cata'chysis. (From naraxeu, I pour upon.)
Affusion.
Cata'clasis. (From Karaa/Mo, to break.)
The fracture of a bone.
Ca'tacleis. 1. The first rib, which is placed
immediately under the clavicle. 2. The sub-
clavicular region of the chest.
Catacly'sma. A clyster.
Catacly'smus. 1. An embrocation. 2. The
dashing of water upon any part.
Catag'ma. A fracture.
Catagma'ticus. Catagmatic: promoting the
formation of callus.
Catale'ntia. A kind of epilepsy.
CATALE'PSIA. (a, at, f. ; from KaTa2,a(i6a-
va, to seize, to hold.) Catalepsis. Catalepsy.
It consists in a total suspension of sensibility
and voluntary motion, and generally, also, of
mental power ; the pulsation of the heart and
the breathing continuing, the muscles remaining
flexible, the body yielding to and retaining any
K'ven position, in which respect it differs chief-
from ecstasy. This condition lasts from a
few hours to several days. It is very rare.
142
Cold water douche, and stimulants along the
course of the spine, are necessary means ; but
the cause must regulate the treatment.
Catalepsia spuria. Ecstasy.
Catale'ptic Relating to catalepsy.
Catalo'ticus. Catuloticus.
CATALPA CORDIFOLIA. A tree of the
family Bignoniacece. The seeds of the catalpa
have been recommended in asthma.
CATALY'SIS. (From Kara, and Ivu, I
loose.) The decomposition produced by a
catalytic agent or by the catalytic force. This
is accomplished without any change being pro-
duced on the agent. Hence it is called decom-
position by contact, or action of presence. The
action of yeast and all ferments are of this kind ;
or acids on starch, an d diastase on starch, by
which it is changed into dextrine and glucose.
CATAME'NIA. (a, o?wra, neut. plur. ; from
Kara, and fir/v, the month.) The monthly dis-
charge from the uterus of females. See Men-
struation.
Catantlesis. Catanlle'ma. A fomentation
with warm water.
CATAPA'SMA. (a, atis, n. ; from nara-
naaou, to sprinkle.) Catapastum. A dry
medicine reduced to powder, to be sprinkled
on the body.
CATA'PHORA. («, a, f.; from Kara<j>epu,
to sink or fall down.) A term used by some
authors to designate a state of coma, and by
others an unusually profound sleep.
Cataphora hydrocephalica. Apoplexy.
Cataphra'cta. . A bandage for the thorax,
used in cases of fracture of the sternum and
ribs.
CATAPLAS'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from tcara-
TrAaoau, to spread like a plaster.) A poultice.
Cataplasma aceti. Vinegar poultice. Made
by adding vinegar to any simple farinaceous
matter. Applied to bruises and sprains.
Cataplasma acetosje. Sorrel poultice. Ap-
plied to scorbutic ulcers.
Cataplasma aeratum. See Cataplasma
fermenti.
Cataplasma aluminis. A solution of alum
is generally substituted.
Cataplasma bynes. Malt poultice. Finely-
ground malt is to be mixed with thin yeast to
the consistence of a poultice, and applied warm.
Some surgeons prefer this to the yeast poultice
against gangrene.
Cataplasma carbonis. C. carbonis ligni.
Charcoal poultice. Made by mixing very finely-
powdered charcoal with linseed and warm
water. It is used to correct the state of ill-
conditioned ulcers and destroy their fetor.
Cataplasma cerevisi,*:. C. cercvisice fcecu-
la. Strong beer poultice. Made with the
grounds or dregs of strong beer, by stirring in
corn meal, and heating it cautiously in a pan.
It is considered a good stimulant and antiseptic
for sloughing or gangrenous parts.
Cataplasma conii. (Ph. D.) Hemlock
poultice. R-. Conii foliorum exsiccatorum, y. ;
aquae fontana;, Oi.j. Boil till only a pint remains
when as much linseed meal as necessary is to
be added. This is an excellent application to
many cancerous, scrofulous, and other ill-con
ditioned ulcers.
CAT
Cataplasma cumini. The old Therica Lon-
donensis. It is now seldom ordered.
Cataplasma dauci. Carrot poultice. Braise
fly. of boiled or raw carrot root in a mortar to
a pulp. Employed as an application to cancer-
ous, scrofulous, and other irritable and un-
healthy ulcers. It is a most useful application.
CATArLASMA DIGITALIS. FoX-gloVO poultice.
Linseed meal, oat meal, or crumb of bread are
to be made into the consistence of a poultice,
by mixing them with a strong decoction of the
leaves of fox-glove. This poultice is said to be
more sedative than hemlock, and to allay the
pain of irritable sores.
Cataplasma fermenti. C. fermenli cere-
visicc. Yeast cataplasm. Take of flour, a pound;
yeast, half a pint. Mix and expose to a gentle
heat, until the mixture begins to rise. This is
a celebrated application in cases of sloughing
and mortification.
Cataplasmi fuci. Sea-weed poultice.
Cataplasma lini. Linseed poultice. Lin-
seed meal, Ibss. ; boiling water, Oiss. The lin-
seed meal is to be gradually sprinkled into the
water, while they are quickly blended together
with a spoon. Corn meal is equally good.
Cataplasma panis. Bread poultice.
Cataplasma plumbi acetatis. R. Liquoris
plumbi acetatis, 3J.; aquae distill., Oj.; mica;
panis, q. s. Misce. Practitioners who place
much confidence in the virtues of lead, often
use this poultice in cases of inflammation.
Cataplasma quercus marini. Cataplasma
fuci.
Cataplasma simplex. The basis of this is
one part linseed meal and two parts oat meal.
Indian meal is a better substance. The surface
of the poultice is to be spread with olive oil.
It acts by its warmth.
Cataplasma sinapis. C. sinapeos. Mustard
cataplasm. Take of mustard seed, linseed, of
each, powdered, half a pound ; hot water, as
much as is sufficient. An active rubefacient,
very useful in producing counter irritation in
rheumatism, low fevers, &c.
CATAPLE'XIS. (is, is, f. ; from Kara, and
-K"kr}aou, to strike.) A sudden stupefaction, or
deprivation of sensation in any member or or-
gan, as the eye, &c.
Catapo'tium. KaT07rortoi>. A pill.
Catapsy'xis. A considerable degree of chil-
liness, without shivering. — Galen.
Catapto'sis. A sudden falling down, as of
the whole body in apoplexy or epilepsy ; or of
a particular limb when seized with palsy.
Cataputia major. See Ricinus.
Cataputia minor. See Euphorbia lathyris.
CA'TARACT. (Cataracta, a, <e, f . ; gener-
ally derived from Karapaoou, to disturb or con-
found.) Cataract is usually defined to be a
weakness or interruption of sight, produced by
opacity either of the crystalline lens, its cap-
sule, or the fluid of Morgagni.
When the disease is seated in the lens, its
capsule, or the fluid of Morgagni, it is called a
true cataract ; but when it consists of opaque
matter deposited in front of the lens, it is de-
nominated a false cataract. The terms lenticu-
lar, capsular, and capsulo-lenticular cataracts
express some of the distinctions referred to.
C*T
Cataracts are also distinguished into idio-
pathic, or such as arise from internal, but gen-
erally unknown causes, and accidental, which
originate from external violence, or active in-
flammation. In general, the idiopathic, sooner
or later, affect both eyes; but an accidental
cataract is frequently restricted to one eye.
The symptoms of a cataract are of the fol-
lowing description : 1st. All objects, especially
white ones, seem to tho patient as if covered
with a mist, a circumstance that generally pre-
cedes any visible opacity behind the pupil. 2d.
The decline of vision bears an exact proportion
to the degree of opacity. 3d. The opacity is
almost always first noticed in the centre of the
pupil. 4th. When the iris is light-colored, the
more opaque the cataract is, the more plainly a
blackish ring is seen at the edge of the pupil ;
and such a ring is particularly conspicuous
when the cataract is soft and large, as it then
propels the margin of the uvea forward. 5th.
As a cataract generally begins at the central
point behind the pupil, objects placed directly
in front of the eye are most difficultly seen,
even in the early stage of the disease; but those
which are on one side may yet be discerned,
particularly if the light be not strong, which
would make the pupil too diminutive to let the
rays pass through the thinner transparent edge
of the lens. 6th. What has just been observed
likewise explains why patients, having an opaci-
ty in the center of the lens, are sometimes com-
pletely blind in a strong light, though they may
enjoy a useful degree of vision in the shade, or
in moderately dark places. 7 th. The eyesight
of patients affected with incipient cataract may
be materially assisted by convex glasses, be-
cause objects are magnified by them. 8th. To
patients in this state, the flame of a candle seems
to be obscured in a white, misty halo, which
always becomes broader the farther the patient
is from the light. When the cataract is more
advanced, the flame can not be discerned, but
merely the situation of the light. 9th. The ac-
tion of the iris is not affected.
In amaurosis, the horn-like or glaucomatous
appearance is more deeply seated in the eye
than the opacity of a cataract, and is somewhat
concave. It is frequently of a greenish color,
while the opacity of cataract is usually grayish,
white, or amber-colored. The decline ot vis-
ion, also, is not in a ratio to the opacity, and
the patient may be entirely blind, with little
appearance of defect in the eye. The pupil is
likewise generally dilated and motionless, with
its pupillary margin somewhat irregular. The
temporary increase or decrease of blindness, a
circumstance so jcommon in patients with in-
complete amaurosis, depends upon circumstan
ces which depress or excite the system, and
not, as in cases of cataract, upon the degree of
light, and the corresponding alterations in the
size of the pupil.
Whiteness denotes either a dissolved lens or
a capsular cataract; a gray color, a lenticular
cataract ; an amber color, or dark-gray, a firm
lens ; and light gray, a soft one. If the whole
extent of the pupil is uniformly opaque, the
cataract is probably one of the lens; if the
opacity is streaked or speckled, it is likely to
143
be ono of the capsule. If the opaque streaks
radiate from a centre, the posterior layer of the
capsule is probably affected. If the form of the
opacity is convex, either the anterior capsule
or the lens is the seat of it ; if concave, the pos-
terior part of the capsule. With the light con-
centrated on the pupil by means of a double
convex glass, all these particulars may bo as-
certained. Mr. Cooper believes that the size
of a cataract is a better criterion of its consist-
ence than its color ; and, at all events, that the
emaller the lens is, and the darker its color, the
more solid its substance will generally be;
while the larger and more protuberant it is
against the iris, the greater is the probability
of its being soft.
A cataract of the lens itself, as already ex-
plained, is termed a lenticular cataract, which
may vary much in its consistence. Thus, such
a cataract may be hard, as it is often found to
be in elderly persons, with an amber color, the
tint being deeper in proportion as the cataract
is firmer.
A lenticular cataract may be soft, that is to
say, of a cheesy, gelatinous, or even milky con-
sistence. Soft cataracts are more bulky than
hard ones, so that they project nearly into the
pupil. Hence, sight is more considerably in-
terrupted than when the cataract is hard, and
the power of distinguishing colors frequently
quite abolished. The capsular cataract has a
smooth and glistening surface, with streaks
upon it, and it lies close to the edge of the pupil.
When the lens is present, a capsular cataract
is rarely unaccompanied by a lenticular one ;
but an opaque lens may be removed or taken
away by absorption, and a capsular cataract
may be left. In this case, as the opacity is
merely a thin layer of the capsule, the cataract
makes no projection against the iris, and the
anterior chamber is not lessened by the ad-
vance of the iris toward the cornea.
In children, cataracts are never hard ; but in
adults we meet with both hai - d and soft ones.
A cataract is termed simple, when accompa-
nied by no other disease of the eye likely to
impair its functions, or with no particular con-
stitutional disease ; complicated, when joined
with other diseases of the eye, as adhesion of
the crystalline capsule to the iris, amaurosis,
glaucoma, or a gouty, rheumatic, or syphilitic
state of the system.
When a cataract is free from every compli-
cation ; when it is not attended with frequent
headache, nor pains in the eye ; when the pu-
pil retains its regular circular shape ; when the
iris possesses its natural power of motion in the
different degrees of light ; and when the patient
can readily discern the difference between light
and darkness, and even perceive bright colors,
and the outlines of objects, in shady places,
where the pupil naturally expands, the progno-
sis is favorable. True cataract is remedied
only by an operation.
Whether an operation should be performed
when the cataract is single, and the other eye
in the enjoyment of good vision, is a question
on which some difference of opinion is enter-
tained. Diversity in the refracting power of
the eyes after the removal of the lens from one
144
CAT
of them, and the apprehension of confused vis-
ion as the result, are the reasons usually urged
against the practice, which has, however, to a
certain extent, proved successful ; while the
continuance of a cataract in one eye not only
gives a disposition to the origin of the same kind
of opacity in the other, but permanently im-
pairs the sensibility of the retina itself for want
of exercise.
It is a general and judicious maxim, never to
operate upon both eyes at the samo time. In
the case of extraction in particular, this rule is
universally observed. It is also a maxim to let
the patient have the benefit of preparatory
treatment before he undergoes the operation.
His diet should be lowered, and his bowels
emptied.
The age of eighteen months to that of two
years is deemed an advantageous period for
operating on congenital cataracts.
There are three kinds of operation for cata-
ract: 1st. The method formerly termed couch-
ing, and which is simply the removal of the
cataract out of the axis of vision, leaving it still
in the eye. It is now frequently called dis-
placement; and has two varieties, depression
and reclination. 2d. Surgeons practice extrac-
tion of the. cataract; that is, they take the
opaque lens completely out of the eye. 3d.
Another method, often adopted, consists in the
division of the cataract into fragments, which,
being exposed to the aqueous humor, become
absorbed.
By depression and reelinalhn, we change the
situation of the cataract. In depression, the
lens is pushed directly below the level of the
pupil. In reclination, the lens is made to turn
over into the middle, and toward the bottom
of the vitreous humor; so that the surface of
the lens, which was previously directed forward,
is now placed upward, and what was the upper
edge is turned backward. Over the lens, dis-
placed in this manner, the vitreous humor will
close much more completely than over the sim-
ply depressed lens, so that it will be less likely
to reascend behind the pupil. Nor will the
retina be so liable to be pressed upon by the
cataract as after depression ; yet reclination
unavoidably does more extensive injury to the
hyaloid membrane of the vitreous humor.
Extraction is the complete removal of the
cataract from the eye through an opening made
in the cornea. The incision for this purpose
must form the segment of a regular circle, be
smooth, and - , at the same time, of sufficient size
to permit the easy passage of the cataract
tlnxjugh it. Both in this first period of the
operation, and in the subsequent one of opening
the capsule, the iris should remain entirely free
from injury.
One of the chief dangers of extraction is that
of loss of the vitreous humor, which, if due care
he not taken, is apt to be suddenly forced out *
of the eye along with the cataract.
Another risk is that of the iris being wound-
ed. Sometimes the operation is followed by a
prolapsus of this organ, and occasionally by a
closure of the pupil from the inflammation ex-
cited in the iris by injury of its texture.
The division, or breaking of a cataract piece-
CAT
meal, may be done with a needle, either through
the sclerotica or the cornea. It has the recom-
mendation of being the most easy, but some-
times needs repetition. Opaque portions of the
capsule, however, frequently resist absorption,
and must, after all, either be extracted or dis-
placed. The division of a cataract, when per-
formed by passing the needle through the cor-
nea and pnpil, is termed kcratonyxis. «
No method of operating for the cure of cata-
ract should be exclusively preferred, each hav-
ing its advantages in particular cases.
Cataract, black. 1. A very rare variety
of cataract, in which the opaque lens is black.
2. Amaurosis.
Cataracta glauca. Glaucoma.
Cata'iiia. Nepeta cataria.
Catarrh, urethral. Gleet.
Catarrh, uterine. Leucorrhosa. — Acute
uterine catarrh is sometimes used for metritis.
CATARRHAL. Catarrhw'us. Of the na-
ture of a catarrh; thus, catarrhal fever.
Catarrhe'cticus. A name given by Hip-
pocrates to medicines supposed to have a dis-
solvent power.
Catarrheu'ma. Catarrh.
Catarrhe'xis. A sudden and violent effu-
sion. Hippocrates applies it to a sudden and
profuse diarrhoea. Schneider calls a copious
and rapid discharge of blood from the bowels,
catarrhexis vera.
Catarrho'pia. Calarrhysis. An afflux of
morbid fluids downward.
CATA'RRHUS. (us, i, m. ; from Karappsu,
to flow from.) Catarrh. An increased flow of
mucus. Common catarrh. Catarrh, or inflam-
mation of the lining membrane of the air pas-
sages, presents itself under two forms, common
catarrh, called in ordinary language a cold, and
epidemic catarrh, or influenza. The symptoms
of common catarrh are a sense of fullness in the
head, and of weight over the eyes, which are
weak and watery, and muscular pains. The
nostrils are obstructed, and pour forth a fluid.
There is frequent sneezing, hoarseness of the
voice, cough, generally attended with expecto-
ration, and often a sense of fullness or soreness
in the fauces. It results from exposure and at-
mospheric changes. A sudorific, gentle purga-
tion, and warm clothing, usually suffice to re-
lieve it.
Catarrh is a pretty constant accompaniment
of measles, and is not unfrequent in fever, small-
pox, worms, dentition, rheumatism, and other
diseases.
In the epidemic catarrh, or influenza, the at-
tack is very sudden; there is great heaviness
over the eyes ; and the fever is attended with
great depression. Its violence usually abates
in forty-eight hours. It is brought on by un-
known epidemic causes, and sometimes pre-
cedes more violent epidemics. The treatment
consists of sudorifics, febrifuges, and laxatives ;
bleeding is often injurious.
Catarrhus jEstivus. A sort of epidemic
catarrh in the early summer.
Catarrhus bkllinsulanus. Parotitis.
Catarrhus genitalium. C. vagina. C.
uteri. Leucorrhcea.
Catarrhus intestinalis. Diarrhoea
K
CAT
Catarrhus intestinorcm. Mucous diar
rhoea.
Catarrhus pulmonum. C. pituitosus. Pul
monary catarrh. Bronchitis.
Catarrhus senilis. Chronic bronchitis.
Catarrhus suffocativus. Croup.
Catarrhus vesicje. This name has been
given to a copious discharge of mucus from the
bladder, which arises from chronic inflamma-
tion of its mucous coat.
Catarti'smus. KarapTio/xoc. The reduction
of a dislocated bone. — Paulus JEgineta.
Catasa'rca. Anasarca.
Catasta'gmos. Distillation; also, coryza.
Catasta'ltious. Catastaltic: medicines
which repress evacuations.
Cata'stasis. 1. The constitution or state
of airy thing. 2. The restoration of a dislocated
part.
Cata'tasis. The extension of a fractured or
dislocated limb, in the reduction.
Cat axis. Fracture.
Catchfly. The Silenc virginica. The root
is said to be vermifuge.
CA'TECHU. See Acacia catechu. Catechin
and catechinic acid are components of catechu.
Cateia'dion. (Karetadiov ; from Kara, and
eia, a blade of grass: so called from its shape.)
A long-shaped instrument mentioned by Are-
tams, which was thrust into the nostrils to pro-
voke a hemorrhage in cases of headache.
Cate'n* musculus. The anterior tibial
muscle. — Spigelius.
Cathje'resis. Exhaustion.
CATHiERETICUS. (KaOaipertKog ; from
Kadaipu, to take away.) Cathoretic. Escha-
rotic.
Cat ha' R»i a. An excrement. Any thing
purged from the body naturally or by art.
CATHA'RSIS. (is, cos, f.) Purgation.
CATHA'RTIC. (Catharticus : from Kadai-
pu.) Purgative. Applied to a medicine which,
taken internally, or applied externally, increas-
es the evacuations. The different articles re-
ferred to this class are divided into five orders
of cathartics :
1. Stimulating, as jalap, aloes, colocyuth,
croton oil : selected for indolent and phlegmatic
habits, and those who are hard to purge.
2. Refrigerating, as sulphate of soda, sul-
phate of magnesia, supertartrate of potash, &c.
These are better adapted for plethoric habits,
and those with an inflammatory diathesis.
3. Astringent, as rhubarb and damask roses,
which are mostly given to those whose bowels
are weak and irritable, and subject to diarrhoea.
4. Emollient, as castor oil, olive oil, manna,
which may be given, in preference to other ca
thartics, to infants and very aged persons.
5. Narcotic, as tobacco, hyoscyamus, and dig-
italis. Medicines of this kind are never exhib-
ited in the practice of the present day.
Cathartics are also divided into laxatives,
purgatives, &c. They act upon the upper por-
tion of the canal, as calomel ; upon the lower,
as aloes ; or throughout, as the saline purges.
Cathartic clyster. Enema catharticum.
Cathartic salt. Both Epsom salt and
Glauber's salt are so named. See Magnesia
sulphas and Soda sulphas.
145
CAT
Catha'rtine. A substance of a reddish col-
or, a peculiar smell, and a bitter, nauseous taste;
soluble in water and alcohol. Obtained from
senna.
CATHARTOOARPUS FISTULA. Cassia
fistula. A leguminous tree of the East and West
Indies. The purging pulp is contained in pods
two feet long. It is a gentle laxative in a small
dose, but in large doses occasions nausea and
griping. It is now hardly ever used except as
an ingredient in compounds, as the confectio
sennse, &c.
Cathemeri'nus. Quotidian.
CA'THETER. {Catheter, teris, m.; icade-
Ttjp, from KaOiTjiit. to thrust into.) A long and
hollow tube, introduced by surgeons into the
urinary bladder, to draw off the urine when
the patient is unable to pass it naturally. Ca-
theters are either made of silver, or of a mix-
ture of metals, or of elastic gum. That for the
male urethra is much longer than that for the
female, and so curved, if metallic, as to adapt
itself to the urethra.
Catheteri'sm. Introducing the catheter.
Cathi'drysis. Reduction of a fracture.
Catho'lceus. An oblong fillet, applied
round that bandage for the head called perice-
pastrum, in order to secure it.
CATHO'LICON. Catholicum. A universal
medicine.
Catholicum duplex. An old purgative elec-
tuary, containing rhubarb, senna, cassia, tama-
rinds, &c.
Catholici humores. Humors which exist
throughout the body were formerly so called.
Ca'tias. Kartac. A knife used for cutting
a dead foetus out of the womb. — Paulus JEgi-
neta.
Cati'llia. A weight of nine ounces.
Cati'nus fuso'rius. A crucible.
Catkin. See Amentum.
CA'TLING. A long, narrow, double-edged,
sharp-pointed knife, used chiefly in amputations.
Cat mint. Catnep. See Nepeta.
Catocatha'rtic. Catocatharticus. A pur-
gative medicine.
Ca'toche. Catocheis. Catalepsis.
CA'TOCHUS. (us, i, m. ; Karoxv, from /ca-
texu, to detain.) Catalepsy, or ecstasis.
Catomi'smus. A method of reducing a lux-
ated humerus, by throwing the arm of the pa-
tient over the shoulder of a strong man, and
the reduction was effected by action of the pa-
tient's own weight.
Cato'pter. Catopron. A speculum.
CATOPTRIC EXAMINATION OF THE
EYE. When a lighted candle is held before a
sound eye, or one affected with amaurosis, three
images are seen : the first from the cornea, the
other two from the anterior and posterior sur-
face of the crystalline lens ; but if either of these
structures have become opaque, the image from
it is either dimmed or altogether absent. It is
used in the diagnosis of cataract.
Catoptrics. The phenomena of reflected
light.
Catote'ricus. Catore'ticus. A cathartic.
Catoti'ca. Dr. Good's order of diseases af-
fecting internal surfaces, and producing dis-
eased fluids.
146
C AU
Cat thyme. Teucrium marum. It is a
warm aromatic, and has been used in nervous
affections. In the fresh state it is a powerful
errhine.
Cat's-tail grass. Timothy grass.
Caucalis anthriscus. Daucus annuus mi-
nor. Pentandria ; Monogynia. This plant is
said to be diuretic.
« Caucaloi'des. The patella. *
CAU'DA. (a, m, f. ; from cado, to fall: be
cause it hangs down behind.) A tail. 1. The
tail of animals. 2. The os coccygis. 3. The
clitoris, when elongated.
Cauda equina. The spinal marrow, at its
termination about the second lumbar vertebra,
gives off a large number of nerves, which, when
unraveled, resemble the horse's tail ; hence the
name.
Cauda porcina. See Peucedanum.
Cauda seminis. The rostrum of a seed.
Caudal. Relative to the tail.
Cauda'te. Having a tail.
CAU'DEX. (ex, icis, m.) That part of the
root and stem of a plant which is not ramified r
as caudex desccndens and caudex ascendens.
Caul. Omentum.
Caule'don. In the manner of a stem; to
KavTindov Karayfia, a transverse fracture.
Caulescent. Cauleseens. Having a stem.
CAU'LIFLOWER EXCRESCENCE. A
highly vascular excrescence, growing about the
anus, vulva, or os uteri, producing a watery dis-
charge, but bleeding from the slightest cause.
If in the former situation, it is often syphilitic.
Cauline. Caulinus. Of, or belonging to,
the stem.
CAU'LIS. (is, is, m. KavXoe.) A stem
which bears the leaves as well as the flowers. '
Caulocarpous. Arborescent.
Caulople'gia. An injury or pai'alysis of the
penis.
CAU'MA. (a, atis, n. ; Kavfia, heat.) Burn-
ing heat ; febrile heat.
Cauma carditis. Carditis. — C. hecmorrha-
gicum. Hemorrhage. — C. hepatitis. Hepatitis.
— C. peripneumonia. Pneumonitis.
Cause. See ^Etiology.
Causis. A burn.
CAUSO'DES. Causoma. Inflammation.
CAUSTIC. See Causticum.
Caustic alkali. A pure alkali.
Caustic barley. Cevadilla.
Caustic curves. The lines produced by
reflected or refracted light, which contain the
greatest light and heat.
Caustic lime. Fresh-burned lime.
Caustic, lunar. See Argenti nitras.
Caustic potash. Potassa fusa.
Caustic volatile alkali. See Ammonia.
Causticity. The property of a caustic.
CAU'STICUM. (urn, i, n.; from naiu, to
burn.) A caustic. A substance which has so
strong a tendency to combine with organized
substances as to destroy their texture. The
caustics in most common use are the lunar
caustic, or nitrate of silver, the caustic potash,
and the nitrates of mercury.
Causticum alkalinum. C. accrrimum. C.
commune. C. potentiate. C. salinum. Potassa
fusa.
CED
Causticum americanum. See Veratrum sab-
adilla.
Causticum antimoniale. Muriate of anti-
mony.
Causticum arsenicale. Arsenical caustic.
Causticum commune fortius. See Potassa
cum calce.
Causticum lunare. See Argenti nitras.
CAU'SUS. {us, i, m. Kavaog ; from icaiu,
to burn.) An ardent fever of the Greeks, sup-
posed to be a violent bilious remittent.
Causus endemicus. Endemial or tropical
fever. Yellow fever.
Cauterets. A village in the department
of the Hautes Pyrenees, celebrated for its warm
sulphureous springs.
Cauteria potentialia. The active caus-
tics.
Cauterium potentials. Potassa.
CAUTERIZATION. Cauterizatio. The ap-
plication of a cautery.
CAUTERY. Cauterium. Cauteries were di-
vided by the older surgeons into actual and po-
tential : the former name was applied to a red-
hot iron; the latter, to what is 1 now called a
caustic.
Cave'rna. (a, ee, f . ; from cavus, hollow.)
A cavern : the pudendum muliebre is so called
by some writers.
Caverno'sus. Cavernous. Formed of large
cells. See Corpus cavcrnosum and Sinus cav-
cmosus.
CAVERNO'US RESPIRATION. A sound
similar to that produced by blowing into a bot-
tle. It is produced by cavities filled with air,
existing in the lungs.
Cavi'lla. Cavicula. 1. The malleolus, or
protuberance of the ankle. 2. The os cunei-
form.
Ca vitas antrosa aurio. The tympanum.
Cavitas buccinata. The cochlea.
Cavitas elliptica. The ampulla.
Cavitates innominate. The auricles of the
heart.
CAVITY. {Cavitas, atis, f. ; from cavus,
hollow.) A term applied generally to the hol-
low parts of the body ; thus we speak of the
abdominal cavityt, the thoracic cavity, the artic-
ular cavities, &c The cavities of bones are
usually named according to some real or fancied
resemblance; thus we have glenoid cavities,
cotyloid cavities, fossa:, sinuses, &c.
Cayenne pepper. See Capsicum.
Cd. Cadmium.
Ce. Cerium.
CEANOTHUS. {us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. — C. ameri-
canus. New Jersey tea. The root is astrin-
gent, and yields a cinnamon-colored dye.
Cebadilla. Veratrum sabadilla.
Cebipira. A large Brazilian tree, decoctions
of the bark of which are used in baths and fo-
mentations, to relieve rheumatic pains in the
limhs, and cutaneous diseases.
Cecryphalos. KepuvQaXoc. The reticulum
of ruminating animals.
Cedar. Pinus cedrus.
Cedar, red. Juniperus virginiana.
Ce'dma. {Ked/ia: from nedafa, or Kedau, for
OKedafa, to disperse.) A name given by the
CEL
Greeks to chronic rheumatism of the joints, es*
pecially the hip.
Cedra, oil or essence of. Oleum cedrinum.
CE'DRELA'CEjE. A very important order
of plants, allied to Meliacece, from which they
differ in having winged, indefinite seed. Most
of the species are trees of large size. Swietenia
mahogani yields mahogany, in the woods of the
Spanish Main; Chloroxylon swietenia, Indian
satin-wood; while the yellow wood and the
cedar of New Holland are the produce of oth-
ers. In general, their bark is powerfully as-
tringent ; that of Soymida febrifuga, and ma-
hogany itself, is a potent febrifuge; that of
Cedrela toona is a most valuable tonic in the
Malayan archipelago ; and Khaya senegalensis
yields a similar remedy for the dangerous fevers
of the Gold Coast.
Cedrinum lignum. Cedar wood. See Pi-
nus cedrus.
Ce'drinus. Appertaining to the cedar
Cedrinum vinum. See Vinum cedrinum.
Cedri'tes. Wine in which the resin which
distills from the cedar-tree has been steeped. It
was formerly employed as a vermifuge.
Cedria. Cedrium. Cedreleum. This term
seems to have been applied to several substan
ces, but most generally to the resin of the cedar.
Cedrome'lla. The citron.
Cedrone'lla. Turkey balsam.
Cedro'stis. Bryony.
Ce'drula. A name of the Juniperus oxyce-
drus, or berry-bearing cedar.
Cedrus. Pinus cedrus.
Cedrus Americana. The arbor vitae.
Cedrus bacci'fera. The Juniperus oxyce-
drus.
Cei'ria. KEipia. The tape-worm.
Celandine. See Chclidonium.
Cela'strus. Ceanothus.
Celauritis. Litharge.
CE'LE. (From lenln.) A tumor caused by
the protrusion of any soft part : a hernia. Hence
the compound terms enterocele, epiplocele, &c.
Celery. Apium graveolens.
Celis. A spot or stain.
CELL. CELLULE. Minute spheroidal or
ganizations, having a complete bounding mem-
brane, and produced by the development of
nuclei or cytoblasts. Cells are, for the most
part, of very limited duration, especially such
as lie on the exposed surfaces of membranes,
and new individuals are produced either from
the reproductive nuclei of former cells (which
have thrown them out or become dissolved), or
from a regular structure called the basement or
primary membrane, which lies in immediate I
contact with the capillary system of vessels.
This primary membrane is itself but a delicate
aggregation of flattened, nucleated cellules, but
it allows of the transudation of nutritious matter
from the capillary fluids, and hence not only
throws off cytoblasts, but is the medium of a
regulated nutrition. The homogeneous sides
of capillary vessels, and of the cellules them-
selves, are constructed of the basement mem-
brane, which is a primary deposite from the
blood. This tissue possesses the power of im-
bibition and exosmose, and thus serves, in the
nutrition of each cellule, for the admission of
147
CEL
the peculiar aliment necessary to its growth. It
is a form of protein, probably of albumen.
The original form of all cellules is spheroidal ;
but, by unequal development, by the influence
of position, and from other causes, there is often
a deviation in the progress of growth : thus they
become elongated and tapering, or fusiform, as
in cartilaginous and cancerous tissues, and in
vegetable wood ; or a row of cellules may by
growth become converted into a tube by the
estruction of their bounding membrane ; in
this way the myolemma is produced. Cells are
also simple or nucleated ; in the latter possess-
ing the power of producing further cellules from
the nuclei, either by a kind of iissiparous gen-
eration, as in the case of the rod blood globules
{Barry), or by the dissolution of the mature
cell and separation of the nuclei. Cellules are
also free or isolated, and attached. The cor-
puscles of blood and vai'ious secretions furnish
specimens of free cellules ; the mucous mem-
branes and skin also constantly throw off" from
their basement membrane free simple cellules
which have performed their office, and are call-
ed the epithelium cells. These pass through
their cycle of development often with great ra-
pidity, acting as isolated bodies, and segrega-
ting mucous and other secretions, which they
finally pour forth into appropriate cavities by
bursting, the rudiments of their tissue being
discerned in the secretions they produce, or in
the excretions of the body. It is the destiny
of other cellules to be imprisoned in more per-
manent tissues, as cartilage, bone, &c, where
they are surrounded by an intercellular matter,
amid which they grow by the development of
nuclei, the old cells giving place to their proge-
ny, but the process occurring with slowness.
The interior of cellules contains, in the differ-
ent parts of the body, every one of its compo-
nent parts : thus there are adipose cellules,
muscular cellules, nervous cellules, &c.
All parts of the vegetable structure consist of
cellules, variously modified, and containing dif-
ferent fluids, gases, or solids. In animals the
cellular development docs not seem quite so
universal; but the most important parts, as well
as the largest proportion of the frame, exhibits
cellular structure ; and the maintenance or nu-
trition of glands, muscles, nerves, and the great-
er part, is by cellules.
Cellules are always minute in animals, but
vary in different parts from the ^J ^ th to the
T*BTnr tn of an inch in diameter.
Cell, germinal. Cytoblast.
Cells, bronchial. See Pulmo.
Cells, mastoid. See Auris.
Ce'llula. (a, <c, f. ; diminutive of cella, a
cell.) A little cell or cavity.
Cellule mastoideje. See Temporal bones.
Ce'llular. Cellularis. Composed of little
cells.
Cellular membrane, texture, tissue, web.
See Membrana.
CELLULARES. The great division of the
vegetable kingdom, including plants composed
of cellules only, as the fungi, alga?, lichens.
It nearly resembles the cryptogamia of Lin-
naeus.
CELLULES. Minute cells.
148
CEN
Cellulitis venenata. A poisoned wound.
CELOTO'MIA. («,«e,f.; from kt/Xv, hernia,
and rsfivu, to cut.) The operation for a stran-
gulated hernia, by cutting.
CE'MENT. Chemists call by this name any
substance employed to unite things together by
adhesion, as lutes, glues, 6olders, &c.
Cement, soft. Cap cement. Melt six parta
of resin with two of common wax, and color
with red ochre.
CE'MENTATION. A chemical process,
which consists in surrounding a body in the
solid state with the powder of some other bodies,
and exposing the whole for a time, in a close
vessel, to a degree of heat not sufficient to fuse
the contents. Thus iron is converted into steel
by cementation with charcoal.
Cemente'rium. An aludel.
Ce'nchrias. Cenchris. Cenchrites. A
species of herpes.
Ceneangei'a. Emptiness of the vessels of
the body.
C e ne mb ate 1 1 s . Paracentesis.
Ce'neon. The hollow of the flank. — Hippo-
crates. Galen.
Cenificatum. A calx.
Ce.viote'mium. A purging remedy, formerly
used in the venereal disease, supposed to be
mercurial.
Ckniplam. Ccnipotam. Cenigdam cenigo-
tarn. An instrument used to open the head in
epilepsy ! — Ruland.
Cenobium. A fruit consisting of several car-
pels, without valves or sutures ; as in the labia-
ted plants.
CENO'SIS. (From kevou, to empty.) Sy-
nonymous with evacuation ; inanition.
CENOTICA. Morbid discharges, or excess-
ive discharges.
Ceno'ticus. Cenotic; evacuant.
CENTAU'REA. (ea, m, f.) A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia frustanea. —
C. behen. Bchen album. The root is regarded
in the East as a tonic. — C. benedicta. The
blessed or holy thistle. It is a strong bitter,
tonic and astringent. Chamomile flowers are
now generally substituted. — C. calcitra' pa-.
The common star-thistle, or,6tar knap-weed.
The juice, extract, or infusion is said to cure
intermittents, and has been recommended in
nephritic disorders. It is tonic. — C. centaurir
um. The greater centaury. Centaurium mag-
num and Centaurium majus. The root of this
plant was formerly used as an aperient and cor-
roborant in alvine fluxes. — C. cyanus. The
blue-bottle. Cyanus. The flowers were for-
merly in frequent use. — C. solstUialis. Saint
Barnaby's thistle. It is only a weak tonic.
Centauru cacumina. See Chironia centau-
rium. r
CENTAURIN. The bitter principle of Eu-
ropean centauiy (Erythraa, or Chironia cen-
taurium). It is said to be an excellent febrifuge
when combined with hydrochloric acid.
Centaurioi'des. See Gratiola officinalis.
Centauris. Kevravpic. The lesser cen-
taury.
Centaurite. Cnicin.
Centaurium. Kevravpiov. Centaurea.—
C. magnum. C. majus. See Centaurea cen-
CEP
tam-ium. — C. minus. C. parvum. See Chiro-
nia centaurium.
CENTAURY, AMERICAN. The Sahbatia
angularis. It is a good simple bitter. Dose,
SM. to 3ij.
Centaury, European. Cliironiatentaimum.
Cente'ria. Hypericum androswmum.
Centigramme. The 100th part of a gramme,
or '15 grain troy.
Centilitre. The 100th of a litre, or 270
fluid drachms.
Centilitrum. An old liquid measure, equal
to the 100th part of the Greek hirpa, or pound.
Centime'tre. The 100th of a metre: 0-39
of an inch.
Centimo'rbia. Lysimachia nummularia.
Centine'rvia. Plantago.
Centinodia. Polygonum aviculare.
CENTRAL ARTERY OF THE RETINA.
A minute branch of the ophthalmic, supplying
the retina, and sending a branch to the vitreous
humor.
Centres, nervous. The brain, spinal cord,
and sympathetic ganglia are so called.
Centrifugal inflorescence. When the cen-
tral or topmost bud opens first, it is the reverse
of the centripetal or common inflorescence.
Ce'ntrium. (KevTptov; from kevteu, to
prick.) The epithet of a plaster recommended
by Galen against stitches in the side.
CENTRUM COMMUNE. Epigastric cen-
tre. The solar plexus. See Nervous system.
Centrum nerveum. Centrum phrenicum.
The middle tendinous portion of the diaphragm.
See Diaphragm.
Centrum ovale. Centrum ovale majua. The
oval expanse of white matter displayed when
the hemispheres are removed down to the level
of the corpus callosum ; and generally called
Centrum ovale Vieussenii. Again, if the upper
part of the brain be removed by a horizontal
section, at a level a little above that just men-
tioned, there appears in each hemisphere a
smaller oval expanse of white matter, which
has been described by Vicq d'Azyr, and is call-
ed the small, or lateral centrum ovale, centrum
ovale minus, or centrum ovale of Vicq d'Azyr.
Ce'ntrum semicircula're ge'minum. Ta>
nia semicircularis.
Centrum tendinosum. See Diaphragm.
Centum capita. Eryngium commune.
Centumno'dia. Polygonum aviculare.
Centu'ncui.us. Gnaphalium.
CE'PA. («., a, f.) An onion. See Allium
cepa.
Cepa ascalonica. The shalot.
CepjEA. The Sedum cepa-a of Linmeus.
Cephaelis. See Ipecacuanha.
CEPHALiE'A. (From KSfalij, the head.)
Violent and inveterate pain in the head.
Cephal^e'a spasmodlja. C. nauseosa. Sick
headache. It is fluctuating or spasmodic, at-
tended with nausea and faintness in the morn-
ing, and is to be considered a symptom of gastric,
uterine, or other disorders, and to be treated
accordingly.
CEPHALHEMATOMA. Cephal<ematome.
(From KE<pa2.n, and ai/ia, blood.) A sanguine-
ous tumor of the head, sometimes existing be-
tween the bone and pericranium of new-born
CEP •
infants, over the parietal bone. It nearly aU
ways subsides in twenty to thirty days, but ia
rare cases produces necrosis.
Cephalagra. Gout in the head.
Cephalagraphy. Cephalagraphia. A de-
scription of the head ; usually anatomical.
CEPHALALGIA, (a, a:, f.; from Ke<pa~kn,
and aKyoc, pain.) This term has been gener-
ally applied to a common headache, while the
term cephalaia has been used to designate that
obstinate and inveterate kind of headache
which in some cases resists all means of cure.
Cephalalgia contagiosa. Influenza. So
called from the distressing headache which
commences the attack.
Cephalalgia spasmodica. Cephalaia spas-
modica.
Cephala'rticus. ' (From ueya'hTi, and aprt-
fu, to make perfect.) Having the property of
purging the head, as errhines, &c.
CEPHALIC. Ccphalicus. (From KetyaXr].)
Pertaining to the head. 1. In Pharmacy, an
errhine. 2. In Anatomy, applied to a vein of
the arm which the ancients supposed to have
some particular connection with the head.
Chaussier calls the internal jugular vein the
cephalic vein, and the common carotid artery
the cephalic artery.
Cephalic vein. Vena cephalica. The an-
terior or outermost, vein of the arm, which re-
ceives the cephalic of the thumb: it empties
into the axillary vein.
Cephalic powder. See Pulvis ccphalicus.
Cephalic snuff. An errhine powder, the
active ingredient of which is asarabacca.
CEPHALI'TIS. Phrenitis. See Encephalitis.
Cephalo'dium. The orbicular and conv«x
conceptacule of some lichens.
Cephalodynf.. Headache.
Cephalogenesis. The doctrine of the de-
velopment of the brain.
Cephalogia. A dissertation on the head.
Cephaloid. Capitate. Resembling a head,
or relating to the head.
Cephalo'meter. Ccphalomctrum. An in-
strument formerly used to estimate the size of
the foetal head during parturition. It is now
laid aside; the fingers are the best cephalo-
meter.
Cephalo'nosus. This name has been given
to cephalic fever, or that kind of fever in which
the brain is particularly affected.
CEPHALOMA. An encephaloid or medul-
lary tumor; medullary sarcoma. Hence the
adjective ccphalomatous.
Ce'phalo-pharyngeus. See Constrictor
pharyngis inferior.
Cephaloph yma. Cephalhematoma.
CEPHALO'PODA. (From KeQaln, and
■novc, a foot.) An order of molluscous animals,
in which the mouth is surrounded with locomo-
tive tentacula, as the cuttle-fish.
Cephalopo'nia. Pain or heaviness in the
head.
Cephalo-spinai.. Cephalo-rachidian. Ap-
pertaining to the head and spine.
Cephalo-s pinal, or Cephalo-rachidian flu-
id. A serous fluid or halitus found between
the pia mater and enccjdialon, and along the
spinal marrow.
149
CER
CER
Cephalotomia. Cephalotomy. A dissection
w opening of the head.
CEPHALOTOMY. (From ne^oln, and rep-
vu, to cut.) Opening the head of the foetus in
preternatural labors. It is done by means of
Smellie's scissors, which are introduced through
a fontanelle or suture, and, being opened, are
turned within the skull to break down the brain.
By the pressure of the contracting uterus the
brain is forced out in part, and the head be-
comes reduced. This operation is only war-
ranted where there is such a deformity of the
pelvis as to render the passage of the head im-
possible; where the child is dead, or laboring
under a fatal disease, as hydrocephalus; or
where <$he parents refuse the Caesarian section,
or the condition of the patient renders it inex-
pedient.
CEPHALOTRIBE. (From Ke^aTijj, and rpt-
6u, to bruise.) A powerful pair of forceps,
worked by a screw at the handle, and invented
by M. Bourdeloque, jun., for crushing the
head of the foetus in utero. It is used after the
brain has been discharged. As the skull is
broken into fragments, spiculao of bone often
protrude through the scalp, and may injure the
mother.
CEPHALOTRIPSY. (From Kefdfai, and
dpviTTu, to crush.) Breaking up the skull of
the foetus in utero.
Cepini. Vinegar.
CE'RA. U,0,l YLnpoc.) Wax. A fatty
substance, which, when pure, is white, pellu-
cid, destitute of taste. Its specific gravity is
from -960 to -966. At 32° it is brittle, but be-
comes soft and flexible when heated to 86°, and
melts at 155°. It is insoluble in cold alcohol
and ether, but partly soluble in hot alcohol.
That of commerce is nearly entirely derived from
bees. Wax is, according to Hess, a simple hy-
drocarbon, C20H20O. When oxydized, it forms
eerie acid. It is not saponifiable. The sub-
stances called cerin, myristicin, and ceraine, are
impure products of oxydation, according to this
authority.
Vegetable Wax. — Proust asserts that the
bloom on fruit, as well as the varnish on leaves,
consists of wax. Some vegetables contain it
abundantly, as the Myrica cerifera, Ccroxylum
andicola, Palma camauba, and Galactodendron
utile. From these the wax may be extracted
by boiling in water.
Wax is employed for various economical pur-
J)oses. In medicine it is emollient, and used
or making plasters, cerates, and bougies.
Cera alba. C.dealbata. White wax; bees'
wax bleached.
Cera flava. Yellow wax.
Cer.e'.e. The cornua of the uterus. — Rufics
Ephesius.
Cera'mium. A Greek measure of about nine
gallons.
CERAMURIA. Urine which deposits the
earthy phosphates of a light color.
Cerani'tes. A pastil used by Galen.
CE'RAS. 1. Horn. 2. The wild parsnep.
3. The cornea. 4. A prefix of many words,
properly written kcra, as keratocele.
Cerasa nigra. Prtmus avium. — C. rubra.
Prunus cerasus.
150
Ce'rasin. A gum which swells, but does
not dissolve in water.
Cerastes. The genus of horned vipers.
CE'RASUS. See Prunus cerasus and Pru-
nus.
CERATlU* See Ceratum and Unguentum.
Cerate, 'common. Ceratum simplex.
Cerate for the lips. Take of white wax,
5j. ; olive oil, f. fij. Color the oil with alkanet
root, and add it to the melted wax, stirring till
cold. Emollient.
Cerate, Goulard's. Ceratum plumbi com-
positum.
Cerate, Kirkland's neutral. See Un-
guentum plumbi compositum.
Cerate, Marshall's. Take" of palm oil,
3vj.; calomel, fj. ; acetate of lead, fss. ; un-
gucnti hydrargyri nitratis, fij. Mix.
Cerate, simple. Ceratum simplex.
, Cerate, Turner's. Ceratum calaminse.
Cera'tia. Ceratonia siliqua.
Ceratia diphyllus. A plant from which
gum anime exudes.
Ceraticum. Ceratonia siliqua.
Cera'tio. The fixation of mercury : mixing
with wax.
Cerati'tes. See Unicornu.
Cera'tium. Kepariov. 1. The pod of the
Ceratonia. 2. An ancient weight equal to four
grains.
CERATO. Kerato. A prefix of many terms
containing the word keras (/cepac), horn, or
cornea ; for which, see Kera- and Kerato-.
Such are ceratonyxis, ceratoplastice, ceratitis,
ceratodeitis, ceratotomia, &c.
Ce'rato-glo'ssus. The hyoglossus.
Cerato-hyoideus. See Stylo-hyoideus.
CE'RATOCE'LE. Keratocele. (From
nepae, a horn, and Kt\kji, a hernia.) When the
outer layer of the cornea is destroyed by ulcer-
ation, and the inner layer, still entire, is pro-
truded by the pressure of the aqueous humor,
it forms what is called a ceratocele, or hernia of
the cornea.
Ceratoi'des. (From icepac, and eidoc, ap
pearance.) Horn-like. The cornea.
Ce'ratomala'gma. A cerate. See Cera
turn.
CERATO'NIA. (a, w, f.) A genus of plants.
Polygamia. Tricecia. — C. si'liqua. The carob
tree. The sweet pulp of the pod is demulcent.
CE'RATOTOME. ( Ceratotomus, i, m. ; from
Kepag, and tejivu, to cut.) Baron Wenzel gave
this name to the knife with which he divided
the cornea.
CERA'TUM. (urn, i, n. ; from cera, wax,
because its principal ingredient is wax. ) Cerate.
A composition of wax, oil, or lard, with or with-
out other ingredients.
Ceratum album. See Ceratum cetacei.
Ceratum arse'nici. (U.S.) Cerateof
arsenic. Take of arsenious acid, m fine pow-
der, 3j. ; simple cerate, ?j. Soften the cerate
and mix intimately. A dangerous application
to cancerous surfaces.
Ceratum calami'nje. Calamine cerate.
Take of prepared calamine, yellow wax, of
each ft>ss. ; lard, Ibij. Melt the wax and lard;
remove it from the fire ; and, as soon as it be-
gins to thicken, add the calamine, and stir it
CER
constantly until the mixture becomes cold.
(U. S.)
Ceratum cantha'ridis. (U. S.) Blister-
ing plaster. Cerate of Spanish flies. Take of
Spanish flies, powdered, fbj. ; yellow wax, res-
in, and olive oil, of each, % viij. Add the pow-
der, with stirring, to the other ingredients
melted together. This is the common blister-
ing plaster of the United States. If the appli-
cation produces strangury, discontinue; and
employ demulcent drinks .and emollient oint-
ments.
Ceratum ceta'cei. (U. S.) C. ceti. Sper-
maceti cerate. Take of spermaceti, jj.; white
wax, § iij. ; olive oil, fvj. Add the oil to the
spermaceti and wax, previously melted togeth-
er, and stir them until the mixture becomes
cold. Emollient.
Ceratum cic'ut^;. Ceratum conii.
Ceratum ci'trinum. See Ceratum resincc.
Ceratum coni'i. Hemlock cerate. Take
unguenti conii, ibj.; spermaceti, fij.; white
wax, fiij. Mix. One of the formulae of St.
Bartholomew's Hospital, occasionally applied
to cancerous, scrofulous, phagedenic, herpetic,
and other inveterate sores.
Ceratum epuloticum. C. lapidis cala-
minaris. See Ceratum calamines.
Ceratum gal'eni. See Cold cream.
Ceratum hydr'argyri compositum. (Ph.
L.) Compound cerate of mercury. Take of
strong ointment of mercmy, soap cerate, of each,
fiv. ; of camphor, fj. Mix. A resolvent for
indolent swellings.
Ceratum juni'perj sabin.*:. Ceratum sabi-
nae.
Ceratum lithargyri acetati compositum.
See Ceratum plumbi compositum.
Ceratum lyttje. Ceratum cantharidis.
Ceratum plumbi aceta'tis. (Ph. L.) Ce-
rate of acetate of lead. Take of acetate of
lead*, powdered, jij. ; white wax, fij.; olive oil,
f. Jviij . Mix. This cerate is sedative, cooling,
and desiccative.
Ceratum plumbi carb'onatis. (U. S.) Ce-
rate of carbonate of lead. Take of plaster of
carbonate of lead, f x. ; of olive oil, f. fij. Melt
the plaster and then mix with the oil. Desic-
cative and cooling.
Ceratum plumbi compositum. (Ph. L. ; U.
S.) Compound cerate of lead. Take of solu-
tion of sub-acetate of lead, f. fiiss. ; yellow wax,
f iv. ; olive oil, f. fix. ; camphor, 3ss. Mix the
wax, previously melted, with eight fluid ounces
of oil ; when it begins to thickenj»add gradually
the solution of acetate of lead until it gets cold.
Lastly, mix in the camphor, previously dissolved
in the remainder of the oil. It is cooling, de-
siccative, and resolvent.
Ceratum plumbi subaceta'tis. (U. S.) Ce-
ratum plumbi compositum.
Ceratum plumbi superacetatis. Cerate
of sugar of lead.
Ceratum refrige'rans gal'eni. Cold
cream.
Ceratum resins. (U. S.) C. resinee fla-
-vae. Resin cerate. Take of resin, fv. ; yellow
wax, fij. ; lard, 5 viij. Melt. Digestive and
stimulant.
Ceratum resins compo'situm. -(U.S.)
CER
Compound resin cerate. Take of resin, suet,
yellow wax, each fly". ; turpentine, ftss. ; flax-
seed oil, Oss. Melt together. A stimulant and
digestive cerate.
Ceratum sabin.e. (U. S.) Savine cerate.
Take of savine, in powder, fij. ; of ceratum res-
inae, fly. Mix the powder with the cerate,
previously softened. Used to keep up a dis-
charge from blistered surfaces.
Ceratum saponis. (U. S. ; Ph. L.) Soap
cerate. Take of hard soap, fviij.; yellow wax,
f x. ; semi-vitrified oxide of lead, powdered,
fl)j.; olive oil, a pint; vinegar, a gallon. Boil
the vinegar with the oxide of lead, constantly
stirring ; then add the soap, and boil it again in
a similar manner, until the moisture is entirely
evaporated; then mix in the wax, previously
melted with the oil. Resolvent; against scrof-
ulous tumors, &c.
Ceratum satu'rni. Ceratum plumbi com-
positum.
Ceratum simplex. (U. S.) Ceratum. Sim-
ple cerate. Take of lard, f viij. ; white wax,
fiv. Melt. Emollient.
Ceratum spermatis ceti. See Ceratum ce-
tacei.
Ceratum zinci carbo'natis. (U. S.) C.
zinci carbonatis impuri. See Ceratum calami-
nes.
Ceraunion. A meteoric stone.
Cerbera tanghin. An apocynous tree of
Madagascar. The fruit is the most poisonous
natural production known : it produces violent
convulsions, and is narcotic.
Ce'rberus. Pulvis scammoniaG compositus.
CERCA'RLE. (From KepKoc, a tail.) Infu-
sorials with a large body and slender tail.
Cerchnos. Cerchnus. Hoarse inspiration,
or voice wheezing.
Ce'rcis. The radius bone ; a pestle.
Cerco'sis. 1. A polypus of the uterus. 2.
An enlargement of the clitoris.
Ce'rea. The cerumen aurium.
CEREA'LIA. The grain plants.
Cerebellitis. Inflammation of the cere-
bellum.
CEREBE'LLOUS. Cerebellosus. Appertain-
ing to the cerebellum. It has been applied to
the blood-vessels of the cerebellum, and also to
a species of apoplexy, in which this organ is
supposed to be peculiarly affected, from the ac-
companying erection, and other signs of irrita-
tion of the generative organs.
CERE'BELLUM. (w, i, n. ; diminutive of
cerebrum.") The little brain. See Encephalos.
CERE'BRAL. Cerebralis. Appertaining to
the cerebrum or brain.
Cerebral apophysis. The pineal gland.
Cerebral arteries. C. veins. C. nerves.
See Encephalos.
Cerebral fever. A fever in which the
brain is much affected.
Cere'bric acid. A fatty acid of the brain
and nervous system, supposed to contain ni-
trogen and phosphorus, and but imperfectly
known.
CERE'BRIFORM. Resembling in substance
the brain. Encephaloid.
CERE'BRITIS. Encephalitis. Inflamma-
tion of the cerebrum, or brain.
151
CER
CERE'BRO-SPINAL. Pertaining both to
the cerebrum, or brain, and spinal cord ; as the
cerebrospinal diseases, i. e., those which indi-
cate a disorder of the spinal cord and brain.
Cerebro-s pinal fluid. The Rachidian fluid,
or serous halitus found in the sheath of the
spinal marrow.
Cerebro-spinants. Narcotic medicines are
so called by Pereira.
CEREBROL. Cerebrolein. The fatty
matter of the brain, supposed to contain nitro-
gen. It is, however, regarded as a mixture of
albumen and common fats by Liebig.
CEREBRUM, {nm, i, n.) The anterior
portion of the brain. See Encephalos.
Cerebrum abdominals. The solar plexus.
— C. elongatum. The medulla oblongata and
spinal cord. — C. parvum. C. posterius. The
cerebellum.
Cerefo'lium. Chasrophyllum sylvestre. —
C. hispanicum. Scandix odorata.
Cerel^'um. A cerate.
Ce'reus. Cere'olus. 1. A wax bougie. 2.
Having a waxy appearance.
Cereus medicatus. A medicated bougie.
CERE VI 'SI A. {a, a;, f. ; quasi cerevisia,
i. e., cerealis liquor, from ceres, corn, of which
it is made.) Any liquor made from grain, es-
pecially ale and strong beer.
Cerevisia abietis. Spruce beer.
Cerevisia fermentum. Yeast.
Ce'ria. Tamia.
Cerine. See Cera.
Ce'rinus. A dull yellowish-red color.
Ce'rio. The seed called a earyopsis.
Ce'rion. See Achor.
CE'RIUM. (um, it, a.) A very rare metal.
It is brittle, white, and volatile in a very in-
tense heat. Eq., 46*05 ; symbol, Ce. It is not
acted on by nitric, but is dissolved by nitro-
muriatic acid. It combines with oxygen in
two proportions. The protoxide (Ce 2 C)3) is
white, and the peroxide of a fawn-red color.
Cernin, Saint. Upper Auvergne. It has a
cold chalybeate spring.
Ce'rnos. A bandage for the head.
Cer'nuus. Hanging down the head ; droop-
ing.
CERO'MA. An adipose, lardaceous, or waxy
tumor. •
Ckro'ma. Ceroneum. Ccrotum. A ce-
rate.
Ceropi'ssus. A cerato of pitch and wax.
Ceroxtlon andicola. A palm of the Andes,
which yields much wax from its stem.
Cerua. Ricinus communis.
Cerulin. Cerulina. The blue pigment of
sulphate of indigo. When it is united with
bases they are called coeruleo-sulphates.
CERU'MEN. {en, inis, n. ; from cera, wax.)
The waxy matter of the ear secreted by folli-
cles, situated under the cuticular lining of the
meatus auditorius externus. When in excess,
it becomes a cause of deafness by impeding
the passage of sounds. In this case, syringing
the channel with warm water is an effectual
remedy. Deafness may also arise from a want
of the secretion, when slightly stimulating oils
are useful.
Ceruminous glands. See Auris.
152
CES
CERU'SSA. Cerussc. White lead. .Plum-
bi subcarbonas.
Cerussa acetata. See Plumbi acetas.
Cerussa citrata. Yellow oxide of lead.
Massicot.
Cerusse of antimony. An oxide of anti-
mony, formed by deflagration with nitre, and
washing. Dose, gr. x. to 3ss.
Cervaria alba. Laserpitium latifolium.
Cervi spina. See Rhamnus caAkarticus.
CERVI'CAL. {Cervicalis; from cervex, the
neck.) Belonging to the neck; as, cervfcal
nerves, cervical muscles, &c.
Cervical arteries. There are two cervi-
cal arteries, both of which generally rise from
the subclavian, behind the scalenus muscle,
sometimes by a common trunk, and sometimes
separately. The cervicalis profunda, vel poste-
rior, ascends obliquely backward between the
transverse processes of the two lowest cervical
vertebras, and continues its course directly up-
ward on the posterior part of the spine, supply-
ing the adjacent muscles and inosculating with
the occipital artery. The cervicalis superficia-
lis, vel anterior, crosses tho neck transversely,
communicating with other branches of the sub-
clavian, and with the occipital artery.
Cervical ganglia. The three ganglia form-
ed by the great sympathetic on each sido the
neck.
Cervical glands. Lymphatic glands of-the
neck. They are sometimes improperly called
ganglia.
Cervical ligaments. The anterior stretch-
es between the basilar process of the occipital
bone and the front of the first vertebra. The
posterior cervical ligament is the ligamentum
nucha.
Cervical nerves. See Nervous system.
Cervical plexus. Tho plexus formed from
the anterior branches of the first three cervical
nerves, over the posterior scalenus muscle.
Cervical vertebra. The seven upper-
most of the vertebra;, which form the spine.
Cervical veins. Tne veins which corre-
spond with the cervical arteries.
Cervica'lis descendens. See Sacro lum~
balis.
Cervica'ria. Campanula trachelium.
Cervi'nus. Fawn color.
CE'RVIX. {ix, icis, f.) 1. The neck.
Properly, the back part of the neck. 2. Ap-
plied also to portions of organs which somewhat
resemble a neck, as cervix uteri, the neck of
the uterus ; cervix vesica, the neck of the blad-
der, &c.
Cervix obstipa. Wry neck.
CE'RVUS. {us, i, m. ) A genus of ruminant
animals. — C. dices. The elk or moose deer. —
C. tarandus. The rein-deer. — C. elephas. The
stag. — C. dama. The fallow deer. — C. cana-
densis. The Wapiti deer. — C. virginianm.
The Virginian deer.— -C. axis. The axis, or
spotted Indian deer. — C. capreolus. The Eu-
ropean roebuck. — C. muntjac. The Indian
roebuck.
CE'SPITOSE. {Cespilosus; from cespes, a
sod or turf.) A plant is so called which pro-
duces many stems from one root, and which has
all its leaves radical, so as to resemble a turf.
CHA
CESTOI'DEANS. Cestoidea. The order
of parenchymatous entozoa, to which the tape-
worms belong.
CESTR'ACEjE. A sub-class of plants, usu-
ally associated with the Solanacece, some of
which are poisonous.
Cesthi'tes vinum. (From Keorpov, betony.)
Wine impregnated with betony.
Ce'strum. Betonica officinalis.
CETA'CEA. Cetaceans. An order of ma-
rine mammiferous animals, including the whale,
porpoise, dolphin, &c.
CETA'CEUM. (urn, i, n.) Spermaceti.
Cetaceus. (From ceta, a whale.) Ceta-
ceous.
Ce'tene. The product of the distillation of
ethal with anhydrous phosphoric acid. It is
an oily, inflammable liquid. Form., C32H32.
Ce'terach. Asplenium ceterach.
Cetine. Pure spermaceti.
CETRARIA ISLANDICA. Iceland moss.
It abounds in a mucilaginous and slightly bitter
starch,' and is demulcent and pectoral.
Cetra'rine. The bitter matter of the Ice-
land moss. It is colored deep blue by hydro-
chloric acid, and has febrifuge qualities.
CE'TYLE. A hypothetical radical of a se-
ries of compounds derived from spermaceti.
Form.", C31H33; symb., Ct. The hydrated ox-
ide of cetyle is ethal. Cetylic acid, CtOs,HO,
is ethylic acid. There are also a chloride and
other compounds.
Cevadic acid. Acidum cevadicnm. Formed
by the action of potash on the fat matter of the
sabadilla. It is a crystalline, volatile acid.
Cevadi'lla. CevcdUla. See Sabadilla.
Cevil. A medicine of Paracelsus.
Ceyenne pepper. See Capsicum.
Ceylon moss. The sea-weed, Fucus amyla-
cevs. It is very rich in a mucilaginous starch,
and recommended in Europe as an article of
food.
Chabert's oil. A mixture of three parts oil
of turpentine and one part Dippel's oil, distill-
ed. Anthelmintic : used in tape-worm.
CILEROPHY'LLUM. (um,i,n.) A genus
of plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Umbellifc-
rtB. — C. odoratum. Sweet cicely. — C. sativum.
Common chervil. See Scandix cerefolium. —
C. sylvestrc. Bastard hemlock. Cicutaria.
It possesses no remarkable property.
Ch^'te. Human hair.
Chaff. Palea).
Chafing. A superficial excoriation. It may
be remedied by cooling cerates containing ace-
tate of lead.
CHAIN SAW. This is made of a strong
watch-chain, the links of which have seratures
on one side. One end is permanently fixed
into a handle, and the other is furnished with a
hook, so that it can be attached or separated
from the handle according to circumstances.
The chief use of the chain saw is in the opera-
tion for the removal of the lower jaw. It is a
difficult instrument to manage.
Ch a la's is. 1. Relaxation. 2. The porcine
species of scrofula. — Sauvages.
Chala'sticus. XahaoTiKoc. Emollient
CHALA'ZA. (XaXata, a hail-stone.) 1.
Chalazion. 2. Two white bodies attached to
OH A
the membrane which covers the yolk of an egg
are called chalazee, or grandines. 3. A mark
on the seeds of plants, which corresponds with
the insertion of their umbilical cord.
Chala'zion. Chalazium. Hordeolum.
Chalazo'sis. Xala&inc. Chalazion.
Cha'lbane. KaMavt). Galbanum.
Chalca'nthum. Chalcha'nthe. XciknavBov.
Verdigris; vitriol.
Chalcedo'nius. A medicine used by Galen
in disorders of the ears.
Chalcedony. A semi-transparent variety
of quartz.
Chalce'tum. Valeriana locusta?
Chalcoi'deum os. The cuneiform bone of
the foot.
Chalci'tis. Xa/Umr. See Colcothar.
Chalcus. Xalucovc. See JErcolum.
Chali'cratum. Wine mixed with water.
CHALK. A common, friable species of car-
bonate of lime. Creta.
Chalk, black. A dark-colored clay.
Chalk, French. A compact, unctuous talc.
Chalk mixture. Mistura creta?.
Chalk, prepared. Creta prreparata.
Chalk, red. An aluminous, friable mineral,
stained with oxide of ii-on. It has been used as
an absorbent.
Chalk, Spanish. Soap-stone.
Chalk stones. See Gout.
Chalk with mercury. Hydrargyrum cum
creta.
CHALY'BEATE. (Ckalybcatus ; from cha-
lybs, iron or steel.) Of, or belonging to, iron.
Applied to a medicine containing iron, and to
mineral waters which are impregnated with
iron.
Chalybeated tartar. Ferri ct potassus tar-
tras.
Chalybis rubigo rRjEPARATA. Ferri sub-
carbonas.
CHA'LYBS. (XaTimj). Chalys, ybis, m.)
Steel. See Ferrum.
Chalybs tartarizatus. Ferri et potassa>
tartras.
Chamjea'cte. The dwarf elder.
Cham-eba'lanus. Lathyrus tuberosus?
Cham^'batos. The Rubus fructicosus.
ChamjEbu'xus. Polygala chamajbuxus.
Cham-e/cedrus. A dwarf abrotanum.
Cham^ci'ssus. Chammcle'ma. Ground ivy.
Cham.«cri'sta. Cassia chamcecrista. A de-
coction, drunk freely, is said to be serviceable
against the poison of the night-shade.
Cham.ecypari'ssus. Santolina channccypa
rissus.
Chamjedryi'tes. Wine impregnated with
germander.
CHAMiE'DRYS. Chammdrops. Tho ger-
mander. Teucriurn chamredrys. — C. incana
maritima. Teucrium marum. — C. palustris.
Teucrium scordium. — C. spuria. Veronica of-
ficinalis. — C. sylvestria. Veronica chamasdrys.
Cham^gei'ron. Xa/uaiyeipov. Colt's-foot.
Cham-ele'a. Daphne alpiua.
Cham^ljea'gnus. Myrica gale.
Cham.slai'tes. Wine impregnated with the
chamadea.
Cham.s'leon. A genus of lizards inhabiting
hot climates.
153
CH A
CHE
Chameleon album. Carlina acaulis.
Chameleon mineral. Manganate of potash.
Chamjeleon verum. See Cnicus.
Chamjeleu'ce. Tussilago farfara.
Chamjsli'num. Linum catharticum.
CHAMjEME'LUM. ' Chamamelon. Anthe-
mis nobilis. — C. canariense. The Chrysanthe-
mum frutescens. — C. chrysanthemum. The
Bupthalmum germauicum. — C. fmtidtcm. The
Anthemis cotula. — C. nobile. See Anthemis
uobilis. — C. vulgare- See Matricaria chamo-
milla.
Cham^e'morus. Rubus chamsemorus.
Cham^my'rtus. Ruscus aculeatus.
Chamjspeu'ce. Camphorosma monspelien-
sis.
Cham.e'pitys. Teucrium chamamitys. — C.
moschata. Teucrium iva.
Chamje'plion. Erysimum alliaria.
Cham^erodode'ndron. Azalea pontica.
Cham^'rops. Teucrium chameedrys.
Cham^'rubus. Rubus chamaemorus.
ChamjESpa'rtium. Genista tinctoria.
CHAMBE'R. Camera. A circumscribed
cavity or place. In Anatomy, used to designate
the compartments of the eye. The anteHor
chamber is that situated between the cornea
and lens, and containing the aqueous humor;
the posterior chamber lies between the retina
and lens, and is filled with the vitreous humor.
Chamberlain's restorative pills. A quack
medicine, consisting of cinnabar, sulphur, sul-
phate of lime, and a little gum, or other vege-
table matter.
CHAMO'MILE. Chamomilla. Anthemis
nobilis. — C, dog's. C, German. Matricaria
chamomilla. — C, dyer's. Anthemis tinctoria.
— C, Spanish. Anthemis pyrethrum. — C.
stinking. C, wild. Anthemis cotula.
Chamomile drops. Alcoholic spirit, flavored
with essential oil of chamomile.
Chamomi'lla. Anthemis nobilis. — C. nostras.
Matricaria chamomilla. — C. romana. Anthe-
mis nobilis.
Champignon. Agaricus pratensis.
CHA'NCRE. (French.) A primary vene-
real ulcer. Such ulcers, of course, are found
most frequently on the genitals ; but they may
occur on any part of the body to which the ve-
nereal poison has been immediately applied.
See Syphilis.
Chandoo. A form of opium used in the
East for smoking.
Channeled. Canaliculatus.
Chaosda. The plague. — Paracelsus.
Charabe. See Carabe.
CHARACEiE. A family of acrogens inhab-
iting water, and nearly resembling confervae.
Charantia. Momordica elaterium.
CHARCOAL. The product of vegetable
and animal matters burned without access of
air. It consists of carbon with ashes, and is
used in powder as a dentrifice ; in cataplasms,
applied to foul sores ; and as a decolorizing and
disinfecting agent. See Carbo.
Charcoal, animal. The impure carbona-
ceous residue of bones. It contains 88 per
cent, of phosphate and carbonate of lime, and
has extraordinary decolorizing properties.
Cha'rdone. The artichoke.
154
Chards. The foot-stalks and midribs of ar-
tichokes and the white beet: the former are
blanched. They are used as vegetables or sal-
ads in Europe.
Charistolo'chia. Artemisia vulgaris.
CHA'RLATAN. (Italian ciarlare, to talk
much.) A pretender; a quack. Hence char-
latanry.
Charlock. Raphanus raphanistrum.
Charm. A trick played on the superstitious
by incantation or otherwise, to act on the im-
agination. It was abundantly employed in the
early ages, not only by physicians, but others ;
and the practice is not yet exploded.
Cha'rme. Charmis. A cordial of Galen.
CHARPIE. Scraped linen, or lint.
Charr. Salmo alpinus.
CHA'RTA. (a, ee, f. Xaprric.) 1. Paper.
2. The amnios has been called the charta vir-
ginea, from its likeness to a piece of fine paper.
Charta cimcuMiE. Turmeric paper.
Charta lacmi. Litmus paper.
Chartreux, poudre de. A hydrosulphuret
of antimony. Kermes mineral.
Chaschisch. (Arabian.) Hemp. The tops
are used as a narcotic, and smoked by Eastern
nations.
Chasme. Chasmus. Yawning.
Chaste tree. Agnus castas.
Chate. Cucumis eegyptiaca.
Chay. Chaya. Oldenlandia umbellata.
Cheek bone. Jugale os.
CHEESE. The partially dry casein and but-
ter of milk, usually salted and pressed. Cheeses
differ in the proportion of these aliments; some,
as the Stilton and Neufchatel, containing a great
amount of butter, while others, as the Parme-
san, contain none. They owe their flavor to
an incipient change of the casein, or to aromatic
herbs mixed with the curd. There is no ali-
ment so nutritious as good cheese ; and it forms
the principal, if not the only, animal food of
large populations in Europe, but is rather indi-
gestible to those who are unused to it.
Cheese mite. Acarus sirio.
Cheese rennet. Galium verum.
Cheesy. Resembling cheese ; caseous.
CHEIL-. Cheilo-. (From x ei ^ oc > a lip.)
Used as a prefix to many words, as Cheilitis.
Cheilon. Inflammation of the lip. — Cheilo-
carcinoma. Cancer of the lip. — Cheilomala-
cia. Cancer of the mouth. — Cheiloplastice
An operation for the restoration of a lip.
Cheiloca'ce. (e, es, f. ; from ^etAof, a lip,
and nanov, an evil.) Canker of the mouth.
Cheime'thlon. Cheimetlon. A chilblain.
Pernio.
Cheimia. A rigor.
CHEIR. (Greek.) A hand. A prefix; as
in Cheirapsia. Scratching. — Cheiriater. A
surgeon. — Cheirixis. Surgery. — Cheirono-
mia. Exercise with the hands.
CHEIRA'NTHUS. A genus of plants. Te-
tradynamia. Siliquosa. Cruciferce. — C. cheiri.
The wall-flower. The flowers have a moder-
ately strong, pleasant smell, and a nauseous,
bitter, somewhat pungent taste.
Qcei'ri. 1. Cheiranthus cheiri. 2. Quick-
silver, aurum potabile, or antimony, &c.
CHEIRO'PTERA. (From X eip, the band
CHE
and TTTepov, a wing.) A family of mammifer-
ous animals, similar to and including the bats.
OHE'LA. (a, a, f. XnXn, forceps; from
\eu, to take.) 1. The claw of a crab. 2. A
forked probe. 3. Fissures or chaps. 4. The
eye-lashes.
Chel.s: cancrorum. Crab's claws.
Chel.e palpebrarum. The tarsal ligaments.
Chele'rythrine. An alkaloid said to be
found in chclidonium majus.
Cheli'don. The bend of the arm.
Chelidonic acid. An acid said to exist in
the Chelidonium majus.
Chelidonine. An alkaloid of Chelidonium
majus. It is bitter, insoluble, and forms salts.
Formula, C40H20N3O6.
CHELIDO'NIUM. («,»,n.) 1. Bryony.
2. A genus of plants. Polyandria. Monogynia.
Ranunculacece. — C. majus. Tetter-wort, and
great celandine. The herb and root have a
faint, unpleasant smell, and a bitter, acrid, du-
rable taste. They are aperient and diuretic,
but liable to irritate the stomach and bowels.
Of the dried root, from 3ss. to 3J. is a dose. The
fresh juice is used to destroy warts, and films
in the eyes; but for the latter purpose it is
diluted with milk. — C. minus. Ranunculus
ficaria.
CHELOI'DE. Cheloi'dcs. (From xeAuc, a
tortoise, and eidoc, resemblance.) A new form
of cutaneous disease described by Alibert, con-
sisting of raised patches of integument of a blu-
ish-red color, traversed by white lines, accom-
panied with increased heat, intolerable itching,
and sometimes severe and pungent pain..
CHELO'NE. (e, es, f. XeTlovt}.) 1. The
tortoise. 2. An ancient instrument for extend-
ing a limb.
CHELO'NIA. Chelonians. An order of
reptiles including the various species of tortoise
and turtle.
Chelo'nion. A hump on the back.
Chelsea pensioner. The name of a nostrum
for rheumatism. It consists of gum guaiac, 3J. ;
rhubarb, 31J. ; cream of tartar, jj. j flowers of
sulphur, fj. ; one nutmeg, and a pound of clari-
fied honey.
CHELTENHAM SPRINGS. They are both
saline and chalybeate.
Cheltenham salts. A mixture of sulphate
of soda, 3ij.; sulphate of magnesia, 3J.; com-
mon salt, gr. x. ; sulphate of iron, gr. £. Efflo-
resced Cheltenham salts is this mixture dried
by a sand-bath.
Chely'scion. A dry, short cough.
Che'ma. Two small spoonfuls.
CHEMICAL. Pertaining to chemistry; as,
chemical affinity, see Affinity ; chemical equiva-
lents, see Equivalents, &c.
Chemical attraction. The attraction or
force which draws together dissimilar atoms, to
secure their intimate combination. It acts only
at minute distances, and for the most part in
solutions, or at a high temperature. It has
been hitherto considered electrical, the elements
or atoms combining being respectively electro-
positive and electro-negative ; but numerous
facts tend to the- conclusion that the electrical
condition is not the cause of union, for chlorine
will replace hydrogen in certain organic com-
CHE
pounds, notwithstanding the different electrical
affinities of these elements.
Chemical combination. The union brought
about by chemical affinity and attraction. It
takes place in atoms or equivalents only, but
the number combinin§fin organic bodies may
be very numerous. During combination, some
sensible phenomenon usually occurs, as the ev-
olution of light, heat, change of color or form ;
but it may also occur without this, the effect
being hidden and molecular.
Chemical formula. The algebraic repre-
sentation of a compound ; as, S03,HO, sulphu-
ric acid with an atom of water. Formulas in
organic chemistry become more complex, from
the contractions used for the compound radi-
cal ; as, Ac0 3 ,HO, acetic acid. Here Ac rep-
resents acetyl, or C4H3. The signs employed,
as =, -f-, ( ), are the same as those of algebra.
Chemical nomenclature. The phraseology
of chemistry, the rules of which are found in
every elementary work.
Chemical symbols. The contractions used
to designate the elements and radicals. See
Equivalents.
Chemical types. Certain formulas which
represent a group of compounds, and in which
some, or all the elements, as hydrogen, can be
replaced, in part or entirely, by chlorine, iodine,
&c, without disturbance to the proportion of
the other elements, and in some cases without
any great difference of sensible property. M.
Dumas supposes that one element may, under
peculiar circumstances, replace any other of a
type. Thus chlorine may take the place of
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, &c. Thus chlo-
ride of ethyl, C4H5CI, is a chemical type, which,
by the action of chlorine, may be changed into
C4pi CI — Cjipj CI — C4pi CI— C4/-M CI — C4CI5CI,
in which the same grouping or type is percept-
ible.
Chemist. A proficient in chemistry.
CHEMISTRY. (Chimia, m, f. Xv/ieia, and
Xniiua', also, Chemia. Egyptian.) According
to Dr. Thomson, " The object of chemistry is
to determine the constituents of bodies, and the
laws which regulate the combinations and sep-
arations of the elementary particles of matter."
The objects to which the attention of chemists
is directed comprehend the whole of the sub-
stances that compose the globe. It is primarily
divided into organic and inorganic chemistry,
the former of which investigates the characters
and properties of living objects, and their prod-
ucts; the latter, the elements and compounds
derivable from the mineral world.
CHEMO'SIS. (is, eos, f. ; from x aivu > t0
gape.) Inflammation of the tunica conjunctiva
of the eye. See Ophthalmia.
CHE'NOPODIA'CEjE. A natural order of
herbaceous exogens, distinguished with diffi-
culty from Amarantacem by their herbaceous
calyx; from Phytolaccacem by their solitary
carpel, and the stamens never exceeding the
number of the segments of the calyx, to which
they are opposite. They consist of weeds in
habiting most parts of the world.
Chenopo'dio-mo'rus. Blitum capitatum.
CHENOPO'DIUM. (««,»»,n.) l.C.anthel
155
CHI
minticum. (U. S.) 2. A genus of plants. Pen-
tandria. Digynia. Chenopodiacem. — C. am-
brosioidcs. Mexico tea ; Spanish tea. C. Mex-
icanum. A decoction of this plant has been
recommended in paralytic cases. — C. anthel-
minticum. The seeds#*e in great esteem for
the cure of worms. They are powdered, and
made into an electuary, with any proper syrup
or conserve. The essential oil is officinal. — C.
bonus Henricus. The leaves are emollient, and
have been made an ingredient in decoctions for
glysters. — C-botrys. The Jerusalem oak. This
plant was formerly administered in form of de-
coction in some diseases of the chest; as hu-
moral asthma, coughs, and catarrhs. — C.fceti-
dum. C. vulvaria. The stinking orach. The
very fetid smell of this plant induced physicians
to exhibit it in hysterical diseases; and it is
recommended by some, even in the present
day, as an emmenagogue.
Che'nopus. The same as chenopodium.
Cherefo'lium. See Charophyllum.
CHERRY. The fruit of the Primus cerasus,
of which there are numerous varieties. Good,
ripe cherries are wholesome, and less liable to
disagree than other plums. — Cherry, bird. Pru-
nus padus. — C. bay. C. laurel. Prunus lau-
rocerasus. — C, wild. Prunus virginiana. — C,
winter. Physalis alkekengi.
Chervil. Chervillum. See Scandix cere-
folium.
Chest. The thorax, which see.
Chestnut, horse. iEsculus hippocastanum.
Chestnut, sweet. Fagus castanea.
CHEVA'STER. Chevastrc. A double-
headed roller, which is applied by its middle
below the chin ; then running on each side, is
crossed on the top of the head ; then passing to
the n/ipe of the neck, is there crossed ; it then
passes under the chin, where it is crossed again,
«fec.
Chezana'nce. An ancient plaster.
Chia'smos. Chiasma. The crossing of pai'ts,
like the letter chi, x> as m tno decussation of
the optic nerves.
Chia terra. An earth formerly used as an
application to burns.
Chi'adus. A funuiculus ; aboil.
Chian turpentine. Pistachia terebinthus.
Chiasmus. Chiastos. Sec Chiastrc.
CHI'ASTRE. (Chiasmus, i, m. ; from %ia-
£<u, to form the Greek letter %> chi.) Chiastos.
The name of a bandage for the temporal artery.
It is a double-headed roller, the middle of
which is applied to the side of the head, oppo-
site to that in which the artery is opened, and,
when brought round to the part affected, it is
crossed upon the compress that is laid upon the
wound, and is then continued over the coronal
suture, and under the chin; then crossing on
the compress, it is carried, as at first, round the
head, &c.
Chibou. A spurious gum elemi.
Chica. A fermented liquor of the Peruvians,
made from Indian meal; also, a red coloring
matter.
Chichi'na. Cinchona.
Chicken-pox. See Varicella.
Chick-weed. Alsine media.
Chicory. See Cichorium intybus.
156
CHI
Chi'goe. Chigre. A small tick, Pulex pen-
etrans, which burrows into the skin of the foot,
and forms ulcerations. They are abundant in
tropical climates and in the Southern States.
By removing the insect from its lodgment with
a needle, the worst effects are avoided.
Chilblain. See Pernio.
Child-bed fever. See Puerperal fever
Chili, balsamum de. The Barbadoes tar,
mixed with a few drops of the oil of aniseed.
Chili pepper. Capsicum.
Chiliophy'llon. Achillea millefolium.
Chill. A rigor.
Chilo-. A prefix; from ^etAof, a lip. See
Chcilo.
Chi'lon. Chilitis. (From x El ^ 0C > tne n P-)
An inflamed and swelled lip. — Vogel.
CHIMA'PHILLA. (a, or, f.) A genus of
plants. Decandria. Monogynia. Pyrolacem.
— C. maculata has spotted leaves, and resem-
bles the next in properties. — C. umbellata. C.
corymbosa. Chimaphilla. (U. S.) Pipsissewa.
Winter green. The fresh leaves are said to be
acrid ; when dried, and in decoction, they have
an astringent, tonic, and diuretic action, very
similar to uva ursi. The decoction (decoctum
chimaphilla;), infusion, or extract may be used
in dyspepsia, cachexies, especially scrofula,
dropsies, and nephritic complaints. Dose of
the decoction, a pint daily.
Chimethlon. See Cheimethlon.
Chi'mia. Chemistry.
Chimiatek. See Chymiater.
Chimney-sweeper's cancer. Cancer mun-
ditorum.
CHI'NA. Sinilax China.
China chin;e. The Peruvian bark.
China nova. A variety of red cinchona bark
found in commerce in France and Germany,
and differing from the C. oblongifolia.
China occidentalis. American or West
Indian sarsaparilla. China spuria nodosa. In
scrofulous disorders it has been preferred to
the Oriental China ; in other cases it is of simi-
lar but inferior virtue.
China, pride of. Melia azedarac.
China supposita. Senecio pseudo-China.
CHINCHINA. Cinchona.
Chinchina de Santa Fe. There are several
species of bark sent from Santa Fe, but neither
their particular natures, nor the trees which af-
ford them, are yet accurately determined.
Chinchina de St. Lucia. Cinchona flori-
bunda.
Chinchina Jamaicensis. Cinchona caribaea.
Chinchina rubra. Cinchona oblongifolia.
Chinchunchulli. See Ionidium.
CHINCOUGH. Pertussis.
Chi'nicus. Chi'ninum. Chinium. Quina.
Chinoidine. Chinoidina. A supposed al-
kaloid of cinchona, which is only an impure
quinine.
Chinova. Chinovine. Chinova bitter. A
supposed alkaloid of China nova.
CHINOVATINE. An alkaloid of Cinchona
ovata. It is readily crystallizable, and forms
salts. Its formula is C^H^NiiOs.
Chinwelk. Mentagra.
Chinquapin. Castanea pumila.
CHIOCOCCA. {a, m, f.) A genus of shrubs
CHI.
common in Brazil, of the sub-family Psycho-
triacem, order Cinchonaccm, nearly associated
to the ipecacuanhas. C. anguifuga, C. densi-
folia, and C. raccmosa furnish medicinal roots.
The last of them, and probably all, yield the
cahinca or cainca root, remarkable for its emet-
ic and febrifuge qualities.
Ohio turpentine. Pistacia terebinthus.
C h ioli . Furunculus.
CHIR-. Chiro-. A prefix; from ^«p, the
hand ; as in chironax, a surgeon ; chirorrhcuma,
rheumatism of the head. See, also, Cheir-.
CHI'RAGRA. (a, a, f. ; from x^P, the hand,
and ay pa, a seizure.) The gout in the joints
of the hands.
CHIRETTA. Chirayta. A very bitter
drug, the herb and root of the Agathotcs chir-
yata of India. It very nearly resembles gen-
tian in properties, and belongs to the same nat-
ural family.
Chiro'nes. (Xeipuvee; from^etp, the hand.)
Small pustules on the hands and feet, inclosed
in which is a troublesome worm. — Turton.
CIIIRO'NIA. (a, a-, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Gentianece. — C.
ccntanrium. This plant is an efficacious bit-
ter, and has been recommended by Cullen as a
substitute for gentian. The tops are directed
for use, and are commonly given in infusion;
but they may also be taken in powder, or pre-
pared into an extract. — C. chilensis is a spe-
cies growing in Chili, and of similar properties.
— C. angnlaris. American centaury. See Sab-
batia angularis.
Chiro'nius. A malignant ulcer, callous on
its edges, and difficult to cure.
C h iro po'dist. One who operates on the feet.
Chirothe'ca. A glove.of the scarfskin.
CHIRU'RGIA. (a, a, f.; from *«/>, the
hand, and epyov, a work: because surgical op-
erations are performed by the hand.) Chirur-
gery, or surgery.
Chiru'roice. Surgery.
Chirukgic.u.. Surgical : appertaining to
surgery.
Chiuu'rgus. A surgeon.
Chitine. A peculiar animal product existing
in the outer envelope of insects.
Chittick's remedy for stone. Potash or
soda dissolved in broth.
Chive. 1. A stamen. 2. Allium.
Chi.iaros. A slight fever. — Galen.
Chi.ia'sma. A warm fomentation.
CHLOA'SMA. Chlorosis. — Chloasma pseu-
do-porrigo. The pityriasis versicolor; check-
ered dandriff.
CHLO-. Chlor-. A prefix; from chlorine,
used to designate organic products resulting
from the action of chlorine; as, chlonaptasc,
chlonaptese, chlonaptise, chlonaptosc, chlonap-
Utse, resultants of the action of chlorine on
naphthaline, in which the vowels are employed
in their alphabetical order, to designate the
presence of one, two, &c, atoms of chlorine.
Chlonaptalase, chlonaptalese, chlonaptalise, are
another series produced by the action of chlo-
rine on chlonaptise. — Chlor o-amide. Chloro-
amidide. A compound of chlorine and amido-
gene, as the chloro-amidide of hydrogen, or
muriate of ammonia. — Chloroxenaptose, &c.
C HL
Compounds resulting from theacrion of nitric
acid on chloro-naptose, &c — Chlorosalicine.
The product of the action of chlorine on salicine.
— Chlorophencsic, Sec., acids. Products of the
action of chlorine on phenyle. — Chlorosulphu-
ric acid is a peculiar pungent and volatile acid,
consisting of chlorine and sulphurous acid. It
is resolved, by solution in water, into hydro-
chloric and sulphuric acids.
Chlorace'tic acid. An acid very analogous
to the acetic in its properties and salts. It is
obtained by the action of chlorine and the sun's
light on pure acetic acid. It forms tabular
crystals; fusible at 113° F. ; boiling at 390° F.
Formula, C 4 C1 3 3 ,H0.
Chlorace'tyle. A hypothetical radical,
C4CI3, analogous to acetyle, with the hydrogen
replaced by chlorine. Chloral is the hydrated
oxide, and chloracctic acid the hydrated per-
oxide, (C 4 Cl3)0 3 ,HO.
Chlo'ral. A colorless oily liquid, of a pen
etrating odor. Boils at 199° ; sp. gr., 1-5
Procured by the action of chlorine and sun
light on pure alcohol. Form., CiCl30,HO. It
is spontaneously converted into an isomeric, in-
soluble solid by keeping.
Chlora'nile. A neutral product of the action
of chlorine on chlorisatine. It exists in volatile,
golden scales, soluble in hot alcohol, and is also
derivable from oil of coal-tar ; formula,Ci.:Cl.|04.
By solution in weak potash solution, it forms a
deep purple fluid, which deposits dark purple-
red crystals, containing chloranilic acid and
potash. This acid forms scarlet or yellow crys-
tals, as it contains water or not; form., CijCla
Or„2HO, or half of this. Solution of ammonia
dissolves chloranile, and forms a blood-red liquid,
which deposites chloranilammon, CfiClOa-j-NHi
-f-4Aq. This salt, being dissolved and treated
with hydrochloric acid, yields black needles of
chloranilam, CiiChOc>-\-fill3.
CHLOR ANTHUS. A genus of plants allied
to the Piper, and possessing highly stimulant
properties.
Chlorhydric acid. Hydrochloric acid.
Chloric acid. A powerful acid, veiy read-
ily decomposed, ClOo. It exists only in com-
bination with water or bases. Of its salts, the
chlorate of potash is most used, and is officinal
(Potassa- chloras). The chlorates yield oxy-
gen at a high temperature, and when acted
upon by strong sulphuric acid, turn yellow, and
evolve chlorous acid.
CHLO'RIDE. Chloridum. Chloretum.
A compound of chlorine with a metal or metal-
loid. Chlorides are analogous to oxides in their
structure, and are termed haloid salts. See the
bases respectively for the officinal chlorides.
Chloride of ammonium. Ammonia? muriaa.
Chloride of hydrogen. Hydrochloric
acid.
Chlo'rinated. Containing chlorine, or im-
pregnated with chlorine ; as chlorinated lime
or soda for chloride of lime or soda.
Chlorindopten. A volatile crystalline sub-
stance produced by the action of chlorine on
indigo. When heated with potash, and distill-
ed, it yields chlorindatmic and chlorindoptcric
acid ; this, when separated from the potash, ia
a white, flocculent body, of a disagreeable odor
157
C HL
Formula, CijH 4 C1 3 0,HO. It is identical with
the chlorophenine acid of Laurent.
CHLO'RINE. Chlorinium. Chlorum.
Chlora. (From x^upoc, green.) An element-
ary gas, of a light greenish-yellow color, and
pungent odor. Sp. gi\, 2-47 ; equivalent, 36 - 0,
or 35-47 ; symb., CI. It is a powerful agent,
combining with most elements, and peculiarly
active on organic compounds. It closely re-
sembles oxygen in its chemical properties. Its
direct compounds are called chlorides, chloru-
rets, or chlorinated bodies. It is condensed by
four atmospheres into a yellowish-green fluid.
Chlorine is readily soluble in water, which
takes up about two volumes, and the solution,
or when moisture is present, is powerfully
bleaching, disinfectant, and antiseptic.
Chlorine is given off by the solution when
warmed, and also from the chloride of lime or
soda; or it may be prepared by the action of
sulphuric acid (13 parts), water (13 parts), com-
mon salt (8 parts), peroxide of manganese (6
parts), mixed in a glass retort. It has been
used in a dilute state both internally and exter-
nally. It is best obtained for medicinal purpo-
ses from the solution properly diluted. In the
concentrated state it is very irritating and poi-
sonous, producing spasm of the glottis if in-
haled, and inflaming the mucous membranes.
Chlorine forms four compounds with oxygen,
none of which are used in medicine.
Chlorine water. Aqua chlorinii. Liquor
chlori. This solution has a place in the Dublin
and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias, and is the
proper means of using chlorine as a remedial
agent. It is prepared by passing chlorine into
water in a series of Woulfe's bottles. The so-
lution is yellowish-green, pungent, of a harsh,
styptic taste, and decomposes by the action of
light. In the concentrated state it has been
applied as a caustic and irritant to indolent ul-
cers ; in the diluted state to obstinate skin dis-
eases, cancerous sores, putrid sore throat (as a
gargle), but in these is not better than a solu-
tion of chloride of soda or lime. If a dilute so-
lution be warmed in an inhaler, it may be in-
haled, and is said to have produced good effects
in chronic bronchitis and the early stages of
consumption. A bath of the dilute solution
has also been employed in chronic affections of
the liver ; or the skin may be sponged with the
solution in the same way as the mtro-muriatic
acid solution is employed : the mixture should
be strong enough to produce a prickly sensa-
tion. The diluted solution has also been ad-
ministered in typhoid conditions, malignant sore
throat, venereal disease, and hepatic affections.
It is an excellent antidote in poisoning by hy-
drocyanic acid and the sulphurets. The dose
is uncertain, and therefore it is best to begin
with Hlx. to Ttlxx. in a wine-glass of water, and
gradually increase it ; in these doses it is tonic,
stimulant, and antiseptic, and if long continued,
produces ptyalism. If an over- dose be taken,
white of egg is the best antidote ; but magne-
sia, chalk, milk, or flour will answer, if given
in quantity. It produces gastro-enteritis if not
immediately neutralized.
Chlorisatine. A transparent, orange-yel-
low, crystalline product of the action of chlo
158
CHL
rine on isatine. Formula, Ci6 < p, 4 NOi. There
is also a bichlorisatine. Potash produces with
it chlorisatinic acid. Sulphuret of ammonium
forms chlorisatyde, which is resolved by heat
into chlorindine. Bichlorisatine runs through
similar changes.
Chlo'rite. A compound of the chlorous
acid (CIO4), but often improperly applied to
the bleaching salts of lime and soda, which are
compounds of calcium or sodium with one
equivalent of oxygen and also one of chlorine.
For the bleaching compounds, see Calcis chlo-
ridum, et Sodte chloridum.
C H L R 0-. A prefix , in Chemistry, for
chlorine ; and used in Natural History to des-
ignate a green color.
Chlo'rocarbo'nic acid. Phosgene gas. A
colorless, pungent gas, formed by exposing
equal volumes of carbonic oxide and chlorine
to sun-light. Formula, CO-|-Cl. It decompo-
ses by solution in water, and forms with abso-
lute alcohol an oily liquid, boiling at 200°, and
called chlorocarbonic ether.
Chlo'roform. A colorless, oily liquid, of an
ethereal odor, and sweetish, hot, and aromatic
taste. Sp. gr., 1-48; boiling point, 141°-4;
formula, C2HCI3, or F0CI3, perchloride of for-
myl. It is obtained by distilling alcohol, ace-
tone, or wood spirit from a dilute solution of
chloride of lime. Alcoholic solution of potash
converts it into formiate of potash. It has
been recommended as a diffusible stimulus and
antispasmodic, and may be substituted for the
ethers, being more pleasant. It is dissolved in
alcohol for use.
Chlo'roid. A name given by Professor Gra-
ham to the negative pole or platinode of a bat-
tery.
CHLOROPHYLL. (From #2.6>poc, green,
and (pvTiXov, a leaf. ) The green matter of the
leaves of plants. A peculiar coloring matter
resembling indigo. It produces the various
colors of fruits and autumnal leaves by changes
in structure, the nature of which is unknown.
Chloroproteic acid. A white, flocculent,
nearly insoluble body, fanned by the action of
chlorine on solutions of protein. Formula,
OwHaiNsOu-j-Cls. —Mulder.
Chlorosalicylic acid. A crystalline acid,
capable of sublimation, formed by the action
of dry chlorine on dry hydruret of salicyle.
Formula, ChH 5 4 ,C1.
CHLORO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from x^up°C,
green.) The green sickness. A disease which
principally affects young unmarried females.
It is characterized by languor, fatigue, palpita-
tions of the heart, pains in the loins, flatulency,
acidity in the stomach, constipation, perverted
taste, loss of tone in the digestive organs, and
universal debility. As it advances in its prog-
ress, the face becomes pale, and assumes a pe-
culiar greenish hue ; the whole body is flaccid,
and pale ; the feet are affected with cedematous
swellings ; the pulse is quick, but small ; and
the patient is apt to be affected with many of
the symptoms of hysteria. From the com-
mencement of the disorder, the catamenia are
usually pale and scanty, and at length disappear
altogether. This disease arises from a defi-
CHO
ciency of blood globules, and not, as is sup-
posed, from any uterine affection, the failure of
the catamenia being an effect.
The cure of chlorosis is to be attempted by
increasing the tone of the system. This may
be effected by a generous diet, moderate use
of wine, daily exercise, particularly on horse-
back, agreeable company, and tonic medicines,
especially the preparations of iron, joined with
myrrh, &c., as the Mistura ferri composita and
the Pilulce ferri composite. Cold bathing will
be found a powerful corroborant ; attention to
the bowels and catamenia are also requisite.
Chloro'tic Having the appearance of chlo-
rosis, or pertaining to chlorosis.
CHLO'ROUS. Belonging to chlorine.
Chlorous elements. Professor Graham's
term for the negative elements of organic com-
pounds, the principal of which are chlorine,
oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, hydrogen.
Chlo'rovalerisic acid. Chlorovalero-
sic acid. Products of the substitution of chlo-
rine in valerianic acid.
Chloro'xylon verticillatum. A Peruvian
plant yielding a green balsam.
CHLO'RURET. Chlorure. Chloruretum.
Syn. of chloride. Chloruret of oxide of calcium
and of oxide of sodium are the chloride of lime
and chloride of soda.
Chlo'rydric. Hydrochloric.
Choak. Croup.
Cho'ana. 1. The pelvis. '2. The infundi-
bulum of the brain.
Cho'colate. Ckocolatum. An oily article
of diet prepared from the cacao-nut.
Chocolate-tree. Theobroma cacao.
Ch<eni'cis. The trepan.
Ch(eras. Scrofula.
Choiros. The vulva.
Choke-damp. The name grv%n by miners to
all irrespirable gases or vapors, and especially
those containing carbonic acid.
Cho'lades. The smaller intestines.
CHO'LjEMIA. (From xofy, bile, and aifia,
blood.) Diseases characterized by the pres-
ence of bile in the blood. Icterus, especially
when it arises from a gall-stone impacted in the
bile ducts, is accompanied by the presence of
bilipha-in, or bile pigment, m the blood; the
amount of cholesterine is also increased ; but
neither choleic acid nor bilin have been hitherto
found in this blood.
CHO'LAGOGUE. ( Cholagogus, i, m. ; from
Xokri, bile, and ayu, to drive away.) Applied
to purgative medicines which bring away a
quantity of bile.
Cho'las. Cholago. 1. The cavity of the
hypochondria. 2. The small intestines.
CHOLE. (XoXn. Chole,es,f.) Cholos.
The bile.
Cholecyst. The gall bladder.
CHOLE'DOCHUS. (From X oM, and de^o-
fiai, to receive.) Receiving or retaining the gall.
Choledochus ductus. Ductus communis
choledochus. The common biliary duct, which
conveys both the cystic and hepatic bile into
the duodenum.
Chole'gon. Cholagogue.
Cho'leh.emia. Icterus. Jaundice.
Cho'leia. Lameness.
CHO
CHOLE'IC ACID. The choleic acid of De-
marcay is the mixture of bihfellinic and bili-
chohnic acids of Berzelius. Liebig gives this
name to the whole organic matter of Bile,
which see.
Cho'lelithia. Icterus. Jaundice arising
from gall-stones.
Cholelithis. Cholelithos. A gall-stone.
Chole'nchysis. Effusion of biliary matter,
or biliphrein.
Chole'pyrrhin. The brown coloring matter
of bile. See Biliphcein.
CHO'LERA. (a, ee, f. ; from ^oty, bile, and
pEU, to flow.) Cholera morbus. This name is
now applied to two diseases utterly dissimilar ;
to a common bilious disease, and to a malignant
disease of recent origin, which commenced in
Hindostan, and has since diffused itself epidem-
ically in various directions.
Cholera biliosa. C, English. Cholera,
common.
Cholera, common. Gastro-enteritis mucosa.
This consists in copious vomiting and purging
of bilious matter, with violent griping, cramps
of the muscles of the abdomen and lower ex-
tremities, and great depression of strength.
Cullen makes two species of this genus : 1.
Cholera spontanea, which happens, in hot sea-
< isons, without any manifest cause, except chan-
ges of temperature. 2. Cholera accidentalis,
which occurs after the use of food that digests
slowly, and irritates. It is most common in
the spring and autumn ; and the accidental
species is often connected with the use of indi-
gestible fruits, especially cucumbers and plums.
It usually begins with soreness, pain, distension,
and flatulency in the stomach and intestines,
succeeded quickly by a severe and frequent
vomiting and purging of bilious matter, heat,
thirst, a hurried respiration, and frequent but
weak and fluttering pulse. When the disease
is not violent, these symptoms, after continuing
for a day or two, cease gradually, leaving the
Eatient in a debilitated and exhausted state;
ut where the disease proceeds with much vi-
olence, there arises great depression of strength,
with cold, clammy sweats, considerable anxie-
ty, a hurried and short respiration, continued
hiccough, convulsions, cramp of the extremi-
ties, with a sinking and irregular pulse, which
quickly terminates in death ; an event that not
unfrequently happens within the space of twen-
ty-four hours. Sometimes there is blueness of
the skin.
When the disease is mild, abstinence from
solid food, with laxative and mucilaginous di-
luents, are all that is necessary ; in severer ca-
ses, hyoscyamus or opium internally, with warm
fomentations and sinapisms externally, are ne-
cessary. Tonics and a generous diet are to be
slowly adopted, as soon as the symptoms of
gastric irritation have subsided.
Cholera flatulenta. C. sicca. Flatulent
colic.
Cholera infantum. Infantile cholera. Wa-
tery gripes. This commences with bilious di-
arrhoea, which degenerates into a kind of dys-
entery. It is soon attended with obstinate
vomiting and great thirst. The skin becomes
ashy ; there is fever, heat of the abdomen, irri-
159
C II o
table pulse, drowsiness, coma, and often con-
vulsions; and it may terminate fatally in from
three weeks to as many months. Dissections
show enlargement and morbid alterations of
the mucous follicles of the alimentary canal,
with inflammation of the canal and engorge-
ment of the liver. It is produced by teething,
improper food, foul air, and autumnal miasm,
and is very fatal in the cities of the Middle
States. The chief indication in the treatment
is to avoid the foul atmosphere and oppressive
heat of the city, by removing the infant to the
country, without which the chances are unfa-
vorable. The vomiting is to be allayed by
lime-water and minute doses of laudanum, or
by counter irritation; the bowels cleared by
calomel of bile, and if there be much dysentery,
mucilaginous drinks are to be given, with small
doses of Dover's powder and acetate of lead.
Warm baths and sinapisms are sometimes to be
employed, and also leeches to the epigastrium.
In convalescence, which is often protracted,
tonics are necessary.
Cholera, malignant. Asiatic Cholera. Blue
Cholera. Pestilential Cholera. Spasmodic
Cholera. Epidemic Cholera. This pestilence
is generally supposed to have originated at .Tes-
sore in the year 1817, from whence it reached
Russia in 1828; in 1831, England; and in 1832
entered America through Montreal and Quebec.
It prevailed in Europe and here during the au-
tumnal months.
The attack of the disease in extreme cases is
so sudden, that, from a state of apparent good
health, or with the feeling only of trifling ail-
ment, an individual sustains as rapid a loss of
bodily power as if he were suddeuly struck
down, or placed under the immediate effects
of some poison, the countenance assuming a
deathlike appearance, the skin becoming cold
(79° to 77°), and giving to the hand a sensation
of coldness and moisture similar to that of the
skin of a person already dead. The pulse is
either feeble, intermitting, fluttering, or lost;
a livid circle is observed round the eyelids ; the
eyes are sunk in their sockets; the tongue is
cold, and either clean or covered with a slight
white fur; and, in many instances, even the
breath is cold. In cases of this severity, the
vomiting and purging characteristic of the dis-
ease do not commonly take place so early as in
milder attacks, but seem to be delayed until
the almost overpowered functions of the body
make a slight effort at reaction. It is worthy
of remark, that unless death takes place in
these extreme cases within a few hours, some
effort of the animal power is made to rally the
constitution; and this point is insisted upon
here, because it will direct the mind of prac-
titioners to the particular moment when bleed-
ing, and certain other parts of practice recom-
mended in the Indian reports, can be enforced
in this country with probable success. Vomit-
ing soon succeeds ; first of some of the usual
contents of the stomach, next of a turbid fluid,
like whey, white of egg, water-gruel, or rice-
water ; described, perhaps, more accurately as
a serous fluid containing flocculi. The lower
bowels seem to let go their contents; what
happens to be lodged in the rectum is passed
160
CHO
more or less in its natural state ; the next dis-
charges are similar to those thrown up from the
stomach, and are passed with violence, as if
squirted with a syringe. Spasms, beginning at
the toes and fingers, soon follow, and extend,
by degrees, to the larger muscles of the legs
and arms, and to those of the abdomen. These
vary in intensity, but are sometimes so violent
as to put on the appearance of tetanus.
There is a severe burning heal felt at the
prcecordia ; an invincible desire for cold liquids,
particularly water; and, although the skin and
tongue are cold to the touch, and the pulse
nearly lost, the patient complains of intenso
heat, and has an almost insuperable aversion to
any application of it to the skin. The next
severe symptoms are an intolerable sense of
weight and constriction felt upon the chest, ac-
companied with anxious breathing, the spasms
continuing at the same time ; the voice reduced
to a. hoarse breathing; a leaden or bluish ap-
pearance of the countenance, the tongue, fin-
gers, and toes assuming the same color; the
palms of the hands and soles of the feet be-
coming shriveled; the fingers and toes giving
the appearance of having been corrugated by
long immersion in hot water. There is, through-
out, a suppression of the secretion of urine, of
the secretions of the mouth and nose : no bile
is seen in the evacuations; and it may be gen-
erally observed that ad the functions employed
in carrying on life: are suspended, or alarmingly
weakened, except that of the brain, which ap-
pears, in these extreme cases, to sutler little, the
intellectual powers usually remaining perfect to
the last moment of existence. At length a
calm succeeds, and death. The last period is
commonly marked by a subsidence of the se-
vere symptoms, without improvement of the
pulse or return of natural heat ; but, occasion-
ally, it terminates in convulsive spasm. In such
cases the patient succumbs in two, four, or, at
m'ost, eight hours.
These symptoms mark the collapsed or cold
state of cholera ; but, if they be not fatal,
there is a second period, called the hot, or fe-
brile stage, which supervenes in from twelve
to forty-eight hours, or upward. This is char-
acterized by headache, return of pulse, febrile
heat, and, in fact, the symptoms of continued
fever, which rapidly passes into typhoid. This
stago is no less dangerous than the first, death
occurring on the fourth to the eighth day. This
second stage is often closely allied to a typhoid
bilious fever.
In many cases the disease does not run its
course so rapidly ; but a bilious diarrhoea exists
for several days, and the symptoms of the col-
lapsed state occur during upward of thirty-six
hours. The disease may also terminate, without
the febrile stage, in convalescence, with great
weakness, or in a copious discharge of vitiated
bile. The favorable symptoms are a gradual
return of warmth, the discharge of urine and
of bile, and the subsidence of spasms. The ev-
idence of the best authorities is in favor of tho
epidemic, but non-contagious nature of cholera.
Treatment. — Unfortunately, this is neither
fixed nor very successful. Almost every thing
has been tried, but the most commended means
CHO
are: in the stage preceding collapse, copious
venesection, large doses of calomel and opium,
and of Dover's powder; emetics. Calomel
has been administered in doses of 9j. to 388.
every hour. As the collapsed stage is approach-
ing, hot and stimulating baths, frictions with
warm turpentine and other rubefacients, caje-
put oil, and internal stimulants, are employed ;
and in the second, or febrile stage, the treat-
ment must depend upon the character it as-
sumes, whether that of bilious or typhoid fever.
The number of deaths exceeded one half dur-
ing its visit in 1831 to 1833 here and in Europe.
CHOLERIC. Cholc'ricus. 1. Appertaining
to cholera; asfebris cholerica, a fever accom-
panied with symptoms of cholera, or the fever
which succeeds to cholera. 2. Bilious ; as the
choleric or bilious temperament.
Cho'lerine. A slight cholera, or the incipi-
ent stage of cholera.
Cho'i.euiuiagia. Cholcrrhcea. Cholera.
Chole'steiuc acid. It is formed when cho-
lesterine is treated with nitric acid, and is in
crystals of a yellowish-white color ; insoluble
in water, but dissolved by boiling alco"hol.
C H O L E ' S T E R I N E. ( Cholestcrina; from
Xoty> and areap, fat.) A pearly substance. It
crystallizes in silvery scales, and is not saponi-
iiable by potash. Formula, C38H33O, or C36
H32O. Cholesterine is a product of diseased
biliary secretion, constituting one form of cal-
culus. It is also present in nervous matter, and
in minute quantity in the blood.
Cholic acid. That of Gmelin is .formed
from a solution of bilin in potash, and precipi-
tation by acetic acid. It is slightly soluble,
crystalline, and of a sharp, sweet taste. Form.,
CuHsiiOio. The cholic acid of Liebig is formed
by the action of potash on choleic acid, and is
C74H60O18.
Choline-soda. The name of M. Platner for
the chief crystalline component of bile, without
the coloring matter.
Cholinic acid. One of the products of the
digestion of dilute hydrochloric acid on bilin,
with which latter it is combined. See Bile.
Choloidic acid. One of the products of the
action of muriatic acid on choleic acid. For-
mula, C 7 2Hr, 6 0i2. — Liebig.
CHOLO'LITHUS. (us, i, m. ; from X o%V,
and lidoc, a stone.) A gall-stone.
Cholo'ma. Cholosis. (From juAof, lame,
or maimed. ) Lameness, or distortion of a limb.
— Galen.
CHOLOSES. Morbid affections of the liver
and spleen. — Alibert.
CHOND-. Chondko-. (From xovdpoc, car-
tilage.) A prefix indicating cartilage: as in
chondritis, inflammation of a cartilage ; chon-
drogencsis, a formation of, or change into, carti-
lage ; chondrography, chondrology, a descrip-
tion or account of the cartilages; chondroma,
a fibrous or cartilaginous tumor ; chondrotomy,
the cutting Yri* dissection of a cartilage.
Chondrin. Chondrine. A gelatinous com-
ponent of the permanent cartilages. It is a
form of glue. Composition, CjsH^NeOio, or
pro£cm-f-4aq-f20. — Scherer.
Chondri'lla. A genus of plants. Synge-
nesia. Polygamia aqitalis.
L
CHO
Chondroglo'ssus. The h yoglossus mus-
cle.
Chondro-pharyngjeus. A muscle which
rises in the cartilaginous part of the tongue,
and is inserted in the pharynx.
Cho'ndroptery'gians. Chondropterygii.
The order of cartilaginous fishes.
CHO'NDROS. (Xovdpoc. us, i, m.) 1.
A cartilage : the xiphoid cartilage. 2. A food
of the ancients. Alica. 3. A grumous concre-
tion. **
Chondrosynde'smus. The union of bones
by fibro-cartilage. — Galen.
CHO'NDRUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of sea-
weeds. — C. crispus. C. polymorphus. Car-
rageen, or Irish moss. It abounds upon rocks
on the sea coast of Ireland, and is indigenous
to the United States. It is slender, yellowish,
and much curled. The decoction is gelatinous,
from the pectine of the plant, and is a useful
demulcent in pectoral and gastric irritations.
By steeping the plant in cold water some min-
utes, any unpleasant flavor is separated.
Cho'ne. Xuvt}. See Choana.
Cho'ra. Xupa. A region. Galen uses this
word particularly to signify the cavities of the
eyes ; but also applies it to any void space.
Chord, testicular. The spermatic cord.
CHO'RDA. (a, te, f. ; from x°P^V, an intes-
tine.) 1. A cord, or assemblage of fibres, fi.
The tendon of a muscle. 3. Cnordee.
Chorda magna. See Tendo Achillis.
Chorda tympani. A branch of the seventh
pair of nerves. See Auris.
Chorda ventriculi. The gastric plexus of
the par vagum nerve.
Chord.e. The genitals. — Paracelsus.
ChorDjE lancisii. C.longitudinalesLanci-
sii. The three lines on the superior face of the
corpus callosum.
Chords tendineje. The tendons which
connect the carnem columnar of the ventricles
of the heart to the auricular valves.
Chords vocales. C. Fcrrenii. The vocal
cords. See Voice.
Chords Willisii. The small fibres which
cross the sinuses of the dura mater.
Chorda'psus. A painful colic. Ileus.
CHORDEE'. (Chorde. French.) A spas-
modic erection of the penis, which is a common
accompaniment of gonorrhoea.
CHORE'A. (a, ee, f. Xopeta ; from x°po(, a
dance.) C. Sancti Viti. C . sancti modesti. Co~
reomania. St. Virus's dance. Convulsive mo-
tions of the limbs, occasioning strange and in-
voluntary gesticulations. It attacks boys and
girls, and those chiefly who are of a weak con-
stitution. It appears most commonly from the
eighth to the fourteenth year. The approaches
of chorea are slow. A variable and often a
ravenous appetite, loss of usual vivacity and
playfulness, a swelling and hardness of the
lower belly, and, in general, a constipated state
of the bowels, aggravated as the disease advan-
ces, and slight, irregular, involuntary motions
of different muscles, particularly those of the
face, which are thought to be the effect of irri-
tation, precede the more violent convulsive
motions. The muscles of the head, neck, arms,
and legs become affected; the gait is etagger-
lfit
CHE
ing, and the movements often violent. Deglu-
tition and speech are impeded; the eyes be-
come vacant. The convulsive movements are
almost incessant, except during sleep. When
it is of long standing there is much mental de-
pression, and a vacant and languid air.
There is a singular form of this disease, which
has been called by some writers Malleatio, con-
sisting in a convulsive action of one or both
hands, which strike the kne« like a hammer.
The disease originates in^disordered gastric
or uterine function, and chiefly from constipa-
tion and worms, the nervous symptoms being
produced by reflex action. The treatment con-
sists in the use of purgatives, tonics, especially
preparations of iron, cold bathing, pure air, and
nutritious diet. It is a tedious but not danger-
ous disease, and often defies all remedial agents.
In obstinate cases, the arsenical solution, m do-
ses of Hlvj. thrice daily, may be serviceable.
Camphor is sometimes remarkably useful.
CHO'RION. ( From x u P a > a receptacle. )
The second membrane of the foetus. It is of a
delicate serous texture, and invests the umbili-
cal cord. It is reflected on the one side over
the amnios, and on the other lines the deci-
dua.
Chorion, spongy. C. fungous. C. reticu-
lated. The decidua, or caduca.
C H O R I U M . Cho Hon. ( From x°P l0V > tne
skin.) The cutis vera.
CHO'ROID. Choroides. Choroideus. Re-
sembling the chorion.
Choroid membrane. Mcmbrana choroides.
The second tunic of the eye, lying immediately
under the sclerotica, to which it is connected
by vessels. See Eye.
Choroid plexus. Plexus choroides. A plex-
us of blood-vessels, situated ill the lateral ven-
tricles of the brain, where a prolongation of the
pia mater penetrates, called the tela choroidca.
Choroid tunic Choroid membrane.
Choroiditis. Chorioiditis. Inflammation
of the choroid coat of the eye.
Chri'sis. (From XP IU > to anoint.) An in-
unction, or anointing of any part. Hence,
christos, an ointment.
Christmas rose. Helleborus niger.
Chr(eas. Scrofula.
Chromate. Chro'mas. (as, atis, f.) A salt
of chromic acid with a base.
CHROMA'TICS. (From npufia, color. )
That portion of optics which treats of colors.
Chroma'togenous. Producing color ; as the
chromato genoits apparatus of Breschet, which
consists of a system of glanduhe and ducts, to
produce the color of the skin.
CHRO'MIUM. A grayish-white, almost in-
fusible metal, obtained with difficulty from
chrome iron ore. Sp. gr., 5-9; eq., 28-19;
sym., Cr. Its compounds, especially the chro-
mates, are beautifully colored, of a green or yel
low tint. — Clvromc yellow is the chromate of
lead. — Chrome alum. That variety of alum
which contains oxide of chromium in place of
alumina.
Chromo'psia. Chromwpsia. Colored vision.
Said to occur sometimes in jaundice ?
Chhomule. Chlorophyll.
CHRO'NIC . ( Chronicus ; from xpovoc, time. )
162
Of long continuance : applied to diseases, and
used in opposition to the term acute.
CHRONO-. A prefix; meaning of long con-
tinuance, or chronic.
Chhu'psia. Chromopsia.
CHRYS-. Chryso-. (From ^ptxrof, gold.)
A prefix , meaning of a golden-yellow color ; as,
Chryse, a yellow vulnerary plaster of Paulus —
Chryselectron, golden-yellow amber — Chryso-
melia, the bitter orange — Chrysolithus, a pre-
cious stone of a yellowish color — Chrysopus,
gamboge.
Chrysalis. Chrysalid. The grub, or inac-
tive form of winged insects.
Chrysammic acid. A product of the actio»
of nitric acid on aloes. It is in golden-yellow
scales; its solution, a fine purple. Formula,
C 15 HN a Oi2-4-HO.
CHRYSANTHEMUM, (urn, i, n.) A ge
nus of plants. Sytigencsia. Polygamia. Com
posita;. — C. leucanthemum. Ox-eye daisy. For
merly esteemed anti-asthmatic, but now fallei
into disuse. — C. parlkctiium. Pyrethrum par
thenium.
ChrySi'tis. 1. Litharge. 2. Gnaphalium
orientale 1
Chrysoba'lanus. The nutmeg?
Chrysoco'lla. Borax.
Chryso'coma. Achillea millefolium.
Chrysola'chanon. A species of atripleir.
Chrysolepic acid. Picric acid, derived
from aloes.
Chrysosple'nium. Golden saxifrage.
CHRysu'LCA. Nitro-muriatic acid.
Chtho'nophagia. African cachexy.
CHURRUS. The resinous exudation of tht
hemp plant of India. In the East it is employ
ed as a narcotic and antispasmodic ; but exper
iments made by Pereira in London were un
successful.
Chus. Chu. Chou. Choa. AGreekmeas
ure of about nine pints.
Chyazic acid. Prussic acid.
Chyla'ria. Chyluria. A discharge of a
whitish mucous urine, of the color of chyle;
CHYLE. (Chylus, i, m. ; from x v ^ oc > tne
juice.) The milk-like liquid observed, some
hours after eating, in the lacteal vessels of the
mesentery and in the thoracic duct. It is sep-
arated by digestion from the chyme, and is the
substance from which blood is formed.
It is obtained, for purposes of examination,
from the thoracic duct of horses, and is mixed
with lymph. It varies in color from opales-
cence to a yellowish white, and even to blood
red. It coagulates in ten to fifteen minutes
when drawn, and after a time separates into
two or three parts. The clot is a soft, gelatin-
ous, whitish or pink mass, and contains fibrin.
There are four kinds of globules: 1. Chyle
globules, which are round, grayish, and nearly
twice as large as blood globules ; they are also
abundant in blood. 2. Blood globules, which
may be absent, few in number, or abundant.
3. Fat globules, which are abundant or other
wise, according to the aliments. 4. Round,
transparent, colorless lymph globules, rather
less than blood globules, and which do not ex-
ist in blood. Most of these float in the serum,
which closely resembles the serum of blood.
CIB
Sometimes the amount of fat is so great that
the chyle forms a supernatant layer resembling
cream. The chyle is alkaline, and, according
to Simon, that of the horse contains from 60 to
100 parts in 1000 of solids, of which 46 to 60
parts are albumen, with chyle and lymph glob-
ules; 1 to 16 parts fat; 1 to 3 parts fillrin; 2 to
10 parts saline matters ; and 2 to 8 parts spirit
and water extracts, with uncertain quantities
of hffimato-globulin : the proportions varying
with the food. The obvious purpose of the
chyle is to recruit the supply of blood, and
probably the largest portion enters the blood
from the veins of the stomach and lesser intes-
tines, passing through the portal circulation.
Chyliferous vessels. The lacteals.
CHYLIFICA'TION. (Chylificatio, onis, f. ;
from chylus, and^o, to become.) The produc-
tion of chyle.
Chyli'sma. An expressed juice.
CHYLO-. Chyl-. (Fromc%/e.) A prefix
of many words ; as, Chylocystis, the receptacu-
lum chyli — Chylography, an account of the
chyle and lacteal vessels — Chylorrhcea, the dis-
charge, of a milky or chylous fluid — Chylotho-
rax, effusion of chyle into the chest — Chylu-
ria, milky urine.
Chylopoie'sis. Chylification.
CHYLOPOIE'TIC. ( Chylopoieticus ; from
%v?,oc, and iroieo, to make.) Concerned in the
formation of chyle ; thus, chylopoietic viscera,
chylopoietic vessels, &c.
Chylo'sis. Chylification.
Chylosta'gma. The distillation or expres-
sion of any juice.
Chylostagma diaphoreticum. An old med-
icine.
Chylous. Chylar. Chylosus. Kelating to
the chyle ; milky.
Chylous diarrhoea. A diarrhoea of infants,
in which the stools are whitish and milky. It
indicates great irritation of the mucous follicles
of the intestines.
Chylus. Chyle.
CHYME. {Chymus, i, m. ; from ^ty/oc,
juice.) The ingested mass of food that passes
from the stomach into the duodenum, and from
which the chyle is prepared in the small intes-
tines.
CHY'MIA. (a, a, f. Xv/iia.) Chimia.
Chemistry.
i Chymia'ter. Chimiater. A chemical phy-
sician.
Chymiatri'a. The art of curing diseases by
chemical means or medicines.
Chymistry. This and other words com-
pounded of chymia, are now spelled with cliem-
instead of chym-.
Chymorrhcea. Chymochezia. Chylous di-
arrhoea. Coeliac flux.
Chymosis. Ckemosis. Chymification.
CHY'NLEN EADIX. A cylindrical root, of
the thickness of a goose-quill, brought from
China. It has a bitterish taste, and imparts a
yellow tinge to the saliva. The Chinese hold
it in great estimation as a stomachic, infused in
wine.
CIBA'TIO. (o, onis, f. ; from cibus, food.)
The taking of food.
Cibus. Cibarium. Aliment; food.
CID
Cicatricula. 1. A small scab or cicatrix.
2. A small white spot on the yellow of the
egg-
Cicatrisant. Cicatrisans. That which dis-
poses wounds and ulcers to heal.
Cicatrisa'tus. Cicatrized. 1. In Surgery,
applied to parts formerly ulcerated, on which
the skin has formed. 2. Marked with a scar.
CICA'TRIX. (ix, icis, f. ;*froin cicatrize,
to heal up or skin over.) A scar upon the skin
after the healing of a wound or ulcer.
CICATRIZATION. {Cicatrizatio, onis, f.)
That process by which ulcers and sores are
healed.
Cicely, sweet. See Scandix odorata.
CI'CER. (c?-, eris, n.) A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosce. — C.
arietinum. The chick pea-plant. The seeds
have been employed medicinally, but are now
fallen into disuse. In some places they are-
roasted and used as coffee, and in others
ground into a flour for bread, or eaten as peas.
Ci'cera. A small pill of the size of a vetch.
Cicera tartari. A small pill composed of
turpentine and cream of tartar.
CICHORA'CEjE. One of the four divisions
of Compositec. The plants belonging to this
division have a milky juice. They inhabit the
whole world, and are characterized by all the
florets of the flower-heads being alike and lig-
ulate. Lettuce, succory, and endive are famil-
iar examples of Cichoraccce, which are gener-
ally bitter, with a soporific quality resembling
that of opium.
CICHORIUM. (um,i,n.) A genus of plants.
Syngencsia. Polygamia aqualis. Composites.
— C. endivia. The endive. A salad possess-
ing bitter qualities. — C. intybus. The wild
succory. Cichorcum, Ciclioriwm sylvestre, Ci-
ckorium officinarum. The plant is bitterish,,
and sometimes used as salad. The root yields
a milky juice, said to be aperient and useful in
phthisis. When roasted, it closely resemblea
coffee, and is used to adulterate it in Europe. .
Cichory. Cichorium intybus.
Cicinde'la. Lampyris noctilulca..
Cici'num oleum. An oil obtained by boiling
the bruised seeds of the Jatroplta curcas. It is
somewhat similar in its properties to castor oil. .
Ci'cla. A name for the white beet.
CICU'TA. (a, a, f.) 1. Some confusion has
arisen among modern writers from the name
cicuta having been sometimes applied to the
common hemlock, or conium maculalum. 2. A.
genus of plants. Pentandria. Digynia. . JJm~
belliferce. — C. maculata is indigenous, and very
similar to the following. — G. virosa.. Water
hemlock. Cow-bane. Called, also, Cicuta
aquatica, Cicutaria virosa. This plant is sel-
dom employed medicinally in the present day..
It is an active poison, producing tremors, verti-
go, a violent burning at the stomach, epilepsy,
convulsions, spasms of the jaw, tumefaction of'
the abdomen, and death. It must be met by
emetics.
Cicuta'ria. Chnerophyllum sylvestre. — G.
aquatica. Phellandrium aquaticum.— C. viro'
sa. See Cicuta virosa.
Cicutine. Conia.
Cider. The fermented juice of apples. It
163
C IN
C IN
^contains from 6 to 10 per cent, of alcohol. Its
acidity is due to malic acid chiefly.
CILIA. (Plm-al of cilium.) 1. The edges
■<& the eyelids, or the eyelashes growing from
them. 2. Minute filamentary appendages com-
mon in infusory animals, by which they move,
and attract particles toward themselves. 3. A
pubescence of plants, which consists of hairs on
the margin of a leaf or petal, giving it a fringed
appearance.
Ciliaris musculus. That part of the mus-
culus orbicularis palpebrarum which lies near-
est the cilia, considered by Riolan as a distinct
muscle.
Ci'liary. Ciliaris. Belonging to the eye-
lid, or to cilia.
"Ciliary arteries. Numerous branches of
the ophthalmic, supplying the ciliary processes
and the iris. The latter are called the long
-ciliary arteries.
Ciliary body. The ring formed by the
union of the ciliary processes.
Ciliary circle. The ciliary ligament.
'Ciliary ligament. Ligam'entum ciliarc.
The circular band that unites the iris and scle-
rotic membrane to the choroid coat. See Eye.
Ciliary nerves. Branches of the ophthal-
mic ganglion and nasal nerve, supplied to the
ciliary processes and ligament.
Ciliary processes. The folds into which
the choroid coat is gathered around the margin
of the crystalline lens.
Ciliary veins. They have the course of
the arteries, but are so numerous and winding
sts to produce the vasa vorticosa of the choroid
i coat.
Ciliary zone. The ring or zone formed by
the insertion of the hyaloid membrane, along
with the retina, into the capsule of the lens.
Ciliatus. Fringed; bordered.
CI'LIUM. (um, ii, n. ; from cilleo, to move
about. ) The eyelid or eyelash.
Ci'llo. Cillosis. (From cilium, the eyelid.)
One who is affected with a spasm or trembling
of the eyelids.
CILLO'SIS. (From cilium, the eyelid.) A
spasmodic trembling of the eyelids.
Cimex. A genus of insects. — C. domesticus.
•G. lectularius. The bed-bug.
CIMICIFU'GA. (U. S.) The root of the C.
■racemosa, C. scrpentaria. See Actca raccmosa.
Cimo'lia. C. alba. See Cimolite. — C-pur-
ipuresccns. Fuller's earth.
Cimolite. Cimolian earth. Fuller's earth,
of a grayish-white color; formerly used as an
absorbent.
Cinabaris. Cinabarum. Hydrargyri sul-
phuretum l'ubrum.
•Cina cina. Cinchona.
Cin'/e semen. Artemisia santonica.
CI'NARA. 1. The artichoke. 2. A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamiaaqualis. Com-
posite. — C. scolymv-s. The . artichoke. The
leaves are bitter, and afford, by expression, a
considerable quantity of juice, said to have been
: given successfully in dropsies.
CINAROCEPHA'LjE. A natural family of
■ plants, so called from the globose shape of their
' inflorescence ; as the thistle, globe thistle, bur-
dock, blue-bottle, &c.
164
CINCHO'NA. (a, a, f.) 1. A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. Cinchona-
cece. Cinchona. 2. The pharmacopceial name
of several kinds of Peruvian barks. The trees
which afford these barks grow wild in the hilly
parts of Peru, Bolivia, and Columbia ; the bark
is stripped from the branches, trunk, and root,
and dried. Three kinds of bark are now in
use, and officinal in the United States.
Cortex cinchonje cordifolia:. (Ph. L. &
D . ) Yellow, or Calisaya bark. The plant which
affords this is unknown. It is in flat or curled
pieces ; not dark-colored, like the red ; exter-
nally smooth, internally of a cinnamon color,
friable and fibrous ; its taste is very bitter, with
some degree of astringency. It is from this
species that quina is chiefly obtained. One lb.
yields 3iij. of sulphate of quinine.
Cortex cinchonje lancifoli^e. (Ph. L. &
D.) Lance-leaved cinchona. Pale, loxa, or
crown bark. The true loxa bark is from the
Cinchona condaminea of Humboldt and Bon-
pland. This is the quilled bark, which comes in
small quilled twigs, breaking close and smooth,
friable between the teeth, covered with a rough
coat of a grayish-brown color; internally smooth
and of a light brown; its taste is bitter, and
slightly astringent ; flavor slightly aromatic. It
is rich in cinchonine, according to Soubeiran.
Cortex cinchona; oblongifolije. (Ph. L.
& D.) This is the red bark : it is in large thick
pieces and quills, externally covered with a
brown rugged coat, internally more smooth and
compact, but fibrous, of a dark-red color ;
taste and smell similar to that of the pale bark,
but the taste is rather stronger. It contains both
quinia and cinchonine.
These three are the best kinds, and the yel-
low and red barks are preferred, as containing
most active matter. They are all tonic, astrin-
gent, and eminently febrifuge, especially in in-
termittents and typhoid diseases. Quinia and
cinchonine ai'e the active principles, and are
usually, especially the former, substituted for
the bark ; but it has not the astringent proper-
ty, and is in some cases, where a want of tone
exists, as in convalescence from typhoid fevers,
inferior to the powdered bark or its other prep-
arations. The dose of the powder is 3ss. to 31J.
The decoction is employed as a gargle in ma-
lignant sore throat, and as a wash to gangre-
nous and other sores. Large doses of the pow-
der sometimes disagree, producing headache,
constipation, vomiting, or diarrhoea. In these
cases it should be appropriately combined with
other medicines.
Cinchona alkalies. Quinia, cinchonine,
and aricina. These differ from each other only
in the equivalent of oxygen.
Cinchona flava. (U. S. Ph. E. D.) C.
calisaya. C. regia. Cortex Chinee regius. C.
luteus. C. jlavus. Calisaya, royal crown, or
yellow bark. See Cortex cinchona cordifolice.
(Ph. L. & D.)
Cinchona pallida. (U.S.) C. corona. (E.)
C. officinalis. . (D.) China Loxa. Cortex Chi-
na fuscce. C.de Loxa. C . Peruvianus. Pale
crown loxa, or quilled bark. Bark of Cincho-
na condaminea. (E.) See Cortex cinchona
lancifolia. (L. & D.)
C IN
Cinchona rubra. (U. S., E., & D.) China
rubra. Red bark, from an undetermined spe-
cies. See Cortex cinchona: oblongifolia. (L.
&D.)
CINCHONA BARKS, FALSE. These are
derived from plants other than the cinchonas,
and contain neither quinia nor cinchonine, but
are usually good tonics, and often febrifuge.
The chief are, Cinchona dc Santa Lucia. St.
Lucia bark ; from the Exostema floribunda of
the West Indies and Mexico. — C. Caribcea.
Caribean or Jamaica bark ; from E. Caribeum.
— C. Peruviana. Peruvian bark (false); from
E. Peruviana. — C. Brasiliana. Brazilian cin-
chona; from E. Souzamim. — C. Pitaya. Pita-
ya cinchona; plant unknown. — C. dc Rio Ja-
neiro. The bark of Bucna hcxandra.
CINCHONA BARKS, VARIOUS. Many
other barks are found in commerce, of which
the following aro the piincipal : Cinchona
cinerea. (E.) C. Huanuco. Gray or silver
cinchona; the bark of C. micrantha. (E.) It
is of excellent quality, and derived from Lima.
According to Grebei, 1 lb. yields 103 grs. of cin-
chonine, and no quinia. — Cinchona de Cartha-
gena dura. China flava dura. Carthagena
hard bark; from C. cordifolia. It is inferior;
1 ft), yields about 30 grs. of quinia, and as much
cinchonine, but varies. The C. dc Carthagena
fibrosa is a very inferior fibrous bark, also from
Carthagena. — Cinchona de Santa Fe. C. au-
rantiaca de Santa Fe. Orange bark, from San-
ta Fe; derived from C. lancifulia. It is ex-
tremely inferior. — Cinchona huamai.ies. Hu-
amalies, or rusty bark ; from C. purpurea. It
is derived from Lima, and contains about sj. of
cinchona to the lb., and but little quinia. — Cin-
chona Jaen. Ash cinchona, the bark of C.
ovata. It is very inferior, few specimens yield-
ing more than jss. of quinia to the lb., and no
cinchonine. — Cinchona nova. Kina nova.
Mutis's red bark of Santa Fe ; derived from C.
inagnifolia. According to Pelletier and Ca-
venton, it contains neither quinia nor cincho-
nine, but a new acid, the kinovic.
CINCHONACEiE. The cinchona tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs, with
leaves opposite; flowers in panicles; stamens
arising from the corolla ; fruit inferior, either
splitting into two cocci,' or indehiscent.
Cinchonic acid. Kinic acid.
Cinchonic red. A substance found in barks,
closely resembling catechinc.
CINCHONINE. (Cinchonina, a:, f.) The
alkaloid of pale bark ; also abundant in hua-
nuco bark. It is obtained in the same way as
quinia.
Cinchonine crystallizes in the form of a rhom-
boidal prism. It has but little tasto, and re-
quires 2500 parts of water for its solution ; but
when dissolved in alcohol or an acid, it has the
bitter taste of bark. It partially sublimes by
heat, without fusion. Formula, C 30 Hi 2 NO.
Hence it diners from quinine only in containing
one equivalent less of oxygen.
Gallic, oxalic, and tartaric acids form neutral
salts with cinchonine, which aro soluble only
with excess of acid. Hence infusion of nut-
galls gives, with a decoction of good cinchona,
an abundant precipitate of gallate of cincho-
CIN
nine. Robiquet gives as the composition of a.
subsulphate of cinchonine, sulphuric acid, 11-3 j
cinchonina, 79'0. This is analogous to the sul-
phate of quinine.
Cinchonine possesses the same medicinal
properties as quinine, but in a less powerful
degree.
CinchoninjE suLrHAS. See Cinchonine.
Cinchovatine. Chinovatine.
Cinci'nnus. The hair on the temples.
Cincli'sis. Cinclismus. 1. Agitation; rap-
id or constant motion. 2. An involuntary wink-
ing-— Vogcl.
Cineres russici. Common potash.
CINERI'TIOUS. (Cincrens; from cms,,
ashes.) Of the color of ashes ; gray. The cor-
tical substance of the brain is so called, from its
ash color. It is the vesicular nervous matter
of modem physiologists.
Cineritious tubercle. This occupies the
floor of the third ventricle of the brain.
Cineri'tium. A cupel.
Cine'rula. A name for spodium.
CINE'TICA. (From kiveu, to move.) Dis-
eases affecting the organs of motion, that is, the
muscles. The third order in the class Neuro-
tica of J. Mason Good.
Cine'ticus. (KivnTiKog, having the power
of motion.) Appertaining to the powers of
motion, and consequently the muscles.
Cine'tus. The diaphragm.
Cingula'ria. Lycopodium selago?
Cingulum hildani. A leather band former-
ly used in cases of rupture.
Cingulum mercuriale. Cingulum sapien-
tial and cingulum stultiticc. An invention of
Rulandus. " Take three drachms of quicksil-
ver; shake it with two ounces of lemon-guice
until the globules disappear ; then separate the
juice, and mix with the extinguished quicksD-
ver half the white of an egg ; gum-dragon, fine-
ly powdered, a scruple ; and spread the whole
on a helt of flannel." It was used to excite sal-
ivation.
Cingulum Sancti Johannis. Artemisia vul-
garis.
Cinifica'tum. Calcined.
Cinis antimonii. Antimony ash; the roast-
ed sulphuret ore. It contains antimonious acid,
sesquioxide, and unburned sesquisulphuret.
CFNNABAR. (Cinnabaris, is, f.) 1. For-
merly applied to many red substances. 2. A
sulphuret ore of mercury. 3. An artificial com-
pound of mercury and sulphur, called factitious
cinnabar, red sulphuret of mercury, and ver-
milion. See Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum.
— C. factitia. Factitious cinnabar. — C. Graeo-
rum. The sanguis draconis and cinnabar. — C
nativa. Native cinnabar.
Cinnabar of antimony. Common cinnabar,
produced during the old method of preparing
butter of antimony.
Cinnabarine. Cinnabarinus. Of a red lead
or cinnabar color.
Cinnamic acid. See Cinnamyle.
CINNAMO'MUM. (urn, i, n. ; from kinman,
Hebrew, or Icinamon, Arabic.) 1. The bark and
essential oil of the Cinnamomum Zelandicum.
Cinnamon. 2. A genus of shrubs. Ennean-
dria. Monogynia. Lauracea;. — C. Cassia. C
165
CIR
aromaticum of Nees yields the cassia lignea,
cassia buds, ca3sia bark and oil of commerce.
This bark is thicker, coarser, more pungent,
but less fragrant than true cinnamon. The
Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia prescribes the oil,
water, spirit, and tincture ; and in the United
States it is improperly grouped with cinnamon
bark. It is more astringent than cinnamon :
dose of the powder, gr. x. to 5ss. — C. Zelandi-
cum. C. accuminatutn. The tree yielding the
fine or Ceylon cinnamon, which is the inner
bark of the branches. It owes its aromatic and
stimulant qualities to the essential oil, oleum
cinnamomi. The bark is also astringent. Dose
of the powder, gr. x. to 3ss. ; of the oil, gtt. j.
to gtt. iij. — C. mai.abaiucum. Malabar or
.Madras cinnamon is a variety of cinnamon, but
resembles cassia, and is of inferior quality. —
C Culilawan and C. xanthoneuron yield Cu-
lilawan bark, which resembles cassia, and C.
sintoe the sintoe bark, which is very similar.
Cinnamomum album. Canella alba. — C. in-
dicum. Cinnamomum cassia.
Cinnamon. Cinnamomum. See Cinnamo-
mum Zclandicum.
Cinnamon suet. An oleaginous and waxy
product of the cinnamon trees.
CINNA'MYL. Cinnamule. The hypotheti-
cal radical of cinnamon oil, &c. (Ci8H 8 0j=Ci).
Pure oil of cinnamon is the hydmret, or CiH. ;
but the commercial oil contains resins and an
acid, which are oxides of ciunamyle. These
resins, as well as cinnamic acid, CiO,HO, are
formed by exposure to the air. Cinnamic acid
is crystalline, and capable of sublimation. Cin-
nameinc is an oily derivative of cinnamyle,
found in balsam of Peru, from which cinnamic
acid is readily obtained by the action of alkalies.
Cino'nosi. Diseases of motion.
Cinoplanesis. Irregular motion.
Cinquefoil. Potentilla reptans.
Ci'on. The uvula.
Cio'nis. An enlargement and painful swell-
ing of the uvula.
Cipipa. A kind of tapioca.
CIRCiE'A. (a, a;, f.) A genus of plants.
Diandria. Monogynia. — C. Intciana. Enchant-
er's night-shade, which is now fallen entirely
into disuse.
Circinnate. When the leaves, inflores-
cence, or other parts are rolled up in a spiral
manner.
Circium AnvENSE. Serratula arvensis.
Circocele. See Cirsoccle.
** Circos. Kipooc. The Greek for a varix.
Ci'rcus. A circular bandage. — Turton.
CIRCULATION. ( Circulalio, onis, f. ; from
circulo, to compass about.) The course taken
by the blood from the heart around the body.
The aerated blood sets out from the left ventri-
cle, and is distributed by the arteries through-
out the body ; entering the capillaries from
these, it is again collected by the veins, and re-
turned to the right auricle. This constitutes
the great, or systemic circulation. By the con-
traction of the right auricle the venous blood is
thrown into the right ventricle, and hence into
the pulmonary artery, which distributes it to
the capillaries of the lungs, where it parts with
its carbonic acid, and acquires oxygen, or be-
166
CIR
comes converted into arterial, red, or florid
blood. From these vessels, the pulmonary
veins collect and pour it into the left auricle of
the heart. This auricle, contracting, drives the
blood into the left ventricle, and thus the cir-
cuit is completed. This is the lesser, or pulmo-
nic circulation. There is also a small circuit
accomplished through the coronary arteries and
veins for the supply of the heart. The object
of these currents is to supply every part with
blood, and to renew its activity by aeration.
Much discussion has arisen concerning the
forces which propel the blood through this
route, but there is little doubt that there are
several, of which the chief are the contraction
of the auricles and ventricles ; the elasticity
of the vessels, especially of the arteries, and the
affinity of various elements of the blood for
the tissues through which it circulates. Tho
nervous power is also interested in the capillary
circulation, as we observe in the phenomenon
of blushing ; nor is muscular contraction with-
out influence.
Circulation, capillary.* The passage of
the blood through the system of minute or capil-
lary vessels which penetrate every part of the
tissues, and lie between the arteries and veins.
It is in this circulation that nutrition, secretion,
and animal heat take place, and in which arte-
rial blood becomes changed to venous. What-
ever other changes occur, we know that arterial
blood here acquires carbonic acid (in the sys-
temic circulation), from the metamorphosis of
parts. The cause, of the blood's movement is
only partially attributable to the heart, elastic-
ity of the vessels, and nervous influence ; it is
mainly due to the affinity of the tissue or viscus,
which has the capacity of attracting the blood,
and, having produced a change thereon, loses
its affinity, and thus the effete portion is pushed
forward by the advancing current, and flows
toward the veins. The matters necessary to
the function and maintenance of particular or-
gans are drawn from the capillaries by the pro-
cess of absorption, and alterations effected in
the blood by the penetration of fluids or gases
from the surrounding tissues. The fluid of the
capillaries also differs according to their size,
some conveying red blood, while others carry
only a serous fluid. Any disturbance of the
function of the capillaries is attended by dis-
ease. A loss of elasticity in their parietes pro-
duces a retardation of the current and accumu-
lation of blood, which may result in engorge-
ment or inflammation of an organ, and termi-
nate by a change of the fluid into pus, sanies,
or other morbid products.
Circulation, fcetal. In the fcetus, there
being no pulmonic circulation, the course of the
blood differs from that of the adult. Arterial-
ized blood is received from the placenta by the
umbilical vein, which conveys it partly into the
liver, and partly into the vena cava, by the
ductus venosus. From both these it reaches
the right auricle of the heart, which, by con-
tracting, drives a small part into the right ven-
tricle, from which it enters the pulmonary vein,
and is returned by the ductus arteriosus into
the aorta; but the greater part passes. through
the foramen ovale, lying between the auricles.
CIR
directly into the left auricle. The blood of the
left auricle is driven, by its contraction, into
the left ventricle, and hence passes by the aorta
through the arterial syBtem ; but that portion
which reaches the internal iliacs is diverted
from the foetus, these arteries forming the um-
bilical arteries, and returning to the placenta,
where the effete blood is aerated by contact
and imbibition from the maternal fluid. The
veins of the foetus discharge into the vena cava,
the blood they convey being, mixed with that
of the umbilical vein in the light auricle.
Circulation, portal. The venous circula-
tion through the liver. The blootl of the ab-
dominal viscera takes this route.
CI'ROULUS. (Diminutive of circus, a cir-
cle.) A circle or ring. Applied to circular
parts, or any part of the body which is of an
annular shape, as circulus oculi, iridis, &c. •
Circulus arteriosus i'ridis. The artery
which runs round the iris, and forms a circle, is
so termed.
Circulus cilia'ris. See Ciliary circle.
Circulus membranosus. The hymen.
Circulus osseus. Annulus osseus. A ring-
like bone in the ear of the foetus. It is placed
at the bottom of the cartilaginous meatus ex-
ternus, and supports the membrana tympani.
In the adult it is united with the meatus.
Circulus qua'druplex. A kind of bandage
used by the old surgeons.
Circulus tonsillaris. A plexus surround-
ing the tonsil, formed of the lingual and glosso-
pharyngeal nerves.
Circulus Willisii. Willis's circle. See
Encpehalos.
Circumagentes. The oblicpie muscles of
the eye.
Circumcalua'lis. The tunica conjunctiva.
CIRCUMCTSION. (Circnmcisio, onis, f . ;
from circumcido, to cut about.) The removal
of the prepuce from the glans penis, or of a por-
tion of the prepuce. It is practiced by surgeons
in some cases of phymosis.
CIRCUMDUCTION. Circumduct™. The
act of moving a limb or any part around, or
about a centre.
Circumductionis opiFEX. The superior ob-
lique muscle of the eye. — Vcsalius.
CIRCUMFLEX A ANTERIOR. Anteri-
or circumflex artery. The name of a branch of
the humeral artery dispersed upon the muscles
covering the anterior part of the shoulder joint.
Circumflexa externa. The external cir-
cumflex. An artery usually arising from the
profundafemoris, but sometimes from the com-
mon femoral. It is distributed to the muscles
of the hip and thigh.
Circumflexa ili'aca. Circumflexa ossisilii.
Biaca anterior. An artery which rises nearly
opposite the epigastric, from the external iliac
artery, immediately before it passes under Pou-
part's ligament. It runs along the crest of the
ilium, between the transversalis and internal
oblique muscles, and inosculates with the epi-
gastric, inferior intercostal, and lumbar arteries.
Circumflexa interna. An artery given off
from the profunda or femoral, opposite the ex-
ternal circumflex. It turns round the inner part
•of the neck of the thigh bone.
CIR
Circumflexa posterior. Articularit poste-
rior. A branch of the humeral artery, larger
than the circumflexa anterior, passing to the
back of the shoulder joint, and dispersed chief-
ly on the deltoid muscle.
CIRCUMFLE'XUS. Circumflex. An epi-
thet given by anatomists to objects which wind
round others. Thus there is an anterior and
posterior circumflex artery around the shoulder
joint, a circumflex muscle of the palate, &c.
Circumflexus palati. Circumflexus palati
mollis. A muscle of the palate. It arises from
the spinous process of the sphenoid bone, be-
hind the foramen ovale, and from the Eusta-
chian tube ; it then runs down along the Pter-
ygoideus interims, passes over the hook of the
pterygoid process by a round tendon, which
soon spreads into a broad membrane. It is in-
serted into the velum pendulum palati, and the
semilunar edge of the os palati. Its use is to
stretch the velum, to draw it downward, and
to the side toward the hook.
Circumfusa. The natural agents, as climate,
atmosphere, heat, &c, which surround man at
all times. — Halle.
Circumli'tio. A liniment.
Circumossa'lis membrana. The periosteum.
CIRCUMSCI'SUS. Circumscissile. (From.
circumscindo, to cut round about.) Circum-
cised. Applied to a membranous capsule, sep-
arating into two parts by a complete circular
fissure.
CIRRHO'SIS. (From ntppoe, yellowish.) A
pathological condition not uncommon in the
liver, which becomes condensed, granular, and
of a rusty yellow color, forming the tubercula-
ted, lobulated, mammelated, hob-nail, or gin
liver of different authors. It also occurs in the
lungs.
Cirro'sus. Cirrose : having a cirrus or ten-
dril.
Cir'rus. Cirrhus. A tendril.
CIRSOCE'LE. (e, cs, f. KipaoK^v; from
Kipaoc, varix, or a dilatation of a vein, and
K7]2.rj, a tumor.) A varicose enlargement of the
spermatic veins : it is most frequently confined
to that part of the spermatic cord which is be-
low the opening in the abdominal tendon ; and
the vessels generally become rather larger as
they approach the testes. It occasions pain
from the distension of the vessels, and is attend-
ed with a sense of weight in the loins. Usual-
ly the affection is slight, and keeping the bow-
els open and sustaining the scrotum by a net
is all that is necessary. When the vessels are
more than usually tumid, leeches should be ap-
plied, and followed by astringent lotions to the
cord and scrotum. Where the disease is invet-
erate, surgeons recommend the removal of a
considerable portion of the loose skin of the
scrotum, so as to condense its structure, and
this is a radical cure.
Cirsoi'des. 1. Resembling a varix. 2. The
upper part of the brain. 3. The spermatic
veins.
Cirso'mphalos. A varicose state of the veins
around the navel.
CIRSOPHTHA'LMIA. (a, <v, f. ; from tup-
aoe, and otydatyoc, the eye.) A varicose state
of the vessels of the eye.
1G7
CIT
CISSA'MPELOS. (*, f.-) A genus of plants.
Diascia. Monadelphia. Menispermacece. — C
pareira. C. caapeba. Pareira brava ; called,
also, Parcyra. The root of this plant, a native
of South America and the West Indies, has no
remarkable smell, but a sweet bitter, and some-
what austere taste. It has been extolled in
nephritic and calculous complaints. The dose
is from 3j. to 3ij. of the powder ; or an infusion
may be made with 3iij. of the root to Ibj. of
water, the third part of this being taken at a
dose. It is said to contain a peculiar alkaloid,
cissampelin.
Ciste'rna. (a, a, f.) A cistern or reser-
voir. The fourth ventricle of the brain has
been so called. — C. chyli. C. lurnbaris. The
receptaculum chyli.
CI'STUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Polyandria. Monogynia. Cistaccm. — C. crc-
ticus. The plant yielding ladanum. It is a
native of Syria and the Archipelago. The gum-
resin called ladanum exudes upon the leaves
of this plant. Ladanum was formerly much
employed internally as a pectoral and astrin-
gent in catarrhal affections, dysenteries, and
several other diseases ; at present, however, it
is never used, except as an ingredient in the
stomachic plaster, emplastrum ladani. — C. la-
daniferus. This species grows in Spain, Por-
tugal, and Provence. Its young branches af-
ford, by boiling in water, a substance analogous
to the ladanum of Crete. — C. laurifolius. This
grows in the south of France, and also affords
a kind of ladanum. — C. ledon. Ledum palus-
tre.
CI'TRATE. (Citras, at/s, f. ; from citrus,
the lemon.) A salt of citric acid.
Citrate of ammonia. It is formed by neu-
tralizing sesquicarbonate of ammonia by citric
acid, and is a slight diaphoretic.
Citrate of potash. This salt is used me-
dicinally, in the form of the common efferves-
cing saline draught, made with citric acid and
carbonate of potash. It is useful in allaying ir-
ritability of the stomach and vomiting, and is a
slight diaphoretic.
Citrate of soda. A scruple of carbonate
of soda, neutralized by a sufficient quantity of
lemon-juice, or ten grains of citric acid, forms
an effervescing draught, which has nearly the
same effects as that made with citrate of potash.
Citreolus. The cucumber.
Ci'treum. Ci'trea. Citrus medica.
CI'TRIC. (Citricus; from citrus, the lemon.)
Of, or belonging to, the lemon.
Citric acid. Acidum citricum. (U. S.)
The acid of lemons. It also exists in cranber-
ries, tamarinds, &c., and may be obtained by
straining the juice, saturating with chalk, puri-
fying the precipitate, and decomposing by di-
lute sulphuric acid. It is very sour, but of an
agreeable flavor ; soluble in hot and cold water.
It is found in short, transparent, rhomboidal
prisms; colorless. Sp. gr., 1-617. The for-
mula of these is CiaH 5 On f 3HO-j-2HO, but it
is also formed with one equivalent of water of
crystallization. The acid is tribasic.
When 1 part of citric acid is dissolved in 19
of water, the solution may be used as a substi-
tute for lemon-juice. If before solution the
168
CL A
crystals be triturated with a little sugar and a
few drops of the oil of lemons, the resemblance
to the native juice will be more complete. It
is refrigerant, and an antidote against sea-scur-
vy; but the admixture of mucilage and other
vegetable matter in the recent fruit of the lem-
on has been supposed to render it preferable
to the pure acid of the chemist. It is more
expensive, and seldom preferred to the tartaric
acid for effervescing draughts.
The solution of pitric acid undergoes sponta-
neous decomposition. By an increasing heat
it is decomposed into several products. At first
it yields the hydrated aconitic acid, or pyro'
citric acid ; then the pyroaconitic, or citricic
acid; afterward the citraconic; and, lastly, an
empyreumatic oil.
Citrine ointment. Unguentum hydrargyri
nitratis.
Citri'nula. A small citron or lemon.
Ci'trinus. Citrine. Lemon-colored.
Citron. See Citrus medica.
Citrtj'llus. Cucurbita citrullus.
CI'TRUS. (us, i, f.) 1. The lemon. 2. A
genus of plants. Polyadelphia. Icosandria.
Aurantiacccc. — C. aurantium. C. vulgaris.
The orange-tree and fruit. The flowers, flores
napha, are highly odoriferous, and used as a
perfume. The water distilled from the flowers
is called aqua florum napha;. Orange flowers
were once thought to possess considerable an-
tispasmodic powers ; and the distilled water is
still prescribed on the European Continent.
The yellow rind, c*ortcx aurantii, has a grateful
aromatic flavor, and a warm, bitterish taste.
The juice of oranges is a grateful, acid, refriger-
ant, antiscorbutic drink, and is useful in bilious
and some dyspeptic complaints. — C. Bigarardia
yields the Bigarade, bitter, or Seville orange. —
C. limctla yields the lime, a small, fragrant
lemon. — The fruit of C. paradisi resembles the
shaddock, which is the product of C. decumana.
— C. medica. The lemon-tree. The juice of
the lemon, which is much more acid than
that of the orange, possesses similar virtues.
The exterior rind is a very grateful aromatic
bitter, not so hot as orange-peel, and yielding
in distillation a less quantity of oil, which is
extremely light, almost colorless, and generally
brought from the southern parts of Europe,
under the name of essence of lemons. The
citron-tree is also considered as belonging to the
same species, the Citrus medica. Its fruit is
called ccdromcla, which is larger and less suc-
culent than the lemon ; but in all other respects
the citron and lemon trees agree. The citron-
juice, when sweetened with sugar, is called by
the Italians agro di cedro. — The C. mella rosa
of Lamarck is another variety of the C. medica.
The essence prepared from this fruit is called
essence of bergamotte, and essentia de cedra.
Cittara. A place in the Isle of Ischia,
where there are thermal waters of 100° Fahr.
They contain carbonate and sulphate of lime,
and muriate of soda.
Civet cat. Viverra civetta and V. zibetha.
CIVE'TTA. Civet: a perfume resembling,
but very inferior to, musk.
Cl. Chlorine.
Cladonia islandica. Cetraria islandica.— *
CL A
C. rangiferina. Reindeer moss. It i8 nutri-
tious and pectoral.
CLAIRVOYANCE. A supposed mesmeric
state, during which the patient sees objects oth-
erwise out of sight, and, it is pretended, has the
quality of vision diffused over the whole body !
CLAP. (From the old French word clapi-
ses, public shops kept by single prostitutes.)
See Urethritis.
CLA'RET. Clarctum. 1. A light French
wine, drunk in this country chiefly m summer.
Claret is an excellent drink in typhoid fevers.
See Vinum. 2. A name formerly given to sev-
eral factitious wines.
CLARIFICATION. {Clarificatio, onis, f.;
from clarus, clear, pure, and facio, to make.)
The depuration of any thing, or process of free-
ing a fluid from heterogeneous matter or fecu-
lencies, as by white of egg, charcoal, <fcc.
Ci-area. Salvia sclarea.
CLASS. A group of objects, &c., allied in
several prominent qualities. A class is divided
into orders, genera, species, and varieties.
Classy. A place near Laon, in Picardy,
where there are chalybeate waters.
Claudicatio. Clauditas. Claudication.
Lameness; limping. i
CLAU'STRUM. (um, i, n. ; a barrier, from
claudo, to shut.) Formerly applied in anatomy,
as claustrum gutturis, the opening of the phar-
ynx ; claustrum. virginitatis, the hymen.
CLAUSU'RA. (a, <b, f. ; from claudo, to
shut.) An imperforation of any canal or cavity
of the body. Thus clausura Uteri is a preter-
natural imperforation of the uterus ; clausura tu-
barum Fallopianarum, a morbid imperforation
of the Fallopian tubes, mentioned by Ruysch
as one cause of infecundity.
CLAVA'RIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of fungi.
Club-shaped fungus. — C. cinerca. Gray goat's-
beard. This and the C. coralloides are some-
times eaten. Their flesh is cottony, and they
have little flavor. The latter was once used as
a corroborant and astringent.
Clava'tio. Synonymous with Gomphosis.
Clava'tus. Clubbed; club-shaped.
Clavella'ti ci'neres. Wood ashes.
CLAVICLE. Clavi'cula. (a, <z, f . ; from
elavis, a key, on account of some resemblance
to the keys used by the ancients. ) The collar
bone. The clavicle is placed at the root of the
neck, and at the upper part of the breast. It
extends across, from the tip of the shoulder to
the upper part of the sternum ; it is a round
bone, a little flattened toward the end which
joins the scapula, and curved like an Italic /.
The end next the sternum is round and flat,
or button-like ; and it is received into a suitable
hollow on the upper piece of the sternum.
The outward end of the clavicle is flattened
as it approaches the scapula, and the. edge of
that flatness is turned to the edge of the flatten-
ed acromion, so that they touch but in one sin-
gle point, and they are tied firmly by strong
ligaments. «
Clavi'culus. Clavis. The clavicle.
CLA'VUS. (us, i, m. ; a nail.) 1. A corn,
so called from its resemblance to the head of a
nail. It is a roundish, horny, cutaneous extu-
berance, with a central nucleus, sensible at its
C LI
base ; found chiefly on the toes, from the press-
ure of tight shoes. 2. An intense pain in some
part of the head, limited to a very small space,
and causing a sensation as if a nail were being
driven into the head. It is most frequently
connected with hysteria, and is then called
clavus hystericus. 3. A tubercle on the white
of the eye ; so called from its shape. — Celsus.
4. Condylomata of the uterus have been called
clavi.
Clavus oculi. This name has been given
by some to staphyloma.
Clavus secah'nus. Secale cornutum.
Clay. The impure hydrated silicate of alu-
mina, constituting a tenacious earth.
Cleansings. The lochia.
CLEAVAGE. This term is applied to the
mechanical division of. crystals.
Cleavers. Galium aparine.
Cleidion. The clavicle.
Cleidomastoide'us. The posterior part of
the stcrno-cleido-mastoideus. — Albinus.
CLEI'S AGRA, (a, w, f. ; from nine, the
clavicle, and ay pa, a prey.) A name given by
Ambroise Pare to gout affecting the articulation
of the clavicle.
Clei'thron. Claustrum.
C L E ' M A T I S. ( tis, idis, f. ) A genus of
plants. Polyandria. Polygynia. Ranuncu-
lacew. — C. daphnoi'des. Vinca minor. — C.pas-
siflora. The passion-flower. — C. recta. Up-
right virgin's bower. The same virtues are
attributed to this plant as to the next. — C. vi-
talba. The traveller's joy. Vitalba. C. ar- .
thragene of Theophrastus. Its leaves, when
fresh, produce a warmth on the tongue, and if
the chewing is continued, blisters arise. They
also vesicate and ulcerate the skin when rub-
bed on it. The plant has been administered
internally to cure lues venerea, scrofula, and
rheumatism. An infusion of two or three
drachms of the leaves in a pound of boiling
water may be taken in the course of the four-
and-twenty hours. — The C. viorna, C. virgini-
ca, C. crispa, and C. Jlammula, are also very
acrid.
Clemati'tis. The same as clematis.
Clepsy'dra or Cle'psydra. (From kTlctttu.
to conceal, and v6up, water.) The name of an
instrument used by the ancients to measure
time by the dropping of water through a hole
from one vessel to another.
Clermont ferrand. A town in the depart-
ment of Puy de Dome. It has acidulous
springs.
Cle'ves. A city of Westphalia. It has min-
eral waters, containing carbonate and sulphate
of iron.
Clifton. Near Bristol. A dry, mild cli-
mate, resorted to by English invalids.
CLIMACTERIC. (Climactericus; fromx^-
fia!;, a gradation.) A term applied to those
years in the life of man which have been sup-
posed to mark n certain degree in the scale of
his existence. Such periods are often divided
into seven years.
Climacteric disease. The gradual loss of
the powers, &c, in old age.
CLIMATE. (From idii/ia, a region.) The
prevailing constitution of the atmosphere of any
169
CLI
region with re3pect to heat, cold, moisture,
winds, and impregnation with extraneous mat-
ters, is called the climate of that region.
The subject of climate is one of the highest
interest to the naturalist, the physiologist, and
the physician. Climate exerts a very sensible
influence on the animal and vegetable kingdoms
in different parts of. the globe : it is one of the
causes which determine the physical and moral
peculiaiities of different races of mankind ; and
it has a marked influence in modifying the char-
acters of disease, the operation of remedies,
and the whole practice of medicine.
The diseases chiefly benefited by a change
of climate are,
1. Pulmonary Consumption. — If the change
«.>f climate is to be productive of any real bene-
fit, it must be tried at a much earlier period of
the disease than it generally is, and before the
actual development of tubercles in the lungs.
The climates best adapted to consumptive pa-
tients are Rome ; Madeira ; the Canary Islands ;
Pensacola, Tampa Bay, Key Biscayno; the
southern side of the West India Islands, espe-
cially Cuba and Jamaica; Vera Cruz, and Mex-
ico. Those who have passed the winter in
mild climates should in general seek a more
bracing air in summer ; and during the course
of this season they may advantageously change
the air frequently, taking care not to visit any
place the climate of which is hostile to their
particular state of health.
2. Chronic Bronchitis. — The morbid condi-
tions of the mucous lining of the larynx, trachea,
and bronchi are greatly influenced by climate ;
and the change from a cold and moist to a mild
and dry air seldom fails to relieve, and occa-
sionally removes them. The situations which
have been mentioned as most favorable in
phthisis are best suited also to bronchial dis-
eases generally.
3. Asthma is often greatly relieved, and oc-
casionally ceases, under the influence of a m,ild
climate, more especially when complicated with
disease of the bronchial membrane, as it almost
always is when of some duration.
4. Chronic Rheumatism and Gout.— 7Climate
produces the most decidedly beneficial effects
in these diseases, and that often with surprising
rapidity, even in cases of long standing, which
have resisted the best directed medical treat-
ment. The climate should be dry, warm, and
equable.
5. Scrofula. — Strumous affections, especially
when seated in the skin and lymphatic glands,
are frequently cured, and the general health is
greatly improved by a mild climate.
6. Dyspepsia. — Different forms of dyspepsia,
hypochondriasis, and other nervous affections,
intimately connected with a disordered state of
the digestive organs, all of which are aggrava-
ted by a cold and humid atmosphere, are much
mitigated by a winter's residence in the South,
if aided by a proper regimen.
Besides the above mentioned, there are sev-
eral other morbid states of the system which
are remarkably benefited by chauge of climate.
Such are irritable states of the mucous mem-
branes generally, and irritable cutaneous affec-
tions. At those periods of life, also, which are
170
CLO
attended with rapid development or critical
changes in the constitution, the influence of
change of climate is very beneficial. In weakly
childhood, and puberty, and in climacteric de-
cay, a new climate, if well adapted to the indi-
vidual, has frequently succeeded in improving
and establishing the health. For the peculi-
arities of localities, see them severally.
Climaticus. Climatic. Belonging to cli-
mate.
Climbing birthwort. See Arislolochia.
Clinan'thus. Clinanthium. The enlarged
and flattened top of a common peduncle which
supports several sessile flowers, as in scabiosa
and dorstcnia.
CLI'NICAL. (Clinicus; from kIivt), abed.)
Relating to a bed : thus, clinical lectures, lec-
tures delivered at the bedside of the patient ;
clinical notes, notes taken at the bedside, &c.
Clinique. A school where medicine or sur-
gery is taught by the direct examination and
treatment of the patients.
C l i n i u m. The termination of the floral
branch on which the carpels are situated — the
torus.
Clinker. The black oxide of iron of the
smith's forge. i
Cli'noid. Clinoidcs. Resembling a bed.
The four processes surrounding the sella tur-
cica of the sphenoid bone are so called, of
which two are anterior and two posterior.
Clinomastoide'us. A corruption of cleido-
mastoideus. See Stemo-cleido-mastoideus.
CLINOPO'DIUM VULGARE. Wild basil.
This plant was formerly in esteem against the
bite of serpents, and to facilitate labor ; it was
also given in strangury, and as an astringent in
diarrhoea.
Cliseo'meter. Cliseometrum. An instru-
ment invented by Stein, and described by Osi-
ander, for measuring the degree of inclination
of the female pelvis, or, in other words, the an-
gle which the axis of the pelvis makes with
that of the body.
Clito'ridis musculus. See Erector clitori-
dis.
CLI'TORIS. (is, idis, f. KTietropic ; from
icXetu, to inclose, or hide.) A small glandiform
body, like a penis in miniature, and, like it,
covered with a prepuce or foreskin. It is sit-
uated above the nympha), and before the open-
ing of the urinary passage of women.
Clitorismus. 1. A morbid or congenital en-
largement of the clitoris. 2. Excessive venery.
CLOA'CA. (a, cc, f.) A cavity formed by
the extremity of the intestinal canal in birds,
fish, reptiles, and the monotrematous animals.
It forms a common cavity, in which the intes-
tines and ureters terminate in both sexes, and
the vagina also in the female.
Cloacs. The openings through the integu-
ments which in necrosis lead to the dead bone.
CLO'NIC. (Clonicus: from k2.ovoc, agita-
tion, commotion.) A spasm which is not of
long duration, though it may be repeated in
rapid succession; such are the spasms which
affect the muscles in epilepsy. Clonic is op-
posed to tonic spasm. .
Clono'des. KlovuSeg. A vibratory pulse;
convulsive.
C LY
CLONUS. Clonos. A generic term, mean-
ing any frequently recurring act or convulsion,
as, C. nictitatio, winking. — C. epilepsia, epilep-
sy. — C. subsvltus, subsultus tendinum.
Clot of blood. See Blood.
Cloporte ordinaire. The wood-louse.
Cloud berry. Rubrus chamamiorus.
CLOVE. See Eugenia caryophyllata. — C.
bark. See Myrtus caryophyllata. — C. gilli-
flower. C. pink. Dianthus caryophyllata.
Cloven. See Fissus.
CLUB-FEET. A congenital or acquired dis-
tortion of the feet, arising from contraction of
the extensor muscles. The following are some
new terms, introduced by Dr. rtrauss, to desig-
nate the varieties of club-foot: 1. The Tip-foot,
Horse-foot, or Pes equinus. When the sufferer
walks on his toes, and the heel is drawn up-
ward. In this class may be included the knot-
foot (pied-bot en dessousV when the patient
walks upon the back ot the foot. 2. The
Cross-foot, Club-foot inward, or Varus. When
the sufferer walks on the outward edge of the
foot, or the outward part of the dorsum, the
point of the foot being turned inward. 3. The
Out-bow foot, Club-foot outward, or Valgus.
The sufferer treads upon the inward part of the
foot; the point of the foot, and sometimes the
heel, are turned outward. 4. The Heel club-
foot, or Talipes calcaneus. The patient walks
upon the heel. The treatment of these deform-
ities consists in extension by a proper appara-
tus, and the division of the tendons of the con-
tracted muscles in some cases.
Club-shaped. See Clavatus.
Club moss. Lycopodium clavatum.
Clune's. The buttocks, or nates.
CLU'PEA. A genus of fishes, including the
shad, herring, anchovy, &c. — C. alosa. The
shad. — C. encrasi 'coins. The anchovy. — C.
harengus. The common herring. — -C. latulus.
Whitebait. — C. pilchardus. The pilchard. —
C. sprattus. The sprat. — C. thryssa, or yellow-
billed sprat of the West Indian seas, is said to
be very poisonous.
CLU'SIA. A genus of plants. Polygamia.
Monacia. The species exude several kinds of
gum resins.
CLU'TIA. A genus of plants. Dioecia. Gy-
nandria. — Clutia collinais a poisonous species;
and C. spinosa is astringent, and used in India
as an anthelmintic for cattle.
CLY'DON. (KZwJwv, a wave.) Fluctuation
of the contents of the abdomen ; flatulence. —
Galen.
Clypea'lis cartila'go. The thyroid carti-
lage.
Clypeate. Shield-shaped; scutiform.
CLYS'MA. (KXvofia; from nlv&, to wash.)
In medical language, a clyster. See Enema.
CLYSTER. A mucilaginous, or purgative, sa-
line, nutritious, narcotic, &c., lavement, thrown
into the rectum by a syringe, to answer partic-
ular indications. Some clysters are officinal.
See Enema.
_ Cly'ssus. An old chemical term. Some-
times it meant a compound of various chemical
products of the same substance, but generally
the product of the detonation of nitre with any
other substance: thus nitre, deflagrated with
COA
charcoal, foimed the clyssus nitri ; with anti-
mony, the clyssus antimonii ; and with sulphur,
the clyssus sulphuris.
Cnemodactyl^'us. The extensor long-
us digitorum pedis.
Cneomos. Cnesis. Prurigo.
Cneorum tricoccum. Cneoron. Daphne
mezereum.
Cnicin. A brown, extractive body of Cni-
cus (Centaurca) benedicUis. It is bitter, and
contains no nitrogen ?
CNI'CUS. {us, i, f. ; kvlkoc.) 1. Formerly
carthamus tinctorius. 2. A genus of plants.
Syngcnesia. Polygamia eequalis. Compositor.
— C. cernuus. The nodding cnicus: the tender
stalks, boiled and peeled, are eaten. — C. lana-
tus. The distaff thistle. Formerly used as an
alterative. — C. olcraceus. Round-leaved mead-
ow thistle. The leaves are eaten like cabbage.
— C. sylvestris. C. bencdictus. Centaurea
benedicta.
Cnidii grana. See Daphne mezereum.
Cnido'sis. Kviduoic. A pungent itching.
CO. The symbol of cobalt.
Coacervate. Accumulated.
Coadunate. Two or more parts united to-
gether.
Coaduna'tje. The name given by Linnaeus
to a natural family of plants, which have a num-
ber of flowers clustered together so as to resem-
ble a single flower.
Coa'gulable. Coagulabilis. Susceptible of
coagulation.
COAGULABLE LYMPH. The transparent,
gelatinous exudation from wounded or inflamed
vessels, which becomes organized, and serves
to repair injuries or produce adhesions. Its pe-
culiar component is fibrin, and it differs from
blood only in the absence of red globules.
Coa'gulant. (Coagulans; from coagulo, to
incrassate, or curdle.) Having the power of
coagulating. Formerly applied to medicines
supposed to render the blood more coagulable.
Coagulated mercury. The binoxide of
mercury.
COAGULA'TION. (Coagulatio ; from co-
agulo, to curdle.) The sudden or spontaneous
conversion of a liquid into a soft solid mass, of
a gelatinous consistence and nature, as when
the white of an egg is consolidated by heat ; or
the separation of the denser particles from a
fluid, as in the coagulation of the blood.
COA'GULUM. (wot, i, n.) The tenacious
substance formed from a fluid by coagulation.
The clot of the blood is so called. In Patholo-
gy, the plug of coagulable lymph which forms
in divided arteries, or the clot of blood result-
ing from morbid action, and frequently found in
cavities, or effused.
Coagulum alu'minis. This is made by beat-
ing the white of eggs with a little alum until a
coagulum is formed. It has been recommend-
ed as an efficacious application in a relaxed
state of the conjunctive membrane of the eye.
Coal fish. Gadus carbonarius.
Coalte'rna febris. A double intermittent.
Coaptation. Coapta'tio. An old surgical
term for what is now called the reduction of a
dislocation or fracture.
COARCTATION. ( Coarctatio ; from co
171
coc
arcto, to straighten.) Applied in medical lan-
guage to the contraction or lessening of the
diameter of a canal, as of the intestinal canal,
or the urethra.
Coarcta'tus. Crowded.
Coarticula'tio. Syn. of diarthrosis.
CO'BALT. ( Cobaltum, i, n.) A brittle,
crystalline metal, of a reddish-gray color, and
weak metallic lustre. Sp. gr., 7-834 ; eq., 29-5 ;
sym., Co. It undergoes little change in the air,
but absorbs oxygen when heated m open ves-
sels, and is readily oxidized by means of nitric
acid. It is magnetic, and difficultly fusible.
Cobalt exists hi nature commonly combined
with arsenic; when this is roasted, it yields
zaffre, an impure oxide, which, when fused
with sand and potash, gives smalt, extensively
used as a coloring material by glass and earth-
enware manufacturers. The oxides of cobalt
are the protoxide, CoO, and a sesquioxide,
C02O3. The salts of the former are pink or
blue. The chloride is a pretty sympathetic ink,
and used in blow-pipe analysis. The habitudes
of cobalt are analogous to iron, and, like this
metal, it unites with cyanogen, forming coballi-
cyanogen, a hypothetical radical similar to fcr-
ridcyanogen.
Cobham springs. A weak saline.
Co'bra de cape'llo. The hooded snake.
See Naja. .
Cobweb. See Aranca.
Cocoa-nut. Cocos nucifera.
Cocca cxidia. See Daphne mezcreum.
Cocci granum. See Coccus infectorius. — C.
orientalis. The cocculus indicus berries.
Coccine'lla. 1. The cochineal insect. Coc-
cus cacti. 2. A genus of coleopterous insects
resembling the lady-bird.
COCCOLOBA UVIFERA. The sea-side
grape of the West Indies; a polygonaceous
plant, from which the astringent extract called
Jamaica kino was supposed to be prepared.
CO'CCULUS. (ns, i, m. ; diminutive of kok-
koc, a berry.) 1. A little berry. 2. A genus of
plants.
Cocculus crispus. Menispermum tubercu-
latum.
Cocculus Ikdi aromaticus. Jamaica pep-
per. See Myrtus pimento.'
COCCULUS INDICUS. C. lacunosus. C.
Ic-vanticus. C. picatorius. C. plukenctii. C.
subcrosus. The berries of menispermum coc-
culus.
COCCULUS PALMA'TUS. Menispermum
palmatum. Of the natural family Menispcrma-
cece. Dioscia. Hcxandria. The plant which
produces the calumba root is a native of the
eastern part of Southern Africa, growing in great
abundance in the forests of Mozambique.
The dried root is found in transverse sections,
generally about one third of an inch in thick-
ness, and one or two inches in diameter. The
bark is thick and easily detached, internally
bright yellow, and covered with a wrinkled
olive-brown cuticle. The interior part of the
root is of a pale brownish color, and has a
spongy texture, with darker converging rays.
Those pieces which have the fewest worm-
holes, the brightest color, and are solid and
neavy, are the best. It is bitter, and slightly
172
COC
aromatic. The bitter principle appeal's to de-
pend on a crystalline, sparingly soluble sub-
stance, called colombin.
This root is a useful antiseptic and tonic. It
is frequently employed with much advantage
in diarrhoeas, and also allays the nausea and
vomiting which accompany pregnancy. Den-
man found it more useful than the cinchona in
the low stage of puerperal fever. As a tonic,
unaccompanied with astringency, and possess-
ing little stimulus, it has been recommended in
phthisis and hectic fever, to allay irritability
and strengthen the digestive organs; and in
dyspepsia. The dose of the powdered root is
from grs. xv. to 3S8., repeated three or four
times a day.
CO'CCUM. A dry seed-vessel, more or less
compound, the sides of which are elastic, pro-
jecting the seeds with force when ripe.
Co'ccum ba'phicum. Coccus infectorius.
CO'CCUS. (Kokkoc; us, i, m.) 1. The
cochineal. (U. S.) 2. In Botany, a cell or
capsule: when two are joined together, it is
termed dicoccous ; and where there are three,
tricoccous, &c. 3. In Entomology , a genus of
hemipterous insects. — C. cacti. The cochineal
insect ; also called Coccinclla, Coccinilla, C.
Amcricanus, and C. Indicus tinctorius. Coch-
ineal is highly prized for its valuable properties
in producing the dye which bears its name. It
is used to color tinctures. Cochineal has a
faint, disagreeable, bitter, and austere taste.
Those retaining the white powder on the exte-
rior, and called silver cochineal, are most val-
ued. The coloring matter, which is called car-
minium, or cochincllin, is soluble in water,
alcohol, and solutions of pure alkalies. The
carmine of painters is prepared by precipitating
this coloring matter from its solution by means
of alum or oxide of tin. — C. infecto'rius. C.
baphicus. C. ilicis. C. quercus cocciferm. C,
tinctorius. The insect which produces the
kcrmes grains, or kermes berries. Now only
used to color syrups red. — C. lacca. The in-
sect which produces lac dye. — C. polo'nicus.
This is found on the roots of the Polygonum
cocciferum and other plants. It is used as a red
dye.
COCCYGE'US. (Coccygeus; from kokkv%,
because it is inserted into the coccyx. ) A mus-
cle of the os coccygis, situated within the pel-
vis. It arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the
spinous process of the ischium, and covers the
inside of the sacro-ischiatic ligament. It is in-
sorted into the extremity of the os sacrum, and
nearly the whole length of the os coccygis, lat-
erally. Its use is to support and move the os
coccygis forward.
COCCYX, (zygis, f.) Coccy'gis os. This
bone is a small appendage to the end of the
sacrum, terminating in a point. In the child
it is merely cartilage, and we can find no point
of bone : during youth, it is ossifying into dis-
tict bones, which continue movable upon each
other till mature life ; then the separate bones
gradually unite with each other, so as to form
one conical bone : this takes place later in
women than in men. It forms, with the sa-
crum, the lowest part of the pelvis. It has no
foramina, and no communication with the spi-
COD
iial canal, but points forward to support the
lower part of the rectum : thus it contracts the
lower opening of the pelvis, so as to support ef-
fectually the rectum, bladder, and womb, and
yet continues so movable in women as to re-
cede in time of labor, allowing the head of the
child to pass.
Cochenillin. Carminium. The coloring
principle of cochineal. See Coccus cacti.
Co'chia. (KonKia; from kokkoc, a berry.)
Coccia. An ancient name of some officinal
pills. The pill of cochia of the present day is
the compound colocynth pill.
Cochineal. See Coccus- cacti.
Cochinella Germanica. See Coccus Polo-
nica.
CO'CHLEA. {Cochlea, a snail's shell.) A
cavity of the internal ear, so called from its
.shape. See Auris.
Cochlea terrestris. See Limax.
COCHLE'ARE. {arc, is, n.) A spoon; a
spoonful. — C. amplum, or magnum, is a table-
spoon, calculated to hold half a fluid ounce ; C.
medium is a dessert or pap spoon, supposed to
hold two tea -spoonfuls; and C. minimum, a
tea-spoon, which holds about one fluid drachm.
COCHLEA'RIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. Crucifc-
ree. — C. armoracia. Armoracia. (U. S.) The
horseradish. The root is very stimulant in
spirit and infusion. It is diuretic and antiscor-
butic. Externally applied, the fresh root is ru-
befacient, — C. coronopus, wild scurvy-grass,
. is similar to the next. — C. officinalis. C. hor-
tensis. The lemon scurvy-grass. Its expressed
juice has been held in great estimation as an
antiscorbutic. It is used sometimes as a salad.
Cochlea'riform. Cochleariformis. Shaped
like a spoon; as the processus cochleariformis
of the temporal bone.
COCHLEA'TUS. Cochleate. Spiral, like
the winding of a shell.
Cocinic acid. The fat acid of the cocoa-nut.
It is obtained by saponification, and is snow-
white, crystalline, fusible at 95°, and volatile.
Form., C.27H2 6 03,HO. The cocinatc of oxide
W' ethyl has the odor of apples.
Cockle. Cardium edule.
Cocoa. Theobroma cacao.
CO'COS. A genus of palms. — C- butyra'cea-
The plant which affords the palm oil. — C. mat-
di'vicus. Coccus de Maldiva. Nux medica.
Maldiva nut. Formerly considered alexiphar-
mic. — C. nuci'fera. The cocoa-nut palm.
CO'CTION. (Coctio, onis, f. ; from coquo, to
boil.) Concoction. 1. Digestion. See Diges-
tion. 2. A boiling or decoction. 3. In humor-
al pathology, maturation.
Cod. Gadus morhua. — Cod oil. Codfish
oil. C. liver oil. See Oltum jecoris aselli.
Codaga-pala. Nerium antidysentericum.
C O'D E I A. Codeine. A white crystalline
6olid, slightly soluble in water, and soluble in
ether; extracted from opium. Formula, C35
H20NO5; anhydrous. For the method of* ob-
taining it, see Morphia. It is an alkaloid. Its
medical effects are not well understood, since
it is said to produce great itching, to produce
intoxication, to allay pain, to produce stupor;
It is much less active than morphia.
COF
Codex medicamentarius. A pharmacopoeia
or formulary.
Co'dia. A poppy head.
Codoce'le. A bubo.
Cosca'lis. (From caecum, the blind gut.)
Ccecal : of, or belonging to, the coecum.
CGE'CUM. (From cascus, blind.) The blind
gut. See Intestines.
CCEi'LELMrNTHA. (From kolXoc, hollow,
and eTijjLivg, a worm.) The name of a class of
entozoa, including part of the cavitary intesti-
nal worms of Cuvier, or those which are char-
acterized by having an alimentary canal con-
tained in a distinct abdominal cavity.
CCE'LIA. (Kot/Ua, or noikin; from noihoc,
hollow.) A cavity in any part of the body, es-
pecially in the lower belly.
Cos liac. Celiacus. Appertaining to the
belly.
Cos liac artery. Arteria celiaca. The first
branch given off from the aorta in the cavity of
the abdomen. It arises from the aorta imme-
diately after the emergence of the latter from
between the crura of the diaphragm, or nearly
opposite the eleventh dorsal vertebra. The
cceliac artery is a very thick, short trunk, and
rims little more than an inch and a half before
it divides into the great branches, viz., the he-
patic, the coronaria ventricnli, and the splenic.
CffiUAC passion. Casliac flux. Passio cm-
liaca. This term has been variously under
stood by different writers. Sauvages says it is a
chronic flux, in which the aliment is discharged
half digested. Dr. Cullen considers it as a spe-
cies of diarrhoea, under the name of diarrheca
cosliaca. See Diarrhosa.
CffiUAC plexus. The solar plexus.
COZLI'ACA. The first class of diseases in
Dr. Good's Nosology, embracing diseases of the
digestive organs. »
Cceliaca chylosa. C. lactea. A name of
the cceliac passion.
CCELI'ACA URINA'LIS. The name given
by some writers to a disease in which the urino
is turbid, and appears milky.
Ccsliacus fluxus. C.morbus. The cceliac
passion.
CCELIO-. Casio-. (From kolKoc, hollow.) A
prefix of many words ; as, Casliocele, hernia. —
Casliodiarrhosa, diarrhoea. — Coslostomia, a hol-
low voice.
COELO'MA. A large, round, and not very
deep ulcer in the cornea of the eye.
CCENjESTHE'SIS. The common percep
tion or general sensibility of the whole body.
CffiNOBio. A fruit of two or more carpels,
united at the base and separate at the apex,
from which a single style arises.
CCENURUS. The hydatid which dwells in
the head of sheep, producing the staggers.
Cceruleus lapis. The sulphate of. copper.
See Cupri sulphas.
CO'FFEA. {a, a, f;) 1. Coffee. 2. A ge-
nus of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. Ru-
biaceee. — C. Arabica. The plant which yields
coffee. The coffee is the seed of this tree.
The beverage is stimulating, and, when habitu-
ally taken too strong, it produces bad effects,
in impairing the digestion, and inducing nervous
irritability. It possesses nervine and astringent
173
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qualities, and may be drunk with advantage at
all times, except when there is a redundance
of bile. It is said to be a partial antidote
against an over dose of opium, and to relieve
obstinate spasmodic asthmas. Its active prin-
ciples are caffcin, and a volatile oil generated
in roasting. Coffee, in those unaccustomed to
its use, is often binding or astringent, but to
those in good health, rather stimulating, indu-
cing a natural evacuation. It is also tonic,
stimulant, and antisoporific.
COHABITATION. Writers on legal medi-
cine use this word in the sense of copulation, or
coition.
COHE'SION. ( Cohcnsio, onis ; from con, and
karco, to stick together. ) That power by which
the particles of bodies are held, together.
Cohobation. Redistillation of a fluid on the
same ingredients.
Cohosh. The Indian name of Cimicifuga,
&c. See Aetata Americana.
Coi'uma. (From Koikia, the bowels.) A
sudden swelling of the belly from flatulence. —
Turton.
COI'NDICANT. (From con, and indico, to
indicate.) Coindicans. A symptom is called
coindicant when it is accompanied by others
indicating the same thing.
CO'ITUS. Coition. The conjunction of the
male and female.
Coitus humoius means a conflux of fluids, or
gathering of humors.
Colarado. Dengue.
Colato'ria la'ctea. Certain vesiculo-vas-
cular bodies in the internal tunic of the uterus
described by Astruc. He says they were for-
merly considered as glands.
COLATO'RIUM. 1. A strainer of any kind.
2. Formerly used for an issue, ulcer, &c, from
which morbid matters were discharged.
COLATU'RA. (a, a, f. ; from colo, to strain.)
A filtered or strained liquor.
Colchester. It has a purging mineral wa-
ter, Aqua Colcestrencis.
Colchicia. Colchicine. The alkaloid of
colchicum, which see.
CO'LCHICUM. («m, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Hcxandria. Trigynia. Mclantliacea.
— C. autumnale. The meadow-saffron. Col-
chicum. A bulbous plant common in wet
meadows in Europe. Its leaves and seed-ves-
sels appear above ground in spring, and the
flower, which is pink and liliaceous, in August.
The bulbs which have not flowered are collect-
ed for medicinal use from June to August; if
older, they lose their properties. The seeds
are ripe in June and July. The bulb ( Colchici
radix. C. cormus. C. bulbus), when matm'e,
on being cut transversely, yields a milky-look-
ing acrid juice, which produces a beautiful blue
color if rubbed with the alcoholic solution of
guaiacum. To preserve the virtues of the plant,
the bulb, as soon as possible after it is dug up,
6hould be cut into transverse slices, not thicker
than an eighth of an inch, and dried by a heat
not exceeding 170° F. The slices should not
appear deeply notched, as this is the mark of
the bulb being too old. The slices should be
preserved in well-stopped bottles. The needs
{colchici semina) are nearly round, in size about
174
COL
an eighth of an inch, and of a reddish-brown
color. Their active properties reside in the
testa; they do not spoil by being kept. The
recent bulb has scarcely any odor ; the taste ia
bitter, hot, and acrid. Its acrimony, according
to Pelletier and Caventou, resides in veratria ;
but Hesse and Geiger assert that it is a different
alkaloid, which they have named colchicia. It
is procured in slender acicular crystals, is in-
odorous, has a bitter, biting taste, but is less
acrid than veratria, from which it differs in be-
ing soluble in water, and forming crystallizable
salts with acids. It is said to be violently poi-
sonous, producing vomiting, diarrhoea, and con-
vulsions. Vinegar and wine are the best men-
strua for extracting the active qualities of the
bulb. A deposit forms in the wine, which Sir
E. Home says is extremely acrid, exciting nau-
sea and griping, and ought to be removed, as
its removal does not alter the virtues of the
medicine. The seeds contain colchicia, and
yield it up to wine, vinegar, and alcohol. Mead-
ow-saffron possesses diuretic, purgative, and
sedative properties. On the European Conti-
nent, it is a favorite remedy in dropsy, particu-
larly hydrothorax, and in humoral asthma, but
is inferior to squill. In gout, rheumatism, and
other diseases of 'excitement, however, its effi-
cacy has been fully ascertained ; and, in allay-
ing the pain of gout, it may be almost said to
possess a specific property. It operates on the
bowels chiefly, producing copious bilious evac-
uations; and, acting on the nerves and heart,
diminishes the action of the arterial system. •
The petals of the flower, and the seed, possess
the same medicinal properties as the bulb. An
over-dose of colchicum operates as a powerful
poison, causing severe diarrhoea, vomiting, fail-
ure of the pulse, and the most dangerous col-
lapse. There is no specific antidote ; the re-
moval of the poison must be effected by vomit--
ing or the stomach-pump, and the heart's action;
sustained by stimulants, of which strong coffee
is said to be very useful. The dose, m sub-
stance, is from grs. iij. to grs. ix. of the dried i
bulb or seeds.
Colchicum bulbocodiodes. C '.byzantituml .
C. variegatum. C. montanum. Plants sup-
posed to yield hermodactyl, a bulbous drug of
little efficacy, as now found, but under which
name the ancients distinguished a medicine, re-
sembling colchicum. As to the supposed source
of this Colchicum Illyricum, no such plant is
known.
Colchicum zeylanicum. See Zedoaria.
Colco'thar. Chalcitis. Colcothar: vitrioli.
The brown-red oxide of iron, which remains
after the distillation of the acid from sulphate
of iron.
COLD. 1. TheUbseuce of heat; a temper
ature below 40° produces the sensation of cold-
ness. 2. The common name for a catarrh, or
an irritation of the conjunctiva pf the eye. In
Pathology, the sensation of coldness, when un-
connected with the atmospheric temperature,
is called algor when it is not severe; horror
when intense, so as to produce chilliness ; and
rigor when attended with shivering. It is a
symptom of the first stage of fevers, inflamma-
tions of the viscera in intermittents, hysteria,
COL
nausea, syncope, and, in general, of disturbed
circulation. In Therapeutics, cold is a most
important agent in diminishing febrile heat, es-
pecially of the head ; in producing contraction
of the vessels in hemorrhages, when applied in
the form of iced water or ice. Coldness of the
air, in a moderate degree, is stimulant and tonic,
and when long continued or severe, sedative.
The cold bath and cold shower bath are among
the best tonics for those of a relaxed habit.
Extremely severe cold produces gangrene and
internal congestions, ending in death ; but the
application of cold by bath, wet cloths, &c,
must be cautiously made, as it may bring on
colics, catarrh, rheumatism, fevers, peritonitis,
or a fit of gout in delicate or diseased persons.
The drinking of much cold or iced water, when
heated, in the summer, is often followed by the
most pernicious effects, and even sudden death:
this results from the action of the cold in dis-
turbing the circulation, and producing cerebral
irritation or congestion. It is to be met by
using stimulants internally, applying cold to
the head, and counter irritation, by sinapisms,
to the feet, &c. ; and if inflammation establishes
itself, bleeding will be necessaiy.
The sudden dashing of cold water (cold af-
fusion) upon the body produces remarkable
effects : it acts as a shock on the nervous sys-
tem in those cases where loss of nervous power
exists, as in syncope, hysteria, some forms of
asphyxia, great weaiiness from over-exertion,
partial narcotism ; it arouses the system, often
restores consciousness, and re-establishes the
functions of particular organs, as the lungs and
heart. On the other hand, in nervous excite-
ment, as in mania, it produces sedative effects,
arrests the paroxysm, allays pain, and produces
sleep. Letting fall a current of cold water on
the head, or along the spine, will sometimes
arouse patients from complete lethargy, or quiet
a paroxysm of mania.
Cold affusion. See Cold.
Cold cream. Melt of white wax, fiv. ; al-
mond oil, Ibj. ; add slowly a pint of rose-water,
stirring till cold.
CO'LEOPHY'LLUM. (From koIeoc, a
sheath, and QvTiAov, a leaf. ) A monocotyledon-
ous structure : the young leaves being evolved
from within a sheath, while those of dicotyle-
dons are always naked.
C%LEO'PTERA. (From Koleoc, a sheath,
and nrepov, a wing.) An order of insects fur-
nished with elytra or sheaths to their wings, as
beetles, &c.
Co'les. Colis. The penis.
Colewort. See Brassica.
COLIC. See Colica. This term has been
singularly abused by writers, and is made to
signify any pain in the abdominal or pelvic vis-
cera. Thus, Colic, menstrual; C, nephritic;
C, calculous; C, hepatic; C, verminous; C,
uterine; C, gastric; C., hemorrhoidal, sever-
ally mean pain in an organ, or proceeding from
a disturbed function.
Colic arteries. See Colica dextra, C. me-
dia, and C. sinistra.
Colic, Devonshire; C.,lead; C, Madrid;
C, metallic; C, nervous; C, painter's; C. of
Poitou; C, plumber's; C, saturnine; C. of
COL
Surinam. The colica pictonum, or endemic
diseases resembling it.
CO'LICA. (a, ee, f. ; from kuAov, colon, the
name of a portion of the intestines.) The colic,
or belly-ache. All severe griping pains in the
abdomen, not primarily dependent on inflam-
mation, are called colic ; but, from the different
causes and circumstances of this disorder, it is
variously denominated, and several species have
been distinguished by nosologists. When its
principal symptoms are sharp and spasmodic
pains, it is called spasmodic colic; and when,
with the pain, there is constipation, and accu-
mulation of fiecal matter, stercoraceous colic ;
when from indigestible food, accidental colic.
When the pain is accompanied with vomiting
of bile, it is called bilious colic ; if flatus causes
the pain, that is, if there be temporary disten-
sion, relieved by the discharge of wind, it takes
the name of flatulent or windy colic ; when ac-
companied with heat and a degree of inflam-
mation, it takes the name of inflammatory colic.
When colic arises to a violent height, and is
attended with obstinate costiveness, and an
evacuation of freces by the mouth, it is called
passio iliaca, or iliac passion.
These varieties are to be treated according
to the prominent symptom. Where it is chief-
ly spasmodic, carminatives, the hot bath, ether,
and opium, with fomentations, are necessary.
Ordinary colics require warm carminative pur-
ges, with calomel, colocynth, and castor oil.
Enemas are of great utility in colic, when there
is much pain in the colon. These should con-
tain of laudanum, f. 3ss . to f. 3J . When the pain
is fixed, hiccough supervenes, there is pain on
pressure, and disturbance of the circulation, an-
tiphlogistic means are necessary.
Colica acuta, inflammatoria, phlogistica, ple-
thorica, are synonymes of enteritis. — C. convul-
siva, pituitosa, idiopathica, syn. of spasmodic
colic; see Colica. — C.crapulosa, accidentalis,
helluonum, indigestion, or accidental colic.
Colica pictonum. C. rachialgia. Plumber's
or Painter's colic. Dry belly-ache. The dis-
ease comes on gradually, with a pain at the pit
of the stomach, extending downward to the in-
testines, accompanied with eructations, slight
sickness at the stomach, thirst, anxiety, obsti-
nate costiveness, and a quick, contracted pulse.
After a short time the pains increase considera-
bly in violence ; the whole region of the belly
is highly painful to the touch ; the muscles of
the abdomen are contracted into hard, irregular
knots or lumps; the intestines themselves ex-
hibit symptoms of violent spasm, insomuch that
a clyster can hardly be injected, from the pow-
erful contraction of the sphincter ani; and there
is constant restlessness, with a frequent vomit-
ing of an acrid or porraceous matter, but more
particularly after taking either food or medicine.
Upon a farther increase of the symptoms, or
their not being quickly alleviated, the spasm*
become more frequent, as well as violent ; the
costiveness proves invincible, and an inflam
mation of the intestines ensues, which soon de
stroys the patient by gangrene.
This disease commonly arises from the action
of white lead, in which case there is often a
blue line to be traced along the margin of the
175
COL
teeth ; but it also arises from the free use of
cider, and is endemic in some hot countries.
The medical treatment is nearly the same
with that of spasmodic colic ; but the narcotics
should always be combined with castor oil,
purgatives, fomentations, and soothing clysters.
After the free evacuation of the bowels, there
is nothing better than oleaginous aperients, in
combination with small doses of opium, if the
pain has not vanished, and assumes a spasmodic
character. If peritoneal inflammation arises,
the lancet and baths must be resorted to. A
very common effect of colic from lead is a sub-
paralytic state of the fingers and hands. This
remains for a long time, but often yields at last
to the internal treatment, and topical stimulants
applicable to local palsy. The disease is very
severe, but not often fatal.
Colica dextra. Arteria colica dextra. A
branch of the superior mesenteric artery, dis-
tributed to the ascending portion of the colon.
There is a corresponding vein called vena colica
dextra.
Colica media. Artcria colica media. A
branch of the superior mesenteric artery which
supplies the transverse arch of the colon.
Colica sinistra. Arteria colica sinistra.
A branch of the inferior mesenteric artery dis-
tributed to the left side and sigmoid flexure of
the colon. The corresponding vein is called
vena colica sinistra.
Co'lice. The colic.
COLI'TIS. Colonitis. Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the colon, or acute dys-
entery.
Colla nsciuM. See Ichthyocolla.
COLLAPSE. Colla'psus. (From collabor,
to shrink down.) An entire prostration of the
vital powers, such as occurs in adynamic fevers,
Asiatic cholera, &c.
Collar bone. Clavicle.
Collateral. Collateralis. Placed by the
side of that which accompanies another object.
Collateralis. The ischio-cavernosus muscle.
Colle'ticus. Agglutinating.
COLLI'CLE. (From colligo, to collect.) The
union of the ducts which convey the tears from
the puncta lachrymalia to the cavity of the nose.
COLLI'CULUS. (Diminutive of collis, a
hill.) A term applied in anatomy to several
email eminences; as, Colliculus nervi ajthmoi-
dalis, the corpus striatum. — C. nervi optici, the
optic thalamus.
Colliga'men. A ligament.
COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS. An indige-
nous perennial, much used in domestic practice
as an emetic, diuretic, &c. It is preferred in
the fresh state. The plant is called horse balm,
rich weed, archangel, heal-all, &c, and is labi-
ate, diandrous, and monogynous.
Colliquame'ntum. The pellucid fluid in
which the first rudiments of the embryo are
formed. — Harvey.
COLLIQUATIVE. {Colliquativus ; from
colliqueo, to melt.) A term applied to any ex-
cessive evacuation, which rapidly wastes the
frame : thus we speak of colliquative perspira-
tion, colliquative diarrhaa, &c.
Colli'sus. Contused. Collisa vulnera are
■contused wounds.
176
COL
Colli'sio. A contusion.
Collodes. Gelatinous.
COLLOID, (From K.oM,a, glue.) The jelly-
like degeneration observed in some malignant
tumors, as colloid cancer.
CO'LLUM. (mot, i, n.) 1. The neck; more
properly, its anterior part, as opposed to cervix
the back part of the neck. 2. The place where
the roots of a plant diverge from the stem.
Collu'tio. A washing; applied especially
to gargling the mouth.
Colluto'rium. A gargarism, or a wash for
the mouth.
Co'llyra. Collyris. A bump or tumor
which rises after a blow.
COLLY'RIUM. {urn, ii, n. ; from kuIvu, to
check, and pea, to flow, because it stops de-
fluxions.) 1. A lotion or wash for the eyes.
2. The more ancient Greek writers used this
term to designate a suppository, and also ap-
plied it to a solid or liquid medicament for the
eyes. The later Greek and Roman writers use
it in the latter sense only.
COLOBO'MA. Ko'A.o6u/ia. 1. A deficiency
of any part of the body. — Galen. 2. The term
has been particularly applied by some modern
authors to congenital fissures of the upper eye-
lids, iris, choroid coat, or retina, as coloboma
iridis.
Coloca'sia. Nympha) nelumbo.
COLOCYNTH. Colocy'nthts. See Cucu-
mis colocynthis. ,
Colocynthin. An amorphous, intensely bit-
ter principle of colocynth. It is non-azotized,
and violently purgative.
Colo'mba. Colombin. Colombo. See Coc-
culus palmatus.
CO'LON. {on, i, n. KwAoc, quasi koiTiov;
from koiKoc, hollow: so named from its capaci-
ty.) The greater portion of the large intestine
is so called. See Intestine.
Colon, torpor of. Want of action hi the
colon, whereby faeces are retained, and, by the
pressure they cause on adjacent organs, lead to
gastric, cardiac, and nervous disorders.
Colonitis. Colorectitis. Acute dysentery.
Colophonium succini. The black, slimy res-
idue of amber after destructive distillation.
COLOPHO'NY. Colopho'nia. Pix Grasca.
Rcsina nigra. 1. The dark-colored resin which
remains in the retort after distilling rough tur-
ve*1
pentine with water. 2. Chemists give* this
name to common resin, C40H30O4, which, indeed,
consists of two resins, the pinic and sylvic acids.
Coloquintida. See Cucumis colocynthis.
COLOR. {Color vel colos, oris, m.) The
primary colors were considered by Sir Isaac-
Newton as seven: red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo, and violet. Wollaston reduces
them to four : red, green, blue, and violet ; and
Brewster to three: red, yellow, and blue.
Colora'tus. Colored.
COLORING MATTERS. The chemical
principles of plants, which possess a high color.
Many are resinous and without nitrogen, as
gamboge, curcumine; others, as indigo, car-
mine, are azotized, containing either ammonia
or amides. Those colors are called substantive
which unite directly with fibres, and those ad-
jective which require a mordant, or basis
•
COL
Colors, accidental. C, complimentary.
C, opposite. C, harmonic. Those colors
which, being mixed with a given tint, in the
proportion existing in the spectrum, make up
white light. If the eye be wearied by ex-
amining an object of a particular color, and
turn from it, any white object will appear, for
a short time, of the complementary color ; this
is called an ocular spectrum. Red colors are
complementary to the shades of gi'een, and the
reverse ; yellows to the purples, and blues to
the orange colors.
COLO'STRUM. (vm,i, n.) 1. A name
given to the first milk secreted in the breasts
after childbirth. It has been a general belief,
and is so at the present time, that this early
milk is purgative, and destined to carry off the
meconium ; an opinion which rests on no suffi-
cient evidence, and is probably erroneous. 2.
An emulsion prepared with turpentine and yolk
of egg.
COLPO-. A prefix; from Kohnoe, the vagi-
na.) As, Colporrhagia, hemorrhage from the
vagina. — Colporrhaphia, suture of the vagina.
— Colposis, Colpitis, inflammation or irritation
of the vagina, as in leucorrhoaa. — Colpostcgno-
tsis, absence or obliteration of the vagina.
Colpocele. A tumor or hernia of the vagina.
Colpopto'sis. A prolapsus, or falling down
uf the vagina.
Colt's-foot. Tussilago farfara.
Co'luber. See Vipcra.
Colubrina dracontium. Arum dracuncu-
lus. — C. Lusitanica. Euphorbia capitata. — C.
mrginiana. Aristolochia serpentaria.
Colubiu'num lignum. Colubrina; radices.
This name has been given to a variety of woods,
supposed, in the countries which produce them,
to be specific against the bite of serpents ; as,
Dracontium pertusum, Rhamnus colubrinus, and
Strychnos colubrina. .
CO'LUM. (n, i, n. ; a filter, or strainer.)
The secretory organs of the living body have
been called cola, or strainers.
COLU'MBA. 1. Colombo. See Calumba.
2. A genus of birds, as the dove, common pig-
eon, &c.
Colu'mbic acid. An oxide of columbium.
Columbine. Aquilegia vulgaris.
Colu'mbium. A r-are metal ; also called tan-
talum.
Colume'lla. A column, or little pillar.
Columella'res dentes. The canine teeth:
so called from their shape. — Varro.
COLU'MNA. (a, <e,f.) A column, or pillar.
Many parts of the body, which in their shape
or office resemble columns, are so named ; as
columna carnem of the heart.
Columns carneje. See Heart.
Columna nasi. The fleshy part of the nose,
which forms the termination of the septum.
Columna oris. The uvula.
Column.e rectje Morgagni. The longitudi-
nal plica? of the rectum.
Columna vertebralis. The vertebral col-
umn. See Vertebra.
COLU'TEA. («, <b, f.) A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosce. — C.
arborescens. The bladder senna, or bastard
senna, the leaves of which are laxative, and
\T
COM
sometimes fraudulently mixed with those of
true senna.
Colutorium. A gargle.
Colza oil. The oil of the colza : it resem-
bles rape oil.
CO'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from ku, for neipai, to
lay down.) A morbid state resembling sound
sleep, produced by compression of the brain
and various other causes. Some authors make
cams the most profound degree of morbid sleep,
and coma a minor ; but the term coma is now
generally used to designate any state of morbid
sleep from which the patient can not be roused,
or not without difficulty.
Co'ma. (a, *ce, f. ; a mane.) In Botany t a
fasciculus of leaves on the top of a stem. The
top of a forest-tree.
Coma aurea. Chiysocoma.
Coma somnolentum. A state of profound and
morbid sleep, when awakened from which the
patient immediately relapses. See Lethargus.
Coma vigil. In this there is delirium, rest-
lessness ; but the eyes are closed. See Agryp-
nocoma.
CO'MATA. An order of the class Neuroses
of Cullen's Nosology, embracing diseases that
are characterized by a diminution of the pow-
ers of voluntary motion, with sleep, and torpor
of the senses.
Co'matose. Comatosus. Affected with coma.
COMBINATION, CHEMICAL. The union
of atoms to form new compounds. See Chem-
ical affinity, and Equivalent.
Combining proportions. Equivalents.
Comb-like. See Pectinatus.
COMBUSTIBLE. Susceptible of combus-
tion.
Combustibles. In Chemistry, those ele-
ments which readily unite with oxygen, chlo-
rine, &c, as sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, bo-
ron, hydrogen, the metals, silicon.
COMBUSTION. Combustio. 1. A burn or
scald. 2. Burning. The process of decompo-
sition by fire. In Chemistry, this term former-
ly denoted the union, whether with flame or
silently, of elements with oxygen; but since
the discovery of chlorine, iodine, &c, it has
now a much more extended meaning, for these
are capable of combining with heat and flame
in the same way as oxygen.
Combustion, spontaneous. C. preternatural.
C. human. A term applied to the destruction
of the human body by a process altogether pe-
culiar in its phenomena and products, and
which has been supposed, though in all proba-
bility erroneously, to arise without any extra-
neous cause of ignition. From the imperfect
evidence before us, it appears that there is a
morbid state of the body in which it becomes
readily combustible by fire or electricity, and
that this may occur to habitual drunkards.
The body is said to be almost entirely destroy-
ed except the limbs, and to leave a greasy ash.
Spontaneous combustion has been named
Catacausis by Dr. Young ; and Dr. Good has
added a specific name referring to its cause,
and calling the disease, or, rather, catastrophe,
Catacausis ebriosa.
Combustion, supporters of. In Chemistry,
the elements in which the combustible bodies
17?
COM
are changed. The principal of these are oxy-
gen, chlorine, iodine, bromine, fluorine ; but
there is nothing gained by this division, for sul-
phur and phosphorus are, as respects the metals,
supporters of combustion.
Combustion tube. The Bohemian, or hard
glass tube, used to burn organic substances with
oxide of copper.
Comenic acid. A product of the decompo-
sition of meconic acid by heat. It is of a pale
yellow, crystalline, and sparingly soluble. For-
mula, Ci 2 H 2 8 ,2HO.
Comfrey. Symphytum officinale.
Comitia'lis morbus. Epilepsy.
Comitiss.e pulvis. 1. Powdered cinchona.
2. An old alexipharmic medicine was called
Pulvis comitissm de Cantia, or Pulvis Cantia-
nus. See Canlianus pulvis.
Commander's balsam. Tinctura benzoini
composite.
Commanduca'tio. (From commanduco, to
eat.) The act of mastication, or chewing.
' Comma'nsum. A masticatory.
Commeli'nej;. A natural family of plants,
of which the genus Commelina is the type.
COMMINUTED. {Comminutus, from com-
minuo, to break down.) Broken into pieces:
applied to fractures.
COMMISSU'RA. Commissure. (Fromcow-
mitto, to join together.) A juncture, or point
of union. Applied, in Anatomy, to the corners
of the lips, where they meet together ; and also
to certain parts of the brain, where its fibres
cross, and join one hemisphere to the other.
The junction of the optic nerves is also called
their commissure.
Commissura anterior cerebri. The ante-
rior commissure of the brain. See Encephalos.
Commissura magna cerebri. The corpus
eallosum of the brain.
Commissura mollis. The gray mass which
unites the thalami of the brain.
Commissura posterior cerebri. The pos-
terior commissure of the brain.
Common salt. Chloride of sodium.
Commotion. Commotio. Synonymous with
concussion.
C M MU'N IC A N S. (From communico, to
communicate.) A term applied by Bellini to
intermittent fevers, wherein the paroxysms
succeed each other so rapidly that one has no
sooner ceased than another commences.
Communicans arteria. Communicating ar-
tery of Willis. The branch by which the pos-
terior cerebral artery is connected on each of
the bases of the brain with the internal carotid
is called the arteria communicans. The short
transverse branch which connects the two an-
terior cerebral arteries is sometimes called ar-
teria communicans anterior.
Communicans tible. The external saphena
branch of the tibial nerve.
Comose. Ending in a tuft or brush.
Compages. Articulation.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. The anato-
my of all organized bodies, whether animal or
vegetable, compared with a view to illustrate
the general principles of organization. Com-
parative anatomy is the only true basis of physi-
ology.
178
COM
Completio. Plethora.
COMPLEXION. In common language, this
term is applied merely to the color of the face ;
but it is used by some writers to signify all the
external and sensible peculiarities of an indi-
vidual.
COMPLE'XUS. (From complector, to em-
brace.) Complexus scu biventer ccrvicis of Al-
bums. A muscle situated on each side of the
back part of the neck. When one of the mus-
cles only acts, it draws the head backward and
to one side ; when both act, they draw the
head directly backward. It arises from the
transverse processes of the seven superior ver-
tebrae of the back, and four inferior of the neck,
by as many distinct tendinous origins ; in its as-
cent, it receives a fleshy slip from the spinous
process of the first vertebra of the back ; from
these different origins it runs upward, and is
everywhere intermixed with tendinous fibres.
It is inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the in-
ferior edge of the protuberance in the middle
of the os occipitis, and into a part of the curved
line that runs forward from that protuberance.
It draws the head backward.
Complexus minor. See Trachelo-masioideus.
COMPLICATION. In medical language,
any disease or anomalous symptoms which are
coexistent with, and modify another disease,
without being inseparable from it, is called a
complication.
COMPO'SPTvE. The largest of all natural
groups of plants, and so called because the old
botanists who invented the name regarded the
flower-heads as compound flowers. They an
swered to the Syngenesia polygamia of Linnse
us, and are positively characterized by having
capitate flowers, syngenesious anthers, and an
inferior ovaiy with a single erect ovule, and are
sometimes trees, although more generally her
baceous plants or shrubs. Although medical
species, the chamomile, wormwood, southern-
wood, elecampane, and opium lettuce are con
spicuous, the order contains many esculents, as
the artichoke, the Jerusalem artichoke, the let
tuce, succory, and endive.
COMPO'SITUS. Compound. Applied to
that which is made up of two or more different
things. It stands opposed to simple.
Compotes. Preserved fruits.
COMPOUND RADICALS. Those compound
bodies, as cyanogen, ethyl, &c., which have the
capacity of uniting with elements to form more
compound bodies. These are themselves of
stable composition, and act much in the way
of elements.
COMPRESS. ( Compressa, a, f. ; from com-
primo, to press together.) Soft linen, lint, or
other substances, folded together into a sort of
pad, for the purpose of being placed over parts
which require pressure.
Compressibility. The capacity of occupy-
ing less space when subjected to pressure. The
existence of this property leads natural philoso-
phers to the conclusion that the atoms of matter
are not in absolute proximity, but that, in ev-
ery case where compressibility exists, there is
the capacity of bringing them closer. When
reaction follows pressure, the substance is said
to be elastic.
C ON
COMPRESSION. ( Comprcssio, onis, f. ;
from comprimo, to press together. ) A diseased
state of the body, or of a part, the effect of
something pressing upon it. Compression of
the brain gives rise to symptoms which it is of
great importance to distinguish from those of
concussion and other morbid states. See Con-
cussion, Apoplexy, and Encephalitis.
Compression. In Surgery, the application
of pressure by means of rollers, the tourniquet,
laced stocking, compresses, &c. It is direct or
immediate when made to an artery or wound to
stop hemorrhage, or to smffll aneurisms to dimin-
ish the flow of blood. It is mediate when applied
to a limb or the integuments for the purpose
of sustaining the parts and favoring contraction,
as in varicose veins, anasarca, certain indolent
ulcers, a relaxed state of parts ; in tapping ; af-
ter parturition. If the pressure be considerable,
the absorbent system is stimulated into action,
and tumors frequently disappear and ulcers
heal which are of long standing. In the latter
cases the pressure must be made with judg-
ment, for, if too severe, the limb becomes ema-
ciated, the circulation is impeded, and blood
will accumulate in the parts below the press-
ure. Hence the roller must be applied first to
the lowest parts, and brought up uniformly; and
attention must be paid to the state of the limb
by frequent examination.
COMPRE'SSOR. (From comprimo, to press
together.) A name given to those muscles
which press together the parts on which they
act ; also to a surgical instrument.
Compressor of Dupuytren. An instrument
invented by M. Dupuytren for compressing the
femoral artery. It consists of a semicircle of
steel, having a pad at each end, and which,
pressing only upon the vessel and the opposite
point ot the thigh, has the advantage of not im-
peding the collateral circulation, like the com-
mon tourniquet.
Compressor naris. Dilatorcs alarum nasi
of Cowper. A muscle of the nose, that com-
presses the alae toward the septum nasi. It
arises, by a narrow beginning, from the root of
the ala nasi externally, and spreads into a num-
ber of thin, separate fibres, which run up along
the cartilage in an oblique manner toward the
dorsum of the nose, where it joins with its fel-
low, and is inserted into the narrow extremity
of the os nasi, and nasal process of the superior
maxillary bone.
Compressor of Nuck. Constrictor of Nuck.
An instrument invented by Nuck for compress-
ing the urethra in cases of incontinence of urine.
Compressor tro'stat^e. The anterior fibres
of the levator ani, which embrace the prostate
gland, are thus named by Albinus.
Compressor urethra. See Levator ani.
Compressus. Compressed; flattened later-
ally.
COMPTO'NIA. A genus of plants. Mona-
cia. Triandria. It contains only one species,
C. asplenifolia, which is indigenous. Its leaves
are used as an astringent against diarrhoea.
Cona'rium. The pineal gland.
Concau'sa. Concaussa. (From eon, with,
and causa, a cause.) A cause which co-oper-
ates with another in the production of a disease.
CON
Co'ncavus. Concave; depressed in the
middle.
CONCENTRATION. ( Concentrate, onis,
f. ; from con, and centrum, a center.) The vol-
atilization of part of the water of fluids, in order
to increase their strength. The matter to bo
concentrated, therefore, must be of greater fix-
ity than water. This operation is performed
on some acids, particularly the sulphuric; also
on solutions of alkalies and neutral salts.
Conce'ntric. Concentricus. Consisting of
many layers one within the other, and arranged
circularly.
Concepta'cles. The vessels which contain
the reproductive corpuscles of cryptogamic
plants.
CONCEPTA'CULUM. (Latin, a receiver.)
A term in Botany, denoting a one-valved fruit,
opening longitudinally on one side, and distinct
from the seeds. It is a folliculus without any
attachment between the placenta and the ven-
tral suture, as in asclepias.
CoNCErTAcuLUM. A vessel : the uterus. *
CONCEPTION. (Conceplio, onis, f.; from
concipio, to conceive.) Conceptus. The im-
pregnation of the ovulum in the female ovarium
by the semen. See Generation.
Conception, false. A conception where
the ovum is blighted, and becomes a mole, hy-
datids, &c.
Conce'ptus. The first rudiments of the foe-
tus have been so called by some writers. Oth-
ers apply the term to the act of conception.
CO'NCHA. 1. A bivalve shell. 2. Applied
in anatomy and natural histoiy to various ob-
jects from their shape.
Concha auris. Concha auricula:. The hol-
low part of the cartilage of the outer ear. See
Auris.
ConchjE narium. The turbinated portion
of the ethmoid bone, and the inferior spongy
bones of the nose, which are covered by the
Schneiderian membrane, have been so termed.
Conchifera. Mollusca furnished with shells.
Concho-helix. A small fasciculus of muscu-
lar fibres found between the concha and helix
of the ear.
Conchoi'des. Conchoid: shell-like.
CO'NCHUS. (us, i, m. ; from Koyxn, a shell.)
1. The cranium. 2. The cavity of the eye.
Concide'ntia. (From concido, to fall down.)
Synonymous with collapse.
CONCO'CTION. ( Concoctio, onis, f ; from
concoquo, to digest.) Digestion. 1. The altera-
tion which the food undergoes in the primas
vies. 2. That operation of nature upon morbid
matter which renders it fit to be separated from
the healthy fluids.
Concomitant. Accompanying. A concomi-
tant symptom is that which is associated with
another, or a group of symptoms.
CONCRE'TION. Concrementum. (Goncre^
tio; from concresco, to grow together.) 1. The
growing together of parts which, in a natural'
state, are separate ; as the fingers and toes. 2.
The condensation of any fluid or other substance
to a more solid consistence : hence bilious and
urinary concretions.
Concretion, biliary. See Calculus, biliary.
Concretion, intestinal. See Enteroliths*-
179
CON
Concretion, urinary. See Calculus.
Concubitus. Coition.
CONCU'SSION. (Concussio, onis, f. ; from
concutio, to shake. ) A shock, blow, or jolt, com-
municated to an organ either directly or indi-
rectly. In cases of simple concussion, the in-
sensibility is not so great as where compression
exists, the pupils are more contracted, the mus-
cles less relaxed, little or no stertor attends, but
the pulse is very intermitting, and in slight ca-
ses there is often considerable sickness.
Concussion of the brain. The stunning,
more or less severe, which results from blows
acting directly or indirectly on the brain. In
severe cases, the loss of sensation may exist for
many hours, and is attended by partial reaction,
which increases, if treatment be not employed,
to inflammation of the brain. In the first stage
little can be done; as consciousness returns,
bleeding may be employed; and should the
febrile symptoms increase, cold to the head,
purgatives, and counter irritation are to be em-
ployed. The prognosis is often unfavorable,
from the occurrence of extravasation, which
may tako, place during convalescence. This is
marked by the return of torpor, with stertorous
breathing, &c.
Condensa'ntia. Medicines were so called
which were supposed to possess the power of
thickening the humors of the body.
CONDENSA'TION. (Condensatio, onis;
from condenso, to make thick.) The approxi-
mation of the particles of which a substance is
composed, so that a given weight of it occupies
less space than before. In Anatomy and Pa-
thology, this term is applied to the texture of
parts when it is denser or more solid than is
usual hi other parts: thus we speak of conden-
sation of the cellular membrane, of the paren-
chyma of a viscus, &c. In Chemistry, conden-
sation means the subjection of aeriform bodies
to pressure, or the conversion of vapors by cold
into fluids. The vessels in which these pro-
cesses are carried on are called condensers.
CONDIMENT. Condime'ntum. {urn, i, n. ;
from condio, to season.) A spice, pickle, or
other material used to season articles of food.
Conditu'ra. (a, #, f.) 1. The same as con-
dimentum. 2. The embalming of a dead body.
CONDU'CTOR. (or, oris, m. ; from condu-
co, to lead or guide.) 1. In Surgery, an in-
strument, the use of which is to direct the knife
in certain operations. It is more commonly
called a director. 2. In Electricity, a body
which has the property of transmitting the
electric energy, as opposed to a non-conductor,
or body which has not that property.
Conduplica'tus. Folded or doubled to-
gether.
^ CO'NDYLE. (Condylus. KovdvXoc, the
joint of a finger, a tubercle or knot.) A pro-
cess of a bone in the shape of a flattened head
or eminence, chiefly articular.
Condtli digitorum manus, The phalanges.
Condyloid foramina. See Occipital bone.
Condyloid process. A condyle.
CONDYLO'MA. (a, atis, n. KovdvXupa;
from kovSvXoc, a tubercle or knot.) A soft,
wart-like excrescence, that appears about the
anus and pudenda. There are several species
180
CON
of condylomata, .which have received names
from their appearance; aaficus, crista;, thymus,
from their resemblance to a fig, &c.
CONDY'LOPEDS. Condylopoda. (From
Kovdvhoe, and irovc, a foot.) A name applied
by Latreille to that subdivision of encephfdous
articulate animals which have jointed feet. It
includes the myriapods, insects, arachnidaus,
and crustaceans.
Cone. Strobilus.
Co'neine. Conia.
Conei'on. Conium.
Cone'ssi cortex. See Nerium antidysen-
CONFE'CTIO. (onis, f . ; from conficio, to
make up.) A confection. In general, it means
any thing made up with sugar.
Confectio alkermes. See Alkermes.
CONFECTIO AMYGDALAE. (U. S.) C. amyg
daldrum. (Ph. L. et D.) Confection of al-
monds. Take of sweet almonds, fj. ; acacia
gum, powdered, jj. ; refined sugar, §ss. Blanch
the almonds, and mix. Demulcent; used to
form the mixture of almonds.
Confectio archigenis. See Aristarchi an-
tidotus paulina.
Confectio aromatica. (U. S.) Take of
pulvis aromaticus, Jj. ; syrup of orange peel, f.
5ij. Mix. It is stimulant, cararinative, and
astringent. Dose, gr. x. to 3J.
Confectio aurantii corticis. (U. S.) Con-
fectio aurantiorum. (Ph. L.) Confection of
orange peel. Take of fresh external rind of
oranges, separated by rasping, a pound ; refined
sugar, three pounds. Mix. A tonic and stom-
achic confection. Dose, 31J. or more. Com-
monly used as a vehicle.
Confectio cardiaca. See Confectio aro-
matica.
Confectio cassia. (Ph. L.) C. cassus
fistula;. Confection of cassia. Take of fresh
cassia pulp, Ibss. ; manna, fij. ; tamarind pulp,
fj.; syrup of roses, Oss. Bruise the manna;
melt it in the syrup by a water-bath ; then mix
in the pulps, and evaporate down to a proper
consistence. A mild aperient for the feeble
and for children. Dose, jij. to j£j.
Confectio damocratis. Mithridatium.
Confectio de santalis. An old astringent
confection, made with sandal wood, red coral,
bole, &c.
Confectio de Thurk. A French confection
of aromatic seeds with frankincense.
Confectio Fracastorii. See Dioscordium.
Confectio hamec. A confection made of
the bark of yellow myrobalan, violets, poly-
pody of the oak, absinthium, rhubarb, diagri-
dium, canella, ginger, and other ingredients,
made up with honey.
Confectio hyacinthi. Hyacinth confection.
The Electuairc de safran used in France was
formerly made with the addition of hyacinth^
and took its name from that ingredient.
Confectio japonica. Electuarium catechu
compositum.
Confectio opii. (U. S.) Confectio opiata.
Confection of opium. Take of opium, powder-
ed, 3vj.; pulvis aromaticus, fvj. ; tragacantb,
powdered, 31J.; syrup, a pint. Rub together
the opium and the syrup, previously heated;
CON
then add the other articles, reduced to powder,
and mix. It is narcotic and stimulant, and
given in atonic gout, flatulent colic, diarrhoea
unattended with inflammatory symptoms, and
other cases. The dose is from grs. x. to 3SS.
It contains one grain of opium in thirty-six of
the confection. U. S. Ph. of 1832.
CONFECTIO PIPERIS NIGRI. (Ph. L. & E-)
Confection of black pepper. Take of black
pepper, elecampane, of each Ibj . ; fennel seeds,
tbiij.; honey, refined sugar, of each tbij. Hub
the dry ingredients together so as to reduce
them to a very fine powder; then, having add-
ed the honey, rub them again so that the whole
may incorporate. This confection is given in-
ternally in a relaxed condition of the extremity
of the rectum, producing partial prolapsus, and
in piles occasioned by debility. Dose, 3J. to 31J.
Confectio Raleiohana. See Confectio aro-
matica.
Confectio rosje canine. (Ph. L.) Con-
serve of hips. Confection of dog-rose. Take
of dog-rose pulp, fly. ; refined sugar, powdered,
^xx. Expose the pulp in a water-bath to a
gentle heat ; then add the sugar gradually, and
rub them together until they are thoroughly in-
corporated. Used as a vehicle for cough med-
icines, &c.
CONFECTIO ROS.JE GALLICJE. (Ph. L.) Con-
Jectio rota. (U. S.') Conserve of red rose.
Take of the petals of the red rose, before it is
expanded, ibj. ; refined sugar, Ibiij. Bruise the
petals, and incorporate the sugar. This is" a
gentle astringent, and commonly used as a ve-
hicle in the preparation of pills.
Confectio rutje. (Ph. L.) Confection of
rue. Take of dried rue leaves, caraway seeds,
bay berries, of each ^iss. ; sagapenum, Jss. ;
black pepper, 3ij. ; clarified honey, fxvi. This
is an antispasmodic preparation, but its use is
confined to clysters, 3ss. to 3J. being mixed with
mucilage of starch.
Confectio scammonii. (U. S.) Confectio
scammoncce. (Ph. L.) Confection of scammo-
ny. Take of scammony powdered, ginger
powdered, of each fj.; oil of cloves, 111 xx. ;
syrup of orange peel, as much as may be suffi-
cient. Rub the dry articles together, then add
the syrup, and, lastly, the oil. This is a stim-
ulating cathartic, and removes worms. Dose,
from 588. to 3j. U. S. Ph. of 1832.
Confectio sennje. (Ph. L. & U. S.) Con-
fection of senna. Take of senna leaves, fviij. ;
figs, fly. ; tamarind pulp, pulp of prunes, cassia
pulp, of each Tbss. ; coriander seeds, f iv. ; liq-
norice root, f iij. ; refined sugar, flriiss. ; water,
Oiv. Powder the senna leaves with the cori-
ander seeds, and separate, by sifting, ten oun-
ces of the mixed powder. Boil down the water
with the figs and liquorice root to half, then
press out the liquor and strain it. Evaporate
the liquor in a water-bath until a pint and a
half only remains ; then add the sugar, to make
syrup. Lastly, mix the pulps gradually with
the syrup, and, having added the sifted pow-
der, mix the whole together. This is a mild
and elegant aperient, especially in piles and for
pregnant women. Dose, 3ss. to jss.
Confertiis. Clustered.
CONFE'RVA. (a, a, f. ) The tribe of cryp-
CON
togamic plants, comprehending the jointed alga
or water weeds. The conferva) are chiefly
fresh-water plants, but many are marine. They
are composed of capillary, jointed tubes. — C.
dichotoma. C. helminthocortos. See Fucus
helminthocorton. — C.rivalis. Crow silk. Hairy
river weed. Of a green color; said to be anti-
spasmodic. — C. rupestris. Fucus helmintho-
corton.
Confirma'ntia. Roborantia. Tonics.
CO'NFLUENT. Confluens. Running to-
gether. In Pathology, applied to eruptions
which are so thickly developed as to appear to
run together, especially that of small-pox.
Confluent small-pox. See Variola.
Conflu'xio. That consent or sympathy of
the different parts of the living frame by which
the actions of life are sustained.
CONFORMATION. Conformatio. The
natural disposition of parts of any structure or
body.
Conforta'ntia. Confortati'va. Cordials.
Confu'sje febres. A name given by Bellini
tojirregular agues.
Confu'sio. (From confundo, to mix togeth-
er.) A disorder of the eyes, proceeding from
a rupture of the membranes which include the
humors, by which means they are all confound-
ed together. — Galen.
CONGELA'TION. ( Congclalio, onis, f. ;
from congclo, to freeze.) i. In Chemistry, the
conversion of a liquid body into a solid. 2. In
Physiology, it is sometimes used synonymously
with coagulation. 3. In Pathology, it was for-
merly employed to designate those diseases
which are attended with stupor and numbness,
as catalepsy, paralysis, &c.
Congelati'va. The same as conglutinantia.
Congela'tus. Congclaticus. A person af-
flicted with ecstasy or catalepsy was formerly
so called.
CO'NGENER. (cr, eris, adj. ; from con, and
genus, kind.) Applied, 1. In Natural History,
to genera nearly allied, or to species of the
same genus. 2. In Anatomy, to muscles which
concur in the same action.
Congenita notje. Narvus.
CONGE'NITAL. Congenitus. Applied to
that which pertains to an individual from his
birth: thus, a congenital disease is one which
existed at birth; a congenital deformity, a de-
formity which existed at birth.
CONGESTION. (Congestio, onis, f.; from
congero, to amass.) A preternatural accumu-
lation of blood, bile, or other fluids in their
proper vessels: thus we say a congestion of
blood in the vessels when they are over-dis-
tended, and the motion of the blood is slow ; a
congestion of bile in the biliary ducts, &c. Ve-
nous congestion is the accumulation of blood in
an organ from loss of power in the circulation.
It is often attended with collapse.
Congestion, cerebral. The simple variety
of apoplexy, where the vessels are full, but do
not effuse their contents. There is perfect co-
ma, &c.
Congestive diseases. Diseases arising from
congestion.
Congestive fev,er. See Fcbris.
Congia'rius. The same as Congius.
181
CON
Co'ngius. Congiarius. (u$,i,m.) An an-
cient measure nearly equal to a gallon. In
modern works it signifies a gallon.
CO'NGLOBATE. (Conglobatus ; from con-
globo, to gather into a ball.) A term applied
to a gland, Glandula conglobata, which is
formed of a contortion of lymphatic vessels,
connected together by cellular structure, having
neither a cavity nor an excretory duct: such
are the mesenteric, inguinal, axillary glands.
CONGLOMERATE. {Conglomerates} from
conglomcro, to heap upon.) 1. In Anatomy,
applied to a gland, Glandula conglomcrata,
which consists of a number of smaller glomer-
ate glands, the excretory ducts of which all
unite into one common duct, as the salivary
glands, the pancreas, &c.
Congluti'na'ntia. The same as agglntinan-
tia.
Congrega'tje OLa'ndULJE. Glands which
are clustered together, but each distinct from
the rest, and having its own duct: the term is
especially applied to the glands which are
formed in clusters on the inner surface of the
intestines.
Congress. Congrcssug. Coition.
CONIA. Conine. Conicinc. Conein. An
oily, volatile alkaloid of conium maculatum. It
is obtained by distilling the concentrated infu-
sion with potash. It is very acrid, and has the
smell of tobacco. Its salts are also acrid and
difficultly crystallizable. It is decomposed
with remarkable facility. Formula, CieHieN ?
or C12H14NO. From experiments on small ani-
mals, it appears extremely poisonous, producing
complete paralysis of the voluntary and respira-
tory muscles.
Conia. Kovia. A word used by the Greek
writers to signify, 1. A lixivium. 2. Lime. 3.
Ashes. 4. A wine prepared by fermenting
must on liquid pitch previously washed with
6ea-water. — Dioscoridcs.
Gomes papillje. See Conicus.
Conicine. See Conia.
CO'NICUS. Conical. In Anatomy, applied
to the lenticular papilla; of the tongue. Coniccc
papilla.
CONI'FKRjE . The cone-bearing tribe of di-
cotyledonous plants. It includes the pines, firs,
cedars, larch, &c.
Co'nis. (is, eos, f. ; kovic.) Dust; fine pow-
der; ashes; a nit in the hair; scurf on the head.
CONI'UM. (um, ii, 11. ; kuveiov; koviov.)
1. Hemlock. 2. A genus of plants. Pentan-
dria. Digynia. Umbcllifcrw. — C. maculatum.
The conium and cicuta of the Pharmacopoeias.
Hemlock. Hemlock is indigenous, and may
be distinguished from those plants which bear
wme resemblance to it by the spotted stem.
It is to be collected in flower. The 6eeds are
also marked with fine stria;, and are nearly
spherical. It is a very active poison. In a
moderate dose it is apt to occasion sickness and
vertigo ; in a larger quantity it produces anxie-
ty, cardialgia, vomiting, convulsions, coma, and
death. It is decidedly narcotic, and has great
efficacy in allaying the irritability and improv-
ing the appearance of ill-conditioned sores. In
chronic rheumatisms, some glandular swellings,
and in various fixed and periodical pains, it is
182
CON
also employed. Nor is it less efficacious when
applied externally: a poultice made of meal
and the expressed juice (or a decoction of the
extract, when the other can not be obtained)
allays the pain of ulcerated cancers, and gives
abetter aspect to irritable and unhealthy sores.
The narcotic power resides in conia. The
proper method of administering coniunt inter-
nally is to begin with two or three grains of
the powder or inspissated juice twice or thrice
a day, and gradually to increase the dose. A
slight giddiness and sickness, with a sensation
as if the eyeballs were strained, are the first in-
dications of an over-dose. When any of these
symptoms are experienced, the dose should be
kept stationary for several days, until they have
ceased, and then, after a few days, the dose
may be increased ; for little advantage can be
expected but by a continuance of the greatest
quantity the patient can bear.
Coni vasculosi. The conical convolutions
of the vasa efferentia of the testicle, and which
form the epididymis.
Con.iuga'tus. Conjugate, or yoked.
CONJUNCTIVA. Conjunctiva tunica. Mem-
brana conjunctiva. The mucous membrane
covering the exposed surface of the eyeball and
lining the internal surface of the eyelid.
Conjunctiva, granular. A diseased and
granular condition of the conjunctiva resulting
from purulent ophthalmia.
Conju'nctivis. Inflammation of the conjunc-
tiva. See Ophthalmitis for the species, &c.
CONJU'NCTUS. Conjoined. In Patholo-
gy, conjuncta causa means a proximate cause ;
conjuncla signa mean inseparable or pathogno-
monic symptoms; conjuncti morbi are diseases
which are either coexistent, or consecutive ono
on the other.
Conna'tus. Connate. Congenital.
CONNIVENT. Conni'vens. (From conni-
veo, to wink.) Applied, in Anatomy, to the
folds on the mucous surface of the small intes-
tines, which are called valvules conniventes,
from their converging or approaching one an-
other.
Conoid. Of the figure of a cone.
Conoides coRrus. The pineal gland.
Conquassa'tio. Conquassation. In Phar-
macy, the bruising of recent vegetables, fruits,
the softer parts of animals, &c, with a pestle,
till they are reduced to a soft pulp.
Conse'cutive symptoms. Phenomena occur
ring after a disease, or following it as a conse-
quence.
Consent of parts. Consensus. See Sym-
pathy.
CONSE'RVA. (a, a:, f. ; from conservo, to
keep.) A conserve. A composition of some
recent vegetable and sugar, beat together into
a uniform mass of the consistence of honey ;
as conserve of hips, orange-peel, &c. Conserves
are now called confections. See Confectio.
Conserva absinthii maritimi. Conserve of
wormwood. This was formerly celebrated for
the cure of dropsies. It was given in the dose
of 5ss. before meals.
Conserva ari. See Arum maculatum.
Conserva auranth Hispalensis. C. Jla-
vedinis aurantiorvm. C.f. corticum aurantw-
CON
rum. C. citri aurantii. See Confcctio auran-
tii corticis.
Conserva cynobasti. See Confeclio rosas
canines.
Conserva lu'jul.e. Confection of wood-
sorrel. It is gratefully acid to the taste, and
was formerly used to allay thirst in fevers.
Conserva menth^e. Conserve-ofmint. This
preparation of mint is given occasionally as a
stomachic, in sickness and weakness of the
stomach. See Mentha viridis.
Conserva puuni sylvestris. Conserve of
sloes. Astringent virtues are ascribed to this
medicine, which, however, is now seldom used.
Seo Prunus sylvestris.
Conserva rosje. See Confeclio roscc Gal-
hccc.
Conserva scill.e. Conserve of squill. This
is an uncertain and nausqpus preparation, and
has been for some time expunged from the
Pharmacopoeias.
Conservation. Preservation.
C o n a i s t e ' n t i a. (From cotisisto, to stand
still.) Tho acme of a disease.
C O N S ' L I D A. A name given to many
plants; as, C. aurea. See Solidago virgaurea.
— C. major. See Symphytum. — C. media. See
Ajuga. — C. minor. See Prunella. — C. regalis.
See Delphinium consolidum. — C. saraccnica.
See Solidago virgaurea.
Consolida'ntia. A term formerly applied
to medicines which were supposed to give firm-
ness to parts recently healed.
Consomme. {Consummatum, low Latin.) A
strong broth.
Consounu, MIDDLE. See Ajuga pyramidalis.
Conspersio. Catapasma.
-Consi'iratio. Sympathy.
Constella'tum ungue'ntum. An ointment
composed of the powder of dried earth-worms,
and the fat of the bear or wild boar. It was
formerly used to promote the cicatrization of
wounds, and to cure the toothache.
CONSTIPA'TION. (Constipatio, onis, f . ;
from constipo, to crowd together.) C. alvi.
Obstipatio. Costiveness.
Costiveness and obstipation are sometimes
used synonymously : the former, however, is
generally applied to that state in which the
bowels act, though tardily; and the latter to
that in which there is no alvine evacuation.
Costiveness is not always a disease, for many
people in robust health are not accustomed to
have their bowels emptied oftener than twice
a week. This sluggishness or torpitude of the
bowels may be produced by various causes : for
sometimes the food is not sufficiently stimula-
ting, sometimes there is a deficiency or depraved
condition of the bile, which is a natural stimulus
to tho bowels. In other instances there is a
defect of tone in the muscular fibres of the
bowels themselves, so* that they are not suffi-
ciently affected by natural and healthy stimuli.
The medical treatment of constipation con-
sists in adopting a diet free from all astringents,
using corn or rye bread, and regulating the ex-
ercise. In most cases, laxative articles of diet,
such as stewed fruits, and the frequent use of
gentle laxatives, will be found more effectual
than the stronger cathartics. Where costive-
CON
uess occurs in persons of a plethoric habit, the
moderate use of venesection will often prove
the most effectual laxative. In all cases, emol-
lient and laxative enemata are a useful auxili-
ary, and in many are alone sufficient to restore
the healthy action of the bowels.
In the more aggravated state, or that in which
the disease is called obstipation rather than
costiveness, there is generally sluggishness of
the bowels from defect of tone in their fibres,
and the patients are weakly, and prone to sed-
entary habits : the faeces, therefore, become in-
durated, and form into hard balls, called scybala.
In these obstinate cases, the more powerful ca»
thartics, as the croton oil and elaterium, must
be had recourse to, and conjoined with stimu-
lating clysters. It will be preferable, however,
to try a number of different cathartics in suc-
cession, than to persevere in violent doses of
any one of them; for, owing to peculiarity of
constitution, it sometimes happens that obstipa-
tion which has resisted the most drastic medi-
cines will yield readily to a few grains of aloes,
a moderate quantity of Epsom salts largely di-
luted, or something equally simple. The cause
of the obstipation must, however, be inquired
into and removed before a permanent cure can
bo effected.
Constituens. Constituent. Tho vehicle or
mixture in which active medicines are pre-
scribed.
CONSTITUTION. Cmstitntio. The gen-
eral condition of the body, as evinced by the
peculiarities in the performance of its functions:
such are the peculiar predisposition to certaht
diseases, or liability of particular organs to dis-
ease; the varieties in digestion, in muscular
power and motion, in sleep, in the appetite, &c.
Some marked peculiarities of constitution are
observed to be accompanied with certain exter-
nal characters, such as a particular color and
texturo of the skin and of the hair, and also
with a peculiarity of form and disposition of
mind; ail of which have been observed from
the earliest time, and divided into classes ; and
which received names, during the prevalence
of the humeral pathology, which they still re-
tain. See Temperament.
Constitution of the air, epidemical. . A
certain hypothetical state of the air as regards
moisture, heat, &c, present during epidemics.
Constitutional. Peculiar to the constitu-
tion or diathesis of the individual.
CONSTRICTI'VUS. (From constringo, to
bind together.) Constrictive; styptic.
CONSTRI'CTOR. {or, oris, m.; from cork-
stringo, to bind together.) A name given to a
muscle which contracts any opening ofthe body.
Constrictor aljj nasi. See Depressor lo-
bii supcrioris alwque nasi.
Constrictor ani. Sphincter ani.
Constrictor cunni. Sphincter vagina?.
Constrictor isthmi faucium. Glossostaphi-
linus of Winslow, Douglas, and Cowper. A
muscle situated at the side of the opening of
the fauces, that draws the velum pendulum pa-
lati toward the root of the tongue,^which it
raises at the same time, and, with its fellow,
contracts the passage between the two arches,
by which it shuts the opening of the fauces.
183
CON
Constrictor labiorum. C. oris. Orbicu-
laris oris.
Constrictor (esophagi. Constrictor of the
oesophagus. A circular bundle of fleshy fibres
at the upper part of the gullet.
Constrictor palpebrarum. Orbicularis pal-
pebrarum.
Constrictor pharyngis inferior. A mus-
cle situated on the posterior part of the phar-
ynx. It arises from the side of the thyroid
cartilage, and from the cricoid cartilage, and is
inserted into the white line, where it joins with
its fellow, the superior fibres running obliquely
upward, covering nearly one half of the middle
constrictor, and terminating in a point : the in-
ferior fibres run more transversely, and cover
the beginning of the oesophagus. Its use is to
compress that part of the pharynx which it
covers, and to raise it with the larynx a little
upward.
Constrictor pharyngis medius. A muscle
situated on the posterior part of the pharynx.
It arises from the appendix of the os hyoides,
from the cornu of that bone, and from the liga-
ment which connects it to the thyroid cartilage ;
the fibres of the superior part running oblique-
ly upward, and covering a considerable part of
the superior constrictor, terminate in a point;
and it is inserted into the middle of the cunei-
form process of the os occipitis, before the fora-
men magnum, and joined to its fellow at a white
line in the middle part of the pharynx. This
muscle compresses that part of the pharynx
•which it covers, and draws it and the os hyoi-
des upward.
Constrictor pharyngis superior. Glosso-
pharyngeus. A muscle situated on the posterior
!>art of the pharynx. It arises from the cunei-
brm process of the os occipitis, before the fora-
men magnum, from the pterygoid process of
the sphenoid bone, from the upper and under
jaw, near the last dentes molares, and is also
connected with the buccinator muscle, with the
root of the tongue, and with the palate. It is
inserted in the middle of the pharynx. Its use
is to compress the upper part of the pharynx,
and to draw it forward and upward.
Constrictor vesicae urinaria. See Detru-
sor urinm.
Constrin'gens. Astringent.
C ON S U L T A'T I O N. A meeting of physi-
cians in any case of disease.
Consumma'tum. Any gelatinous broth, or
consomme.
CONSUMPTION. (Consumptio; from con-
sumo, to waste away.) A wasting of the body,
or marasmus, especially by phthisis. See Phthi-
sis, and Tabes dorsalis.
Consu'mtio. Consumption.
Contabesce'ntia. An atrophy, or wasting
of any organ.
CONTAGION. (Contagio, onis, f. ; from
eon, and tango, to touch.) The term contagion
has been used in several acceptations. 1. It
has been employed to signify the communica-
tion of a disease by personal contact with the
sick. 2. Jt has been employed to signify the
communication of a disease, either by personal
contact with the sick, or by an effluvium evolved
from the body of the sick. 3. It has been em-
184
CON
ployed as a generic term, embracing all atmo-
spheric and morbid poisons; all the effluvia,
miasmata, infections, and poisons that cause fe-
vers, of whatever kind; and those poisons which
uniformly excite the diseases which give birth
to them, as the venereal disease, the itch, tinea
capitis, &c. The second of these senses is the
one in which it is now generally employed.
Attempts have been made to distinguish be-
tween contagion and infection, the former being
restricted to the communication of disease by
direct contact, and the latter to that by effluvia
arising from the body of the sick, and commu-
nicated through the medium of the atmosphere;
but this distinction is now properly discarded
by the majority of practical writers, and the
two words are considered as synonymous.
Let it be understood, then, that contagion or
infection means 'the fpmmunication of a disease
by personal contact with the sick, or by means
of an effluvium arising from the body of the sick.
It is well known that some contagious dis-
eases, as typhus, frequently originate in the an
imal body when subjected to the action of cer-
tain external causes, among which the more
obvious are, confinement in crowded and ill-
ventilated places, deficient or unwholesome food,
intemperance, excessive fatigue, long-continued
exposure to cold and moisture, and depressing
passions of the mind. Such diseases are also
occasionally observed to arise sporadically,
without the intervention of the causes above
alluded to, and, to all appearance, independent-
ly of contagion. There is, however, a class of
contagious diseases which have never yet been
proved to arise sporadically, and are generally
believed never to do so : the contagions which
produce these are therefore called specific con
tagions ; such are those of syphilis, measles,
small-pox, cow-pox, hooping-cough, scarlatina,
&c. Whether the majority of pathologists are
in the right in denying the occasional sponta-
neous origin of specific contagions is much too
large a question to be entered upon here ; nor
have we, in truth, sufficient data for its philo
sophical determination. The following are the
best known contagions to which the human
body is subject: 1. The contagion of typhus;
2. hooping-cough; 3. mumps; A. purulent oph
thalmia; 5. small-pox; 6. cow-pox ; 7. measles;
8. scarlet fever ; 9. varicella; 10. erysipelas ;
11. dysentery ; 12. yaws; 13. venereal disease;
14. scald head; 15. itch; 16. hydrophobia; 17.
malignant pustule; 18. glanders; 19. dissection
wounds ; 20. milk sickness.
Among contagious poisons, some exist in the
form of a liquid virus, by the insertion of which
beneath the cuticle of a healthy individual, ot
its simple application to any part where the cu-
ticle is very thin, the disease is communicated;
such are the small-pox and syphilitic poisons:
the matter of other contagions, again, entirely
eludes our senses ; thus the contagion of typhus
is known to us only by its effects.
The poisons of small-pox, chicken-pox, mea-
sles, and hooping-cough produce such a change
in the susceptibility of the system, when once
they have influenced it, as to prevent the recur-
rence of the disease, except in a very small
number of instances, which merely form excep-
CON
CON
tions to a general rale. Other contagions, again,
fortify the system to a considerable degree
against any future infection of the same kind,
but not nearly to the same degree as those
above mentioned ; thus scarlet fever generally
occurs only once in a person's life-time, but still
it often occurs two or three times. Lastly,
many contagions confer no immunity from the
future effects of the same poison ; thus, having
once labored under syphilis is no protection
against a future invasion of that disease.
Further information concerning the peculiari-
ties of the individual morbid poisons will be
found under the heads of the diseases to which
they give rise ; but some diseases, as erysipelas,
catarrh, pneumonia, &c., which are not usually
contagious, become so under peculiar and un-
known conditions.
An important subject connected with conta-
gion is that of fomitcs. It is found that the
effluvia by which contagious diseases are com-
municated are absorbed more or 'less by all
porous bodies, and may, through the medium
of these, be transported to distant places, and
[ireserved in full activity for a length of time.
The substances which thus convey contagion
are called fomites. Wool, hair, cotton, feath-
ers, woolen and cotton cloths, and other simi-
lar substances, most readily imbibe and retain
the contagious miasmata.
Liebig has endeavored to show that most, if
not all, contagious poisons act as ferments; and
being either introduced by inoculation, or by
I ho inspiration of volatile particles into the blood
or system, there establish their action after re-
producing contagion, as yeast is reproduced
wherever there is gluten present in the fer-
mentable matters.
Contagious. Capable of producing conta-
gion, or of producing disease, &c, by contact,
cither mediate or immediate.
Continence. Chastity.
Continent cause. A proximate cause.
CON'TINENS FEBRIS. Continuafebris. A
continued fever, as opposed to a remittent or
intermittent. See Fcbris.
Continued feveh. See Fcbris.
CONTINUITY. A perfect connection. A
wound or fracture is called a solution of con-
tinuity.
Contorted. Conto'rtus. Twisted.
CO'NTRA-APERTU'RA. A counter open-
ing. An opening made to give exit to matter
where one which already exists is insufficient
for that purpose.
Contra capitan. Aristolochia anguicida.
CONTRACTILITY. Contractilitas. That
property of the livingfibre by which it contracts
on the application of a stimulus, whether men-
tal, as the will, or physical. Contractility is
generally said by physiologists to depend on
the organic property of sensibility. On this
subject, M. Broussais remarks: "Sensibility
and contractility have been attributed to the
living fibre ; but if the real meaning of these
two words reduces itself to the affirmation that
the fibre contracts because some cause deter-
mines it to do so, it is clear that the former of
these two properties is necessarily involved in
the latter. In effect, if the sensibility of the
fibre is manifested only by its contractions, to
say that it is sensible is merely to say that it
contracts."
CONTRACTION. ( Contract™, onis, f. ; from
contraho, to draw together.) 1. la. Physiology,
the action arising from excited contractility;
that is, the shortening of a living fibre on the
application of a stimulus. 2. In Pathology, the
shortening of a muscle from some morbid cause.
CONTRACTU'RA. (a, m, f. ; from contraho,
to draw together.) Muscular contraction. Cul-
len has made contractura a genus of disease in
his class Locales and order Dyscincsiw. The
species are,
1. Contractura primaria, from a rigid con-
traction of the muscles ; called, also, obstipitas,
a word that, with any other annexed, distin-
guishes the variety of the contraction. Of this
species he forms four varieties : Contractura ab
injlammationc, when it arises from inflamma-
tion. 2. Contractura a spasmo, called, also,
tonic spasm and cramp, when it depends upon
spasm. 3. Contractura ab antagonistas para-
lit icos, from the antagonist muscles losing their
action. A. Contractura ab acrimonid irritante,
which is induced by some irritating cause.
2. Contractura articularis, originating from a
disease in the joint.
Contractions of muscles may sometimes, in
the early stages, be remedied by stimulating
liniments, the warm bath, mechanical extension,
with attention to the health and cause of dis-
ease. The division of the tendon may be prac-
ticed where it is a simple contraction without
loss of nervous power, &c.
Contra-extensio. Counter extension.
CONTRA-FISSURE. Contrafissu'ra. (From
contra, against, and findo, to cleave.) Contre-
coup. A fracture in a part distant from that in
which the blow is received ; as when the fron-
tal bone is broken by a fall on the occiput, the
bone in the latter region remaining sound.
Counter-fissures are not confined to the crani-
um, but occur also in other bones.
Contrahe'ntia. Medicines which produce
contractions : they include astringents and styp-
CONTRA-INDICATION. (From contra,
against, and indico, to show.) Counter indica-
tion! A symptom which forbids the use of a
remedy which might otherwise be employed :
for instance, it is usual to bleed in inflammation
of the lungs; but if it be accompanied with
highly typhoid symptoms and great sinking of
the vital powers, these form contra-indications
to the use of the lancet.
Contra-stimulant. See Contro-stimulant.
CONTRAYE'RVA. (a, a, f.) This herb
was given as an antidote against poisons. See
Dorstenia. — C. alba. C. Germanorum. Ascle-
pias vincetoxicum. — C. nova. The Mexican
contrayerva. Psoralea pentaphylla. — C. vir-
giniana. Aristolochia serpentaria.
Contre-coup. See Contra-fissure.
Contrexeville, waters of. Department
of Vosges. They contain carbonates of iron
and lime, muriate of lime, and a matter which
appears to be bituminous, and are used in dis-
eases of the urinary organs and cutaneous dis-
eases.
185
CON
CONTRO-STIMUL ANT. A medicine which
reduces the vital force.
CONTRO-STIMULUS. A doctrine " of Ra-
sori, that certain medicines act by reducing the
vital force, as in the case of tartar emetic.
CONTUSION. ( Contnsio, (mis, f. ; from con-
titiido, to knock together.) A braise. A lesion
in which there is usually extravasation of blood,
but which, when very severe, may result in
complete disorganization. Cold applications
and leeches are necessary in simple cases.
Co'nus. A cone. Strobile. The fruit of
pine-trees.
CONVALESCENCE. ( Convalescenlia, m, f. ;
from convalesce/, to get well.) The recovery
of health after the cure of a disease. The pe-
riod of convalescence is that space from the
departure of a disease to the recovery of the
strength lost by it.
CONVALESCENT. Recovering, or return-
ing to a state of health after the cure of a dis-
ease. The word is frequently used as a sub-
stantive.
CONVALLA'RIA. (a, a, I) A genus of
plants. Hexandria. Monogynia. Liliaccte. —
C. majalis. The lily of the valley. May-lily.
A water distilled from the flowers or root is
used in Germany as a nervine. When dried
and powdered they are purgative, in the dose
of 3j. to 3J. — C. polygonatum. The Solomon's
seal. The root has been used externally as an
astringent and application to bruises, and inter-
nally as a corroborant.
Convoluta ossa. See Spongiosa ossa.
Convolu'te. Convolutus. Rolled up, or
folded. Applied to bones, membranes, leaves,
&c.
CONVOLUTION. Convolutio. (From con-
volvo, to roll together.) A substance rolled
upon itself so as to appear folded is said to be
convoluted, as the brain and intestines.
Convolutions of the brain. See Enceph-
alos.
Convolutions of the intestines. See Intes-
tines.
Convolvui.in. A feeble alkaloid discovered
by Marqnart in scammony.
CONVOLVULA'CEjE. The bind-weed tribe
of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous, climb-
ing, and shrubby plants, with leaves alternate ;
flowers regular, monopetalous ; stamens insert-
ed into the base of the corolla; ovarium supe-
rior, 2-4 celled ; seeds albuminous.
CONVO'LVULUS. (us, i, m.) 1. Iliac pas-
sion. 2. A genus of plants. Pentandria. Mo-
nogynia. Convolvulacccc. — C. Atncricanus.
See Convolvulus jalapa. — C. batatas. The
sweet potato. — C. cantabrica. The cantabrica.
Lavender-leaved bind-weed. It is anthelmin-
tic and actively cathartic. — C. colubri'nus. Cis-
eampelos pareira.
Convolvulus jalapa. The Linnsean name
of the jalap plant. Called, also, C. Americanus,
C. mexicana. This plant has been lately as-
certained to belong to the genus Ipomcea. It
is a native of Mexico. The best jalap is in
oval-pointed tubers, covered with a thin, wrin-
kled, brown cuticle ; sometimes it is in thin
slices. It has a heavy, disagreeable smell, and
a sweetish, slightly pungent taste. It is hard,
186
CON
compact, and internally of a light brown or
grayish color, with dark brown streaks. The
active principle of jalap is partly dissolved both
by water and alcohol, and: enhrely by diluted
alcohol. The active principles appear to be
resin and extractive matter. The root, pow-
dered, is a very common, efficacious, and safe
purgative, as daily experience evinces ; but, ac-
cording as it contains more or less resin, its
effects must, of course, vary. In large doses,
or when joined with calomel, it is an excellent
hydragogue cathartic and anthelmintic. Th«
operation of jalap is rendered much less irrita-
ting by the addition of a few grains of carbonate
of potash. Dose of the powder, gr. x. to 3j.
Convolvulus major albus. See Convolvu-
lus sepium. — C. maritimus. See Convolvulus
soldanella. — C. mechoacan. C. macrorhizus.
Mechoacan. Jalapa alba. The root was
brought from Mexico, but is now entirely su-
perseded by jalap, or used as au adulteration.
— C. panduratus. Wild potato vine. This is
common in the Northern States, and the root is
a mild purgative. — C. perennis. The hop. — C.
pes caprew. An Indian species, enijnoyed in
stimulating cataplasm.
Convolvulus scammonia. The scammony
plant; called, also, C. Syriacus. It affords the
gum-resin called scammony. It is a native of
Asia Minor and Cochin China. It is from the
milky juice of the root that we obtain the offic-
inal scammony. The smell of scammony is
rather unpleasant, and the taste bitterish and
slightly acrid. The different proportions of gum
and resin of which it consists have been various-
ly stated, but proof spirit is the best menstruum
for it. It is brought from Aleppo and Smyrna in
masses, generally of a light, shining gray color,
and friable texture ; of rather an unpleasant
smell, and bitterish and slightly acrid taste.
The scammony of Aleppo is by far the purest
That of Smyrna is ponderous, black, and mixed
with extraneous matters. Scammony is a hy-
dragogue cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose, gr.
v. to xv.
Convolvulus seiuum. The juice of this
plant is violently purgative, and given in dropsi-
cal affections. A poultice of the herb, made
with oil, has been recommended in white swell-
ings of the knee-joint. — C. soldanella. The sea
convolvulus. The leaves are said to be a dras-
tic purge, but the medicine has fallen into disuse.
— C. Syriacus. See Convolvulus scammonia. —
C. turpe'thum. The turbith plant. The cor-
tical part of the root is brought from the East
Indies in oblong pieces : it is of a brown or ash
color on the outside, and whitish within. The
best is ponderous, not wrinkled, easily frangi-
ble, and of a resinous appearance. When chew-
ed, it at first imparts a sweetish taste, which is
followed by a nauseous acrimony. It is strong-
ly purgative, but liable to much irregularity of
action; jalap, therefore, is now always prefer-
red to it.
Convulsio canina. Risus sardonicus. — C.
ccrealis. Raphania. — C. habitualis. Chorea. —
C. Indica. Tetanus. — C. uteri. Abortion.
CONVULSION. (Convulsio, onis, f. ; from
convello, to pull together.) A fit. A convul-
sion is an agitation of all the limbs of the body,
CON
COP
ov of* a part, occasioned by violent and involun-
tary contractions of the muscles, with alternate
relaxations, or what are called clonic spasms.
Convulsions are universal or partial. When
universal, all the limbs are more or less affect-
ed, as are the muscles of the face and those of
respiration. This is the case with epilepsy and
hysteria, wlijch see.
A convulsion fit varies much in the mode of
attack as well as its progress. Sometimes the
assault is sudden and without any warning, but
more generally thero are precursive indications:
these forerunners are, coldness of the extremi-
ties, dizziness in the head, spectra floating be-
fore the eyes, the tremors of some muscles, a
cold air or aura creeping up a limb or up the
back. The straggle itself varies in extent, vio-
lence, and duration. The muscles are alter-
nately rigid and relaxed ; the teeth gnash, and
often bite the tongue ; the mouth foams ; the
eyelids open and shut in perpetual motion, or
are stretched upon a full stare, while the pro-
tuberant balls roll rapidly in every direction :
the whole face is hideously distorted. The
force exerted in some cases is enormous, so as
to overpower the strength of several attendants.
When the lungs are much oppressed, the lips,
cheeks, and, indeed, the entire surface of the
face and arms, are of a dark or purple hue.
The paroxysm will sometimes cease in a few
minutes, but occasionally it will last for hours ;
and, after a short period of rest, it perhaps re-
turns again with as much violence as before:
tiiis happens frequently in puerperal and infan-
tile convulsion. Great languor commonly suc-
ceeds, sometimes headache and vertigo, but not
(infrequently there arc no secondary symptoms
whatever.
Partial convulsions have received different
names : 1 . That kind which affects several
muscles irregularly is called chorea. 2. When
the muscles of the face only are convulsed, it
produces a kind of laughter; and this is called
risus sardonicus. From the particular cause, it
is distinguished as being puerperal, maniacal,
dental, &c. The convulsion occasionally shifts
about from one part to another irregularly,
from the face to the arms, and from them to the
feet ; and in some cases, the face, or the chest, or
the limbs are more affected than the other parts.
The causes of convulsions are numerous.
In infants, children, and youth, the common
causes are irritation of the bowels, teething,
and worms. The remedies, consequently, are
the appropriate purgatives, and allaying the lo-
cal irritation. The gums should be properly
lanced. In the puerperal convulsion, the at-
tention must be directed to the uterus, the irri-
tation of which is best allayed by copious,
prompt, and repeated bleeding, and by the ad-
ministration of opium by the mouth and rectum.
Another set of causes which produce a convul-
sion are affections of the mind; as excess of an-
ger, joy, grief, and fear. The treatment during
the fit must apply to the state of the constitu-
tion which favors a tendency to its recurrence.
The remedies in convulsions are bleeding (in
plethoric persons), stimulants to the extremi-
ties, cold to the head, antispasmodics, especially
in enemata; of these, ether, assafcetida, and
camphor are preferred. For children, a hot
bath is highly serviceable. • After a paroxysm
the predisposing cause must be treated, and tho
health fully restored.
Convulsive. Convulsions. Somewhat
spasmodic; having the character of a convulsion.
CON VULSIVES. Medicines which increase
muscular hritability, and in large doses produce
convulsions or tetanus ; as strychnia, brucia,
and the plants which contain them.
CONY'ZA. {a, a-, f.) A genus of plants.
SyngcJiesia. Polygamia superjlua. Composi-
tm. — C. sqnarrosa. Great fleabane. This was
formerly esteemed as an emmenagogue, anti-
icteric, antepileptic, and vermifuge. — C. cwru-
lea. Erigeron acre. — C. major. Inula viscosa ?
— C. media. Inula dysenterica. — C. minor.
C. pulicaria. The inula pulicaria. Its chief
use was to destroy fleas.
CoorERTOitiA caktilago. The thyroid car-
tilage. — Castelli.
COPAI'BA. («, a, f.) The resinous exuda-
tion of various trees. See Copaifcra officinalis.
COPAI'FERA. (a, a,f.) A genus of plants.
Dccandria. Monogynia. Mimosew. — C. offi-
cinalis. The systematic name ofthe plant from
which the copaiba balsam was supposed to be
obtained. It is now ascertained that nearly all
the species of the genus Copaifcra yield the
balsam more or less abundantly, and especially
C. multijuga. Copaiba is a yellow, resinous
juice, of a moderately agreeable smell and a
bitterish taste, very permanent on the tongue.
The trees which afford it grow in the Brazils.
While new, it is a colorless fluid; in time, how-
ever, it acquires a yellowish tinge, and the con-
sistence of oil ; but though by age it has been
found thick, like honey, yet it never becomes
solid, like other resinous fluids. By distillation
in water, the oil is separated from the resin,
and in the former the taste and smell of the
balsam are concentrated. If the operation is
carefully performed, about one half of the bal-
sam rises into the receiver in the form of oil.
The balsam unites with fixed and volatile oils,
and with spirit of wine. It is given in all dis-
eases of the urinary organs, when no inflamma-
tion is present. In gonorrluea, after the in-
flammatory symptoms have abated, in gleet,
and in leucorrhoea, it is a medicine of great ef-
ficacy. It exerts a stimulating effect on the
kidneys, increasing their secretion, and in an
over-dose causing inflammation of these organs.
It often gives relief in hemorrhoids. In irrita-
ble habits this medicine is liable to excite grip-
ing, sickness, and severe pains in the region of
the kidneys, so that its use can not be persevered
in : these effects are sometimes obviated by
combining it with opium. Dose, gtt. xx. to 333.
three times a day, given in tho form of capsules.
Copaiva. See Copaifcra.
Copaiva or Copaiba capsules. The balsam
placed in small gelatinous capsules, so as to b«
taken without any unpleasant taste.
Copaivic acid. The yellow, brittle resin of
copaiba balsam.
Copal. An amber-like body used in making
varnishes.
COPALCHE' BARK. The bark of Croton,
pseudo-China. It resembles cascarilla.
187
COR
COR
Copalm balsam. Liquidambar.
COPHO'SIS. (Kwfaoic; from ku^oc, deaf.)
Generally synonymous with deafness, though
some writers have restricted it to particular
kinds of deafness.
Co'pos. Kanoe. Weariness; lassitude.
COPPER. Cuprum. A metal of a peculiar
reddish-brown color ; crystallizable, hard, son-
orous, very malleable and ductile, of consider-
able tenacity, and one of the best conductors
of heat and electricity. Its specific gravity is
8-8; equivalent, 31 '6; symbol, Cu. It fuses at
about 2000° F. Copper is found in nature in
the metallic state, and in the form of oxide,
sulphuret, carbonate, sulphate, chloride, phos-
{)hate, and arseniate. Copper readily tarnishes,
brming a red suboxide (Cu 2 0). The black ox-
ide (CuO) is a powerful base, and is extensively
used in the ultimate analysis of organic bod-
ies as a source of oxygen. The salts of copper
are mostly of a green or blue color, and those
which are soluble are poisonous. The symp-
toms of poisoning are purging, vomiting, gastric
distress, and often nervous disorders, such as
convulsive movements, tetanus, general insen-
sibility, or a palsy of the lower extremities.
Should the patient escape the first effects, a se-
vere gastro-enteritis will be generally estab-
lished. The antidotes for cupreous poisons are
albumen, as in the white of egg, flour and wa-
ter, &c. ; the ferrocyanide of potassium and
sugar are also highly recommended. For the
officinal preparations, see Cuprum.
Co'ppkras. Sulphate of iron. — C, blue.
Sulphate of copper. — C, white. Sulphate of
zinc.
Copper nose. Acne rosea.
Coprago'gus. (From nonpoc, the excrement,
and ayu, to bring away.) Purgative.
COPR-. Copro-. A prefix (from Konpoc,
excrement) of many words, little used; as, Co-
pracratia, involuntary defecation. — Copremesis,
iliac passion. — Coprocriticus, a laxative. — Co-
prophoria, purgation. — Coprosclerosis, the in-
duration of fiecal matters.
Coprosta'sia. Coprosta' sis. Costiveness.
Co'pte. An ancient cataplasm.
COPTIS. The root of C. trifolia, a ranun-
culaoeoua, indigenous plant. It is a simple,
bitter tonic, like quassia. Dose of the powder,
gr. X. to 388.
Co'pula. 1. A ligament. 2. Sexual inter-
course. — C. carnalis. Coition.
Copulation. Coition.
Copyo'pia. Weakness of sight.
Cor. {Cor, dis, neut.) The heart.
CO'RACO-BRACHIA'LIS. Coraco-brachi-
tcus. A muscle, so called from its origin and
insertion. It arises, tendinous and fleshy, from
the fore-part of the coracoid process of the scap-
ula, adhering, in its descent, to the short head
of the biceps; inserted, tendinous and fleshy,
about the middle of the internal part of the os
humeri, near the origin of the third head of the
triceps, called brachialus externus, where it
sends down a thin, tendinous expansion to the
internal condyle of the os humeri. Its use is to
raise the arm upward and forward.
Coraco-clavicular ligament. See Liga-
ment.
188
Coraco-hyoideus. See Omo-hyoideut.
CO'RACOID. (Coracoides ; from /copaf, a
crow, and eidoc, resemblance : shaped like the
beak of a crow. ) Some processes of bones are
so named, from a fancied resemblance to the
beak of a crow ; as the coracoid process of the
scapula.
Coracoid process. See Scapula.
Coracoideus musculus. The Brachialis in-
temus.
Coral. See Corallium.
CORALLI'NA. (a, a, f.) A genus of ma-
rine productions, generally supposed to be polyp-
ifers. They consist of a calcareous articulated
stem, which adheres to rocks, shells, or other
bodies. — C. Corsicana. C. helminthocorton.
See Fucus helminthocorton. — C. officinalis. C.
alba. Coralline. Sea moss. White wormseed.
This was formerly administered to children as
an anthelmintic. — C. rubra. See Fucus helmin-
thocorton.
Coralline. See Corallina.
CORA'LLIUM. (um,i,n.) Coral. A gen-
eral name for those marine polypifers which
have a stony or horny axis; as Jsis, Oculina,
Gorgonia, &c. — C. album. White coral. The
j>roduce of the several species of Oculina : Ma-
drepora oculala of Limnuus. The powder of
white coral has been administered as an absorb-
ent. — C. nigrum. Black coral. Gorgonia an-
tipathes — Antipalhca of Linnaeus. This was
formerly used in epilepsy. — C. rubrnm. Acmo.
Azur. Red coral. The red coral of commerce
is the hard, calcareous substance of the Isis
nobilis. When powdered, it is exhibited as an
absorbent earth to children, but is in no respect
preferable to common chalk.
Corallode'ndron. Erythrina corallotlen-
dron.
Co'rali.oid. Coralloides. Coral-like.
CO'RCHOROS. A genus of plants. Polyan-
dria. Monogynia. The. Cor chorus olitorius is
cultivated in Egypt as a pot-herb, and the C.
trilocularis in Barbary.
Co'rculum. The embryo of seeds.
CORD, UMBILICAL. 1. The cord formed
by the union of the umbilical vessels and integu-
ments, and connecting the foetus with the pla-
centa. 2. In Botany, the tissue which connects
the ovule with the carpel.
Corda. Cord. See Chorda.
Corda tympani. See Chorda tympani.
Cordje Willisii. See Chordae Willisii.
Corda'te. Heart-shaped; like the heart ou
playing cards.
CO'RDIA. («, a, f.) A genus of plants. ,
Pcntandria. Monogynia. Cordiaceee. — C.
myxa. The Sebesten plant. The black fruit is
mucilaginous, and gently laxative; and is ex-
hibited in form of decoction in various diseases
of the chest, hoarseness, cough, difficult respi-
ration, &c.
CORDIAL. Cardiacus. A term originally
adjective, but, like most others expressive of
the properties of medicines, used also as a sub-
stantive. It is applied to warm and stimulating
medicines which raise the spirits, and were for-
merly supposed to strengthen the heart, whence
the name.
Cordo'lium. Cardialgia.
COR
CORE, (e, es, f. Koprj.) 1. The pupil of
the eye. 2. The center, or nucleus.
Corecto'mia. (From xopij, and tKTEfivu, to
cut out. ) The operation of making an artificial
pupil by cutting out a portion of the iris.
Coredia'lysis. (From Koprj, and diakvu, to
loosen.) The formation of an artificial pupil by
detaching the iris from the ciliary ligament.
Core'ma. A medicine for cleansing the skin.
— Paulus JEgineta.
Coremorpho'sis. (From Kopn, and fiopQucric,
formation.) The operation of forming an arti-
ficial pupil. — Wagner.
Corenclei'sis. (From Kopn, and cyKXeung,
inclusion.) That operation for artificial pupil
in which a portion of the iris is drawn through
an incision in the cornea, and cut off.
Coreo'ncion. Coroncion. (From Koprj, and
oymvov, a hook.) A hooked instrument used
in the operation of artificial pupil.
Coretomedia'lysis. (From Koprj, and re/ivu,
to cut, and dialvu, to loosen.) The operation
for artificial pupil, by detaching the iris from
the ciliary ligament.
CORETO'MIA. Ceretofomia. (From Kopn,
and re/tvu, to cut.) The operation for artificial
pupil.
Coria'ceous. (Coriaccus; from corium,
leather.) Leathery.
Coriander. Coriandrum sativum.
CORIAN'DRUM. (mot, *, n.) Coriander.
A genus of plants. Pcntandria. Digynia.
Umbelliferts. — C. sativum. The coriander
plant. It is a native of the south of Europe.
Every part of the plant, when fresh, has an of-
fensive odor ; but the seeds, when dried, have
a tolerably grateful smell, and their taste is
moderately warm and pungent. They yield
their virtues entirely to rectified spirit, but only
partially to water. By distillation with water
they yield a small quantity of a yellowish es-
sential oil, which smells strongly, and pretty
agreeably, of the coriander. The seeds, oil,
and water are carminative, and used as adju-
vants in cathartic medicines.
Coriannon. Corianon. See Coriandrum.
Coria'ria myrtifo'lia. A poisonous French
plant used in tanning, and said to be used to
adulterate senna.
CO'RIS. (is, is, f.) 1. St. John's wort. 2.
A genus of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia.
— C. cretica. Hypericum saxatile. — C. lutea.
Hypericum coris. — C. monspeliensis. Heath
pine. Symphitum petraum. This plant is in-
tensely bitter and nauseous, but apparently an
active medicine, and employed, it is said, with
success in syphilis.
CORIUM. Leather. The cutis vera.
Co'rium phlogi'sticum. The buffy coat of
the blood.
Cork. See Quercus suber.
Cormus. A solid, bulbous enlargement of
the lower part of the stem of liliacere, aroidffi,
and other plants.
Corn. Clavus. — C. poppy. Papaver rhoeas.
— C. salad. Valeriana locusta.
CORNACEiE. The natural group to which
the dogwood trees belong.
Cornachi'nus pulvis. Earl of Warwick's
powder. The preparations known imder this
COR
name consist of scammony, diaphoretic anti
mony, and cream of tartar, in proportions vary
ing according to different receipts.
CO'RNEA. (a, as, f.) C.transparens. Cpel
lucida. The anterior transparent tunic of the
eye. See Eye.
Cornea opaca. The sclerotic.
Cornea, opaque. Caligo.
Cornea, sugar-loaf. Staphyloma.
Corneitis. Inflammation of the cornea.
Corneous. Horn-like.
Corni'cula. An old cupping instrument in
the shape of a horn, with an aperture at the
narrow end, through which the air is exhausted
by drawing with the mouth.
Cornicula'ris processus. Horn-shaped
process. The coracoid process of the scapula
has been so called.
Corniculate. Having horn-like processes.
Cornifo'rmis. Horn-shaped.
CO'RNINE. An alkaline substance said to
exist in the Cornus Jlorida. It appears to re-
semble quinine in its properties.
CO'RNQ. (n. ind.) 1. The horn of an ani-
mal. 2. A wart. 3. A com. 4. The lateral
ventricles of the brain terminate in three angu-
lar cavities, which are called their cornua, or
horns. They are severally called cornu ante-
rius, cornu descendens, or inferior cornu, and
cornu posterius.
Cornu ammonis. Cornu arictis. When the
pes hippocampi of the human brain is cut trans
versely through, the cortical substance is so dis
posed as to resemble a rani's horn. This is the
true cornu ammonis, though the name is often
applied to the pes hippocampi itself.
Cornu arietis. See Cornu ammonis.
Cornu cervi. Hartshorn. The horns of
several species of stag, as the Cervus alecs, Ct
dama, C. clephas, and C. taranda, are used
medicinally. Boiled, they impart to the water
a nutritious jelly, which was formerly much in
esteem. The horns, when calcined, afford the
cornu ustum of the Pharmacopoeias. By distil-
lation they yield the liquor volatilis cornu cervi,
or spirit of hartshorn, now superseded by am-
monia.
Cornu cervi calcinatum. See Cornu us-
tum.
Cornu monocero'tis. See Unicornn.
Cornu rupicapr.sc. Chamois horn.
Cornu ustum. Cornu cervi calcinatum.
Burn pieces of hartshorn in an open fire until
they become thoroughly white ; then powder,
and prepare them in the same manner as is
directed for chalk. Burned hartshorn has been
supposed to possess absorbent, antacid, and as-
tringent properties. It consists of phosphate of
lime, with minute proportions of carbonate of
lime and phosphate of magnesia; it has evident
ly, therefore, no antacid or absorbent power,
and is probably altogether inert as a medicine.
CORNUA. The turbinated bones ; also, pro
cesses of the hyoid and other bones.
Cornua lachrymalia. The lachrymal due te
Cornua sacralia. Two tubercles, some
times united, at the inferior and outer side of
the sacrum, by the side of which the last sacral
nerves pass out.
Cornua sphenoida'lia. Ossicula Bertini.
189
COR
Cornua uteri. The angles of the uterus
where the Fallopian tubes arise.
CO'RNUS. (us, i, f.) A genus of shrubs.
Tctrandria. Monogynia. Cornacecc. — C. circi-
nata, C.florida, and C. sericea. These indige-
nous species of dogwood are admitted into the
Pharmacopoeia. The bark is bitter, astringent,
and aromatic, and by some supposed to resemble
cinchona bark. The dose is 9j. to 3J. in powder
or decoction. — C. mascula. A European tree,
the fruit of which is of the size and form of an
olive, and is edible. The bark is said to be
febrifuge. — C. sanguinea. The cornel. The
fruit is moderately cooling and astringent. It
yields an oil useful for burning.
Cornu'tus. Cornutc. Horn-shaped.
COROA. Coruova. Cornova. The name
of a bark introduced into Europe from the East
Indies. The tree which affords it is not yet
known. It is said to be a powerful bitter and
febrifuge. Trommsdorff has found in it a pe-
culiar soft resin and an aromatic bitter princi-
ple.
CORO'LLA. (a, tc, f. ; from coronula, a lit-
tle crown.) That part of a flower which is
within the calyx, and immediately surrounds
the organs of fructification. Its divisions are
called petals.
Corollary. A consequence resulting from
a. proposition already demonstrated.
Coro'llula. The partial floret of a capitu-
lum.
CORO'NA. (a, a, f.) A crown. A term
used in anatomy and botany to designate cer-
tain objects supposed to resemble a crown.
Corona oilia'ris. The ciliary ligament.^-
Coro.va glandis. The margin of the glans
penis.
Corona imperialis. Fritillaria imperialis.
Corona regia. Trifolium melilotus offici-
nalis.
Corona terrj;. Glechoma hederacea.
Corona tubulorum. A circle of minute
tubes surrounding each of Feyer's glands. They
are the excretory mouths of glands.
Corona veneris. An eruption of venereal
blotches or pustules on the forehead.
Co'ronal suture. Sutura coronalis. The
suture of the head that extends from one tem-
ple across to the other, uniting the two parietal
bones with the frontal.
CO'RONARY. Coronarius. (From corona,
a crown. ) This term is applied in anatomy to
several parts because they surround others, or
for some less obvious reason.
Coronary arteries of the heart. Two
arteries which supply the substance of the heart
with blood. See Heart.
Coronary artery of the stomach. Arte-
ria coronaria ventriculi. A branch of the cce-
liac. It supplies the lesser curvature of the
stomach. The veins of the stomach are called
coronary veins.
Coronary ligament of the liver. See
Liver.
Coronary ligament of the radius. The
ligament which surrounds the ne ^k of the ra-
dius, and connects it with the ulna. It is called,
also, the annular and the orbicular ligament.
Corona'tds. Coronate: applied to a petal
190
COR
which has little crown-like eminences, as in
Nerium oleander.
Coro'ne. The coronoid process of the lower
jaw-bone.
Coroneion. Coreoneion.
Coronet bone. The second of the consoli-
dated phalanges of the horse's foot.
CO'RONOID. (Coronoides, Coronoidcus;
from Kopuvtj, a crow, and ei6oc, likeness.) Pro-
cesses of bones are so called that have any re-
semblance to a crow's beak ; as the coronoid
process of the ulna, jaw, &c.
CORPORA ALBICANTIA. C. candicantia.
Two white eminences at the base of the brain ;
called, also, corpora albicaniia Willisii. See
Enccphalos.
Corpora arantii. See Corpora sesamoidea.
Corpora bigemina. See Corpora quadri-
gemina.
Corpora cavernosa penis. See Penis.
Corpora genicui.ata. Two small eminen-
ces at the lower and outer part of the optic
thalami. See Enccphalos.
Corpora Malpighiana. Acini of Malpighi.
See Kidney.
Corpora olivaria. Two prominences of
the medulla oblongata; so named from their
being shaped somewhat like an olive. See
Enccphalos.
Corpora ovata. See Corpora olivaria.
Corpora pyramidalia. Two eminences of
the medulla oblongata; so called from then
pyramidal shape. See Enccphalos.
Corpora quadrigemina. See Tubcrada
quadrigemina.
Corpora restiformia. Two eminences sit-
uated one on each side of the upper part of the
medulla oblongata. See Enccphalos.
Corpora sesamoidea. Corpuscula arantii.
Corpuscula Morgagni. The small, hard gran-
ules on the loose edge of the semilunar valves
of the aorta and pulmonary artery. See Heart.
Corpora striata. See Enccphalos.
Corpora'tio. Incorporation.
Corpulency. Corpulentia. See Polysarcia.
CORPUS, (us, oris,n.) 1. A body ; matter
of whatever kind. 2. In Pharmacy, the basis
of a formula was formerly called corpus ; thus,
oil of nutmeg was called corpus pro balsamo,
because it was used as the basis of factitious
balsams.
Corpus annulare. See Pons varolii.
Corpus callo'sum. Commissura magna ce-
rebri. Great commissure of the brain. The
white medullary part joining the two hemi-
spheres of the brain, and coming into view un-
der the falx of the dura mater when the hemi-
spheres are drawn from each other.
Corpus cavernosum clitoridis. See Cli-
toris.
Corpus cavernosum penis. See Penis.
Corpus cavernosum vaginje. The erectile*
spongy tissue of the vagina.
Corpus cinereum. See Corpus dentatum.
Corpus denta'tum. C. cinereum. C.rhom-
boideum. A portion of cineritious matter ob-
served in the cerebellum. See Enccphalos.
Corpus fimbria'tum. The flattened termi-
nation of the posterior eras of the fornix of the
brain. See Encephalos.
COR
Corpus glandulosum. The prostate gland.
Corpus glandulosum mulierum. A vascu-
lar eminence surrounding the orifice of the fe-
male urethra.
Corpus Highmorianum. See 'Testis.
Corpus luteum. A yellow spot found in
that part of the ovarium of females from whence
an ovum has proceeded : hence their presence
was supposed to determine that the female had
been impregnated. The number of the corpo-
ra lutea corresponds with the number of ova
removed. It is, however, asserted by modern
writers that corpora lutea have been detected
in young virgins, where no impregnations could
possibly have taken place.
Corpus mucosum. See Cutis.
Corpus nerveo-spongiosum. The cavernous
substance of the penis.
Corpus nervosum. The cavernous substance
of the clitoris.
Corpus Okense. See Corpus Wolffianum.
Corpus pampiniforme. (Pampiniformc ;
from pampinus, the tendril of a vine.) The
plexus formed by the spermatic veins around
the spermatic artery.
Corpus papilla're. The nervous and vas-
cular papilla) of the rote mucosum have been
so called.
Corpus psalloides. Sec Lyra.
Corpus pyramida'le. 1. An eminence on
each side of the medulla oblongata. See Cor-
pora pyramidalia. 2. The plexus formed by
the spermatic veins, usually called corpus pam-
piniforme.
Corpus reticulare. C. rcticulare Malpighi.
See Retc mucosum.
Corpus rhomboideum. See Corpus dentatum.
Corpus spongiosum urethra. Substantia
spongiosa urethra. Corpus spongiosum penis.
The spongy structure around the urethra. It
commences before the prostate gland, surrounds
the urethra, and forms the bulb; then proceeds
to the end of the corpora cavernosa, and termi-
nates in the glans penis, which it forms.
Corpus striatum. See Encephalos.
Corpus varicosum. The spermatic plexus
of vessels.
Corpus Wolffianum. Two bodies situated
in the region of the kidneys in the young fostus.
They disappear about the tenth week, and are
succeeded by the rudimentary kidneys.
CORPU'SCLE. Corpusculum. A very mi-
nute body ; an atom.
Corpuscula arantii. See Corpora sesatnoi-
dea.
Corpuscular action. Molecular action.
CORRIGENT. Corrigens. Corrector ins .
Any substance in a medical formula or prescrip-
tion which is intended to modify or render
milder the action of another.
Corri'gia. (Leather thongs.) The tendons
of the muscles have been so called.
CORRO'BORANT. (Corroborans; from cor-
roboro, to fortify or strengthen.) Possessed of
the power of strengthening. See Tonic.
Corroborantia. Tonics.
CORROSIVE. That corrodes or destroys.
Corrosive sublimate. Corrosive chloride
of mercury; the bichloride. See Hydrargyri
chloridum corrosivum.
COR
CORRUGA'TOR. (or, oris, m. ; from corru-
go, to wrinkle.) A muscle, the office of which
is to wrinkle or corrugate the part it acts on.
Corrugator supercilii. C. coiterii. A
small muscle situated on each side of the fore-
head. Musculus supercilii of Winslow. Mus-
cuius frontalis verus of Douglas. Its use is to
knit the brows.
Corset de Brasdor. A bandage used by
Brasdor in fracture of the clavicle.
Corsican moss. Fucus helminthocorton.
CORTEX, {ex, ids, m. or f.) 1. The bark
or common integument of plants. 2. The Pe-
ruvian bark.
Cortex angeling. Andira inermis.
Cortex angusturje. See Cusparia.
Cortex antiscorbuticus. C '. aromaticus .
See Winter a aromatica.
Cortex bela-aye. See Ncrium antidyson-
tericum.
Cortex CAKELLJI malabarice. See Cinna-
momum.
Cortex cardinalis de Lugo. Cinchona.
Cortex caryophylloides. Cinnamomum
culilawan.
Cortex cerebri. The cortical substance of
the brain. See Encephalos.
Cortex chin.*: regius. C. chinchinec. See
Cinchona.
Cortex elutherije. See Croton.
Cortex jamaicensis. See Achras.
Cortex la'vola. The bark bearing this
name is supposed to be the produce of the tree
which affords the Anisutn stellatum. See Eli-
cium anisatum.
Cortex magellanicus. See Wintera.
Cortex massoy. Massoy bark. The prod-
uce of an unknown tree of New Guinea, where
it is beaten into a pultaceous mass with water,
and rubbed upon the abdomen to allay pain of
the bowels. It has the smell and flavor of cin-
namon.
Cortex ovi. The decidua reflexa.
Cortex patrum. See Cinchona.
Cortex peruvianus. See Cinchona.
Cortex poggereb^:. A bark from South
America; said to be serviceable in diarrhoeas
and dysenteries. The tree which produces it
is unknown.
Cortex quassia. See Quassia amara.
Cortex winteranus. See Wintera aro-
matica.
CO'RTICAL. Corticalis. Appertaining to
or resembling bark. In Anatomy, the external
portion of the brain and kidney are denomina-
ted the cortical substance. See Encephalos and
Kidney.
Corticin. A doubtful substance in the Salix
alba bark, of a resinous character.
Cortico'sus. Like bark or rind.
CORTU'SA. 1. Sanicula europea. 2. A ge-
nus of plants. Class, Pentandria ; order, Mo-
nogynia. The C. mathioli has been thought
useful in rheumatism.
CORU. A tree mentioned by Dalechamps as
growing in China, Japan, Malacca, and Bengal.
The bark of its root yields a milky juice used
against diarrhoea and dysentery. The bark of
the stem is employed with the same intention.
This tree has been thought to be the Taberna-
191
COS
montana citrifolia, or the Nerium antidysenter-
icum.
Corundum. A crystalline or massive mineral
of great hardness. It is nearly pure alumina.
Emery is a species.
CORY'DALINE. Corydalca. An alkaline
substance found by Wackenroder in the Cordy-
alis bullosa and Fiimaria.
Corydalus but.bosus. See Fumaria.
CO'RYLUS. (us, i, f.) A genus of plants.
Monazcia. Polyandria. — C. avella'na. The
hazel-nut tree. The nuts ai'e hard of digestion,
and often pass the bowels very little altered;
they are, however, nutritious.
CO'RYMBI'FEILE. (Latin, corymbus, and
fero, I bear. ) One of the divisions of Compos-
ites. It comprehends those plants which, like
the chrysanthemum and the aster, have the ca-
pitula furnished with a ray; and those others
which, like artemisia, although destitute of a
ray, are similar to such plants in the majority
of their charactei's.
Cory'mbus. A corymb. An inflorescence
formed by many flowers, the partial flower-
stalks of which are gradually longer, as they
stand lower on the common stalk, so that all
the flowers are nearly on a level.
CO'RYPHA. A genus of palms. — C. rotnn-
difolia yields a kind of sago. — C. nmbraculi'fe-
ra. The Talipot palm of Ceylon and Malabar,
celebrated for the immense size of its leaves.
The pith of the young plant is used as bread.
Co'RYrHK. Kopvrpi/. 1. The vertex of the
head. 2. The extremities of the fingers. 3.
The apex of the heart.
CORY'ZA. (a, a, f. Kopvfr; from napa,
the head, and few, to boil.) A catarrh, or cold
in the head.
Coryza maligna. C. virulcnta. See Ozeena.
COSMETIC. (Cosmeticits ; from KOtjfieu, to
adorn.) An external medicine used to beauti-
fy the skin.
Cosmogany. The history of the origin of the
world and universe.
Co'smos. A regular series. Hippocrates ap-
plies it to the order and series of critical days.
CO'SSIS. A little tubercle on the face, like
the head of a worm, arising from the enlarge-
ment, &c, of a sebaceous follicle.
CO'STA. (a, (c, f.) 1. In Anatomy, the rib
of an animal. The ribs are the long, curved
bones which are placed in an oblique direction
at the sides of the chest. Their number is gen-
erally twelve on each side. The seven upper
ribs, which are articulated to the sternum, are
called true ribs; and the five lower ones, which
are not immediately attached to that bone, are
called false ribs. At the posterior extremity of
each rib is a small head, having two articulating
surfaces, which are received into two cavities
contiguous to each other, and formed in the
upper and lower part of each dorsal vertebra.
This articulation is a species of ginglymus, and
allows only of motion upward and downward.
The head of each rib is supported by a short
neck, and immediately beyond this we find a
flattened tubercle, affording an oblong and
slightly convex surface, which is articulated
with the transverse process of the lowest of the
two dorsal vertebrae, with which its head is ar-
192
COT
ticulated. At some little distance from this
tuberosity the rib makes a considerable curve,
which is usually called its angle. To the ante-
rior extremity is fixed a long, broad, and strong
cartilage, which, in each of the true ribs, reache»
to the sternum, where its articulation is secured
by a capsular ligament, and by other ligament-
ous fibres. The cartilages of the sixth and
seventh ribs being longer than the rest, are ex-
tended upward, in order to reach the sternum,
the inferior poi'tion of which is about on a level
with the fifth rib. The cartilages of these two
ribs are usually united into one, so as to leave
no space between them. The false ribs are
supported in a different manner: their carti-
lages terminate in an acute point before they
reach the sternum, the eighth rib being attach-
ed by its cartilage to the lower edge of the car-
tilage of the seventh, or last of the true ribs ;
the ninth in the same manner to the eighth; and
the tenth to the ninth; the cartilages of each
rib being shorter than that of the rib above it.
The eleventh and twelfth are not fixed at their
anterior extremities like the other ribs, but hang
loose, and are supported only by their ligament
ous fibres, and by muscles and other soft parts.
The external surface of each rib is somewhat
convex, and its internal surface slightly concave.
On the inferior and interior surface of these
bones we observe a long fossa, for the lodgment
of the intercostal vessels and nerves. The
spaces between the ribs are termed intercostal
spaces.
The true ribs increase in size from above, or
from the first to the seventh, and together form,
with the sternum and dorsal vertebra;, a sort
of basket, for the protection of the lungs, heart,
&c.
2. In Botany, the thick, nerve-like cords of
a leaf, which proceed from the base to the apex,
are called ribs. See Leaf.
Costa herba. C. pulmonaria. See Hypo-
charts.
COSTAL. (Costalis; from costa, a rib.) Be-
longing to a rib : applied to muscles, arteries,
nerves, &c.
Costa'tus. Ribbed.
COSTIVENESS. See Constipation.
COSTO-. A prefix (from costa, a rib) : ap-
plied to ligaments, muscles, &c, connected
with the ribs; as, Costo-clavicular ligament. See
Ligament. — Costo-stcrnal articulation. Costo-
trachelianus. The scaleni muscles.
Costo-hyoideus. The omo-hyoideus.
CO'STUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Monandria. Monogynia. — C. arabicus. The
sweet and bitter costus. C.indicus; amarus;
dulcis; orientalis. The root of this tree pos-
sesses bitter and aromatic virtues, and is con-
sidered as a good stomachic. It is also said to
be diaphoretic, diuretic, and emmenagogue. —
C. corticosus. Wintera aromatica. — C. horto-
rum minor. Achillaea ageratum. — C. nigra.
The artichoke.
Cotarnine. A product of the decomposition
of narcotine. It is a yellow, crystalline body ;
soluble, bitter, and alkaline, and forms crystal
lizable double 'salts with the chlorides of mer
cury and platinum. Formula, C25Hi 3 N06.
Cotton. Gossypium herbaceum.
cou
Cotton-weed. See Filago.
Oo'tula. C. falida. See Anthemis cotula.
Co'tule. The acetabulum.
Cotu'nnius, liquor of. Cottcnnii liquor.
The aqua labyrinthi of the internal ear.
COTYLE'DON. 1. A seed-lobe, or cotyle-
don. The cotyledons are the two halves of a
seed, which, when germinating, become two
pulpy leaves, called the seminal leaves. 2. The
acetabulum.
Cotyledoxeje. Flowering plants, or the
phonerogamia. — Jussieu.
Cotyledons. In Comparative Anatomy, the
vascular, cup-like processes of the chorion,
which serve as a placenta.
Cotyloid cavity. The acetabulum.
COUCHING. A surgical operation, which
consists in removing the opaque lens out of the
axis of vision, by means of a needle constructed
for the purpose. This is done by depressing
the lens below the axis, and allowing it to be-
come absorbed.
COUGH. A sonorous and violent expulsion
of air from the chest is well known to occur as
a symptom in pleurisy, pneumonitis, quinsy,
asthma, catarrh, phthisis, hysteria, Sec. ; on
which account some nosologists have omitted
cough as an idiopathic disease. Cough is doubt-
less most frequently a symptom of some other
complaint ; but it is at times as truly idiopathic
as any other disease, and ought to be treated as
such. Generally speaking, idiopathic cough is
not dangerous in itself, or while runniug its
regular course ; but it has often proved highly
dangerous in its results, by superinducing in-
flammation of some organ, an luemoptysis, or
phthisis. A cougft is in some cases attended
by expectoration, and sometimes it exists with-
out any: henco the distinction of cough into
moist or mucous, and dry cough.
The mucous cough has been named anapty-
sis, anacalharsis, hex humida, and tussis humida.
The expectoration is chiefly mucous, and is ex-
creted very freely. It is common and of long
continuance in aged and debilitated persons.
The dry cough is mostly unattended by any
expectoration, and often returns periodically.
It is observed in highly irritable, nervous, and
hysterical constitutions, and is obviously nervous.
With respect to the treatment of cough, that
which is produced by cold requires diaphoret-
ics, demulcents, and expectorants; and laxa-
tives, with small doses of henbane to allay the
bronchial irritation, and a diet properly regula-
ted according to circumstances. Where the
symptoms assume an inflammatory character,
the treatment recommended in acute bronchitis
becomes applicable. Where the cough has be-
come more habitual, and attends old age, the
more stimulating expectorants are useful, as
ammoniacum, benzoin, styrax ; and where the
expectoration is considerable and the tempera-
ment phlegmatic, stimulating inhalations, as of
tar vapor, are useful. The nervous cough re-
quires antispasmodics.
Cough, bronchial. See Cough, tubal.
Cough, cavernous. The resonance of the
cough, heard when the stethoscope is applied
over an excavation in the lungs, is termed the
cavernous cough.
COU
Cough, hooping. Pertussis.
Cough, tubal. When the lungs are hepa
tized, the cough, as heard through the stetho-
scope, applied over the trachea, root of tho
bronchi, and even over the subdivisions of the
bronchi no larger than a goose-quill, gives, be-
sides its natural shock, a sensation as of air
passing through a tube. This is called tubal, or
bronchial cough.
Coumarin. The concrete, volatile oil of tho
Tonka bean.
COUNTER-EXTENSION. Contra exten-
sion. The drawing a dislocated limb in a di-
rection contrary to that in which it is pulled by
the muscles. The upper part of the limb of
the patient must be first fixed in a suitable
manner.
Counter-indication. See Contra-indication.
COUNTER - IRRITATION. Contra-irrita-
tion. The establishment of an irritation in
some part other than the seat of disease, for the
purpose of producing a derivation of blood, &c,
and translating the morbid action to a less im-
portant organ. Counter-irritation is usually es-
tablished on the skin or mucous membrane of
the intestines ; in the latter case by purgatives.
The most important counter-irritants applied
to the skin are blisters, stimulating liniments,
mustard plasters, red pepper, savme, caustic
issues, setons, stimulating and hot lotions.
Counter-opening. See Contra-apertura.
Coup dk maitre. The introduction of the
catheter or sound into the urethra, with the
convexity toward the abdomen, and subse-
quently turning it half round, to enter the blad-
der.
COUP DE SANG. 1. Blood-stroke. A sud-
den congestion of an organ without hemor-
rhage. It may come on almost without warn-
ing, and attacks the brain, lungs, and other
organs. 2. It is also used to designate the loss
of sensation and motion, produced by a con-
gestion or by hemorrhage in an important or-
gan, as the brain, lungs, &c.
COUP DE SOLEIL. Sun-stroke. A term
used to signify any malady produced by exposure
to tho sun's rays, as erysipelas, apoplexy, phre-
nitis, &c. ; it is generally restricted, however,
to that fonn of phrenitis not uncommon in hot
climates, which arises from exposing the head
uncovered to the full heat of the sun, or long-
continued exertion in the sun. The attack of a
sun-stroke commences with coma and loss of
sensation, the brain fever being duo to reac-
tion.
Cou rap. The vernacular name in India for
cutaneous diseases attended with itching, as
porrigo, scabies, &c. Also, Scabies Indica.
Cou'rbaril. Hymenam courbaril.
Couro'ndi. An evergreen tree of India, said
to be antidysenteric.
Courou moelli. A shrub of India, said to
be antivenomous. It is the Flacurtia tepiaria
of Roxburgh.
Courrone des tasses. A circle of cups. A
form of the galvanic battery, consisting of a
number of cups, saucers, or small pots, each of
which contains a pair : the pairs are connected
by wires.
Courses. The menses.
193
cow
Court plaster. Emplastrum adhaeaivum
Anglicum.
Coutoubea alba. A plant of Guiana, which
is very bitter, and said to be anthelmintic and
cmmenagogue.
Couvre-chef. The French name of n band-
age for the head. See Cucullus.
Covolam. Cratreva marmelos.
Covvbane. Cicuta virosa.
Oowdie gum. Cowdie pine resin. . The res-
inous juice, obtained by incisions, of the Dam-
mar a australis, a coniferous tree of New Zea-
land. It is also found fossil, and is largely used
in the United States as an ingredient of copal
varnishes.
Cowhage. Cow-itch. See Dolichos prurient.
COWPER'S GLANDS. (GlandulteCowperi;
named from Cowper, who first described them.)
Two small muciparous glands, each about the
size of a pea, situated at the sides of the mem-
branous part of the urethra in the male, before
the prostate gland. See Urethra.
Cowper's glands in the female. Two
small glands situated beneath the skin at the
posterior part of the labia and entrance of the
vagina. They secrete a whitish sebaceous fluid.
COW-POX. Vaccina. Vacciola. Kine-
pox. A pustular disease of cows' teats. It
consists of vesicles of a blue color, and nearly
livid. They are elevated at the margin and
depressed at the top, and contain a limpid fluid.
There is usually some fever, which may be
very severe. We owe to Dr. Jenner the fact
that the introduction of the fluid of these pus-
tules under the skin of the human subject pro-
duces a slight disease of a similar nature, and
which is a preventative against small-pox.
This is the process now so generally practiced
under the name of vaccination ; but hitherto it
has been found that the pustules produced on
the human subject yields a lymph, having the
same virtue as that from the cow, and the ani-
mal is not, therefore, resorted to. The fluid
from grease on a horse's heel has a similar
property, and persons inoculated therewith
are said to be cqninated. Vaccination, in many
cases, produces a complete immunity from the
small-pox for life ; but it is safer to be revacci-
nated about puberty, and, perhaps, at times
when there is epidemical small-pox, as many
cases are on record where severe disease has
occurred after twenty or more years, although
it is usually much modified, constituting vario-
loid. The preservative action is very apparent,
from the fact that inoculation will not produce
pustules. Vaccination is usually practiced on
the upper part of the arm, a lancet charged
with lymph being thrust below the skin in sev-
eral points. On the fifth day vesicles appear,
which mature on the ninth or tenth; dry up,
and fall off about the twentieth. There is
sometimes a little fever and headache during
this time, but no pustules except on the arm.
The lymph should be taken from the pustules
from the sixth to the eighth day for vaccinating
others. If it is to be used at once, the lancet
is the best body to take it up with ; but if it be
put by for future use or transportation, ivory
points, quills, two pieces of glass, or a piece of
thread dipped in the broken pustule, are suita-
194
CBA
ble receptacles. Heat should be avoided, as it
destroys the virus.
Cow parsnip. Heracleum.
Cowrap. Impetigo.
Cowslip. Primula veris.
CO'XA. (a, ee, f.) The hip, haunch, or hip
joint ; also the ischium and the os coccygis.
COXjELUVIUM. (From coxa, and lavo, to
wash.) A hip bath. A large basin capable of
holding sufficient fluid to allow a person to sit
in it, and be immersed up to the navel.
Coxi ossa. The ossa innominata.
Cox agra. A painful neuralgic affection of
the thigh. Coxalgia.
COXA'LGIA. (a, as, f. ; from coxa, and aX
yoc, pain.) A term applied to pain in the hip,
whether from rheumatism or any other cause.
Coxarius morbus. Coxarum. Hip disease.
Coxe'ndix. The same as coxa.
COXO-FEMORAL ARTICULATION. The hip joint
Cr. Chromium.
Crab. See Cancer.
Crablouse. See Pediculus.
Crab-yaws. A name in Jamaica for a kind
of ulcer on the soles of the feet, with callous
lips, so hard that it is difficult to cut them. See
Frambasia.
CRADLE. An apparatus used by surgeons
to protect diseased parts from contact with the
bed-clothes, &c. It consists of a light semi-
cylindrical or hooped case of wood, beneath
which the limb reposes.
CRA'MBE. A genus of plants. Tetrady-
namia. Siliculosa. Crucifera. — C.maritima.
The sea-kale. It is cultivated for the table,
and has a delicate flavor when blanched.
Crame'ria. See Kramcrfa.
CRAMP. See Spasm.
Cranberry. Vaccinium oxycoccus.
Cranesbill. See Geranium.
Crangon. See Cancer crangon.
Craniology. See Phrenology.
Cranio'scopy. (From npaviov, the skull,
and oKoweu, to explore.) The inspection or
examination of skulls. See Phrenology.
CRA'NIUM. (vm, ii, n. Kpaviov; from
Kapa, the head.) The skull, or superior part of
the head. The cranium is composed of eight
bones, six of which are called proper to the
cranium, and two common to the cranium and
face. The six proper to the cranium ai'e the
os frontis, the two ossa parietalia, the two ossa
temporum, and the os occipitis : the two com
mon to the cranium and face are the os ethmoi-
des and the os sphenoides.
Cranium humanum. The human skull ; for-
merly considered alexipharmic and antiepilep-
tic.
Cranium, perforation of. A desperate re-
source of the accoucheur in those cases where,
from deformity of the pelvis, the head can not
pass through it, even with the assistance of
forceps, and where, the child being dead, the
Caesarian section can not be employed. It is
done with Smellie's perforator, cautiously in-
troduced during an interval from pain. The
point of the instrument is directed so as to en-
ter a fontanelle or suture, and, being intro-
duced, the handles are opened, and the instru-
ment rotated so as to break up the brain.
CRE
Cra'pula. A surfeit. The oppressed state
of the stomach and head arising from excess in
eating or drinking.
Cra'sis. Mixture. Applied to the humors
of the body, when there is such an admixture
of their principles as to constitute a healthy-
state : hence in dropsies, scurvy, &c., the era-
sis, or healthy mixture of the principles of the
blood, is said to be destroyed.
Crasbame'ntum. The clot of blood.
CRA'SSULA. 1. Sedum telephium. 2. A
genus of plants. Pentandria. Penlagynia.
Crassulacece.
CRASSULA'CEiE. A natural order of her-
baceous or shrubby exogens, growing in hot,
dry, and exposed situations; remarkable for
the succulent nature of their stems and leaves.
They have an affinity with Penthorum and with
IHeccbracew, through Tillaa; and possess re-
frigerant, abstergent properties, mixed, at times,
with a good deal of acridity.
Crassus pulsus. A strong and full pulse.
CRATjE'GUS. (urn, i, t ) A genus of plants.
Icosandria. Digynia. Rosacea;. The haw-
thorn, C. oxyacantha, and wild service-tree, C.
terminalis, belong to this genus. — C. aria is the
white beam-tree.
CRATiE'VA. A genus of plants. Polyan-
dria. Monogynia. The fruit of nearly all the
species has a peculiar alliaceous odor, whence
they have been called garlic pears. The C.
religiosa is the Pura-au of Tahiti. Its leaves
are aromatic and stimulant. The bark of the
C. tapia is a bitter tonic, and is esteemed by
the Indian practitioners as a febrifuge. — C.
■marmelos, Covolam, yields a tonic bark.
Craw-fish. Cancer fluviatilis.
Crea. Ocrea. The anterior part of the leg.
Cream. See Milk.
Cream of tartar. See Potassw bitartras.
CREASOTE. Creasoton. Creazotum. (U.
S.) (From Kpeac, flesh, and erwfw, to preserve.)
An oily, colorless, highly-refractive liquid, of a
penetrating odor, resembling that of smoke, or
smoked meat, and of a burning and exceeding-
ly caustic taste. Specific gravity, 1-037, at 68 J
F. It boils at 203° Centigrade, and is not con-
gealed by a cold of — 16° F. It burns with a
strongly fuliginous flame. With water at 20°,
it forms two combinations, one a solution of 1
part in 80, and the other of 10 parts in 100. It
is readily decomposed by nitric and sulphuric
acids and alkalies. Alcohol, ether, Bulphuret
of carbon, acetic ether, acetic acid, and naph-
tha, combine with it in any proportion. It de-
composes or dissolves resins, resinous coloring
matters, and other similar substances, 1 1 coag-
ulates albumen, and is a powerful antiseptic;
indeed, smoke, tar, and similar bodies seem to
depend upon this agent for their antiseptic
properties. In these and other properties, ere*
asote resembles carbolic acid.
Creasote is prepared from wood-tar by a very
tedious process. It is an active poison, produ-
cing death in doses of jij. or more, very much
in the same way as prussic acid, hut with ac-
companying symptoms of irritation : thus it
stops the heart's action, produces coma, hurried
respiration, and convulsions. There is no as-
certained antidote: mucilaginous drinks, solu-
C RE
tion of chlorine, and blood-letting are spoken
of. If the collapse be severe, ammoniacal
stimulants will be necessary.
Medical Uses. — It has been found useful in
the vomiting of pregnancy, irritable stomach.
&c, but is to be employed cautiously, from its
known tendency to irritate the mucous mem-
brane of the stomach and bowels. Gastrodynia,
neuralgias, hysteria, and phthisis have been oc-
casionally benefited by it. The dose internally
is gtt. j. to gtt. iijj., in solution or mixture. Ex-
ternally it is caustic, and has been applied to
sloughing sores, in the same way as nitrate of
silver. A little applied to the hollow of a ca-
rious tooth is very efficacious in toothache.
The ointment, or a weak solution, is of consid-
erable service in lepra, porrigo, impetigo, and
obstinate skin diseases. The watery solution
(crcasote wa£er), , »containing 1 part in 80 of ere-
asote, is a valuable styptic, and may be used in
uterine hemorrhage, and taken internally in
haomatemesis, haemoptysis, &c. The vapor has
been used also in chronic bronchitis.
Creeping sickness. Ergotism.
CREMA'STER. (er, eris, m. ; from Kptftauy
to suspend.) Muscidus testis. Musculus scroti.
A muscle of the testicle, by which it is sus-
pended, and drawn up and compressed, in the
act of coition. It arises from the lower edge
of the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen,
passes over the spermatic cord, and is lost in
the cellular membrane of the scrotum covering
the testicle
CREMNO'NCUS. A swelling or tumor of
the labia pudendi.
Cre'mnus. 1. The lip of an ulcer. 2. The
labium pudendi.
CRE'MOCARPIUM. A two to five celled
inferior fruit, the cells of which are one-seeded,
iudehiscent, dry, perfectly close at all times,
and, when ripe, hanging separate from a com-
mon axis, as in umbelliferous plants.
CRE'MOR. (or, oris, m.) 1. Cream, .ft,
Any substance floating on the top of a liquid,
and skimmed off.
Cremor ta'rtaiu. Cream of tartar. Potas-
sa; bitartras.
Crena. Crenalura. The irregular projec-
tions or seratures of the skull bones, whereby
the sutures are formed.
G R E N A' T U S. Crenate : notched or scol
loped.
Crenic acid. An azotized product of de-
caying vegetable matter.
Creosote. See Crcasote.
Cbkpa'tio. Crepatura. In Pharmacy, the
boiling of seeds till they burst.
CREPITATION. (From crepito, to make a
crushing or crackling noise.) 1. The peculiar
sound or sensation occasioned by pressure be-
tween the fingers, in cellular tissues filled with
air; as the lungs in their natural state, or a part
affected with emphysema or gangrene. 2. The-
grating of the ends of broken bones-
Crepitant. Crackling.
CRE'PITUS. (««, us, m. ; from erepo, to
make a noise.) A crashing or crackling noise.
A discharge of wind from the bowels upward
or downward. In medicine, the term is nsn-
ally applied to the grating sound which is heard
195
CRI
when the ends of a fractured bone are rubbed
on each other.
Crepitus lupi. Lycoperdon bovista.
Crescentia cujete. The fruit of this West
Indian tree js acidulous, and useful in some
bowel complaints.
CRESCENTIA. Enlarged lymphatics in the
groin.
CRESS. A number of plants with a pungent
flavor. — C, garden. Lepidium sativum. — C,
Indian. Tropccolum majus. — C, sciatica. See
Lepidium iberis. — 0., water. C, icild. Sisym-
brium (nasturtium) aquaticum.
Crest. See Crista.
Crested. Cristatus.
CRE'TA. (a, ce, f.) Chalk. An impure
native carbonate of lime. See Creta preeparata.
Creta prjsparata. C. alba. Prepared
chalk. Take of chalk, Ibj.; add a little water,
and rub it to a fine powder. Throw this into a
large vessel full of water, shake them, and after
a little while pour the still turbid liquor into
another vessel, and set it by that the powder
may subside; lastly, pour off the water, and
dry the powder. This is antacid and absorb-
ent. It is exhibited chiefly in the form of the
cretaceous mixture. See Mistnra creta. Dose, '
Cretaceous. Cretaccus. Chalky: apper-
taining to chalk. — C. acid. Carbonic acid. —
C. mixture. See Mistura creta?. — C. powder.
See Pulvis creta; compositus.
Crete, dittany of. Origanum dictamnus.
Cretin. One affected with cretinism.
CRETINISM. Cretinismus. A peculiar en-
demic disease Common in Switzerland, Tyrol,
Valais, and the Pyrenees. It makes a very
close approach to rickets in its general symp-
toms. It differs principally in the tendency to
bronchocele. The brain seems to follow the
fate of the rest of the body, and, in many cases,
even to take the lead, so that the chief imbe-
cility is to be found in this organ. Cretinism
seems to be partially hereditary, and to be most
frequent in damp, close valleys. It is usually
seen early in life, and resembles rickets in this
respect. The subjects seldom attain to old age.
CRIBRA'TIO. (o, onis, f.) The operation
of sifting, or passing through a sieve.
Cribratus. Cribrosus. Sieve-like ; perfo-
rated with small holes.
Cri'briform. (Cribriformis: from cribrum,
a^ieve, and forma, likeness; because it is per-
forated like a sieve.) Applied to the ethmoid
bone. The tunica decidua of the ovum has
been called membrana cribriformis by Osiander.
CRI'CO-ARYTENOID. Crico-arylenoidarus.
Relating to the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages
of the larynx.
C Rico- arytenoid, lateral. A muscle
which rises from the side of the cricoid carti-
lage, and is inserted into the Bide of the base
of the arytenoid cartilage. Its use is to open
the glottis by separating the arytenoid cartila-
ges.
C Rico- arytenoid, posterior. A muscle
which arises from the back part of the cricoid
cartilage, and is inserted into the back part of
the base of the arytenoid cartilage. Its use is
to draw back the arytenoid cartilage, to render
196
CRI
the ligament of the glottis tense, and thereby to
lengthen the glottis.
Crico-pharyngeus. See Constrictor pha-
ryngis inferior.
Crico-thyroide'us. Crico-thyroid. A mus-
cle which rises from the side and anterior part
of the cricoid cartilage, and has two insertions,
one into the under part of the ala of the thyroid
cartilage, arid the other into its inferior cornu.
Its action is to draw the thyroid cartilage
downward and forward, or the cricoid cartilage
upward and backward.
Crico-thy'ro-pharyng-e'us. The inferior
constrictor muscle of the pharynx is so called
by Dumas.
CRI'COID. (Cricoides ; Cricoideus, from
KpiKoe, a ring, and eidoc, resemblance.) Ring
like : applied to a round, ring-like cartilage of
the larynx. Sec Cartilago cricoides.
Cri de cuir neuf. See New leather sound.
Cridones. The same as crinones. Sea
Crino.
CRIM EVIL. C. .leg. A kind of tubercu
lar elephantiasis, said to prevail in the Crimea
and Astracan.
Crimno'des. Bran-like: applied to urine
which deposits a sediment like bran. — Hippoc-
rates.
CRINA'LE. An instrument formerly used
to exert pressure in cases of fistula lachrymalis.
It is named from having at one end a small
cushion stuffed with hair.
Cri'nis. The hair. See Capillus.
CRI'NO. (o, onis; from crinis, the hair.)
1. A genus of entozoa. 2. A disease which,
according to Ettmuller and others, has prevailed
epidemically among infants. It consisted in
the eruption of rigid, black hairs from the skin
of the back, arms, and legs, accompanied with-
febrile irritation and emaciation.
Crino'myron. An ointment composed of
lilies and aromatics. *
CRINONES. Grubs. An affection of chil-
dren, in which a morbid secretion is produced
by the sebaceous follicles, which resemble small
grubs. Acne punctata.
CRI'SIS. (is, is, f. Kptoic, a judgment or
determination; from xpivu, to judge.) A sud-
den change for the better or worse taking place
in the course of acute diseases, and especially
fevers. A favorable crisis is sometimes attend-
ed with a diarrhoea, perspiration, or other sen-
sible evacuation, and such evacuations are
styled critical. At other times the crisis is un-
attended with any sensible evacuation. A cri-
sis is perfect or imperfect ; the former bringing
the patient suddenly to a state of convalescence,
the latter merely causing a marked alleviation
of the symptoms. The crisis is also called sal~
vtary or fatal, according to the result. It has
been a question from the time of Hippocrates
down to the present, whether fevers have a
tendency to a crisis on particular days of tHeir
course rather than on others. See Critical
days.
CRISP ATION. Crispatura. ( From crispo, to
curl.) A slight contraction of any part, wheth-
er natural or induced by a morbid cause ; thus
the skin, when contracted so as to form whajt is
called cutis anscrina, is in a state of crispatjon:
CRO
the small arteries divided by a wound wlien
they retract so as to arrest the hemorrhage are
in a state of crispation.
Cri'spus. Crisp: curled.
CRISTA, (a, a, f. The comb of a cock ;
a crest.) This name is given, 1. In Anatomy,
to several processes and parts of bones ; as the
crista ilii and the crista galli of the ethmoid
bone. 2. In Surgery, to excrescewses, like the
comb of a cock, about the anus.
Cristje of the clitoris. The nymphsc.
Crista galli. An eminence of the ethmoid
bone, so called from its resemblance to a cock's
comb. See Ethmoid bone.
Crista urethkalis. The caput gallinaginis
of the urethra.
Crista'tus. Crested.
Cri'the. Crithidion. Hordeolum.
Crithe'rion. The same as crisis.
CRITH'MUM. A genus of plants. Pcntan-
dria. Digynia. UinJtcllifera. — C. maritimum.
The samphire, or sea-fennel. It is a low per-
ennial plant, and grows about the sea-coast in
several parts of England. It has a spicy, aro-
matic flavor.
CRI'TICAL. Appertaining to the crisis
determining the event of a disease. Applied
to symptoms, evacuations, periods, &c., which
have reference to a crisis.
Critic at. DATS. Dies judicatorii. Dies de-
cretorii. Dies principes. Dies radicates. Hip-
pocrates and Galen taught that there were cer-
tain days on which the crisis of fever was
generally perfect and favorable ; others on
which it was imperfect or unfavorable; and
others, again, which were seldom marked by
any particular change one way or the other.
According to Galen, the 7th day is particularly
favorable; next to this, the 14th; then the !)th,
11th, and 20th; then the 17th and 5th; lastly,
the 4th, 3d, anil 18th. The sixth day is very
doubtful and unfavorable, and like it are the
8th, 10th, 12th, lfith, and 19th. The 13th day
is intermediate, and not marked by any consid-
erable change. Diocles and Archigenes made
the 21st one of the favorable days; but Galen
agrees with Hippocrates in rejecting this and
substituting the 20th. The doctrine of critical
days has been much contested, and is so, more
or less, to the present time. It is now general-
ly disbelieved, however, by physicians, that
the critical days of fever can be determined
with any degree of accuracy sufficient to render
the doctrine practically useful.
Cro'ceus. Deep yellow.
Croci stigmata. See Crocus.
Crocidi'.xis. Crocidismus. Floccilation.
Carphologia.
Cro'cinum. A mixture of oil and saffron,
sometimes with the addition of aromatics.
Croco'nic acid. See Rhodizonic acid.
C R ' C U S. (us, i, and um, i, n. KpoKOc.
KpoKov.) 1. A genus of plants. Triandria.
Monogynia. Iridacew. 2.- The pharmacopoeial
name of the prepared stigmata of the saffron
Elant. See Crocus sativus. 3. A name given
y the older chemists to several preparations
of metallic substances, from their color ; thus,
Crocus martis, Crocus veneris.
Crocus axtimosii. See Antimonii vitrum.
CRO
Crocus Germanicus. See Carthamus tine
tortus.
Crocus Indicus. See Curcuma.
Crocus martis. Burnt green vitriol:
Crocus metallorum. A sulphur oxide of
antimony. Crocus antimonii.
Crocus officinalis. See Crocus sativus.
Crocus Saracenicus. See Carthamus tine
torius.
Crocus sativus. The saffron plant. It is a
native of Greece and Asia Minor, but is cul1>
vated abundantly for medicinal use. The stig«
mas (croci stigmata) are the part employed in
medicine.
Good saffron has a sweetish, penetrating, dif-
fusive odor; a warm, pungent, bitterish taste;
and a rich, deep orange-yellow cilor. It yields
its color and active ingredients to water, alco-
hol, proof spirit, wine, vinegar, and, in a smaller
degree, to ether. By distillation with water it
affords a small quantity of a heavy, golden-
yellow colored volatile oil ; and it is to this oil
that saffron owes its active properties : 32 parts
of saffron yield 1 of oil. The medical virtues
are inconsiderable, although the ancients thought
highly of it. The chief use now is as a color-
ing matter.
Crocus veneris. Oxide of copper, formed
by calcining the metal.
Crop. See Ingluvies.
CROSS BIRTH. The popular name for
what obstetricians call Preternatural labor.
Crosswort. Eupatorium perfoliatum.
CRO'TALUS. (us, i, m. ; from Kporahov, a
rattle.) The rattlesnake. A genus of venom-
ous serpents abounding in various parts of the
American continent. There are three species,
the characters of which are well ascertained '.
C. horridus, C. durissus, and C. miliarius; a
fourth, C. cascabclla, has been recently found
in Brazil. The most remarkable characteristic
of these reptiles is the rattle appended to their
tails. This consists of a number of horny joints,
which are movable on one another, and make
a rattling noise when the animal moves. The
number of these joints increases with the ago
of the serpent, one being added eveiy time it
changes its cuticle. The bite of the rattlesnake
is almost uniformly fatal if neglected, being fol-
lowed by gangrenous inflammation of the in-
jured part, and rapid sinking of the vital pow-
ers. The proper treatment in case of a bite is
to cut out the part as soon as possible, cauterize
the naked surface, or apply cupping glasses,
and sustain the patient's strength by brandy
and carbonate of ammonia.
Crotaphi'tes. Appertaining to the temple.
Applied to the temporal artery, vein, or muscle.
Crotaphitic nerve. A branch of the fifth
pair of nerves ; the portio minor.
Cro'taphos. Crotaphium. The temples.
A throbbing and pain in the temples.
CROTCHET. A curved steel instrument,
with a hook, used to extract the foetus in the op-
eration of embryotomy, and to bring down the
limbs in certain presentations. It may be blunt
or sharp, but the latter is a most injurious in-
strument to the mother.
CRO'TON. (on, onis.) A genus of plants
Monmcia. Monadelphia. Euphorbiacea;.
197
C RO
•Croton benzoin. See Styrax benzoin.
Croton cascarilla. C. linearc. These
were supposed to furnish cascarilla. See Cro-
ton eleutheria.
Croton eleutheria. The plant which yields
cascarilla bark. It is a native of the Bahama
Islands and West Indies. The bark is in quills,
covered upon the outside with a rough, whitish
matter, and brownish on the inner side, exhib-
iting, when broken, a smooth, close, blackish-
brown surface. It has a light, agreeable smell,
and a moderately bitter taste, accompanied with
a considerable aromatic warmth. It is veiy in-
flammable, and when burned and extinguished
gives out a fragrant, musky smell. It yields
its virtues partially to water and to alcohol, and
entirely to profif spirit, and contains a fragrant,
volatile oil. It is a very excellent aromatic
tonic and febrifuge. The dose of the powder-
ed hark is from grs. xij. to jj., three or four
times a day.
Croton laccifeuum. An East Indian tree,
the resinous juice of which affords gum lac.
Croton pseudo-china. Croton cascarilla.
Croton sem'eerum. See StilUngia.
Croton ti'glium. C. jamalgota. The tree
which affords the tiglia seeds. C. pavana is
also said to yield them. They are natives of
the island of Ceylon, Malabar, China, Cochin
China, and the Molucca Islands. Every part
of the plant seems to be medicinal: the root
acts as a drastic purgative, and, exhibited in
the dose of a few grains, is considered at Am-
boyna and Bntavia as a specific for dropsy ; the
wood (lignum Pavanw) produces, when admin-
istered in small doses, a diaphoretic effect, and
in larger ones it proves drastic ; the leaves are
also purgative. The seeds (scmina tiglii. s.
crotonis), or purging nuts, however, are the
parts which have been more generally employ-
ed. They were long known under the names
of Grana Molucca, Tilii Grana, and Grana
Tiglia.
The expressed oil of the seeds {Oleum tiglii,
V. S.) has a yellow color, a faint odor, and an
acrid taste: these qualities, however, will be
found to vary in different samples. According
to Dr. Nimmo, this oil consists of forty-five
parts of an acrid purgative principle, and fifty-
five of a fixed, bland oil. The acrid matter
consists of a peculiar acid (crotonic or ialrophic)
and a resin. Brandes also discovered a doubt-
ful alkaloid, crotonin or tiglin.
Croton oil, when pure — but, unfortunately, it
is so much adulterated as to be seldom pure — is
a drastic purge, remarkable for the rapidity of
its action and the prostration it superinduces.
Dose, gtt. j. to gtt. ij., either on sugar, in tinc-
ture, or soap. It may be used in obstinate
constipation, unattended with inflammation,
where other purges are inoperative ; but its use
is dangerous, from the severe gastro-enteric ir-
ritation it sometimes produces. It has been
applied externally as a counter irritant, and
produces a pustular eruption, and sometimes
purges. The amount employed is gtt. ij.-v.,
dissolved in alcohol.
Croton tinctorium. The lac plant. This
plant is a native of the Levant, Italy, and the
south of France, and produces the lacca carnea.
198
CRO
Cro'tonate. A salt formed by the crotonic
acid with a base.
CROTO'NE. A fungus on trees produced
by an insect like a tick; and, by metaphor,
applied to small fungous excrescences on the
periosteum.
Crotonic acid. Crotonin. See Croton tig-
lium.
Crotonis ^leum. Croton oil. See Croton
tiglium.
CROUP. Cynanchc trachcalis. Tracheitis.
A permanently laborious and suffocating breath-
ing, accompanied by a stridulous noise, a short
and dry cough, and frequently, toward the
close, an expectoration of a concrete, membra-
nous sputum. Two distinct forms of disease
have been described by authors under the
name of croup : the acute and the spasmodic.
Acute croup is peculiar to childhood, and at-
tacks between the third and thirteenth year;
one attack produces a liability to its recurrence
It is found mostly in damp, marshy places. It
commences usually with a slight cough, hoarse-
ness, and sneezing, as though cold had been
taken. To these symptoms, in a day or two,
and sometimes in a few hours, succeed a pecu-
liar shrillness and ringing of the voice, as if the
sound were sent through a brazen tube. At
the same time there is a sense of pain about
the larynx, some difficulty of respiration, with
a wheezing sound in inspiration, as if the pas-
sage of the air were straitened. The cougk
which attends it is sometimes dry ; and if any
thing be spit up, it is a matter of a purulent ap
pearance, and sometimes films, resembling
portions of a membrane. Together with these
symptoms, there is a frequency of pulse, a rest
lessness, and an uneasy sense of heat. When
the internal fauces are viewed, they are some-
times without any appearance of inflammation ,
but frequently a redness, and even swelling,
appear; and sometimes in the fauces there la
an appearance of matter like to that rejectee!
by coughing. With the symptoms now de
scribed, and particularly with great difficulty
of breathing, and a sense of strangling in the
fauces, the patient is sometimes suddenly cut
off. The countenance generally exhibits great
distress; the head and face are covered with
perspiration, from the violence of the struggle,
and the lips and cheeks are alternately pale
and livid. The peculiarity of this species of
croup consists in the secretion of the membrane,
which is perpetually endangering suffocation.
The disease is an inflammation of the trachea,
and sometimes bronchi, attended with the se-
cretion of a false membrane. There is also
more or less spasm of the epiglottis. It runs
its course in two or three days. The prognosis
is very unfavorable, especially where tho cough
is dry and the fever high.
Copious bleeding at the commencement of
the attack, by breaking abruptly upon the in-
flammatory action, has sometimes carried off the
disease at once. This may be effected from
the jugular vein, and leeches may be applied
afterward, according to circumstances. Emetics
have been given immediately after. These are
of doubtful effect; in many instances, however,
they have soon removed the disease. A full
CRU
dose of tartar emetic is the best in this case.
The remedy principally relied on in the pres-
ent day, and which in many instances has acted
like a charm, is large and repeated doses of
calomel. Of this, not less than five or six
grains are commonly given to very young chil-
dren, and continued every two or three hours,
till there is a discharge of green, bilious mat-
ter, which seems to be the criterion of its hav-
ing taken effect. When depletion has been
carried far enough, and the disease still contin-
ues, the apjjlication of a blister on the back of
the neck or between the shoulders may be ser-
viceable. Other means of counter irritation
are also to be employed. Where suffocation is
imminent, tracheotomy should be performed.
Spasmodic croup is a very different disease
from the former, the peculiarity of which is in-
flammation, and a membrane-like secretion,
neither of which exist in this, which is of a
purely nervous or spasmodic nature. See La-
ryngismus stridulus.
Croup, falsi:. C. cerebral. C. spurious.
Pseudo-croup. Spasmodic croup. Laryngismus
stridulus.
Crout, hysteric. A croup-like cough, oc-
curring as a nervous symptom in some cases of
hysteria.
Croup-like convulsion - . Inward fits. A
convulsive affection of young children, unat-
tended by external fits, occurring often at inter-
vals, with carpo-pedal spasm, and supposed by
some authors to be a chronic croup. It is
sometimes of long continuance, but is danger-
ous from the occurrence of spasm of the glottis.
It is a nervous affection arising from gastric and
dental irritation.
Croup-like inspiration-. Laryngismus stri-
dulus.
Crowfoot. Sec Ranunculus. — C. cranc's-
'•ill. Geranium pratense.
Crow-silk. Conferva rivalis.
Crown. See Corona.
CROWN BARK. Loxa bark. Cortex cin-
;honae lancifolia).
Crown, impsjrial. Corona imperialis.
Crown ok a tooth. The uppermost part,
which is incased in enamel.
CRU'CIAL. (Crucialis; from crux, a cross.)
Cross-like. Applied, in Anatomy, to some parts
disposed in the manner of a cross, as the cru-
cial ligaments of the knee joint. 2. In Surgery,
to an incision made in the shape of a cross.
Crucial bandage. The T bandage.
Crucial ligaments. The ligaments of the
knee joint. See Ligament.
Crucia'tus. Cruciate. Cruciformis.
C R U ' C I B L E. Crucibulum. A chemical
vessel in which substances are exposed to the
heat of a fire or furnace. They are of various
materials, as earthenware, porcelain, iron, black
lead, platina, &c.
CRUCI'FERiE. (From crux, crucis, a cross,
and fero, to bear.) The cruciferous tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous, seldom
shrubby plants, with leaves alternate ; flowers,
polypetalous ; sepals, four, deciduous, cruciate,
alternating with four cruciate petals; stamens,
six, hypogynous, tetradynamous ; fruit, a sili-
qua, or silicula.
CRU
Crucifo'rmis. Cruciatus. Cross-like.
CRUDE. Unprepared; raw. Applied to
coarse natural or artificial products which re-
quire purification ; as crude sulphur, crude an-
timony.
CRU'DITAS. (From crudus, raw.) A cru-
dity. A term applied to undigested substances
in the stomach, and formerly to humors in the
body unprepared for concoction.
Cruenta expuitio. Haemoptysis.
CRU'OR. (or, oris, m.) The red part of
the blood when coagulated. See Blood.
Cruorin. The soluble product obtained by
boiling fibrin and albumen in water. It is pro-
duced in the analysis of blood by M. Denis's
process.
Crupsia. Chromopsia.
Cru'ra. The plural of crus, which see.
CRURiE'US. (From crus, a leg.) Cruralis.
A muscle situated on the forepart of the thigh.
It arises, fleshy, from between, the two trochan-
ters of the os femoris, firmly adhering to the
forepart of the os femoris throughout the greater
part of its' length; and is inserted, tendinous,
into the upper part of the patella, behind the
rectus. Its use is to assist the vasti and rectus
muscles in the extension of the leg.
CRU'RAL. Cruralis. Belonging to the
crus, leg, or lower extremity.
C rural arch. The inguinal arch formed
by l'oupart's ligament.
Crural artery. The femoral artery.
Crural canal. C. ring. The femoral
ring.
Crural hernia. Femoral hernia. See Her-
nia cruralis.
Crural nerve. A branch from the lumbal*
plexus. It lies on the outside of the psoas
muscle and femoral artery. It supplies the
muscles and integuments of the thigh. The
chief branch is the saphena nerve, which sup-
plies the knee, anterior portion of the leg, and
upper part of the foot.
Crural plexus. The lumbar plexus.
Cruralis. See Crurmus.
CRUS. (Crus, ris, n.) 1. The leg; the
thigh. 2. The root or origin of some parts of
the body, from their resemblance to a leg ; as
Crura cerebri, Crura cerebclli; Crura of the
diaphragm. — C. clitoridis. See Clitoris.— C.
penis. See Penis.
CRU'STA. (a, a, f.) 1. A shell. 2. A
scab. 3. The scum of a fluid.
Crusta genu equina. The morbid crust or
com on the knees of some horses. Knee scab.
Horse crust. It has been often recommended
in nervous diseases, especially epilepsy. Dose
of the powder, gr. v. to 9j.
Crusta inflammatory. C.phlogistica. C.
pleurilica. The huffy coat of inflamed blood.
Crusta lactea. Milk scab. See Porrigo,
Larvalis, &c.
Crusta petrosa. See Denies.
Crusta villo'sa. C. vermicularis. The
mucous coat of the stomach and intestines.
CRUSTA'CEA. A class of articulated ani-
mals protected by a hard shell.
Crusta'ceous. Shell-like. Covered with a
shell, or resembling a shell.
Cru'stula. An effusion of blood under the
199
CRY
tanica conjunctiva of the eye, from a bruise or
any other cause.
Crymo'des. (Kpv/iudec ; from Kpv/ioc, cold.)
An epithet of a fever, wherein the external
parts are cold and the internal hot.
Crymodynia. Chronic rheumatism.
Crymoses. Diseases caused by the action
of cold.
Cryo'phorus. The frost-bearer, an instru-
ment to demonstrate the production of cold by
evaporation at low temperatures.
Crypso'rchis. One whose testicles have not
descended.
CRY'PT^E. Crypta. (From Kpvnru, to
hide.) 1. A follicle, or little pit; a follicular
gland. 2. The little rounded appearances at
the end of the small arteries of the cortical sub-
stance of the kidneys, that appear as if formed
by the artery being convoluted upon itself, are
called crypta.
Cryptoce'phat.us. (From upvirroc, and ice-
$d?in, a head.) A monstrosity, in which the
head is very small, and does not project from
the trunk.
CRYPTOGA'MIA. (a, * , f. ; from Kpvitroc,
and yafioc, a marriage.) Plants without sta-
mens or pistils. It contains four orders: Fili-
<:es, Musci, Alga, and Fungi.
CRYSTAL. (Crystallus,i,m. KpvaraUoc.)
When bodies assume the solid form, their par-
ticles becoming connected in a certain order,
so as to constitute defined mathematical figures.
Every substance susceptible of crystallization
appears in some primitive form, as the cube, te-
trahedron, octahedron ; and all the secondary
forms arise from the decrement of particles
from the edges and angles of these primitive
forms.
Crystal mineral. Sal prunella?.
Crystalli. Pemphigus, and also varicella.
Crystallin. The azotized body of which
the crystalline lens is formed. It closely re-
sembles casein in composition.
Crystallina. A vesicle.
Crystalline. Crystallinus. Resembling
crystal ; having the form of a crystal.
Crystalline lens. C. humor. See Eye.
CRYSTALLIZATION. ( Crystallizalio,
onis, f. ; from crystallns, a crystal.) The pro-
cess in which crystallizable bodies tend to as-
sume a regular form. The circumstances which
are favorable to the crystallization of salts are
two: 1. Their particles must be divided and
separated by a fluid, in order that the corre-
sponding faces of those particles may meet and
unite. 2. In order that this union may take
place, the fluid which separates the integrant
parts of the salt must be gradually evaporated,
so that it may no longer divide them.
Crystallization, water of. The water
which combines with many salts to give them
a regular or crystalline form. It is driven off
by heat, and leaves the substance in powder,
as when alum is heated. There are usually
several equivalents of water present in such
crystals.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. The science which
investigates the forms, modifications, &c., of
crystals.
Crystalloid. Crystalline.
200
CUC
Cryts, synovial. The bursas mucosae.
Cte'dones. Pectinated.
Cteis. 1. The os pubis. 2. The incisor
teeth were called urtvec.
Cte'nobra'nchiata. Syn. of pectinibran-
chiata.
CU. Copper.
CUBA, CLIMATE OF. This island is most-
ly selected as a place of residence for consump-
tives; and Havana being the most convenient
city, is selected by the invalid. The mean
temperature of the year is high, being 78° F. ;
but the northern coast is subject to high winds
during the fall and winter. The south coast
would be preferable.
CUBE'BA. (a, a-, f.; from cubabah, Arab.)
See Piper cubeba.
Cubebin. A substance extracted from cu-
bebs, closely analogous, if not identical, with
piperin. Formula, C34H17O10. — Gregory.
Cubeiis. See Piper cubeba.
Cubebs, oil of. Oleum cubeba?.
Cubic nitre. Nitrate of soda.
Cubiforme os. See Os cuboides.
Cubitjeus externus. See Extensor digito-
rum communis.
Cubitjeus internus. See Flexor sublimis,
and profundus.
CU'BITAL. (Cubitalis; from cuMtus, the
fore-arm.) Belonging to the fore-arm.
Cubital artery. The ulnar artery.
Cubital nerve. The ulnar nerve.
Cubitalus musculus. See Anconeus.
Cubito-suprapalmaris. Belonging to the
fore-arm and back of the hand. An artery de-
rived from the ulnar bears this name, and also
the attending vein.
C U ' B I T U S. {us, i, m. ; from cubo, to lie
down.) 1. The fore-arm, or that part between
the elbow and wrist. 2. The larger bone of
the fore-arm is called os cubiti. See Ulna.
CUBOI'DES. Cuboid; resembling a cube.
Cuboides os. Os cubiforme. A tarsal bone
of the foot. See Tarsus.
Cuckow-flower. Cardamine pratensis.
Cuckow pint. Arum maculatum.
CUCU'BALUS. A genus of plants. Decan-
dria. Tryginia. — C. bacciferus. The berry-
bearing chickweed, which is sometimes used
as an emollient poultice. — C. behen. The Be-
hen officinarum, or spatling poppy, formerly
used as a cordial and alexiphannic.
Cuculla'ris. The trapezius muscle.
Cuculla'tus. Hooded; cone-shaped.
CUCU'LLUS. A hood; a bandage for the
head ; an odoriferous cap for the head.
CUCUMBER. See Cucumis sativus.— C,
bitter. See Cucumis colocynthis. — C, squirt'
ing. C, wild. See Momordica elaterium. —
C, tree. Magnolia acuminata.
CU'CUMIS. (is, is, m.) A genus of plants.
Monacia. Syngenesia. Cucurbitacea.
Cucumis agrestis. C. asininus. Momor-
dica elaterium.
Cucumis colocynthis. The bitter apple,
bitter gourd, or bitter cucumber. An annual
vine, native of Syria and Africa. The fruit is a
round pepo, the size of a small orange, yellow,
and smooth on the outside when ripe ; trilocu
lar, each cell containing many ovate, compress-
CUM
ed whitish seeds, enveloped by a white, spon-
gy pulp {colocynthidis pulpa). The pulp is
inodorous, extremely bitter, and nauseous.
Ether, alcohol, and water extract its virtues.
It is a drastic purgative, producing violent grip-
big, and is mostly given in the form of extract,
combined with aloes and other drugs. Dose,
gr. ij. to gr. v.
Cucumis melo. Musk melon. This fruit
must be eaten moderately, as it is liable to pro-
duce flatulence and colic.
Cucumis sativus. Cucumber plant. It is
cooling and aperient, but veiy apt to disagree
with bilious stomachs.
Cucumis sylvestris. See Momordica elate-
rium.
Cu'cutha. A hood. An odoriferous cap for
the head, containing aromatic drugs.
Cucurbit. Cucurbita. An alembic.
CUCU'RBITA. A genus of plants. Montt-
cia. Syngcnesia. Cucurbitacem — C. citrullus.
The water-melon plant. The seeds of this
plant were formerly used medicinally. An in-
fusion is said to be diuretic. Water-melon is
cooling and somewhat nutritious, but disagrees
with many. — C. lagenaria. The gourd, the
pulp of which is bitter and purgative. — C. me-
lo pepo is the large squash, and C. ovifera the
small vegetable marrow. — C. pepo. The com-
mon pumpkin. The seeds contain a large pro-
portion of oil, which may be made into emul-
sions.
CUCURBITA CRUENTA. A Clipping glaSB.
CUCURBITA'CEiE. Plants resembling the
gourd.
Cucurbiti'nus. The tatnia solium. See
Tarda,
CUCURBI'TULA. C. omenta. A cupping
glass.
CUCURBITULA CUM FERR0. Clipping.
Cucurbitula sicca. Dry cupping.
Cudbear. The coloring matter of the leca-
nora tartarea.
Cudweed. See Filago.
CuiCHf nchullis. Ionidium miorophyllum.
CU'LEX. The gnat family. — C. pipiens.
The common gnat. The best application to
the bitten part is diluted spirit of hartshorn.
Culilawan. See Cinnamorrmm Culilawan.
Culinary. Relating to the kitchen, or to
cookery.
Culm. Cu'lmus. Straw. The stem of
grasses, rushes, and plants nearly allied to them.
Cu'lter. Cultellus. A knife or shear. The
third lobe of the liver.
Cultrate. Shaped like a plough-share.
Culver's physic Leptandra virginica.
Cumamus. See Piper eubeba.
Cumana buassica. Red colewort.
Cumin. Cuminum cyminum.
CU'MINUM. A genus of plants. Hcptan-
dria. Digynia. VmbelUferw. — C. asthiopicum.
See Sison. — C. cy'minum. The cumin plant.
The seeds have a bitterish taste, accompanied
with an aromatic, though not agreeable flavor.
, They are generally preferred to other seeds for
external use in discussing indolent tumors.
CUMYL. A hypothetical radical existing in
oil of cumin; form., CioHnO:. — Citmitwlc, or
pure essential oil of cumin, is a hydruret, or C.o
CUP
HnO$-|-H. — Cuminic acid, which is crystalline,
is the hydrated oxide, CsoHnOa-f-HO.
Cunea'lis sutura. The suture by which
the os sphenoides is joined to the os frontis.
CUNEIFORM. (Cuneiformis; from cuneus,
a wedge, and forma, likeness.) Wedge-like.
Cuneiformiaossa. The sphenoid bone. ,
See Tarsus.
Cune'olus. (From cuneus, a wedge.) A
crooked tent to put into a fistula.
CUNI'LA. A genus of plants. Diandria.
Monogynia. Salviacea. The C. mariana is
thought to be febrifuge. — C. bubula. Marjo-
ram. Pliny. — C. mascula. The inula dysen-
terica. — C. pulegioides. Hodeoma pulegioides.
Cup. A measure of four ounces, used in
bleeding.
Cu'pel. A shallow earthen vessel like a
cup, made of bone earth, used in assaying.
CUPELLATION. Cupellatio. The puri ly-
ing of perfect metals by means of an addition
of lead, which, at a due heat, becomes vitrified,
and promotes the vitrification and calcination
of such imperfect metals as may be in the mix-
ture, so that these last are carried off in the fu-
sible glass that is formed, and the perfect metals
are loft nearly pure.
Cupola. The infundibulum of the cochlea.
CUPPING. Cupping is performed by glass-
es, called, from their shape, cucurbitula, of dif-
ferent sizes and shapes, mostly open like a cup,
a spirit lamp, and a scarificator. When the
operation is about to be done, a basin of warm
water, a piece of fine sponge, and the lighted
lamp must be at hand. As many of the cup-
ping-glasses as may be judged necessary are to
be put into the basin. Each glass is then to be
held for an instant only over the flame of the
spirit lamp, and immediately placed upon the
skin; and the moment the glass is applied, the
skin and integuments are drawn up, and be-
come swollen, from the blood being drawn into
the small vessels. When nothing more is done,
the operation is called dry cupping. But cup-
ping being mostly intended to remove a quan-
tity of blood, the operator proceeds, after the
glass has been on a minute, to remove it, and
quickly applies the scarificator, and immedi-
ately puts on the cupping-glass, having used
the spirit lamp as before. When the glasses
are so full as to bo in danger of falling off", or
the blood is coagulated in them, they should be
removed, emptied, and applied again.
CUPRE'SSUS. A genus of plants. Monce-
cia. Monadclphia. Conifcra. The cypress-
tree. — C. sempe'rvirens. The cupressus of the
shops. Every part of the plant abounds with a
bitter, aromatic, terebinthinate fluid, and is said
to be a remedy against intermittents. Its wood
is extremely durable.
CUPRI ACETAS. (U.S.) Verdigris. A pale
green substance, of a crystalline structure, con-
sisting of a mixture of acetates of copper. By
levigating, and preparing like chalk, it consti-
tutes the cupri acctas praparatus (U. S.). It is,
like all the salts of copper, poisonous, and used
only in ointment, ungucntum cupri are/as.
Cupri ammoxiaretum. Cupri ammonio-sul-
phas. See Cuprum ammoniatum. '
Cupri ammoniati liquor. C. ammoniati
201
CUR
aqua. C. ammoniati solutio. See Liquor cupri
ammonio-sulphatis.
Cupri limatura. Copper filings.
Cupri rubigo. Verdigris.
Cupri subacetas. C. subacctas praparata.
C. diacetas. See Cupri acctas.
Cupri sulphas. Cuprum vitriolatum. Sul-
phate of copper. Blue stone. Blue vitriol.
It possesses corrosive and styptic qualities ; is
esteemed as a tonic, emetic, astringent, and es-
charotic; and is exhibited internally in the
cure of dropsies, hemorrhages, and as a speedy
emetic. The dose, as a tonic and astringent, is
one sixth of a grain, gradually increased to gr.
ij. ; as an emetic, from gr. v. to gr. xv. Exter-
nally, it is applied in cases of hemorrhages, he-
morrhoids, leucorrhoea, phagedenic ulcers, and
condylomata.
Cupro-sulphatk OF AMMONIA. See Cuprum
(immoniatum .
CU'PRUM. {urn, /, n.) See Copper.
Cuprum ammoniacalk. .See Cuprum ammo-
niatum.
Cuprum ammoniatum. (U.S.) Cupri ammonia- j
sulphas. Ammonia; cupro-sulphas. Aminoniated
copper. Ammoniacal sulphate of copper. Am- !
mouio-sulphate of copper. Take of sulphate of !
copper, f ss. ; sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, jvi. !
Rub them together in a glass mortar till the ef- i
fervescence ceases, then dry the aminoniated
copper, wrapped up in bibulous paper, in the !
air. It is to be kept in a well-stopped bottle, j
This preparation is much milder than the ,sul- j
phate of copper. It is found to produce tonic
and astringent effects on the human body. Its j
principal internal use has been in epilepsy and
other obstinate spasmodic diseases, given m do- j
868 of half a grain, gradually increased to five
grains or more, two or three times a day. For j
its external application, see Liquor cupri ammo- \
nio-sulphatis.
Cuprum vitriolatum. See Cupri sulphas. \
Cu'pula. The cup of the acorn.
OUPULIFERJE. The oak and chestnut!
tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs j
with leaves .alternate; flowers, amentaceous, j
dioecious, apetalous; ovarium inferior, inclosed
ill a cupule ; fruit, a horny or coriaceous nut.
CURA'TIO. Cura. The treatment of a dis-
ease or injury.
Cura avenacka. A decoction of oats with
nitre, &e. ,
Cura famis. Abstinence from food.
Cura medeana. The operation of Iransfu-
■ion.
CURA B I. A violent poison used by the
South American Indians to poison weapons.
It is supposed to be derived from a strychnos, j
and contains an alkaloid (curarine) of a yellow-
Uh amorphous form, which is very active.
CURATIVE. Cura/ivus. Relative to a cure ; j
capable of cure.
Curcas. See Jatropha cureas.
Curcu'lio. 1. The throat. 2. A genus of j
coleopterous insects.
Curcum. See Chelidonium majus.
CURCUMA. («,«,£ Arabic, curkum.),l.
Turmeric. 2. A genus of plants. Monandria.
Monogynia. Zingiberaecw. — C.longa. C. ro-
tunda. The turaieric plant. The root is im-
202
C US
ported from the East Indies. It is of a yellow
color; its odor is somewhat fragrant; to the
taste it is bitterish, slightly acrid, exciting a
moderate degree of warmth in the mouth, and,
on being chewed, it tinges the saliva yellow.
The yellow coloring matter (cucurmin) is resin-
ous, and soluble in ether and alcohol. It is
used in curry powder, in dyeing, and furnishes
a chemical test of the presence of uncombined
alkalies. — C. angustifolia, C. leuchorrhiza, and
C. rubescens all yield East Indian arrow-root.
— C. zedoaria. See Zedoary.
Curd. The coagulum of milk.
CURE'TTE. (French.) An instrument,
shaped like a little scoop, for taking away any
opaque matter that may be left behind the pu-
pil, after extracting the cataract from the eye.
Currant. See Ribes, and Vilis.
Curry. A condiment, containing turmeric,
red and black pepper, and aromatic seeds, in
various proportions.
Cursuma. Curiuma. See Ranunculus fica-
ria.
Curva'tor coccy'qis. A muscle described
by Albinus.
Curva'tus. Curvate: bent.
CURVATURE. (From curvo, to bend.) A
curved or bent condition. A departure froru
the erect or straight line. In Pathology, a de-
parture from the proper or normal figure and
direction ; as curvature of the spine, curvature
of a bone, in mollitcs ossiuin.
Curvature of the spine. When the spinal
column deviates from its regular figure. The
curvature may be lateral, or forward. It arises
from various causes. 1st. Debility of the mus-
cles, caused by tight lacing, want of exercise, a
constrained posture. This occurs in youth, and
may be remedied by proper exercise, tonics,
the removal of all injurious causes, and occa>-
sional support. 2d. Rickets. See Rachitis.
3d. Caries of the vertebra;, by which the body
being destroyed, there is curvature forward, as
in Pott's disease. 4th. Hydrorachis, which see.
5th. Psoas and lumbar abscess, producing caries
of the adjacent vertebra?. 6th. Accidents to the
vertebra', producing dislocation, softening, in-
flammation, and ending in curvature.
CUSCO CINCHONA. A spurious bark re-
sembling the yellow. Sulphate of soda does
not, however, produce any precipitate in the in
fusion, as it does in that of yellow bark.
Cusco'nin. Aricina.
CUSCU'TA. Dodder. A genus of plants.
Tctrandria. Digynia. — C. epithymum. The
dodder of thyme. A parasitical plant, possess-
ing a strong, disagreeable smell, and a pungent
taste, very durable in the mouth ; formerly rec-
ommended in melancholia' as a cathartic. — C
curopaia. Common flax dodder.
CUSPARIA. (a, a;, f.) Cusparia or angos-
tura (U. S.) bark. Cusparia cortex. This is
the bark of the Galipea officinalis and G. cuspa-
ria (De Candolle); Cusparia febrifuga of Hum-
boldt and Bonpland, or Bpnplandia trifoliat'a of
Willdenow, which see. It is tonic, stimulant,
and aromatic. Dose of the powder, gr. v. to 3j.
Cusparin. See Angosturin.
CUSPID A' TUS. ( From cuspis, a point. )
Cuspidate: sharp-pointed. Four of the teeth
CUT
arc called cuspidati, because they have the two
sides of their edge sloped off to a point. See
Teeth.
Ccspis. 1. The glans penis. 2. A bandage.
Cu'stos oculi. An instrument to fix the eye
during an operation.
Cuta'.mbulus. Gordius medinensis ? Itch-
ing.
CUTA'NEOUS. (Cu/aneus; from c utis, the
skin.) Belonging to the skin.
Cutaneous diseases. Diseases attended
with an eruption on the skin. There are sev-
eral distinct classes of cutaneous diseases. In
some, as the exanthemata, the rash or efflores-
cence is of the nature of a sequela, or symptom ;
in others, as syplyMis, scrofula, it appears to be
produced from constitutional debility ; while
in the third the skin is the seat of inflammation,
usually of a chronic kind, and the health is not
primarily disturbed to any great extent. This
third class, including porrigo, lichen, lepra, pi-
tyriasis, psoriasis, are those usually denomina-
ted skin diseases. Many are very obstinate.
The treatment of these, where inflammation is
absent, consists of stimulating ointments chiefly,
of which tar, creasote, sulphur, arsenic, and tar-
tar emetic are the active agents.
Cutaneous nerves. Two branches of the
brachial plexus, the internal and external.
They supply the arm and hand. In the leg
there are four cutaneous nerves, branches of
the lumbar plexus, or the anterior crural nerve.
Cuta'neus Muscur.us. See Platysma myoi-
dcs.
Cutch. The catechu of the acacia catechu.
CU'TICLE. (Cuticula, a, f . ; a diminutive
uf cutis, the skin.) See Cutis.
CU'TIS. (is, is, f.) Dennis. Pellis. The
skin. The skin has been said to consist of
three parts: true skin (cutis vera), mucous net
rctc mucosum), and scarf-skin, or epidermis ;
out Bichat, Chaussier, and others regard it as
consisting of two only, the cutis vera and epi-
dermis, the rc/e mucosum being the vascular net-
work of the former. Other authors divide the
reto mucosum into three layers.
The cutis vera of the human skin (corion, co-
■rium, derma) seems to consist chiefly of very
small, dense fibres, closely interwoven with
each other, or of condensed cellular tissue.
The inner surface is of a gray color, and in al-
most all parts of the body presents a number of
depressions, varying in size from one tenth to
one twelfth of an inch, and consequently form-
ing spaces or intervals between them. These
depressions, which correspond to eminences in
the adjacent adipose tissue, have been termed
areola-. The outer or cuticular surface is quite
smooth, of a pale or flesh-red tinge, and is much
more vascular than its inner surface. It pre-
sents, further, a number of minute conical emi-
nences (papilla;), liberally supplied with blood-
vessels and nerves.
The cutis vera is perforated by the ducts of
the sebaceous follicles, and gives origin to hairs,
nails, and sudoriferous glandules. It is very lib-
erally supplied with vessels, absorbents, and
nerves.
The rete mucosum is the seat of color. It is
divided by some authors into, 1. A transparent,
C YA
white membrane, tunica albida profunda. 2
The gemmula, or coat which contains the color-
ing matter. 3. The tunica albida superficUdis,
which forms the uppermost layer.
The cuticle, or scarf-skin (epidermis, cuticu
la), is a semitransparent, or, rather, translucent
layer, of thin, light-colored matter, extended con-
tinuously over the outer surface of the chorion.
It is destitute of blood-vessels, nerves, and ab-
sorbents; and there is reason to believe, from
observing the phenomena and process of its re-
production, that it is originally seci'eted in the
lorm of a semifluid, viscid matter by the outer
surface of the chorion, and consists of epithelium
cells.
The skin is a gelatinous tissue, being con-
verted into gelatine by boiling, and combining
with tannic acid to form the insoluble and tough
tanno-gelatine, or leather.
Cutis anseri'na. Goose-skin. The con-
tracted state of the skin, arising from cold and
other causes, in which its papillae are l'igid and
prominent, giving it the appearance of the skin
of a plucked goose.
Cutis externa. C. summa. C. ultima. Tho
epidermis.
Cutis vera. See Cutis.
Cutitis. Erysipelas.
Cutting for the stone. Lithotomy.
Cuttle fish. Sepia.
Cyamelide. See Cyanogen.
Cyam'a. Cyanosis.
Cyanic acid. See Cyanogen.
Cyanilic acid. Cyanic acid.
Cyanide. A compound of cyanogen.
Cyanodide. Cyanodium. A cyanide, or cy-
anuret.
CYA'NOGEN. Cyanogenium. Prussine.
Bicarburct of nitrogen. A colorless gas, of a
penetrating odor, soluble in water and alcohol,
burning with a light purple flame. Sp. gr.,
1*82; condensiblo by a pressure of 3-6 atmo-
spheres into a fluid. Composition, C 2 N ; sym-
bol, Cy. ; eq., 2623. It is a powerful electro-
negative body, uniting with most metals to form
cyanides or cyanurets. It is also a compound
radical, existing as such in many important
bodies. The cyanogen series includes hydro-
cyanic acid, Cyll, or hydruret of cyanogen ; cy-
anic acid, CyO ; fulminic acid, CysOj ; cyanu-
ric acid, Gy^Os, &c.
Cyanogen is formed whenever azotized mat
ter is burned with an alkali in closed vessels.
For experiment, it is readily procured by heat-
ing bicyanide of mercury. There is an isomeric,
black, insoluble solid, called paracyanogen, also
formed in the latter process. Most of the com-
pounds of this body are poisonous.
Cyanic acid (cyanilic acid) is monobasic. It
may bo obtained by distilling cyanuric acid,
and is a very instable, volatile, corrosive liquid.
It spontaneously changes into cyamelide, which
is a dense, white solid. The cyanate of ammo- •
nia is urea. Fulminic acid has not been isola-
ted, but its salts with mercury, silver, gold, &c.,
are violently detonating. The acid is bi basic.
Cyanuric acid is tribasic, of a weak acid taste,
crystalline, and very stable. By a red heat it
is volatilized into cyanic acid. It is obtained
by heating urea until it loses its ammonia.
203
CYC
CYN
These three acids are isomeric, and bear to one
another the relation of the three phosphoric
acids.
Cyanopathi'a. Cyanopathy. Cyanosis.
CYANO'SIS. (is, is, m. ; from nvavoc, blue.)
The blue disease. An unnatural blue color of
the whole skin. This generally arises from a
congenital malformation of the heart, in which
the right and left cavities directly communi-
cate, so that the whole of the blood is not duly
aerated in the lungs.
Cyanoxalic acid. A synonyme oiurylc.
CYANURET. Cyanide. A compound of
cyanogen with a base. See the bases.
Cyanuret of mercury. Cyanide, or bicya-
nide of mercury. See Hydrargyri cyanuretum.
It is analogous in its operation to the corrosive
sublimate. It is used in France, however, in
obstinate venereal and cutaneous diseases. The
dose is from the sixteenth of a grain to half a
grain, in pills or solution.
Cyanuret of potassium. Cyanide of potas-
sium. This has been employed as a substitute
for hydrocyanic acid, and is thought to possess
similar properties. It has the advantage of
keeping unchanged. The dose is from the
fourth of a grain to a grain, in pill or solution.
Cyanuret of silver. See Argenti cyanu-
retum.
Cyanuret of zinc. Cyanide of zinc. This
is said to have nearly the same medicinal prop-
erties as the cyanuret of potassium, and may
be given in the same doses.
Cyanuric acid. See Cyanogen.
Cyanurin. A blue pigment,. supposed by
wme authors to exist in diseased urine.
Cyanus. C. scgclum. Centaurea cyanus.
Cy'ar. The internal auditory foramen.
Cyathifo'rmis. Glass-shaped, or cup-shaped.
Cyathi'scus. A probe with a hollow at the
end.
CY 'A Til US. (us, i, m. Kvadoc.) 1. A
drinking cup. 2. A liquid measure, the twelfth
of a sextarius. 3. A solid measure, equal to ten
drachms. 4. In modern prescriptions, cyathus
is a wine glass, or f. gin. to f. fij.
CY'CAS. A genus of palm-like plants. Cy-
cadeee. — C. circina'lis. The meal-bark tree,
which affords Japan sago, a variety of farina,
chiefly starch. — C. incrmis and C. revoluta also
yield a sago.
Cy'ceum. Kvkeuv. An ancient article of diet.
CY'CLAMEN. Cyclaminus. Cyclaminum.
A genus of plants. Pcntandria. Monogynia.
Primulacem. — C. europmum. The sow-bread.
Arlhanita. The root is a drastic purge and er-
rhine ; and by the common people it has been
used to procure abortion.
Cyclamine. A very acrid, purgative, and
emetic crystalline principle from the root of the
Cyclamen curopaum.
Cycle. A determinate period of days or
years, when the same phenomena recur.
Cycli'scus. Cyclismus. A lozenge.
CYCLOBRA'NCHIA. An order of gastero-
jMjdous mollusca.
CYCLOGANGLIATA. A subdivision of the
class Mollusca, with ganglia arranged circularly
around the oesophagus; as gasteropoda, ptero-
poda, cephalopoda, twiicata, conchifera.
204
CYCLONEU'RA. The radiate animals.
CYCLOPHO'RIA. (From kvkIoc, a circle,
and $epu, to bear. ) The circulation of the blood
or other fluids.
Cyclopia. Cyclops. Having one eye only.
Cyclo'pion. The white of the eye.
Cyclosis. The general circulation of the
latex of the higher plants. It also exists in the
family of polypes.
CYCLO'STOMI. A genus of cartilaginous
fishes.
Cydo'natum. Kvdovarov. A confection
composed of quinces and aromatics. — Paul us
^Tlgineta.
CYDO'NIA VULGARIS. Cydonium. The
quince-tree. The seeds (scmina cydoniw) are
officinal. They abound in a mucilage called
cydonine, and are sometimes used in decoctions
as a demulcent.
Cydonije semina. Quince seeds. See Cy-
donia vulgaris.
Cydonium malum. A quince.
C YE'MA. ( Kvrj/j.a ; from kvu, to bring forth. )
The product of conception. The ovum.
C ye sis. Conception. Hence Cycsiology,
the theory of generation.
Cyesteine. Kystein.
CYLINDER. A solid, having the sides per-
pendicular and a circular section. A common
tumbler is a hollow cylinder. The long bones
are sometimes called cylindrical, but they are
irregular.
Cylindrical. Cylindroid. Cylindroides.
Resembling a cylinder in figure.
CYLLO'SIS. (KvTJiuaic; from kv7^ou, to
maim or distort.) 1. In a general sense, dis-
tortion, mutilation, lameness of any kind. 2.
Curvature of the leg outward ; that state of the
leg commonly called a bandy leg.
CY'MA. A cyme or tuft. A species of inflo-
rescence, consisting of several flower-stalks, all
springing from one center or point, but each
stalk is variously subdivided.
Cymato'des. Kv/iarudnc. An unequal, fluc-
tuating pulse.
Cy'mba. The os naviculare.
Cymbala'ria. A species of antirrhinum.
Cymbala'ris cartila'go. The cricoid carti-
lage.
Cymbifo'rmis. Boat-like: applied to seeds.
The os naviculare.
Cymene. An ingredient in oil of cumin. It
has the agreeable odor of oil of lemons, and is
isomeric witli camphogen. CgoHu.
Cy'minum. See Cuminum.
Cymo'sus. Cymosc. Like a cyme.
CYNA'NCHE. (c, cs, f. ; from kvuv, a dog,
and ayx u , to suffocate or strangle: so called
from dogs being said to be subject to it.) Sore
throat. See Tonsillitis, Pharyngitis, and Croup.
Cynanche epidemica. C.faucium. C. gan-
grenosa. C. maligna. C. prunella. C. ton-
sillaris. C. ulcerosa. These are synonymes
of tonsillitis in different stages of activity. See
Tonsillitis.
Cynanche laryngea. Laryngitis, and also
croup.
Cynanche parotidjEA. C. maxillaris. See
Parotitis.
Cynanche pharyngea. Pharyngitis.
CYN
CYS
Cynanche stridula. C . strepitosa. C.sv.f-
focativa trachcalis. Synonymes of croup.
Cynanche trachealis spasmodica. Spas-
modic croup. Laryngismus stridulus.
Cyna'nchicus. Medicines which relieve the
quinsy.
CYNA'NGHUM. (um,i,n.) A genus of
plants. Peniandria. Digynia. Asclepiada-
cem. — C. argel. C. olcwfolium. An Egyptian
plant, the leaves of which are employed to
adulterate senna. — C. monspeliacum. The
adulterated juice forms Montpellier scammony,
which is purgative, but little used. — C. vicetox-
icum. A European plant. The leaves and
roots are acrid and emetic. — C. vomitorium.
The ipecacuanha of the Isle of France. It re-
sembles the common ipecacuanha in its prop-
erties. The dose is gr. x. to 9j.
Cynanthro'pia. A particular melancholy,
in which men fancy themselves changed into
dogs. — Bellini.
Cyna'pia. Cynapina. A narcoto-acrid al-
kaloid found in CEthusa cynapivm, a poisonous
umbelliferous plant.
Cy'nara. See Cinara.
CY'NARA'CE^E. Cynarw. One of the di-
visions of the great group of Composita: It
contains the thistle, the artichoke, and similar
plants, having their capitula surrounded by a
hard, spiny, or lacerated involucrum, and long,
equal tubular florets, with an inflated limb.
They are also called Cynaroccphalce.
Cynarocephalus. See Cinarocephalns.
Cynarrho'dium. In Botany, a fruit with
distinct ovaria, and hard, indehiscent pericarpia
inclosed within the fleshy tube of the calyx, as
in Rosa.
Cynic us. Cynic. Relating to a dog. A
cynic or canine spasm is a convulsive contortion
of one side of the face, in which the features
are dragged downward.
CYNIPS. A genus of hymenopterous insects.
— C. quercusfolii. C. gallm tinctorim. The
oak-gall insect. — C. rosea produces the excres-
cences on rose-trees called Bcdcguar.
Cynocra'mbe. Mercurialis perennis.
Cyno'ctonum. Aconitum napellus.
Cynocy'tisis. Rosa canina.
Cyno'des orexis. Kvvudnc ope^ic. Canine
appetite.
Cynodon dactylon. The Bermuda grass of
the Southern States, and the doub of India. The
roots are particularly rich in saccharine and
mucilaginous matters.
Cynodo'ntes. The canine teeth. See Teeth.
CYNOGLO'SSUM. {urn, i, n.) Hound's
tongue. A genus of plants. Pcntandria. Mo-
no gynia. Boraginece. — C. officinale. Hound's
tongue. Cynoglossnm. It is said to possess
narcotic powers, and is mucilaginous, but is
seldom employed medicinally. Acids are said
to counteract the ill effects from an over-dose.
Cyno'lophi. Tho spinous processes of the
vertebrae.
Ctkoly'ssa. Hydrophobia.
CYNOMO'RIUM. A genus of plants. Mo-
ncecia. Monandria. — C. coccineum. Fungus
melitensis. A drachm of the powder is given
for a dose in dysenteries and hemorrhages, and,
>t is said, with remarkable success.
CYNORE'XIA. Bulimia.
Cyno'sbatus. Cyno'sbastos. Cynospa'stim.
Rosa canina.
Cyopho'ria.
Cyparissus.
Cyperaceje.
CYTERUS.
Pregnancy.
See Cupressus.
The natural family of rushes.
A genus of rushes. — C. anti-
quorum. The large rush of Syria and Egypt,
which furnished the ancient papyrus. — C. escu-
lentus. The rush-nut. The root resembles the
chestnut. — C. longus. Galangale. The root
of this plant is aromatic. — C. rotundus. The
round cyperus. The root is a grateful aromatie
bitter.
CYPHO'SIS. Cyphoma. (KvQuoie, Kv<j>u/ta,
kvQoc; from kvtxtu, to bend.) Gibbosity. A
hump back.
Cypress. Cyprus. Cupressus sempervirens.
Cypress spurge. Esula minor.
Cy'prinum oleum. Kvirpivov elaiov. It war
composed of oil of unripe olives, aspalathus,
calamus, myrrh, cardamum, elecampane, and
Jews' pitch. — Dioscorides.
CY'PRINUS. A genus of fishes. The five
following are used as food.— C. alburnus. Tho
bleak. — C. barbus. The barbel. — C. carpio.
The carp. — C. gobio. The gudgeon. — C. Icu-
ciscus. The dace.
Cyprium jes. Copper.
Cy'psele. Cypsela. Cypselis. 1. Tho wax
of the ear. 2. A seed vessel.
Cykto'nosus. 1. The rickets. 2. Curved
spine.
CYRTOSIS. Cyrto'ma. (From Kvproc, curv-
ed.) The same as gibbosity, or curvature. A
tumor.
Cyrtosis cretinismus. Cretinism. — C. ra-
chia. Rachitis.
Cy'ssarus. The l^ectum.
Cyssa'nthemon. Cyssophyllon. Cyclamen.
Cyssotis. (From nvaoc, the anus.) An in-
flammation of the rectum. Tenesmus.
CYST. Kist. (From kvotic, a bladder.)
A membranous sack or cavity in which morbid
products are collected ; such products are said
to be encysted.
CYST-. A common prefix. (From kvotic,
the bladder.) The following are not much
used: Cystectasy, Cystectasia. Lithectasy.—
Cysterethismus. Irritability of the bladder.—
Cystiphlogia, Cystophlogia. Cystitis. — Cysto-
blennorrhaa, Cysto-catarrhus, Cystorrhasa. Syn-
onymes of cystirrhoea. — Cystolithic. Relating
to urinary calculi. — Cystoncus. Swelling of or
about the bladder. — Cysto phlegmatic. Rela-
ting to cystirrhcea, or a flow of mucus from the
bladder. — Cystopyic. Relating to suppuration
of the bladder.
CYSTA'LGIA. (a, a, f.) Painful spasmodic
affection of the bladder. Such affections are
not very common, but they are occasionally
met with. The spasm comes on in paroxysms,
which sometimes equal in severity those of the
stone.
C ysteo'lithus . A stone in the urinary blad-
der or gall bladder.
Cy'sthus. KvoOoc. The anus.
CY'STIC Cysticus. Belonging to the uri-
nary or gall bladder; as cystic duct, cystic
bile, &c.
205
CYS
Cystic duct. The duct leading from the
gall bladder.
Cystic oxide. See Cystin.
Cystica medicamenta. Medicines used in
diseases of tho bladder.
CYSTICE'RCUS. (us, i, m. ; from kvotic,
and KepKoc, a tail.) The tailed bladder-worm.
A genus of worms of the hydatid tribe, consist-
ing of a cylindrical body, terminated by a cau-
dal vesicle, and having a head furnished at its
base with four nipples or suckers. Those which
have been found in the human subject are, C.
tenuicollis, about an inch long : its head is very
small. — C.finnia. This species is always in-
closed in a delicate cyst. It is of the size of a
linseed. — C. Fischcrianus. Found in the cho-
roid plexus of a man, where they caused no in-
convenience. — C. dicystus. Once found in the
ventricle of the brain in apoplexy. It present-
ed two vesicles ; the one the ordinary caudal
bladder, the other embracing the body ante-
riorly. — C. punctatns. Found in the choroid
plexus. Its caudal bladder is globular, and
presents several white spots.
CYSTIN. Cystic oxiuk. A rare constitu-
ent of urinary calculi, soluble in alkalies and
acids. It is obtained in six-sided, transparent
crystals or plates, is insoluble in water and al-
cohol, and gives oft' a peculiar odor when burn-
ed. It has neither acid nor alkaline reaction,
and seems to form salts with both these classes
of bodies. Formula, Cf,H.;N04S 2 ; hence it is
remarkable for the large amount, 25-5 per cant.,
of sulphur it contains.
Cystikrha'gia. A discharge from the blad-
der, mostly of blood.
CYSTIRRIKE'A. (From kvotic, and peu, to
flow. ) Discharge of mucus from the bladder ;
vesical catarrh. It is mostly accompanied with
strangury, and depends on irritation of the
bladder. Warm diluents, the turpentines, and
antiphlogistic regimen are necessary.
CY'STIS. (From kvotic, a bag.) 1. A cyst,
bladder, or small membranous bag. 2. The
urinary bladder. 3. The membranous bag sur-
rounding or containing any morbid substance.
Cystis CHOLEDOCHA. C. fcllea. See Gall
bladder.
Cystis urinaria. See Urinary bladder.
CYSTI'TIS. (is, idis, f. Kvortg.) Inflam-
mation of the bladder. Inflammation affects
chiefly the mucous coat of the bladder, but all
the coats may be implicated. The disease may
be either acute or chronic. The acute form is
known by acute pain in the region of the blad-
der, attended with fever and hard pulse, a fre-
quent and painful discharge of urine, or a sup-
pression, and generally tenesmus. If the disease
be not soon subdued, the restlessness and anxi-
ety increase, the extremities become cold, vom-
iting supervenes, and delirium and other marks
of great general irritation; the disease runs its
course with rapidity, and subsides or destroys
the patient in a few days. The treatment is
the Bame as in nephritis. \
CYT
Chronic inflammation of the bladder is at-
tended with a highly irritable state of the organ,
and a very copious excretion of mucus along
with the urine, whence the name of catarrhus
vesica! which has been applied to it.
CY'STITOME. (From kvotic, and refivu, to
cut.) The name of an instrument for opening
the capsule of the crystalline lens. — Lafaye.
Cy'sto-bubonoce'le. A rare species of her-
nia, in which the urinary bladder is protruded
through the inguinal aperture.
CYSTOCE'LE. (From kvotic, and K7)?.n, a
tumor.) Hernia of the bladder. This is rare.
It occurs most frequently at the inguinal ring,
less at the crural ring; the bladder has also
been known to protrude through the perinamm,
vagina (vaginal cystocele), or thyroid foramen.
Cystodynia. Pain in or about the bladder.
Cy'stomeroce'le. A hernial protrusion of
the bladder through the femoral ring. See
Cystocele.
Cystoplasty. The reparation of vesico-va-
ginal fistula by paring its edges, dissecting a
flap from the external labium, and uniting this
by suture to the edges.
CYSTOPLE'GIA. (From kvotic, and Buff-
ered, to strike.) Paralysis of the bladder.
Cystoplk'xia. The same as cystoplegia.
CYSTOPTO'SIS. (From kvotic, and ititctu,
to fall.) A name given by Vogel to a relaxa-
tion of the internal coat of the bladder, where-
by it protrudes into the urethra.
Cystosta'sticus. Cystospastie. (From kvo-
tic, and anau, to draw.) Relating to spasm of
the bladder.
CYSTOTO'MIA. (a, w, f. ; from kvotic, and
Tttivu, to cut.) The operation of cutting or
puncturing into the bladder.
CY'TINUS. A genus of plants. Gynandria.
Oetandria. — C. hypocistis. Rape of cystus. A
fleshy, pale-yellowish plant, parasitical on the
roots of several species of cystus in the south of
Europe, from which the snecus hypocistidis is
obtained.
CY'TISINE. Cytissina. A bitter principle
resembling emetin ; nauseous, emetic, and poi-
sonous. It is found in the seeds of the Cytisus
laburnum, or common laburnum, and also in asa-
rum and arnica. One to two grains are emetic
and purgative; in larger doses it is an acrid
poison.
Cy'tiso-geni'sta. Spartium scoparium.
Cytisus scoparius. The spartium scopa-
rium.
CYTOBLAST. (From kvtoc, a cell, and
(i?MOToc, a germ.) A nucleus, areola, or cell-
germ. A minute spot discovered on the grow-
ing cells of those parts of animals or plants
undergoing development or frequent reparation,
which is found to be the rudiment of anew cell.
Cytohlastema. The blastema orfluid which
nourishes the cytoblast. Dextrine in plants,,
and the liquor sanguinis in animals, are the
principal blastema or cell food; but it differs
according to the place of the cytoblast.
206
DAN
DAT
D,
D.
ABERLOCKS. Fucus esculent us.
Dace. Cyprinus leuciscus.
DACRY-. A prefix (from 6anpov, a tear) of
many words seldom employed ; as Dar.ryadc-
nalgia. Disease of the lachrymal gland. — Da-
cryadenitis. Inflammation of the lachrymal
gland. — Dacryodes. A sanious ulcer, &c.
Dacry'dium. Scammony.
Dacryo'ma. (From daxpvu, to weep.) Epi-
phora.
Dacty'lion. • Preternatural adhesion of the
fingers to each other. A congenital deformity,
or the consequence of hums. — Vogel.
Dactylitis. Faronchia.
Dactylius aculeatus. An aimellated worm
found in diseased urine.
DA'CTYLUS. (us, i, m. AoktvIoc.) 1. A
finger. See Digitus. 2. The date.
Dadyl. A product from oil of turpentine.
D.bdalia suaveolens. Boletus suaveolens.
DjE'mim. 1. A small torch or candle. 2. A
bougie.
DvEMONOMA'NIA. Damonia. (a, m, f. ;
from daifiuv, a demon, and ftavia, madness.)
A melancholy where the patient supposes him-
self to be possessed by devils.
Daffodil. Narcissus pseudonarcissus.
Daffy's elixir. Compound tincture of sen-
na, with the addition of aniseed and elecampane
root.
Dahlin. A kind of starch or inulin.
DAGUERREOTYPE. A process whereby
the images of objects formed in a camera ob-
scura are made to depict themselves on a plated
surface. The silver is prepared with iodine, or
compounds of iodine with bromine or chlorine,
and being acted on by light, it is exposed to
the vapor of mercury, and washed in a solution
of hyposulphite of soda, &c. The impressions
are exquisite, and the process furnishes every
one with the means of securing perfect repre-
sentations of natural or artificial objects.
Daisy, ox-eye. See Chrysanthemum.
Dalby's carminative. A nostrum much
used as a carminative for children. It consists
of carbonate of magnesia, 3ij. ; oil of pepper-
mint, 1Uj. ; oil of nutmeg, ttlij. ; oil of aniseed,
Ttiij. ; tincture of castor, 3ss. ; tincture of assa-
tetida, HI xv. ; tincture of opium, HI v.; spirit
of pennyroyal, itlxv. ; compound tincture of
cardamoms, 333.; peppermint water, fij.
Dam a. A deer. See Ccrvus.
Damask rose. See Rosa ccntifolia.
Dammara australis. See Cowdic gum.
Dammaric acid. An acid resin of cowdie
gum, soluble in weak alcohol. Formula, C i0
H30OB.
Dammara*. A component of cowdie gum,
soluble in pure alcohol. Formula, doHsiOa.
Damna'tus. Terra damnata. The refuse of
distillation.
Damson. Primus domestica.
Dandelion. See Lcontodon taraxacum.
Dandriff. See Pityriasis.
Danevert springs, Sweden, contain carbon-
I ic acid, carbonate and sulphate of iron, sul
I phiites of soda and lime, and muriate of soda.
Danse de saint fiUY. Dansc de St. Witt.
See Chorea.
DAPHNE, (e, es, f.) A genus of plants.
Octandria. Monogynia. Tymclacem. — D. al-
pina. This species of dwarf olive-tree is said
to be purgative in the dose of 31J. — D. gni'di-
um. The tree which affords the Garou bark.
Spurge-flax. Flax -leaved daphne. The bark
has the same properties as mezereon. — D. lau-
re'ola. The spurge-laurel. Laureola daphnoi-
dcs. The bark is used in the same way as that
of the mezereon. — D. lintearia. The lace bark
of Jamaica has analogous properties.
Da'i-hne meze'reum. The mezereon. Me-
zereum. (U. S. ) This plant is extremely acrid ;
the berries (grana cnidii) also have the same
effects; and, when swallowed, prove a pow-
erful corrosive poison. The bark of the root
{cortex radicis mezerei) is officinal, and is a
component of the compound sarsaparilla de-
coction. It is very acrid, which arises from
the presence of a volatile oil and resin. The
bark, steeped in vinegar, is vesicating, and
is sometimes used with the same intention as
savine. It is also stimulant and diaphoretic.
Its use in syphilis is very questionable, but in
cutaneous diseases it seems more serviceable.
It is also used in decoction (fj. to Oj. of water),
of which f. §ij, three times a day, is a dose. In
over-doses it is an acrid poison, and is to bo
met by diluents, dilute acids, and encouraging
the vomiting.
Daphnel2e'on. Oil of bay-berries.
DATHNINE. The bitter, crystalline princi-
ple of the daphne alpina, mezereon, &c. It is
hard, of a grayish color, evaporates in acrid,
acid vapors, is sparingly soluble in cold, but
moderately in boiling water. It is not the act-
ive principle of mezereon, and appears to re-
semble asparagin.
Daphnoi'des. Dapkni'tis. Daphne laureola.
Da'rsis. Excoriation.
Da'rta. A severe impetigo.
DA'RTOS. (From depu, to excoriate.) A
condensed cellular structure under the skin of
the scrotum. It is by means of the dartos that
the skin of the scrotum is corrugated and re-
laxed.
DARTRE. A term vaguely applied by
French writers to cutaneous diseases: generally
speaking, it corresponds with herpes and im-
petigo.
Da'syma. Trachoma.
Date. The fruit of phoenix dactylifera.
Date plum, Indian. Dyospyrus lotus.
DATU'RA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Solanaceee. Near-
ly all the species resemble the datura stramo-
nium in effect. Several are used in the East
Indies, as D. arborea, D. fcrox, D. fastuosa, D.
metel, and D. tatula.
Datura stramonium. Stramonium. (U. S.)
Thorn apple. Jamestown weed. The leaves
207
DEA
{folia stramonii), roots {radix stramonii), and
seeds (semina stramonii) are officinal. Of these,
the seeds are the most active, and contain datu-
rine. The odor of the plant is fetid and nar-
cotic, the taste bitter and nauseous. Its me-
dicinal powers are extracted by water or spirit.
Stramonium acts nearly like belladonna. It
numbs pain, without producing sleep ; dilates
the pupil, though not so fully ; causes dryness
of the throat, headache, and nervousness. In
over-doses it produces delirium, convulsions,
and sometimes palsy, and is to be mot by emet-
ics, acid diluents, and astringent decoctions. It
seems to be most useful in neuralgias and chro-
nic rheumatism. Its use in mania and asthma,
especially when smoked, is very questionable.
Dose of the powdered leaves, gr. j.; of the
seeds, gr. ss., to be gradually increased. Cat-
aplasms of the fresh-bruised leaves have been
very successfully used in sores of a highly irri-
table and painful nature.
DATU'RINE. Datuiua. Daiurina. Datn-
rium. A highly poisonous alkaloid of stramo-
nium. It crystallizes in coloiless, brilliant
prisms, of a bitter and tobacco-like flavor. It
requires 280 parts of cold and 72 of boiling wa-
ter for solution, and is very soluble in alcohol.
It resembles in properties hyoscyamia, and di-
lates the pupil.
Dauci'tes visum. Must, in which bruised
carrots have been steeped.
DAU'CUS. (us, i, m.) 1. The carrot. 2.
A genus of plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Urn-
bellifcra. — D. ahaticus. Oreoselinum. — D. an-
nuus minor. Caucalis anthriscus. — D. carota.
D. sativa. Daucns. (L.) Carota. (U. S.)
The carrot plant. The scraped root forms a
good poultice, and the seeds are a warm aro-
matic. Tire boiled root is moderately nutri-
tious. — D. creticus. See Athamanta. — D. Ma-
cedonius. Apium graveolens. — D. montanus.
D. sclenoides. Oreoselinum. — D. sepritiius.
Scandix cerefolium? — D. sylvestris. D. vul-
garis. Wild carrot, or bird's nest. The seeds
possess demulcent and aromatic qualities.
Daura. Hellebore. Leaf-gold. — Ruland.
Davy's safety lamp. An oil lamp sur-
rounded by gauze wire, to prevent explosions
in coal mines.
Day-mare. See Ephialtes.
Day-sight. See Hemeralopia, and Nyctalo-
pia.
Dead-nettle. Lamium album.
Deadly nightshade. Atropa belladonna.
Deafness. See Dysecma.
Deaf-dumbness. See Aphonia.
Dealbatio. See Albatio.
Dearticula'tio. See Diarthrosis.
DEATH. The final cessation of the vital
processes, the action of which maintains life.
— Death, apparent. Asphyxia. — D., partial.
D., molecular. Gangrene. Mortification. — D.,
black. The plague of the fourteenth century. —
D., sudden. The sudden loss of vital power.
It may arise from organic disease of the heart
or arteries, apoplexy, hemorrhage into the lungs,
or excessive uterine hemorrhage, or from ner
vous shocks, such as that of a severe operation.
D f. a u r a t i o. The w rapping up of pills in
gold leaf.
208
DEC
DEBILITAS. Debility, (as, atis, f.)
Weakness. Decay of power, flauvages has a
peculiar class of diseases under the name of
Debilitates, or those characterized by debility.
Debilitants. Medicines which reduce ex-
citement.
Decagy'nia. An order of plants with ten
pistils.
Deca'ndria. A class of plants with ten sta-
mens.
DBCANTATION. Decantatio. The pour
ing off of a liquor clear from sediment.
Decarbonization. The removal of carbon
in the aeration of the blood.
Decide'ntia. Synonymous with cataptosis.
D E C I D U A. In Anatomy, a very thin and
delicate membrane, mcmbrana decidua, which
adheres to the internal surface of the gravid
uterus. It is generally supposed by anatomists
of the present day that the decidua is a sac
without any aperture, lining the uterus previ-
ously to the descent of the ovum; and that
when the ovum descends it pushes the decidua
before it, and is enveloped by it, except at the
part where the placenta is afterward formed.
That part of the membrane which lines the
uterus is called tunica decidua uteri, and that
which covers the ovum is called tunica decidua
rejlcxa.
DECTDUOUS. (Dccidnns; from decido, to
fall off' or down ; to die.) Falling off. In Bot-
any, applied to trees, shrubs, &C,, which lose
their leaves as winter approaches.
DE'CLINE. 1. Remission. The abatement
of a disease or paroxysm. 2. The result of old
age; an enfeeblement of the vital powers. 3.
Tabes. Phthisis.
Declining. Declinatus. Dcclivis. 1. Ap-
plied to stems, pericarps, &c, when bent down
like a bow, with the arch downward. 2. A
muscle of the abdomen, because of its posture.
Obliquus descondens.
Declinatus. See Declining.
Decli'vis. Declining; descending.
DECO'CTTON. The process of boiling; also
used for the form of medicine in which the act-
ive matters are boiled with water. To make a
decoction (decoctum), the drugs should be well
bruised, or if fresh, sliced ; the boiling should
be conducted in a closed tin or copper vessel,
and not so far prolonged as to produce decom-
positions among the vegetable matters. Decoc-
tions do not keep well, and in summer are sel-
dom fit for use after forty-eight hours. The
officinal decoctions are given under Decoctum.
Decoction of the woods. D. sudorific
Decoctum guaiaci compositum.
Decoction, pectoral. Decoctum hordei
compositum.
DECO'CTUM. (um, i, n. ; from decoquo, to
boil.) A decoction. In a chemical point of
view, it is a continued ebullition with water, to
separate such parts of bodies as are only soluble
at that degree of heat. The following are
among the principal decoctions used in medi
cine.
Decoctum album. See Mistura cornu uth.
Decoctum aloes compositum. (Ph. L.)
Compound decoction of aloes. Take of extract
of liquorice, 3vij.; carbonate of potash, 33.;
PEC
aloes, powdered, myrrh, powdered, saffron, of
each, jiss. ; water, a pint and a half. Boil down
to a pint, and strain ; then add compound tinc-
ture of cardamoms, f. jvij. Dose, f. sjss. to f.
fiss.
Decoctum alth.tsje. (Ph. D.) D. althem
officinalis. Decoction of marsh mallows. Take
of dried marsh mallow roots, jiv. ; raisins, stoned,
fij. ; water, Ovij. Boil to live pounds, and
strain. Demulcent drink.
Decoctum amyli. (Ph. L.) Take of starch,
Jssrf water, C)j. Rub them together, and boil
for a few minutes. Used as an enema, either
alone or as a vehicle.
Decoctum anthkmidis. 1). anthemidis nobi-
lis. Chamomile decoction. Take of chamo-
mile flowers, %).; caraway seeds, =jss. ; water,
fi>v. Boil fifteen minutes, and strain. (Ph. E.)
Decoctum astragali. Take of the root of
the Astragalus exscapus, §j.; distilled water, Oiij.
These are to be boiled till only a quart of fluid
remain. The whole is to be taken, a little
warmed, in the course of twenty-four hours.
This remedy was tried very extensively hi Ger-
many, and said to exert very powerful effects
as an antisyphilitic.
Decoctum ave'nje. Water gruel. Boil of
oatmeal, ?.}., in water, Ovj. to Oij., constantly
stirring. Strain. A demulcent vehicle.
Decoctum bardanjk. Take of hardana root,
J vj. ; of distilled water, Ovj. Boil down to two
quarts. From a pint to a quart in a day is giv-
en, in those cases where sarsaparillit and alter-
atives are supposed to be necessary.
Decoctum ca'ssia: fistul.*:. Decoction of
cassia fistula. Take of cassia pulp, jij.; water,
Oij. Boil a few minutes, decant the fluid parts,
and add of syrup of violets, 5J., or of manna, fij.
A French fonnula. It is laxative. Dose, f. jiv.
to f. ?vj.
Decoctum cetra'ri,*:. See Decoctum lickc-
nis.
Decoctum chamjemki.i. See Decocfnvi an-
themidis.
Decoctum chimaphi'i,.*:. (U. S.) Decoc-
tion of pipsissewa. Decoction of wintergreen.
Take of chimaphila leaves, bruised, ^j. ; of wa-
ter, Oiss. Boil to a pint, and strain. A gentle
alterative tonic. Dose, fj. to ^ij. A pint may
be taken daily.
Decoctum chro'xdri. Decoction of carra-
geen moss. Take of carrageen moss, 58s. Steep
in cold water for ten minutes, then boil in wa-
ter, Oiij., fpr a quarter of an hour. This is nu-
tritious and demulcent, and may be combined
with milk, &c.
Decoctum cinchonje. (U. S.) Decoction
of cinchona. Decoction of Peruvian bark. Take
of cinchona bark, bruised, fj.; water, a pint.
Boil for ten minutes in a vessel slightly cover-
ed, and strain the decoction while hot. Ac-
cording to the option of the practitioner, the
bark of either of the species of cinchona, the
cordifolia, or yellow, the oblongifolia, or red, or
the laucifolia, or quilled, may be used. This
way of administering the bark is very general,
as all the other prepai - ations may be mixed with
it, as necessity requires. It is a very good as-
tringent lotion for prolapsus of the uterus or
rectum. Dose, f. ?ij.
O
DEC
Decoctum colu'mb.e compo'situm. Com-
pound decoction of columba. Take of columba
root, bruised, of quassia shavings, each 313. ; of
orange peel, 3J.; of powdered rhubarb, Sj. ; of
carbonate of potash, 333. ; of water, f. ^xx. Boil
to a pint, and add to the strained liquid tinctu-
ra lavandulap, f. fss. A tonic decoction of the
former United States Pharmacopoeia.
Decoctum commune rao clystere. Decoc-
tum malvw compositum.
Decoctum cornu. See Mislura cornu usti.
Decoctum corn'us flo'ridje. (U. S.) De-
coction of dogwood bark. Take of dogwood
bark, bruised, §j. ; of water, Oj. Boil for ten
minutes, and strain while hot. This is an im-
perfect substitute for cinchona. Dose, f. 517.
Decoctum cydonije. (L. Ph.) Decoction
of quince seeds. Take of quince seeds, 31J. ;
water, a pint. Boil over a gentle fire for ten
minutes, then strain. Demulcent.
Decoctum daphnes mezerei. Decoction of
mezereon. Take of the bark of mezereon root,
^ij. ; liquorice root, braised, 5SS. ; water, Oiij.
Boil with a gentle heat down to two pounds,
and strain. From four to eight ounces of this
decoction may be given four times a day, in
some obstinate venereal and rheumatic affec-
tions. It operates chiefly as a sudorific.
Decoctum diapiioreticum. Decoctum gua-
iaci compositum.
Decoctum digitalis. (Ph. D.) Decoction
of foxglove. Take dried foxglove leaves, 3J.;
water enough to produce f. §viij. of decoction.
As soon as the water begins to boil, remove it,
and digest for fifteen minutes. It is sedative
Dose, 31J.
Decoctum dulcamara:. (U.S.) Decoction of
woody nightshade. Decoction of bittersweet.
Take of the incised stalks of dulcamara, ;j. ; dis-
tilled water, Ojss. Boil to a pint, and strain. This
remedy has been employed in inveterate cases
of scrofula ; in cancer and phagedama ; in lepra
and other cutaneous affections. Its chief use is
as a diuretic in dropsy. Dose, 5SS. to ?j. three
times a day.
Decoctum okoffb^bjb inermis. (Ph. D.)
Decoction of cabbage-tree bark. Take of bark
of the cabbage-tree, bruised, 5J. ; water, Oij.
Boil it, with a gentle fire, down to one pint, and
strain. Then add of syrup of orange peel, 513.
This is a powerful anthelmintic and narcotic.
If disagreeable symptoms should arise from an
over-dose, we must immediately purge with
castor oil, and dilute with acidulated drinks.
Dose to adults, ?jss.
Decoctum glycyrrhi'z.*:. (Ph. D.) De-
coction of liquorice. Take of liquorice root,
bruised, fijss. ; of water. Oj. Boil a few min-
utes, and strain. A demulcent and pectoral
vehicle.
Decoctum guaiaci officinalis compositum.
D. lignorum. Compound decoction of guaia-
cum. Decoction of the woods. Take of guai-
acum raspings, fiij. ; raisins, stoned, sfij. ; sas-
safras root, liquorice, each ?j. ; water, Ox. Boil
the guaiacum and raisins with the water, over
a gentle fire, to one half; adding, toward the
end, the sassafras and liquorice. Strain the
liquor, without expression. A slight alterative
diaphoretic, of which one or two pints may be
209
DEC
DEC
taken daily. The French use a similar prepa-
ration, made purgative by senna and rhubarb.
Decoctum hjemato'xyli. (U. 8.) Decoc-
tion of logwood. Take of logwood, rasped, J j. ;
of water, Oij. Boil to Oj., and strain. A good
astringent. Dose, f. gjj.
Decoctum hellebori albi. See Decoctum
Vtratri albi.
Decoctum hordei. (U. S.) D. hordei dis-
tichi. Barley water. Take of pearl barley,
gij. ; water, four pints and a half. First wash
with cold water ; next, having poured upon the
barley half a pint of water, boil for a few min-
utes. Let this water be thrown away, and add
the remainder of the water, boiling ; then boil
down to two pints, and strain. Demulcent
drink.
Decoctum hordei compositum. (Ph. L.)
D. pectoralc. Compound decoction of barley.
Take of decoction of barley, two pints ; figs,
sliced, f ij. ; liquorice root, sliced and bruised,
f ss. ; raisins, stoned, ?ij. ; water, a pint. Boil
down to two pints, and strain. A pectoral and
demulcent drink.
Decoctum hordei cum gummi. Barley wa-
ter, Oij. ; gum arabic, gj. The gum is to be
dissolved in the barley decoction while warm.
It then forms a suitable diluent in strangury,
dysury, &c.
Decoctum kin* kinje. Decoctum cinchona?.
Decoctum lichenis. (U. S.; Ph. L.) D.
iichenis islandici. Decoction of Iceland moss.
Take of Iceland moss, gj.; water, a pint and a
half. Boil down to a pint, and strain. Tonic
and demulcent. The dose is from gj. to giv.
This is now called Decoctum cetrarim.
Decoctum ligno'rum. Decoctum guaiaci
compositum.
Decoctum lobelia. Take a handful of the
roots of the Lobelia syphilitica ; distilled water,
Oxij. These are to be boiled in the usual way
till only four quarts remain. Formerly sup-
posed antivenereal. Dose, a pint or more daily.
Decoctum lusitanicum. The form of this
is not precisely known, but it resembles the
D. sarsaparilla compositum, with the addition
of walnut peel, red Banders wood, &c. Sul-
phuret of antimony is boiled with the vegetable
matter, but as it is insoluble, it can yield little
to its efficacy.
Decoctum malva: compositum. Compound
decoction of mallows. Take of mallows, dried,
5j. ; chamomile flowers, dried, gss. ; water, a
pint. Boil for a quarter of an hour, and strain.
For glysters and fomentations.
Decoctum mezerki. See Decoctum daphnes
mezerei.
Decoctum papaveris. (Ph. L.) Decoction
of poppy. Take of white poppy capsules,
bruised, giv. ; water, four pints. Boil for a
quarter of an hour, and strain. This prepara-
tion possesses slight anodyne properties, and is
used as a fomentation in acute ophthulmia, pain-
ful swellings, &c.
Decoctum pectorals. See Decoctum hordei
compositum.
Decoctum FOLYGA'LiF. senegje. Decoctum
senegae. .
Decoctum pro enemate. See Decoctum mal-
va: compositum.
210
Decoctum pro fomento. See Decoctum pa-
paveris.
Decoctum ptko'lje. Decoctum chima-
piko.
Decoctum quercus alb*. (U. S.) D. qucr-
cus roboris. Decoction of oak bark. Take of
oak bark, gj.; water, Oiss. Boil down to a
pint, and strain. This astringent decoction is
chiefly used for external purposes.
Decoctum sarsaparill*. (U. S.) Decoc-
tion of sarsaparilla. Take of sarsaparilla root,
sliced and bruised, § vj. ; boiling water, Ovj. Boil
down to Oiv., and strain. Supposed to be al»
terative. Dose, Oj. to Oiss. daily.
Decoctum sarsaparilla: compositum. (U.
S.) Compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Take
of decoction of sarsaparilla, boiling, four pints ;
sassafras root, sliced, guaiacum wood shavings,
liquorice root, bruised, of each, gj.: mezereon
root bark, 3nj. Boil for a quarter of an hour,
and strain. A gentle sudorific and alterative.
Dose, Oj. or more daily.
Decoctum SARZjE. See Decoctum sarsapa-
rilla.
Decoctum scopa'rii compo'situm. (Ph. L.)
Decoction of broom. Take of broom tops, ju-
niper berries, and dandelion roots, of each, gss. ;
of water, Oiss. Boil to a pint, and strain. A
diuretic and laxative. Dose, f. gj. to f. gij.
Decoctum senega:. (U. S.) Decoction of
senega. Take of senega root, gj. ; water, two
pints. Boil down to a pint, and strain. Dose,
Decoctum smila'cis sarsapari'lla:. D.
sarsw. Decoctum sarsaparillae.
Decoctum sudor'ificum. Decoctum guaiaci
compositum.
Decoctum tara'xaci. (U. S.) Decoction
of dandelion. Take of bruised dandelion root,
gij. ; of water, Oij. Boil to a pint, and strain.
Laxative and aperient. Dose, f. gij.
Decoctum tormenti'lla;. (Ph. L.) De-
coction of tormentil. Take of bruised torinen-
til root, gij. ; of water, Oiss. Boil to a pint,
and strain. Astringent. Dose, f. gj. to f. gij.
Used also as an injection in leucorrhaea, &c.
Decoctum ulmi. (Ph. L.) D. ulmi cam-
pestris. Decoction of elm bark. Take of fresh
elm bark, bruised, giv. ; water, Oiv. Boil
down to two pints, and strain. This may be
employed with great advantage as a collyrium
in chronic ophthalmia. Demulcent.
Decoctum uva: ursi. (U. S.) Decoction
of uva ursi. Take of uva ursi leaves, gj. ; of
water, f. gxx. Boil down to a pint, and strain.
A valuable astringent in urinary diseases. Dose,
f. giss.
Decoctum vera'tri. (Ph. L. &. D.) D.
veratri albi. (U. S.) Decoction of white hel-
lebore. Take of veratrum album root, in pow-
der, gj.; of water, Oij. Boil to a pint, strain,
and, when cold, add of alcohol f. gij. It is a
violeut purgative and emetic, and but rarely
used internally. It has been found beneficial
as a wash in cutaneous affections, as tinea, pso-
ra, lepra.
DECOLLATION. The removal of the head.
Decapitation.
DECOLORATION. The blanching or loss
of the natural colorof any object. The removal
DEF
of adhering coloring matters. It is effected by
the action of animal charcoal.
DECOMPOSITION. Dccompositio. 1. De-
cay; putrefaction. 2. The separation of the
component parts or principles of bodies from
each other. The principal agents in effecting
this are heat and electricity.
Decomposition by contact. Catalysis.
Decompo'situs. A term applied to leaves,
and meaning doubly compound.
DECORT ICA'TION. Dccorticatio. The
stripping of any thing of its bark, husk, or shell.
Dec he me nt. Deer omentum. Decrease or
decline.
DECREHTA'TION. Decrepitatio. A kind
of crackling noise, which takes place when some
bodies, especially salts, are exposed to a certain
degree of heat.
DECU'BITUS. (From decumbo, to lie
down.) The attitude or disposition of the body
of a patient when in the horizontal posture.
This forms an important feature in some dis-
eases.
Decumbent. Decu'mbcns. Lying down.
Drooping.
Decu'rrent. Decurrens. Applied to leaves
which run down the stem in a leafy border or
wing.
Decurtatus. Decreasing to a point.
Decu'ssate. Decussatus. Applied to leaves
and spines which are in pairs, alternately cross-
ing each other*.
DECUSSATION. Dccussalio. (Fromdecusso,
to cross each other.) When nerves or muscular
fibres cross one another, this distribution is
called decussation.
Decusso'rium. An ancient instrument to
depress the dura mater after trepanning.
Dedolation. The producing a wound with
loss of substance.
Deer-berry. Gaultheria procumbens.
Defectus logul^e. Aphonia.
DEFECA'TION. 1. The separating or free-
ing any thing from its fmces. 2. The process
of relieving one's self of faeces.
Defectio animi. Fainting. Dcliquium animi.
DEFENSIVES. Defensiva. Formerly ap-
plied to plasters and dressings of wounds, and to
cordial medicines, or such as resist infection.
De'ferens. The vas deferens.
Defi'xus. Impotent.
DEFLAGRATION. Dejlagra'tio. A rapid
combustion, such as that which takes place
when a mixture of sulphur and nitre is inflamed.
Deflagrator. A powerful galvanic ma-
chine of Dr. Hare.
Deflectio. Dejleclcns. Derivative or re-
vulsive.
Defle'xus. Deflex: bending outward in a
small degree.
DEFLORATION. The extinction of the
marks of virginity by connection with the male.
See Virginity.
Defluvium capit,louum. Baldness. Fall-
ing off" of the hair.
DEFLU'XION. (Dejluxio, onis, f. ; from de-
fitto, to run off.) 1. A catarrh or cold. 2. A
descent of humors from a superior to an inferior
part. A term much used by the humoral pa-
thologists. '
DEL
Deforma'tio. Deformation. A deformity.
DEGENERATION. Dcgenerescence. In
Natural History and Physiology, a gradual fall-
ing off or deterioration in any class of animals,
or of any particular organ in the animal or vege-
table body, from the operation of natural causes.
In Pathology, degeneration signifies a morbid
chango in the structure of parts, as cancerous
degeneration.
DEGLUTI'TION. (Dcglutitio f o?iis,f.; from
de, and glutio, to swallow.) The act of swal-
lowing. All the muscles of the tongue, those
of the velum of the palate, of the pharynx, of
the larynx, and the muscular layer of the oesoph-
agus, are employed in deglutition. This ac-
tion is produced by the reflex function, or exci-
to-motory system, as well as by the voluntary.
Deglutition, difficult. Deglulitio diffi-
cilis. D. impedita. D. lasa. Dysphagia.
De'gmus. A gnawing pain.
DEGREE. A step or stage ; an arbitrary
measure on a scale of temperature, &c. ; as the
degree of violence, the degree of a thermometer.
Dehi'scent. Dehi'scens. (From dehisco, to
gape.) Gaping. Applied in botany to cap-
sules which split, when ripe, to give exit to the
seed.
Dejectio alvi. Defecation.
DEJECTION. {Dejectio, onis, f. ; from de-
jicio, to go to stool.) A discharge of laical
matter from the bowels, or the matter dis-
charged.
Dejecto'uius. Purgative.
De la Motte's golden drops. See Gouttcs
du General la Motte.
Dela'psus. Dela'psio. Prolapsus.
Delcroix's depilatory. A mixture of quick-
lime, orpiment, and a vegetable powder.
DELETE'RIOUS. (Dclcteriits; from dnXea,
to hurt.) Poisonous; not wholesome.
Deliga'tio. (From deligo, to bincPup.)
The application of a bandage.
DELIQUE'SCENCE. (Deliquescentia; from
deliquesco, to melt down.) Deliquation, or the
spontaneous assumption of the fluid state by cer-
tain bodies, when left exposed to the air, in
consequence of their attracting water from it,
as in the caso of the chloride of calcium and
carbonate of potassa.
DELI'QUIUM. (urn, i, n.) 1. A fainting.
Syncope. 2. The spontaneous solution of a
deliquescent salt.
Deliquium animi. Fainting. See Syncope.
DELIRIFA'CIENTS. Medicines which di-
late the pupil, produce dysphagia, partial apho-
nia, delirium, and, finally, stupor; such as bel-
ladonna, stramonium, and hyoscyamus.
DELIRIOUS. Dclirans. Affected with de-
lirium. It is commonly applied to the mild
forms of delirium, as incoherence.
DELI'RIUM. (urn, i, n. ; from deliro, to
rave.) The confusion of ideas which occurs in
the progress of diseases from disturbed function
of the brain. Delirium is either violent and
frantic, delirium ferox, as in acute inflammation
of the membranes of the brain, or low and mut-
tering, typhornania, as in low fever.
Delirium furiosum. D. maniacurri. Mania.
— D. senile. The imbecility and moral insani-
ty of the aged.
211
DEL
Delirium traumaticum. The nervous re-
action which follows the collapse or prostration
of severe accidents or surgical operations on
some feeble constitutions. The symptoms and
treatment are completely analogous with those
of delirium tremens.
Delirium tremens. D. cbriosikitis. D. po-
tatorum. Delirium of drunkards. An affection
of the brain nearly peculiar to drunkards. A
person having been much addicted to the use
of ardent spirits, omits his accustomed stimulus,
and the approach of an attack of delirium tre-
mens is almost invariably announced by the
{)atient being remarkably irritable, with fret-
ulness, anorexia, and mobility of the body.
Watchfulness next'oecurs, and the patient gets
little or no sleep. He has frightful dreams,
sees remarkable sights, or hears extraordinary
sounds. He then begins to fancy that some
conspiracy is forming against him, entertains
suspicions about certain persons or tilings, and
imagines that some mischief is intended toward
him. Then he is perpetually busied about his
affairs, and so on. Some patients in this affec-
tion are very much alarmed, and fancy that a
person in the next room is waiting to assassi-
nate them.
The skin is damp and relaxed, and there is a
variable, active expression of the eye, and al-
most always tremor of the hands. The pulse is
soft, compressible, and seldom above one hun-
dred, except under great bodily exertions.
The prognosis is generally rather favorable,
if the ordinary health of the patient be not very
bad, and if he bo not far advanced in life. In
the treatment of this disease, opium is our sheet
anchor. It should be given in large doses, as
sixty minims of the tincture every hour or two,
its effect being cautiously watched. If sound
sleap be thus induced, the patient usually wakes
freeTrom disease. Iu many cases, the judicious
use of alcoholic stimulants is of signal service ;
and these means, with laxatives, gentle diapho-
retics, and proper moral management, will gen-
erally bring the case to a successful issue.
Bleeding, to a small extent, may be required at
the commencement, when the patient is young
and plethoric, and there are symptoms of de-
termination of blood to the head ; but, general-
ly speaking, bleeding should be considered as
out of the question in this disease : patients
who are largely bled hardly ever recover. If
the patient express a desire for food, he may
be allowed light articles of diet: in some cases
even animal food has been given with advan-
tage ; and, indeed, it might not be easy to give
any good reason why this should be refused, if
the state of the stomach be such as to incline
the patient to ask for it. After an attack, the
patient should be directed to diminish his pota-
tions gradually, so as to finally abandon a dis-
gusting and brutal habit.
DELITE'SCENCE. (From delitcsco, to hide
one's self.) The sudden resolution of an in-
iflammatiou.
Delivery. See Parturition.
Deloca'tio. Dislocation.
De'lphinate. A salt of delphinic acid with
D E L P H I ' N I A. (a, ce, f.) Delphinium.
9.12
DEM
Delphine. Delphia. A vegetable alkaloid in
stavesacre. See Delphinium staphisagria.
Delphi'nic acid. Syn. of phocenic acid.
DELPHI'NIUM. {urn, ii, n.) 1. The lark-
spur. 2. A genus of plants. Polyandria. Tri-
gynia. Ranunculaccce. — D. consolida. The
larkspur. The root and seeds are acrid and
bitter, acting as a purgative and emetic in large
doses. It is the delphinium of the United
States Pharmacopoeia. — D. staphisagria. Staves-
acre. The seeds are large, rough, of an irregu-
lar triangular figure, and of a blackish color.
They are very -bitter, acrid, and nauseous, and
seldom used except to destroy vermin, and as
an anthelmintic in decoction. They contain
delphinia. Pure delphinia is a whitish, odor-
less powder, said to be crystalline when wet,
of an extremely acrid and bitter taste ; soluble
in alcohol and ether. It fuses at 248° F. It
possesses an alkaline reaction, and forms salts.
Formula, CarHtgNOs. It is recommended by
Mr. Turnbull in rheumatism and neuralgias,
and chiefly employed externally in lotion or
ointment. The ointment may be made with
3ss. to 5j. of lard. Internally, the dose is one
twelfth of a grain. An over-dose produces a
prickling sensation over the body, burning pain,
purging, and convulsions.
De'lphys. The uterus, or female organs.
Deltiform. Deltoid.
D E L T O I ' D. Dcltoidcs and deltoid eus.
(From A, and e«5oc, a likeness.) The name of
a muscle of the superior extremity, situated on
the shoulder. It arises exactly opposite to the
trapezius, from one third part of the clavicle,
from the acromion and spine of the scapula,
and is inserted, tendinous, into the middle of
the os humeri, which bone it lifts up directly ;
and it assists-, with the supra-spinatus and cor-
aco-brachialis, in all the actions of the humerus,
except the depression ; it being convenient that
the arm should be raised and sustained, in or-
der to its moving on any side.
De'manus. Without a hand.
Deme'nted. Afflicted with dementia.
DEME'NTIA. (a, a, f. ; from de, from, and
mens, mind.) Fatuity. A form of insanity in
which unconnected and imperfectly denned
ideas chase each other rapidly through the
mind ; the powers of continued attention and
of reflection are lost, and even the perceptive
power at length becomes indistinct. Dementia
is sometimes an accompaniment of old age, and
is a frequent termination of mania.
Demiazygos. See Semiazygos.
Demimetal. See Semimetal.
Demi'ssor. A catheter.
DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM. A minute
acarus inhabiting the sebaceous follicles of per-
sons living in cities, whose skin is not sufficient
ly excited by pure air, &c. — Erasmus Wilson.
Demonomania. Daemonomania.
Demonstrator of anatomy. A teacher of
practical anatomy on the subject.
Demoti'vus la'psus. Sudden death.
DEMU'LCENT. (Demulcens ; from demul-
ceo, to soften.) A medicine which obviates
acrimony, not by correcting or changing its na-
ture, but by involving it in a mild and viscid
matter, which prevents it from acting upon the
DEN
isensible parts of our bodies, or by covering the
surface exposed to their action. Catarrh, diar-
rhoea, dysentery, calculus, and gonorrhoea are
the diseases in which demulcents are employed.
The principal are gum tragacanth, linseed, al-
theea officinalis, malva sylvestris, okra, slippery
elm, ichthyocolla, liquorice, the starches, olive
oil, quince seeds, cetaceum, wax, and almond
oil.
Demusculatus. Lean; emaciated.
Dendroi'd. Dcndroides. Having a tree-
like appearance.
Dendroli'baxus. Rosmarinus officinalis.
DENGUE. An epidemical fever, having
many of the symptoms of rheumatic fever,
which appeared in the West Indies, and some
of the Southern States, in 1827 and 1828. It
was of a very violent character, and sometimes
attended with eruptions on the skin, but not fa-
tal. The duration of the active stage was sel-
dom more than three days. It was treated by
general antiphlogistic means.
Denigra'tiox. Dcnigratio. The process or
act of becoming black : applied to a diseased
part.
DENS. (s,tis,m.) A tooth. See Teeth.
Dexs caballixus. Henbane. — D. canis.
See Erythronium. — D. leonis. Taraxacum.
De'nsitv. The same as specific gravity.
D e ' n t a g it a . The toothache. Odontalgia.
Tooth forceps.
DE'NTAL. (Denlalis; from dens, a tooth.)
Appertaining to the teeth.
Dextal arches. The arch formed by the
teeth when arranged in the jaws, or by the al-
veoli.
Dextal arteries. The teeth of the upper
jaw are supplied by branches from the infra-
orbitar and superior alveolar arteries. The
lower jaw by the inferior maxillary.
Dental formula. A formula or notation to
designate the number and species of teeth in a
mamifer. It is an important generic character.
Thus, in the genus Fclis, the formula is, incisors,
£ ; Canines, A, 1 ; premolars (or bicuspids),
%, 5; molars, f, -2. In man: incisors, £; ca-
nines, i, i ; pnumolars, %, % ; molars, 3, ^. In
these, the upr>er figures refer to the upper jaw,
the lower to the lower jaw ; and when the fig-
ures are repeated, as 3, $, it means on each
side of the upper and lower jaw.
Dental nerves. See Teeth.
Dental tulp. The internal pulpy and vas-
cular substance filling the center of the teeth.
Denta'lis la'pis. See Tartar.
Denta'ria. Plumbago europaja.
Dextarpa'ga. An instrument for drawing
teeth.
DENTA'TA. The second vertebra of the
neck. It differs from the other cervical verte-
bral in having a tooth-like process at the upper
part of the body, whence its name.
DE'NTATE.' (Dcntatns; from dens, a tooth.)
Toothed : applied to roots, leaves, petals, <fcc.
Dentatus processus. See Vertebra:
DENTES. Plural of dens. See Teeth.
Dextes acuti. The incisor teeth.
Dextes adulti. The second set of teeth.
Dkxtes auversi. The incisor teeth.
Dkntks coi.umeli.ares. The molar teeth.
DEN
Denticulate. Denticula'tus. Set with lit-
tle teeth.
Dentidu'cum. Denticeps. An instrument
for drawing teeth.
DENTIFRICE. {Dcntifricum, i, n. ; from
dens, and frico, to rub.) A powder for clean-
ing the teeth. Charcoal powder, chalk, pow-
dered cinchona or rhatany, bole Armenian,
carbonate of soda, and cream of tartar, are the
chief.
Dextilla'ria. Plumbago europsea.
Dentine. The peculiar bony formation of
ivory of part of the teeth. It contains 72 per
cent, of mineral matter.
Dextisca'lpium. An instrument for scaling
teeth.
DENTIST. One who operates on the teeth.
D E N T I'T I O N. (Dcntitio, onis, f.) The
cutting of teeth. See Teeth.
Dextition, difficult. Dcntitio difficilis.
The most violent symptoms of dentition arise
in infancy, from the pressure and irritation of
the young tooth. As the teeth push forward,
the superincumbent gum wastes from absorp-
tion, and is at last cut through, and the tooth
makes its appearance.
The first active stage of teething is usually
about the third or fourth month of infancy. If
the irritation becomes considerable, the gums
swell, the child grows fretful, and starts in its
sleep ; or, on awaking suddenly, there is heat,
thirst, and other concomitants of fever, with,
perhaps, dullness or drowsiness ; the bowels are
affected, and a rash appears on the skin, usual-
ly the red gum ; and there is often a dry and
troublesome cough. In about ten days or a
fortnight these symptoms subside.
The period of cutting the first teeth usually
occurs between the seventh and ninth month.
The gum is often extremely sensible, and can
not endure the slightest touch. At the base it
is florid and distended, and when the tooth is
on the point of protrusion, it seems covered
with a flat and whitish blister. The grand point
is here to moderate the local irritation. A di-
arrhoea, or full discharge of saliva, does this
naturally, and hence these are favorable symp-
toms ; and if the former be too violent, or ac-
companied with griping, it should be merely
corrected by carbonate of magnesia or lime* If
the bowels be confined, cooling laxatives are to
be employed ; and the discharge of a small
quantity of blood from the gums, in the first
stage, by lancing them, will often afford effect-
ual relief. If the symptoms of oppression or
spasmodic action be severe, leeches should be
resorted to ; after which, a blister will be found
useful, placed on the back. When the teeth
are on the point of protrusion, the lancet will
often afford immediate relief, by giving a direct
opening to the tooth, which will frequently uric*
its appearance in the course of a few hours.
Dentium dolor. Toothache.
Dentium scalptura. Lancing the gum over
a protruding tooth.
Dentoideus. Tooth-like. Odontoid.
DENUDA'TION. (From denudo, to make
bare.) The laying bare any part: usually ap-
plied to a bone, either in an artificial way or
as a morbid result.
213
D EP
DEO'BSTRUENT. (Deobstrucns ; from de,
and obstruo, to obstruct.) Having the power
of removing any obstruction, as a purgative.
It is indefinite, and seldom used.
Deoppi'lans. (From de, and oppilo, to stop.)
Deoppilativns. Having the property of remov-
ing obstructions. Deobstruent.
DEOXIDA'TION. Deoxidizing. (Fromrfe,
and oxide, a compound of oxygen.) The sep-
aration of oxygen from any compound. The
reduction of an oxide. Sulphurous acid, phos-
phorus, and potassium are extremely active de-
oxidizing agents. The action of heat, assisted
by charcoal or hydrogen gas, is a common means
in metallurgic operations.
Depa'scens. Corroding.
Depauperatus. Impoverished in quality.
Depe'ndens. Dependent.
Deperdi'tio. Abortion. — Castelli.
Depeti'go. A ring-worm, tetter, scurf, or
itch, where the skin is rough. — Turton.
Depiileoma'tion. An old term for rectifica-
tion, or the removal of aqueous particles from a
spirituous body.
DEPHLOGFSTICATED. Without phlo-
giston.
Dephlogisticateo air. Oxygen gas.
DEPHtOGISTIC VTKl) MURIATIC OR MARINE
acid. Chlorine.
Dephi.ogisticaticu nitrous air. The pro-
toxide of nitrogen.
Deputation. Depilaiio, The loss of hair:
naturally, as in baldness, or by artificial means.
DEPI'LATORY. (Depilatorius; from de,
of, and pilus, the hair. ) Any application which
removes hairs. They are usually formed with
caustic lime and orpiment, but a pitch plaster
applied over the part, and torn off violently, will
remove the hair. .
DEPLE'TION. (Depict io; from dcplco, to
unload.) The act of diminishing the fullness
of any part, more especially of the sanguiferous
system; hence blood-letting is a means of de-
pletion. The term is also applied to any sys-
tem of evacuation by which a plethoric state is
subdued, as also to the effect of morbid evacu-
ations.
Depletory means. Such means or process-
es as tend to depletion. Blood-letting, purga-
tives, emetics, abstinence, counter - irritation,
are all, under different circumstances, deple-
tory means.
DEPLUMA'TION. (From de, and pluma, a
feather.) A disease of the eyelids, which caus-
es the hair to fall off.
DEPO'SIT. Deposition. (From depono,
to lay down.) The laying or falling down of
any substance. In Physiology, the accumula-
tion of fat, muscular fibre, &c, in their proper
place, by the vital forces. In Pathology, the
accumulation of fat, &c, hi abnormal positions,
or the occurrence of new growths, as of the
cancerous tissue, is termed a morbid deposit.
The sediment of urine is also called a deposit.
Deposi'tio. Deposition. The depression of
• the lens, in the operation of couching, has been
so called.
DEPRAVA'TION. (Depravaiio ; from de-
pravo, to corrupt.) The corruption or change
for the worse in the solids or fluids of the body,
214
DER
whereby they become morbid. Also, the per-
version of a sense, as the depravation of sight
or taste.
Deprehe'nsio. 1. Catalepsy. 2. Diagnosis.
DEPRE'SSANTS. Remedial means which
diminish the frequency of the pulse, and reduce
the vital energy. Blood-letting, tartar emetic,
tobacco, digitalis, and nauseating doses of ipe-
cacuanha are the chief.
Depre'ssed. Pressed down ; flattened. Ap-
plied to seeds, it means flattened from above
downward.
DEPRESSION. (Dcpressio, o?us, f. ; from
deprimo, to press down. The state of a part
that has been pressed down. In Anatomy, a
hollow fossa or slight excavation. In Surgery,
it is applied, 1. To fractures of the cranium, in
which a portion of bone is forced inward. 2.
To couching, an ojieration for cataract, con-
sisting in the removal t>f the opaque lens out of
the axis of vision by means of a needle, the
lens being depressed into the vitreous humor.
DEFRE'SSOR. (or, oris, m.) Any muscle
which depresses the part on which it acts.
Depressor alje nasi. See Dcpiressor labii
superioris al&qnc nasi.
Depressor anguli oris. A muscle situated
below the under lip. It arises, broad and
fleshy, from the lower edge of the lower jaw,
near the chin, and is inserted into the angle of
the mouth, which it pulls downward.
Depressor labii inferioris. It pulls the
under lip and skin of the side of the chin down-
ward, and a little outward.
Depressor labii superioris al.eque nasi.
Incisivvs medius of Winslow. It is situated
above the mouth, draws the upper lip and ala
nasi downward and backward. It arises, thin
and fleshy, from the superior maxillary bone,
runs upward, and is inserted into the upper lip
and root of the ala of the nose.
Depressor laeii superioris proprius. See
Depressor labii superioris alecque nasi.
Depressor labiorum communis. See De-
pressor anguli oris.
Depressor oculi. See Rectus inferior oculi.
Depre'ssorium. An instrument to guard the
dura mater when the skull is cut or sawed in
operations.
Depre'ssus. Depressed.
DEPRI'MENS. D. oculi. The rectus infe-
rior oculi.
Deprime.ns auricula:. The retrahens au-
riculis.
Deprime.ns maxillje biventer. The digas-
tricus.
Depu'rant. Applied to a medicine supposed
to purify the fluids of the body.
DEPURA'TION. (Depuratio, onis, f.) 1.
The defecation or clarification of any thing. 2.
The process of removing morbid parts from the
humors.
Depurato'rius. Depuratory. Any thing
which makes clean or purifies the body from
morbid humors, whether by the process of dis-
ease, or by hygienic and remedial means.
Derbia. Impetigo.
Derbyshire neck. Bronchocele.
DERIVATION. (Derivatio, onis, f. ; from
derivo, to drain off. ) The drawing away any
DES
morbid action from its original seat to another
*nd less important part. Thus vesicatories,
epispastics, and local stimulants act by deriva-
tion or revulsion.
DE HI VAT IVES. Revulsives. Medicines
adapted to procure a derivation. See Deriva-
tion.
DE'RMA. The skin.
Derma'lgia. A rheumatic pain or neuralgia
of the skin, attributable to a morbid condition
of the cutaneous nerves.
Dermata'gra. Pellagra.
Dermati'tis. Dcrmatis. Diffuso inflamma-
tion of the skin, or erysipelatous inflammation.
Dermato'graphy. Dermography. The an-
atomical description of the skin.
Dermatoi'd. Dermatoi'dcs. Resembling
skin. This epithet has been applied to the
dura mater.
Dermato'logy. A discourse or treatise on
the skin.
Dermato'lysis. Cutis pendula. Excessive
development or hypertrophy of the skin, where-
by it hangs in large, loose folds about the person.
Dermohje'mia. Excessive vascularity, con-
gestion, or hyperemia of the skin.
Dermoid. Derma toid.
Dermoto'my. Dcrmotomia. The dissection
of the skin.
Derosne's salt. A crystalline substance
obtained by digesting opium in ether.
DESCE'NDENS NONI. The descending
cervical branch of the ninth pair, or hypoglos-
sal nerves.
Descenso'rium. A furnace in which the dis-
tillation by descent is performed.
Desce'nsus. (From descendo, to move down-
ward.) Destillatio per deseensum. A distilla-
tion when the tire is applied at the top and
round the vessel, the orifice of which is at the
bottom.
DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY. The anatomy
which treats of the form, appearance, position,
distribution, and connection of parts, without
reference to the particular textures of which
they are composed.
Deshler's salve. The unguentum reshue
compositum is an imitation. *
DESICCA'TION. (Desicca/io; from desic-
co, to dry up.) The drying up of any thing
moist.
DESI'CCATIVE. (Dcsiccativus; from de-
sicco, to dry up.) Possessed of a drying prop-
erty. Applied especially to medicines used to
dry up ulcers ; as calamine, calomel, &c.
Despie'ntia. This word properly means fol-
ly, but it has been used in medical language to
signify delirium.
DE'SMA. (From 6eap.oc, a ligament or band-
age.) A ligament.
Desmography. A description of the liga-
ments.
Desmoi'd. Resembling a ligament. The va-
rious fascia of the body, the aponeuroses and
ligamentous membranes, consisting of condens-
ed cellular tissue, are termed desmoid tissues.
Desmolo'gy. A treatise on the ligaments.
Desmorrhe'xis. The rupture of a ligament.
De'smos. A bandage.
DESPUMA'TION. (Despumatio, onis, f . ;
DEU
from despumo, to clarify.) The clarifying a flii-
id, or separating the scum from it.
DESQUAMA'TION. (Desquamatio, onis, f. ;
from desquamo, to scale off.) The separating
of lamina?, or scales, from the skin or bones. It
is more properly applied to the skin ; in the caso
of bones it is generally called exfoliation.
Desquamato'rium tre'panom. Trepanum
exfoliativum. A kind of trepan formerly used
for detaching lamina? from exfoliating bones.
Destillatio. See Distillation.
Destillatio per descensum. See Descen-
sus.
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION. Distil-
lation of organic bodies at a red heat, whereby
they aro disorganized, and yield volatile and
empyreumatic products.
DESUDA'TIO. (o, onis, f. ; from desudo, to
sweat much.) 1. Excessive sweating. 2. A
miliary eruption to which children are chiefly
subject. See Sudamina.
Dete'ntio. Detentia. Catalepsy.
DETE'RGENT. (Deter gens; from deter go,
to wipe away.) Applied to a medicine which
cleanses foul wounds or ulcers. Such are de-
rived from the class of stimulants or emollients.
DETERMINATION. The afflux or incipi-
ent congestion of blood or other humors in a
part; as the determination of blood to the brain,
producing convulsions, apoplexy, &0.j the de-
termination of blood to the lungs, producing
congestion of the lungs.
Detona'tion. An explosion.
DETRA'CTOR. (or, oris, in. ; from detra-
ho, to draw.) Detrahcns. Applied to a mus-
cle, the office of which is to draw the part to
which it is attached away from some other part.
Detrahens quadratus. See Platysma my-
aides.
Detri'tus. 1. The fragmentary remains of
any crashing or disorganizing process; as the
detritus of a broken calculus. 2. The disor-
ganization of a tissue, by suppuration, soften-
ing, gangrene, &c.
DETRUNCA'TION. Dctruncatio. (From
de, from, and truncus, the body or trunk. ) The
separation of the head from the body. Used in
operative obstetrics for the separation of the
head in embryotomy.
DETRU'SOR URI'NjE. The muscular coat
of the bladder, the office of which is to expel
the urine from the bladder.
Deurens febris. An ardent fever.
Deute'ria. The bad symptoms arising from
retention of the jdacenta. — Vogcl.
Deute'rion. The secundines.
D E U T E R P A T H I 'A. (Deuleropatheia ;
from devTspoc, second, and iraOoe, a suffering.)
A sympathetic affection where a second part
suffers ; as where the stomach is disturbed from
an injury of the head.
DEU TO-. (From devrepoe, second.) A
common prefix in chemistry, signifying two,
twice, or double ; as, Dcutoxide. The second
oxide, or binoxide. — Deutochloride, Deutosul-
phate, Dentiodide, &c, which mean, respect-
ively, the bichloride, bisulphate, biniodide;
and each contains two ecpiivalents of the agent
designated.
Deutoxide of azote. Binoxide of nitrogen.
215
DIA
Devalga'tus. Bandy-legged.
DEVELOPMENT. This term usually
means growth, but is also employed by St.
Hilaire to designate particular stages in the en-
tire growth of the body at which a change oc-
curs in the rapidity of addition to parts or the
manner of growth.
Devonshire colic. The painter's colic. See
Colica pictonum.
D E W. The deposit of line particles of
moisture, which takes place whenever a body
having a temperature below the dew point is
introduced into the air ; also, the moisture pre-
cipitated on clear evenings upon the ground, in
consequence of its rapid cooling from radiation.
Exposure to the dew-fall is remarkably injuri-
ous to health, especially in low, marshy, and
warm locations, where the moisture is very
abundant. The dew acts in two ways: as a
depressing means, arresting the insensible per-
spiration and chilling the body ; and, secondly,
as a medium for the conveyance, and perhaps
formation, of miasmata, which thus come in
contact with the system.
Dew-berry. Rubrus trivialis.
Dew-claws. Crusta genu equina.
Dew point. The temperature measured by
a thermometer at which dew falls or disappears
on any surface exposed to the atmosphere. It
is easily measured by exposing a little ether in
a clean watch glass, and immersing a delicate
thermometer therein. The temperature at the
moment of the deposit of dew is the dew point.
Dexocardia. When the heart beats on the
right side, as in pleurisy and pneumothorax.
V DEXTRIN E. Soluble starch ; a gummy
substance existing abundantly in plants, and
readily procured by heating to 120° a mixture
of starch and infusion of malt. The solution
differs from gum in possessing the power of
causing a deviation of a ray of circularly polar-
ized light toward the right hand. Its composi-
tion is isomeric with starch, C12H10O10; and in
nutritiousness and general properties it belongs
to the amylaceous family of organized bodies.
D I-. A prefix (from die, twice) used in
chemistry, anatomy, &c. In Chemistry, di-, in
dioxide, dichloride, &c.,has not the same mean-
ing as deuto- or bin- oxide, &c, but it is used
to designate the preponderance of the electro-
positive body. Thus dichloride of copper means
a compound in which there is two atoms of
copper and one of chlorine, and not two of
chlorine ; dioxide of copper, where there is two
atoms of copper and one of oxygen.
DIA-. A prefix (from dia, through). It sig-
nifies, in composition, extension, perversion, sep-
aration. In the old Pharmacy, it meant the
presence of the ingredient before which it was
written; as diacydonium and dialocs, medicines
containing the quince and aloes.
DIABE'TES. (es, is, m. Atafi?/r>?c; from
Sia6aivu, to pass through.) An immoderate
flow of urine. There are three species of this
complaint : 1. Diabetes insipidus, in which
there is a superabundant discharge of limpid
urine, of its usual urinary taste. 2. Diabetes
mellitus, in which the urine is very sweet, abun-
dant, and contains a great quantity of sugar. 3.
Diabetes chylosns, in which the mine is abmi-
• 216
DIA
dant and of a whitish aspect, often coagulating.
It is a rare form. *
Great thirst, with a voracious appetite, grad-
ual emaciation of the whole body, and a fre-
quent discharge of urine, containing a large pro-
portion of saccharine and other matter, which
is voided in a quantity even exceeding that of
the aliment or fluid introduced, are the charac-
teristics of the mellitic form of the disease.
Those of a shattered constitution, and those
who are in the decline of life, are most subject
to its attacks. It not unfrequently attends on
hysteria, hypochondriasis, dyspepsia, and asth-
ma ; but it is always much milder when symp-
tomatic than when it appears as a primary af-
fection.
Diabetes may be occasioned by the use of
strong diuretic medicines, intemperance of life,
and hard drinking ; exposure to cold ; excess
in venery ; severe evacuations, or by any thing
that tends to produce an impoverished state of
the blood, or general debility. It has, how*
ever, taken place in many instances without
any obvious cause.
Under a long continuance of the disease, the
body becomes much emaciated, the feet cedem-
atous, great debility cirises, the pulse is frequent
and small, and an obscure fever, with all the
appearances of hectic, prevails.
The urine in diabetes mellitus, from being at
first insipid, clear, and colorless, soon acquires
a sweetish or saccharine taste, its leading char-
acteristic ; and, when subjected to experiment,
a considerable quantity of saccharine matter is
to bo extracted from it. Sometimes it is so
loaded with sugar as to be capable of being fer-
mented into a vinous liquor.
In some instances, the quantity of urine in
diabetes is much greater than can be accounted
for from all the sources united. Cases are re-
corded in which 25 to 30 pints were discharged
in the space of a day, for many successive
weeks, and even months.
With respect to the proximate cause of dia-
betes mellitus, many hypotheses have been ad-
vanced concerning it. The following are the
principal: That the disease depends upon, 1.
A morbid action of the stomach and chylopoi-
etic viscera. 2. A morbid state of the blood,
produced by a diseased action of the assimila-
ting powers. 3. A diseased condition of the
kidneys.
The formation of the saccharine matter is
very generally believed to depend on a process
in the stomach and bowels somewhat analogous
to germination on starchy materials. Indeed,
diastose has been detected in matters vomited
from the' stomach.
In the treatment of diabetes, we are led to
that of the insipid species first, and then that
of the mellitic.
1. Of the insipid species. This is mostly
cured by tonics, stimulants, and mineral acids,
as Peruvian bark, cascarilla, and the like, with
sulphuric acid, taking care to invigorate the
system by proper air, exercise, and diet. The
drink should be diminished. When sympto-
matic of any other disease, its remedies must
also be conjoined. As a sympathetic affection,,
it very commonly attends hysteric and nervous
DIA
diseases, against which the practitioner's atten-
tion must also be directed. The prognosis is
not unfavorable where there is no disease of
the kidneys.
2. Of the mellilic, or true diabetes. This is
one of those affections in which almost every
medicine and every plan has been resorted to,
from which it is natural to infer that it is very
little under the control of any. The indications
of treatment are, 1st. To diminish the sources
from which sugar can be derived. 2. To di-
minish the secretion of urine. 3. To relieve
the disorder of the stomach and bowels, and al-
lay urgent symptoms. The first point is attain-
ed by the uso of an animal diet, with gluten,
bread, using no vegetable or amylaceous com-
pounds. Secondly, the drink should be di-
minished to the least quantity, and be free from
stimulating or diuretic property. The clothing
should bo warm, and sudorilics, with the hot
bath, be frequently employed. In the third
place, dyspepsia should be properly treated;
irritation about the bladder or kidneys must be
subdued by demulcents, bleeding, or counter-
irritation, and opiates, Debility must be coun-
teracted by tonics. Hygienic means should
be at all times adopted. The prognosis is unfa-
vorable where the disease is of long duration,
there is much emaciation, and organic affection
of the kidneys. The mineral acids, especially
the phosphoric, and also iodine, have been rec-
ommended as a means of arresting the saccha-
rine formation.
Diabetes akglicus. D- saecharmus. D.
varus. Synonymes of diabetes mellitus, or true
diabetes.
Diabetes HYSTERICUS. D. spurius. False
or spurious diabetes. The diabetes insipidus of
Culleu, which consists chiefly in a preternatural
discharge of urine, with nervous symptoms.
Diabetes infantilis. Profuse and sweet
urine, occurring as a symptom in teething. It
is a rare affection, but is fully detailed by Dr.
Morton in his Phthisiologia.
Diabetes lacteus. D. chylosus. Urine
abundant, and of a milky color, sometimes co-
agulating spontaneously. A rare disease, found
in persons of luxurious habits.
Diabe'tic SUGAR. The sugar found in diabe-
tic urine. It is the samo as grape sugar, or
glucose. See Sugar, tests for.
DIABRO'SIS. Erosion.
Diabro'tica. Errosives.
Diacatho'licon. (From 6ia, and KadoAiiioc,
universal. ) A laxative electuary, so called from
its general usefulness. It was composed of
senna leaves, pulp of cassia and of tamarinds,
root of male fern and of rhubarb, violets, ani-
seed, liquorice root, sweet fennel, and sugar.
DIACAU'SIS. Excessive heat.
Diacau'stic. A burning glass.
Diacentau'rium. A powder containing cen-
taury.
Diace'raton. A collyrium mentioned by
Celsus, of which hartshorn was the principal
ingredient.
Diachalci'teos. A plaster containing col-
cothar.
Diachari'sta. Certain medicines applied to
the fauces.
DIA
Diachore'ma. Diachoresis. An excretion
Diachrisis. Anointing or inunction.
Diachry'sum. A plaster for fractured limbs.
DIA'CHYLON. Diachylum. Formerly any
emollient plaster. Two diachylon plasters are
known, one as white, or simple diachylon, the
other as yellow diachylon, or diachylon with
gums. See Diachylon simplex, and Diachylon
cum gummi.
Diachylon cum gummi. Yellow diachylon.
Gum diachylon. This is made with simple di-
achylon, ibiij. ; galbauum, strained, gviij.; com-
mon turpentine, frankincense, each fiij.
Diachylon simplex. The emplaslrurn
plumbi.
Diacine'ma. A subluxation.
Dia'clasis. A small fracture.
DIACLY'SMA. (From <5ta«/lt>£w, to wash
out.) A gargle or wash for the mouth.
DIACO'DIUM. Diacodion. Syrup of pop-
pies is a substitute.
Diacolocy'nthus. A medicine of colocynth.
Dia'cope. Diacomma. A deep cut or wound.
Diacou'stics. The examination of sound
which has been transmitted through various
media.
Dia'crises. A class of diseases in which the
secretions are vitiated.
DIA'CRISIS. Diagnosis.
Diacydo'nium. Marmalade of quinces.
DIADE'LPHIA. Diadclphous. (From die,
twice, and adetyoc, a brother.) A class in the
sexual system, embracing those the flowers of
which are hermaphrodite, and have the male
organs united below into two sets of cylindrical
filaments.
Diade'ma. A diadem. A bandage for the
head.
Diadermi atria. The enderniic treatment
of disease.
Diade'xis. A translation of humors from
one place to another.
Dia'doche. Diadexis.
Dia'dosis. 1. The distribution of nutritious
matter throughout the system. 2. The remis-
sion of a disease.
DLE'RESIS. (is, is, f. ; from diaipeu, to di-
vide or separate.) A solution of continuity, as
a wound or ulcer. A removal by cutting, as in
some surgical operations.
Dijere'ticus. (From diaipeu, to divide.)
Escharotic Corrosive.
D I JE ' T A. Diatema. (From diatrau, to
nourish.) Diet; food. See Diet, and Aliment.
Dietetic See Dietetic.
Diaglau'cium. An eye-water containing the
juice of the glaucium.
DIAGNO SIS. (is, is, f. ; from diayivacrnu,
to discern or distinguish.) Biacrisis. The art
of recognizing a disease by its symptoms, and
of distinguishing one disease from another.
Diagnostic Pathognomonic; characteristic
of a disease.
Diagry'dium. See Dacrydium.
Diahermoda'ctylum. A purging medicine
containing hennodactyl.
Diai'um. A troche, the chief ingredient of
which was violets.
DIALEI'MMA. (Aiafetppa; from dialeuru,
to intermit. ) The intermission of a fever.
217
DI A
DI A
Diale'psis. An intermission ; a vacant space
between the folds of a bandage.
Diali'banum. A medicine of frankincense.
Dia'i.oes. Several medicines containing
aloes.
Dialthje'a. An ointment chiefly of marsh
mallows.
Diai.u'ric acid. A powerful acid, crystal-
line and soluble, obtained by the action of sul-
phureted hydrogen on alloxantine. Formula,
C 8 N,H 3 7 -f-HO.
DIA'LYSES. (The plural of dialysis.) The
name of an order in the class Locales of Cullen's
Nosology, embracing diseases in which there is
solution of continuity manifest to the eyo or
« touch.
DIA'LYSIS. (is, is, f. ; from Stakvo, to dis-
solve.) Relaxation or weakness of the limbs.
Dialytica. Medicines which heal wounds.
Diahaonstio. Having the property of trans-
mitting the magnetic influence, as is the case
with all metals, &C, which do not acquire mag-
netism.
D i a m a r g a R i ' x S . An anl id< ile in which
pearls were the chief ingredient.
Diamasse'ma. Diamastcma. A masticatory.
Dia'mbra. A cordial medicine containing
amber, musk, &c.
Diamo'ron. A syrup of mulberries.
Diamoto'sis. The introduction of lint into
an ulcer or wound.
Dia'na. The moon. Silver.
Diananca'smus. The reduction of adisloca-
lion.
DIA'NDRIA. Diandrous. (From Sic, twice,
and avijp, a man.) A class of plants with two
. stamens.
DIA'NTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. The clove
pink. The dowers, which have air agreeable
•smell, were formerly used as an aromatic.
Diapai.ma. An ointment containing sulphate
of zinc.
Diapa'sma. A medicine reduced to powder,
and sprinkled over the body, or any part.
Diapede'bis. The transudation or escape of
blood through the coats of a vessel ; also, trans-
udation of blood through the skin or any mem-
brane.
Diape'xsia. The sanicle.
DIATIIANOUS. (Diaphanosus; from tua,
through, and tyaivu, to shine.) Transparent.
Pinel called the delicate serous membranes di- 1
aphanous membranes, as the arachnoid.
DIAPHORE'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from diwpopeu,
to carry through.) A perspiration. Profuse
perspiration. *
DIAPHORE'TIC. ( Diaphoreticus; fromdt-
aQopsw.) That which, from being taken inter-
nally, increases the discharge of perspiration by
the skin. To secure diaphoresis, it is necessary
that the patient be kept warm in bed, for the
temperature of the skin must be elevated. This
class of medicines comprehends five orders:
1. Pungent diaphoretics, as the volatile sails
and essential oils.
2. Calefacient diaphoretics, such as scrpcnla-
ria, contraycrva, guaiacum, mezcrcon, and va-
lerian; these are given in cases where the cir-
culation is low and languid.
3. Stimulant diaphoretics, as the ethers.
218
wines, turpentines, and mercurial preparations,
which are best fitted for the vigorous.
4. Antispasmodic diaphoretics, as opium,
mush, camphor, ipecacuanha, dulcamara, and
antimonial preparations.
5. Diluent diaphoretics, as water gruel, whey,
&c.
But the vapor bath, frictions, and exercise,
with warmth, are perhaps among the most
certain and active diaphoretics.
Diaphoretic. Sweating, attended with in-
creased perspiration.
Diaphoretic antimony. See Antimonium
diaphorcticum.
DiAPHOKETiccM .loviAi.K. See Anlihccticum
poterii.
Diaphoretic, MINERAt. The diaphoretic an-
timony. See Antimonium diaphorcticum.
Diai'horeticum martiale. Sec Antimonium
diaphorcticum martiale.
DI'APHRAGM. (Diaphragma, matis, n. ;
from diaQpaoow, to separate by a partition.)
The midriff. A muscle that divides the tho-
rax from the abdomen. It is composed of two
muscles: the first and superior of these arises
from the sternum, and the ends of the last
ribs on each side. Its fibres, from this semi-
circular origin, tend toward a center, and ter
minute in a tendon, or aponeurosis, which is
termed the centrum tendinosum ; and was call-
ed by the old anatomists, centrum ncrveum.
The second and inferior muscle comes from the
vertebra; of the loins by two productions, of
which that on the right side comes from the
first, second, and third vertebra; of the loins;
that on the left side is somewhat shorter; and
both these portions join, and make the lower
part of the diaphragm, which joins its tendons
with the tendon of the other, so that they make
but one muscular partition. It is pierced in
the middle for the passage of the vena cava; in
its lower part for the oesophagus, and the nerves,
which go to the upper orifice of the stomach,
and betwixt the productions of the inferior
muscle, passes the aorta, the thoracic duct, and
the vena a/.ygos. This muscle is one of the
chief means of inspiration and expiration; it
also acts an important part in vomiting, the ex-
pulsion of ficces, hiccough, &C.
Diaphragm. Any portion or septum be-
tween two parts or cavities.
Diaphragma. A partition. Hence, Dia-
phragma cerebri, the tentorium. — D. murium,
the septum narium.
D I A P II R AG M A' T I C. Diaphragmatic
cus. Appertaining to the diaphragm.
Diaphragmatic arteries. Arterial dia-
phragma.ticte. Arteries phrenica. The dia-
phragm is supplied by four arteries : two supe-
rior, rising from the internal mammary artery,
and distributed on the thoracic surface of the
diaphragm ; and two inferior, rising from the
abdominal aorta, or from the cceliac, and dis
tributed to the abdominal surface of the dia-
phragm.
Diaphragmatic gout. Angina pectoris.'
Diaphragmatic hernia. A rupture, with
protrusion of part of the abdominal viscera
through the diaphragm.
Diaphragmatic nerves. See Phrenic nerves.
DIA
Diaphragmatic plexus. There are two:
one situated on the right, and one on the left
side of the diaphragm. They are formed by
branches from the solar plexus, and accompany
the ramification of the inferior diaphragmatic
arteries.
Diaphragmatic ring. The natural aperture
through which the rcna cava ascaulcns passes
through the diaphragm.
Diaphragmatic veins. Four veins corre-
sponding with the diaphragmatic arteries. They
pour their blood into the vena cava above and
below the diaphragm.
' DIAPHRAGMATI'TIS. Diaphragm-
lis. (From 8ia<J>pay/ia, the diaphragm.) In-
flammation of the diaphragm. The diaphragm,
being lined above by the pleura and below by
the peritoneum, often becomes affected in le-
sions of these membranes, increasing the symp-
toms often to a violent extent, affecting the
respiration, and superadding oerebral symptoms.
Hence this form of the disease has been called
paraphrenias, from resembling inflammation of
the brain. It may arise in the diaphragm or
be secondary.
The treatment is the same; with that of pleu-
ritis and peritonitis, but calls for the most active
remedies. Large quantities of blood are to be
abstracted. After having cleared the bowels
by a mercurial and saline purgative, full doses
of antimonials, with calomel, warm bath, and
blisters, are the best remedies.
Inflammation in the muscular structure of the
diaphragm, or the true diaphragmatitis, produ-
ces the same symptoms, with the exception of
the nature and seat of the pain. It exists chief-
ly as a secondary disease, being often produced
by the retrocession of gout or rheumatism from
the limbs. It is a most violent and dangerous
affection, and often kills in a short time.
DIA'PHTHORA. (From dia<j>deipu, to cor-
rupt.) 1. Corruption of any part. 2. Abortion.
Diai'Hyi.a'ctic. Diaphylaclicus. Prophy-
lactic.
DIA'PHYSIS. (Aiamvmc; from tiiaQvo, to
divide.) An interspace. Applied, 1. To the
crucial ligaments. 2. To the shaft of a long
bone.
Dia'plasis. The replacing a luxated or frac-
tured bone in its proper situation.
DIAPLA'SMA. (a, atis, n. ; from ihanXaa-
cw, to anoint.) An unction or fomentation ap-
plied to the whole body or any part.
D I A ' P N O E. (From dianveu, to breathe
through.) A gentle perspiration.
Diapxoc.e'nous. That which produces per-
spiration.
DIA PNOIC. (Diapnoticus, or diapnoicus;
from (huTrveu, to transpire.) A medicine which
promotes gentle perspiration.
Diapore'ma. Anxiety. Jactitation.
DIAPYE'MA. Diapyesis. (From (ha, and
•rvov, pus.) Suppuration.
DIAPYK'TJC. Diapyetiens. (From fiiairv-
rjpa, a suppuration.) Applied to a medicine
which promotes suppuration. Hence, Diap-
yetica.
DIARH/E'MIA. A morbid thinness 'of the
blood from deficiency of globules, whereby it
transudes through the membranes.
DIA
Dia'rius. (From dies, a day.) Diary. Of
one day's length.
Diaroma'ticum. (From 6ia, and apo/iariKov,
an aromatic.) A composition of spices.
DIARRHAGE. Fracture.
Dia'rrhodon. Several collyra, &c, of which
roses are an ingredient.
DIARRHCE'A. (a, ce, f. ; from diappeu, to
flow through.) A purging. A diarrhoea, purg-
ing, or looseness consists in the too frequently
passing the fa)ces, or contents of the great in-
testines; preceded generally by a munnuring
noise, and a little pain; that little a griping, and
without any fever. It is not, liko dysentery^ a
febrile disease.
The most common of all the species of diar-
rhoea is that in which the faeces pass of common
quality, but immoderately loose and copious.
Dr. Cullen calls it diarrhoea crapulosa; Dr.
Good, diarrhoea fusa, and diarrhoea stcrcoraria.
It usually arises from incautious eating or
change of weather, and cures itself, or may be
met by an antacid and rhubarb.
Almost as frequent as the former species is
the bilious diarrhoea, in which the fieces aro
loose, copious, and of a bright yellow color.
This is attended with increased bilious secre-
tion; is mostly duo to increased temperature.
A mild diet usually stops it.
Another species of diarrhoea consists in the
dejections containing a quantity of mucus : Ca-
tarrhus intestinorum, and diarrhoea catarrhalis.
It has hitherto been described as a species of
diarrhoea, though it more properly belongs to
dysentery. Its common cause is cold, particu-
larly in the feet. Warmth, diaphoretics, with
gentle astringents and opiates, constitute the
best treatment.
A looseness consists sometimes of white,
milky, or what have been called chylous stools:
the qffectio or passio caeliaca, diarrhoea cmliaca,
or diarrhoea chylosa. The nature of the white
discharge is unknown; but there is irritation
of the mucous follicles of the intestines. It is
very uncommon.
The diarrhoea lientcria, in which the food
passes almost unchanged by the stomach, is far
from common, and is mostly an affection symp-
tomatic of gout, scirrhus, or some organic dis-
ease. As a genuine diarrhoea, its cure is to be
attempted by tonics, bitters, and the remediee
against indigestion.
In the diarrhoea serosa, or diarrhoea aquosa,
the dejections are watery, almost entirely liquid,
and limpid. It occurs mostly in the lcucophleg- .
matic and weak. Its cure is to be attempted
by warm cordials, with astringents and tonics,
as gentian, calumba, simarouba, orange peel,
with the peppers, and warm tinctures.
When a loose state of the bowels is caused
by worms, diarrhoea verminosa, which is some
times the case from ascarides, their presence
and irritation in the rectum establish the spe-
cies ; and the cure is to be effected by vermi-
fuges.
From what has been advanced, it is evident,
that, in conducting the cure of a diarrhoea, tho
objects are to obviate the several causes, to less-
en the inordinate peristaltic motion, and to give
tone to the intestines. To fulfill these, it has
219
DI A
oeen usual to exhibit emetics, purgatives, and
astringents, according to the circumstances of
the case. Emetics are very seldom serviceable,
unless in strong subjects, with a loaded stom-
ach, in which case an emetic may at first be
useful in speedily removing its contents: it
may also assist in emulging the ducts of the
liver, and determining to the skin ; but its sec-
ondary operation is that of weakening, and it
ought, therefore, to be resorted to with great
caution. Cathartics are serviceable in expell-
ing worms, indurated or acrimonious faces ; but
any acrimony in the intestine generally causes
its own discharge; and where there is much
irritability, they aggravate the disease : how-
ever, in protracted cases, the alvine contents
speedily become vitiated, and renew the irrita-
tion, which may be best obviated by an occa-
sional mild aperient, particularly rhubarb. If
the liver do not perform its office, the intestine
"will hardly recover its healthy condition; and
that may most probably be effected by the cau-
tious use of mercury. Likewise, articles which
determine the fluids to other outlets,' diuretics,
and particularly diaphoretics, in many cases
contribute materially to recovery; the latter,
perhaps, assisted by bathing, warm clothing,
gentle exercise, &c. Diluent, demulcent, and
antacid medicines are employed to correct acri-
mony, according to its particular nature. In
children teething, the gums should be lanced ;
and if the bowels have been attacked on the re-
pulsion of some other disease, it may often be
proper to try to restore this. But a matter of
great importance is the due regulation of the
diet, carefully avoiding those articles which are
likely to disagree with or irritate the bowels, and
preferring such as have a mild astringent effect.
Food the least acescent, as jellies, arrow-root,
sago, bread, plain meats, &c, are best; and for
the drink, pure water, or a little sherry or bran-
dy, sufficiently diluted, rather than malt liquors.
Some of the means already noticed will help
to moderate the excessive peristaltic movement,
as a wholesome diet, exercise, diaphoretics,
&c. ; but there are others of more power, which
must sometimes be resorted to. At the head
of these is opium, a full dose of which frequent-
ly at once effects a cure; but where there is
some more fixed cause, and the complaint is of
any standing, moderate quantities, repeated at
proper intervals, will answer better, and other
subsidiary means ought not to be neglected:
aromatics may prevent its disordering the stom-
ach, rhubai'b obviate its causing permanent
constipation, &c. Tonics are generally proper,
the discharge itself inducing debility ; and,
where there is a deficiency of bile particularly,
the lighter forms of the aromatic bitters will
materially assist. In protracted cases, mild
chalybeates are sometimes serviceable; astrin-
gents come in aid of the general plan, and,
where opium disagrees, they may be more ne-
cessary; but the milder ones should be em-
ployed at first, the more powerful only where
the patient appears sinking. Chalk and lime-
water answer best where there is acidity; oth-
erwise the pomegranate, logwood, catechu, ki-
no, tormentil, may be given ; where these fail,
galls, alum, or sulphate of zinc.
220
DI A
Diarrhcea alba. D. piluitosa. D. chymo-
sa. Diarrhoea with white evacuations. The
diarrhoea cceliaca.
Diarrhcea carnosa. A form of dysentery
in which flesh-like portions are eliminated.
Diarrhcea cholerica. A bilious diarrhoea.
Diarrhcea chyloka. The ileac passion has
been so called.
Diarrhcea dyspeptica. D. ingcslorum.
The lientery, or diarrhcea Ucntcria.
Diarrhcea hepatica. A diarrhcea marked
by the superabundance of bilious stools.
Diarrhcea urinosa. See Diabetes.
Diarthro'dial. Relating to diarthrosis. See
Diarthrosis. The cartilages covering the artic-
ular extremities of bones aire called diarthro-
dial cartilages.
DIARTHRO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from diapBpou,
to articulate.) A movable connection of bones.
It is divided into five species, viz., cnarthrosis,
arthrodia, ginglymus, trochoides, and amphiar-
throsis, which see.
Diasapo'nium. An ointment in which soap
was the principal ingredient.
Diasci'llium. Oxymel and vinegar of squills.
DIASCO'RDIUM. Confectio Fracastorii.
Electuary of scordium. A very complex ancient
cordial, with tonic and astringent properties.
Diase'nna. Electuary of senna.
Diasmy'rnum. Diasmymcs. A collyrium
containing myrrh.
Diaso'stica. Diasoslics. Hygiene.
Diaso'sticus. Hygienic. Prophylactic.
Diasphy'xis. The pulsation of an artery,
Diastas je'mia. A morbid state of the blood,
in which the blood globules become disoi'gan-
ized.
DIA'STASE. A modification of gluten, fib-
rin, or other protein compounds, which has the
property of causing starch to be converted into
dextrine and grape sugar. One part of diastase
is sufficient to change 2000 of starch. It is the
chief agent of germination, being produced
whenever seeds sprout ; and from its existence
in the saliva, it is probably connected with the
process of the digestion of amylaceous matters.
It has been detected in the stomach of diabetic
patients.
Diastase may be obtained by rubbing up malt
with a little water, expressing, and adding just
enough alcohol to separate the albumen and
allow the liquid to pass the filter. Thafiltrate,
mixed with more alcohol, deposits the diastase.
It is soluble in water, but soon becomes aisid,
and loses its properties. Its peculiar property"
seems to depend upon the change it is under-
going, and which is communicated to amyla-
ceous bodies in the same way as rennet acts
upon milk.
DIA'STASIS. Diastema. (Erom duorn/it,
to separate.) A separation, by disease or vio-
lence, of bones or cartilages which are natural-
ly connected; as that which occasionally hap
pens to the bones of the cranium in some cases
of hydrocephalus.
DIA'STOLE. (e, cs, f. ; from SiaoreAha, to
separate.) The dilatation of the heart and ar-
teries, whereby they are enabled to contain
more blood. It is rapidly followed by the con>>
traction, or systole.
DIC
Diastomo'tris. Any dilating instrument, as
a speculum, ani or vagina.
Diastke'mma. A distortion of any part, or a
sprain.
DiA'sTiiorHK. See Diastrcmma.
Diasu'lphuris. Any medicine containing
sulphur.
DIA'TASIS. (From dtareivu, to distend. )
The extension of a fractured limb, in order to
reduce it.
Diaterf/ticus . A medicine which preserves
health and prevents disease. A prophylactic.
Diate'ssaron. An ancient medicine.
Diathe'rmal. Diathcrmanous. Permeable
to the rays of heat; allowing them to pass
through without becoming much warmed.
Diatherma'nc y. The property possessed by
bodies of permitting the passage only of certain
rays without absorption.
DIA'THESIS. (is, is, f. ; from diandn/it, to
dispose.) A natural predisposition to certain
diseases, which is generally hereditary. The
most remarkable diatheses are the scrofulous,
gouty, rheumatic, cancerous, nervous, and calcu-
lous.
Diatragaca'nthu.m. The pulvis tragacan-
thaj compositus.
Diatrion pipereox. A medicine made of
peppers.
Diatrita'rii. The methodic physicians.
DIA'TRITOS. (From 6ia, and rpug, three.)
An abstinence during three days was first rec-
ommended by the methodic physicians. This
period was called diatrilos. On the third day
they gave such medicines as they thought of
importance. Coclius Aurelianus gives this name
not only to the whole period, but to the third
day in particular.
Dia'trium. A medicine composed of three
ingredients.
Diavoletti. Diavolini. An Italian name
for lozenges made of cocoa and the most pun-
gent aromatics, to excite venery.
Djaxyla'loes. A medicine containing lig-
num aloes.
Diazo'ma. The diaphragm.
Diazo'ster. The twelfth vertebra of the
back.
Dicephalus. Having two heads.
Dicera dentata. Syn. of Eknocarpus hinau.
■See Hinau.
Diceras rude. An intestinal worm.
Dichaste'res. The incisores.
Dichophy'ia. That condition of the hairs in
which they split and grow forked.
DICHO'TOMOUS. (Dichotomus; from dec ,
twice, and repvu, to cut.) Bifurcate ; forked.
Dicoc'cus. Dicoccous: having two capsules
united, each with one cell.
DICOTYLE'DONES. Having two cotyle-
dons. The plants forming the third great di-
vision in Jussieu's Natural Method are so called.
They closely agree with the exogens.
Dichroism. Appearing of two colors when
examined by transmitted or reflected light.
Dicrjeus. Bifid: cloven.
DICRO'TIC. (Dicrotus ; from die, and
xpova, to strike.) Applied to a pulse in which
the artery rebounds after striking, so as to
convey the sensation of a double pulsation. It
DIF
often presages hemorrhage, especially in ty
phus.
DICTA'MNUS. (ns,i,m.) A genus of
plants. Decandria. Monogynia. Rutaceai. —
D. fraxinella. D. all/us. White fraxinella, or
bastard dittany. Fraxinella. The root was
formerly much used as a tonic, and by Baron
Stoerck as an antiperiodic, but seems to be of
little efficacy. Dose, 9j. twice a day.
Dictamnus creticus. See Origanum die-
tamnus.
DIDY'M. Didymum. A new metal, imper-
fectly examined, and said to exist in cerium
ores.
Didymalgia. Fain in the testicles.
DI'DYMI. (From didvfioi, twins.) The
testicles ; also, the posterior corpora quadri-
gemina, which are still called testes.
Didymitis. Hernia humoralis.
Di'dymous. Didymus. Applied to anthers,
&c., when upon one filament there are two an-
thers united.
DIDYNA'MIA. Didynamous. (From die,
two, and dvvafitc, power.) Plants with her-
maphrodite flowers, having four stamina, two
of which are long and two short.
Diecbo'lium. (From 6ia, and EKtaKlu, to
cast out.) A medicine causing abortion. — Hip-
pocrates.
Dieffenba'chia seguixa. The dumbcane of
the West Indies. An araceous plant, the juice
of which, in doses of two drachms, has proved
fatal in two hours.
Dierenbach. A city of Bavaria, in the neigh-
borhood of which are sulphureous, chalybeate,
and saline waters.
Dies. A day: employed to designate the
periods of a disease ; as Dies critici, the critical
days — Dies indicatorii, the indicating days.
DIET. Diasta. That food is, in general,
thought the best, and conducive to long life,
which is most simple, pure, and free from irri-
tating qualities, and such as approaches nearest
to the nature of our own bodies in a healthy
state, or is capable of being easiest converted
into their substance by digestion, after it has
been duly prepared by cooking. Diet is of
the first importance in the treatment of dis-
ease, especially of the chronic form. The sim-
plest is unquestionably milk and bread ; but
the addition of a little cooked meat is always
desirable in health. About twenty ounces a
day constitute a medium diet, and thirty-six a
full diet.
DIET DRINK. An alterative decoction em-
ployed daily in considerable quantities, at least
from a pint to a quart. The compound decoc-
tion of sarsaparilla and mezereon, the Lisbon
diet drink, is the most common and most useful.
DIETE'TIC. (Dieteticus; from diairau, to
nourish. ) Relating to diet.
DIETETICS. Dietetica. Dietetice. That
department of medicine which relates to the
regulation of diet.
Dieu le Filt. A spring in France with cha-
lybeate mineral waters.
DIFFERENTIAL THERMOMETER. A
thermometer invented by Leslie, to show the
difference of the temperature of its two bulbs.
It consists of a tube twice bent at right angles,
221
DIG
like the letter U, the two ends of which are
blown into bulbs. This is supported on a
stand. Colored sulphuric acid occupies the
tube, and one of the upright sides is graduated.
Whenever a difference of temperature is man-
ifest between the bulbs, the intermediate fluid
is pressed toward the cooler side, and the move-
ment is measured ou the scale.
Difficui.tas intestinorum. Dysentery.
Diffla'tio. Transpiration.
Diffo'rmis. Irregular in shape.
DIFFRA'OTION. The apparent bending or
inflection of a ray of light by the sharp edge of
any opaque substance placed in its course.
DIFFUSE. Diffnsus. Spreading. In Pa-
thology, diseases which Spread widely, as op-
posed to those which are circumscribed.
DlFFUSK INFLAMMATION OF THE CELLULAR |
membrane. This name wits given by the late
Dr. Andrew Duncan, junior, to the affection be-
fore known under the appellation of phlegmo-
■jioid erysipelas. Diffuse inflammation may oc-
cur in the cellular membrane of any part of the
body, and may affect either the subcutaneous,
or the intermuscular and deep-seated layers.
Diffused false ANEURISM. See Aneurism.
DIFFUSIBLE. A term applied to that which
is easily dissipated ; thus the stimulus of ether
and alcohol is said to be a diffusible stimulus,
because it very soon passes off. They augment
the heart's action, but are transitory.
DIFFUSION OF GASES. The property
gases and vapors possess of penetrating into
one another, as into empty spaces or vacua.
This diffusion takes place only so long as one is
in excess, and terminates when the mixture is
equal throughout; no more vapor rising in a
saturated atmosphere. But the impediment
offered thus to the ascent of a particular elastic
body does not deter other vapors or gases from
rising. The movement is independent of grav-
ity, and the rapidity is inversely as the square
root of the density of the gases. The recipient
vapor or gas is not compressed by this opera-
tion, but dilates with the increment, the mix-
ture occupying the same space as the ingredi-
ents separately. The atmosphere is a splendid
example of the operation of diffusion, its com-
ponents, although of different density, being
mixed in undeviating proportions.
Diga'stiuc guoovk. A longitudinal depres-
sion of the mastoid process of the temporal
bone, from which the diitastricus muscle arises.
DIGA'STRICUS. (From <5<f, twice, and
yaarr/p, a belly.) A muscle situated externally
between the lower jaw and os hyoides. It ari-
ses, by a fleshy belly, from the upper part of
the processus mastOldeus ; and, descending, it
contracts into a round tendon, which passes
through the stylo-hyoidcus, and an annular lig-
ament, which is fastened to the os hyoides ; then
it ascends toward the middle of the edge of
the lower jaw, where it is inserted. Its use is
to open the mouth by pulling the lower jaw
downward and backward ; and when the jaws
are shut, to raise the larynx, and consequently
the pharynx, upward, as in deglutition.
DI'GERENTS. (From digero, to digest.)
Digestives. Applied to medicines which pro-
mote the secretion of proper pus in wounds and
222
DIG
ulcers ; thus we speak of a digestive oint-
ment.
DIGESTER. A strong and tight iron ves-
sel or kettle, furnished with a safety valve, in
which bodies may be subjected to the vapor of
water, alcohol, or ether, at a pressure above
that of the atmosphere.
D i g e ' s x i b l e. Capable of being digested.
Substances differ in this respect very remarka-
bly ; but, except in a general way, it is impos-
sible to construct tables of the digestibility of
viands, the character of most differing with in-
dividuals. It may be remarked, however, that
roast meats, well cooked, and not too greasy,
are most digestible, and that oily bodies and
flatulent vegetables are least so. Salted meats
are often extremely indigestible, especially
where the powers of the stomach are impaired.
DIGE'STION. (Digcstio, onis, f . ; from di-
gero, to dissolve.) I. An operation in Chemis-
try and Pharmacy, in which such matters as
are intended to act slowly on each other are
exposed to a heat, continued for sonic time.
II. In Physiology, the change impressed upon
food to render it capable of sustaining the body.
Food taken into the mouth is comminuted by
the teeth, and impregnated with saliva, the ac-
tion of which is not certainly known ; it, how-
ever, contains a ferment (ptyalinc) capable of
changing starch and sugar, and rendering the
solid proteiu substance soluble. In the stom-
ach, food encounters the gastric juice, and is
rendered thereby soluble, being converted into
a pultaceous mass called chyme. The gastric
juice is secreted by follicles of the mucous
meinbrain; upon the excitation of food or other
stimulus: it is limpid, colorless, somewhat vis-
cid, and usually acid. The gastric juice resem-
bles, in a high degree, saliva, but its composition
is not accurately determined ; indeed, it seems
to vary with the animal. According to the best
authorities, it contains hydrochloric and acetic,
or lactic acids, mucus, pepsine, with Jfelts of chlo-
rine and phosphoric acid. A very dilute solu-
tion in water is capable of rendering the solid
protein compounds soluble, when the digestion
is carried on at 100° F. with agitation. In this
change, the peps inc., which is itself but modified
albumen, seems to act as a ferment, and the
hydrochloric acid as a solvent. The time con-
sumed in digestion, under favorable circumstan-
ces, varies between two and four hours)\accord-
ing to the solidity of the viands; dried, and
salted meats requiring most time. In this
cess, protein compounds are resolved into solvit
ble albumen and fibrin, or they are suspended.
Gelatine is dissolved or otherwise, according to
the form it has when eaten. Oily matters are
suspended in an emulsion. Starch is converted,,
primarily, into dextrine, but it is not accurately
known what is the secondary change impressed
upon it, or on gum, pectine, and sugar, although
it is thought that these reach the system in,
compounds of lactic acid. The chyme, quitting
the stomach, is received into the duodenum,,
and there impregnated with bile and the pan-
creatic juice. The object of its mixture with
bile is not certainly known; it is, however,
thought that three effects arc produced: 1st.
The chyme fe separated into a denser part.
DIG
more or less excrementitious, and a fluid chyle,
destined to be absorbed by the capillaries of
the small intestines. 2d. It serves to suspend,
and introduce into the system, a larger amount
of fatty matters ; and, 3d. A portion of the bile
itself is absorbed, and by supplying carbon,
adds to the function of respiration. Of the of-
fice of the pancreatic juice nothing is known.
The products of digestion remain little changed,
except from the addition of mucus, until they
reach the caecum, where the refuse acquires its
fetor.
Drinks introduced into the stomach are ab-
sorbed, for the most part, by imbibition ; but if
they suspend nutritious matters, the latter are
left behind, and subjected to the process of di-
gestion.
The process of digestion is subject to numer-
ous lesions, arising from want of tone in the
mucous or muscular tissues of the stomach, im-
perfect secretion of gastric juice, the production
of abnormal bodies, as diastase (Bourchardat),
and loss of nervous power. Indeed, digestion
is peculiarly under the influence of the nervous
system, for those who are engaged in pursuits
requiring great mental concentration, and resort
to their labors too soon after meals, are very
liable to indigestion. Some two hours of men-
tal rest seem to be demanded after a full meal.
The stomach is supplied by the pneumogastrio
and great sympathetic nerves chiefly, of which
the latter seems to be the most influential in
the process of chylifaction.
It has been very recently shown that the
gastric juice, while it contains free acid, has the
property of dissolving protein aliments, but that
when alkaline, it acts upon amylaceous bodies,
converting them into dextrine and sugar. M.
Bourchardat has also discovered diastase in the
saliva, which has properties analogous with
those of the gastric juice.
Digestion, impaired. D. difficult. D. de-
praved. Dyspepsia.
DIGE'STIVE. ( Digcstivus ; from digero, to
digest.) A term applied by surgeons to those
substances which, when applied to an ulcer or
wound, promote suppuration: such are the cc-
ratum resintc, warm poultices, fomentations, &c.
Digestive canal. ' D. tube. The stomach
and small intestines chiefly, but sometimes used
for the whole canal, from the mouth to the
anus.
Digestive salt of Sylvius. Digesti'vum
sal. Muriate of potash. Chloride of potas-
sium.
Digital. Pertaining to, or resembling a
finger.
DIGITA'LINE. Digilalina. Digitalia.
The supposed active principle of digitalis. The
digitaline of Royer appears to be only coloring
matter, with fat and salts. Lancelot and Radig
have, however, obtained a colorless, crystal-
line, acrid body, with some alkaline properties,
about one grain of which produced death in an
animal by arresting the heart's action.
DIGIT A'LIS. {is, is, f.) 1. The foxglove.
2. A genus of plants. Didynamia. Angiosper-
mia. Scrqfulariacea. — D. purpurea. The fox-
glove. The leaves have a bitter, nauseous taste,
and have been long used externally to ulcers
DIL
and scrofulous tumors. When properly dried,
their color is a lively green. They yield their
virtues to alcohol or water. Digitalis is a pow-
erful arterial sedative, reducing the pulse to 35
or 40 beats per minute; producing nausea, vom-
iting, purging, and vertigo; and in over-doses,
insensibility, convulsions, and deathy coldness.
It is usually administered in tincture, beginning
with ten drops night and morning, and increas-
ing the dose until slight nausea is produced.
It is, however, to be used with great caution
as its effects often become suddenly dangerous.
Its great use is to quiet undue excitement of
the heart and arteries, and the diseases which
originate in them. As a diuretic, digitalis is of
most service in those forms of dropsy which
arise from cardiac affections. The dose of the
powder is gr. j. to gr. iij. An over-dose is to
be met by diffusible stimulants, blisters to the
epigastrium, and hot applications to the skin.
The drawback to the more extended use of this
medicine is the uncertainty of its effects.
Digita'tion. Applied to parts which are
more or less finger-shaped; thus the serratvs
magnus muscle is said to arise by a number of
fleshy digitations.
Digita'to-finna'tus. Applied to a digitate
leaf, the leaflets of which are pinnated.
Digita'tus. Digitate: fingered.
Digitifo'rmis. Finger-like.
Digi'tium. A whitlow. — Linnteus.
DI'GITUS. (us, i, m.) A finger.
Digitus annularis. The ring finger; that
next the little finger.
Digitus auricularis. The little finger.
Digitus indicatorius. The index finger,
that next the thumb.
Digitus manus. A finger. The fingers and
thumb in each hand consist of fourteen bones,
there being threo to c^ch finger and two to the
thumb. These bones are called respectively
the first, second, and third phalanx.
Digitus pedis. A toe. The toes are form-
ed of the same number of bones as the fingers.
Diglo'ssum. The laurus alexandrina. See
Ruscus hypoglossum.
Digno'tio. Synonymous with diagnosis.
DIGY'NIA. Digynous. (From die, twice,
and yvvt}, a woman.) Those hermaphrodite
plants with two styles.
Diha'lon. A plaster prepared with salt and
nitre.
DILATA'TION. (Dilatatio, onis, f. ; from
dilato, to widen.) The widening of any part,
whether by a natural or diseased action.
Dilatation ok the heart. See Heart, dis~
eases of.
D I L A ' T O R. (or, oris, in. ; from dilato.)
The name of some muscles, the office of which
is to dilate the parts on which they act.
Dilator alje nasi. See Levator labii supe-
rioris.
Dila'tor, Arnott's. A catheter made of
oiled silk and membrane, water-tight, and hol-
low, attached to a silver top. This, being in-
troduced into the urethra, can be filled with
air by blowing, or with water, and thus serves
to dilate the passage, and remove any stricture
that may exist therein.
DILA'TOR or DILATO'RIUM. (urn, i, n.-»
223
DIO
DIP
from dilalo.) A speculum. Also, any mechan-
ical contrivance, as a piece of sponge, calculated
to keep a wound, &c., open or dilated.
Dili.. See Anethum graveolens.
Dills. See Fucus palmatus.
DILUENTS. Diluentia. (Dilucns; from
diluo, to wash away.) Those substances which
increase the proportion of fluid in the body, as
water and aqueous drinks. Diluents are mere-
ly secondary remedies. They are given in acute
inflammatory diseases, to lessen the stimulant
quality of the blood and allay thirst, and are also
used to promote the action of diuretics in "drop-
sy, and to fevor the operation of sudorifics.
Dilu'tus. Dilute or diluted.
Dimidia'tus. Extending half way round;
half fonned.
Dimness of sight. See Caligo.
DIMO'RPHISM. Dimorphous. The proper-
ty many chemical bodies possess of crystallizing
in two forms ; belonging to different orders of
crystallization.
Dinant. A town near St. Malo, in France,
with chalybeate and saline springs.
Di'nicus. Applied to a medicine which re-
lieves giddiness.
DI'NUS. Dittos. (From diveu, to turn
round.) Dizziness; giddiness.
Diodonce'phalus. A monstrosity in which
there are double rows of teeth.
DICE'CIA. (a, «?, f. ; from die, and oikoc, a
house.) A class of plants having male flowers
■on one individual, and female on another.
Diffi'cious. Having the structure of dieecia.
Dioi'cus. Dioecious.
Dioncosis. A plethora.
Dionysi'scus. Bony excrescences near the
temples. — Vogel.
DIO'PTRA. (From dioTrrofiai, to see
through.) Dioptron. An instrument for dila-
ting any natural cavity, the better to see its
condition. A speculum.
Dioptrics. That part of optics which treats
of refraction.
Dioptri'smus. The operation of dilating a
part with the speculum.
Dioptrumi AiOTTTpov. The lapis specularis.
DIORRHO'SIS. Diorrhe'sis. (Aioppuoir,
iiopuaic ; from dca, and oppoc, the serum.) The
conversion of any part into serum.
DIORTHO'S'IS. (From diopdou, to cor-
rect.) The reduction of a fracture or disloca-
tion.
DIOSCO'REA. («, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Diacia. Hexandria. — D. alata. The yam;
also obtained from D. bulbifcra and D. sativa.
DIO'SMA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Rutaccm. — D. ere-
nata. Barosma crenata; also, D. odorata, D.
scrratifolia, and B. serratifolia. Buchu. The
leaves are diuretic and stimulant, and have
been found useful in cases of chronic inflamma-
tion of the kidney and urinary bladder, and in
irritable and spasmodic states of the latter or-
gan. An infusion of one ounce of the leaves to
a pint of water is taken in divided doses in the
twenty-four hours. The active principle is a
volatile oil.
Dio'smejE. A division of the family Ruta-
ce<e, of which the genus Diosma is the type.
224
Dio'smin. A bitter extractive of the leaves
of the diosma.
DIO'SPYROS. (os, i, f.) 1. The persim-
mon. (U.S.) 2. A genus of plants. Polyga-
mia. Dieecia. Ebenacece. — D. cbe'num. Ebo-
ny. — D. lotus. The Indian date-plum. The
fruit, when ripe, is agreeable; when unripe,
very astringent. — D. virginiana. The persim-
mon. The unripe fruit, which is very astrin
gent, has been used in simple diarrhoea, in in-
fusion. The bark is astringent and bitter.
DIO'XIDE. A compound of oxygen with a
base, in whicli there is one equivalent of the
former to two of the latter.
Dio'xus. A collyrium of vinegar.
Dipe'talous. Two-petaled.
Di'phryges. Aitypvyic. Oxide of copper.
DIPHTHERI'TIS. Diphtheria. (From
Si<j>6epa, a skin or membrane. ) Angina pellicu-
laris. The name given by M. Bretonneau to a
peculiar variety of pharyngitis, accompanied
by the formation of a false membrane, which
was epidemic at Tours in 1818 and the three
succeeding years.
DlPHTHERITIS TRACHKALIS. ClOUp.
Diphy'llous. Diphyllus. Two-leaved.
'Diplasia'smus. The re-exacerbation of a
disease.
DI'PLOE. (e, es, f. ; from dinlou, to double.)
The cancellated substance between the two
tables of the skull.
DIPLOGA'NGLIATA. A name given by
Dr. Grant to the articulated animals, because
the ganglionic knots are somewhat increased in
size.
Diploge'nesis. An organic defect arising
from the union of two parts. .
DIPLO'MA. (a, atis, n. ; dinluua ; from 6i-
nXou, to double.) 1. A writing which confers
some privilege, and especially as relates to
medical att'airs, a license to practice physic or
surgery. 2. A double vessel : to boil in diplo-
mate, is to boil in what is called a water-bath.
DIPLONE'URANS. Vertebrate animals, be-
cause they have two nervous systems, the spinal
and sympathetic. Dr. Grant has subsequently
applied this term to an order of worms.
DIPLO'PI A. (a, a, f. ; from Sin'kooe, double,
and pnrofiat, to see.) A disease in which the
person sees an object double. It is mostly
symptomatic of indigestion, intoxication, worms,
hysteria, &c. \
Diplo'sis. The diploe. \.
Diploso'ma crenata.# An entozoon having
the appearance of two worms attached togetn^
er. It has been passed from the bladder, and
may be four or more inches in length.
Dippel's animal oil. Oleum animale Dip-
pelii.
Djpsacon. Dipsacum. See Dipsacus.
DI'PSACUS. (us, i, m.) 1. A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia. The teasel.
The D. fullonum, or fuller's teasel, is considered
diuretic in France. The D. sylvestris also
yields an antiscorbutic root. 2. A diabetes.
Dipse'ticus. Productive of thirst.
DIPSOMA'NIA. (From dtfa, and fiavia,
madness.) The thirst of drunkards.
DIPSO'SIS. (From dtfa, thirst.) Morbid
thirst. See Polydipsia.
DIS
DITTERA. (From die, twice, and irrepov,
a wing.) Insects having two wings.
DIPTERA'CE-ffi. Diptcroca'rpea. A fam-
ily of dicotyledonous trees peculiar to the In-
dian Archipelago. They are polypetalous, with
hypogynous, indefinite stamens, subulate an-
thers, concrete carpella, an ovarium of several
cells, a tubular calyx with imbricate estiva-
tion, fruit surrounded by a foliflpeous calyx.
They abound in a resinous or camphoraceous
sap.
DITTERIX. A genus of trees. Diadclphia.
Octandria. The D. odorata of Guiana yields a
wood having the properties of guaiac, and an
odoriferous bean called the Tonquin bean.
Di'pterous. Having two wing-like append-
ages, as in the case of some seeds.
Dipyiu'tes. Dipyros. Bread twice baked.
DIRCA PALUSTRIS. The leather wood.
A small indigenous shrub found in boggy pla-
ces. Octandria. Monogynia. Natural family,
Thymelaw. The berries, which are small and
of a yellow color, are said to be narcotic and
poisonous. The bark is acrid, and produces
vomiting and purging in doses of ten grains. It
seems to be very analogous to the mezereon
bark in properties.
DIRE'CTOR. (or, oris, m. ; from dirigo, to
direct.) 1. A grooved instrument for guiding
the knife in some surgical operations. 2. The
name of a muscle.
Director penis. Erector penis.
DIRI'GENT. Diri'gcns. Directing: that
constituent of a compound medicine which de-
termines its action. Thus guaiac is said to di-
rect the action of nitre to the skin, while squill
determines it to the kidneys.
Diringa. See Acorus calamus.
Dirt-eating. A morbid appetite common
among negroes, and producing the cachexia
Africana.
Disce'ptum. The diaphragm.
DISCHA'RGE. In Pathology, a morbid in-
crease in the secretion of any organ.
Disciform. Disciformis. Resembling a
disk or quoit.
Di'scoid. .Discoides. Disciform.
DISCRE'ET. Discre'tus. Distinct or sep-
arate. Applied to eruptions which are not con-
fluent, but in which the pustules, &c, are sep-
arated from each other.
DiscnETo'muM. The diaphragm.
Discri'men. 1. An old bandage used in
bleeding from the frontal vein. 2. The dia-
phragm.
DI'SCUS. (us, i, in. ; from dionog, a quoit
or disk.) The disk, or central part of a leaf or
compound flower.
DISCU'SSION. Resolution. The overcom-
ing the inflammatory action of a tumor, so as to
re-establish a healthy function in the part.' This
is effected by stimulants, astringents, leeches,
&c., according to circumstances.
Discu'ssives. Discussiva. Discutients.
DISCU'TIENT. (Discutiens; from discutio,
to shake to pieces.) Discusorius. Diachyti-
cus. Applied to those substances which pos-
soss a power of discussing or resolving tu-
mors.
DISEASE. Morbus. Any deviation from
P
DIS
the natural and healthy actions of the whole
system, or any particular organ. Diseases are,
Local. Affecting some particular part.
Constitutional. Affecting the whole system.
Specific. Marked by some disordered vital
action, not common to diseases in general.
Idiopathic. Primary, and not dependent on
any other disease.
Symptomatic, or Sympathetic. Dependent
on some other disease.
Periodical. Recurring at fixed periods.
Acute. Severe, and of short continuance.
Chronic. Of long continuance.
Sporadic. Arising from adventitious causes
affecting the individual.
Epidemic. Generally diffused among a pop-
ulation.
Endemic. Peculiar to, or especially preva-
lent in, a certain region.
Intercurrent. Sporadic, but occurring during
the prevalence of epidemic or endemic diseases.
Contagious, or Infectious. Communicable
from one individual to another by personal con
tact, or by effluvia diffused through the air
Congenital. Bom with the individual.
Hereditary. Descending from parents to their
offspring.
Acquired. Neither hereditary nor congeni-
tal, but dependent on some cause operating af-
ter birth.
Sthenic. Attended with strong activity of
the vital powers.
Asthenic. Attended with sinking of the vital
powers.
Diseases of artisans. Besides the common
causes of disease to which all mankind are more
or less subject, there are some connected with
particular occupations and modes of life, the in-
vestigation of which is alike important in a
practical and philosophical point of view. These
causes of disease may, in a general way, be re-
ferred, 1. To confinement and bad ventilation.
2. To the effects of temperature and moisture.
3. To sedentary habits. 4. To over-fatigue. 5.
To excessive exertion of some parts of the body,
and inactivity of others. 6. To constrained and
unnatural postures. 7. To the noxious influ-
ence of animal, vegetable, or mineral particles
inhaled with the air, or otherwise applied to the
body.
1. Confinement and bad ventilation produce
scrofula, consumption, and deformities.
2. Temperature and moisture produce rheu-
matism, asthma, catarrhs, and visceral affections.
3. Sedentary habits, languor, nervousness,
dyspepsia, constipation, haemorrhoids, leucor
rhcea, obesity.
4. Over-fatigue, loss of vital powers, hernias,
affections of the spine and kidneys.
5. Excessive exertion of some parts of the
body, and inactivity of others. — Those who use
the eye are subject to amaurosis and cataract;
those who use the lungs, to asthma and pulmo-
nic diseases.
6. Constrained and unnatural postures. — The
evils arising from this cause are curvature of the
spine, dyspepsia, gastrodynia, constipation,
haemorrhoids, asthma, and pulmonary diseases.
7. The action of animal, vegetable, or mineral
particles, inhaled with the air, or otherwise ap-
225
DIS
DIS
plied to the body. — The principal morbific
agents of this kind are mercury, lead, copper,
arsenic, antimony, zinc, tin, the mineral acids,
animal putrefaction, vegetable putrefaction, soot,
and fine powders of various kinds, which pro-
duce mechanical irritation.
Disecoi'a. Deafness.
DISGORGEMENT. The process of empty-
ing or relieving of an excess of blood, secretion,
&c., any viscus; as the disgorgement of the
liver or bile. The reverse of engorgement.
DISGUST. A loathing, or mental repugnance
to any thing or action. It is a symptom con-
nected with affections of the brain or nervous
system.
DISINFECTANTS. Agents which destroy
disagreeable effluvia or miasma. Chlorine gas,
either derived from muriatic acid, or as thrown
off from chloride of lime or soda, or the chlorine
water, is the chief disinfectant. The vapor of
heated vinegar, nitrous acid, and lime, are also
recommended by some. Where the foul odor
arises from decaying vegetable matters or priv-
ies, a strong solution of sulphate of iron, or
an abundance of charcoal, are good remedies.
With respect to miasms, the action of fire, grow-
ing trees, and chlorine vapors form the best
disinfectants.
Disinfecting liquid, Lauakuaque's. A so-
lution of chloride of soda.
DISINFECTION. The process of dispelling
and neutralizing contagious miasmjpta. This is
done by the copious admission of fresh air, and
the use of certain chemical substances, as chlo-
rine, and the vapors of vinegar. The action of
heat and the purifying effects of growing trees
are also important.
Disk. See Discus.
DISLOCA'TTON. (Disloca/io, onis, f. )
Luxation. The displacement of the articular
extremity of a bone. When dislocation takes
place as the result of violence, it is Called prim-
itive, or accidental ; when it happens as a con-
sequence of disease which has destroyed the
textures forming the joint, it is called consecu-
tive, or spontaneous.
1. Dislocations are distinguished, with re-
spect to their extent, into the complete or in-
complete ; the latter term is applied when the
articular surfaces still remain partially in con-
tact; tins only occurs in ginglymoid articula-
tions, as those of the foot, knee, and elbow.
The complete luxation almost always occurs in
the orbicular articulations.
2. The direction of a dislocation is named up-
ward, downward, forward, and backward, in the
orbicular articulations; and lateral, forward,
and backward, in the ginglymoid.
3. Dislocations are further distinguished, ac-
cording to the accompanying circumstances,
into the simple, when unattended by a wound,
communicating internally with the joint and
externally with the air; and the compound
■when attended by such a wound.
The indications of treatment are, 1st. To re-
duce the bone to its proper place, which is to
be done by counter-extension. 2d. To retain
it in the natural situation, which is effected by
bandages, or, if necessary, by splints. 3d. To
attend to any distressing symptoms which may
226
arise in consequence of the injury; these aitr
chiefly nervous.
DISORGANIZATION. A change in the
structure of a part. It may be partial, as in
the change from a fibrous to a granular texture;
or complete, as in gangrene and sphacelus.
DISPE'NSARY. {Dispensarium, ii, n. ,
from dispendo, to distribute.) The place in
which medicines are prepared or advice given.
DISFE'NSATORY. ( Dispensatorium, ii, n. )
A book treating of medicines.
Dispe'rmus. Dispermous, or two-seeded
Dis pe'rsion. In Optics, the separation which
the different colored rays of light undergo iu
passing through a refracting prism, whereby
the spectrum is formed.
DISPLACEMENT. In Pharmacy, a pro-
cess by which the active principles of various
drugs are procured in making tinctures, infu-
sions, &c. The medicine, in a moist state, is
placed in the displacement apparatus, or perco-
lator, which is a sort of funnel, having a fine
sieve, and sometimes a stopcock, in its lower
part, and furnished with a cap or stopper above.
A coarse powder of the drug is first mixed with
sufficient water, alcohol, or ether to saturate it
thoroughly. This may be done in a mortar, or
in the tight percolator, the stopcock being
closed. The powder or mixture is packed in
the percolator so as to be somewhat pressed,
the degree depending upon the substance and
menstruum; for when water is used, the mate-
rial must be looser than when alcohol or ether
is employed. The mixed mass is allowed to
remain in the closed vessel from a few minutes
to twelve hours. When it is to be drawn off,
a further addition of the fluid is made, so that
the prescribed quantity be employed, the addi
tion being made slowly. The stopcock is now
opened, and the filtered fluid received in a
proper vessel. Further additions of the men-
struum are to be made until the prescribed
quantity of tincture or infusion is obtained.
The fluid employed must be the same through-
out; but, that none may be wasted, the quan-
tity remaining in the powder after the process
is completed may be obtained by pouring wa-
ter upon it to the same amount as the spirit,
&c, present.
Disposition. See Diathesis.
Dissecting abscess. An abscess which in-
trudes between the muscles, separating or dis-
secting them from one another.
DISSECTION. (Disscctio, onis, f. ; Trom
disseco, to cut asunder.) The cutting to piec
of any part of an animal or vegetable for the"
purpose of examining its structure. See Anat-
omy.
Dissection wound. The wound, however
slight, received during dissections, is often ex-
tremely dangerous, and especially if the subject
be fresh, and death has occurred through puer-
peral fever, diffuse cellular inflammation, or in-
flammation of any serous tissue. The conse-
quences of the wound are either inflammation
of the lymphatics of the arm, or a typhoid fever
with diffuse inflammation of the cellular tissue.
The symptoms are, depression, nausea, rigors,
severe headache, and vomiting. These occur
within eighteen hours of the injury. There is,
D 1 S
next, extremely severe pain in the shoulder of
the affected arm ; a pustule usually appears soon
after on or near the wound. There is a swell-
ing of the axilla, neck, and side, which becomes
of a pink color. The fever at this time is a
most dangerous typhoid, cutting off the patient
before other local symptoms are developed.
But, instead of following this course, the first
symptoms may be nervous, so aggravated as to
resemble hydrophobia, and producing a fatal
result in forty hours; or the diffuse inflamma-
tion may begin at the wrist; or, thirdly, the
principal local symptom may bo inflammation
of the absorbents of the arm, beginning at the
hand, and traceable in red lines. Should the
disease continue, the cellular inflammation ends
in suppurations and gangrene, which exhaust
the patient, or undermine his constitution.
The prognosis is unfavorable, more than two
thirds of these cases resulting fatally. The
worst symptoms are severe constitutional and
nervous distress: the cases where the inflam-
mation begins in the hand are least dangerous.
If the patient be of a bad constitution or in fee-
ble health, the risk is greater.
The indications of treatment are, 1st. To
support the nervous system. 2d. To eliminate
the poison. 3d. To relieve pain, and promote
the discharge of pus and sloughs.
The sesquicarbonate of ammonia, wine, and
diffusible stimulants, with attention to the bow-
els; calomel, hi doses of gr. v., given every
three hours, to produce salivation ; and cam-
phor or morphia, to relieve pain, are necessary
at first. As soon as any pain is perceived in
the axilla, numerous leeches should be applied,
and the bleeding encouraged by fomentations.
If swelling takes place, incisions must be made
into it to allow the escape of serum or pus.
The after-treatment consists in the use of tonics,
country air, and a light, nutritious diet.
It is to be remarked that severe typhoid fe-
vers are sometimes produced from a miasm
surrounding the dead body, and where no
puncture has occurred. If any wound be per-
ceived in dissection, the proper means are to
wash the hands and suck the part vigorously,
applying, as soon as possible, tlnr nitrate of sil-
ver to the wound.
Disse'ctus. Dissected; incised.
DISSEPIME'NT. A partition. The parti-
tions which separate the cells of a capsule.
Disse'ptum. The diaphragm.
Disside'ntia. The same as diastasis.
Dissi'lient. Bursting suddenly asunder.
Dissolution. 1. Death. 2. In humoral
pathology, a diminution of consistence in the
Dissoi.u'tus. Loose.— D. morbus. Dysen-
tery.
DISSO'LVENT. (Dissolve/is; from dissolvo,
to loosen.) 1. Applied to a medicine which
dissolves morbid concretions. 2. A menstruum.
Di'stans. Distant: applied to parts direct-
ed away from each other.
DISTE'MPER. A disease of dogs, attended
by a catarrh, but consisting essentially in irri-
tation of the brain and spinal marrow, and char-
acterized by frequent fits. It is often fatal from
the supervention of inflammation of the lungs.
DID
DISTE'NTION. Distentio. (From distendo,
to stretch out.) Dilatation.
Distentio nervorum. A spasm or convul-
sion. — C chits.
DISTICH I 'A SIS. (is, is, f. ; from 6ic ,
double, and gtixoc, a row.) Distichiasis. Dis-
tichia. A disease of the eyelid, in which there
is a double row of eyelashes, one growing in the
natural direction, and the other turned inward,
and irritating the globe of the eye.
Di'stichous. Distichus. Two-ranked.
Distilla'te. The product of distillation.
Distilla'tio. Distillation. — D. per ascen-
sion. When the vapor rises upward into the
cap of the still. — D. per descensum. When the
vapor is forced to descend along a tube passing
downward from the interior of the still. — J).
per lat.ua. Where the vapor passes laterally
from the still.
DISTILLATION. (Distillatio, onis, U from
distillo, to drop little by little.) 1. The separ-
ation by heat of the volatile parts of fluids.
The process is conducted in a still or retort, and
the product cooled by running it in a long tube
cooled by water. 2. A catarrh.
Distillation, instructive. The decompo-
sition of bodies by a strong heat in one vessel,
and the collection of the products in another.
Distillation, dry. When there is no fluid
mixed with the substance undergoing distilla-
tion. Sublimation. •
Distillation in vacuo. When the process
is earned on in an exhausted vessel, so that lit-
tle or no air is present. By this means less
heat becomes necessary. Hence, if the prod-
uct be injured by heat or the presence of air,
this plan is employed, otherwise there is no
economy of fuel, as was formerly supposed.
Distill atorius . Appertaining to distillation.
Distilled vinegar. See Acctum.
Distinct. Distinctus. Free.
DI'STOMA. ' (a, atis, n. ; from 6ic, and tjro-
ua, a mouth.) Two-mouthed. A genus of
worms. — D. hepaticum. Fasciola humana.
The liver fluke. A small, flat worm, of the
size of a nail, frequent in the bile ducts of sheep
and oxen. They have been found. by Pallas,
Chabert, and Bucholz in the human subject.
DISTO'RTION. (Distortio; from distor-
quco, to wrest aside.) An unnatural direction
of parts, from whatever cause, as a» curved
spine, a wry mouth, squinting, &c.
Distortor oris. See Zygomaticus minor
DI'STRIX. (ix, ids, f.; from <5tc, double,
and #ptf, the hair.) A disease of the hair, in
which it splits and divides at the end.
Distylus. Distyle. Having two styles.
DITRACHYCE'RAS. A genus of intestinal
worms ; the same as Diceras.
Dittander. Lepidum sativum.
Dittany. D., bastard. See Dictamnus di-
bits.
Dittany, American. Cunila mariana.
Dittany of Ckete. Origanum dictamnus..
Dittany, white. See Dictamnus albus.
DIURE'SIS. (is, is, f. Aiovprjaic; from Si-
ovpew, to void the urine.) The excretion of
urine. It is frequently applied to a more than
usually abundant excretion of urine, whether
from disease or the operation of medicine.
227
DOC
DOM
DIURETIC (AiovpvnKoc. Diureticus ;
from diovptjoic, a discharge of urine.) A medi-
cine which increases the flow of urine. Diu-
retics act chiefly by stimulating the kidneys,
by promoting absorption, or as diluents. They
require a cool skin for their operation, and are
hindered in their action by diaphoresis. The
Srincipal articles are dulcamara, digitalis, scilla,
iosma, chimaphila, colchicum, juniper, spirit of
nitric ether, the acetates and nitrates of potash
and soda, the balsams, turpentines, and resins,
and cantharides.
Diure'tic salt. Acetate of potash.
Divapora'tio. Evaporation.
DIVARICATION. The separation of two
things previously united . Hence entropion has
been called divaricatio.
Divarica'te. Divaricahis. Straddling;
standing wide from each other.
Divergent. Diverging.
Diversiflo'rus. A term- applied to umbels
which have regular florets in the center and ir-
regular toward the circumference.
TDiverso'rium. The receptaculum chyli.
DIVERTICULUM, (urn, i, n. ; a by-way.)
A term generally applied by anatomists to any
hollow appendage attached to and communica-
ting with the intestinal tube ; also used to des-
ignate any receptacle wherein blood or any
fluid may be stored for temporary purposes.
Diverticulum Nuckii. The opening on eacli
side through which the round ligament of the
uterus passes.
Diverticulum chyli. The receptaculum
chyli.
DIVIDING BANDAGE. Fascia dividens.
A bandage used to keep parts separate from
-each other, and prevent adhesion, as in cases
of burns.
Divi-divi. The pod of the Casalpinia cori-
<aria, exported from the north, of Africa. It
abounds in tannin.
Divu'lsio. A rupture or laceration produced
by external violence.
Divulsio urin.e. This term has been used
for that state of the urine in which a nebulous
deposit is diffused through it.
Dixon's antibilious pills. These are com-
posed of aloes, scammony, rhubarb, and emetic
tartar. .
Dizziness. Vertigo.
DOBEREINER'S LAMP. A means of ob-
taining an instantaneous light, by turning a
• stream of hydrogen gas, contained in a reser-
voir, upon a surface of spongy platinum. The
gas is ignited, and communicates light to a
small oil lamp which is attached. ,This beau-
tiful contrivance is now superseded by the Lu-
cifer match.
DOCIMA'SIA. (From doni/xafa, to exam-
ine.) The art of examining fossils, in order to
discover what metals, &c, they contain.
Docimasia pulmo'num. The examination of
the lungs of a new-born child, to determine
whether it had breathed before death. An im-
portant point in medical jurisprudence, when
l there is doubt whether the infant was still-born
« or destroyed after birth. The examination is
ithree-fold :
jl. The hydrostatic test, by immersion in wa-
ter. If the lungs have been permeated by air,
or the child has respired, they will swim ; oth-
erwise they usually sink.
2. The static test, or Ploucquet's test. This
consists in weighing the body of the infant, and
then the lungs. If it has breathed, the lungs
are nearly twice as heavy as if still-born.
3. DanielVs test. This consists in measuring
the circumference of the chest and lungs of the
subject, and comparing them with these di
mensions in cases of still-born children.
All these tests should be examined before an
opinion is given to the court on the subject, as
either alone is liable to objections.
Dock. See Rumex.
Dock-cresses. See Lapsana.
Docna Sara. A place among the Carpathian
Mountains, where there is a mineral spring con
taining sulphate, carbonate, and muriate of
soda, silica, and iron.
DOCTOR. (From doctus, learned.) Any
person qualified by the diploma of a state in
stitution or college to practice the art of medi
cine.
Doctrine, physiological. The doctrine ot
Broussais.
Dodder. Cuscuta epithymum.
Dodecada'ctylus. The duodenum.
DODECA'NDRIA. Dodccandrons. (From
dudtaa, twelve, and avnp, a man.) A class of
hermaphrodite plants with twelve stamens.
Dodeca'hedron. A solid of twelvo sides:
a frequent form of crystals.
Do'drans. A measure called a palm; about
nine inches.
Dog's-bane, Syrian. See Asclcpias Syriaca.
Dog-choke. Cynanche.
Dog-days. Dies caniculares.
Dog's grass. See Triticum repens.
Dog's-mercury. See AJercurialis
Dog-rose. Rosa canina.
Dog-stones. Orchis mascula.
Dog-wood. See Cornus.
DOGMATISTS. (Dogmatici; doyjiaTiKoi ;
from doyfia, a doctrine.) A set of ancient phy-
sicians, who supposed principles from which
they drew conclusions.
Dolabrifo'rm. Hatchet-shaped.
DO'LICHOS. (os, i, m.) 1. Cowhage. 2.
A genus of plants. Diadelphia. Decandria.
Leguminosee. — D. prurient. The DoU^ho.*., or
cowhage. The pods are covered withXsharp
hairs (dolicki pubes), which are employed
dicinally, in the form of electuary, as an anthei
mintic. Dose of the hairs, gr. v. to gr. x. — D.
soja. The plant which yields soy. — Several
species are used as food, as D. ensiformis in
Jamaica, D. taberosus in Martinique, D. bulbo-
sus and D. lignosus in the East Indies.
Dolo'mite. A magnesian limestone.
DO'LOR. (or, oris, f.) Pain.
Dolo'res. Pains. The name given by some
nosologists to a class of diseases of which pain
is a prominent symptom.
Dolorosi morbi. Dolores.
Dolphin. See Delphinus.
Dombe'ya turpentine. A glutinous, strong-
scented, and whitish turpentine, obtained from
the Dombeya excelsa of Chili.
Domestic medicine. Medicine as practiced
DOS
by unprofessional persons in their own families.
Many treatises have been written on domestic
or popular medicine.
Donax. A reed, and also a shell-fish.
Donovan's preparation of arsenic. See
Arsenic, and Mercury, iodide of.
Doradilla. Asplenium ceterach.
DORE'M A. A genus of plants. Pentandria.
Digynia. Umbellifera. — D. ammoniacum. The
plant which yields ammoniacum. Ammoniacum
is a gum-resin, of a yellowish color externally,
and white within ; it has a peculiar, faint, and
not unpleasant smell, and a sweetish bitter, nau-
seous taste. Its properties resemble galbanum,
but it is less active. It is employed chiefly as
a stimulating expectorant, in doses of gr. x. to
3ss., and externally as a discutient.
DORO'NICUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Syngcncsia. Polygamia superjlua.
Composite. Leopard's bane. — D. germanicum.
See Arnica. — D. romanum. Roman leopard's
bane. See D. pardalianchcs. — D. pardalian-
clies. Roman leopard's bane. The root, in an
over-dose, is said to be an acrid poison: instan-
ces are related of its efficacy in vertigo,- epilep-
sy, and other nervous diseases.
DO'RSAL. (Dor sails; from dorsum, the
back.) Belonging to the back, or to the back
of any organ.
Dorsal vertebrje. See Vertebra.
Dorse. The Gadus callarias, a fish which
yields some portion of the cod-liver oil. Its oil
is nearly colorless.
Do'rso-costa'lis. The name given by Chaus-
sier to the serratus posticus superior muscle.
Dorso-su'pra acromia'nus. The trapezius
muscle. — Chaussie r.
Dorso-trachealia'nus. The splenius colli
muscle. — Chanssier.
DORSTE'NIA. {a, a, f. ) A genus of plants.
Tctrandria. Monogynia. Urticacew. — D. bra-
zilicnsis. Caa apia. The root is emetic and
vulnerary. — D. contraycrva. Contraycrva.
The root has an agreeable aromatic smell; a
rough, bitter, penetrating taste ; and when
chewed, it gives out a sweetish kind of acri-
mony. It is diaphoretic and stimulant, and is
used in powder. Dose, gr. x. to 38s. — D. dra-
kena. D. houstonii. Species yielding the con-
trayerva.
DO'RSUM. (um,i,n.) The back; the ver-
tebral column. The word is much used in de-
scriptive anatomy ; as dorsum pedis, the upper
part of the foot ; dorsum mantis, the back of the
hand ; dorsum penis, the upper side of the
penis.
DOSA'GE. A plan of analysis, in which the
reagent is added, in measured quantities, out
of a graduated tube, to a measured and weigh-
ed solution of the assay. By this means the
proportion of the body sought is more readily
obtained, and the losses arising from filtration,
drying, and transference from vessels avoided.
DOSE. (Dosis; from iidaut, to give.) The
amount of a medicine to be employed for a
E articular purpose. The doses of remedies will
e found under each head respectively. There
are, however, numerous circumstances which
modify the dose, as sex, constitution, the pecu-
liar condition of the tissues, the effect desired,
DRA
and the age. On all these points, except the
last, the practitioner must judge for himself.
The doses for children are determined ac-
cording to experience or the following rule:
Suppose the full dose be given at 21 years, at
17 the dose =§ds; at 13, =4; at 7, =|d; at 3,
=ith ; at 2, =|th ; and at 1 year, ^'gth. But
the tolerance for particular drugs differs, opium
being borne in less quantities, while calomel
and many purges may be given in much greater
proportions to children.
DOSSIL OF LINT. A small roll or bundle
of lint, used as an application to a bleeding sur-
face or wound.
Do'tage. Dementia.
Do'thien. Aodinv. A furunculus or boil.
DOTHINENTERI'TIS. (From dodinv, a
boil, and cvTepov, an intestine.) An inflamma-
tory enlargement of Peyer's and Brunner's
glands, particularly described by M. Breton-
neau, and regarded by him as the cause of those
symptoms which constitute typhus and several
other kinds of fever.
Dotted. Punctatus.
DOU'CHE. A dash of water or other fluid,
or gas, directed on some part of the body. See
Affusion.
Dove's-foot. See Geranium.
Dover's powder. Pulvis ipecacuanha? et
opii.
DRA'BA. (a, w, f.) Apa6n. A genus of
plants. Tctradynamia. Siliculosa. Cruei-
feras. — D. vcrua. The seed is hot and stimu-
lating.
DRAC/E'NA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Hexandria. Monogynia. — D. draco. The
dragon-tree. The inspissated sap constitutes
the purest dragon's blood. See Dragon's blood.
— D. reftexa. Of the Isle of France and Mada-
gascar. The young shoots are supposed to pos-
sess emmenagogue and abortive properties. —
D. tcrminalis. The root is used against dysen-
tery.
D R A ' C II M. Drachma. A weight of the
eighth of an ounce, or CO grains.
DRA'CO. (0, onis, m. Apanuv, the drag-
on.) A fabulous serpent, &c.
Draco herba. Artemisia dracunculis.
Draco mitigatus. Calomel.
Draco sylvestris. Achillea ptarmica.
DRACOCE'PHALUM. (um.,i,n.) A genus
of plants. Didynamia. Gymnospcrmia. — D.
moldavicum. This plant affords by distillation
a fragrant essential oil, known in Germany by
the name of oleum syria. The whole herb m
aromatic and stomachic.
Dra'conine. Dracinc. A red substance
found in dragon's blood.
Draco'nis sanguis. Dragon's blood.
DRACO'NTIUM. (wot, *, n.) A genus of
plants. Gynandria. Polyandria. Aroidea:. —
D. fatidnm. Symplocarpus fatidus. It ex-
hales a very fetid odor, which is impaired by
keeping. The powder of the root is given as
an antispasmodic, in doses of ten or twenty
grains. — D. pertusum. An extremely acrimo-
nious plant. The Indians cover dropsical parts
with the fresh leaves, which produce vesica-
tions and an oozing of serum.
DRACU'NCULUS. Dracontium; also, the
229
DRO
Guinea worm. Filaria medineusis. — D. r.u-u-
lentus. Artemisia dracunculus. — D. polyphyl-
lus. Arum dracunculus. — D.pratensis. Achil-
lea ptarmica.
Dragacantha. Draganl gum. Dragantin.
Tragacanth gum.
Dkage'es. A kind of lozenge or confection,
which may be made the vehicle of medicine.
The dragecs of Kcyscr contained acetate of
mercury.
DRAGON'S BLOOD. Sanguis draconis. A
resinous, concrete substance, ot a blood-red color
and heterogeneous texture. Various kinds of
it are found in the shops. It was formerly used
as an astringent, but appears inert, and is now-
only employed in varnishes and dentifrices.
Dragon root. Aram triphyllum.
Dragon-tree. See Draccena.
Dragon's wort. Arum dracunculus.
Drake'na. Dorstenia contrayerva.
DRA'STIC. (Drasticus. ApaaTinor, active,
brisk; from Span, to effect.) A term generally
applied to those medicines which are very vio-
lent in their action; thus, drastic purges, emet-
ics, &c.
DRAUGHT. A sufficient quantity of any
fluid medicine for a dose. This is usually made
equal to an ounce, with the vehicle.
Drench. A draught for a horse. Usually
applied to a purgative medicine.
Dre'ssek. One who applies the dressings
in a hospital. A surgeon's assistant.
DRE'SSING. The proper adjustment of
bandages, plasters, and apparatus to the dis-
eased or injured limbs of patients. The term
dressings is used for the bandages, &.C., em-
ployed in auy case.
DRI'MYS. A genus of trees. Dodecandria.
Monogynia. Magnoliacccc. The D. Winteri
'yields the true Winter's bark, which is a warm
aromatic bitter, now superseded by canclla
bark.
DRIVE'LLING. An involuntary How of sa-
liva. It happens in infancy, in old age, and
idiocy.
Drooping. Nutans.
DROP. Gutla. 1. As much of auy fluid as
coheres together when allowed to fall slowly.
The drop of water is made a measure in phar-
macy, and equals a grain, or minim ( til ) ; but
the weight of the drop of other fluids differs
from it, and hence it is more accurate to pre-
scribe by minims than drops. 2. Any concen-
trated medicine which is administered by drops
is also called a drop ; as the black drop, ague
drop, red drop.
Dropaci'smus. Dropax. A stimulant plas-
ter of pitch, wax, &o., to take off hair.
Drops. Certain concentrated medicines:
Drops, anodyne. Solution of acetate of mor-
phia. — D., Dutch. Balsam of sulphur. — D.,
Jit. Spiritus ammonia) frotidus. — D., Greeks.
Solution of corrosive sublimate. See Hydrar-
gyri chloridum corrosivum. — D. , Jesuits'. Tinc-
ture benzoini composite. — D., lavender. Spir-
itus lavanduliE composites. — D., nitre. * Spirit-
us ffitheris nitrici. — D., Norris's. A solution of
tartar emetic in spirits of wine. — D., Wade's.
Tinctera benzoini composite
Drop-serene. See Amaurosis.
230
]> U (*
Dro'psical. Affected with dropsy; sur
charged with fluid.
DROPSY. See Hydrops.
Dropsy of the BELLY. D. of the peritoneum.
See Ascites.
Dropsy of the brain. D. of the head. Seo
Hydrocephalus.
Dropsy of the chest. D. of the pleura.
See Hydrothorax.
Dropsy of the eye. See Hydrophthalmia.
Dropsy of the ovary. See Ovarium.
Dropsy of the pericardium. See Hydro
pericardium.
Dropsy of the skin. D., general. See
Anasarca.
Dropsy of the testicle. See Hydrocele.
Dropsy of the WOMB. See Hydrometra
Dropwort. QE nan the crocata, and Spiram
filipendula. — D., hemlock, D., water, ffinan-
the crocata.
DRO'SERA. {a, w, t.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Hcxagynia. — D. rolundifolia.
The sun-dew. The plant is said to be so acrid
as to ulcerate the skin, and to excite a fatal
coughing and delirium in sheep which eat of it.
Drosobo'tanum. Betonica officinalis.
Droso'mem. Honey-dew. Aeromeli.
Droso'meter. An instrument for estimating
the amount of dew deposited on any occasion.
A portion of wool weighed before and after ex-
posure to the dew is sufficient for this purpose.
Drowning. See Asphyxia. '«
DRUG. A simple medicine which has not
undergone preparation. Hence Druggist, a
dealer in drugs.
Drum of the ear. The tympanum. See
Auris.
DRUNKE'NNESS. Habitual dram-drinking
may be properly called a disease, inasmuch as
both the chylopoietic and nervous apparatus
become disordered. There is loss of appetite,
dyspepsia, restlessness, tremulous motion, and,
Anally, delirium tremens, or confirmed disease
of the brain.
DRU'PA. (a, ee, f. ; from drupes, over-ripe
olives.) A stone-fruit, formed of a fleshy or co-
riaceous seed-vessel, inclosing a nut. A drupe.
Drupa'ceous. Drupaceus. Resembling a
drupe, or stone-fruit.
Drya'deje. A subdivision of the family ro-
sacea 1 , including the genera geum,potentilla,&c.
Dry clyster. A suppository.
DRYOB A'LANOPS. A genus of trees, of the
family Dipteraceee, inhabiting the Eastern Ar-
chipelago. The D. aromatica or D. camphora
yields, by incision, the camphor oil, and the
trunks of the trees often contain concrete cam-
phor. The dryobalanops, Borneo or Sumatra
camphor, is hard, brittle, and in crystals. It is
highly esteemed in the East, but does not differ
in properties from common camphor.
DRY PILE. A galvanic apparatus, construct*
ed with pairs of different metallic plates, sep-
arated by layers of farinaceous paste mixed
with common salt.
Dry rot. A species of decay to which wood
is subject. The wood loses all its cohesion,
and becomes friable, and fungi generally appear
upon it.
Duck. Anas domestica.
D U C
Duct. See Ductus.
DUCTI'LITY. Ductilitas. A property by
which bodies are elongated by repeated or con-
tinued pressure, so as to be drawn into wire.
It is peculiar to metals.
Ductor. The same as director.
Ducts, biliary. See Hepar.
Ducts of Bellini. The uriniferous canals
of the kidney.
DU'CTUS. (us, us, in.) A canal or duct.
Ductus ad nasum. See Ductus nasalis.
Ductus aquosi. The lymphatics.
Ductus arteriosus. Canalis arteriosus. An
arterial tube forming a direct communication
between the pulmonary artery and aorta of the
fetus. After birth it becomes impervious.
Ductus auris palatinus. The Eustachian
tube.
Ductus bartholinia'nus. Duct of Bartho-
lin. The duct of the sublingual gland.
Ductus biliaris. The biliary duct.
Ductus communis choledochus. The com-
mon duct, formed by the union of the cystic
and hepatic ducts. See Hepar.
Ductus cy'sticus. The cystic duct. The
duct by which the bile regurgitates into the gall
bladder.
Ductus ejaculatorius. A duct within the
prostate gland, opening into the urethra.
Ductus excretorius. Excretory duct. The
duct which proceeds from a gland, and carries
the secreted fluid to its destination, is called
the excretoiy duct of that gland.
Ductus hepaticus. The hepatic duct.
Ductus hygroble'piiari. D. hygrophtha'U
mici. The Meibomian glands.
Ductus incisorius. The little canal leading
from the foramen incisivum into the cavity of
the nares.
Ductus laohrymalls. The lachrymal duct.
Ductus lactiferi. Ductus galactophori.
The excretory ducts of the glandular substance
■composing the female breast. The milk passes
along these ducts to the nipple.
Ductus lymphaticus. See Lymphatics.
Ductus nasalis. The nasal duct, which
conveys the tears from the lachrymal sac to the
nose. See Lachrymal apparatus.
Ductus pancrea'ticus. The pancreatic duct.
It is white and small, and arises from the left
extremity of the pancreas, runs through the
gland toward the duodenum, into which it pours
its contents by an opening common to it and
the ductus communis choledochus.
Ductus rori'ferus. The thoracic duct.
Ductus salivalis inferior. The duct of
the submaxillary gland.
Ductus salivalis superior. The parotid
duct. See Ductus Stcnonis.
Ductus Stenonis. The Stenonian or paro-
tid duct.
Ductus thoracicus. See Thoracic duct.
Ductus umbilicai.is. The umbilical cord.
Ductus urinje. The ureter.
Ductus veno'sus. Canalis venosus. A ve-
nous tube forming a communication in the foetus
between the umbilical vein and the left hepatic
vein, just where the latter vein enters the vena
cava. The ductus venosus becomes impervious
after birth, and dwindles into a whitish cord.
I) Y N
Ductus warthonia'nus. The excretory
duct of the maxillary gland ; so named after its
discoverer. It passes forward between the my-
lohyoideus and genioglossus muscles, and under
the sublingual gland, opening finally on each
side the framum lingua?.
Ductus Wirtsungi. The pancreatic duct.
Duelech. Dulech. An imaginary evil prin-
ciple of Paracelsus.
DULCAMARA, (o, m, f.) See Solatium
dulcamara.
Dulce. Dulcsh. Fucus palmatus.
Dulce, red. Fucus edulis.
Dulce'do amo'ris. The clitoris.
DU LO IF IC A'TION. (From dulce, sweet,
and facio, to make.) 1. The mixing mineral
acids with alcohol to render them milder was
thus named by the old chemists. 2. The pro-
cess of washing with water, to remove disagree-
able or sapid particles from any solid.
Duma'sin'L An empyreumatic oil, obtained
by rectifying acetone procured from the ace-
tates.
Dumbness. See Aphonia.
Dumo's.e. Shrubby plants.
Dumo'se. Dumosus. Bushy.
Duodeni'tis. Inflammation of the duode-
num. Rather an obscure affection, but said to
be characterized by fever, white tongue, ano-
rexia, yellowness of the skin, and tenderness in
the region of the gut.
DUODE'NUM. (urn, i, n. ; from duodeni,
twelve : so called because it was supposed not
to exceed the breadth of twelve fingers.) The
first portion of the small intestines. See Intes-
tine.
Du'pi.ex. Double, or two.-fold.
Duplicate. Duplicatus. Doubled.
DUPLICATION. Duplicatio. A malforma-
tion, in which parts are doubled.
Duplica'ture. A fold, double, or reflection.
DU'RA MATER. (From durus, hard.) Du-
ra meninx. The tough, sero-fibrous membrane
which invests the brain externally to the arach-
noid membrane, and forms the internal perios-
teum of the cranium. See Encephalos.
Dura'men. The heart-wood of a tree.
Dutch drops. The balsam of turpentine;
also, a preparation of oil of turpentine, tincture
of guaiac, spirit of nitric ether, and oils of am-
ber and cloves.
Dutch gold. An alloy of copper and zinc.
Dwale. Atropa belladonna.
DWARF. Nanus. An animal or plant, the
growth of which has been stunted, so that its
stature is greatly inferior to the average height
of the species to which it belongs.
Dwarf elder. Sambucus ebulus.
Dycto'ides. Reticular.
DYNA'MIC. Dynamicns. (From dvvapic,
force or power.) Relating to force, especially
the vital power. Characterized by increased
action or force, in contradistinction to adynamic.
Dynamic school. The physiologists who
believed that the vital phenomena proceed from
the operation of an internal force or power (6v-
vafiic), acting, in a great measure, independent-
ly of external causes.
Dyna'mics. The science of motion; an inves-
tigation of the laws and results of motion.
231
D YS
Dy'namis. Avvapic. 1. A power or faculty.
2. A medicine. — Galen.
Dynamo'meter. An instrument consisting
of a spring, either elliptical or spiral, which,
when pulled upon, indicates the amount of
force on a scale in pounds and fractions. It is
used to measure the strength or draught of ani-
mals. According to this instrument, the mus-
cular contraction of a man's arm is equal to
from 100 to 140 pounds; and the strength of
the loins in drawing, 200 to 300 pounds.
DYS-. A prefix. (From 6vg, difficult or
faulty.) It is much used, and often signifies
painful ; in ordinary cases it implies negation,
as Dyseccea, want of hearing, or deafness.
DYSESTHESIA, {a, m, f. ; from 6vc, with
difficulty, and aioOavofiai, I feel or perceive.)
Weakness of any of the senses, especially of
touch.
DysiESTHE'siiE. An order in the class Lo-
cales of Dr. Cullen, containing those diseases in
which the senses are depraved or destroyed,
from a defect of the external organs.
Dyscatabro'sis. (From 6vc, and 6puonu, to
eat.) Difficult deglutition.
Dyscata'posis. (From 6vc, and Karaxivu,
to drink.) A difficulty of swallowing liquids.
Dr. Mead gives this name to hydrophobia.
DYSCHRCE'A. (From tar, and xpoa, color.)
An unhealthy color of the skin; synonymous
with macula.
D Y S C I N E'S I A. (a, m, f. J from Svc , with
difficulty, and klveu, to move.) Diminution or
abolition of the power of motion.
Dyscine'sije. An order in the class Locales
of Dr. Cullen, embracing diseases in which the
motion is impeded or depraved, from an im-
perfection of the organ.
Dyscopho'sis. Defect of hearing.
Dysco'ria. Irregularity of the pupil.
DYSCRA'SIA. (a, m, f.; from 6vc, and ke-
pavvvfii, to mix.) A bad c}-asis, temperament,
or habit of body.
DYSEC(E'A. (a, a, f. ; from tve, and anon
hearing.) Deafness. Dr. Cullen has two spe-
cies: 1. The organic, which arises from wax
in the meatus, injuries of the membrane, or in-
flammation and obstruction of the tube. 2.
The atonic, when without any discernible in-
jury of the organ.
Dyseme'sia. Painful and ineffectual efforts
at vomiting.
Dysenterone'uvia. Colic.
DYSENTERY. (Dysenteria, a-, f . ; from
6vc, with difficulty, and evrepa, the bowels.)
The bloody flux. This disease is known by
fever; frequent griping stools; tenesmus; stools,
chiefly mucous, sometimes mixed with blood,
the natural fieces being retained, or voided in
small, compact, hard substances, known by the
name of scybala ; loss of appetite, and nausea.
It arises from miasm, hot moisture, bad food,
and is often epidemic in hot countries, and in
camps and crowded places ; in the latter cases
the fever is usually typhoid.
When the discharge is simply mucous, the
disease has been called Dysenteria alba. The
febrile symptoms may also subside, producing
the chronic dysentery. In the course of ma-
lignant dysentery, prolapsus ani may occur;
232
D YS
but in the severest cases the disease soon as-
sumes an adynamic character. There is great
prostration of strength, fetid stools, involuntary
discharges, and death supervenes in a few days.
The disease owes its origin to inflammation of
the intestinal tube, especially the colon and
rectum, and this lesion may terminate in sup
puration, gangrene, or contractions.
Treatment. — In mild cases, gentle aperients,
rhubarb, magnesia, and laudanum are used ;
bleeding is seldom employed, except in pleth-
oric patients. • Sudorifics are also important, es-
pecially Dover's powder. In the malignant ty-
phoid kinds, castor oil, emetics, diaphoretics, and
opium are most serviceable, with active coun-
ter irritation by blisters. Diffusible stimulants
are to be used as soon as the symptoms permit.
The disease is sometimes arrested by bringing
the system rapidly under the influence of mer
cury.
DYSEPULO'TIC. Dyscpulolus. (From due,
with difficulty, and tizvlou, to cicatrize.) Dif-
ficult to be healed : applied to ulcers.
Dyshjemorrho'is. Dyshamorrha'a. (From
Svg, and ai/xoppoig, the piles.) Suppression of
the bleeding from piles.
Dyslalia. Indistinct articulation.
DYSLOCHI'A. (a, a, f. ; from 6vc, and lo
%ia, the lochia.) An imperfect excretion or
suppression of the lochia.
Dyslysin. Au insoluble product of the ac-
tion of hydrochloric acid on bilin.
Dysmase'sis. Dysmassesis. Difficulty of
mastication.
Dysme'nia. Dysnienorrheea.
DYSMENORRHEA, (a, as, f. ; from 6vc,
and /xrjvoppoia, the menses.) Difficult or pain-
ful menstruation, accompanied with severe
pains in the back, loins, and bottom of the belly.
This troublesome and painful affection may
arise from nervous irritability, or from a pleth-
oric state ; the former is alleviated by anodynes
and diaphoretics, with the warm bath ; the lat-
ter, in which there is often found portions of
false membrane and blood in the discharge, re-
quires antiphlogistic treatment, and the most
effective is leeches to the anus, with frequent
doses of mild saline purges, including gr. x. of
nitre. The inflammatory dysmenorrheas arises
from subacute inflammation of the womb, and
hinders impregnation. For the establishment
of health, the patient must be treated properly
in the intervals of the cntamenia. A change of
air is often of great service.
Dyso'des. Fetid.
DYSO'DIA. (Avoutiia, a bad smell.) A ge-
nus in Sauvage's Nosology, including disease*
characterized by fetor.
Dysodonti'asis. Difficult dentition.
Dysonei'ros. Imperfect sleep ; restlessness,
DYSO'PIA. (a, tc, f. ; from rfvc, badly, aud
wt/;, an eye.) Bad sight. Sight depraved. Un-
der this term are comprehended, 1. Night-sight.
See Nyctalopia. 2. Day-sight. See Hemcra-
lopia. 3. Long-sightedness. See Presbyopia.
4. Short-sightedness. See Myopia. 5. Lateral
vision, or skew-sightedness. The vision is here
accurate only when the object is placed ob-
liquely, so that the person can only see in on
oblique direction, in consequence of some par-
DYS
tial opacity of the cornea, which usually pro-
ceeds from slight scars, &c.
Dysopia luminis. Day blindness. See Nyc-
talopia.
Dysopia tenebrarum. Night blindness. See
Hcmeralopia.
DYSORE'XIA. (a, a, f. ; from dvc, badly,
and opeljic, appetite.) A depraved appetite.
Dysorexi^. An order in the class Locales
of Cullen, which he divides into two sections,
Appetitus erronci and dcficicntes.
Dyso'smia. Diminution of the sense of smell.
The proper term is dysosphrcsia.
DYSOSPHRE'SIA. (From 6vc, with diffi-
culty, and oaQpnoic, the sense of smell.) An
impaired state of the sense of smell.
Dysfathi'a. Avonadeia. Indisposition to a
disease. — Galen.
DYSPE'PSIA. (a, ec, f. ; from 6vg, with dif-
liculty, and ■xetctu, to concoct.) Indigestion.
This very common disease consists generally of
a want of appetite, a sudden and transient dis-
tension of'the stomach, eructations of various
kinds, heartburn, pyrosis, pain in the region of
the stomach, perhaps vomiting, rumbling noise
in the boweis, and frequently costiveness or di-
arrhoea. A long train of nervous symptoms are
also frequent attendants, as palpitations, impair-
ed sight and hearing, with despondency, severe
pains in the head, &c. It is most frequent in
sedentary persons, as students, or may arise
from irregularities in living. Dyspepsia may
also be a symptom of organic affections of
the abdominal viscera. The disease is due to
atony, chronic inflammation, or mere irritation
of the stomach or upper intestines, and is to be
treated according to its form. It is seldom per-
fectly cured, and may last for many years with-
out great aggravation.
The treatment of dyspepsia consists, 1. In
obviating, as far as possible, the several causes.
2. In relieving urgent symptoms. 3. In restor-
ing the tone of the chylopoietic viscera, and in-
vigorating the general system. Atony is to be
obviated by tonics, especially the vegetable
bitters, and a careful diet; disordered secretion is
to be corrected by mild mercurials and laxatives,
with antacids; irritability and spasm, by a bland
and nutritious diet, antispasmodics, and liquor
« potassre ; inflammatory action, by the occasion-
al use of leeches, abstinence, and gentle saline
purgation. The best treatment will be found
in proper diet, regular exercise and habits, the
use of the bath and flesh-brush, with great at-
tention to the bowels. There are many affec-
tions which frequently accompany indigestion,
which are treated of in other parts of this work,
as Cardialgia, Constipation, Diarrhma, &c.
Dyspepsia pica. Vitiated appetite.
Dyspepsia an.emia. Anajmia.
DYSPHA'GIA. (a, a?, f. ; from 6vc, with
difficulty, and Qayu, to eat.) A difficulty of
deglutition. This may arise from a great variety
of causes. It very seldom occurs as an idio-
pathic disease, but is common as a symptomatic
and sympathetic affection. As the former, it
occurs in paralytic states of the tongue, parts
about the fauces, and oesophagus ; in enlarge-
ments or contractions, natural or diseased, of
the tongue ; in diminished diameter of the
DYS
oesophagus, from stricture, scirrhus, ossification,,
carcinoma of the tongue, oesophagus, and the
cardiac opening of the stomach, and from the
like diseases, and others, as aneurism, broncho-
cele, &c, around the fauces or oesophagus ;
from extraneous bodies lodging in the fauces
and oesophagus ; in inflammation of these and
neighboring parts. Sympathetic dysphagia fre-
quently occurs in hysteria, tetanus, trismus,
hypochondriasis, &c.
In the idiopathic disease, the uvula is relaxed
and elongated, or the muscular coat of the pha-
rynx and oesophagus is in an extremely relaxed
and weak state. The remedies are such as
stimulate the oesophagus, as spices, and dilute
spirituous gargles, and the internal use of tonics
and stimulants. In the symptomatic and sym-
pathetic forms, the remedies must be derived
from attention to the diseases of which this af-
fection is a symptom.
Dyspha'gia constricta. D.pharyngca. D.
wsophagea. D. callosa. Stricture of the cesoph
agus, or pharynx, as a result of inflammation or
morbid conditions.
DYSPHO'NIA. (a, a-, f.j.from dvc) %adly,
and (puvri, the voice.) Dissonant voice. Those
alterations or states of the voice in which the
sound is imperfect or depraved ; as the weak,
whispering, scarcely audible voice ; the change
of the voice which happens about the age of
puberty ; the rough and harsh voice ; the nasal
voice ; the squeaking, whizzing, guttural, pala-
tine voice.
DYSPHO'RIA. («, a, f. ; from 6vc, and cpo-
peu, to bear.) The restlessness and anxiety
that accompany many diseases.
Dysphoria nervosa. Fidgets, or restlessness.
DYSPNCE'A. (a, <r, f. ; from 6vc, with diffi-
culty, and 7Tveu, to breathe.) Dyspnoon. Dif-
ficult respiration. A permanent difficulty of
breathing. Chronic dyspnoea, or a uniformly
short and difficult breathing, is mostly accom-
panied by a little cough. The causes of it may
exist in the chest, or at the origin of the respi-
ratory nerves ; they are inbred, or the result of
accident, arising from original deformity, ac-
quired disease, or accidental injury.
Various artisans are subject to dyspnoea, from
the effects of irritating particles inhaled with
the air they breathe. The breathing is some-
times permanently difficult in persons of a phleg-
matic temperament whose vascular action is
very sluggish. Another cause of permanent
difficult respiration is corpulency.
Chronic difficulty of breathing appears also
as a symptom or sequel in various other diseas-
es, as chronic bronchitis, hydrothorax, and mor-
bid conditions of the lungs, heart, and aorta.
Dr. Cullen arranges dyspnoea into the eight
following species :
1. Dyspncea catarrhalis, when, with a cough,
there are copious discharges of viscid mucus:
called, also, asthma catarrhale, pneumodes,
pneumonicum.. and pituilosum.
2. Dyspncea sicca, when there is a cough with-
out any considerable discharge.
3. Dyspnaa a'irea, when much increased by
slight changes of the weather.
4. Dyspnaa fcrrea, when earthy or calculous
matters are spit up.
233
EAR
•5. Dyspnoea aqiiosa, when there is a scarcity
of urine, with (edematous feet, but without the
other symptoms of a dropsy in the chest.
(5. Dyspnoea pinguedinosa, from corpulency.
7. Dyspnoea thoracica, when parts surround-
ing the chest are injured or deformed.
8. Dyspnoea exlrinscca, from manifest exter-
nal causes.
But tins word is commonly used to designate
the symptom of short or difficult respiration.
Dyspnu-.a cosvut.siva. D. spastica. Asth-
na.
Dyspxoox. Dyspnoea.
Dysspermasia. Dysspermatismus.
DYSSPERMATI'SMUS. (us, i, in.; from
'ivc, and anep/iariauoc, emission.) Slow or im-
peded emission of semen during coition, insuf-
ficient for the purpose of generation. Accord-
ing to Cullen, the species are,
1. Urethralis, when the obstruction is in the
urethra.
2. Nodosa*, when a tumor is formed in either
corpus cavernoBiim penis.
.1. Praputialis, when the impediment is horn
a stnvfcness of the orifice of the prajpuce.
4. Mucosus, when the urethra is obstructed
by a viscid mucus.
5. Hypcrtonicus, when there is an excess of
erection of the penis.
(J. Epilrpticiis, from epileptic fits coming on
during coition.
7. Aprac/odex, from a want of vigor in the
genitals.
8. Reflnus, in which the semen is thrown
back into the urinary bladder.
Dysthkrapku'tos. Difficult to heal.
DYSTHE'TIOA. (From dvodeTiaa, a bad
state of body.) The fourth order of the class
H<rmatica of Good, including cachexies.
DYSTTIY'MIA. (a, a, f . ; from &vq, bad,
and ftv/ioc, mind.) Despondency. Melancholy.
DYSTO'GIA. Dystochia. («,«•, f. ; from
6vc, and tiktu. to bring forth.) Difficult partu-
rition. ..
Dystocia dyscyesis. Morbid pregnancy.
DYSTCE C HI'ASIS. (is, is, f. ; from o\>c,
badly, and errot^oc, order.) An irregular dis-
position of the hairs on the eyelids.
DYSU'RIA. (a, <t, f. ; from due, and ovpov,
urine.) Difficulty in discharging the urine.
When there are frequent, painful, or uneasy
urgings to discharge the urine, and it passes off
EAR
only by drops, or in very small quantities, the
disease is called strangury. When a sense of
pain or heat attends the discharge, and it passes
with difficulty, it is styled ardor urinse, or heat
of the urine. Dysuria is acute or chronic. Dr.
Cullen enumerates six species:
1. Dysuria ardens, with a sense of heat, with-
out any manifest disorder of the bladder.
2. Dysuria spasmodica, from spasm.
3. Dysuria comprcssionis, from a compression
of the neighboring parts.
■1. Dysuria phlogistica, from violent inflam-
mation.
5. Dysuria caladosa, from stone in' the blad-
der.
G. Dysuria mucosa, from an abundant secre-
tion of mucus.
The causes which give rise to these diseases
are an inflammation of the urethra, occasioned
either by gonorrhoea or by the use of acrid in-
jections, tumor or ulcer of the prostate gland,
inflammation of the kidneys or bladder, con-
siderable enlargements of the hemorrhoidal
veins, a lodgment of indurated fajces in the rec-
tum, spasm at the neck of the bladder, the ab-
sorption of cantharides applied externally or
taken internally, and excess in drinking either
spirituous or vinous liquors; but particles of
gravel sticking at the neck of the bladder prove
the most frequent cause. A gouty affection of
the neck of the bladder will sometimes occa-
sion these complaints.
If it proceeds from a calculus in the kidney
or ureter, besides the affections mentioned, it
will be accompanied with nausea, vomiting,
and acute pains in the loins and region of the
ureter and kidney of the side affected. When
a stone in the bladder or gravel in the urethra
is the cause, an acute pain will be felt at the
end of the penis, particularly on voiding the
last drops of urine, and the stream of water
will either be divided into two, or twisted like
a corkscrew. If a scirrhus of the prostate
gland has occasioned the suppression or difficul-
ty of urine, a hard, indolent tumor, unattended
with any acute pain, may readily be felt in the
perinajum, or by introducing the finger into
the rectum. The cure of this disease, which is
always symptomatic, requires the removal of the
several causes, and the administration of those
medicines and means which are recommended
for the removal of the primary affection.
E
E.
I AGLE STONE. See Aelitis.
EAR. See Auris.
Ear, inflammation of. See Otitis.
Ear-pick. A small probe and scoop to ex-
tract ear-wax.
Ear-shaped. See Auriculatc.
Ear-trumpet. An instrument to assist au-
dition in those partially deaf. It should be of
the figure of a parabolic conoid, and of silver.
A long tube, however convenient, is injurious
to its efficacy.
Ear-wax. See Cerumen.
Earache. See Otalgia.
234
EARTH. (Terra, tc, f.) Chemically thera
are nine earths, namely, Baryta, Strontia, Lime,
Magnesia, Alumina, or clay, Glucina, Zirconia,
Yttria, Thorina. They are oxides of metals :
of these, the first four are called alkaline earths.
They are also powerful bases, and form nu-
merous salts.
Earth, absorbent. See Absorbent.
Earth, aluminous. E., argillaceous. Alu-
mina.
Earth of bones. Phosphate of lime
Eaith, bolar. See Bole.
Earth, heavy. Barytes.
E H U
KC II
Earth, Japan. See Acacia catechu.
Earth, sealed. Terra s-i gill at a. See Bole.
Earth-nut. Bee Bunium bulbocastanum.
Earth-worm. Lumbricus tcrrestris.
Eaton's styptic. Chiefly a solution of green
vitriol iu alcohol.
EAU. Water. A French word, used to des-
ignate several fluid medicines, chiefly spirituous.
Eau d'arquebusade. Aqua vulncraria spir-
ituosa. A vulnerary water formerly in gre.it
repute, consisting of alcohol distilled with
many aromatic herbs.
Eau dk belloste. A mixture of equal parts
of muriatic acid, brandy, and saffron, with or
without the addition of water. It was former-
ly employed as a resolvent.
Eau dk Broccheiri. A styptic water of
feeble properties, said to be a solution of crea-
se te.
Eau des carmbs. Aqua melissce composite.
A preparation much esteemed in France as a
stomachic, stimulant, &c. It consists of spirit
of balm, eight parts ; spirit of rosemary, thyme,
and canella, of each one part; spirit of nutmeg,
two parts; spirit of anise, marjoram, hyssop,
sage, angelica, and cloves, of each one part;
spuit of orange peel, four parts; spirit of cori-
ander, two parts.
Eau de Cologne. A perfumed spirit of lav-
ender.
Eau de Javklle. A solution of chloride of
soda.
Eau de luce. Spiritus ammonia.- succ hiatus
v. aromaticus.
Eau de Naphre. A water distilled from the
leaves of the bitter orange.
Eau de rabel. Aqua Rahclii. A mixture
of one part of concentrated sulphuric acid with
three of alcohol.
Eau de vie. Brandy.
Eau medicinale. Aqua medicinalis IIus-
tonii. A nostrum long celebrated for the cure
of gout. It is generally believed to be a vinous
infusion of the root of colchicum, and does not
differ in its operation from the vinum colchici of
our Pharmacopoeias. Some say it is a vinous
infusion of the flowers of colchicum.
Eau vegkto-minkralk. See Aqua vegeto-
mincralis.
Ebeaupin spring. Near Nantes. It contains
carbonic acid; carbonates of lime, magnesia,
and iron ; muriates of lime, magnesia, and soda,
&c.
EBENACEJE. The name given by Jussieu
to a family of plants allied to the tree which
produces ebony, Diospyros ebenum.
E'benum. Ebemts. Ebony.
Ebla'nin. Pyroxanthiu. It is derived from
crude pyroxalic spirit.
E'BONY. Diospyros ebenum: formerly es-
teemed in medicine as a diaphoretic and alter-
ative.
Ebracteatk. Ebraclea'liis. Without a brac-
tea, or floral leaf.
Ebriecasum. An affection of the mind re-
sembling drunkenness. — Paracelsus.
Ebriety. Intoxication.
Ebsemech. Quicksilver.
EBULLI'TION. (EbnllUio, onis, f . ; from
ebullio, to bubble up.) Boiling. This fakes
place during the change which a fluid under-
goes from a state of liquidity to that of an elas-
tic body, in consequence of the application of
heat, which dilates and converts it into vapor.
The fixed temperature during boiling results
from the pressure of the air.
E'bulus. See Samlmcus ebnlits.
Ebur. Ivory.
EBUR eossile. Fossil unicorn. See Uni-
cornu.
Ebur ustum nigrum. Ivory black.
ECBO'LIC. (From ekSoJUw, to cast out.)
Applied to medicines which cause abortion or
iiicilitate labor, as borax and ergot.
Ecura'smata. Hippocrates gives this name
to an eruption of fiery pimples.
Ecbyrso'ma. A protuberance of a bone at
the joints, appearing through the skin.
E'CCATHA'RTIC. (From enicadaipu, to
purge outward.) Medicines which open the
pores of the skin. Sometimes, also, expecto-
rants and purgatives.
Ecchyi.o'ma. An extract.
Ec'chyma. Eczema.
Ecchymo'ma. The same as ecckymoiia.
Ecchymoma ARTERIOSUS. The false aneu-
rism.
Ecchymoma lymph atica. Puerperal swelled
leg. Phlegmasia dolens.
ECCHYMO'SIS. {Ekxvhuoic\ from ckxvu,
to pour out.) Ecchymosis. Extravasation. A
black and blue swelling, either from a bruise or
spontaneous extravasation of blood. It is re-
moved by the application of leeches and cold
stimulating lotions. See, also, Vibices, Pete-
chia', and Sugillation.
E'CCLISIS. A luxation or dislocation.
E'ccope. The cuttjng oft' any part.
Ecco'peus. An ancient instrument, the ras-
patory, used in trepanning.
EOCOPBO'TIC. (Eccoproticus ; from ik,
and Konpoc, dung.) A term applied to laxatives
which evacuate merely the natural contents of
the bowels, without occasioning any liquid dis-
charge : this is generally the case with rhubarb
and aloes.
ECOEINO'LOGY. {Eccrinologia, m, f. ; from
EKKptvu, to excrete, and 7.oyoc, a discourse.)
Eccriseology. The doctrine of excretions.
E'ccrisis. An excretion of any kind.
E C C It I ' T I C A . Diseases of the exceruent.
function.
ECOYE'SIS. (From etc, and uvyatc, gravid-
ity.) Extra-uterine fcetation.
Eccymosis. See Ecchymosis.
E'cdora. An excoriation.
Ecdo'rius. Applied to that which excori-
ates the skin.
Echk'collo.v. Echecollu >» . Any topical
glutinous remedy.
Echetro'sis. The white bryony.
Echina'te. Echiiiatus. Bristly ; set with
prickles.
EOHINOCO'COUS. (us, i, m.) Rudolphi
calls the small granular bodies found in the
acephalocysts by the name of echinococci.
E C II I N D E ' R M A. (From ex^oc , a sea-
urchin, and depfia, a skin.) Echitwdermata. A
class of radiated animals with hard skins, like
that of the echinus, or sea-urchin.
23:>
ECP
Echino'glossum. Ophioglossum vulgatuni.
ECHINOPHTHA'LMIA. (a, a. f. ; from
Exwog, a hedgehog, and ocpdafyia, an inflamma-
tion of the eye.) An inflammation of the eye-
lids, and the parts near the eyelashes.
Echinopo'dium. Spartium scoparium ?
ECHI'NOPS. (ops, opis, m.) Echinopus. A
genus of plants. Syngencsia. Polygamia se-
gregata. Composite. — E. sphmroce' phalus.
The globe-thistle. Echinopus. The root and
seeds are moderately diuretic, but seldom used.
ECHINORHY'NCUS. (From exivoc, a
hedgehog, and pvyxoc, a beak.) A numerous
genus of intestinal worms, belonging to the or-
der Acanthoccphalia of Rudolplu : one species
has been found in man, namely, the echinorhyn-
cus bicornis.
ECHI'NUS. (us, i, m.) E^voc. 1. The
hedgehog. 2. The sea-urchin. 3. The promi-
nent points on the surface ot the pilcus of mush-
rooms.
Echinus marinus. The sea-urchin, the spine
of which is called amygdaloides, from its shape.
E'CHIUM. (um, ii, n.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Boragincce. Viper's
bugloss. — E. cegypliacum. Wall bugloss. The
root is sudorific, and was used with oil as a
dressing for wounds.
Eclacti'sma. ( Eit?MKTio(j.a. ) Convulsive
agitation of the limbs in children. — Hippocrates.
ECLA'MPSIA. Ecla'mpsis. (From e/cAa/z-
7rw, to shine.) Splendor ; brightness. Ap-
plied, 1. To the appearance of flashes of light
before the eyes, common in many diseases. 2.
To the epilepsy of infants : the latter applica-
tion is not obvious.
Eclampsia gravidarum. E. parturicntium.
The convulsions of gravid women; puerperal
convulsions.
ECLE'CTICS. (Eclccticns; from eicleyu, to
select.) Archigenes and some others selected
from all other sects what appeai-ed to them to
be the best and most rational : hence they
were called Eclectics, and their medicine Eclec-
tic medicine.
Ecle'ctos. Synonymous with eclegma.
ECLE'GMA. (From ekXeix<->, to lick.)
Ecleictos. A linctus.
Ecle'pisis. The scaling off of parts, or de-
squamation.
E'C LYSIS, (is, cos, f. ; from ek?.vu, to dis-
solve.) A universal faintuess.
Economic. Appertaining to economy, or the
useful distribution and application of things.
ECONOMY. In scientific language, the or-
derly arrangement of things with a view to a
useful end; thus the total of the parts which
constitute a living being is called the animal or
vegetable economy.
ECPHLY'SIS. (EKfkvoic ; from enfovfr, to
boil, or bubble up or over.) A vesicular erup-
tion, confined in its action and effects chiefly to
the surface. It is used as a generic term, and
includes herpes, eczema, pompholyx, and rupia.
ECPHRA'CTIC. (Ecphraclicus ; from ek-
$paoou, to remove obstructions.) Synonymous
with deobstruent.
Ecphra'xis. The opening of obstructed
pores; deobstruent.
ECPHRO'NIA. (a, a, f. E^puvn, or ek-
236
ECS
<j>poovvn ; from enypuv, extra mentem, out of
one's mind.) Insanity. Craziness. Melan-
choly.
Ed phy as. 1. An appendix, or excrescence.
2. The appendicula creci vermiformis.
ECPHY'MA. (a, alts, n. ; from ekQvu, edit
co, egero.) A cutaneous excrescence. It is
used as a generic term, and includes warts,
corns, physconia, and callosities. — E. ademati-
cum is phlegmasia dolens.
Ecphyse'sis. A quick expulsion of the air
from the lungs.
E'cphysis. 1. An apophysis, appendix, or
process of any kind. 2. The duodenum.
Ecpie'sma. 1. A fracture of the skull, with
depression of the bone. — Galen. 2. An ex-
pressed juice. — Dioscorides.
Ec pie's mos . A disorder of the eye, in which
the globe is almost pressed out of the socket by
an afflux of humors.
Ecplero'ma. In Hippocrates they are
hard balls of leather, or other substances, adap-
ted to fill the arm-pit, while by the help of the
heel, placed against a ball, and repressing the
same, a luxated os humeri is reduced into its
place.
ECPLE'XIS. (is, is, f. : from EK7v2.7jaffu, to
terrify or astonish.) A stupor or astonishment,
from sudden external accidents.
E'cpneusis. Ecpnoe. Expiration.
ECPTO'MA. Ecptosis. (From ekttctttu, to
fallout.) A falling down of any part : applied
to a luxation ; the expulsion of the placenta ;
the falling off of gangrenous parts ; to hernia of
the uterus, &c.
Ecpy'cticus. Rendering the fluids more
solid.
ECPYE'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from ek, and irvov,
pus.) A collection of pus ; an abscess.
ECPYE'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from ekttvw, to sup-
purate.) Humid scall. A generic term for
suppurating skin diseases, as porrigo, impetigo,
ecthyma, &c.
Ecpyesis ecthyma. Ecthyma. — Good.
Ecpye'tic (Same etymon.) Suppurative.
Ecre'gma. Ecre'xis. A rupture.
Ecrhy'thmos. Irregular: applied to the
pulse.
E'croe. E'crysis. A discharge
ECSARCO'MA. (a, atis, u. ; from ek, and
oapl;, flesh.) A fleshy excrescence.
Ecsesmata. Syn. of eczema. — Blancard.
E'CSTASY. (Ecstasis, cos, f. E/cdracif ;
from etjiorafiai, to be out of one's senses.) 1.
An ecstasy. This disease consists in a total sus-
pension of sensibility and voluntary motion, and
mostly of mental power ; the muscles are rigid,
the body erect and inflexible ; the pulsation of
the heart is felt, and the breathing not affected.
The exciting cause of this disease is generally
some mental affection. It differs from catalep-
sy and trance in the inflexible and rigid state
of the muscles, and the obvious continuance of
the breathing and the heart's action. It occa-
sionally exists with a plethoric state of the
blood-vessels, in which case bleeding and de-
pletions are found useful. In other more obvi-
ously nervous states, the nervous stimulants and
aperients are to be preferred. The cold-water
dash, especially when directed along the spine,
EOT
Is often very useful in rousing the patient. 2.
In Hippocrates it signifies a delirium.
E'ctasia. Aneurism.
E'ctasis. Extension or expansion.
Ecstatic trance. Catalepsy.
E'ctexis. Melting or softening of parts.
Ecthli'mma. Ail ulceration of the skin
caused by pressure.
Ecthli'psis. Elision or4xpression.
E'CTHYMA. (a, alis, n. EKdvfia ; from
£k6vu, to break out.) An eruption of large,
round, and distinct pustules, seldom very nu-
merous, unaccompanied by fever, and not con-
tagious. It occurs chiefly on the extremities,
and may arise from debility, or as a sequel of
measles, small-pox, and scarlatina. There are
three species in this genus :
1. The Ecthyma vulgare consists of a partial
eruption of small, hard pustules, on some part
of the extremities, or on the neck and shoul-
ders, which is completed in three or four days.
In the course of a similar period, the pustules
successively enlarge, and inflame highly at the
base, while pus is formed in the apex; and in
a day or two more they break, pour out their
pus, and afterward a thinner fluid, which speed-
ily concretes into brown scabs. In a week
more the soreness and inflammation subside,
and the scabs soon afterward fall off, leaving no
mark behind.
2. The Ecthyma infantile occurs in weakly
infants during the period of lactation. This
species is precisely like the former; but, in-
stead of subsiding, often reappears for weeks
together. The principal means of cure will be
found in changing the nurse; and the advanta-
ges of better aliment will bo aided by proper
clothing and exercise.
3. Ecthyma luridum. The most obvious pe-
culiarity is the dark red color of the base,
which is likewise hard and elevated, and of a
larger size ; they appear slowly, but in long
succession, and spread widely, the face alone
being exempt from their occurrence. They
appear in older persons of a broken constitu-
tion, and often degenerate into ulcers. The
treatment must be chiefly directed to the amend-
ment of the constitution, by good diet, the occa-
sional use of the warm bath, and by cinchona
and decoction of the woods internally.
Ectillo'tic Applied to that which eradi-
cates tubercles or corns, or destroys superfluous
hair.
E'ctome. Ectomius. Excision.
Ectomon. Ekto/xov. Black hellebore.
ECTO'PIA. (a, <s, f. ; from e/cro7ror, out of
place.) A displacement of any part; a luxa-
tion.
E'ctopia ani. Prolapsus of the anus.
Ectopia. An order in the class Locales of
•Cullen's Nosology.
Ectoprotic Eccoprotic.
Ectri'mma. An excoriation.
Ectro'ma. An abortion.
E'ctrope. 1. A duct by which morbid hu-
mors are drawn off. 2. Ectropium.
ECTRO'PIUM. Ectropion. (From c/trpe-
iro, to evert.) An eversion of the eyelids, so
that their internal surface is in part the outer-
most. There are two species of this disease :
ECZ
one produced by an unnatural swelling of the
lining of the eyelids ; the other arising from a
contraction of the skin covering the eyelid, or
of that in the vicinity, by which means the
edge of the eyelid is first removed for some
distance from the eye, and afterward turned
completely outward, together with the whole
of the affected eyelid.
This disease is only to be cured by a surgical
operation. That practiced by Sir William Ad-
ams is now generally resorted to. It consists,
first, in removing the whole of the fungous
growth by a small, curved bistoury; next, in
stripping away a piece of the edge of the tar-
sus, in the form of the letter V ; afterward, in
separating the eyelid from the cheek, whenever
it adheres to it; and, finally, in supporting the
lid, now raised into the proper place, and con-
fining the edges of the cut eyelid, brought into
a state of juxtaposition by a proper bandage.
The divided edges heal by the first intention ;
and the cure is often completed in a fortnight,
with a restoration of the eyelid to its healthy
form.
EOTRO'SIS. (is,is,f. Vnrpuaic ; from e«-
TirpuoKW, to miscarry.) A miscarriage.
Ectro'tic. Ectyroticus. Ectyloticus. 1.
Causing an abortion. 2. Applied to methods
of promoting the development of pustules, dis-
eases, &c
ECZEMA. (Enfriia ; from eafcu, to boil
out.) Eczcsma. A cutaneous disease, charac-
terized by an eruption of small vesicles on va-
rious parts of the skin, usually set close or
crowded together, with little or no inflamma-
tion round their bases, and unattended by fever.
It is not contagious. The eruption is attended
with tingling and smarting rather than itching.
The species are :
1. Eczema solare. Summer rash, or heat
spots, produced by heat. It commonly lasts
two or three weeks, and is unattended by much
irritation. Cool bathing, a gentle purgative,
and attention to clothing, is all that is necessary.
2. Eczema impetiginodes. A local eczema,
produced by the irritation of various substan-
ces, especially sugar, and hence called Gro-
cer's itch. Small, separate vesicles, containing
a transparent fluid, slightly elevated : they are
attended with pain, heat, smarting, and often
with intense itching. When they break, the
acrid lymph that is discharged irritates and in-
flames the surrounding cuticle, which becomes
thickened, rough, reddish, and cracked, as in
the impetiginous state. The treatment consists
of removing the irritating cause, and using
washes of acetate of lead, or poultices.
3. Eczema rubrum. This most remarkable
variety, arises from the irritation of mercury,
whence it lias been called eczema mercuriale,
and erythema mercuriale and hydrargyria; but
it may also be produced by exposure. This
species usually commences with stiffness, burn
ing heat, and itching in the inner surface of the
thighs, and about the scrotum in men ; or in the
groins or axillae, or neck. The surface becomes
red, and rough, from innumerable minute, clear
vesicles. These grow to the size of a pin's
head, and become white and opaque. The
eruption extends over the body in large patch-
237
EF F
es, producing soreness, swelling, and much itch-
ing. The ichorous discharge of the vesicles
produces great inflammation and excoriation,
often extending over the whole body. The
disease may last several weeks, but usually only
ten days. Towards its close, the surface be-
comes covered with blackish scabs, which de-
squamate, leaving a rough skin, as in slight pso-
riasis. The constitution is not much affected,
but irritable persons may suffer from repeated
attacks.
The treatment is entirely palliative. It con-
sists of using the warm bath, emollient poul-
tices, washes, and cerates, with great cleanliness
of the linen. The mineral acids and sarsapa-
rilla, or cinchona, are also serviceable.
Eczema mercuriale. See Eczema rubrum.
Eczesma. Eczema.
EDENTA'TA. Edentals. The fifth order
of mammalia : animals which are without inci-
sor teeth, and some without any teeth.
Edenta'te. Without teeth.
Edes. Edctz. Amber.
Ede'ssenum. An old collyriuni.
Edic Edich. Edir. Iron.
Edu'lcorant. Edulcorans. Applied to a
medicine supposed to purify the fluids by de-
priving them of their acrimony.
EDULCORA'TION. Edulcoralio. 1. The
affusion of water on any substance to remove
from it saline or other particles which are solu-
ble in water. 2. Sweetening.
Edulcora'tor. A dropping bottle, for sup-
plying small portions of fluid. It is merely a
vial having a perforated cork, through which
passes a small tube.
Eel. Muracna.
Eel fat. Adeps angwilUr.. This is obtained
from eels while roasting, and was used as an
ointment for stiff joints.
E'FFERENT. Efferens. Carrying or trans-
porting: applied to vessels, &c, which convey
fluids from glands, as the vasa ejfercntia, which
carry lymph to the thoracic duct.
Efferent nerves. Those which convey
nervous impressions from the centers to the
periphery.
EFFERVESCENCE. (EJervesccnlia, a, f. ;
from effervcsco, to grow hot.) 1. That agita-
tion 'which is produced by mixing substances
together which cause the evolution of a gas. 2.
A iow degree of ebullition.
Effervescing draught. A pleasant carbo-
nated drink, which may be used as a vehicle
for saline medicines. It is made with bicarbo-
nate of soda, 3ss., dissolved in a wine-glass of
water, and acted on by a table-spoonful of lem-
on juice, or tartaric acid, 3j.
EFFE'TB. Effatus. Barren ; worn out ;
impoverished. Applied principally to such act-
ive agents as have lost their power by use.
E'ffila. Freckles.
EFFLORESCENCE. EJJloratio. (Efflorcs-
cf.nlia, <e, f. ; from cfflorcsco, to blow as a flow-
er.) 1. In Pathology, a morbid redness of the
skin; an exanthem; also, the class of exan-
thematous diseases. 2. In Chemistry, when
bodies are spontaneously converted into a dry
powder. It is usually occasioned by the loss
of water of crystallization in saline bodies. Car-
238
EL A
bonate of soda and sulphate of iron are instan
ces.
EFFLU'VIUM. (urn, ii, n. ; from ejJLuo, to
flow out.) An exhalation. Generally such a»
are noxious, or disagreeable to the senses.
Effractu'ra. A fracture of the cranium, in
which the bone is much depressed.
EFFUSION . ( Effusio, onis, f. ; from effundo,
to pour out. ) In Qpthology, the escape of any
fluid out of the vessel or viscus naturally con-
taining it, and its lodgment in another cavity,,
in the cellular substance (infiltration), or in the
substance of parts. Effusion also sometimes
signifies the morbid secretion of fluids from the
vessels ; thus pathologists frequently speak of
coagulable lymph being effused on different
surfaces.
Ege'ries. Egeslio. An excretion or evac-
uation.
EGE'STA. (a, a, f. ; from egero, to carry
out.) The fieces and matters carried out of the
healthy body.
Egg. See Ovum.
Egg plant. Solanuin nielongena.
Egg-shapei>. Ovatus.
Egopho'ny. Egobronchophony. See CEgoph-
ony.
Eighth pair of nerves. The par vaguui.
See Nervous system.
Eilamioes. The membranes involving the
brain.
Eile'ma. In Hippocrates it signifies painful
convolutions of the intestines from flatulence.
Ei'leon. The ilium.
Ei'leos. See Ileus.
Ei'spnoe. Inspiration of air.
EJA'CULATORY. Ejaculans. (From ejae-
ulor, to cast out.) . Ejaculatorus. The vessels
which convey the semen to the penis are called
ejaculatory ducts. These are the epididymis,
the vasa deferentia, and the vesicular seminales.
Ejaculator seminis. See Accelerator urinm.
Eje'ction. A dejection or excrement.
ELABORATION. A certain change or pro-
cess through which it is supposed aliments,
chyle, &c, pass to become assimilated to the
fluids, &c, of the living body.
Elaca'lli. Euphorbia uervifolia.
ELjEAGNA'CEjE. A natural order of shrub-
by, arborescent exogens, inhabiting the entire
northern hemisphere down to the equator, hav-
ing leprous leaves, superior fruit, tubular calyx,
and apetalous flowers. They are distinguished
from Thymelacem by the ovule being erect,
from Proteaccm by the valvate calyx and the
dehiscent fruit of the latter, and from Santala-
cece by the superior ovary. The berries of
some species are eaten in Persia and Nipaul.
El^a'gnon. Vitex agnus castus.
Eljeo'hku. A sweet purging oil.
Eljkopha'nes. Having the appearance of oil.
ELiEOS A'CCH ARUM, (urn, i, n. ; from
e?.aiov, oil, and canxapov, sugar.) A mixture
of an essential oil with sugar.
Elaidate. A salt of elaidic acid.
Elaidic acid. An acid resulting from the
saponification of elaidiue. Formula, C72HC6O5.
Elaidine. A substance resembling etearine,
which results from the action of nitrous acid
upon olive, almond, and some other oils.
ELE
EL A1N. (From eXaiov, oil.) Olehie. The
oily principle of solid fats and oils. It is an
oleate of glycerin.
Elaiodate. A salt formed by the elaiodic
acid with a base.
Elaiodic acid. See Oleoricinic acid.
Elaiodon. (From e?Miov, oil.) A name
given by Herberger to the fluid part of volatile
oils. o
ELAIS GUINEE'NSIS. A palm of Guinea
and the West Indies. It yields the Mac/caw fat,
an emollient, fatty substance.
Elalde'hyde. A fluid resulting from the
spontaneous change of aldehyde.
Elao'pten. The liquid portion of a volatile
oil, to distinguish it from the stearoplen, which
is solid, as in the case of camphor.
E'laps. A sub-genus of vipers.
Ela'sma. A lamina of any kind. A clyster-
pipe.
ELASTIC. (Elasticus ; from e^aarrjc, im-
pulsor, which is from eTiavveiv, to impel, to
push.) Springy; having the power of return-
ing to the form from which it has been forced
to deviate.
Elastic fluid. A gas.
Elastic gum. Caoutchouc.
ELASTICITY. Elasticitas. A force in bod-
ies by winch they endeavor to restore them-
selves to the posture from which they were
displaced by any external force.
Elate'rine. A crystallizable matter distinct
from elatin, found by Mr. Hernial in the juice
of elaterium.
ELATE'RIUM. (urn, i, n. Bfcmjptov ;
from e%avvo>, to stimulate or agitate.) 1. Any
drastic purgative. 2. At present it signifies a
peculiar substance deposited from the juice of
the wild cucumber. See Momordica elaterium.
Elathe'ria. A name of the cascarilla bark.
E'LATIN. The active principle of elaterium.
6ee Momordica elaterium.
Elati'ne. Antirrhinum elatine.
Elayl. The name of Berzelius for olefiant
gas or an isomeric compound.
ELCA'JA. Trichilia emclica. An Arabian
tree, the fruit of which is emetic, and is em-
ployed in ointments for the cure of itch and
other cutaneous diseases.
ELCO'SIS. (is, eos, f.; from eIk oc, an ulcer.)
Ulceration. Sauvages applies this term espe-
cially to a cachectic disease attended with fetid,
carious, and chronic ulcers.
Elder. See Sambncus.
Elder, dwarf. See Sambucus ebulus.
Elder ointment. See Unguentum sambuci.
Eleca'mpane. See Inula helenium.
Elecampane camphor. See Helenin.
Eleca'mpin. Inulin.
* ELECTRI'C. Pertaining to electricity.
Electric aura. The current produced
when a highly-charged vessel or conductor dis-
charges its electricity from a pointed rod. The
aura is sometimes made to act upon delicate
parts of the body, as the eye, and produces a
stimulant or irritating effect; or the same re-
sult may be produced by taking a current, by
means of a pointed conductor, from the electri-
fied patient.
Electric bath. This term is employed to
ELE
designate that means of using electricity iu
medicine which consists in placing the patient
on the glass stool, and putting him in contact
with the prime conductor of the machine, either
directly by his hand, or by means of a chain.
It is the most gentle method of using electrici-
ty, and enables the operator to act •upon any
part by receiving sparks, or the aura therefrom.
Electric fishes. The species of the class
Pisces are so called which have the power of
discharging electric shocks ; the most remarka-
ble are the Torpedo, Gymnotus, and Silurns, or
Malapterurus electricus.
Electric friction. A term introduced by
Cavallo to designate the irritating action of tak-
ing sparks from a person in the electrical bath
through a piece of flaunel. It is said to be one
of the most permanent and efficacious means of
using this agent.
Electric shocks. The sudden administra-
tion of a large amount of electricity from a Ley-
den jar, whereby the patient is thrown into a
partial and rapid convulsion. The shock may
be regulated by the size of the jar, or be of
half a pint, a pint, or quart; or it may be of any
force, by using the medical electrometer. Shocks
from a pint jar are usually sufficiently severe.
Electri'cal. Pertaining to electricity.
Electrical balance. There are two ma
chines bearing this name : Coulomb's torsion
electrometer, and Harris's balance electrome-
ter. See Electrometer.
Electrical battery. A number of Leyden
jars arranged in a box or frame, and commu-
nicating with each other by metallic rods, so
that the whole can be discharged together.
Electrical column. An electrical pile of
De Luc, consisting of thin plates of two metals,
with paper between them, arranged like the
pairs of a galvanic battery. The pairs are in-
closed in glass tubes, and produce a feeble elec-
trical current for some years.
Electrical machine. There are two kinds
in use, the plate and the cylinder machine. The
plate machine consists of a circular plate of thick
glass, through the centre of which passes an axis
by which it can be rapidly rotated. The plate
and axis are sustained by uprights of baked
wood, which also carry cushions of leather or
silk, against which the plate brashes in its rev-
olutions, and receives its excitement. The
cushions sometimes carry pieces of silk to as-
sist the excitement ; and they are also smeared
with an amalgam of tin and mercury, or with
mosaic gold, for the same purpose. There is
also attached to the machine a metallic part,
called the prime conductor, which is sustained
by one or more glass legs. The conductor is
of every shape and size, but usually cylindrical,
with rounded ends. At the part nearest the
glass plate it is furnished with many wires, set
within a tenth of an inch from the glass, for the
purpose of collecting the electricity evolved.
The cylinder machine differs from the former
only in the figure of the glass, which is cylin-
drical, and the position of the rubbers.
ELECTRI'CITY. (From yleurpov, amber,
which becomes electrical by heat.) An im
ponderable body or agent, manifesting itself by
attracting or repelling light bodies, by produ-
239
ELE
cing light, decomposing water and certain flu-
ids, and producing a shock or involuntary mus-
cular motion in the bodies of animals when it
is made to pass through them. An agent having
some or all of these properties is set free when
chemical action takes place, and when many
bodies are heated or nibbed : in the former
ca*e it is usually termed Galvanism, in the lat-
ter Electricity; but the line of demarcation
between them is indistinct.
Matter, as respects frictional electricity, is
either susceptible of excitement, electric or non-
conducting, as dry wood, glass, resins, furs,
silk ; or it is non-electric or conducting, as met-
als and moist substances. When two of the
former, as glass and silk, are rubbed together,
electricity is made free. An electrical machine
is therefore a contrivance in which glass and
silk, or leather variously prepared, are made to
rub together, with an arrangement for retaining
the electricity produced.
When bodies are electrified or excited, it
appears that they attract some forms of matter
and repel others. They attract all unexcited
substances, and such as are in a different elec-
trical state, while they repel all which have
been similarly excited. In virtue of this phe-
nomenon, it has been supposed that there are
two electrical fluids, or two electrical states.
These are severally called the positive, pins, or
vitreous electricity, and the negative, minus, or
resinous electricity. When two substances be-
come excited by friction, one is negative, or
indicates a loss of electricity, while the other
becomes positive. The like fluids always re-
pel, and the unlike attract.
An excited body influences all those within
a certain distance, inducing in them the electri-
cal state, and this takes place whenever an
electrical change occurs in the vicinity of a
body. Thus, if one wire be conducting elec-
tricity, any wire in the neighborhood will also
be thrown into the electrical state. This action
of excited matter is called induction : hence
we have induced currents, induced electricity,
&c.
The effects of electricity also differ. When
it gives powerful shocks to the body, or decom-
poses fluids, it is said to have tension, or inten-
sity; when, on the other hand, it develops great
heat, as in certain galvanic arrangements, it is
said to have quantity.
An electric current is an influence propagated
along a wire or conductor. When it passes
through fluids of a certain composition (Unary),
it produces decomposition or electrolysis. In
this case, the wires which conduct the electric-
ity are termed electrodes, that which conducts
the positive or vitreous fluid is called the anode,
and that at the other side the cathode.
Electricity has been often recommended in
medicine, especially in diseases attended with
a loss or derangement of nervous power, as
paralysis, chorea. It is commonly administered
by placing the patient on a stool furnished with
glass feet, and making him hold the prime con-
ductor of a machine. This causes the electri-
cal fluid to flow over his body. It is occasion-
ally given in smart shocks from a Leyden vial,
or he may be placed between conducting rods
240
ELE
and currents 6ent through his body. Its opera-
tion is very uncertain, and it is difficult td say
how much good it has effected, while it is at all
times a veiy disagreeable therapeutical agent.
Electricity from the machine can only be ad-
ministered during dry weather, and therefore
this implement is not as serviceable as the mag-
neto-electrical machine.
Electricity, voltaic. Galvanism.
Electkizers, Harrington's. Plates of cop-
per, zinc, &c, which, being applied to the
body, and connected by a wire, produce a fee-
ble current .
Electro'de. 1. A surface by which elec-
tricity passes ; a pole. 2. Any substance which
becomes electrical by friction or heat.
Electko'dyna'mics. The phenomena of elec-
tricity in motion, or the action of conductors on
each other when conveying electricity or gal-
vanism.
Electroly'sis. The direct or primary de-
composition of bodies by galvanism.
Electroly'te. A substance capable of be-
ing primarily decomposed by a galvanic cur-
rent.
ELE'OTRO-MA'GNETISM. That portion
of electrical science which investigates the re-
ciprocal relations of electrical or galvanic cur-
rents to magnets. The basis, of this science
rests in the discovery of CErsted, that a con-
ductor placed near a magnetic needle affects it,
producing a movement more or less intense,
and varying in direction according to the posi-
tion of the conductor, or the force of the trav-
ersing current. The most remarkable phenom-
ena of this department of electricity are the
rotatory movements produced by galvanic cur-
rents operating on temporary magnets, and the
surprising power which may be produced in
temporary magnets, by which they can sustain
tons of weight. The temporary magnets are
merely bars of soft iron, either curved or
straight, around which are wound many hun-
dred feet of fine copper wire, covered with silk ;
the ends of this wire being placed in contact
with the poles of a galvanic battery, the soft
iron becomes a powerful temporary magnet.
See Galvanism, and Magneto-electricity.
ELECTHO'METER. An implement to
measure electricity. There are several known
to electricians. Henley's quadrant electrometer
measures the electrical excitement of an object
by the repulsion of a pith ball attached to a
wire. Coulomb's torsion electrometer is an ex
tremely delicate instrument, in which the re-
pulsion of a pith ball is also used as the means
of producing motion ; but the amount of repul-
sion is measured by the twisting of a glass
thread or fibre of cocoon silk. Harris's balance
electrometer consists of a fine balance, from oneV
arm of which a metal hemisphere is suspended
a short distance from a stand, which is exci-
ted by contact. The suspended hemisphere is
thereby attracted, and the force necessary to
separate them is ascertained in grains in the
scale pan.
Electro'metkr, medical. Lane's electro-
meter. This is a useful implement for regula-
ting the force of sparks or shocks taken from
the prime conductor. It consists of a curved
ELE
brass rod, which is attached to the conductor;
this sustains a glass rod sufficiently long to hin-
der the passage of sparks, and is terminated by
a brass knob, through which passes a brass
wire, each end of which is also furnished with
brass knobs. The shocks are taken by the pa-
tient holding one of these knobs in his hand,
while the other is forced near to the conductor.
The violence of the shock is thus regulated by
the distance at which the knob is placed from
the prime conductor ; thus sparks of half an
inch, one inch or two, three or more inches,
may be administered.
Electro'phorus. Volta's electrophorus.
This is a cake of resin, accompanied by a disk
of metal, surmounted by a glass handle. By
exciting the resin with a silk rubber, it contin-
ues active for weeks, and a spark is obtained
whenever the metallic disk is removed, and
touched or applied to a conductor.
Ele'ctropolar. A term used to designate
that condition of a conductor in which one end
or surface is negative and the other positive.
This condition occurs when electricity is in-
duced.
Ele'ctropuncture. See Acupuncture.
Ele'ctroscope. An instrument for the dis-
covery of electrical excitement. It diners from
an electrometer, with which it is usually con-
founded, in not measuring t.l«e degree of excite-
ment. Two pith balls, connected by a dry silk
thread, form a good electroscope. Two ships
of gold leaf, inclosed in a glass case, and con-
nected at one end by a brass rod, with a knob
or plate of brass, constitute the gold-leaf elec-
troscope.
Ele'ctro-stimulation. The prickly sensa-
tion produced by veratria, &c. — Turnbull.
Ele'ctrotint. An engraving formed by the
electrotype from an original painted in thick
colors, so as to produce sufficient inequalities
to hold engravers' ink.
Ele'ctrotype. Casting by the galvanic cur-
rent. Any metallic object being immersed in
a proper solution of a metal, the latter is precip-
itated on the mold by means of a galvanic cur-
rent, so as to produce a perfect fac simile or
impression.
ELE'OTRUM. (urn, i, n. Eleicrpov.) Suc-
cinum. Amber.
Electrum minerale. An old tincture of
metals.
ELECTUA'RIUM. (um,i,n.) An electuary.
The form of medicine now called a confection.
See Confectio.
Electuarium antimonii. Take confectio
senna?, jj. ; guaiaci gummi, hydrargyri cum sul-
phure, antimonii ppt. sing., ?ss. ; syrupi simpli-
cis, q. s. : mix. This electuary was formerly
used in chronic cutaneous diseases, generally
in conjunction with decoction of elm bark or
of sarsaparilla. The dose is one or two drachms
twice a day.
Electuarium cassia. Confectio cassia?.
Electuarium catechu compositum. (Ph.
E.) Electuary of catechu. Take of catechu,
5iv. ; kino, §iij. ; cinnamon, nutmeg, each ?,j. ;
opium, diffused in a sufficient quantity of Span-
ish white wine, 3iss. ; syrup of red roses, boiled
to the consistence of honev, IbijJ. Reduce the
O
E L E
solids to powder, and, having mixed them with
the opium and syrup, make them into an elec
tuary. A useful aromatic astringent. Ten
scruples contain one grain of opium. Dose,
3ss. to 3j.
Electuarium cinchonje cum soda. Jfc. Car
bonate of soda, rij.; powder of cinchona, fj.;
mucilage of gum arabic, q. s. : mix. The dose
is two drachms twice or thrice a day.
Electuarium lenitivum. Confectio sennae.
Electuarium opiatum. E. Thebiacum. Con-
fectio opii.
Electuarium scammonh. Confectio scam-
monii.
Eleli'sphacos. A species of sage.
E'LEMENT. ( Elementum, i, n. ) A sub-
stance which can no further be divided or de-
composed by chemical analysis. See Equiva-
lent.
E'lemi. A fragrant resin. See Amy r is eh-
mifera.
Eleochry'sum. Gnaphalium stcechas.
E L E O P T E ' N E . The fluid portion of es-
sential oils which have been partly solidified
by cold. The solid portion is termed the stea-
ropten, or stearoptene.
Eleoseli'num. Apium graveolens.
Elephantia. Elephantiasmus. See Eh-
ELEPHANTFASIS. (is, is, f. Ele<t>avna-
ate, from e7.E^ac, an elephant.) Elephantiasis
Grwcorum. E. arabum. E. arabica. It is a
disease of warm climates, as Africa, the East
and West Indies, Madeira, and the Isle of
France ; but occasional instances seem to occur
in all climates. It is principally characterized
by the appearance of shining tubercles, of dif-
ferent sizes, of a dusky red or livid color, on
the face, ears, and extremities ; together with
a very thickened and rugous state of the skin,
a diminution or total loss of its sensibility, and
a falling off of all the hair, except that of the
scalp. The tubercles finally ulcerate, tlio skin
becomes fissured, and parts suffer from gan-
grene. The disease lasts for years, and death
ultimately supervenes from internal inflamma-
tions. This formidable leprosy of the ancients
is not, however, contagious. It is the Juxam
of the Arabians. See, also, Barbadoes leg, and
Lepra. »
There is a disease of India, called Baras, often
confounded with elephantiasis. This begins
with circumscribed, pale blotches on the skin
of the extremities, which are perfectly insensi-
ble. This state sometimes spreads over the
whole body, the pulse falls to 50 or 60, the ex-
tremities become swelled and stiffen, bowels
costive, mind dull, and little pain. Ulcers oc-
cur, which gradually, year by year, dismember
the fingers and toes. During this the health is
not much affected, except that the faculties are
benumbed. The patient often dies in old age
of some other disease.
It is said that the disease is cured in its first
stage by the Asclepias gigantea, especially in
combination with alterative doses of mercury
and antimony, and with topical stimulants.
Elephantiasis Italica. See Pelagra.
E'LEPHAS. 1. The elephant. 2. Elephan-
tiasis. 3. Aqua fortis. 4. Ivory.
241
ELI
ELETTA'RIA. (a, <c,f.) A genus of plants,
to which is referred the lesser cardamom plant,
Elettaria cardamomum. See Alpinia carda-
( momum.
Eleutheria. Eleutcria. Cascarilla bark.
See Croton eleutheria.
Eleva'tio. Elevation; sublimation.
ELEVA'TOR. {or, oris, m. ; from clcvo, to
lift up.) 1. A muscle is so called, the office
of which is to lift up the part to which it is at-
tached. See, also, Levator. 2. A surgical in-
strument, with which to raise any depressed
portion of bone, especially of the cranial bones,
after fractures and depressions. It is merely a
bar or lever of steel, with one end made slight-
ly rough, for the purpose of raising the bone.
Elevator ani. See Levator ani.
Elevator labii inferioris proprius. See
Levator labii inferioris.
Elevator labii superioris proprius. See
Levator labii superioris alatque nasi.
Elevator labiorum. See Levator anguli
oris.
Elevator nasi alarum. See Levator labii
superioris almque nasi.
Elevator oculi. See Rectus superioris.
Elevator palpebr.s: superioris. See Le-
vator palpebral superioris.
Elevator scapula. See Levator scapula.
Elevator testiculi. The cremaster mus-
cle.
Elevator urethra. The transversus peri-
nau muscle.
Elevato'rium. The elevator.
Eli'banum. The same as olibanum.
Elichry'sum. Gnaphalium stoechas.
Eli'drion. Elidrium. 1. Gum mastich. 2.
The rhaponticum. 3. Mercury. 4. An alloy
of silver, gold, and brass.
Eli'gma. A linctus. See Eclegma.
Elioseli'num. See Eleoselinum.
ELIQUA'TION. 1. An operation by means
of which a more fusible substance is separated
from another which is less fusible. It consists
in the application of a degree of heat sufficient
to fuse the former, but not the latter. 2. Col-
liquation.
Elithroid. See Elytroid.
Elixa'tion. Seething, or boiling.
ELI'XIR. {Elixir, n. ind. ; from the Arabic
elekser, quintessence.) A term formerly ap-
plied to many preparations, and chiefly to
compound tinctures.
Elixir acidum Halleiu. A mixture of sul-
phuric acid and alcohol, used as a styptic in
hemorrhages.
Elixir aloes. Tinctura aloes et myrrh*.
Elixir antiasthmaticum Boerhaavii. Bo-
erhaave's antiasthmatic elixir. This is com-
posed of alcohol, aniseed, and the roots of orris,
asarabacca, sweet flag, liquorice, and elecam-
pane. The dose is twenty or thirty drops.
' Elixir paregoricum. Paregoric elixir. The
tinctura camphora? composita, and tinctura opii
ammoniata.
Elixir proprietatis. Elixir of nature. An
old preparation nearly corresponding with the
compound tincture of aloes now in use.
Elixir proprietatis cum acldo. The elixir
proprietatis, acidulated with sulphuric acid.
242
EMA
Elixir proprietatis tartarizatum. The
elixir proprietatis, with the addition of salt of
tartar.
Elixir sacrum. A tincture made principal-
ly of rhubarb and aloes. Tinctura rhei et aloes.
Elixir salutis. E. of health. Tinctura
senna; composita.
Elixir stomachicum. The compound tino-
ture of gentian. Tinctura gentianai composita.
Elixir vit.e mathioli. This was composed
of a great number of aromatic and stimulant
substances, digested in alcohol.
Elixir vitrioli. E. of vitriol. Acidum
sulphuricum aromaticum.
Elixivia'tio. Lixiviation.
Elk. Cervus alcis.
Ella'gic acid. Acidum cllagicum. An in-
soluble acid existing in old nut-galls which
have been changed by exposure to air ; it is a
moist powder. Form., C17II2O4.
Elleborum. See Helleborus.
Elli'psoid. A solid of such a figure that ev
ery section is an ellipse.
Elli'ptic. Ellipticus. Of an elliptical
shape.
Elm. See Ulmus.
Elm-leaved sumach. See Rhus coriaria.
Elo'des. Marshy; also, the sudor anglicus.
ELONGATION. (From clongo, to lengthen
out.) 1. An impdWect luxation, where the lig-
aments are only lengthened, and the bone not
put out of its socket. 2. The extension of a
limb for the purpose of reducing a dislocation
or fracture.
ELUTRIA'TION. {Elulrialio; from clutrio.
to cleanse.) The pouring a liquor out of one
vessel into another, in order to separate tha
clear fluid from the sediment. Decantation.
ELU'VIES. {es, ei, f. ; from cluo, to wash
out.) A swamp or quagmire. Some writers
give this name to the discharge of a fluid, and
especially to fluor albus.
Eluxa'tion. The same as luxation.
Elymagro'stis. Panicum.
E'LYMUS. A genus of grasses.
ELYTRI'TIS. Elytroitis. Inflammation of
the vagina.
ELYTROCE'LE. A hernia in the vagina.
E L y ' t r o i d. Elytroides. Like a sheath.
The tunica vaginalis is so called by some wri-
ters, because it includes the testis like a sheath.
This epithet is also given to a pessaiy invented
by M. Jules Cloquet.
Elytro'ncus. Elylrophyma. A swelling or
tumor of the vagina.
ELY'TRUM. {Elytron, a sheath; from elvu,
to involve.) 1. The membranes involving the
spinal cord are called eXvrpa by Hippocrates.
2. The wing sheaths of an insect. 3. The fe-
male vagina.
ELYTROFTO'SIS. ( From elvrpov, and
•KTumc, a falling down.) A name given by
Callisen to inversion of the vagina. Also, pro-
lapsus of the vagina.
ELYTRO'RRHAPHY. (From elvrpov, and
pa<j>n, a suture.) . The operation of restoring
the vagina by suture in cases of fissure, or of
closing it in procidentia uteri.
Emacia'tio.v. Leanness. See Atrophy, and
Marasmus.
EMB
EMA'NSIO MENSIUM. Retention of the
menses. See Amenorrhaa, and Chlorosis.
Ema'rginate. Emarginatus. Nicked: that
is, having a small, acute notch at the summit.
Ema'sculate. Emasculatus. Applied to a
male deprived of the generative power.
EMASCULA'TION. The act of destroying
the generative power in the male by lesion or
removal of the organs on which it depends.
Embalming. The preservation of the dead
body. The most common means employed by
the Egyptians was by saturating every part
with asphaltum.
Emba'mma. The Greek name of. any liquid
condiment in which the food was dipped.
EMBOTTEMENT. A French word, used to
designate that hypothesis of generation which
regards the embryos of successive periods as
incased within one another.
E'mbole. The setting of a dislocated bone.
Embo'npoint. (From the French.) In good
condition ; rather stout, but not corpulent.
Embo'risma. An aneurism.
Embre'gma. An embrocation.
EMBROCA'TIO. (o, onia, f. ; from qufipe^w,
to moisten or soak in.) An embrocation; a
fluid application to nib any part of the body
with. The following embrocations are useful :
Embuocatio aluminis. Take of alum, uj. 5
vinegar and proof spirit, of each, Ibss. For
chilblains and diseased joints.
Embrocatio ammonia. R. Embrocationis
ammonia? acetatis, §ij.; aqua) ammonia?, 31J.
For sprains and bruises.
Embrocatio ammonia acetatis. R. Li-
quoris ammonia) acetata), solutionis saponis,
sing., fj. M. For bruises with inflammation.
Embrocatio ammonia acetatis camphor-
ata. R - . Solutionis saponis cum camphora, liq.
ammonia) acetata), sing., 5J. ; aqua) ammonia)
puroe, fss. For sprains and braises. It is also
frequently applied to disperse chilblains which
have not suppurated. It is said to be the same
as Steer's opodeldoc.
Embrocatio cantharidis cum camphora.
R. Tinct. cantharidis, spiritus camphora), sing.,
5j. M. This may be used in any case in which
the object is to stimulate the skin. The ab-
sorption of cantharides, however, may bring on
a strangury.
Embroca'tion. Embrocatio.
E'mbroche. An embrocation.
E'MBRYO. EMBRTON. (From Efidpvu, to
bud forth.) 1. The foetus in utero is so called
before the fifth month of pregnancy. 2. The
germ of a plant ; the corculum of Linnaeus.
Embryo'ctony. Synonymous with embry-
otomy.
Embryo'graphy. The anatomical descrip-
tion of the foetus.
Embryon. See Embryo.
Embryothla'stes. Embryothlasta. Em-
bryorectes. An instrument for breaking the
bones of a dead foetus to promote its delivery.
EMBRYO'TOMY. {Embryotomy, <e, f. ;
from efi6pvov, and reftvu, to cut.) The dis-
memberment of the foetus while in ntcro, to ex-
tract it.
EMBRYU'LCIA. (a, «, f. ; from e/i6pvov, the
foetus, and e2,ku, to draw.) 1. The obstetric
EMI
art. 2. The extraction of the dead foetus, in
particular, has been so called ; and many use the
term synonymously with embryotomy.
EMBRYU'LCUS. (From s^pvov, a foetus,
and e2.au, to draw.) The blunt hook or for-
ceps for drawing the child from the womb.
Emendent. Emcndans. Corrigent.
Eme'rsus. Emersed; raised above the wa-
ter.
Emerus. Colutca arborcscens.
EME'SIA. (a, a, f. ; eueaia ; from e/ieu, to
vomit.) Ernes ma. Ernest's. The act of vom-
iting.
Emesis. Efieotc. Vomiting.
Eme'ta. Emetia. Pure EmMine, which sec
E ME 'TIC. (Emeticus, e/j.etikoc.) 1. Pos-
sessed of the power of exciting vomiting. 2.
A medicine which has the power of exciting
vomiting. Emetics are used to remove injun-
ous matters from the stomach, assist expectora-
tion, break down fevers by producing a shock
on the nervous system, produce relaxation and
absorption by causing nausea, and to reduce
the pulse and the heart's action. They are dan-
gerous where there is determination of the blood
to the head, especially in plethoric habits ; in
visceral inflammation, or where there is a prob-
ability of its occurrence ; in the advanced stage
of pregnancy ; in hernia, and prolapsus uteri.
The frequent use of emetics weakens the tone
of the stomach. An emetic should always be
administered in the fluid fonn. Its operation
may be promoted by drinking any tepid dilu-
ent, or light bitter infusion. The chief emetics
are ipecacuanha, squill, chamomile, mustard,
asarum europaeum, tobacco, tartar emetic, the
sulphates of zinc, copper, and iron, and the sub
acetate of copper, common salt.
Ejietic tartar. See Antimoninm tarlariza-
turn.
Emetic weed. Lobelia inflata.
EMETIN. Emctina. Emetine. The active
principle of ipecacuanha, which contains as
much as 16 per cent. It forms transparent
brownish-red scales, without smell, and is of a
bitter, acrid taste, and soluble in water and al-
cohol. A grain acts as a powerful emetic, fol- •
lowed by sleep ; six grains cause violent vom-
iting, and produce stupor and death, the lungs
and intestines being found inflamed. It is sel-
dom used. When prepared with great care
(Emelia), it is a white powder, and alkaline;
doses so small as the one tenth of a grain are
emetic.
Emetocatha'rtic Emelico-catharticus. Op-
erating both by vomit and stool.
Eminence. Emincntia. A projection or pro
tuberance.
Eminentia annularis. The pons varolii.
Eminentia candicantes. The corpora at
bicantia of the brain.
Eminentia lenticulares. The corpora stri-
ata.
Eminentia magna cerebri. The lhalami
opticorum.
Eminentia yuADiUGEMiNA. See Tubercula
quadrigemina.
Emissaria dura matris. The processes of
the dura mater, which accompany the cerebr
nerves through the foramina of the cranium
243
8 OI
Ira!
EMP
EMP
"*
EMISSA'RIUM. (um,i,n.) A canal through
which any fluid passes out.
EMI'SSION. Emissio. The act of throwing
off any matter or fluid from the body.
Emissoria saxtorini. Vena: emissoria: san-
loritii. The different small veins which pass
through the foramina of the cranium, forming
communications between the external veins ot
the head and the sinuses of the dura mater; as
those which pass through the foramina pari-
etalia and foramina mastoidea.
Emissoria ven.e santorini. Emissory veins
of Santorin. See Emissoria Santorini.
EMISSO'R^S. Emissory. Applied to that
which conducts any fluid out of the body, es-
pecially to certain veins.
EMME'NAGOGUE. Emmeniagoga. (Em-
menagogus; from e/xpnvia, the menses, and ayu,
to move.) Whatever medicines possess the
power of promoting the catamenia. They are
supposed to act indirectly. These may be, 1.
Stimulating, as mercurial and antimonial prep-
arations, which are principally adapted for the
young, and those with peculiar insensibility of
the uterus.
2. Irritating, as aloes, savinc, ergot, and
Spanish flics ; these are to be preferred in .tor-
pid and chlorotic habits.
3. Tonic, as ferruginous preparations, cold
bath, and exercise, which are advantageously
selected for the lax and phlegmatic.
4. Antispasmodic, as assafatida, castor, small
doses of ipecacuanha, acetate of ammonia, and
heavy essential oils, as pennyroyal, rosemary,
tansy; and pedilnvia : the constitutions to which
these are more especially suited are the deli-
cate, the weak, and the irritable.
Emme'nia. The menses.
Emmeniagoga. Emmenagogue.
Emmenolo'gia. A treatise on menstruation.
E'mmotos. Any medicament spread on lint.
EMO'LLIENTS. Emollentia. (Emolliens;
from cmollio, to soften.) Medicines possessing
the power of relaxing. The principal emol-
lients are tcarm water and tepid vapors, althaa,
malva, mucilages, bland oils, fat, and pedilnvia.
Emollitio vkntriculi. Gastromalacia.
E'MOTION. Mental affection ; but cmotio is
also used for delirium.
Empas'ma. A powder sprinkled upon the
body to restrain sweat. Compare Catapasma.
EMPATHE'MA. (a,atis,u. Epnadrjc ; from
iza6pi)a, passio, affcclio.) Ungovernable pas-
sion. A genus of disease in Good's Nosology.
Empei'ria. Empirical medicine, or that
founded on experience alone.
EMPHLYSIS. (is, is, f. ; from ev, iu, and
<j>Xvot(, a vesicular tumor or eruption.) A ve-
sicular tumor or eruption with ichorous dis-
charge, as in aphtha, erysipelas, pemphigus.
EMPHRA'CTIC. (Emphraticus ; from ep-
'Qparru, to obstruct.) A medicine which, ap-
plied to the skin, shuts up the pores.
Emphra'ctica. Physconia.
EMPHRA'GMA. (From epfparru, to ob-
struct.) That which obstructs. A generic
"term; as, Emphragma lachrymale. Fistula
tlachrymalis. — E. salivarc. Ranula.
Emphr'axis. An obstruction in any cavity
r canal.
244
EMPHY'MA. A tumor originating below
the integuments, and unaccompanied with in-
flammation, at least in its commencement, such
as fleshy, bony, and other morbid growths.
Used as a generic term by Dr. Good ; including
sarcoma, exostosis, atheroma, &c.
EMPHYSE'MA. (a, atis, n.; from eptyvoau,
to inflate.) A swelling produced by air or gas.
See Pneumatosis.
Emphys'ema abdominis. Tympanites.
Emphysema of the lungs. E. pulmonum.
The penetration of air into the intercellular
structure of the lungs {interlobular emphysema) ,
or a dilation of the cellules {vesicular emphys-
ema). It is attended with a great increase of
clearness in percussion. The expiration is la-
borious or wheezing. See Pneumatosis.
Emphysema pectoris. Pneumothorax.
Emphysema uteri. E. of the womb. Phy-
sometra.
E'mphyton the'rmon. (Ep<j>vrov ■&eppov.
Caliduminnatum. Innate heat.) Animal heat.
EMFI'RIC. (Empiricus. ~EpiztipiK.oc; from
ev, in, and ncipa, experience.) Formerly one
who practiced the healing art upon experience,
and not theory. The term is now applied to
those who deviate from the line of conduct
pursued by regular practitioners, and vend nos-
trums, or advertise.
Empi'ricism. The practice of empirics.
Empla'sticus. Emplastic. Applied to med-
icines which, when spread upon the skin, stop
the pores.
EMPLA'STRUM. (um, i, n. ; from tpnlaa-
(7w, to spread upon.) A plaster. Plasters are
composed of unctuous substances, united either
to powders or metallic oxides, &c. They are
usually kept in rolls wrapped in paper, and
spread, when wanted for use, upon thin leath-
er ; if the plaster be not of itself sufficiently ad-
hesive, it is to be surrounded at its margin by a
boundary of resin plaster.
Emplastrum adhje'rens. Emplastrum sa-
ponis compositum.
Emplastrum adhje'sivum anglicum. Court
plaster. It is made by brushing, first, a solution
of isinglass, and then a spirituous solution of
benzoin, over black sarcenet or silk. An ad-
mirable sticking plaster, and which, when
spread on white or pale-colored silk, allows the
surgeon to see the progress of wounds, cuts, &c.
Emplastrum adhesivum. See Emplqgtrum
resinw.
Emplastrum alexandrium. An old plaster,
made of wax, alum, &c.
Emplastrum ammoniaci. (U. S.) Take of
purified ammoniacum, gv. ; vinegar, Oss. Dis-
solve the ammoniacum in the acid, then evapo
rate the liquor with a slow fire, constantly stir-
ring it, until it acquires a proper consistence.
This is stimulant and discutient.
Emplastrum ammoniaci cum hydrargyro.
(Ph. L.) Take of ammoniacum, By. ; mercury,
fiij.; olive oil, f. sj. ; sulphur, gr. viij. Add
the sulphur gradually to the heated oil, stirring
constantly with a spatula till they unite ; then
rub the mercury with them till the globules
disappear ; lastly, add by degrees the amnioni
acum, previously melted, and mix the whole
together. This plaster is discutient, and is ap
EMP
plied to nodes, indurated glands, and indolent
tumors.
Emplastrum aroma'ticum. (Ph.D.) Aro-
matic plaster. Take of the concrete sap of pi-
nus abies (frankincense), fiij. ; yellow wax,
5ss.; cinnamon powder, 3yj.; oil of pimento,
oil of lemons, each 3ij. Melt the wax and res-
in, and rub the oils and cinnamon together.
Mix them when the melted mass is becoming
cool, and stir. It does not keep well, but is a
good local stimulant in flatulent colics, nausea,
and dyspepsia.
Emplastrum antihystericum. See Em-
plastrum assafeelida:.
Emplastrum assafcetidje. (U.S.) Plaster
of assafoetida. Take of lead plaster, assafoetida,
each fly.; galbanum, yellow wax, each Ibss.;
dilute alcohol, Oiij. Dissolve the gum-resins in
the alcohol, then strain while hot, evaporate to
the consistence of honey, and mix with the
melted wax and plaster. Anodyne and anti-
spasmodic. It is occasionally directed to be
applied to the umbilical region in hysterical
cases and in flatulence.
Emplastrum attrahens. See Emplastrum
feres.
Emplastrum bellado'nn.e. (U. S.) Plas-
ter of belladonna. Take of extract of bella-
donna, ^iss. ; resin plaster, jiij. Melt the plas-
ter, and mix with the extract. An anodyne in
neuralgic and rheumatic pains.
Emplastrum calefa'ciens. (Ph.D.) Em-
plastrum picis cum cantharide. (U. S.)
Emplastrum cantharidis. (Ph. L.) Blis-
tering-fly plaster. Take of blistering flies, in
very fine powder, flbj. ; wax plaster, Ibiss. ; lard,
Ibss. Having melted the plaster and lard to-
gether, and removed them from the fire, a little
before they become solid sprinkle in the blis-
tering flies, and mix the whole together. The
Ccratum cantharidis has taken the place of this
in tfll United States.
Emplastrum cantharidis vesicatorije com-
positum. (Ph. E.) Compound plaster of Spanish
flies. Take of Venice turpentine, 18 pts. ; Bur-
gundy pitch, Spanish flies, of each 12 pts. ; yel-
low wax, 4 pts. ; subacetate of copper, 2 pts. ;
white mustard seed and black pepper, of each
1 part. Melt the pitch and wax, add the tur-
pentine, and, as the mixture cools, stir in the
other ingredients in fine powder. More active
than blistering ointment, but dangerous, from
the sores it sometimes produces.
Emplastrum cer.k. (Ph. L.) Wax plaster.
Take of yellow wax, prepared suet, of each
Jbiij.; yellow resin, fly. Melt them together,
and strain.
Emplastrum cicut;e. E. conii. A French
preparation of pitch plaster, with hemlock
powder.
Emplastrum commune. See Emplastrum
plumbi.
Emplastrum cumini. (Ph. L.) Cumin plas-
ter. Take of cumin seeds, caraway seeds, bay-
berries, of each fiij. ; dried pitch, ftiij. ; yellow
wax, ^iij. Melt the dried pitch and wax togeth-
er, add the remaining articles, previously pow-
dered, and mix. A warm stomachic plaster,
and suppurative.
Emplastrum diachylon. Empl. plumbi.
EMP
Emplastrum elephantinum. A plaster com-
posed of cerusse, wax, oil, and water. — Celsus.
Emplastrum epispasticum. Emplastrum
cantharidis.
Emplastrum ferri. (U. S.) E. oxidi fer-
ri rubri. (Ph. E.) Iron plaster. Strengthen-
ing plaster. Take of red oxide of iron, fiij. ;
lead plaster, Ibi). ; Burgundy pitch, Ibss. Melt
the plaster and pitch, and stir in the iron, in
powder, as it cools. A mechanical support,
and slightly stimulant.
Emplastrum galba'ni comp'ositum. (Ph. L.
& U. S.) Compound galbanum plaster. Take
of galbanum, §vii).; lead plaster, Ibiij.; com-
mon turpentine, jx. ; Burgundy pitch, ^iij.
This plaster is a warm digestive and suppura-
tive, calculated to promote maturation of indo-
lent or scirrhous tumors, and to allay the pains
of sciatica, arthrodynia, &c.
Emplastrum galbani. (Ph. D.) Galbanum
plaster. Take of lead plaster, flbij. ; yellow
wax, jiv. ; galbanum, Ibss. Melt the galba-
num, and then add it to the other ingredients,
melted together ; then melt again, and strain.
Stimulant and discutiont, but less active than
the next.
Emplastrum gummo'sum. (Ph. E.) E. cum
gummatibus. E. e gummis rcsinosis. Gum
plaster. Take of lead plaster, 8 pts. ; gum am-
mouiacnm, galbanum, and yellow wax, of each
1 part. To the melted wax and plaster add
the gum-resins, previously melted. Very sim-
ilar to the compound galbanum plaster, and to
the French E. cum gummi rcsinis.
Emplastrum hydra'rgyri. (U. S.) Mer-
curial plaster. Take of mercury, 5VJ. ; olive
oil, resin, of each 51).; lead plaster, lb). Mix
the resin and oil, and when cool, rub the mer-
cury with them until the globules disappear;
lastly, add, by degrees, the lead plaster, melted
by a slow fire, and mix the whole. Used to
resolve buboes, &c., and as a discutient.
Emplastrum hydrargyri compositum. (Ph.
P.) A mercury plaster, with resins : of a very
complex form.
Emplastrum ladani compositum. Take of
soft labdanum, 5uj.; of frankincense, 5J. ; cin-
namon and expressed oil of mace, each fsa. ;
essential oil of mint, 3J. This has been super-
seded by the E. cumivi.
Emplastrum lithargyri. Emplastrum
plumbi. — E. I. compositum. Emplastrum gal-
bani compositum. — E. I. cum hydrargyro. Em-
plastrum hydrargyri. — E. I. cum rcsina. Em-
plastrum resina. — E. lyttir. See Emplastrum
cantharidis.
Emplastrum melo'es vesicatorii. Emplas-
trum cantharidis.
Emplastrum norimberge'nse. (Ph.P.) An
ointment of red lead, wax, oil, and a little cam-
phor.
Emplastrum opii. (U.S.) Plaster of opium.
Take of opium, powdered, fij. ; Burgundy
pitch, |iij.; lead plaster, Ibj.; water, f. fiv-
Having melted the plaster, add \he resin,
opium, and water, and boil down the whole
with a slow fire to a proper consistence. An
anodyne of little value.
Emplastrum oxmi ff.rri rubri. Emplas-
trum ferri.
245
EMP
EMPLASTRUM OXIDI PLUMBI SEMIVITREUM.
Emplastrum plumbi.
Emplastrum picis. Emplastrum picis com-
positum. (Ph. L.) Compound pitch plaster.
Take of Burgundy pitch, ibij. ; resin of 6pruce
fir, ibj. ; yellow resin, yellow wax, of each jiv. ;
expressed oil of nutmegs, fj ; olive oil, water,
of each f. fij. Having melted together the
pitch, resin, and wax, add first the resin of the
spruce fir (or diy white turpentine), then the oil
of nutmegs, the olive oil, and the water ; lastly,
mix the whole together, and boil down to a
proper consistence. It is slightly rubefacient,
and much used in coughs and rheumatic pains.
Emplastrum picis burgundicje. See Em-
plastrum picis.
Emplastrum picis cum cantharide. (U.
S.) Plaster of pitch, with Spanish flies. Warm-
ing plaster. Take of Burgundy pitch, Ibiijss. ;
cerate of cantharides, Ibss. Melt by a warm
bath. A rubefacient, more active than pitch
plaster, and useful in inflammations of the vis-
cera.
Emplastrum PLUMBI. E. oxidi plumbi. (U.
S. & Ph. L.) Lead plaster. Take of semivitri-
fied oxide of lead, in fine powder, lbv. ; olive
oil, Cj. ; water, Oy. Boil slowly. A little boil-
ing water is to be added toward the end of the
process if required. Excoriations of the skin,
slight burns, and the like, may be covered with
this plaster; but it is in more general use as a
defensive, and to make other plasters.
Emplastrum plumbi carbonatls. (U. S.)
Plaster of carbonate of lead. Take of carbo-
nate of lead, Ibj. ; olive oil, Oij. ; yellow wax,
fiv. ; lead plaster, Bliss, ; orris root, powdered,
fix. Boil together the oil and carbonate of
lead, with a little water; then add the wax
and plaster, and when these are incorporated,
mix in the powder as they cool. An applica-
tion to excoriated surfaces.
Emplastrum polychrk'stum. Emplastrum
resinae.
Emplastrum resinje. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
Resin plaster. E. rcsinosum. Adhesive plas-
ter. Take of yellow resin, Ibss. ; lead plaster,
Ibiij. Having melted the lead plaster, add the
ream in powder, and mix. This adhesive plas-
ter is chiefly used for keeping on other dress-
ings, and for retaining the edges of recent
wounds together.
Emplastrum roborans. Sec Emplastrum
ferri. (U. S.)
Emplastrum sapoxis. E. saponaceum. (U.
S., Th. L. et D.) Soap plaster. Take of hard
soap, sliced, Ibss. ; lead plaster, Ibiij. Having
melted the plaster, mix in the soap ; then boil
It down to a proper consistence. A mild dis-
cutient, and used as a defensive.
Emplastrum sapon-is compositum. (Ph. D.)
Adhesive or sticking plaster. Take of soap
plaster, §ij.; resin plaster, ^iij. Make a plas-
ter to be spread on linen.
Emplastrum simplex. Emplastrum cera?.
Emplastrum thuris compositum. Com-
pound frankincense plaster. Take of frankin-
cense, Ibss. ; dragon's blood, 5 iij. ; litharge
plaster, Ibij. To the melted lead plaster add
the rest, powdered. Adhesive; sustaining.
Emplastrum vesicato'rium. Emplastrum
246
EMP
cantharidis; but, in the United States, super-
seded by the Ceratum cantharidis.
Emplastrum viride. E. alexandrinum.
Emplatto'mena. The same as emplastica-
EMPNEUMATO'SIS. (From ev, in, and
nveu, to blow.) 1. An inflation of the stom-
ach and abdomen. — Galen. 2. The term has
also been used synonymously with emphysema.
3. Inspiration.
Empo'rium. A mart. The name formerly
given to an imaginary reservoir in the brain in
which the animal spirits were collected.
EMPRE'SMA. (From ev, in, and irpndu, to
influence.) Mason Good uses this as the ge-
neric name for visceral inflammation. Hence,
E. phrenitis. Encephalitis. — E. paristhmitis.
Cynanche, &c. See the species.
E'mprion. Serrated. Applied by Galen to
a particular kind of irregular pulse.
EMPROSTHO'TONOS. (os, i, m. ; from
e/nrpoo6ev, before, or forward, and reivu, to
draw.) That form of tetanus in which the
body is bent forward. See Tetanus.
Empte. Empyema.
Empto'k. Emptoica passio. Hcemoptysis.
Empto'sis. Imbibition. Endosmosis.
E'MPTYSIS. (is, is, f. ; from e/inrvu, to spit
out.) A discharge of blood from the mouth.
EMPYE'MA. *"(«, atis, n. ; from ev, within,
and irvov, pus.) A collection of pus in the cav-
ity of the thorax. It is one of the terminations
of pleuritifl. There is reason for believing that
matter is contained in the cavity of the chest,
when, after a pleurisy, the patient has a diffi-
culty of breathing, particularly when lying on
the side opposite the affected one; and when
an ocdematous swelling is externally percepti-
ble. Empyema is generally fatal, but is occa-
sionally cured by the operation of making a
valvular opening into the chest at the most
painful or tender part, or between the sixtli
and seventh ribs. *
Empyema is also used as a generic term.
Thus we read of empyema of blood, pus, air, se-
rous fluid. Purulent empyema is the abscess
of the pleura, commonly called empyema.
EMPYE'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from e/invou, or
Efx^veu, suppttro.) 1. Suppuration. 2. A ge-
nus of disease characterized by phlegmonous
pimples, which gradually fill with a purulent
fluid, as small-pox. — Good.
Empyesis oculi. Hypopion.
Empyesis pectoris. Empyema.
EMPYOCE'LE. (From ev, in, ttvov, pus,
and KTjT.?/, a tumor.) A collection of pus with-
in the scrotum has been so called.
EMPYO'MPHALUS. (From ev, in, nvov,
pus, and o/i(f>a?.oc, the navel. ) An abscess under
the navel. Umbilical hernia, the sac of which
contains pus or blood.
Emp'yos. Purulent.
Empyreal air. Oxygen gas.
EMPYREU'MA. (a, atis, 11. ; from i/mtv-
pevu, to kindle.) A peculiar and offensive
smell that distilled waters and other substances
receive from being exposed to heat in closed
vessels, or when burned under circumstances
which prevent the accession of air to a consid-
erable part of the mass. It is due to volatile
and tarry oils.
E N A
E M P Y R E U M A ' T I C Empyreumaticus.
Smelling as it were burned.
Empyreumatic oils. Those derived from
the destructive distillation of bone and animal
matters are powerfully antispasmodic.
EMU'LGENT. (Emulgcns ; from emulgeo,
to milk out : applied to the artery and vein
which go from the aorta and vena cava to the
kidneys. The vessels of the kidneys are so
termed. The emulgent artery is a branch of
the aorta. The emulgent vein evacuates its
blood into the ascending cava.
EMU'LSIN. A modification of albumen ex-
isting in some oily seeds, as the almond and
mustard. Such seeds form a milky emulsion
when rubbed with water. The mixture, on
standing, sepai'ates, the oil rising like cream,
and the fluid becoming coagulated by acetic
acid, or by boiling. It soon passes into an in-
cipient state of decay, in which it decomposes
the amygdaline of almonds, and the myronic
acid of black mustard.
EMU'LSIO. (io, onis, f.) An emulsion.
Emulsio acaci.e. See Mistura acacia.
Emulsio amygdal.e. See Mistura amygda-
la.
Emulsio camphora'ta. Take of camphor,
3j.; sweet almonds, blanched, refined sugar,
a. fss. ; water, Oiss. This is to be made in the
same manner as the common emulsion.
EMU'LSION. (Emulsio, onis, f.) A mix-
ture. See Mistura. A soft and somewhat oily
medicine resembling milk. An imperfect com-
bination of oil and water, by the intervention
of some other substance capable of combining
with both these substances, as the yolk of egg,
gum, sugar. An emulsion of castor oil, turpen-
tine, or of gum-resins, is readily made, by rub-
bing with gum and yolk of egg.
Emulsion, almond. Mistura amygdala.
Emulsion of gum Arabic. Mistura acacia;.
E>iulsion of ASSAFffiTiDA. Emulsio antihys-
terica. Mistura assafoetida.
Emulsion, camphorated. Emulsio campho- J
rata.
Emulsion of gum ammoniac Mistura am-
moniaci.
Emu'lsive. Yielding oil by expression, as
many seeds.
EMU'NCTORY. (Emnnctorium, ii, n. ; from
cmungo, to drain off.) The excretory ducts of
the body, and the cavities containing fluids to
be excreted, are so called.
Emu'ndans. Applied to a liquid medicament
which deterges a wound or ulcer, and, at the
same time, washes away the sordes. — Blan-
card.
EMY'DO-SAU'RIA. The name of an order
of the class Reptilia, including the crocodiles
and alligators.
Enji'mos. So Hippocrates and Galen call
any topical medicine which is applied to a
wound to stop bleeding.
En.bore'ma. A deposit floating in the urine.
Enamel. An artificial product, made by
fusing oxide of tin with glass or fine sand.
ENANTHE'SIS. Enanthema. (From ev,
in, and avdeu, floreo : efflorescence from with-
in.) Rash exanthem. A rash: in .opposition
to exanthesis, an eruption on the skin, not con-
ENC
nected with internal affection ; as scarlet fever,
measles, urticaria.
Enante'sis. The near approach of ascend-
ing and descending vessels.
Enanthiopathic Palliative.
ENARTHRO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from ev, in,
and apdpov, a joint. ) The ball and socket joint.
A species of cliarthrosis, or movable connection
of bones, in which the round head of one is re-
ceived into a cavity of another, in such a man-
ner as to admit of motion in every direction ;
as the head of the os femoris with the acetabu-
lum of the os innominatnm.
ENCAN'THIS. (is, is, f. ; from ev, and K av-
doc, the angle of the eye.) A disease of the
caruncula lachrymalis, of which there are two
species : Encanthis benigna, and Encanlhis ma- ■
ligna sen invetcrata. The encanthis is a soft,
red, and sometimes rather livid excrescence,
which grows from the caruncula lachrymalis,
and, at the same time, from the neighboring
semilunar fold of the conjunctiva.
The encanthis keeps up a chronic ophthalmy,
impedes the action of the eyelids, and prevents,
in particular, the complete closure of the eye.
Besides, partly by compressing and partly by
displacing the orifices of the puncta lachryma-
lia, it obstructs the free passage of the tears into
the nose. The inveterate encanthis is ordinari-
ly of a, very considerable magnitude ; its roots
extend beyond the caruncula lachrymalis and
semilunar fold of the membranous lining of one
or both eyelids. Sometimes the disease as-
sumes a cancerous malignancy. This character
is evinced by the dull red, and, as it were,
leaden color of the excrescence ; by its exceed-
ing hardness, and the lancinating pains which
occur in it, and extend to the forehead. It is
also shown by the propensity of the excres-
cence to bleed, by the partial ulcerations on its
surface, which emit a fungous substance, and a
thin and exceedingly acrid discharge.
Encatale'psis. Catalepsy.
Encathi'sma. A semicupium, or bath for
half the body.
ENCAU'MA. (a, alls, n. ; from ev, in, and
natu, to burn. ) The mark left by a burn, or a
vesicle raised by a burn.
Encau'sis. A burn. Ambustion.
E'nceinte. (From the French.) Pregnant.
Enckphalalgia. Headache.
Encephalalgia hydiiopica. Hydrocepha-
lus.
ENCEPHALA'TA. The great sub-kingdom
of vertebrate animals, in which the brain is
protected by a bony case ; as fishes, reptiles,
birds, mammals.
Encepha'i.ic. Relating to the head or en-
cephalon.
ENCEPH ALI'TIS. Inflammation of the
brain. There are three cases of inflammation
within the head, viz., meningitis, or inflamma-
tion of the membranes ; ccrebritis, or inflamma-
tion of the substance of the brain ; and ence-
phalitis, the last term being used to signify the
case in which the membranes and substance of
the brain are both implicated.
1. Meningitis. — The symptoms of acute me-
ningitis are sharp pains in the head, with great
intolerance of light and sound ; restlessness and
247
EN C.
violent delirium ; a quick and hard pulse ;
thirst; a hot skin; flushed countenance, and
injected conjunctiva ; spasmodic twitchings of
the muscles, or convulsions, terminating in som-
nolency, coma, and entire loss of muscular
power. Vomiting is very frequent ; and a pe-
culiar, sharp, quick ciy, indicative of sudden
and violent pain, is also veiy characteristic. It
is frequent in children, and often confounded
with acute hydrocephalus. Inflammation of
the dura mater is not common, except as the'
result of mechanical injury of the head ; and
the best illustrations of it are to be found in
surgical writings. It terminates, if not check-
ed, in separation of the membrane from the
bone, effusion of pus between them, and slough-
ing of the membrane itself. Chronic meningi-
tis diners from the acute in the minor intensity
of its symptoms, and the delirium is either ab-
sent or not violent.
The organic changes arising are an injected
state, loss of transparency, thickening, adhe-
sions ; purulent effusion and ulceration are rare.
2. Cerebritis. — Inflammation of the sub-
stance of the brain. This may be general or
partial, acute or chronic. Acute inflammation
is indicated by symptoms very similar to those
of acute meningitis ; the pain in the head is
intense, aud the febrile excitment high : it may
be observed, however, that the attack is gener-
ally less sudden in cerebritis, and is. more fre-
quently preceded by premonitory symptoms,
such as pain and sense of fulness in the head,
vertigo, drowsiness, confusion of thought, devi-
ation from ordinary habits, various derange-
ments of sensation, muscular pain and debility,
tendency to spasm, and other symptoms indic-
ative of lesion of the cerebral functions. The
symptoms of general cerebritis also usually ter-
minate in coma, and a collapsed state of the
system, much sooner than those of meningitis.
The patient sometimes dies within twenty-four
or even twelve hours, and seldom survives
longer than a week.
Partial cerebritis may be acute, subacute, or
chronic. The acute form is marked by those
symptoms generally indicative of inflammation
of the substance of the brain, the lesion of par-
ticular functions being more or less remarkable,
according to the part of the organ principally
implicated.
The subacute form, which is the most fre-
quent, presents the general symptoms of the
acute in a minor degree of intensity. It is very
insidious, and often brings about coma or pa-
ralysis before suspected.
In the chronic form, paralysis and loss of the
senses commence the attack.
Acute cerebritis usually produces merely a
florid appearance in the brain.
The subacute form gives rise to abscesses ; sim-
ple softness or Jiaccidity; pulpy disorganization,
or ramolissement ; induration of the substance
of the brain, which has been most frequently
found in maniacs, and those who have died of
typhoid fevers ; hypertrophy and atrophy of the
whole organ, or of particular parts. The chron-
ic form generally occasions simple softening or
induration.
3. Encephalitis. Inflammation of the brain
248
ENC
and its membranes. It usually commences with
rigors, to which succeed a morbid heat, partic-
ularly about the head. Pain, more or less
acute, sometimes is felt extending over the
whole head, but more frequently confined to
some particular region. High inflammatory
fever is soon developed, commonly attended
with parching thirst. The countenance is
flushed, the eyes bloodshot, the pupils contract-
ed, and the brows knit. There is furious de-
lirium, with the most distressing intolerance of
light and sound : in some cases this state of cer-
ebral excitement alternates with one of stupor
The external senses are vaiiously disordered,
giving rise to double vision, spectra, illusory
sounds, imaginary odors, &c, and the faculties
of speech and deglutition are impaired. These
symptoms having continued for three or four
days, the fever assumes a typhoid type; the
tongue is covered with a dark fur; there is
stupor, with low, muttering delirium, and sub-
sultus tendinum. The patient drawls when he
attempts to speak, and often can not articulate
at all; and the mouth is drawn to one side,
or some other paralytic symptoms are present.
Trembling of the muscles, and convulsions,
often occur at all periods of the disease ; con-
vulsions frequently make their appearance for
the first time when coma begins to supersede
the stage of excitement. In the acute form it
is generally fatal within a week. A natural
crisis sometimes takes place, when the inflam-
matory symptoms are at their height, by means
of a copious cpistaxis, or the hemorrhoidal or
menstrual flux. Ihembrrhage, from the bowels
and other parts, sometimes occurs at a more ad-
vanced stage of the disease, after the appear-
ance of typhoid symptoms ; but it is then nev-
er salutary, '-and resembles similar discharges
which take place in cases of low fever. As a
symptomatic or secondary affection, subacute
encephalitis often forms a prominent feature of
continued fever. In the acute, subacute, and
chronic forms, it frequently occurs also in the
course of maniacal affections.
Encephalitis is a highly dangerous disease.
The acute form may often be arrested at the
commencement by judicious practice; but if
the disorder be allowed to gain head, it gener-
ally goes on to a fatal termination. In the sub-
acute and chronic forms, the prognosis is, upon
the whole, unfavorable, because the approach
of the disease is insidious, and it has frequently
made dangerous progress before its presence is
suspected.
In the acute form the treatment is simple.
The patient must be bled as largely as his
strength will admit of; an active purge, fol-
lowed by saline medicines; cold and the douche
are to be applied to the head. The application
of blisters should be deferred till the vascular
actions have been diminished by other means,
and it will then be better to apply them to the
extremities than to the head. Antimonials
should be given to keep the skin moist, and the
antiphlogistic regimen exactly enforced. In
the comatose and sinking state, yery little can
be done ; the object of the judicious practition-
er is to prevent, if possible, the accession of this
state, by subduing the inflammation at first ; it
ENC
is possible, however, that, by bringing the sys-
tem under the influence of mercury, we may
sometimes check an incipient disorganizing
process, or promote the absorption of fluids
that may have been effused. Throughout the
disease, the position of the patient should be
such as least favors the determination of blood
to the head.
The subacute and chronic forms of inflamma-
tion of the brain afford less chance of success.
The repeated abstraction of small quantities of
blood by the lancet, cupping, or leeches, ac-
cording to circumstances; continued counter-
irritation by blisters or setons ; laxatives ; at-
tention to diet; and, in some instances, the
cautious use of mercury, constitute the best
means.
Encephalitis exudatoiua. Hydrocephalus
interims.
ENCEPHALOCE'LE. (c, cs, from eyKe<j>a-
loc, the brain, and ktj^.tj, a tumor.) A hernia
of the brain. Hernia cerebri.
Encephaloh.e'mia. Hyperhaunia, or con-
gestion of the brain.
ENOE'PHALOID. (From eyKeoaloc, and
eidog, resemblance.) Ccrebriforrn. Resem-
bling the matter of the brain. The epithet giv-
en by Laenuec to that species of morbid matter
which constitutes the mass of the diseaso call-
ed fungus hamatodes. Encephaloid matter is
found also irregularly blended with other mor-
bid formations, in the substance of malignant
tumors, as with schirrus, melanosis, cancer.
Encephalo'malacia. Softening of the brain.
ENCETHALOS. Encephalon. (EyK£<f>a-
Aof ; from ev, in, and KE<i>a%t], the head.) The
contents of the cranium, which are the cere-
brum, cerebellum, tuber annulare, &wk medulla
oblongata, with their investing membWnes, their
blood-vessels, and nerves. The whole gener-
ally weighs in the human subject about forty-
eight or fifty ounces. It is invested by three
membranes : the dura mater, the tunica arach-
noides, and the pia mater; these also pass
down from the brain upon the spinal cord, and
invest it to its termination.
The dura mater (finviy^ ax^VPVl)i which is ex-
ternal, is thick, firm, and resisting, and consists
of fibro-serous membranes, being a compound
structure; the outer lamella being fibrous, the
inner serous, and derived from the arachnoid
membrane. It is in close apposition with the
cranium, which it lines, at the same time that
it invests the brain, and sends inward process-
es. It is, moreover, prolonged in a tubular
form through the spinal cord, and along the
foramina of the skull and vertebra?.
The processes of the dura mater are the fol-
lowing :
The falx cerebri is in the longitudinal fissure
between the hemispheres of the brain, forming
a partition between them. It extends from
the crista galli of the ethmoid bone to the in-
ternal occipital protuberance, on a level with
which it branches out at each side, becoming
blended with the tentorium cerebelli. Be-
tween the duplications of the membrane, along
the sagittal suture, is formed the longitudinal
sinus, and at their lower edge the inferior lon-
gitudinal sinus. On the surface of the dura
ENC
mater, in the sinus, or upon the cerebral hem-
ispheres, small albuminous masses occasionally
exist, called glandula) Pacchioni.
The tentorium cerebelli spreads out from the
base of the falx, and serves to support the pos-
terior lobes of the brain ; one border of it is at-
tached all around to the lateral grooves on the
occipital bone, and to the margin of the pars
petrosa; the other, concave and free, encloses
an oval interval, which transmits the crura ce
rebri, processus ad testes, and basilar artery.
The falx cerebelli is a narrow fold placed
between the lobes of the cerebellum, extend-
ing vertically from the under surface of the ten-
torium to the foramen magnum ; its base lodges
the occipital sinuses.
The arachnoid membrane has been describ-
ed. See Arachnoid membrane.
The pia mater is made up of a thin lamella
of cellular tissue, permeated by a multitude of
minute capillary arteries. If invests the me-
dulla spinalis, as well as the brain, and dips
into the sulci between the convolutions of the
latter ; we also find it enclosed within the ven-
tricles, where it is named "plexus choroides."
Its inner surface is in close contact with the
cerebral substance ; the external is in apposition
with the arachnoid membrane on the surface of
the convolutions, but loses all connection with
it after passing into the sulci.
Plexus choroides. — In the fissure observable
at the base of the brain, between the inner
margin of its middle lobe and the crus cerebri,
the pia mater, which invests the external sur-
face, is continuous with that process of it (plexus
choroides) which is found in the ventricles ; so
that when we trace it, we find it, as it were,
entering at the inferior cornu of the ventricle
where it corresponds at first with the interstice
between the corpus fimbriatum and the crus
cerebri, and afterward lies along the floor of
the ventricle, in which it ascends upon the
thalamus nervi optici, and unites at the foramen
or fissure of Monro with the plexus of the other
side. At its entrance into the ventricle the
plexus is drawn together so as to resemble a
small vascular bundle, and becomes invested
by the arachnoid membrane, which, by its re-
flection from the sides of the ventricles to the
plexus, maintains the integrity of the cavity.
Where the pia mater is prolonged on the
medulla oblongata, it forms a small plexus,
which enters into the fourth ventricle, and be-
comes also invested by a duplicature of the
arachnoid. As the membrane descends into
the spinal canal it becomes firm, resistant, and
much paler in color. Its inner surface is in
close contact with the cord, the exterior is but
slightly connected with the arachnoid ; but the
nerves, at the different pomts at which they
pass outward, derive from it their immediate
investment, or neurilema. The difference of
character here pointed out between the spinal
and cerebral parts of the pia mater, appears to
MM. Jules and Hippolyte Oloquet sufficient to
induce them to consider it as a distinct struct-
ure. But it would be difficult to show where
the continuity of the membrane is interrupted ;
aud as to any difference of character and con-
sistence that may appear, they are merely such
249
ENC
as may be supposed to aiise from the different
•circumstances in which the membrane is placed.
In the spine it is exposed, at least in some de-
gree, to the influence of motion- and pressure,
which necessarily produce the same effect on
it as on cellular tissues elsewhere ; that is to say,
they render it thick and lamellar. Again, in
the skull it is in contact with gray substance, in
the spine with white ; so that we can readily
account for the difference of the vascularity in
the membrane, by recurring to the relative vas-
cularity of the structures with which it is in
contact. ,
The cerebrum. — The part of the central mass
of the nervous system which is lodged within
the skull, presents, even on a superficial inspec-
tion, a division into parts, which differ in jrosi-
tion, size, and form, as well as in the arrange-
ment of their components; these have been
named cerebrum, cerebellum (or great and lit-
tle brain), cerebral protuberance, and, lastly,
the connecting link between these and the
spinal part, viz., the medulla oblongata.
The brain {cerebrum) forms the largest por-
tion of the central mass of the nervous system,
and occupies the principal part of the cranial
cavity. It extends from the frontal bone to the
occipital fossa", resting on the orbital processes
of the former, on the tentorium cerebelli i>os-
teriorly, and in the center descends into the
middle fossa;, at the base of the skull. Its su-
perior surface is convex and arched, correspond-
ing with the vault of the cranium, beneath which
it is placed, and presents along the middle line
a deep fissure, running from before backward,
by which it is divided into two equal parts
(hemispheres). The surface of the brain is ren-
dered unequal by several depressions and ele-
vations marked upon it. The elevations are
colled convolutions (gyri), and are situated be-
tween the depressions (sulci). The course of
the convolutions is winding and tortuous, as the
name implies, and their size presents many va-
rieties in different places. It should be observ-
ed, that the anterior extremity of the brain,
which corresponds with the frontal bone, is
narrower than the posterior, which is in appo-
sition with the occipital bone.
Hemispheres. — The external surface of each
hemisphere is convex in its general outline;
the internal is Hat and compressed, as it rests
against its fellow of the opposite side, the falx
major being interposed between them. The
inferior surface presents several depressions and
inequalities, corresponding with those of the
base of the skull.
Lobes. — On the inferior surface of each hem-
isphere is observed its division into three lobes.
The anterior lobe rests on the orbital process
of the frontal bone and the smaller wing of the
sphenoid bone ; the posterior is supported by
the tentorium cerebelli ; and the middle is re-
ceived into the central fossa, at the base of the
skull. The anterior is sepai'ated from the mid-
dle lobe by a deep fissure (fssvra Sylvii) ; but
there is no precise line of demarcation between
the latter and the posterior.
The Brain — its external surface. — The rela-
tion of size, form, and situation of the different
■objects seen on the external surface of the brain
250
ENC
should be carefully noted, as allusions are con-
stantly being made to them during the descrip-
tion of the parts deeply seated, and also when
tracing the progress of its development in the
human subject, or in the animal series, and par-
ticularly when, after the manner of Gall and
Spurzheim, we follow the course of the nerv-
ous fibers through the successive steps of their
expansion, as the phrase is, from the medulla
upward into the cerebral hemispheres. Noth-
ing of consequence remains to be noticed on the
superior and external surface in addition to
what has been already stated.
The Brain — its base or inferior surface.
When we turn to the inferior surface, we ob-
serve that it presents in the middle line, and in
front, a fissure, being the continuation of the
longitudinal one, which establishes the separa-
tion between the hemispheres. It lodges the
anterior extremity of the falx cerebri, its depth
being limited by the corpus callosum, which
passes across from one hemisphere to the other.
The inferior surface of each anterior lobe, as it
corresponds with the orbital plate on which it
rests, is slightly concave.
Sulcus olfaciorius. — A few lines external to
the longitudinal fissure, and parallel with it, is
a, groove, resembling one of the sulci, which
lodges the olfactory nerve, and at its posterior
extremity is a rounded papilla, from which one
root of that nerve is derived.
Fissure of Sylvius. — Posterior to the groove
just noticed is the fissure (fissura Sylvii) which
marks the separation between the anterior and
middle lobes, and lodges the middle artery of
the brain. It inclines from within outward and
upward, and gradually terminates among the
convoluti^s on the exterior of the hemisphere,
its directMi corresponding with that of the
small wing of the sphenoid bone. At its in-
ternal termination it forms a right angle with
another fissure, which extends from before
backward, and which is bounded externally by
the middle lobe, internally by the crus cerebri
and tractus opticus, and deserves notice because
it transmits the pia mater from the external sur-
face into the lateral ventricle.
The angular part of the anterior lobe, which
is included between the internal termination of
the fissure of Sylvius, the longitudinal fissure,
and the commissure of the optic nerves, has
been named by Vicq d'Azyr substantia perfo-
rata antica, and by ILeil lamina cribrosa, because
it presents several foramina for the transmission
of vessels. It deserves attention, inasmuch as
the white lines seen at its inner border are con-
tinuous with those of the corpus callosum.
Optic commissure. — Between the fissuim
Sylvii, and corresponding with the interval be-
tween their internal terminations, is situated
the commissure of the optic nerves. It is flat
and quadrilateral in its form : one surface looks
upward to the brain, and is connected with the
anterior termination of the corpus callosum,
which passes upon it in the form of a thin semi-
transparent lamella; the other surface rests
upon the depressed part of the sphenoid bone,
which lies before the pituitary fossa ; the later-
al and anterior margins are free, but the poste-
rior one is intimately connected with a delicate
E X C
stratum of gray matter, which is inserted be-
tween the nerves as they converge to their
commissure.
Tuber cinereum. — The piece of gray matter
just referred to is called by Soemmering tuber ci-
nereum: it extends from the posterior margin of
the optic commissure to the corpora albicantia,
gradually becoming a little thicker and firmer;
for in front it is so thin as to be torn by the
slightest touch. Its superior surface forms part
of the floor of the third ventricle ; the inferior
one is slightly convex, and gives attachment by
its center to a funnel-shaped process, called in-
fundibulum (tige pituitaire). This is a thin,
elongated process of reddish-gray matter, in-
clined obliquely downward and forward from
the tuber cinereum to the pituitary gland : its
extremities are slightly expanded, and its cen-
ter constricted, which gives it an hour-glass
shape.
Pituitary gland or body. — The pituitary gland
appeal's to have received its name from its being
supposed, in the infancy of anatomy, to com-
municate with the nose, and to secrete the
viscid mucus (pituita) of that cavity ; it is lodg-
ed in the excavation in the upper surface of the
body of the sphenoid bone, and is unequally
divided into two portions or lobes: the anteri-
or, which is larger and more firm than the oth-
er, is convex in front, and concave behind, so
as to receive the other, whose border is round
and convex. The situation of the pituitary
gland is peculiar : it is interposed between the
two lamella) of the fibro-3erous membrane.
The dura mater will be found to line the sur-
face of the boue on which the gland rests ; but
the arachnoid membrane, after having formed
a funnel-shaped process round the iufundibulum,
is reflected off from it at its lower extremity,
and stretched across the upper surface of the
gland until it reaches the cliuoid processes,
where it becomes continuous with the inner
lamella of the fibro-serous membrane. When
cut into thin slices, it appears to consist of two
substances, one being reddish-gray, the other
white.
Mammillary bodies. — Immediately behind
the tuber cinereum are placed two small bod-
ies, called corpora mainmillaria (albicantia, pisi-
formia). Their size is about that of a pea, but
they are not quite round, beini* slightly com-
pressed on three sides. Placed in apposition
with one another, they are connected by a del-
icate process of gray matter, of which substance
the greater part of their mass consists; they
are, however, invested by a lamella of white
matter, derived from the anterior pillars of the
fornix, of which they may be regarded as the
termination.
Behind the mammillary bodies is situated a
thin lam,ella of white substance, which is pierced
by a number of foramina for the transmission
of vessels, and called locus perforatus, and
sometimes pons Tarini. Its shape is triangu-
lar, the sides being formed by the crura cerebri,
the base by the mammillary bodies, the apex
being at the border of the pons varolii: it
forms part of the floor of the third ventricle.
The crura cerebri are two thick, rounded
bodies, about three fourths of an inch long,
ENC
and situated toward the center of the base of
the brain, from which they project rather prom-
inently. They are extended from the pons va-
rolii forward and upward to tho under surface
of the hemispheres, into which they seem as if
inserted. They are nearly in contact behind,
but diverge as they pass forward, so as to leave
an interval, which is occupied by the locus per-
foratus. The external surface of the crura con-
sists of white matter, which is about two lines
thick, and presents a distinctly fibrous charac-
ter ; within this is inclosed a quantity of gray
substance, so dark as to have received the name
of locus niger. iTho arrangement of these struct
ures can be readily seen by making a trans-
verse section of the eras: the dark part is found
to be convex interiorly, and concave above, so
that the section of it presents a lunated form.
The optic nerves rest upon the external surface
of tho crura as they pass forward to their com-
missure.
The great commissure, corpus callosum. — All
the jiarts of the brain hitherto noticed can be
examined without any division of its texture, as
they are placed superficially ; but several are
inclosed within its interior, which can not be
seen without dissection. Between the hemi-
spheres, and exteiuling transversely from one to
the other, is placed the corpus callosum (meso-
lobe, commissura magna cerebri) ; its form is
that of a broad layer of white fibres placed hor-
izontally, but nearer to the anterior than to the
posterior margin of the brain. Its extent from
before backward is about three inches, but its
breadth from side to side can not be assigned,
as it becomes blended with the substance of
the hemispheres. Its superior surface is convex
in its general outline, and concealed by tho
hemispheres, which overlap it. When these
are removed, a superficial linear impression will
be perceived exactly in the middle line, and at
each side of it a slight longitudinal elevation.
To this the term raphe, or suture, is applied, as
it indicates the point at which the union of the
hemispheres takes place when their develop-
ment is being completed. The fibres obviously
are transverse from without inward, for they
commence at the circumference of the hemi-
spheres, and terminate by their junction along
the raphe. The inferior surface of the corpus
callosum forms the roof of the lateral ventricles
on each side, and toward the middle line it
rests on the fornix, with which it is blended
posteriorly : in front it gives attachment to the
septum lucidum. Its anterior extremity, which,
when viewed externally, presents a rounded
border, is prolonged downward and backward
to the base of the brain, where it forms a thin,
semi-transparent lamella. This reflected part
is nearly horizontal in its direction, so that it
lies beneath the corpora striata, and above the
commissure of the optic nerves, to which it ad-
heres, but still passes backward, and becomes
continuous with the tuber cinereum in the mid-
dle line, while at each side ita margins are
blended with the substantia perforata. The
posterior border of the corpus callosum is thick
and rounded at the middle line, its thickness
being greater (as may be seen when it is cut
through perpendicularly) than that of the ante-
251
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nor border, owing to its l'eceiving a greater
number of converging fibres from the posterior
lobes. A little more externally, the border of
the corpus callosum gives off at each side two
fasciculi of fibres, which can be traced, one into
the posterior, the other into the descending
cornu of the ventricle ; one of these forms the
medullary investment of the hippocampus mi-
nor, the other that of the hippocampus major.
Lateral ventricles (ventriculi tricornes). — Be-
neath the corpus callosum are situated the lat-
eral ventricles, occupying the interior of the
hemispheres. Their shape is very irregular,
and can scarcely be said to bear a resemblance
to any known figure. Each of them may be
considered as divisible into a body or central
portion, and three cornua or diverticula, which
pass away in different directions. The central
part lies horizontally: one cornu extends for-
ward from it into the anterior lobe, another
backward into the posterior, and the third
downward into the middle one ; each of these
presents certain peculiarities referrible to the
parts seen within them, which deserve notice,
[n the central part will be observed the corpus
striatum and thalamus nervi optici, and between
them the tamia semicircularis ; also the margin
of the fornix, and part of the plexus choroides.
These objects are for the present merely enu-
merated ; each of them shall be noticed separ-
ately.
Septum inter ventriculos. — Previously to de-
scribing the objects just named, it may be ob-
served that the lateral ventricles are separated
by a partition {septum lucidum), which extends
from the corpus callosum perpendicularly down
to its reflected lamella in front, and to the fornix
behind ; it is round and broad before, but be-
comes narrowed to a point posteriorly. It con-
sists of two thin lamella of white substance,
between which is a Assure, or interval, called
the fifth ventricle.
Fornix. — Beneath the corpus callosum and
septum lucidum is a triangular lamella of white
matter, which is extended from behind forward
over the third ventricle, and is thence termed
fornix. Its upper surface gives attachment to
part of the septum lucidum, and posteriorly be-
comes united with the corpus callosum; the
inferior one overlays the third ventricle and the
thalami nervorum opticorum, but is separated
from them by the velum interpositum. Some
oblique lines ore traced on this surface, on
which account it has been termed lyra, or cor-
pus psalloidcs. The anterior extremity of the
fornix is narrow, and divides into two fasciculi
(pillars of the fornix"), which curve downward
at the fore part of the third ventricle, immedi-
ately behind the anterior commissure, and ter-
minate at the base of the brain by investing the
corpora mammillaria. The base or posterior
extremity of the fornix gives off at each angle
a thin, flat process, which passes into the de-
scending cornu of the ventricle, and assumes
the name of corpus fimbriatum.
The anterior cornu of each ventricle inclines
forward and outward, diverging from its fellow
of the opposite side ; the corpus striatum (its
fore part) projects a little into its floor: the re-
mainder of it. resembles a groove in the cerebral
ENC
substance. The posterior cornu, called the
digital cavity, converges toward that of the op-
posite side, and presents in its floor the hippo-
campus minor (calcar unguis). This is a slight
elevation, composed of a lamella of white mat-
ter (continuous with, or derived from the cor-
pus callosum), inclosing some cineritious sub-
stance ; it gradually tapers to a point, and
reaches to within an inch of the posterior ex
tremity of the hemisphere.
The inferior or descending cornu passes at
first backward and outward from the body of
the ventricle; but, after descending a little, it
changes its direction altogether, and proceeds
forward and inward, to terminate at the base
of the brain, within a few lines of the fissure
of Sylvius. This is the largest of the cornua :
its convexity looks outward and backward, its
concavity in the opposite direction: the under
surface of the thalamus forms its roof, and the
plexus choroides rests loosely on its floor, con-
cealing the hippocampus major and corpus fim-
briatum.
The hippocampus major (cornu ammonis) re-
sembles in shape a cerebral convolution; it is
curved so that its convex border looks outward,
and the concave inward, conforming with the
direction of the cavity in which it lies. Its an-
terior extremity expands somewhat, and pre-
sents two or three, and sometimes as many as
five small prominences, separated by slight de-
pressions, which make it to resemble somewhat
the back of the hand when shut close. Some
of the older anatomists called it pes hippocampi,
from its resemblance to the clubbed foot of
some of the lower animals. External to the
part where the cornu makes its curve forward,
a slight elevation is observed, which is called
pes acccssorius.
Corpus fimbriatum. — Along the inner border
of the cornu is a narrow falciform process of
white substance (corpus fimbriatum), which is
adherent by one edge to the floor of the cornu.
It gradually becomes narrow, and ends in a
point a little behind the pes hippocampi. Near
the inner border of the corpus fimbriatum a
naiTow line of cineritious substance (fascia
dentata) is placed; it is not perceptible until
the middle lobe, together with the inferior cor-
nu of the ventricle, is drawn outward, as it is
excluded from the cavity of the cornu by the
reflection of the arachnoid membrane ; its free
border is marked by several transverse notches,
giving it a dentated appearance, from which its
name is derived.
The cornu ammonis consists externally of a
lamella of white substance, which, if traced up-
ward into the body of the ventricle, will be
found continuous with the corpus callosum. The
corpus fimbriatum, in like manner, will be found
continuous with the fornix.
The corpora striata (ganglions cerebraux su-
perieurs, Gall) are two in number, situated
one in the body of each lateral ventricle. Each
of these bodies is pyriform in its shape, the
larger extremity being turned forward and in-
ward, the smaller backward and outward.
The superior surface is smooth and slightly
prominent in the cavity, all the rest being im-
bedded in the substance of the hemisphere.
ENC
Their position is so oblique, that though in
front they are separated by not more than three
or four lines, their posterior extremities are
from an inch and a half to two inches apart, the
interval being occupied by the optic thalami
and the third ventricle. Their external surface
is composed of gray substance, but internally
the gray and white are intermingled, so as to
produce a striated appearance, whence the name
is derived. The white fibres here found are
continuous with those of the anterior pyramids
and of the crura cerebri. They spread out con-
siderably as they pass through the mass of gray
matter of which the corpora striata consist, and
appear to be at the same time enlarged and in-
creased. Hence these bodies are considered
by Dr. Gall to be ganglia of increase placed in
the course of the fibres which are diverging to
form the cerebral hemispheres.
The optic thalami (thalami nervorum opti-
corum, ganglions cerebraux posterieurs, Gall)
are placed behind and between the corpora
striata. The upper surface of each projects
into the body of the corresponding ventricle ;
the inferior one forms the roof of its descending
cornu, and the external is blended with the
corpus striatum and the substance of the hemi-
sphere. The internal surface of each thalamus,
which is contiguous to that of the opposite side,
is united to it by a soft lamella of gray sub-
stance called the soft commissure (commissura
mollis). The union, however, may be called
partial, for before and behind the commissure
a small interval exists, where the thalami are
unconnected, being merely in apposition.
Corpora gcniculata. — On the posterior bor-
der of each thalamus are observed two slightly
raised papillae {corpus gcniculatum internum ct
externum), which are connected by medullary
stria? to the tubercula quadrigemina, the exter-
nal one being also united to the origin of the
optic nerve.
Tcenia scmicircularis. — The contiguous bor-
ders of the optic thalamus and corpus striatum
are separated by a thin fasciculus of nervous
matter, of a pale straw color (taenia semicircu-
laris), commencing near the anterior pillar of
the fornix: it extends from before backward
between the bodies just named, and can be
traced as far as the posterior border of the tha-
lamus, and for a little way into the roof of the
descending cornu, where it seems to cease.
Pineal gland and its peduncles. — Along the
inner margins of the thalami two delicate white
fasciculi arise, and pass backward, converging
to the pineal gland, whose peduncles they form,
and, at the same time, constitute its only bond
of connection with the substance of the brain.
The pineal gland is a small mass of gray sub-
stance of a conical shape, and is sometimes
called conarium, occasionally acervulus. Its
base rests on the tubercula quadrigemina; it
usually contains in its interior some sabulous
matter; at its first formation it consists of two
masses, which unite into one.
The third ventricle. — The optic thalami in-
close between them a narrow cavity (third ven-
tricle), which corresponds exactly with the
middle line, and resembles a longitudinal fis-
sure. Its sides are formed by the thalami, its
ENC
fioor by the locus perforatus and tuber cine-
reum ; the velum interpositum and fornix
cover it in. The anterior commissure, and the
pillars of the fornix, bound it in front. Into
this cavity leads an aperture (foramen commune
anterius, foramen Monroi), which is a rima be-
tween the anterior pillars of the fornix and the
thalami, and which establishes a communica-
tion between the third and the lateral ventri-
cles ; a foramen leads out of it downward and
forward (iter ad infundibulum). It may be ob-
served that the infundibulum becomes imper-
forate at its middle, which appears to be owing
to a small cul-de-sac of arachnoid membrane
which is prolonged into it. From the posterior
extremity of the ventricle another foramen
opens into a canal (iter a terlio ad quartum ven-
triculum ; aqnecdnctus Sylvii), which leads ob-
liquely downward and backward into the fourth
ventricle.
Commissures, anterior and posterior. — Two
cord-like fasciculi are stretched across the ex-
tremities of tlfc third ventricl j, and prolonged
into the hemispheres which they connect, serv-
ing as commissures. The anterior commissure
lies just before the pillars of the fornix, and as
it extends laterally it will be found imbedded
in the substance of the corpora striata at each
side, but does not become blended with them;
its extremities arch backward a considerable
way, so as to form a curve whose convexity
looks forward. The posterior commissure is
much shorter than the preceding, and extends
but a few lines on each side into the thalami :
it lies behind the ventricle, before the tuber-
cula quadrigemina, and above the aqueduct of
Sylvius.
The cerebellum. — The second division of the
central mass of the nervous system is the cere-
bellum, which differs in situation and size, as
well as in the arrangement of its component
parts, from the cerebrum. It is lodged in the
recess formed between the tentorium cerebelli
and the inferior occipital fossa;, its weight, as
compared with that of the brain, being as 1 to
16 in the infant, and as 1 to 8 in the adult. Its
surface, instead of convolutions, is divided into
a number of concentric lamellae (folia cerebelli),
placed perpendicularly on their edges, and in-
closed one within the other. If, however, the
sulci between them be opened, several other
lamella; will be found inclosed within them,
but smaller, more irregular, and with various
degrees of inclination.
Lobes. — The cerebellum is divided into two
lateral lobes, the division being established be-
hind by a fissure, which receives the falx cere-
belli, and in front by a deep excavation, which
lodges the medulla oblongata.
Superior vermiform process. — The superior
surface of the cerebellum is slightly depressed
on each side where the tentorium rests upon it,
but along the middle line a rounded ridge (pro
cessus vermiformis superior) runs from before
backward, and seems as if produced by the
rippling up or admixture of the lamellae of the
lobes as they extend from without inward.
There appear to be from sixty to seventy la-
mellae on the upper surface of the cerebellum,
which are aggregated into five fasciculi.
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Inferior vermiform, process. — The inferior
surface is convex, and dips down into the oc-
cipital fossa?; along the middle line runs the
inferior vermiform process, interposed between
the lateral lobes ; it resembles a lobule formed
of short transverse plates ; its anterior extremi-
ty has been compared to a mammillary process.
The mass of medullary matter inclosed with-
in the cerebellum is connected with three pairs
of medullary fasciculi, viz., processus e cere-
bello ad testes, corpora resUf'ormia, and crura
cerebelli, which require a detailed notice.
Processus e ccrcbello ad testes. — From the in-
terior of the lobes, two fasciculi of white fibres
pass forward and upward to the lower pair of
the tubercula quadrigemina; the name given
to them indicates the points between which
they lie; they converge in their ascent, and
are connected by a semi-transparent medullary
lamella, named the valve of Vieussens. The
valve {valvula Vieussini) presents on its upper
surface a slight groove, running from above
downward, aud sometimes aline%r ridge, like a
raphe : it overhangs the fourth ventricle.
Posterior pyramids (corpora restilbrmia, py-
ramides posterieures). — Two white, rounded
Erocesses pass obliquely upward and outward
om the medulla oblongata into the cerebel-
lum, named by Kidley " restiform" bodies, by
Gall "posterior pyramids;" we have already
noticed them as part of the medulla oblongata.
Peduncles of the cerebellum (crura cerebelli).
— These are the largest of the fasciculi here re-
ferred to; they are at first concealed within
the lobes, and even when about to emerge
from their substance they are overlapped by
some minor lobules. They incline forward and
inward, descending somewhat, and become
continuous with the fibres of the pons varolii,
which are thus derived from the crura cerebel-
li. The pons, from its mode of formation, bears
the same relation to the cerebellum that the
corpus callosum does to the cerebrum, as it is
composed of converging fibres, and may there-
fore be called a commissure.
Fourth ventricle. — The cerebellum incloses a
cavity called the " fourth ventricle," the roof
of which is formed by the valve of Vieussens
and processus ad testes, the sides by the lobes
of the cerebellum ; the dorsal surface of the
medulla oblongata forms its floor, and it is com-
pleted inferiorly by a reflection of the arach-
noid membrane: a process of pia mater pro-
jects into it at this situation, called plexus cho-
roides minor.
Corpus dentalum. — If a vertical section be
made of one of the lobes of the cerebellum in
such a way as that two thirds of its breadth
shall lie external to the incision, an oval nucleus
of gray substance (corpus dentatum, vel rhom-
boideum) will be exposed : its texture is usu-
ally firm, and its border notched, so as to give
it a dentated appearance. Gall considers it as
a ganglion of increase to the formative fibres of
the cerebellum. The surface of the section
here indicated presents rather a peculiar ap-
pearance: the white substance will be found
so disposed as to represent the stalk and branch-
es of a tree, hence called arbor vita;. The
branches project into the lamellae of the cere-
254
ENC
bellum, which are not unfrequently, in figura-
tive phrase, termed folia, for the gray substance
invests them so as to make them resemble pin-
natifid leaves. If a horizontal section be made
so as to divide the lobe into two equal parts,
the quantity of white substance will appear
considerably greater than that of the gray.
Tuber annulare. — The cerebral protuberance
(nodus cerebri, pons varolii, protuberantia an-
nularis) is much the smallest portion of the cen-
tral mass, its relative size being to that of the
rest as 1 to 72. It is placed beneath the cere-
brum, above the medulla oblongata, and before
the cerebellum, having intimate relations with
each by continuity of substance ; hence it has
been termed nodus encephali. It is a square
mass, its depth being about equal to its length.
Its anterior surface is convex, and rests against
the basilar process of the occipital bone, and is
composed of the converging fibres of the cere-
bellum, disposed so as to form a portion of a
ring, which incloses the contiguous extremities
of the crura cerebri and medulla oblongata : it
is termed protuberantia annularis, or pons varo-
lii. Its upper surface is bounded by a trans-
verse line, marking its separation from the
crura cerebri, and the lower by another line r
which divides it from the medulla oblongata %
along its middle is a shallow groove, running
from above downward, which corresponds with
the basilar artery.
Tubercula quadrigemina. — Upon the poste-
rior surface of the cerebral protuberance, which
is almost entirely concealed by the cerebellum,
are placed four white, rounded bodies (tuber-
cula, vel corpora quadrigemina), disposed in
pairs, one above the other, and separated by
two decussating lines. The upper pair are the
larger, and called nates; the lower, testes: they
are connected in front with the thalami, infe-
riorly with the processus ad testes and the valve
of Vieussens, and between their upper surface
and the corpus callosum is a lima or fissure
{fissure of Bichdt), through which the arachnoid
membrane enters to line the ventricles.
Communication between the ventricles of the
brain. — The irregular vacuities disposed hi the
interior of the cerebellum and brain communi-
cate freely with one another by certain con-
stricted portions, or foramina. If, while the
brain and cerebellum remain in situ, the latter
be divided by a vertical incision made from the
valve of Vieussens downward through its sub-
stance, the fourth ventricle will be exposed.
This cavity contracts toward its upper part into
a tube (aqueduct of Sylvius), which is directed
upward and forward, under the tubercula quad-
rigemina and the posterior commissure, into
the middle or third ventricle. The latter again
communicates at each side with the lateral
ventricles by a lima {foramen Monroi), situated
between the pillars of the fornix and the thalami,
on which they rest. When the ventricles have
been distended with fluid, this rima assumes a
rounded form, and then only represents a fora-
men. These vacuities, then, should be consid-
ered, not as so many separate cavities, but as a
series of compartments of one cavity contained
within the cerebral mass ; and this is the ap-
pearance they present during the earlier periods
ENC
of fetal life. The cavity, however, is not a shut
sac, for the membrane which lines it is contin-
ous with that which invests the external sur-
face of the brain and cerebellum. It has been
already stated that the arachnoid membrane
passes in through the fissure of Bichat. Two
other fissures ai'e situated, one on each side,
between the corpus fimbriatum and the cms
cerebri, through which the pia mater enters, to
form the plexus choroides. These may be con-
sidered as chinks between the portions of cere-
bral substance just referred to ; but they are
closed up by the manner in which the arach-
noid membrane is reflected from the sides of
the cornua of the ventricles upon the plexus
choroides.
Medulla oblongata. — The upper part of the
spinal cord, before it emerges from the cra-
nium, is called medulla oblongata. It is broad
and thick superiorly near the pons varolii, but
tapers gradually toward the occipital foramen.
Its anterior aspect is rounded, the posterior is
somewhat flattened, and each presents a con-
tinuation of the median sulcus (anterior and
posterior), by which it is divided into two sym-
metrical parts. The lateral depressions, which
correspond with the points of origin of the spi-
nal nerves, are also continued upward into the
medulla oblongata. But though iuferiorly the
divisions established by these lines are so slight-
ly marked as to have escaped notice until
Chaussier directed his attention to the subject,
yet in the superior part (medulla oblongata) they
are so well defined as to have been deemed de-
serving of particular names. The anterior and
posterior pair have been called the anterior .and
posterior pyramids ; the middle, from their
shape, the corpora olivaria. These, according
to Gall, are made up of the primitive or forma-
tive fibres of the cerebrum and cerebellum ; for
if they be traced upward, the anterior pyramids
and the corpora olivaria will be found continu-
ous with the fibres which are expanded into
the cerebral hemispheres, while the posterior
pyramids (usually called, since Ridley's time,
corpora restiformia) are evolved into the lobes
of the cerebellum. Besides these parts, which
have been noticed by all anatomists, SirC. Bell
has described another, which is situated be-
tween the corpus olivare and restiforme. This
consists of a narrow line of white matter, which
may be traced along the medulla oblongata,
and from thence downward between the ante-
rior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves. It
is but slightly marked in the lower part of its
extent, but becomes pore perceptible opposite
the corpus olivare ; after which it narrows, and
ceases altogether at the margin of the pons,
" not being continued upward into the cerebral
mass." This may be termed tractus respira-
tortus, as it gives origin to the class of respira-
tory nerves as established by Sir C. Bell.
Structure. — A transverse section of the me-
dulla shows it to consist of a thin lamella of
white matter, inclosing the gray or cineritious
substance. The latter is disposed in a very
peculiar way : it presents two lateral portions,
each of a crescentic form, their concavities
looking outward ; the convex sides of each are
turned toward the middle line, and are eon-
ENC
nected by a short, transverse fasciculus of gray
matter. The anterior cornua of the lateral
masses are rather thick and rounded ; the pos
terior extend as far as the corresponding collat
eral sulci.
The anterior pyramids (corpora pyramidalia)
are close together, being separated only by the
anterior sulcus, and extend, inclosed between
the corpora olivaria, from the margin of the
pons varolii to the foramen magnum. Some of
the fibres of eacW pyramid which are close to*
the sulcus pass across it obliquely, and so a
decussation is produced between them. The
rest continue their coui'se uninterruptedly, so
that only a part of the pyramids change place,
or decussate.
The olivary bodies (corpora olivaria), when
stripped of their medullary lamella, are found
to consist each of an oblong mass of gray mat-
ter, surrounded by a fringed or scalloped bor-
der, and attached toward the middle line by a
slight petiole. Owing to this arrangement, it
presents, when divided by a transverse section,
an arborescent appearance.
The posterior pyramids (corpora restiformia,
pyramides posterieures, Gall) correspond with
the posterior and lateral parts of the medulla ;
they diverge as they ascend toward the lobes
of the cerebellum. The posterior aspect of the
medulla oblongata is slightly concave, and di-
vided into two lateral parts by the median sul-
cus, to which two oblique lines converge, giv-
ing it an indented appearance. This has been
termed calamus scriptorius. One or two elon-
gated cords are also observable on this surface,
which have not as yet received names, "but
whose offices may one day be discovered."
Intimate structure of the Brain. — The cere-
bral hemispheres are considered by Gall as re-
sulting from an expansion or evolution of the
fibres of the medulla oblongata, which he there-
fore terms primitive, or formative fasciculi.
Diverging fibres. — Tlie fibres of the anterior
pyramids may be traced upward to the margin
of the pons, where they become somewhat con-
stricted. From the inner border of each, some
fibres pass across the middle sulcus, and mutu-
ally change place> or decussate ; those of the
right side passing to the left, and vice versd.
If an incision, a line or two in depth, be made
through the pons, so that one lateral half of it
may be turned outward, the fibres of the pyra-
mid will be observed to pass into a quantity of
gray substance lodged in the interior of the
nodus encephalic In this situation the fibres
diverge and separate, and are also considerably
increased: at the upper margin of the pons
they become continuous with the crus cerebri.
Here an additional increase is derived from
their passage through the gray substance lodg-
ed in the interior of the crus, after which they
proceed through the inferior cerebral ganglion
(thalamus nervi oplici), and in the next place
through the superior one (corpus striatum), be-
ing successively increased and rendered still
more divergent, until finally they reach the an-
terior and middle lobes, where they are evolv-
ed into their inferior, external, and anterior
convolutions The corpus olivare contains with-
in itself a small ganglion ; its fibres pass, with-
255
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END
out any decussation, into the gray substance
lodged iu the cerebral protuberance, where,
like the pyramids, they receive additions, after
which they pass into the eras cerebri, of which
they form the posterior and inner part. Con-
tinuing their ascent, after being increased in
the locus niger, they pass through the optic tha-
lamus, and thence into the corpus striatum, re-
ceiving additions as they radiate through each,
and finally -are continued upward into the con-
volutions at the summit of th* hemisphere, and
backward into those of the posterior lobe.
Previously to entering the optic thalamus, some
fibres of the corpus olivare have been observed
to turn inward, so as to give to the tubercula
quadrigemina their medullary investment, and
also to unite with those of the opposite side, to
form the valve of Vieussens. Finally, the di-
verging fibres, traced up, as has been pointed
out, through their successive steps of increase,
terminate in the gray substance of the cerebral
convolutions.
Converging fibres. — Another order of fibres
may be observed, quite distinct from those
above noticed, and taking a different direction.
These are called the " converging fibres," as
they commence at the peripheral terminations
of the preceding set, and pass from without in-
ward to the middle line, so as to connect the
lateral parts, and bring them into relation with
one another ; on which account they are called
commissures. The anterior and posterior com-
missures are formed in this way, as is also the
corpus callosum ; though the greater number
of the fibres which compose the latter are trans-
verse, those toward its extremities are oblique.
This is owing to the manner in which the con-
verging fibres of the anterior lobe are constrain-
ed to pass from before backward, and those of
the posterior lobe from behind forward, in or-
der to gain the corresponding borders of the
corpus callosum. By this arrangement a great-
er number of fibres is collected to its extremi-
ties, which renders them thicker (particularly
the posterior one) than any other part of its ex-
tent. Some of the inferior fibres thus traced
from without inward, instead of uniting with
the corresponding set along the middle line, be-
come reflected downward from the under sur-
face of the corpus callosum to the fornix, and so
form the septum lucidum. The convolutions
of the posterior lobe are brought into relation
with those of the middle one by means of the
fornix, the fibres of which are stretched from
behind forward, in such a way that while its
body is in a manner unattached, the extremities
are identified with the parts just referred to.
Diverging fibres of the cerebellum. — The form-
ative fibres of the cerebellum are derived from
the posterior pyramids, or corpora restiformia ;
they pass upward and outward, and soon meet
the corpus rhomboideum, which is considered
as the ganglion of the cerebellum : the fibres
are supposed to proceed through the gray sub-
stance of which it is composed, though it is dif-
ficult to demonstrate the fact ; after which they
pass outward, diverging into the lobes of the
cerebellum.
Converging fibres. — From the peripheral
terminations of the diverging fibres in the folia
256
a new set arise, which incline inward toward
the middle line. These ai'e the converging
fibres, which, by their union, form the crura
cerebelli ; and the fibres of each cms, expand-
ing as they pass downward and inward, con-
stitute by their junction the pons varolii, which
brings the lateral lobes of the cerebellum into
relation, and becomes thereby their commis-
sure. The processus a cerebello ad testes bring
the lobes of the cerebellum into intimate con-
nection with the cerebral hemispheres.
The weight of the brain in the adult is about
three pounds ; that of the cerebellum about four
ounces and a half, and of the medulla oblongata
half an ounce.
Vessels. — The brain is supplied with blood by
the two internal carotid arteries, and the two
vertebral ; its residual blood is returned by the
two internal jugular veins.
The preceding anatomical description of the
encephalos is taken from Professor Quain's
Manual of Anatomy. Nine, or, according to
the arrangements of Soemmering, twelve pair
of nerves, rise from the brain, and make their
exit at the different foramina of the skull. See
Nervons System.
Enchara'xis. A scarification.
Enchilo'ma. See Enchyloma.
ENCHO'NDROMA. - (From ev, and xovdoc,
a cartilage.) Cartilaginous exostosis. A de-
velopment of gelatinous cartilage in a bone, by
which it becomes much swollen. It is not ma-
lignant, and is of very slow growth. Amputa-
tion or extirpation is completely efficacious.
Encho'ndrus. Granular. Cartilaginous.
Encho'rios. Enchorial. Endemic.
Enchri'stum. Enchriston. An ointment.
Enchylo'ma. An inspissated juice. An
elixir, according to Lemery.
Enchylosis. Extraction.
Enchy'ma. Enchysis. Infusion. Plethora.
Enchymo'ma. An infusion or pouring in of
fluids. In the writings of the ancient phy-
sicians, this word expresses a sudden injection
of blood into the cutaneous vessels, which arise
from joy, anger, or shame ; and, in the last in-
stance, is what we usually call blushing.
Enchymo'sis. Enchymoma.
E'nchyta. Applied to medicines which are
dropped into the eyes. — Galen.
E N C L Y ' S M A. (From tv, and kTlv^u, to
cleanse out.) A clyster.
ENCGE'LIA. (From ev, within, and KoiXia,
the belly.) The abdominal viscera.
Enc(elitis. Inflammation of the abdominal
viscera.
Encolpi'smus. The introduction of any me-
dicament into the female vagina.
Encra'nium. Encranis. Encranion. The
cerebellum.
Encye'sis. Encymon. Encymosa. Preg-
nancy. Fecundation.
ENCY'STED. (From ev, in, and kvotic, a
bag.) Saccatus. A term applied to those tu-
mors which consist of a fluid or other matter,
inclosed in a sac or cyst.
ENCY'STIS. An encysted tumor.
Endeixis. Indication.
ENDE'MIC. (Endemius; endemicus; from
ev. in, and Sij/xoc, people. ) A disease is so term-
END
E N E
cd which is peculiar to, or particularly preva-
lent in, a particular region; as agues about
marshes, bronchocele in hilly countries. En-
chorial is a synonyme.
ENDERMATIC. Endermic. (Endermati-
ens; from ev, and depfiariKoc, cutaneous.^) Ap-
plied to that method of using medicines in
which they are rubbed into the skin, especially
after the cuticle has been removed by a blister.
ENDERMIC. Improperly written for En-
dermatic.
Endive. Endi'via. Cichorium encliva.
ENDO-. A prefix. (From evdov.) Within;
of frequent use in science.
ENDOBRANCHIA'TA. (From evdov, with-
in, and fipayxia, gills.) A family of the class
annelides, which have no external gills.
ENDOCARDI'TIS. (From evdov, within,
and napiha, the heart.) Inflammation of the
lining membrane of the heart. See Heart, dis-
eases of the.
ENDOCARDIUM. The serous membrane
lining the interior of the heart.
Endoca'rp. Endocarpium. The inner coat
or shell of a fruit.
Endocolitis. Dysentery.
Endodonti'tis. Inflammation of the mem-
brane lining the internal cavity of a tooth.
Endogastri'tis. Inflammation of the lining
membrane of the stomach.
ENDO'GENOUS. Endogen.*:. (From ev-
dov, and yevvaci, to engender.) Applied to
plants, the vessels of which are dispersed
through the whole stem, and are so disposed
that the oldest are exterior, and hence the
growth of the plant takes place from within ;
as palms, reeds.
Endometritis. Inflammation of the lining
membrane of.the womb.
E'ndonenteri'tis. Inflammation of the lin-
ing membrane of the intestines.
E'ndo<esophagi'tis. Inflammation of the
lining membrane of the oesophagus.
E'ndophlebi'tis. Inflammation of the lining
membrane of a vein.
E'ndophlceum. The liber, or innermost lay-
er of the bark of trees.
Endophy'llous. When the young leaves
are surrounded by a sheath, as in endogenous
plants.
E'ndopleura. The internal integument of
the seed.
E'ndorrhiz a. Plants having a sheathed root-
let, as in the case of endogens. .
E'ndosis. EviWtf. The remission of a
fever.
ENDOSMO'SE. Endosmosis. (Fromevdov,
within, and wofioc, impulsion.) The passage of
liquids or gases through membranes from the
exterior to the interior: a phenomenon of ca-
pillary attraction.
E'ndospermium. The albumen orperisperm
of seeds.
E'ndosteitis. Inflammation of the lining
membrane of a bone.
E'ndostome. The orifice of the inner integ-
ument of the ovule.
Endosmome'ter. An instrument to show
the action of endosmosis, in the case of fluids,
through a membrane.
E'ndothecium. The lining membrane of the»
anther.
Ene'cia. (From 7]veKt)c, continuous.) The
generic name given by Mason Good to contin-
ued fever.
E'NEMA. (ar, atis, n. ; from evirifii, to in-
ject.) A glyster, or clyster. A liquid medi-
cine thrown into the rectum. They are ad-
ministered, 1. For emptying the bowels. 2.
Relaxing the powers of the body; as when
tobacco infusion is used to effect the reduction
of a strangulated hernia. 3. To kill worms in
the rectum, as the thread-worm. 4. To defend
the bowels from the irritation of the bile or
acrimonious secretions. 5. To restrain a diar-
rhoea. 6. To nourish the body, when aliment
can not be received or retained in the stomach.
7. To allay spasms in the intestines, the stom-
ach, the lungs, and kidneys. 8. To allay vom-
iting, caused by inverted peristaltic movement*
of the small intestines. The following forms
are in use :
Enema ano'dynum. Take of starch jelly,
Oss. ; tincture of opium, gtt. xl. to gtt. lx. Mix.
Used in cases of dysentery or violent purging,
and pain in the bowels.
Enema antispasmodic™. Take of tincture
of assafcetida, fss. ; tincture of opium, gtt. xl. ;
gruel, Oss. Mix. For spasmodic affections of
the bowels.
Enema colocynthidis. Take compound ex-
tract of colocynth, 3ij.; soap, fj.; water, Oj.
Useful in obstinate constipation.
Enema commune. Common or domestic
glyster. Take of water gruel or molasses wa-
ter, Oss. to Oj. ; a spoonful of salt, and a little
oil. A cathartic glyster.
Enema fcstidum. Add of tincture of assa-
fcetida, f. 3y., to the laxative enema.
Enema laxativum. Take of sulphate of
magnesia, f ij. ; dissolve in three quarters of a
pint of warm gruel, or broth, with an ounce of
fresh butter or sweet oil.
Enema nicotianje. Take of the infusion of
tobacco from a half to a whole pint. Employ-
ed in cases of strangulated hernia. A very
dangerous enema.
Enema nutriens. Take of strong beef tea,
twelve ounces; thicken with arrow-root or
warm jellies.
Enema opii. Enema anodynum.
Enema tabaci. See Enema nicotiance.
Enema terebinthin.k. Take of oil of
turpentine, half an ounce ; the yolk of one egg,
and half a pint of gruel. The turpentine being
first incorporated with the egg, add to them
the gruel. This clyster is used with good effect
in violent fits of the stone, and in cases of as-
ENEPIDE'RMIC TREATMENT. The ap-
plication of plasters, &c, to the skin, without
abrasion or friction.
E'NERGY. (Energia, «, f. ; from evepyeu, to
act.) A term conveniently applied in physi-
ology to certain powers of which we see the
operation, but are ignorant of the nature : thu»
we speak of the vital energy, the nervous energy,
ftp.
Enerva'tion. A Btate of weakness; the act
of debilitating.
257
ENT
ENT
Ehe'rvis. Enervius. Ribless : applied to
leaves which are without lines or ribs.
Engala'ctum. Salsola kali.
Engastrimy'thus. A ventriloquist.
Engeiso'ma. A fracture of the skull, in which
the broken portion of bone slides under the ad-
jacent sound portion. — Kuhn.
Enghien springs, near Paris, contain sul-
phureted hydrogen gas, muriates of magnesia
and soda, carbonates of lime and magnesia, free
carbonic acid, &c.
Englo'tto-ga'stor. A ventriloquist.
ENGOMPHO'SIS. (is, is, m. ; from ev, and
yofi^oc, a nail.) That species of articulation
•which resembles a nail driven into wood, as a
tooth into its socket. Gomphosis.
Engo'nios. The flexure, or angle made by
the bending of a joint.
ENGORGEMENT. A French term synony-
mous with congestion.
Engoument. A French term signifying ob-
struction. Thus engoument des bronches, ob-
struction of the bronchi by effused mucus.
Enhjemon. Evai/iov. An old plaster.
Eni'xum paracelsi. Supersulphate of pot-
ash.
ENNEA'NDRIA. Enncandrow. (From ev-
vea, nine, and avrjp, a man.) A class of plants
with hermaphrodite flowers and nine stamina.
Enneapha'rmacum. A medicine composed
of nine simple ingredients.
Enneaphy'llum. Bear's-foot.
Ennui'. Listlessness ; mental languor.
Eno'dis. Without knots.
Eno'rmon. The vital principle.
ENOSTO'SIS. (From ev, in, and oareov, a
bone.) A tumor formed in the medullary ca-
nal of a bone.
ENRY'THMUS. (EvpvOfior, from ev, and
pvd/ioe, number.) An irregular pulse.
ENS. An entity. By this term Paracelsus
signified a natural power capable of influencing
the human body. Of such powers he enumer-
ates five: an ens astralc, ens vcnenalc, ens natu-
rale, ens spiritualc, and ens Deale. In Alchemy,
an active body, as ens martis.
Ens martis. An oxide of iron.
Ens primum solare. Antimony.
Ens veneris. The muriate of copper.
Ensa'tcs. Sword-shaped.
E'nsiform. (Ensiformis ; from ensis, a
sword, and forma, resemblance.) Sword-
shaped; sword-like. In Anatomy, applied to
some parts from their resemblance ; as the ensi-
form cartilage. See Cartilago ensiformis.
Ensta'ctitm. A liquid medicine, applied
ttUlatim, or drop by drop.
ENTA'SIA. Entasis. (From evraaic, in-
tcntio vehementia.) The generic name applied
by Dr. Good to constrictive spasm, embracing
trismus, tetanus, priapism. — E. loxia. Torti-
collis. — E. systremna. Cramp. — E. tetanus an-
ticus. Emprosthotonos.
ENTA'TtCUS. (Evrart/coc ; from evretvu,
to Strain: provocative.) Applied to that which
excites venereal inclination.
Ente'lipathia. Nymphomania.
ENTELMI'NTHA. A synonyme of cntozoa.
Enterade'nks. The mucous intestinal
glands
258
ENTERALGIA. (From evrepov, the intes-
tine, and aXyoc, pain.) The generic name given
by Swediaur to painful affections of the bowels.
Enterele'sia. Pain casued by the invagi-
nation or strangulation of the intestines. — Ali-
bert.
Enteremphra'ais. Obstruction of the intes-
tines. *
Entere'nchyta. An instrument for admin-
istering clysters. A clyster-pipe.
ENTE'RIC. (Entericus; from evrepov, the
intestine.) Appertaining to the intestines.
ENTERICA. A generic term of Dr. Good
for diseases affecting the alimentary duct. .
ENTERFTIS. (is, idis, f. ; from evrepov, an
intestine.) Inflammation of the intestines.
Inflammation may attack any portion of the
intestinal canal, and any of the three textures,
mucous, muscular, or serous, which enter into
its formation. The term enteritis has been
most frequently applied to the commonest form
of acute inflammation of the intestines, namely,
that in which all the three coats are more or
less implicated. See Inflammation of the Stom-
ach and Intestines.
Enteritis, follicular. Typhoid fever.
ENTERO-. A prefix. (From evrepov.) An
intestine ; of common occurrence in medicine
and surgery.
Enterobro'sis. Perforation ofthe intestines.
ENTEROCE'LE. (e, es, f.; from evrepov,
an intestine, and Kn?in, a tumor.) An intestinal
rupture, or hernia. Every hernia may be so
called that is produced by the protrusion of a
portion of intestine, whether it is at the groin,
navel, or elsewhere.
Enterocystoce'le. A hernia including a
portion of the bladder and of intestine.
ENTERODE'LA. A section of polygastric
infusorials, in which the alimentary canal is
terminated by a mouth and anus.
E'NTERO-EPI'PLOCE'LE. (From evrepov,
an intestine, eninTioov, the omentum, and icn?in,
a tumor.) A rupture formed by the protrusion
of part of an intestine, with a portion of the
omentum.
ENTERO-EPIPLO'MPHALUS. (From ev-
repov, eiwr?i.oov, and 0[i$o2,oe, the navel.) An
umbilical hernia, in which both intestine and
omentum are protruded. Most umbilical her-
nia? are of this kind.
ENTERO-GASTROCE'LE. (From evrepov,
yaornp, the belly, and nrfkn, a tumor.) An ab-
dominal hernia.
ENTERO'GRAPHY. (Enterographia; from
evrepov, and ypaipu, to describe.) The anatomi
cal description of the intestines.
ENTERO-HYDROCE'LE. (From evrepov,
v6up, water, and ktjTlti, a tumor.) This may be
applied either to a common scrotal hernia, with
a good deal of water in the hernial sac, or to a
congenital hernia (in which the bowels descend
into the tunica vaginalis testis), attended with
a collection of fluid in the cavity of this mem-
brane.
Entero-hydro'mphalus. (From evrepov,
vdup, water, and ofupaTioc, the navel.) An um-
bilical hernia, containing a portion of intestine
and much serosity. This is sometimes the case
when umbilical hernia coexists with ascites.
ENT
and the hernial sac communicates with the cavi
ity of the abdomen.
ENTERO-I'SCHIOCE'LE. (From evrepov,
an intestine, iox<- ov > the ischium, and Knlv, a
tumor.) An intestinal hernia at the ischiadic
foramen.
ENTERO'LITHUS. (us, i, m.; fom evre-
pov, and 2,i6oc, a stone.) Intestinal concretion,
or calculus. This term embraces all those con-
cretions which resemble stones, generated in
the stomach and bowels. Intestinal calculi are
common in many of the inferior animals, and
they also occur in man, but much less frequent-
ly. They commonly consist of hair, or refuse
matters, with phosphates. Magnesia sometimes
forms these calculi.
ENTEROLO'GY. (Enterotogia, a, f. ; from
evrepov, and ?,oyoc, a discourse.) The part of
anatomy which treats of the intestines.
Enteromala'cia. Enteromalaxia. Soften-
ing of the intestinal coats.
E'ntero-meroce'le. A femoral hernia.
ENTERO'-MESENTERIC FEVER. A ty-
phus fever in which there is ulceration of the
intestines aud enlargement of the mesenteric
glands. — Petit and Serves.
Enteuo'mphalus. An umbilical hernia, pro-
duced by the protrusion of a portion of intestine.
E'NTERON. (Evrepov, and plural evrepa,
the intestines; from evroc, within.) An intes-
tine, or the intestines in general.
ENTEROPATHI'A. Enteropathy. (From
evrepov, and nadoc, a disease.) Intestinal dis-
ease : a generic term.
Enteropathy cancerosa. Cancer of the
intestines.
Enteroperi'stole. Constriction or obstruc-
tion of the intestines.
Enterophlo'gia. Enteropy'ria. Enteritis.
ENTERO'RRAPHY. Enterorraphia. Ente-
rorraphe. (From evrepov, and patyrj, a suture.)
A suture of the intestines, or the sewing togeth-
er the divided edges of an intestine.
Enterorrhk'xis. Perforation or rupture of
the intestines.
Enterorrh'oca. Diarrhoea.
E'NTERO'SCHEOCE'LE. (e, es, f. ; from
tvrepov, oax eov > && scrotum, and unhrj, a rup-
ture.) A scrotal hernia.
ENTERO'SES. A class of diseases, includ-
ing all such as are situated in the intestines. —
Alibert.
ENTERO'TOME. A form of scissors, invent-
ed by J. Cloquet, for readily opening the intes-
tines in dissections.
ENTEROTO'MIA. Enteroto'my. The dis-
section of the intestines. In Surgery, the cut-
ting into the intestines to form artificial anus,
or for any other object.
Enteroz'oa. See Entozoa.
Enthelminthis. Worms. See Entozoa.
E'nthlasis. A depressed fracture of the
skull. — Galen.
ENTHUSIASM. (Enthusiasmus ; EvBovoi-
aap.oe ; from evdvoiafa, to rave.) The delirious
raving of those who fancy themselves inspired.
— Galen.
Entire. Integer.
Entomo'line. The substance also called
chitine-
En t
ENTOMO'LOGY. (From evropa, insects,
and Tloyoc, a discourse.) The history, organi
zation, and classification of insects.
ENTOMO'STRACEANS. The division of
crustaceans which are covered with a thin,
horny tegument or shell, in two or more pieces.
ENTO y NIA. (From the Greek.) Tension.
Tonic spasm. A generic term; as in Entonia
catalcpsis, catalepsy, &c.
Ento'phyta. Parasitical fungi.
ENTOZO'A. Entozoaria. (From evroc,
within, and fuoi>, an animal.) Parasitical ani-
mals. We shall consider the diseased actions to
which they give rise under the head Invermi
nation.
The entozoa of the human body may be di-
vided into those which inhabit only the aliment-
ary canal, and those which are found in other
parts.
Of alvine entozoa there are two classes :
First class : those which are generated and
nourished in the human intestinal canal. Sec-
ond class: those insects or worms that acci-
dentally enter the human prima?, and never
propagate their species in that canal, but are
soon eliminated from the body.
The first class contains : Order I. Round
worms.
Genus I. Intestinal ascarides. Character. —
Body round, head obtuse, and furnished with
three vesicles.
Species 1. Ascaris lumbricoides. The long
round worm, or lumbricoid ascaris. The As-
caris of Rudolphi. Character. — When full
grown, a foot in length. Mouth triangular. 2.
Ascaris vermicular is. The thread or maw-
worm. The Oxyuris of Rudolphi. Character.
— When full grown, half an inch in length ; tail
terminates in a fine point.
Genus II. Intestinal trichurides. Charae
ter. — Body round, tail three times the length
of the body, head without vesicles.
Species 1. Trichuris vulgaris. The trichuris,
or long thread-worm. This worm is the Tri-
chocephalus dispar of Rudolphi. Character. —
The head furnished with a proboscis.
Order II. The flat worms.
Genus 1. Intestinal tape-worm. Character.
— Body flat and jointed.
Species I. Tania osculis marginalibus. The
long tape-worm. The Tamia solium of Rudol-
phi. Character. — The oscula are situated upon
the margin of the joints. 2. Tamia osculis su-
perftcialibus. The broad tape-worm. The
Bothriocepkalus latus of Rudolphi. Character.
— The oscula are placed upon the flattened sur-
face.
The second class contains: 1. The Fasciola
hepatica, or fluke ; very rarely found in man.
2. The ScarabcEus. Several species have been
found in the meatus auditorius exlernus, the al-
vine canal, the rectum, the vagina, &c. 3.
The Oestrus, a fly, the ovula of which are de-
posited under the skin in wounds or fetid ulcers,
and where the larva; or maggots produce great
mischief. 4. The Gordius, or horse-hair worm,
which inhabits soft stagnant waters, and is
taken into the stomach with the water. 5.
The Hirudo, or leech, which is taken in the
same way. C. The Musca. Several of this
259
ENU
genus deposit their eggs in the nose, antra of
Highmore, and in the rectum : especially the
M. carnaria, or flesh-fly ; the M. vomitoria, or
blow-fly ; the M. cibaria, or pantry-fly ; the M.
Tnttris, or hopper-fly maggot.
The third class comprehends those animal-
cules which ai - e found in other parts, as the
viscera of the head, thorax, &c, and under the
skin. These are, 1. The Acephalocystis, or
hydatid . This is formed like a hladder, whitish,
and distended with an aqueous fluid. They
are sometimes formed in the natural cavities of
the body, as the uterus, abdomen, and ventri-
cles of the brum, but more frequently in the
liver, kidney, and lungs, where they produce
diseased actions of those viscera. They are
usually found in a large cyst containing fluid
when in the liver, but are rare. 2. The Cys-
ticcrcus, or bladder-tail hydatid. See Cysti-
cercus. 3. The Polycephalus, or many-headed
worm. See Polycephalus. 4. The Echino-
coccus. See Echino-coccus. 5. The Filaria
medinetisis, or Guinea worm. See Filaria. 6.
The Acarus of the itch. See Scabies.
The symptoms arising from the presence of
entozoa in the intestines, and the treatment re-
quired for their removal, will be found under
the head Invermination.
Entozoon folliculorum. Acarus folliculo-
rum.
Entrails. The viscera of the abdomen ; the
intestines.
Entricoma. The ciliary edge of the tarsal
cartilage.
ENTRO'FIUM. Entropion. (From ev, and
rpenu, to turn.) A disease of the eyelids, in
which the eyelashes and eyelid are inverted to-
ward the bulb of the eye. This may arise from
swelling of the lids or other causes, and soon
produces irritation of the conjunctiva, or trichi-
asis. The eyelids must be returned to their
normal position by reducing the swelling, or
by removing a small portion of skin, or draw-
ing the hairs out and cauterizing the bulbs.
ENTYro'sis. The glenoid cavity.
Enucleation. The shelling of fruits, or tak-
ing out the kernel or core of any thing, as an
almond, a tumor, &c.
E'nula. E. campana. Inula helenium.
ENURE'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from evovpeu, to
make water.) An incontinency or involuntary
flow of urine. This disease usually proceeds
cither from relaxation or a paralytic affection
of the sphincter of the bladder, induced by va-
rious debilitating causes, as too free a use of
spirituous liquors, manustupration, and 'excess
in venery ; or it arises from compression on the
bladder, from a diseased state of the organ, or
from some irritating substance contained in its
cavity. Dr. Cullen makes two species :
1. Enuresis atonica, the sphincter of the blad-
der having lost its tone from somo previous
disease. 2. Enuresis ab irritationc, vel com-
pressione vesica;, from an irritation or compres-
sion of the bladder.
It is often cured by the internal exhibition
of the tinctura cantharidis, uva ursi, by tonics,
and by stimulating the rectum with aloetic
suppositories : blisters to the perineeum are also
serviceable. When symptomatic of stone, or
2fi0
EPH
any other disease, it requires the remedies for
such complaint.
EP-. EPH-. EPI-. Common prefixes
from em, above, upon; and meaning exterior,
above, increase, addition.
Epacma'sticos. ~EiraK/iaanKoc. Applied by
the Gree|»s to a fever which gradually increases
in severity till it arrives at the crisis.
Efa'cme. The increase or exacerbation of a
disease.
Epago'gium. The pramuce.
Epanadiplo'sis. Reduplication: applied to
the return of the cold fit of an ague before the
hot fit is ended.
Epana'stasis. A tubercle or pustule.
Epancylo'tus. A serpentine bandage.
EPANE'TUS. (From enaviy/xt, to remit.)
A generic term applied by Dr. Mason Good to
remittent fevers. The species are, E. hectica.
Hectic. — E. malignus flavus. Yellow fever. —
E. mills. Remittent fever.
Efaphjk'resis. EjrafiaipeoLc. Repeated
evacuation, and especially that of blood.
Epa'kma. Eparsis. (From eiratpu, to ele
vate.) A tumor of any part.
Epe'ncranis. The cerebellum. — Galen
Epheiue'um. Parts above the pubes.
E'phedra. Ephcdrana. The buttocks.
Ephe'lcis. The crust of an ulcer.
E P H E ' L I S. (is, ides, f. ; from em, and
t)?iioc, the sun.) This term denotes not only
freckles, E. lenticnlaris, and the larger brown
patches, E. diffusa, which likewise arise from
exposure to the direct rays of the sun, as the
name imports, but also those large dusky
patches, which are very similar in appearance,
but occur on other parts of the surface which
are constantly covered. The best applications
to such blemishes are very dilute alcohol, min-
eral acids, and potash, so dilute as just to be
sensible to the tongue. One form of diffused
ephelis is of a brownish color, and followed by
desquamation of the skin, and is symptomatic
of uterine and intestinal disturbance.
EPHE'MERA. Ephcmerus. (From em, and
q/iepa, a day.) A fever of a day's duration.
Ephemera maligna. E. sudatoria. See Su-
dor anglicus.
Ephe'meris. (is, idis, f. ; from efapepic.)
An almanac.
Ephe'meropy'ria. Ephemera.
Ephe'sium empla'strum. A stimulating plas-
ter described by Celsus.
EPHIA'LTES. (es, is, m. ; from etyallopai,
to leap upon.) Nightmare. Distressing sen-
sations during sleep, mostly preceded by a
fearful dream, in which some known or un-
known enemy is in close pursuit, and from
whom the person affected can not escape, and
is unable to speak, though he is constantly en-
deavoring so to do: in this struggle a great
oppression or weight is felt on the chest. The
causes of this affection are lying on the back,
mental irritation from fatigue, and a dyspeptic
state of the stomach.
It sometimes arises from flatulence, caused
by indigestible matter in the stomach, after too
heavy a supper ; which, pressing the stomach
against the diaphragm, impedes respiration, or
renders it short and convulsed. Inflated inte*
EP.I
tines may likewise produce similar effects, or
mental perturbations.
There is another species, which has a more
dangerous tendency, arising from an impeded
circulation of blood in the lungs when lying
down, or too great relaxation ol the heart and
its impelling powers. Epilepsy, apoplexy, or
sudden death are sometimes among the conse-
quences of this species of disturbed sleep.
Ephia'ltia. The herb peony.
EPHIDRO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from efidpou, to
perspire.) A violent and morbid perspiration,
producing debility. A colliquative sweat.
Tonics, especially the mineral acids, are neces-
sary to alleviate this condition.
Ephi'ppium. The sella turcica of the sphe-
noid bone.
E'phodos. 1. An excretory duct. 2. The
periodical attack of a fever.
Epi'alos. The name given by the Greeks
to a fever in which the morbid sensation of heat
is accompanied with irregular shiverings. The
Latin writers call it Querccra.
Epia'ltes. See Ephialtes.
Epian. Framboesia.
Epica'nthis. The angle of the eye.
Epica'rp. The outer covering or skin of a
fruit.
Epica'rpium. A medicament or plaster ap-
plied to the wrist.
Epicau'ma. Epicausis. Encauma: a burn.
Epi'ceras. Trigonella fcenum gra;cum.
Epicera'sticus. Demulcent medicines.
Epi'cholus. Bilious.
Epicho'rdis. The mesentery.
Epicho'rion. The tunica decidua uteri. —
Cfiaussier.
Epichri'sis. Inunction.
Epicho'rios. Enchoriop.
Epichro'sis. Ephelis.
Epicos'lis. -Synonymous with cilium.
EPICO'LIC. (Epicolicus; from em, upon,
and kuIov, the colon.) The part of the abdo-
men which lies over the colon.
Epico'ndyle. The protuberance at the outer
side of the distal extremity of the humerus,
from which the extensor and supinator muscles
of the forearm and hand rise by a common ten-
don. — Chaussier.
Epico'ndylo-cubitalis. The anconeus.
Epicondylo-radialis. The supinator radii
Epicondylo-su'pra-metacarpia'nus. The
extensor carpi radialis brevior.
Epicondylo-supra-phalange'ttianus com-
munis. The extensor digitorum communis.
Epicondylo-supra-phalangettia'nus mi'ni-
mi digiti. The extensor proprius minimi digiti.
EPICOPHO'SIS. (From em, and ku<j>oc,
deaf.) The same as cophosis ; deafness. Cas-
telli says that it applies more particularly to
deafness supervening in the course of another
EPICRA'NIUM. (urn, i, n. ; from em, and
npaviov, the cranium.) This term is most usu-
ally applied to the tendinous expansion of the
occipito-frontalis muscle ; but some writers ap-
ply it to the skin of the head, and others to the
whole of the soft parts which form the scalp.
Epicra'nius. The occipito-frontalis muscle.
EPI
EPI'CRASIS. (From em, and icepavvv/ii, to
temper.) A critical evacuation of bad humors.
When a cure is performed in the alterative
way, it is called per Epicrasin.
Epicte'nium. The parts above and about
the pubes.
Epicye'ma. Epicyesis. Superfcetation.
EPIDE'MIC. (Epidemicus; from em, upon,
and An/ioc, the people.) Applied to a disease
which attacks a multitude of persons at the
same time and in the same place. Epidemic
diseases may arise from contagion or from some
atmospheric cause, or from, both combined,
which last is probably the case in most in-
stances.
Epidemic of the Antilles. The dengue
epidemic of Paris (in 1828). See Acrodynia.
EPI'DEMY. An epidemic disease. The
word epidemic is sometimes improperly used
for this ; epidemic is an adjective term.
EPIDE'NDRUM. (wot, *, n.) A genus of
plants. Gynandria. Monandria. Orckidia-
cece. — E. vanilla. Vanilla. The vanilla yields
a long, flattish pod, containing a reddish-brown
pulp, with small, shining black seeds, which
have an unctuous, aromatic taste, and a fragrant
smell. They are used by perfumers and con-
fectioners.
Epi'deris. The clitoris.
EPIDE'RMIC. (Epidermicus ; from em-
Sep/itc, the scarf skin.) Relating to the epi-
dermis.
Epidermic method. See Enderinic.
EPIDE'RMIS. (is, idis, f. Emdep/iic ; from
em, upon, and dep/ia, the skin.) The scarf
skin, or cuticle of an animal or plant.
EPIDERMOID. (From emdepfiic, and eitiog,
resemblance.) Resembling the epidermis.
Epide'rmose. A name given by Bourchardat
to that portion of moist fibrin which is insolu-
ble in dilute muriatic acid.
Epi'desis. The arresting of a discharge of
blood by means of a bandage.
Epide'smus. A bandage by which splints
bolsters, &c, are secured.
EPIDI'DYMIS. (is, is, m. ; from em, upon,
and 6iSvp.oc, a testicle.) A hard, vascular, ob-
long substance, that lies upon the testicle, form-
ed of a convolution of the vas deferens. It has
a thick end, which is convex, and situated pos-
teriorly ; and a thin end, which is rather flat,
and situated inferiorly. The epididymis ad-
heres to the testicle by its two extremities
only, for its middle part is free, and the tunica
vaginalis dips between it and the testicle, form-
ing a little pouch.
Epi'dosis. Increased growth or preternatu-
ral magnitude.
Epi'drome. An afflux of humors.
Epifagus americanus. The orobanche vir-
giniana.
Epig^'ous. A descriptive term in botany^
denoting close contact with the earth or soil.
EPIGA'STRIC. (Epigastricus ; from em,
upon, and yaarnp, the stomach.) Appertaining
to the epigastrium.
Epigastric artery. A branch given off by
the external iliac artery just where it passes
under Poupart's ligament; it ascends between
the rectus muscle and the peritoneum, and then
261
EP1
within the sheath of the rectus, inosculating
with the internal mammary.
Epigastric region. See Abdomen.
EPIGA'STRIUM. The part immediately
over the stomach.
Epigastroce'le. EpigastHocelc. Abdomi-
nal hernim, situated at or near the epigastrium.
Epigene'ma. Epiginomena.
EPIGE'NESIS. (Eiriyeveo-ic ; from emyi-
vofiat, to generate upon.) A theory of genera-
tion which regards the foetus as the joint pro-
duction of matter afforded by both sexes.
EPIGINO'MENA. (Emy&o/uva ; from em-
yivofiai, to succeed or supervene.) Adventi-
tious symptoms occurring in the course of a
disease, but not necessarily connected with it.
Epiglo'ssum. Ruscus hypoglossum.
Epiglottic gland. Pcriglottis. A collec-
tion of minute glands situated at the base of the
anterior surface of the epiglottis. These supply
a fluid which lubricates the epiglottis.
Epi'glotticus. Relating to the epiglottis.
EPIGLO'TTIS. (it, idis, or is, is, f. ; from
em, upon, and yluTTic, the tongue.) The car-
tilage at the root of the tongue that falls upon
the glottis, or superior- opening of the larynx.
Its figure is nearly oval ; it is concave posteri-
orly, and convex anteriorly ; the apex, or supe-
rior extremity, is loose, and is always elevated
upward by its own elasticity. While the back
of the tongue is drawn backward in swallowing,
the epiglottis is put over the aperture of the
larynx : hence it shuts up the passage from the
mouth into the larynx. The base of the epi-
glottis is fixed to the thyroid cartilage, the os
hyoides, and the base of "the tongue, by a strong
ligament.
Epiglo'ttum. An instrument for elevating
the eyelids. — Paracelsus.
Epiglou'tis. The superior parts of the but-
tocks.
Epigo'natis. The patella.
Epigo'nides. About the knees.
Epi'gonum. A superfcetation.
Epi'gynous. When the stamens, petals, &c,
are all attached to the ovarium, which thus be-
comes inferior.
Epila'mpsis. The same as cclampsis.
Epilempsis. See Epilepsy.
E'PILEPSY. (Epilepsia, a, f. Emfyfixpia;
from enika/iSavu, to seize upon.) Falling sick-
ness. It consists of violent convulsions, with
coma, and usually foaming at the mouth. Cul-
len has three species :
1. Epilepsia ccrcbralis ; attacking suddenly,
without manifest cause, and not preceded by
any unpleasant sensation, unless, perhaps, some
giddiness or dimness of sight.
2. Epilepsia sympathica; without manifest
cause, but preceded by a sensation of an aura
(the aura epileptica') ascending from some part
of the body to the head.
3. Epilepsia occasionalis ; arising from man-
ifest irritation, and ceasing on the removal of
this. It comprehends several varieties :
E. traumatica, arising from an injury of the
head.
E. a dolore, from pain.
E. verminosa, from the irritation of worms.
E. a veneno, from poisons.
262
EPI
E. exanthematica, from the repulsion of cu
taneous eruptions.
E. a cruditate ventriculi, from crudities of
the stomach.
E. ab inanilione, from debility.
E. vterina, from hysterical affections.
E. ex onanismo, from onanism, &c.
This disease attacks by fits of a few minutes
to half an hour, and goes off, leaving the person
most commonly in his usual state: but some-
times a considerable degree of stupor and weak-
ness remain behind, particularly where the dis-
ease has frequent recurrences. It is oftener
met with among children than grown persons,
and boys seem more subject to its attacks than
girls. Its returns aro periodical, and its parox-
ysms commence more frequently in the night
than in the day, being somewhat connected
with sleep.
Epilepsy may be idiopathic, hereditary, or
symptomatic of irritation ; it is not uncommon
in youth; when it attacks those past middle
age it is extremely intractable. It may pass
away after other severe diseases, or may termin-
ate in loss of mind, idiotcy, or apoplexy. There
is nothing certain in the morbid anatomy.
The causes which give rise to epilepsy are
blows, wounds, fractures, and other injuries
done to the head by external violence, together
with lodgments of water in the brain, tumors,
concretions, and polypi. Violent affections of
the nervou3 system, sudden frights, fits of pas-
sion, great emotions of the mind, acute pains in
any part, worms in the stomach or intestines,
teething, the suppression of long-continued evac-
uations, too great emptiness or repletion, and
poisons received into the body, are causes
which likewise produce epilepsy. Sometimes
it is hereditaiy, and at others it depends on a
predisposition, arising from affection of the sen-
sorium, occasioned either by plethora or a state
of debility.
An attack of epilepsy is now and then pre-
ceded by a heavy pain in the head, dimness of
sight, noise in the eai's, palpitations, flatulency
in the stomach and intestines, weariness, and a
small degree of stupor, and, in most cases, there
prevails a sense of something like a cold vapor
or aura, proceeding from some part of the body
toward the head, and well known under the
name of aura epileptica ; but it more generally
happens that the patient falls down suddenly
without much previous notice; his eyes are
distorted, or turned so that only the whites of
them can be seen; his fingers are closely clinch-
ed, and the trunk of his body, particularly on
one side, is much agitated; he foams at the
mouth, and thrusts out his tongue, which often
suffers great injury from the muscles of the
lower jaw being affected ; he loses all sense of
feeling, and not unfrequently voids both urine
and faeces involuntarily. The spasms abating,
he recovers gradually ; but, on coming to him-
self, feels languid and exhausted, and retains
not the smallest recollection of what has passed
during the fit.
During the epileptic paroxysm in general,
little or nothing is to be done except usmg pre-
cautions that the patient may not injure him-
self; and it will be prudent to remove any
EPI
tiling whicn may compress the veins of the neck,
to obviate congestion in the head. Should
there be a considerable determination of blood
to this part, or the patient be very plethoric, it
may be proper, if you can keep him steady, to
open a vein, or the temporal artery; and, in
weakly constitutions, the most powerful anti-
spasmodics might be tried in the form of clys-
ter, as they could hardly bo swallowed ; but
there is very seldom time for such measures.
In the intervals, the treatment consists, 1. In
obviating the several exciting causes. 2. In
correcting any observable predisposition. 3.
In the use of those means which are most like-
ly to break through the habit of recurrence.
Where the fits are directly referrible to teeth-
ing, worms, or a plethoric state, &c, the re-
moval of these predisposing causes may be fol-
lowed by a cure ; otherwise there is little
hope of cure ; but the fits may be occasionally
arrested by acting on the imagination, by
emetics, powerful antispasmodics, or sedatives,
especially stramonium. Metallic tonics are of
great service, and the cuprum ammoniatum
(gr. j. daily) and nitrate of silver (gr. v. to x.
daily) have been known to produce cures ; the
latter, however, imparts a leaden hue to the
skin when long used. Large doses of tartar
emetic immediately before a fit will sometimes
arrest it.
EPILEPTIC. Epilcpticus. Affected with
epilepsy, or of the nature of epilepsy.
Epileptica passio. Epilepsy.
Epileptifa'cients. Those medicines which
produce effects simulating epilepsy ; as prussic
acid, cyanides, oil of bitter almonds. — Pereira.
Epime'lis. The Arbutus unedo ? or Mcxpi-
lus Germanica.
Epi'mylis. The patella, or knee-pan.
Epino'tium. The shoulder-blade.
EPINY'CTIDES. (ErnvvKTidec ; from em,
and vvf, night.) Vesicles rising during the
night and disappearing in the morning. A fu-
gacious kind of nettle-rash. Ecthyma, accord-
ing to Sauvages.
Epiparoxy'smus. The febrile paroxysm oc-
curring with unusual frequency.
Epipa'stum. A pulverulent medicine to be
sprinkled upon any part.
Epipe'talous. Epipetalus. Stamina, &c,
attached to the corolla of a flower.
EpiphjEno'menox. Any unusual symptom or
appearance.
Epiphlogi'sma. A burning heat of any part.
EPI'PHORA. (a, ce, f. ; emtyopa ; from em-
<j>epu, to carry forcibly.) The watery eye. An
involuntary flow of tears. A superabundant
flow of a serous humor from the eyes. It may
arise from a more copious secretion of tears
than the puncta lachrymalia can absorb, or, as
M most common, from an obstruction in the
lachrymal canal, or from irritation of the vari-
ous parts of the eye. The humor flowing over
the side of the cheek soon produces irritation
and excoriation.
Epiphra'gma. The slender membrane
which sometimes shuts the peristoma of mosses.
Epiphy'lla. Epiphyllous. Parasitic fungi,
or other bodies growing on the leaves of other
plants.
EPI
Epiphyma'ta. Cutaneous diseases.
EPI'PHYSIS. (is, is, f. ; from em, upon,
and <j>vcj, to grow.) A portion of bone growing
upon another, but separated from it by a car-
tilage. All the long bones, and many others,
have epiphyses until the end of the juvenile pe-
riod of life.
Epi'phyta. Parasitic fungi.
Epipi'gma. Emmjfia. A surgical appara-
tus in the shape of the letter II, used for the re-
duction of a luxated humerus. — Oribasius.
Epipla'sm. A poultice.
Epiple'gia. Hemiplegia.
EPIPLERO'-SIS. (From em, and nlvpumc,
repletion.) Excessive repletion or distension, i
EPIPLOCE'LE. (e, es, f.; from emnXoov,
the omentum, and Ktjhij, a tumor.) An omen-
tal hernia. A rupture produced by the protru-
sion of a portion of the omentum. See Hernia.
EPI'PLOIC. Epiploicus. Appertaining to
the epiploon or omentum.
Epiploic appendages. See Appendiculct
epiploicce.
Epiploic arteries. Artcrice epiploicce.
Branches of the gastro-epiploic artery distribu-
ted to the omentum.
Epi'ploi'schioce'le. An omental hernia pro-
trading through the ischiadic foramen.
EPIPLOI'TIS. (is, idis, f.) Inflammation
of the epiploon or omentum. See Peritonitis.
Epi'plomeroce'le. A femoral hernia formed
by the omentum.
Epiplo'mphalox. An omental hernia situa-
ted at the navel.
Epiploomphalon. See Epiplomphalon.
EPI'PLOON. (on, i, n. ; from emirAou, to
sail over : because it floats, as it were, upon the
intestines.) A duplicature of the peritonaeum,
otherwise called the omentum. See Omentum.
Epiploscheoce'le. A rupture in which the
omentum descends into the scrotum.
E pipo'lasis . A fluctuation of humors.
Epipo'ma. The same with epipigma.
Epiporo'ma. 'Emmpufta. A hard tumor
about the joints.
Episcarci'dium. Synonymous with ana-
sarca.
EPI'SCHESIS. (E7r£<7„Y£ffic ; from emo^cw,
to restrain.) A suppression of excretions.
Epischeses. An order in the class Locales
of Cullen, including diseases which arise from
the suppression of excretions.
Epi'schium. The os pubis.
Episcopa'les va'lvul/e. The mitral valves
of the heart.
Episei'on. Emoeiov. Emaiov. The pubes.
— Hippocrates. The vulva.
Episema'sia. A sign or symptom.
Episionc'us. A tumor of the labia pudendi.
Episio'rraphy. Synonyme of elytrorrhaphy.
EPISPA'DIAS. (From em, upon, and airau,
to draw.) That malformation of the urethra in
which it opens on the dorsum of the penis. See
Hypospadia.
EPISPA'STIC. (Epispasticus ; fUbrn em-
anao), to draw.) Those substauces which have
the power of inflaming the skin and causing an
effusion of serum under the cuticle. Vesicatory.
Epispastic silk. Oiled silk covered with
blistering cerate, to answer as a blister.
263
EPI
Epista/sticum. A blister.
Bpispe'rm. Episperma. The outer envel-
opes of a seed ; the testa.
Epis ph je'ria. The convolutions of the brain
have been so called.
Epista'gmos. A catarrh. — Dioscorides.
Epistaphyli'nus. The azygos uvula muscle.
EPI'STASIS. Emaraaic. Hippocrates
uses this word in the same sense as emaxeaic,
a suppression of any kind ; but generally it sig-
nifies any matter suspended near the surface
of the urine, as opposed to vnoaraoic , hyposta-
sis, the sediment.
EPISTA'XIS. {is, is, f. : from emorafr, to
distill from.) Bleeding at the nose. This is
very common and unimportant in young per-
sons of a plethoric habit, but when it occurs in
advanced life may be symptomatic of apoplexy
or palsy ; it is also a dangerous symptom in
typhoid fever. If necessary to arrest epistaxis,
it may be done by cold, astringents, or press-
ure. Sometimes it is necessary to plug the
nostrils. The subject should be treated by an-
tiphlogistics if it recurs often.
EPISTE'RNAL BONES. Two bones which
in young persons are separated from the ster-
num by a regular joint, but subsequently unite
with the upper part of this bone.
EPISTHO'TONOS. {os, i, m.; from em-
cdev, forward, and tecvu, to extend.) A teta-
nic affection of the muscles on the anterior part
of the body, by which the trunk is bent forward.
It is synonymous with emprosthotonos, which
latter term is more frequently used.
Epistrophalus. See Epistrophis.
Epistropheus. The dentatus.
Epi'strophis. Epistrophalus. Epistrophia.
The first vertebra of the neck.
Epitasis. The period of violence of a dis-
ease.
EPITHE'LIUM. {urn, ii, n. ; from em, and
TiQjjfii, to place.) The cuticle on the prola-
bium, or red part of the lips, and on the mu-
cous membranes in general. It is distinguish-
ed into the scaly epithelium, which forms the
inner surface of the blood and lymph vessels,
the inner surface of many mucous and serous
•acs, &c. ; the columnar epithelium, which forms
the surface of the intestinal canal, as well as
the surface of the passages for most glands; and
the ciliated epithelium, which forms the surface
of the mucous membrane of the organs of respi-
ration, &c.
EPITHELIUM CELLS. Epithelial cells.
Flattened, tesselated, or cylindrical cells cover-
ing the delicate tissues. They are sometimes
covered with cilia, and are mostly of short du-
ration, being cast off from the membrane, but
sometimes absorbed, or more permanent.
EPITHE'M. {a, atis, n. ; from eiriridij/ii, to
place upon or apply.) A lotion or fomentation,
or any external application, except ointments
and plasters.
Epithema'tium. The same.
Epi'tbTesis. The straightening of crooked
limbs by instruments.
Epi'thymum. Cuscuta epithymum.
Epitro'chlea. The part above the trochlea
of the humerus ; the lesser condyle. — Chaus-
tier.
264
EQU
EPIZOO'TIC. {Epizooticus; from ««,
upon, and £aov, an animal.) When a disease
prevails among the inferior animals in the same
manner as an epidemic does amoug men, it is
said to be epizootic.
Epizo'oty. An epizootic disease.
Epo'de. Epodos. The curing of diseases
by incantation.
Epo'mis. The acromion, or upper part of
the shoulder.
Epompha'lium. An application to the navel.
Epse'ma. Epsesis. Decoction.
Epsom springs. They are near London, and
yield a purgative Baline, containing sulphate of
magnesia chiefly.
Epsom salt. Sulphate of magnesia. See
Magnesia sulphas.
EPU'LIS. {is, idis, f. ; from em, and ovla,
the gums.) 1. A swelling on the gums. 2. A
morbid growth of the gum, which may become
malignant.
Epulo'sis. Cicatrization.
EPULO'TIC. Epuloticus. (From ckovKou,
to cicatrize.) That which promotes cicatriza-
tion.
EQUILIBRIUM, {urn, it, n. ; from eeque,
equally, and libra, to balance. ) The exact rela-
tion of forces which brings about a condition
of rest. In Medicine, the term is sometimes
used to express a state of health in which the
functions are said to be in equilibrium. In
Electricity, it signifies a passive condition of the
electrical forces. In the science of Heat, it
means the state of uniform temperature to which
all quiescent matter arrives.
E Q U I ' N I A. Glanders. Two species are
recognized : E. mitis, produced by inoculation
of the fluid of grease; and E. glandulosa, which
is genuine glanders, a malignant disease some-
times affecting grooms who tend the diseased
horses.
Equise'tic acid. The aconitic acid.
Equise'tum. The pharmacopoeial name of
the mare's tail. Hippuris vulgaris.
E'quitans. Equitant: applied to leaves
which are disposed in two opposite rows, and
clasp each other by then 1 compressed base.
Equita'tion. Equitatio. Exercise on horse
back.
E'QUIVALENT. Equivalents, chemical.
(From <eque, and valeo, I avail.) The propor
tional weight in which elementary and com-
pound bodies unite. Hence the term combin
ing proportion is often used for equivalent.
There are two systems of equivalents recog-
nized in chemistry : that which takes hydrogen,
the lightest ponderable body in nature, as uni-
ty ; and that which adopts oxygen as 100. The
former is most common, but the latter is more
convenient for calculation. The discovery of
the law of equivalents, i. e., that bodies com-
bine in invariable weights, may be regarded
as the origin of philosophical chemistry, inas-
much as it introduced exactitude into the dis-
cussions of the science. This law is not only
true for the elements, but for secondary, ter-
tiary, and more complex compounds, obtaining
even in organic chemistry. Combination doea
not, however, occur between solitary atoms or
equivalents only, but between one and two or
EQU
more. In organic bodies sometimes there are
thirty, seventy, or more equivalents of one or
more components. There is at present some
discussion whether combination can occur with
half, quarter, &c, parts of equivalents. The
table gives a list of simple bodies, with their
equivalents, on the hydrogen scale. By multi-
plying these numbers with 12-5, they will be
converted into the equivalents on the oxygen
scale. Those numbers mai-ked with ? are not
certain, some chemists using double the quan-
tities given.
TABLE OF ELEMENTARY OR SIMPLE SUBSTANCES,
WITH THEIR SYMBOLS AND EQ
DIVALENT
ATOMIC WEIGHTS.
Non-metallic Elements
Oxygen . . .
Hydrogen . .
Nitrogen . . .
Sulphur . . .
Phosphorus . .
Carbon . . .
Symbols.
. . 0.
. H.
. . N.
. S.
. P.
. C.
At. wts.
8-0
100
14-19
16-12
15-72?
6-0
Chlorine . . .
. . CI.
35-47
Bromine . . .
. . Br.
78-39
Iodine . . .
. I.
126-57
Fluorine . . .
. F.
18-74
Boron . . .
. B.
10-91
Silicon . . .
. Si.
22*22
Selenium . .
. Se.
39-63
Metallic Elements.
Potassium . . .
. K.
39-26
Sodium . . .
. Na.
23-31
Lithium . . .
. L.
6-44
Barium . . .
. Ba.
68-66
Strontium . .
. Sr.
43-85
Calcium . . .
. Ca.
20-52
Magnesium . .
• Mg.
12-89
Aluminum . .
. Al
13-72
Glucinum . .
. G.
26-54
Yttrium . . .
. Y.
32-25
Zirconium . .
. Z.
33-67
Thorium . .
. Th.
59-83
Cerium . . .
Ce.
46-05
Lanthanum . .
. La.
Didymium . .
Erbium . . .
. D.
. E.
Terbium ....
. Tr.
Manganese . .
Iron ....
. Mn.
. Fe.
27-72
27-18
Cobalt . . .
. Co.
29-57
Nickel . . .
. Ni.
29-62
Zinc ....
. Zn.
32-31
Cadmium . .
. Cd.
55-83
Lead ....
. Pb.
103-73
Tin ... .
. Sn.
58-92
Bismuth . . .
. Bi.
71-07
Copper . . .
Uranium . . .
. Cu.
. U.
31-71
217-20
Mercury . . .
Silver . . .
. Hg.
: p1:
101-43
108-31
Palladium . . .
53-36
Rhodium . .
. R.
52-20
Iridium . •■ .
. Ir.
98-84
Platinum . .
. Pt.
98-84
Gold ....
. Au.
199-20
Osmium ...
. Os.
97-72
Titanium . .
. Ti.
24-33
Tantalum . .
. Ta.
184-90
Tellurium . .
. . Te.
64-25
Tungsten . .
. . W.
99-70
ERE
Metallic Element*. Symbols. At. wto.
Molybdenum . . . Mo. 47-96
Vanadium .... V. 68-66
Chromium . . . . Cr. 28*19
Antimony . . . . Sb. 64-62?
Arsenic As. 37-67?
EQUIVOCAL. Equivocates. That which
is of a doubtful or uncertain nature.
Equivocal generation. The kind of repro-
duction which can not be referred at once to
copulation or any known process.
E'QUUS. (us, i, m.) 1. A condition of fre-
quent winking or nictitation. 2. The name of
a genus of animals. The horse. — E. asinus.
The ass : the female affords a light and nutri
tious milk. See Milk.
Eradicati'vus. Violent purgation or vio-
lent purgatives.
Era'nthemus. A species of chamomile.
Eravay. An African species of ricinus.
ERBIUM. A supposed new metal occurring
with yttria.
Erebi'nthus. Eptfitvflof. The vetch.
ERECTILE TISSUE. A peculiar tissue de-
scribed by Dupuytren and Rullier, which is
susceptible of erection, or active turgescence,
by an increased flow of blood. It is formed of
arteries, veins, and nervous filaments, and con-
sists of a spongy substance, the areola) of which
communicate with each other. This tissue is
found in the corpora cavernosa of the penis and
clitoris, in the corpus spongiosum urethra?, the
nipples, lips, iris, &c. This tissue is sometimes
developed as a morbid structure, as in the case
of mnvus maternus, and aneurism by anastomo-
sis. Some deny the distinct existence of the
erectile tissue, and consider it merely as a con-
geries of blood-vessels largely supplied with
nerves.
Ere'ction. The enlargement which occurs
in erectile tissues.
ERE'OTOR. (or, oris, m.) That which
raises any thing up: applied to several mus-
cles, the office of which is to raise up the part
into which they are inserted.
Erector clito'ridis. First muscle of the
clitoris of Douglas. Ischio-cavemosus of Wins-
low. A muscle of the clitoris that draws it
downward and backward, and serves to make
the body of the clitoris more tense, by squeez-
ing the blood into it from its crus. It arises
from the tuberosity of the ischium, and is in-
serted into the clitoris.
Erector penis. Ischio-cavemosus of Wins-
low. A muscle of the penis that drives the
urine or semen forward, and, by grasping the
bulb of the urethra, pushes the blood toward
the corpus cavernosum and the glans, and thus
distends them. It arises from the tuberosity of
the ischium, and is inserted into the sides of the
cavernous substance of the penis.
Ere'ctus. Upright; a descriptive term.
EREMACA'USIS. (From tipepa, slow, and
navaic, combustion.) That form of dry rot or
decay which occurs in organic bodies freely ex-
posed to air, and kept only moderately moist.
It is altogether different to fermentation in its
results. There is complete oxidation of the de-
caying parts.
Ere'mus. See Ccnolium.
265
EEO
ER Y
BRETHRI'SM. Erethismus. (From epe-
6i£a, to excite or irritate. ) Increased sensibility
and irritability. A term variously applied by
modern writers. Mr. Pearson has described a
state of the constitution produced by mercury,
the mercurial erethrism ; characterized by great
depression of strength, anxiety about the prro-
cordia, irregular action of the heart, frequent
sighing, trembling, a small, quick, sometimes
intermitting pulse, occasional vomiting, a pale,
contracted countenance, a sense of coldness;
but the tongue is seldom furred, nor are the
vital and natural functions much disturbed. In
this state, any sudden exertion will sometimes
prove fatal.
Erethri'sma. Rubefacient.
ERETHRI'SMUS. A generic term of dis-
eases attended with great irritability. Irrita-
tion. Thus, Erethrismus ebriosum is delirium
tremens. — E. hydrophobia is hydrophobia. —
E. mercurialis, see Erethrism. — E. simplex,
fidgets.
Ere'trius. Dioscorides and Galen describe
two kinds of terra Erelria as alkaline and ab-
sorbent earths.
•Eru'gmos. Ereuxis. An eructation.
Ergaste'rium. A laboratory.
ERGOT. Ergota. See Sccalc cornutiim.
Ergot.e'tia abortifacie.vts. The supposed
ergot fungus.
Ergo'tin. Ergotinc. An unctuous, reddish,
neutral powder from ergot. It does not appear
to be the active principle.
Ergoti'sm. The poisonous effects of the er-
got of rye. See Secale comutum.
Eri'ca. The genus of heaths.
EKICA'CEjE. A natural order of shrubby
exogeus. It differs from Vaccinacem and Cam-
panulacea in the superior ovary ; from Epacri-
dacccc in the anther being two-celled ; from Pyro-
lace<e and Monotropacca in the structure of the
seeds and in habit; and from all the orders
represented by Scrophulariacem and Gentian-
acetc in the number of the cells of the ovary
agreeing with the lobes of the calyx and corolla.
Their general qualities are astringent and diu-
retic, some few being poisonous. The Arbutus,
Andromeda, Kalmia, Rhododendron, Azalea, all
well known shrubby plants of great beauty, be-
long to this order.
Eri'ceje. See Ericacecc.
ERI'GERON. 1. Formerly applied to
groundsel. 2. A genus of plants. Syngencsia.
Superfl.ua. Composite. — E. canadense. Cana-
da fleabane. An indigenous annual. The plant
is bitter, acrid, and somewhat astringent. It
appears to be tonic, astringent, and diuretic.
Dose of the plant, 3ss. to fj., in powder. — E.
heterophytlum is also officinal. It has properties
similar to those of the following. — E. philadel-
vhicum. Philadelphia fleabane. Scabious. A
biennial herb, somewhat aromatic and bitter;
it is diuretic and tonic, and has been much used
in nephritic and dropsical affections. Dose, fj.,
in infusion or decoction, daily.
Erigeron acre. Probably the Conyza ce-
rula.
ERINA'CEUS. The hedge-hog genus.
Ero'ded. Gnawed ; jagged.
Erode'nti a. Medicines which cause erosion.
26C
Erodium moschatum. The geranium mos-
chatum.
Ero'mania. Erotomania.
ERO'SION. (Erosio, onis, f. ; from crodo, to
gnaw out or eat into.) The gradual destruc-
tion of the substance of a part by increased ac-
tion of the absorbents, whether spontaneous, or
excited by the application of some irritating
substance.
Ero'sus. Jagged; gnawed.
Ero'tic Eroticus. Appertaining to the pas-
sion of love ; as erotic melancholy.
ERO'TOMA'NIA. {a, as, f. ;' from epuc, love,
and jiavia, madness.) That melancholy or mad-
ness which is the effect of love.
Erpes. See Herpes.
Erpetology. See Herpctology.
ERRA'TIO. (Erralicus ; from erro, to wan-
der.) Wandering; irregular. A term occa-
sionally applied to pains, or any disease which
is not fixed, but moves from one part to anoth-
er, as gout, erysipelas, &c.
E'RRHINE. Errhinus. Errhinum. (Ep-
piva; from ev, in, and piv, the nose.) Med-
icines which, applied to the internal membrane
of the nose, excite sneezing, and increase the
secretion, independent of any mechanical irri-
tation. Such are tobacco, asarabacca, turbith
mineral, peppers, &c. ; also called sternutatories.
E'rrhysis. A trifling hemorrhage.
E'RROR LOCI. Boerhaave introduced this
term, from the opinion that the vessels were of
different sizes, for the circulation of blood,
lymph, and serum, and that when the larger
sized globules were forced into the lesser ve»
sels, they became obstructed by error of place
Eruca sylvestris. Brassica eruca.
Eru'cin. A principle of white mustard, of
which little is known.
ERUCTATION. (Eruclatio,onis,f.) Belch-
ing. See Flatulency.
ERUPTION. Eruptio. In medical lau
guage, the sudden appearance of a disease on
the skin; thus we speak of the eruption of
measles, small-pox, scarlet fever, &c. The
term applies both to the disease itself, as de-
veloped on the skin, and the act of its break-
ing out.
Eruptive fever or diseases. Such diseas-
es as are attended with exanthem or other cu-
taneous efflorescences.
Ervilla. See Ervutn.
E'RVUM. (mot, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosce. — E. er-
villa. The tare. Tare meal has been made
into bread, and used as a resolvent in the form
of poultice. — E. lens. The lentil. They are
eaten as peas.
ERY'NGIUM. (w, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Umbellifera:.
— E. aquaticum. Eryngium. (U. S.) The
root is sudorific and expectorant, and acts sim-
ilarly with contrayerva; in large doses it is
emetic. — E. campestre is used in many places
for that of the sea eryngo. — E. maritimum. The
sea holly, eryngo. The root is sweetish and
aromatic. It was formerly celebrated for Us
aphrodisiac powers.
Eryngo. See Eryngium.
Eryngo, sea. See Eryngium.
ERY
ERY
Eryngo-leaved lichen. See Lichen.
ERY'SIMUM. (um, i,n.) A genus of plants.
Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. Cruciferce. — E.
allia'ria. Sauce alone, or stinking hedge-mus-
tard. Alliaria Camclina. It was esteemed
powerfully diaphoretic, diuretic, and antiscor-
butic. — E. barbarea. The leaves were consid-
ered antiscorbutic. — E. officinale. Sisymbrium
officinale. Hedge-mustard. Formerly used as
an expectorant and diuretic. The seeds resem-
ble mustard in their effects.
ERYSI'PELAS. (as, atis, n. EpvoureXag ;
from epvu, to draw, and nelae, adjoining; so
named from its tendency to spread to the neigh-
boring parts.) Ignis sacer, St. Anthony's fire;
the rose. A peculiar form of inflammation
which occurs chiefly in the skin, and is gen-
erally accompanied with swelling, vesications
on the affected part, and with symptomatic
fever.
1. Erysipelas •phlegmonodcs. Phlegmonoid
erysipelas. This form of erysipelas frequently
occurs in the face, affecting usually one side of
it only ; sometimes it attacks one of the extrem-
ities ; and in both cases it is ushered in by a
smart feverish attack. The color is higher than
in the other species, and the burning heat and
tingling in the part are exceedingly distressing.
The swelling generfily appears on the second
night or third day of the fever ; the vesications
rise on the fourth and fifth, and break or sub-
side on the fifth or six, when the redness
changes to a yellowish hue, and the swelling
and fever begin to diminish, and on the eighth
day both disappear ; on the tenth, the new cu-
ticle is commonly left exposed, the old one
having separated, and the brownish or dark
scab, which had formed where the fluid of the
vesications had been discharged, having fallen
off. Phlegmonoid erysipelas frequently term-
inates in suppuration, and in sloughing of the
cellular membrane.
2. The Erysipelas ademalodes is less severe
in its attack : the tumor is more gradual in its
rise and extension, is of a paler red or of a
yellowish-brown color, and is accompanied by
less heat and local distress : its surface is smooth
and shining, and, if it be strongly pressed with
the finger, a slight pit remains for a short time.
Vesications, which arc smaller, less elevated,
and more numerous than in the former species,
appear on the third or fourth day from the
commencement of the swelling, and are suc-
ceeded in two or three days by thin, dark-
colored scabs, giving an appearance not unlike
the confluent small-pox, from the edges of which
a clear lymph exudes. This is a dangerous
form, and often attacks persons of debilitated
constitution.
3. The Erysipelas gangrenosum commences
sometimes like the one and sometimes like the
other of the foregoing species, and most com-
monly occurs in the face, neck, or shoulders.
It is accompanied with symptoms of low fever,
and with delirium, which is soon followed by
coma, which remains through the subsequent
course of the disease. The color of the affect-
ed part is a dark-red ; and scattered phlyctense,
with a livid base, appear upon the surface,
which frequently terminate in gangrenous ul-
cerations. Even when it terminates favorably
suppuration and gangrene of the muscles, ten
dons, and cellular substance often take place,
producing little caverns and sinuses, which
contain an ill-conditioned pus, together with
sloughs of the mortified parts, which are ulti-
mately evacuated from the ulcers. It is an ex-
ceedingly dangerous affection, the vital powers
being frequently quite overwhelmed from the
very first of the attack, and death taking place
in a few hours.
A peculiar variety of gangrenous erysipelas
occasionally occurs in infants, a few days after
birth, especially in lying-in hospitals, and is
often fatal. It most frequently commences
about the umbilicus or the genitals, and ex-
tends upward or downward. The Erysipelas
infantum, however, often terminates favorably
in ten or twelve days.
4. In the Erysipelas erraticum the morbid
patches appear, one after another, on different
parts of the body. It commonly terminates
favorably, however, in a week or ten days.
Erysipelas is sometimes contagious and epi-
demic, and those once affected are liable to
periodic returns.
Erysipelas attacks all parts of the surface of
the body; but it more frequently appears on
the face, legs, and feet than in any other situa-
tion. It occurs oftener in warm climates than
in temperate or cold ones. When there is little
affection of the system, it is termed erythema.
Erysipelas often occurs from wounds in per-
sons of bad constitution, and may supervene in
malignant fevers.
The treatment of erysipelas must vary great
ly, according to the form of the disease. When
it occurs in robust, plethoric constitutions, par-
taking of the phlegmonous character, with se-
vere inflammatory fever, it will be proper tc
begin by taking a moderate quantity of blood ;
then direct cooling saline purgatives, antimonial
diaphoretics, a light vegetable diet, &c. But
if the accompanying fever be more of the ty-
phoid type, blood-letting is inadmissible, and
the patient's strength must be supported : after
clearing out the prima via3, and endeavoring to
promote the other secretions by mild evacu-
ants, when the pulse begins to fail, a more nu-
tritious diet may be resorted to, with wine, the
sulphate of quinine, ammonia, and other pow-
erful stimulants. In the decidedly gangrenous
form of erysipelas, all depletion is out of the
question, and a tonic and stimulating treatment
must be resorted to from the first. Opium
should be given in full doses, and calomel may
be useful in correcting the disordered state of
the abdominal secretions.
The local treatment is important. It consists
of free incisions (in phlegmonous erysipelas)
from the commencement, with poultices ; the
use of concentrated solution of nitrate of silver,
and the application of cold. Blisters are used
by the French.
Erysipelas infantum. See Erysipelas.
Erysipelas phlyctenoides. E. pustulosa.
E. zoster: Herpes zoster.
Erysipe'latoid. Erysipelatodes. Erysipe
latous. Resembling erysipelas.
Erysipelatous. Pertaining to erysipelas.
267
E R Y
ERYTHE'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from epvBpoc,
red.) 1. Simple redness. — Hippocrates.
2. Rash, or inflammatory blush without fe-
ver. — Cullen.
3. A lesser degree of erysipelas. — Calliscn.
4. A nearly continuous redness of some por-
tion of the skin, attended with disorder of the
constitution, but not contagious. — Willan.
Dr. Willan has six varieties :
1. Erythema fugax consists of red patches,
of an irregular form and short duration, re-
sembling the redness produced from pressure.
These patches are symptomatic of various feb-
rile diseases, and appear successively on the
arms, neck, breast, and face.
2. The Erythema lave exhibits a uniformly
smooth, shining surface, and chiefly appears on
the lower extremities, in confluent patches, and
is generally accompanied by anasarca.
3. The Erythema marginatum occurs in
patches, which are bounded on one side by a
hard, elevated, tortuous red border, in some
places obscurely papulated ; but the redness has
no regular boundary on the open side. The
patches appeal' on the extremities and loins, in
old people, and remain for an uncertain time,
without producing any irritation in the skin.
They are connected with internal disorder, and
their occurrence is to be deemed unfavorable.
4. The Erythema papulation occurs chiefly
on the arms, neck, and breast, in extensive ir-
regular patches, of a bright red hue, present-
ing not an inelegant painted appearance. For
a day or two before the color becomes vivid,
the surface is rough or imperfectly papulated.
The redness afterward continues for about a
fortnight ; and as the eruption declines, it as-
sumes a bluish hue, especially in the central
parts of the patches. This eruption is some-
times attended with great disorder of the con-
stitution, especially with a frequent, small
pulse, total anorexia, and extreme depression
of strength and spirits, and with acute pains
and great tenderness of the limbs ; but the gen-
eral disorder is often trifling.
5. Erythema tuberculatum resembles the last
variety m the large irregular patches of red
efflorescence which it exhibits; but there are
small, slightly - elevated tumors interspersed
through the patches, which subside in about a
week, leaving the erythema, which becomes
iivid, and disappears in about a week more.
6. The Erythema nodosum, which is a more
common and milder complaint, seems to aflect
females only, and occurs on the fore part of the
legs. It is preceded by slight febrile symp-
toms for a week or more, which generally abate
when the erythema appears, ft shows itself
in large oval patches, the long diameter of
which is panllel with the tibia, and which
slowly rise into hard and painful protuberances,
and as regularly soften and subside in the
course of nine or ten days, the red color turn-
ing bluish on the eighth or ninth day, as if the
leg had been bruised. It has always gone
through its course mildly, under the use of
laxatives, followed by the mineral acids and
other tonics.
Erythema anthrax. E. gangrenosum.
Anthrax.
268
s ESC
Erythema epidemicum. E.solare. Pellagra.
Erythema a frigore. E. pernio. Chil
bl a in. See Pernio.
Erythema mercuriale. See Eczema met-
curiale.
ERY ; THRiEA centaurium. Synonyme of Chi-
ronia centaurium.
Ery'thr^a chilensis. Chironia chilensis.
Ery'threma. Erythema.
Ery'thric acid. Purpuric acid, or murexan.
ERYTHRPNA. A genus of plants. Dia-
delphia. Decandria. E. corallodendron, the
coral tree. The bark of E. Indica is consid-
ered febrifuge. E. Monosperma is much fre-
quented by the insect that forms gum lac.
Erythrine. The name given by Heeren to
the red coloring matter of the Lichen roccella.
Erythro'danum. Rubia tinctorum.
Erythroei'des. Tunica vaginalis testis.
Erythro'gen. A green substance some-
times found in the gall-bladder in jaundice ; it
is converted into a red color when combined
with nitrogen.
Erythro'id vesicle. A doubtful vesicle of
the early foetus, longer, but of the same diame-
ter as the umbilical vesicle.
Erythro'leine. A red, oily fluid found in
litmus by Kane. Form., C20H22O4.
ERYTHRO'NIUM. («fi, i,i\.) 1. A name
of Vanadium. 2. A genus of plants. Hexan-
dria. Monogynia. Liliaceee. — E. Americanum.
Erythronium Indicum. The root is emetic in
doses of fss., but seldom used. — E. dens cani-
nus. Dog's-tooth violet. The root has been
given against colic and epilepsy, and applied
externally in scald head.
Euythro'phyll. The red coloring matter
of autumnal leaves and fruits. It is an oxide
of chlorophyll.
ERYTHRO'PROTIDE. A product of the
action of a concentrated boiling solution of pot-
ash on protein. It is of a reddish-brown col-
or, readily soluble in water and in boiling al-
cohol. It is precipitated by the salts of lead,
silver, and mercuiy, of a rose color. Formula,
C'i 3 H 8 N0 5 .
ERYTHRO'SIS. (From epydpog, red.) A
florid form of plethora, in which the blood is
rich in fibrin and hamiatosin. It is the plethora
arteriosa of some.
Erythro'xylum. Haematoxylum.
Ery'thrus. Rhus coriaria.
E'SAPHE. (EoaQri; from eoaipau, to feel
with the hand.) The touch; or feeling the
mouth of the womb, to ascertain its condition.
E'SCHAR. (Eschara, <s, f. Eu^apa; from
eaxapou, to scab over.) Eschara. The portion
of animal substance that is destroyed by the
application of a caustic, and which sloughs
away.
ESCHARO'TIC. Escharoticus. A sub-
stance which possesses the power of destroying
the texture ol the various solid parts of the ani-
mal body to which it is directly applied. This
class of substances may be arranged under two
orders :
1. Eroding esckarotics ; as blue vitriol, alttr
men ustum, &c.
2. Caustic escharotics; as potassa pura, ar-
genti nitras, acidum sulphuricum, nitricum, &c
ESS
E'SCULENT. Esculentus. Such animals
and plants as may be used for food.
Escu'line. A supposed alkaloid from the
horse-chestnut.
ES'ENBECKINE. Esenbeckina. An alka-
loid obtained from the Exostema souzanum, or
Brazilian cinchona. This name was given to
the product from the erroneous impression
that the bark was derived from the Esenbcckia
fcbrifuga.
ESO-. A prefix (from eau, within), signify-
ing internal ; as, Esocolitis, dysentery.
Eso'enteritis. Inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the bowels.
Eso'gastritis. Inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the stomach.
Esox lucius. The pike fish, from the liver
of which an oil is obtained, which is termed,
in some pharmacopoeias, oleum lucii piscis. It
is used in some countries to disperse opacities
of the cornea.
E'sphlasis. A fracture of the skull, with
depression.
Espn'oic medicine. The application of med-
icines to the skin with friction.
Es'prit. A French word for a spirit, tincture,
volatile oil, or fluid.
E'SSENCE. {Essentia, a, f.) Properly
that part of any thing on which its most remark-
able qualities depend. Usually volatile oils
mixed with alcohol. It is also applied to some
tinctures.
Essence de petit grain. The volatile oil of
the leaves of the orange, formerly of the young
fruit.
Essence of colt's-foot. This is made of
equal parts of balsam of tolu and compound
tincture of benzoin, with double the quantity of
rectified alcohol. It is sold as a pectoral.
Essence of mustard. This is made of oil
of turpentine, camphor, spirit of rosemary, and
flower of mustard.
Essence of sarsaparilla, compound. A
very concentrated state of the compound de-
coction of sarsaparilla.
Essence of spruce. This is prepared by
decoction from the twigs of the spruce fir
(pinus nigra). When mixed with treacle or
sugar, and water, and fermented, it form^ spruce
beer.
ESSE'NTIA. An essence; an aromatic and
volatile preparation ; also a tincture. See Tinc-
tura, Vinum, and Oils, Essential!
Essentia bina. A preparation used to color
brandy, porter, and other strong drinks. It is
made by boiling coarse sugar till it becomes
black and bitter, and then mixing it with lime
water to the consistence of a syrup.
ESSENTIAL. Essentialis. Relating to the
essence of any thing.
Essential oils. See Oils, Essential.
Essential salt of bark. A watery extract
of Peruvian bark.
Essential salt of lemons. The prepara-
tion so called is a mixture of cream of tartar
and binoxalate of potash.
E'SSERA. (a,<e,f.) Sora. Bare. A spe-
cies of cutaneous eruption, distinguished by
broad, shining, smooth red spots, mostly with-
out fever, and differing from the nettle rash in
ETH
not being elevated. It generally attacks the
face and hands. It is also applied to the nettle
rash.
Esthio'menus. (From eodiu, to eat.) A
term formerly applied to any disease which
rapidly destroyed, or, as it were, ate away the
flesh ; as some forms of herpes, lupus, cancer.
Estival. JEstival. Pertaining to the sum
mer.
Estiva'tion. See ^Estivation.
Esula major. See Euphorbia paluslris.
Esula minor. See Euphorbia cyparissias.
E'thal. A crystalline waxy substance, de-
rived from the saponification of spermaceti.
See Celyl.
E'tcerio. An aggregate fruit, the parts of
which are achenia, as in the raspberry.
E'THER. See JEther.
Ether, acetic Acetic naphtha. An ethe-
real fluid, drawn over from an equal admixture
of alcohol and acetic acid, distilled with a gentle
heat from a glass retort in a sand-bath. It is an
acetate of the oxide of ethyle. It has a grate-
ful smell, is extremely light, volatile, and in-
flammable. Its medicinal properties nearly re-
semble the other ethers, and may be given in
the same doses. It is seldom used.
Ether, chlorine. See Chloroform.
Ether-, hydric. Sulphuric or common ether.
See jiEther sulphuricus reclificatus.
Ether, hydrochloric. ^Ether hydrochlor-
icus. It is best prepared by saturating alcohol
with gaseous hydrochloric acid, and distilling
with a gentle heat into a receiver surrounded
by ice. It is colorless, has a penetrating odor,
and sweetish taste. Composition, AeCl, or
chloride of ethyle or ethule. Its sp. gr. is 0-874
at 40° F., and it boils at 51° F. A spirituous
solution is used as an antispasmodic ; this is the
spiritus athcris hydrochlorici. Dose, f. y. to
f. 3iij.
Ether, hydrocyanic This has been em
ployed by M. Magendie in some cases as a sub
stitute for hydrocyanic acid, but its smell was
found so insufferable that its use could not be
continued.
Ether, hyponitrous. See ^Ether nilrosus.
Ether, muriatic E-, marine. See Ether,
hydrochloric.
Ether, nitric See JEther nilrosus.
Ether, nitrous. Nitric naphtha. BeejEther
nitrosus.
Ether, gsnanthic The aromatic liquid
which imparts to wines and some spirits their
peculiar odor. It is an cenanthate of oxide of
ethyle ; form., CnHi30 a -|-AeO.
Ether, sulphuric See JEther sulphuricus.
Ether, vitriolic See ^Ether sulphuricus.
E'THEREAL. (Ethereus; from other.) A
term applied to any highly-rectified essential oil
or spirit.
Ethereal oil. See Oleum aithereum.
Ethereo-sulphuric acid. Sulphovinic acid.
ETHERIFICATION. The conversion of
fluids into ethers ; the process by which ethers
are produced. The theory of etherification
most countenanced is that which regards alco-
hol as the hydrated oxide of ethyle or ethule
(AeO, HO) ; this being acted on by concen-
trated sulphuric acid, forms the hydrated bisul-
269
EUD
pnate of oxide of ethyle. The hydrated bisul-
pbate is decomposed by tbe heat in distillation,
and there arises ether or oxide of ethyle ( AeO),
while the water remains combined with sul-
phuric acid.
E'therine. A solid body isomeric with
etherole, and deposited from it in the cold.
E'therole. An insoluble oily product of the
decomposition of sweet oil of wine when heat-
ed with water. It is isomeric with olefiant gas
and etherine — C4H4.
E'thionic acid. A product of the action of
anhydrous sulphuric acid on alcohol. Its form,
is 2SO3, C4II5O. It forms crystalline salts.
Ethiops. See JEthiops.
E'THMOID. {Ethmoides; from edfioc, a
sieve, and eidot;, form ; because it is perforated
like a sieve.) Sieve-like.
Ethmoid bone. Os ethmoides. Os elhmoi-
deum. Cribriform bone. A bone of the head
and nose. The ethmoid is a light cellular bone,
over which the olfactory nerves are spread. It
lies between the eyes and ethmoidal notch of
the os frontis; is of a cubical figure; contained
above the crista galli and cribriform plate, in
the center, and running the length of the bone,
is the nasal plate or azygous process, which,
with the vomer, forma the upper division of the
nostrils ; this plate also sustains at its lower part
the two superior turbinated bones. Parallel with
this, and on each side, are the two flat planes
forming the orbitar plates, which make up a
considerable portion of the orbit.
Ethmoidal cells. The cells of the ethmoid
bone.
Ethmoides. Ethmoid.
Ethu'le. A synonyme of Ethyle.
ETHYLE. Ethule. A hypothetical com-
pound radical ( C4H6 ) existing in the ethers.
Symbol, Ae. Common sulphuric ether is the
oxide of ethyle, AeO; alcohol the hydrated
oxide, AeO, HO. Thero are also chlorides,
bromides, &c. The oxide of ethyle acts the part
of metallic oxides, forming salts, of which sev-
eral are of considerable importance, as nitrous
ether, which is the hyponitrite of oxide of ethyle
AeO, N0 3 ). There is a carbonate (AeO . C0 2 ) :
oxalate, or oxalic ether (AeO, C2O3), and numer-
ous other salts, most of which have the charac-
ters of ethers.
Etiola'tion. The process of blanching plants
by raising them in darkness.
Etiology. /Etiology.
E'tron. Hr^ov. The hypogastrium.
EU-. A prefix. (From ev.) Well or good;
as Encomia, a good state of the blood. — Eu-
chymia, when the humors are in a good con-
dition. — Eucrasia, Euexia,, a good temperament
and constitution. — Euethes, benign.
EUCALY'PTUS. A genus of plants. Ico-
sandria. Monogynia. — The E. resinifera of
New South Wales produces an astringent gum
resin, resembling kino in properties. — The E.
manifera of the same place yields a kind of
manna, or eucalyptus sugar.
Eua'nthemum. The chamomile.
Eu'chlorine. The protoxido of chlorine;
hypochlorous acid.
EUDIOMETER. ( Eudiomelrum, i, n. ; from
evdia, purity of air, and [icrpov, a measure.) An
270
EUP
instrument for ascertaining the quantity of ox-
ygen or any other gas in a given mixture of
gases. The best is Ure's.
EUDIOMETRY. (Eudiometria, a.) The
art of determining the quantity of any gas con-
tained in a given bulk of atmospheric air, &c.
EUGE'NIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Icosandria. Monogynia. Myrtaceee. — E. cary~
ophylla'ta. The clove tree of the Indies. It
owes its hot, aromatic flavor to an essential oil,
the oleum caryophylli. Dose, gtt. ij. to gtt. v.,
in mixture. — E. jambos. Yields the Malabar
plum. They are used medicinally as a mild
astringent.
Eugenia pimenta. See Myrtus pimenta.
Euge'nin. The solid deposit from oil of
cloves ; the stearopten of oil of cloves.
Euge'us. The uterus.
Eu'le. A worm found in putrid ulcers.
Eunu'chium. Lactuca sativa.
Eunu'chus. One that is castrated.
Eupathi'a. Health.
Eupato'iiiace^. A subdivision of the great
natural family Composites.
EUPATO'RIUM. (w,i,n.) 1. The Greek
name for agrimony. 2. A genus of plants.
Syngencsia. Polygamia ccqualis. Composite.
3. Eupatorium cannabinum.
Eupatorium arabicum. The eupatorium
cannabinum.
Eupatorium aya pana. A Brazilian plant
which resembles E. perfoliatum in properties,
but is of inferior activity.
Eupatorium cannabinum. Hemp agrimony.
The eupatorium of European writers. The
plant was formerly much used in Europe, es-
pecially as a diuretic, and in dropsies. It was
also considered emetic and purgative.
Eupatorium gr^corum. The agrimonia eu-
patoria.
Eupatorium mesues. The achillea agera turn.
Eupatorium perfoliatum. Thoroughwort.
Boneset. This indigenous perennial finds a
place in the Pharmacopoeia, and is reputed
tonic and diaphoretic. In larger doses it is ca-
thartic and emetic. The Infusum eupalorii
pcrfoliati is officinal. It has been much used
in intermittents.
Eupatorium pilosum. A synonyme of E.
tcucrifolium.
Eupatorium purpureum. Gravel-root. This
resembles the E. perfoliatum in tonic action.
It is also said to be diuretic.
Eupatorium teucrifolium. E. verbenifoli-
um. This indigenous perennial resembles the
E. perfoliatum in its properties.
Eupatorium veterum. The eupatorium of
the ancients. Agrimonia eupatoria.
Eupe'psia. Good digestion.
Eupe'ptic. Eupepticus. Easy of digestion.
EUPHO'RBIA. (a,a,{.) A genus of plants.
Dodecandria. Trigynia. Euphorbiaceee.
Euphorbia antiquorum. A plant formerly
supposed to produce the Euphorbium.
Euphorbia canariensis. This yields the
gum euphorbia of the Canaries.
Euphorbia corollata. Large flowering
spurge ; an indigenous perennial. The root is
emetic and purgative, and the whole plant ac-
rid. Dose of the dried root, as an irritating
eui*
emetic, gr. x. to 3j. In smaller doses it is pur-
gative, and when gr. i. to gr. ij. are employed,
diaphoretic. The juice of the fresh plant is
desiccative.
Euphorbia cyparissias. The cypress
spurge. This, like most of the spurges, is very
acrimonious, inflaming the eyes and oesophagus
after touching them. It is now fallen hito dis-
use, whatever virtues may have heen ascribed
to it formerly, one of which, no doubt, was that
of opening the bowels, for it was called poor
man's rhubarb.
Euphorbia ipecacuanha. Ipecacuanha
spurge. American ipecacuanha spurge. This
is an indigenous perennial, growing in the Mid-
dle and Southern States. The root is an irrita-
ting emetic and purgative in doses of gr. x. to
Euphorbia lathyris. The plant which af-
fords the lesser cataputia seeds. The seeds
possess purgative properties, but if exhibited
in an over-dose, prove drastic and poisonous :
a quality common to all the Etiphorbiacete.
Euphorbia officinarum. The plant which
affords the euphorbium, an inodorous gum-resin,
in yellow tears, which have the appearance of
being worm-eaten; said to be obtained from
several species of euphorbia. It is imported
from Mogadore. It contains an active resin,
and is very seldom employed internally, but it
enters as an ingredient into some resolvent and
discutient plasters.
Euphorbia palustris. The greater spurge.
The juice is used in Russia as a common purge ;
and the plant is given, in some places, in the
cure of intermittents.
Euphorbia paralias. Sea spurge. Every
part of this plant is violently cathartic and irri-
tating, inflaming the mouth and fauces.
EUPHORBIA'CEiE. A natural order of ex-
ogenous plants, inhabitants of almost all parts
of the globe; nearly allied to Malvacece and
RkamnaceeB, especially agreeing with the for-
mer in the starry structure of the hairs, the
monad el phous stamens, and the definite number
of ovules in three united carpels. Their sensi-
ble properties are, on the whole, poisonous and
exciting, both being of a volatile nature, and
often dispelled by heat. Independently of the
volatile principle there are two others, viz., ca-
outchouc and turnsol. The bark of several
crotons, the wood of Croton tiglium and com-
mon box, the leaves of the latter, of Cicca dis-
ticha, and of several euphorbias, are sudorific ;
and many other species, among which Ricinus
may be mentioned, are purgative ; the latter
produces castor oil.
EUPHO'RBLE GUMMI-RESINA. Euphor-
bium. A waxy, resinous body, derived from
several species of euphorbia by incising the
stems. The powder is an irritating and dan-
gerous emetic and cathartic when taken inter-
nally, and is seldom or never prescribed. When
added to Burgundy pitch, it may be employed
as a rubefacient. See Euphorbia officinarum.
EUPHRASIA, (a, m, f.) 1. Euphrasia. 2.
A genus of plants. Didynamia. Angiospcrmia.
Scrophulariacea. — E- officinalis. Eye-bright.
It is supposed to be useful in diseases of the
eyes, but is inert.
EVO
E'upion. A volatile, oily component of oil
of tar. It boils at 117° ; sp. gr., 074 ; and has
a pleasant odor.
EUPLA'STIC. (From ev, and nliamc, for-
mation.) Favorable to the formative forces. A
term employed by Lobstein for the elaborated
matter out of which animal tissues are formed,
and opposed to cacoplastic, which means unfit
for further organization.
Eury'mthos. Regularity of the pulse.
EUSTACHIAN TUBE. Tuba eustachiana.
Iter apalato ad aurem. The tube which forms
a communication between the posterior nares
and the ear ; so named after its discoverer, Eus-
lachius. See Auris.
Eustachian valve. See Valvula Eustachii.
Eusthe'nia. Vigorous health. — Hippocrates.
Eutro'phia. Vigorous nutrition.
EVA'CUANTS. (From evacuo, to empty.)
Medicines or agents which cause a discharge
from some emunctory, as purgatives, emetics
sialagogues, &c.
EVACUA'TION. A discharge, more espe-
cially of fsnees. Also, the act of discharging,
by artificial means, the contents of an abscess,
&c.
EVAPORA'TION. (Evaporatio, onis, f.)
The slow conversion of any substance into va-
por. It differs from distillation in its object,
which chiefly consists in preserving the more
fixed matters, while the volatile substances are
dissipated juid lost : and the vessels are accord-
ingly different; evaporation being commonly
performed in open, shallow vessels, and distil-
lation in an apparatus nearly closed from the
external air.
Evaporation is a process of infinite import-
ance in the economy of nature ; and in the ani-
mal body, evaporation from the skin (sponta-
neous evaporation) and lungs is one of the most
obvious causes of diminution of temperature.
EVENTRA'TION. (From ex, out of, and
venter, the belly.) Any condition arising from
tumor or wounds in which the bowels are dis-
placed or protruded. A ventral hernia is one
form of eventration ; an extensive wound from
which the bowels protrude is another form.
Evergreen. Sempervirens.
EVERRI'CULUM. A scoop, used to clear
the bladder from the small calculous particles
which may remain after the operation of lithot-
omy.
Eve'rsio palpebr,e. Ectropium.
Evil, king's. Scrofula.
Evi'ration. Castration.
EVOLUTION. (Evolutio, o?iis, f.; from
evolvo, to unroll.) 1. In Physiology, it means
development. 2. That hypothesis respecting
generation which supposes that the germ is not
organized in the body of the parent, but pre-
existent, already organized, and only developed
by the process of generation, is called the hy-
pothesis of Evolution : it is opposed to that of
the Epigcnesis. Compare Epigcncsis.
Evolution, spontaneous. In Obstetrict,
this term has been applied by Dr. Denman to
that case in which the arm and shoulder of the
child being protruded from the vagina, a spon-
taneous turning takes place, and the child is
expelled by the breech, as if in a natural pre
271
EXA
mentation of that part. The occasional occur-
rence of the fact is generally admitted, but the
Opinions of obstetricians are divided as to the
precise manner and extent to which it takes
place.
Evo'mition. Evomitio. Vomiting.
EVU'LSION. ( Evulsio ; from cvcllo, to
pluck up. ) The forcible extraction or removal
of a part : a term sometimes employed by sur-
geons.
EXA'CERBATION. (Exacerbatio; ivomex-
aeerbo, to become violent.) An increase of in-
tensity in the symptoms of a disease recurring
at intervals. The term is generally applied to
an increase of febrile symptoms, and is synony-
mous with paroxysm.
Ex.e'matosis. Hacmatosis.
EXjE'RESIS. (From e^aipeu, to remove.)
That division of the art of surgery which com-
prises the removal of whatever is injurious or
superfluous to the body; as the extraction of
foreign bodies, amputation of limbs, excision of
tumors, &c.
Examblo'ma. Examblo'sis. An abortion.
EXANASTOMO'SIS. (From eft and avaa-
TOfiou, to relax or open.) The opening of the
mouths of vessels to discharge their contents.
EXANGI'A. (a, a, f. ; from ef, and ayyeiov,
a vessel.) The generic name given by Mason
Good to diseases which consist in enlargement,
breach, or other morbid perforation of a large
blood-vessel, without external opening. The
genus includes aneurism, varix, and cyania.
EXA'NGUINOUS. (Exanguis; fromra,
and sanguis, blood.) Deficient in blood. The
pale color of patients suffering from hemorrha-
ges, chlorosis, (fee., is termed exanguinous.
EXA'NIA. (From ex, out of, and anus.)
Prolapsus of the rectum. See Procidentia ani.
EXANTHE'M. Exanthema. (E^avdn/ia;
from e^avBeu, effloresco, to effloresce, or break
forth on the surface.) Exanthisma. 1. An
eruption of the skin, called a rash. 2. In the
present day nosologists have limited it to an
eruption or rash which is accompanied with
fever, and which has its regular periods of ef-
florescence and decline. In Dr. Willan's ar-
rangement it is appropriated solely to those
appearances which are usually called rashes ;
namely, to piitches of superficial redness of the
skin, of various extent and intensity, occasioned
by an unusual determination of blood into the
cutaneous vessels, sometimes with partial ex-
travasation; it has no reference, therefore, to
the existence of fevor or contagion. It com-
prehends measles, scarlet fever, nettle rash,
rose rash, purples, and erythema.
Exanthem mercurials. Eczema mercuriale.
Exanthema, carbuncular. Anthrax.
EXANTHE'MATA. The name of an order
of diseases, of the class Pyrexia of Cullen's
Nosology.
Exanthematic. Exanthematicus . Eruptive.
EXANTHEMA'TICA. The genus of erup-
tive fevers in Good's Nosology.
EXANTHE'SIS. (Efai^extc; from efrvdeu,
to effloresce.) Properly, the breaking out of
an efflorescence on the skin ; but applied, also,
to the efflorescence itself.
Exanthi'sma. See Exanthema.
272
EXC
Exanthro'pia. The same as misanthropy.
Exarchia'ter. A chief physician.
Exarthre'ma. Exarthroma. Exarthrosii.
A dislocation or luxation.
Exarthro'ma. Egapdpufia. A dislocation.
Exarthro'sis. ~E\ap8puaic. A dislocation.
EXARTICULA'TION. (From ex, out of,
and articulus, a joint.) A luxation or disloca-
tion of a bone from its socket.
ExCjECaria agallocha. Lignum aloes.
Exci'pulum. A chemical receiver.
EXCI'SION. ( From excisio, to cut out. )
The cutting out of parts, as tumors, &c., which
are not sufficiently large or prominent to be
amputated. We do not say the penis was ex-
cised, but a tumor was excised.
EXCITABI'LITY. (From excito, to excite.)
That condition of living bodies wherein they
can be made to exhibit the functions and phe-
nomena which distinguish them from inanimate
matter ; or the capacity of organized beings to
be affected by various agents called stimuli.
EXCTTANT. Exciting; stimulating. Ap-
plied to medicines which excite the actions of
the system, excitantia. These are either gen-
eral, acting on the whole system, as alcohol, or
particular, acting only on certain parts, as diu-
retics, expectorauts, <&c.
EXCITA'TION. Excitement. (From ex-
cito, to excite.) 1. That state in which excita-
bility is called into action. 2. The act of
awakening excitability. 3. The result of the
action of the exciting powers, as the circulation,
mental action.
Exciting cause. See JEtiology.
EXCI'TO-MO'TORY SYSTEM. A division
of the nervous system made by Dr. M. Hall.
It consists of the tubercula quadrigemina, me-
dulla oblongata, medulla spinalis, and the true
spinal nerves. This system is brought into ac-
tion by exterior agency, without the direct
influence of the will. Thus the emission of
semen is the result of an excito-motory phe-
nomenon. The nerves of the gland, being ex-
cited, convey an impression to the spinal cord,
and this reflects a nervous influence to the prop-
er organs, which produces an emission alto-
gether independent of the will. These nerves
are therefore said to act by reflex action, and
their function is termed the reflex function.
The phenomena of respiration and nutrition, as
well as the heart's action, are under this influ-
ence.
EXCORIA'TION. {Excoriatio, onis, f. ; from
excorio, to take off the skin.) An abrasion of
the skin.
E'XCREMENT. (Excrcmentum, i, n. ; from
excerno, to separate from.) Any useless matter
ejected from the body, but generally applied to
the faeces discharged from the bowels.
Excrementi'tious. Of the nature of excre-
ment.
EXCRE'SCENCE. ( Excrescentia, a, f. ;
from excresco, to grow from.) Any preternat-
ural growth ; as a com, a wart, piles, hydatids,
&c.
EXCRE'TION. {Excretio, onis, f. ; from
excerno.) 1. The expulsion, by the various out-
lets of the body, of such matters as would be
superfluous or injurious if they remained. 2.
EXO
Any mutter so thrown off, as the faeces, urine,
&c.
E'XCRETORY. (Excretorius ; from excer-
no, to purge, sift, &c.) This term is applied to
the ducts which convey the secreted fluids from
the glands. Some glands have only one excre-
tory duct, and others several.
Excretory organs. Those organs, viscera,
or teguments which furnish a matter or prod-
uct to be thrown off from the body ; they are
the reverse of secretory organs. The skin and
the mucous membranes are of this class.
Excu'tia ventri'culi. A stomach brush.
An instrument consisting of a ferule of iron or
brass, with a bunch of hog's bristles at the end
of it. It was formerly used to extract foreign
bodies from the oesophagus ; and some absurdly
attempted to cleanse the stomach of viscous
matters by means of it.
Exelco'sis. Ulceration.
Exera'ma. Matters vomited. — Hippocra-
tes.
E'XERCISE. (Exercitalio, onis, f.) The
use of the muscles in subordination to the will.
Exercise has been divided into active and pass-
ive; but many of the movements included in
the latter can not properly be called exercise.
Bee Gestation. Active exercise comprehends
walking, running, dancing, and all those exer-
cises usually termed athletic. They are of
great importance in the preservation of health
and in the removal of disease. The ancient
physicians paid much more attention to this
subject than the modern, insomuch that gym-
nastic medicine formed, with them, a distinct
department of the art.
Exercitation. Gymnastics.
Exerrho'sis. An insensible discharge; as
that of the insensible perspiration.
EXFCE'TATION. (From ex, outward, and
fastus.) Extra-uterine pregnancy, where the
ovum is developed otherwise than in the uterus.
EXFOLIATION. (Exfoliatio ; from ex-
folio, to cast the leaf.) The separation of a
dead piece of bone from the living.
Exfoliati'vum tre'panum. A raspatory, or
instrument for scraping exfoliating portions of
bone.
Exfolia'tivus. Conducive to exfoliation.
Exhala'nts. Exhalant vessels. Those ca-
pillary vessels which pour out a fluid.
EXHALATION. 1. The throwing off of
vapor ; evaporation. 2. A vapor or effluvium.
EXHAU'STION. 1. The state brought
about by excessive fatigue, want of food, great
mental effort, anxiety. 2. The effect produced
by the action of the air-pump in removing air
from vessels.
Exhorrhi'z m . Dicotyledonous or exogenous
plants.
Exhuma'tio.v. The act of disinterring a
corpse. /
Exi'schios. A luxation of the thigh bone.
EXO-. A prefix. (From the Greek, efu.)
Outward ; of great use in words derived from
that language.
E'xochas. E'xoche. In general, a tumor.
Paul of .Sgina applies the term to soft tubercles
at the anus — probably piles.
EXOCY/STIS. Exocyste. (From e£u, with-
EXO
out, aud wane, the bladder.) A prolapsus of
the inner membrane of the bladder.
EXO'GENOUS. (From cf, outside, and yeiv-
ofiai, I grow.) A term applied to those plants
a transverse slice of whose stem exhibits a cen-
tral cellular substance or pith, an external cel-
lular and fibrous ring or bark, and an interme-
diate woody mass, aud certain fine lines radi-
ating from the pith to the bark through the
wood, and called medullary rays. They are
called exogens, because they add to their wood
by successive external additions, and are the
same as what are otherwise called dicotyledons.
They constitute one of the primary classes into
which the vegetable world is divided, charac-
terized by their leaves being reticulated ; their
stems having a distinct deposition of bark, wood,
and pith; their embryo with two cotyledons;
and by their flowers usually formed on a qui-
nary type. Our forest trees and most garden
vegetables are of this kind.
Exo'gens. See Exogenous.
Exomphalocele. Exomphalus.
EXO'MPHALUS. (From ef, out of, and ofi-
<pa7ioc, the navel.) Exomphalos. An umbilical
hernia. See Hernia umbilicalis.
Exo'ncus. Exoncoma. Exoncosis. A large
tumor.
EXOPHTHA'LMIA. (a, m, f. ; from e£ out,
and o<pf)aluoc, the eye.) A swelling or protru-
sion of the bulb of the eye, to such a degree
that the eyelids can not cover it. It may be
caused by inflammation, when it is termed ex-
ophthalmia irtflammatoria ; or from a collection
of pus in the globe of the eye, when it is term-
ed the cxophthalmia purulenta ; or from a con-
gestion of blood within the globe of the eye, ex-
ophthalmia sanguinea.
Exo'rmia. A generic term, meaning an erup-
tion, and employed by the Greek physicians
with papula, ecthyma, lichen, &c.
EXOSMO'SIS. (From ef, and ua/ioc, im-
pulsion.) When the current is the reverse of
Endosmosis, which see.
EXOSTE'MA. A genus of trees of the nat-
ural family Cinchoniacece; indigenous in Brazil,
Peru, and South America, and yielding a portion
of the false cinchona barks. — E.floribunda of
the West Indies yields the St. Lucia bark. — E.
caribbeeum furnishes Caribbean or Jamaica cin-
chona bark. — E. penMianum yields the false
cinchona, or Peruvian bark. — E. souzanum the
Brazilian cinchona, the bark of which contains
esenbeckine.
Exosto'me. The foramen of an ovule.
EXOSTO'SIS. (**, is, m. ; from e£, and oo-
teov, a bone.) Hyperostosis. A morbid en-
largement, or hard tumor of a bone. The
bones most frequently affected with exostosis
are those of the cranium, the lower jaw, ster-
num, humerus, radius, ulna, bones of the carpus,
the femur, and tibia. There is, however, no
bone of the body which may not become the
seat of this disease. It is not uncommon to find
the bones of the cranium affected with exostosis
in their whole extent. The ossa parietalia
sometimes become an inch thick.
Exostosis, however, mostly rises from the
surface of the bone, in the form of a hard,
round tumor ; and venereal exostoses, or nodes,
273
EXP
are observed to arise chiefly on compact bones,
and such of these as are only superficially cov-
ered with soft parts ; as, for instance, the bones
of the cranium, and the anterior surface of the
tibia.
Exostosis steatomodes. Osteosteatoma.
EXO'TIO. (Exoticus; from efy, without.)
Belonging to a foreign country.
EXPANSION. 1. The increase of bulk
which a body undergoes by the recession, of its
particles from one another, so that it occupies
a greater space while its weight remains the
same. Expansion is one of the chief effects of
the agency of caloric. 2. A prolongation or
expanded condition, as of aponeuroses.
EXPE'CTANT MEDICINE. That theoiy
or practice of medicine which consists in ob-
serving the course of a disease, leaving the sys-
tem to the operations of nature for restoration,
unless derangement occurs or symptoms arise
too serious to be neglected. It has found much
favor in France.
EXPE'CTORANT. {Expcctorans; fromea;-
pectoro, to discharge from the breast.) Applied
to that which increases the discharge of mucus
from the bronchial tubes.
EXPE'CTORANTS. Medicines which pro-
duce or assist expectoration. The principal of
these are squills, the fetid gums, honey, liquor-
ice, horehound, garlic, ipecacuanha, tartar emet-
ic, senega root, balsam of tolu and benzoin,
myrrh, and ammoniacum.
EXPECTORATION. (Expectoratio, onis,
f.) The act of ejecting matters from the chest ;
also the sputum.
Expectoratio sanguinis. Haemoptysis.
Expellant. Expellens. Driving out ; ex-
pulsive.
Experience. Knowledge or tact acquired
by practice.
Experiment. A practical test. Something
done in order to discover an uncertain or un-
known effect. — Bacon.
EXPIRATION. (Expiralio; from expiro,
to breathe.) That part of respiration in which
the air is expelled from the lungs.
E'xpiratouy. That which assists in the pro-
cess of expiration.
EXPLORATION. Explora'tio. (From ex-
ploro, to search out.) The investigation of the
physical signs of disease, as opposed to the di-
agnosis derived from symptoms. Exploration,
as it is called, is used chiefly in diseases of the
thorax and abdomen, and cousists of, Inspection,
or examination by the eye ; Palpation, manual
examination, or examination by the sense of
touch ; Mensuration, or geometrical measure-
ment, with a view to ascertaining the compar-
ative size of the two sides of the chest or belly ;
Percussion, or striking with the hand, which
affords indications cognizable both by the touch
and the sense of hearing ; Auscultation, which
affords indications recognized only by the ear,
either unaided or assisted by the intervention
of the stethescope.
Explora'tomum. A sound.
EXPRESSED OIL. An oil obtained by
pressing, as olive oil from the olive, almond oil
from the almond, castor oil, &c.
EXPRESSION. (Expressio, onis, f. ; from
274
EXT
exprimo, to press out.) 1. A mechanical oper-
ation by which the juices of plants and vari-
ous fixed oils are obtained. 2. The indications
of the state of the feelings, passions, and sensa-
tions, presented by the countenance, attitude,
and gesture.
EXPUI'TION. (From exspuo, to spit out.)
The act of spitting.
EXPULSIVE. Expulsorius. 1. A bandage
constructed for exerting pressure on parte, so
as to expel pus or other fluids, is called the ex-
pulsive bandage. 2. The pains which occur in
the second stage of parturition, and by which
the child is expellod, are called expulsive pains.
3. Diaphoretics have been called expulsive med-
icines.
EXSANGUTNITY. (From ex, and sanguis,
blood.) Bloodlessness. See Anccmia.
Exse'rtus. Protruding.
EXSICCATION. (Exsiccatio; from exsicco,
to dry up.) Drying. A pharmaceutical and
chemical operation, by which plants, chemical
preparations, &c, are deprived of their humid
ity. This is done by exposure to the, sun, or to
fire, in an oven, &c, on dry or absorbent sub
stances.
' Exstipula'tus. Without stipuke.
EXSTRO'PHIA. Ecstrophia. (From eic
orpe$cj, to invert.) Extroversion. The dis
placement of an organ, especially the bladder.
Exsucca'tio. Synonymous with Echymoma
Extempora'neous prescription. That form
of prescription which is written at the bedside
of the patient.
Extensibility. The property or capacity
of being extended.
EXTE'NSION. (From extendo, to stretch
out.) 1. In Physics, the property of occupying
a portion of space. 2. In Surgery, the act of
pulling a broken or dislocated bone outward
from the body, to bring the end into a natural
position and restore the parts. It is the reverse
of counter extension.
EXTE'NSOR. (or, oris, m. ; from extendo,
to stretch out.) A term applied to those mus-
cles the office of which it is to extend any part ;
the term is in opposition to flexor.
Extensor brevis digitorum pedis. A mus-
cle of the toes, situated on the foot. Extensor
brevis of Douglas. It arises, fleshy and tendin-
ous, from the fore and upper part of the os cal-
cis, and soon forms a fleshy belly, divisible into
four portions, which send off an equal number
of tendons that pass over the upper part of the
foot, under the tendons of the extensor longus
digitorum pedis, to be inserted into its tendinous
expansion. Its office is to extend the toes.
Extensor carpi radialis brevior. An ex-
tensor muscle of the wrist, situated on the fore-
arm. Radialis extervus brevior of Albinus.
Radialis scciindus of Winslow. It arises, ten-
dinous, from the external condyle of the hume-
rus, and from the ligament that connects the ra-
dius to it, and runs along the outside of the
radius. It is inserted by a long tendon into the
upper and back part of the metacarpal bone of
the middle finger. It assists in extending and
bringing the hand backward.
Extensor carpi radialis longior. An ex-
tensor muscle of the carpus, situated on the
EXT
fore-arm, that acts in conjunction with the
former. Radial it, extcrnus longior of Albinus.
Radialis externus primus of Winslow. It arises
thin, broad, and fleshy, from the lower part of
the external ridge of the os humeri, above its
external condyle, and is inserted by a round
tendon into the posterior and upper part of the
metacarpal bone that sustains the fore-fingers.
Extknsor carpi ulnaris. Ulnaris externus
of Albinus and Winslow. It arises from the
outer condyle of the os humeri, and then re-
ceives an addition from the edge of the ulna ; its
tendon passes in a groove behind the styloid
process of the ulna, to be inserted into the in-
side of the basis of the metacarpal bone of the
little finger. *
Extensor digitorum communis. A muscle
situated on the fore-arm, that extends all the
joints of the fingers. Extensor digitorum com-
munis manus of Douglas and Winslow. Ex-
tensor digitorum communis, seu digitorum tensor
of Cowper. Cum cxtensore propria auricularis
of Albinus. It arises from the external pro-
tuberance of the humerus ; and at the wrist it
divides into three flat tendons, which pass under
the annular ligament, to be inserted into all the
bones of the fore, middle, and ring fingers.
Extensor digitorum longus. See Extensor
longus digitorum pedis.
Extensor indicis. See Indicator.
Extensor longus digitorum pedis. A mus-
cle situated on the leg, that extends all the
joints of the four small toes. Extensor digi-
torum longus. It arises from the upper part of
the tibia and fibula, and the interosseous liga-
ment ; its tendon passes under the annular lig-
ament, and then divides into five, four of which
are inserted into the second and third pha-
langes of the toes, and the fifth goes to the basis
of the metatarsal boiie. This last Winslow
reckons a distinct muscle, and calls it Pcroneus
brevis.
Extensor longus pollicis pedis. See Ex-
tensor proprius pollicis pedis.
Extensor magnus. See Gastrocnemius.
Extensor major pollicis manus. See Ex-
tensor secundi internodii.
Extensor minor pollicis manus. See Ex-
tensor primi internodii.
Extensor ossis metacarpi tollicis manus.
An extensor muscle of the wrist, situated on the
fore-arm. Abductor longus pollicis manus of
Albinus. Extensor primi internodii of Douglas.
Extensor primus pollicis of Winslow. Extensor
primi internodii pollicis of Cowper. It arises,
fleshy, from the middle and posterior part of
the ulna, from the posterior part of the middle
of the radius, and from the interosseous liga-
ment, and is inserted into the os trapezium, and
upper part of the metacarpal bone of the thumb.
Extensor pollicis primus. See Extensor
primi internodii.
Extensor pollicis secundus. See Extensor
secundi internodii.
Extensor primi intkrnodii. A muscle of
the thumb, situated on the hand, tl»t extends
the first bone of the thumb obliquely outward.
Extensor minor pollicis manus of Albinus. This
piuscle, and the Extensor ossis metacarpi polli-
eis manus, are called Extensor pollicis primus
EXT
by Winslow; Extensor secundi internodii by
Douglas; Extensor secundi internodii ossis pol-
licis by Cowper. It arises, fleshy, from the
posterior part of the ulna and from the interos-
seous ligament, and is inserted, tendinous, into
the posterior part of the first bone of the thumb.
Extensor proprius pollicis pedis. An ex-
tensor muscle of the great toe, situated on the
foot. Extensor longus of Douglas. Extensor
pollicis longus of Winslow and Cowper. It
arises by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy begin-
ning, somo way below the head and anterior
part of the fibula, along which it runs to near
its lower extremity, connected to it by a num-
ber of fleshy fibers, which descend obliquely,
and form a tendon, which is inserted into the
posterior part of the first and last joint of the
great toe.
Extensor secundi internodii. A muscle
of the thumb, situated on the hand, that ex-
tends the last joint of the thumb obliquely
backward. Extensor major pollicis manus of
Albinus. Extensor pollicis secundus of Wins-
low. Extensor tertii internodii of Douglas.
Extensor internodii ossis pollicis of Cowper.
It ai'ises, tendinous and fleshy, from the middle
part of the ulna and interosseous ligament ; it
then forms a tendon, which runs through a
small groove at the inner and back part of the
radius, to be inserted into the last bone of the
thumb. Its use is to extend the last phalanx
of the thumb obliquely backward.
Extensor secundi internodii indicis pro-
prius. See Indicator.
Extensor tArsi magnus. The gastrocne-
mius and soleus muscles together. •
Extensor tarsi minor. See Plantaris.
Extensor tarsi suralis. See Gastrocne-
mius internus.
Extensor tertii internqdii indicis. See
Prior indicis.
Extensor tertii internodii minimi digiti.
See Abductor minimi digiti manus.
Extenuatio. Leanness.
Externus auris. The laxator tympani.
Extern*js mallei. See Laxator tympani.
EXTINCTION OF MERCURY. The tritu-
ration of mercury with other substances till the
globules disappear.
EXTINCTIO VOCIS. Imperfect aphonia.
Extipula'tus. Witnout stipuke.
EXTIRPATION. (Extirpalio ; from extir-
po, to eradicate.) The complete removal or
destruction of any part, either by cutting in-
struments or the action of caustics.
E'XTRACT. (Extractum, i, n. ; from extra-
no, to draw out.) In Pharmacy, it includes all
those preparations from vegetables which are
separated by the agency of various liquids, and
afterward obtained from such solutions, in a
solid state, by evaporation of the menstruum.
It also includes those substances which are
held in solution by the natural juices of fresh
plants, as well as those to which some men-
struum is added at the time of preparation.
Extract of lead. Goulard's extract. The
subacetate of lead.
EXTRA'CTION. (Extraclio; from extra-
ho, to draw out.) The taking extraneous sub-
stances out of the body. Thus we speak of the
275
E XT
E X T
extraction of bullets and splinters from wounds,
and of stones from the urethra or bladder. Sur-
geons also sometimes apply the term extraction
to the removal of tumors out of cavities; as,
for instance, to the taking of cartilaginous tu-
mors out Qf the joints. They seldom speak of
extracting any diseased original part of the
body, though they do so in one instance, viz.,
the cataract.
EXTRACTIVE. The mixture of gum, su-
gar, and peculiar principles dissolved from
plants by any menstruum. This mixture was
formerly considered a chemical body, but it has
no determinate constitution.
Extractive matters of blood. In blood
and all the secretions of the body there is a cer-
tain amount of animal matter, not gelatinous,
and being no known form of protein, which is
called extractive.
EXTRACTS. Various extracts, as of vale-
rian, sabine, &c, are ordered by some pharma-
copoeias ; but, being evaporated decoctions, are
often without much activity, the oily parts be-
ing evolved during inspissation.
EXTRA'CTUM. (From extraho, to draw
out.) An extract.
Extractum aconi'ti. (U. S. & Ph. L.) Ex-
tract of aconite. Take of aconite leaves, fresh,
Jbj.: bruise them in a stone mortar, sprinkling
on a little water; then press out the juice, and
evaporate. Narcotic and diuretic. Dose, one
grain to five grains.
Extractum aconiti alcoho'licum. (U. S.)
Alcoholic extract of aconitum. Take of dry
aconitum loaves, in coarse powder, fly. ; dilute
alcohol, Oiv. Moisten the leaves with alcohol ;
let it digest twenty-four hours; put in a dis-
{dacement vessel, and add the alcohol gradual-
y. When the alcohol has ceased passing, add
water to the leaves to keep them covered so
long as a clear fluid percolates. Distill off the
alcohol, mix, and evaporate. Dose, internally,
gr. one sixth. Used chiefly in ointment in neu-
ralgic pains.
Extractum aloes purifica'tum. (Ph. L.)
Purified extract of aloes. Take of aloes, pow-
dered, fifteen ounces; boiling water, a gallon.
Macerate for three days in a gentle heat ; then
strain, and set it by, that the dregs may sub-
side. Pour off the clear solution, and evapo-
rate. The dose is from five to fifteen grains.
Purgative.
Extractum anthe'midis. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
Extract of chamomile. Take of chamomile
flowers, dried, a pound ; water, a gallon : boil
down to four pints, strain while hot, and evap-
orate. The dose is ten grains to a scruple. A
mild tonic.
Extractum artemi'sle absi'nthii. (Ph.
D.) Extract of wormwood. A strained de-
■coction, evaporated. Tonic. Dose, gr. x. to3j.
Extractum bellado'nn^e. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
Extract of belladonna. Take of deadly night-
shade leaves, fresh, a pound. Prepare as E.
aconiti. It is anodyne, and dilates the pupil.
Dose, gr. £ to gr. iijj.
Extractum belladonna alcoholicum. (U.
S.) Alcoholic extract of belladonna. Prepared
.as the E. aconiti alcoholicum.
Extractum cascari'llje resino'sum. Al-
276
coholic extract of cascarilla. Cascarilla bark ia
digested with alcohol, then with water, and
the mixed liquids strained and inspissated.
Dose, gr. x. to 3j.
Extractum catechu. See Acacia catechu.
Extractum catharticum. Extractum col-
ocynthidis compositum.
Extractum catholicox. A purgative ex-
tract resembling extractum colocynthidis com-
positum.
Extractum cham.emf.i.i. Extractum anthe-
midis.
Extractum cicuta. Extractum conii.
Extractum cincho'n.*:. Extract of bark.
The London Pharmacopoeia has an E. cincho-
na; cordifolim, E. cinchonas lancifolia, and E.
cinchona; oblongifolim. The formula for each
is the same. Take of the bruised bark, fifteen
ounces ; distilled water, four gallons : boil down
in a gallon of water to six pints, and strain the
liquor while hot. In like manner, boil down
the bark in an equal measure of water four
times, and strain. Lasdy, all the liquors being
mixed, evaporate to a proper consistence. This
extract should be kept soft for making pills,
and hard to be reduced to powder. Dose, gr.
x. to 3j.
Extractum cixcho.n.*;. (U. S.) Take of
Peruvian bark, in coarse powder, fly. Proceed
as in E. aconiti alcohol, but make Ovj. of infu-
sion with water. Evaporate all to an extract.
Extractum cinchona; resino'sum. (Ph.
L.) Resinous extract of bark. Take of lance-
leaved cinchona bark, bruised, a pound ; recti-
fied spirit, four pints: macerate for four days,
and strain. Distill the tincture in the heat of
a water-bath until the extract has acquired a
proper consistence. The dose is ten grains to
half a drachm.
Extractum colch'ici aceti'cum. (Ph. L.)
Acetic extract of meadow saffron. Take of the
fresh cormus of meadow saffron, a pound ; ace-
tic acid, three fluid ounces: bruise, gradually
sprinkling with the acetic acid, then press out
the juice, and evaporate. The dose is from
one to two grains twice or thrice a day. It is
used in the same cases as the other preparations
of colchicum.
Extractum colchici cormi. (Ph. L.) Ex-
tract of meadow saffron. Take of the cormus
of fresh meadow saffron, a pound. Bruise,
sprinkle with a little water, press out the juice,
and evaporate. It is given in the dose of a
grain every four hours, and is a very efficacious
preparation of colchicum.
Extractum colocy'nthidis. (Ph. L.) Ex-
tract of colocynth. Take of colocynth, fly.;
water, two gallons. Boil six hours, strain, and
evaporate. The dose is from five to thirty
grains. Cathartic.
"Extractum colocynthidis compo'situm.
(U. S. & Ph. L.) Compound extract of colo-
cynth. Cathartic extract. Take of colocynth
pulp, f vj. ; aloes, § xij. ; scammony, powdered,
f iv. ; soiiu, ?iij. ; cardamom, powdered, 5j. ;
proof spirit, a gallon. Macerate the colocynth
in the spirit for four days in a gentle heat;
strain the solution, and add it to the aloes,
scammony, and soap ; evaporate, the cardamom
being mixed in toward the end of the process
EXT
The dose is from five to thirty grains. A valu-
able cathartic.
Extractum conii. (U. S. & Ph. L.) Ex-
tract of hemlock. Take of fresh hemlock leaves,
ttj. Prepare as in E. aconiti. The dose is
from five grains to a scruple. Narcotic, &c.,
as the plant.
Extractum conii alcoho'licum. (U. S.)
Alcoholic extract of hemlock. Prepare as for
E. aconiti alcoholicum.
Extractum corticis peruviani. Extractum
cinchona?.
Extractum digit'alis. (Ph. L.) Extract
of foxglove. Take of fresh leaves of digitalis,
fi»j. Prepare as E. aconiti. Of very uncertain
strength. Dose, gr. 88. to gr. ij. An arterial
eedative.
Extractum dulcamara. Prepared by dis-
placement from coarse powder.
Extractum elate'rii. Extract of elaterium.
Cut the ripe wild cucumbers into slices, and
pass the juice, very gently expressed, through
a very fine hair sieve ; then set it by for some
hours, until the thicker part has subsided ; the
thinner part, which swims at the top, Joeing re-
jected. Diy the thicker part which remains
by a gentle heat. The dose is from half a grain
to three grains. Hydragogue cathartic.
Extractum genista. Extractum spartii
scoparii.
Extractum gentia'njE. (U. 8. & Ph. L.)
Extract of gentian. Take of gentian, sliced.
Prepare as E. anthemidis. It may be prepared
by displacement with cold water. Dose, from
ten to thirty grains. Tonic.
Extractum glycyrrhi'za. Extract of li-
quorice. Take of liquorice root, sliced. An
evaporated decoction.
Extractum hamato'xyli. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
Extract of logwood. Take of logwood, pow-
dered. Prepare as the E. anthemidis. Dose,
from ten grains to half a drachm. Astringent.
Extractum helle'bori alcoholicum. (U.
S.) Alcoholic extract of black hellebore.
Prepared like E. aconiti alcoholicum.
Extractum hellebori nigri. (Ph. D.)
Extract of black hellebore- root. Prepared as
the E. anthemidis. Cathartic, gr. x. to 3j. ;
said to be emmenagogue in doses of gr. iij. to
gr.viij.
Extractum humuli. See Extractum lupuli.
Extractum hyoscy'ami. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
Extract of henbane. Take of fresh henbane
leaves. Prepare as in E. aconiti. Dose, from
three to twenty grains. Anodyne.
Extractum hyoscyami alcoholicum. (U.
S.) Alcoholic extract of hyoscyamus (hen-
bane). Prepared from the dried leaves, like
the E. aconiti alcoholicum.
Extractum .tala'pa. (U. S.) Prepared
like the E. cinchona?, U. S.
Extractum jalapa. Extract of jalap.
Take of jalap-root, powdered, two pounds ;
rectified spirit, a gallon ; distilled water, two
gallons : macerate the jalap-root in the spirit
for four days, and pour oft' the tincture; boil
down the remaining powder in the water to
half a gallon ; then strain the tincture and de-
coction separately, and let the former be dis-
tilled and the latter evaporated, until each be-
EXT
gins to grow thick ; mix these and evaporate.
The dose is from ten to twenty grains. Hy
dragogue cathartic.
Extractum jugla'ndis. (U. S.) Extract
of butternut. Formerly prepared like E. an-
themidis, but now by displacement. Cathar-
tic. Dose, 3j.
Extractum krame'ria. (U. S.) Extract
of rhatany. Prepared by displacement. As-
tringent.
Extractum lactu'ca. (Ph. L.) Extract
of lettuce. Take of fresh lettuce leaves. Pre-
pare as E. aconiti. Dose, from five to ten
grains twice or thrice a day. Anodyne.
Extractum lupu'li. (Ph. L.) Extract of
hops. Take of hops, half a pound; boiling wa-
ter, two gallons. Macerate for twenty-four
hours, boil down to a gallon, strain while hot,
and evaporate. This extract contains the bit-
ter and narcotic principle of the hop, without
the aromatic. Dose, gr. v. to 3j.
Extractum nucis vomi'ca. (U. S.) Alco-
holic extract of nux vomica. Take of nux
vomica, ftj . ; soften by steam ; slice dry, and
reduce to a coarse powder. Macerate with
alcohol, and place in a displacement apparatus,
adding alcohol as long as the product is bitter;
distill and inspissate. It acts like strychnia,
producing tetanic convulsions, but is not very
uniform. Dose, gr. SB. to gr. ij. The pharma-
copoeias of Edinburgh and Dublin have the
same extract differently prepared.
Extractum opii purific'atum. (Ph. L.)
E. opii aquosum. E. opii gummosnm. Ex-
tract of opium. Take of opium, sliced, twenty
ounces ; distilled water, a gallon ; pom - a small
quantity of the water upon the opium, and
macerate it for twelve hours ; add the remain-
ing water gradually, and nib them together
until the mixture be complete. Set it by, that
the feculencies may subside ; then strain and
evaporate. Dose, from half a grain to five
grains.
Extractum papa'veris. (Ph. L.) E.papa-
veris albi. E. papavens somniferi. Extract of
whfte poppy. Take of white poppy capsules,
bruised, and freed from the ' seeds, fifteen
ounces; boiling distilled water, a gallon. Ma-
cerate for twenty-four hours, then boil down
to four pints ; strain the hot liquor, and evapo-
rate. Six grains are about equivalent to one
of opium.
Extractum pareira. Extract of pareira.
Take of pareira, bruised, two pounds and a
half; boiling distilled water, two gallons. Ma-
cerate for four-and-twenty hours, boil down to
a gallon, strain while yet hot, and evaporate
to a proper consistence. This extract may be
supposed to contain the virtues of the plant, if
indeed the latter possess any. See Cissampelos
pareira. The extract is given in doses of from
ten grains to half a drachm.
Extractum podoph'ylli. (U. S.) Extract
of May-apple root. Prepared as E. cinchona},
U. S. Cathartic ; a substitute for jalap. Dose,
gr. v. to gr. xv.
Extractum quassia. (U. S.) Extract of
quassia. Take of rasped quassia, ftj. ; water,
q. s. Prepare by displacement. Tonic, Dose,
gr. v. to gr. x.
277
EXT
Extractum quercus. (Ph.D.) E.corlicis
qitcrcus. Extract of oak bark. An evaporated
decoction. Astringent. Dose, gr. X.-31.
Extractum quinijs. Made by evaporating
the mother liquor, after crystallization, in the
preparation of sulphate of quinine. A very ac-
tive preparation. Dose, gr. ij. to gr. x.
Extractum khki. (Ph. L. & D.) Extract
of rhubarb. Take of rhubarb loot, powdered.
An aqueous and alcoholic extract, strained.
Dose, from ten to thirty grains.
Extractum rutjE. E. ruttc graveolens.
Extract of rue. This may be prepared like
other simple extracts. It is bitter.
Extractum sabadillje alcoholicum.
(Turnbull.) Extract of cevadilla (sabadilla).
The evaporated tincture. It has the proper-
ties of veratria. Dose, one sixth of a grain,
gradually increased.
Extractum samb'uci. (Ph. D.) The in-
spissated juice of the elderberry. Aperient.
Used in eruptive diseases.
Extractum sarsje. Extractum sarsaparilkc.
Extractum sars.e compo'situm. Com-
pound extract of sarsaparilla of the druggists.
Made by mixing the extract of sarsaparilla
with the evaporated decoction of mezereou
bark and guaiacum shavings, and adding a little
oil of sassafras. About 5! is equal to a pint of
the compound decoction of sarsapariHa.
Extractum sarsapaiu'llje. (U. S.) Pre-
pared from sarsaparilla in coarse powder, in the
same manner as the E. aconiti alcoholicum.
Extractum sarsaparilla. E.sarsm. (Ph.
L.) Extract of sarsaparilla. Take of sarsa-
parilla root, sliced, Ibiiss. ; boiling water, two
gallons. Macerate for twenty-four hours, boil
# to a gallon, strain the hot liquor, and evapo-
rate. Dose, from .ten grains to a drachm.
The Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopoeias
have an alcoholic fluid extract, E. sarscc flu-
idum.
Extractum satu'rxi. Liquor plumbi ace-
tatis.
Extractum spartii scop'arii. (Ph. D.)
Extract of broom-tops. An evaporated decoc-
tion. Diuretic and laxative. Dose, 33s. to 3J.
Extractum stramo'nii. (U. S.) Take of
fresh stramonium (thorn-apple) leaves, and
proceed as in the E. aconiti. Uncertain.
Dose, gr. i., gradually increased.
Extractum stramonii. (Ph. L.) Extract
of thorn-apple. Take of the seeds of stramo-
nium, fifteen ounces; boiling distilled water,
one gallon. Macerate for four hours near the
fire ; take out and bruise the seeds ; then put
them again into the liquor, boil to four pints,
strain while yet hot, and evaporate. Narcotic.
Used in asthma. Dose, half a grain to two
grains, in the form of pill.
Extractum stramonii semi'nis. (U. S.)
Alcoholic extract of stramonium seeds. . Pre-
Sare by displacement with dilute alcohol,
farcotic. Used in asthma and spasmodic af-
fections. Dose, gr. i., gradually increased to
gr- x.
Extractum sttr'acis. (Ph. E.) Strained
storax. Dissolve storax in rectified spirit, strain,
and evaporate.
Extractum tara'xaci. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
978
EXU
Take of dandelion root, fresh and bruised
Prepare as the E. anthemidis. Dose, from ten
grains to a drachm.
Extractum thebai'cum. Extractum opii.
Extractum vvx ursi. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
Extract of uva ursi (bearberry). Take of uva
ursi, Ibiiss. ; water (distilled), Oij. Macerate
twenty-four hours, boil, strain, and evaporate.
Astringent and tonic. Used in calculous and
vesical affections. Dose, gr. v. to gr. xv.
EXTRA-NATURALS. A term used by the
older hygeists, as distinguished from such agents
as were non-naturals. Galen gives the follow-
ing concise definition : Res extra-naturam quo
sunt tres, morbus, causa morbi et accidentia
morbum comitantia.
EXTRA'NEOUS BODIES. In Hygeine,
any bodies, whether solid, fluid, gaseous, inani-
mate, or organized, which may enter or be found
in the human system. Calculi, entozoa, ef-
fused fluids, and bodies accidentally present,
belong to this class.
EXTRA-UTERINE PREGNANCY. When
the ovum is developed out of the uterus, as in
the ovaiy, Fallopian tube, parietes of the ute-
rus, &c.
EXTRA VASA'TION. Extratasatio ; from
extra, without, and vas, a vessel. ) A term ap-
{>lied by pathologists to the effusion of fluids
rom their proper vessels or receptacles. Thus,
when blood is effused on the surface or in the
ventricles of the brain, it is said that there is an
extravasation. When blood is poured from
the vessels into the cavity of the peritomBum,
in wounds of the abdomen, this accident is
called an extravasation. An extravasation of
urine is said to take place when, in conse-
quence of a wound, sloughing, or ulceration,
the urine makes its way into the cellular sub-
stance or among the abdominal viscera. When
the bile spreads among the convolutions of the
bowels from wounds of the gall-bladder, this
is also a species of extravasation. .
EXTREMITY. Extrcmitas. This term is
applied to the limbs, as distinguishing them
from the other divisions of the animal, the head
and trunk.
Extrinsic That Avhich is not closely con-
nected or allied to a part or thing, but belongs
rather to the outside.
Extro'rsal. Extrorse. Turned outward.
When any part of a plant or other object is
turned away from the axis of development.
EXTROVE'RSION. Extroversio. That
malformation in which a part is wrong side
outward. This rarely occurs; but there are
instances of the bladder being so situated.
Exu'ber. A child that has been weaned.
EXU'DATION. (Exudatio; from exudo, to
sweat out.) The slow flowing out or sweating
of a, fluid from the surface of a membrane, the
skin, an ulcer, &c. Transpiration is a feeble
degree of exudation. The halitus- or moisture
of serous membranes is the result of exudation.
It is a phenomenon of capillary action or exos-
mose.
EXULCERA'TION. (Exulceratio, onis, f. ;
from exulcero, to cause ulcers.) Mostly applied
to the commencement of ulceration.
Exumbilicatio. Exomphalus.
EYE.
EXU'VI^. {ice, arum, pi. f. ; from exuo, to
strip off.) 1. The cast-off skins of those ani-
mals which change their skins by a natural
process. The exuviae of serpents, unguium
tenectce, were formerly boiled in wine, and
used as a cure for deafness, &c. 2. Any mat-
ter rejected from an organized body.
EYE. The globular organ which occupies
the cavity of the orbit and constitutes the ap-
paratus of vision. There are certain parts call-
ed appendages of the eye : these are the eyelids,
see Tarsi ; the lachrymal apparatus, the plica
semilunaris, the caruncula lachrymalis, see these
titles ; the blood-vessels and nerves of the eye,
see Ophthalmic artery, Optic nerve, &c. ; last-
ly, the muscles of the eye, which are six in
number. See Rectus and Obliquus.
The globe of the eye is situated in the inter-
nal and anterior part of the orbital fossa. Its
form is that of a spheroid. When viewed in
profile, the globe appears to be composed of
segments of two spheres, of which the anterior
is smaller and more prominent. Anteriorly,
the globe of the eye is in relation with the. con-
junctiva, which is reflected from the eyeltds
upon it ; posteriorly, with the vessels and nerves
(optic and. ciliary) which enter it, and with a
quantity of adipose substance in which it is in
some measure imbedded ; round its circumfer-
ence, with the six muscles inserted into it ; su-
periorly, and toward its outer side, with the
lachrymal gland ; and internally, with the ca-
runcula, tensor tarsi, and lachrymal sac.
The globe, ov, as it is often called, the ball
of the eye, is composed of membranes placed
one within the other, a9H of humors or fluids
which they inclose ; the former are not unfre-
quently called coats, or tunics ; but, as none of
them forms a complete investment, the term is
not so applicable as that here adopted. The
membranes are the conjunctiva, sclerotica, cor-
nea, choroid, retina, and iris, the capsule of
the crystalline lens, the hyaloid membrane, and
that of the aqueous humor. The humors are
the aqueous, vitreous, and the crystalline lens.
The Conjunctiva. — The conjunctiva (mem-
brana conjunctiva, sive adnata) lines the free
border and inner surface of the eyelids, from
which it is reflected upon the globe of the eye,
*o as.to cover its anterior third. Along the bor-
ders of the lids it is continuous with the skin,
and by lining the puncla lachrymalia, forms a
continuous surface with the mucous membrane
of the lachrymal passages and nasal fossa;.
The Sclerotica. — The sclerotic (anl-npor,
hard ; cornea opaca.) is fibrous, firm, and resist-
■ent in its texture, and forms about four fifths of
the external investment of the eye, extending
from the entrance of the optic nerve to the bor-
der of the cornea. The internal surface is con-
cave and in apposition with the choroid mem-
brane, with which it is connected by vascular
and nervous filaments, and by some delicate
cellular tissue. Posteriorly, it is pierced by a
small circular aperture for the transmission of
the optic nerve ; anteriorly, it is truncated. The
inner edge of this aperture is slightly beveled,
■so as to allow the cornea to be inserted into it,
somewhat as a watch-glass is into its case. It
is rendered thicker posteriorly by the tendinous
E Y E
expansions of the muscles, which some anato-
mists have called the tunica albuginea. The
aperture for the optic nerve is a little nearer to
the nasal than to the temporal side of the globe,
and is found to be divided by a number of sep-
ta, so as to constitute a cribriform, plate, through
which the pulp of the nerve may be made to
ooze as if through minute pores. In the mid-
dle will be found one of these of larger size
than the rest, which is named porus opticus. It
gives passage to the arteria centralis retinae.
The Cornea. — The cornea (cornea pellucida)
occupies the anterior fifth of the globe; its trans-
verse diameter is about seven lines, the vertical
a little less. The anterior surface, which is
convex and prominent, is in contact with the
conjunctiva; the posterior is concave, and is
lined by the membrane of the aqueous humor.
It is composed of five or six concentric lamellae,
united by some connecting medium, probably
a fine cellular tissue, the interstices of which
contain an aqueous or serous fluid.
Ciliary Ligament. — The ciliary ligament (or-
bicularis ciliaris, Haller) is a ring of light gray
matter, about a line and a half in breadth,
which is attached to the inner surface of the
sclerotica, just at its junction with the cornea.
Externally, it is united, though slightly, with
the sclerotica; posteriorly, with the choroid
membrane ; and anteriorly, with the iris, which
may be said to be inserted into its substance.
Its external circumference presents a slight
groove which runs around it, so that when in
apposition with the sclerotica a minute canal is
inclosed between them.
The Choroid. — The choroid membrane (tu-
nica vasculosa, choroidea) lies between the scle-
rotica and the retina, extending from the en
trance of the optic nerve as far as the ciliary •
ligameift. In the greater part of its extent it is
connected, though loosely, to the sclerotica by
cellular tissue, and by the vessels which pass
from without to reach it ; but anteriorly, the
union is established through the medium of the
ciliary ligament. The inner surface is in ap-
position with Jacob's membrane. Posteriorly,
the choroid presents a foramen for the trans-
mission of the optic nerve ; anteriorly, it forms
the ciliary process. It is a very vascular and
nervous tunic. The ciliary nerves pass along
it, and the long ciliary arteries. The short cil-
iary arteries are distributed into its substance,
principally on the inner surface, called the ta-
petum, from which ihepigmentum nigrum seems
to be secreted. The vems are larger, and dis-
posed in whorls on the outside (vasa vorticosa).
The distinction between the venous and arte*
rial distribution led Ruysch to consider the
choroid as made of two lamellae, of which the
interior was called tunica Ruyschiana. ,
Ciliary Processes. — The ciliary processes,
formed, as has been above stated, of the ante-
rior margin of the choroid, are from sixty to
eighty in number. The form of each process
is triangular. They are attached to the margin
of the crystalline lens. The name ciliary body
(corpus ciliare) is usually given to the aggre-
gate of the ciliary process.
Retina. — The retina (tunica nervea) is placed
between the choroid membrane and the vitre-
279
i: y,e
ous humor. It extends from the bottom of the
eye, where it is continuous with the optic
nerve, forward as far as the commencement of
the ciliary processes. It seems to consist of"
two lamin;e. About two lines outside the en-
trance of the optic nerve may be observed in
the retina a small hole and a yellow spot, first
described by Soemmering, and named by him,
the one forartien centrale, the other limbus lu-
teus. It is covered externally by Jacob's mem-
brane.
The Iris. — The iris, which presents the col-
ored circle seen through the transparent cornea,
is a partition placed so as to divide, but very
unequally, the interval between the cornea and
the lens into two parts. This interval is filled
by the aqueous humor, so that the iris moves
freely in the fluid. The space between it and
the cornea is the anterior chamber; that be-
hind, the posterior chamber. The posterior sur-
face is covered by a dark pigment called uvea.
When this is washed off, a number of fine lines,
or fibres, may be observed, converging from
the greater circumference to the pupil: these
are distinct from one another in the former sit-
uation, but in the latter are blended so as to
form a membranous zone.
The great circumference of the iris corre-
sponds with the ciliary ligament, into which it
may be said to be inserted ; the smaller forms
the border of the aperture called the pupil (pu-
pilla). The pupillary aperture is closed in the
foetus, up to the seventh month, by a delicate
transparent membrane, called, from this circum-
stance, membrana pupillaris. The iris receives
an abundant supply of nerves from the long
ciliary nerves, &c. It also possesses the power
of contraction, &c, by which the pupil is en-
larged or lessened.
Aqueous Humor. — The aqueous humor is a
thin, pellucid fluid, which fills up the two cham-
bers of the eye, occupying the space between
the cornea and crystalline lens. It is inclosed
in a capsule.
Crystalline Lens. — The crystalline lens is sit-
uated at the union of the anterior third with
the two posterior thirds of the eye, lying be-
hind the irk, surrounded by the ciliary pro-
cesses, and imbedded in the vitreous humor;
it is perfectly transparent, soft in the greater
part of its extent, but of high refracting power.
The lens is doubly convex, the posterior seg-
ment being more convex than the anterior ; the
convexity of both is greater in infancy than in
adult age. The greatest thickness of the lens
280
EYE
is about two lines and a half; its circumference
measures from twelve to fourteen. It consists
externally of a soft and homogeneous substance.
The central part is more dense and firm, and i3
made up of concentric lamellae.
The lens is inclosed in a delicate capsule. If
a puncture be made into this membrane, a small
quantity of a pellucid fluid, which is termed
liquor Morgagni, issues. The capsule forms a
triangular canal, the canal of Petit, around the
edge of the lens.
Vitreous Humor. — The vitreous humor (hu-
mor vitrcus, corpus vitreum.) fills up the poste*
rior two thirds of the globe of the eye. It con-
sists of a thin, transparent fluid, inclosed in a fine
membrane (hyaloid membrane)', this not only
invests it externally, but forms a number of
processes, projecting inward, and dividing it
into detached masses, which may thus be said
to be lodged within the areolar intervals of the
membrane. Anteriorly, it lodges the posterior
segment of the crystalline lens, and farther out,
where it corresponds with the ciliary process-
es, is an annulus, or disk, called the zonula of
Zinn.
The eye is a camera obscura, optically con-
sidered. See Vision.
Eye-urioht. Euphrasia officinalis.
Eye glass. In air optical instrument, that
lens or combination of lenses (eye-piece) which
is placed .near the eye. It is the part which
magnifies the object or image, and converts the
divergent rays to a parallel beam, by which the
vision becomes clear.
Eye of typiio.v. JFhe squill. See Scilla
maritime, • *
Eye salve. Ointment of the nitric oxide of
mercury, used for touching the thickened tar-
sal ligament. An ointment containing subace-
tate of copper is known under the name of
Smellome's eye-salve.
Eye stone. The opercula of some small
spiral shells, used in the island of Guernsey to
remove particles of dust from the eye. For
this purpose an operculum is placed under the
eyelid, and, in passing over the conjunctiva,
carries with it the extraneous body.
EYE TEETH. The fangs of the two upper
cuspidati are very much larger than those on
each side, and extend up near to the orbit, on
which account they have been called eye teeth.
Eye watek. The liquor zinci sulphatis.
Eye water, blue. The liquor cupri-ammo-
nio sulphatis, and aqua sapphirina.
Eye, watery. Epiphora.
F AC
F JEC
F.
F.
The symbol of fluorine.
F. Ft. In a prescription, these letters are
abbreviations oifiat or fiant, let it or them be
made.
FA'BA. («, ib, f. By the Falisci, a people
in Hctruria, the bean was called haba; and
from thence, perhaps, faba. Martinus derives
it from iraw, to feed.) A bean.
Faba jEgyptiaca. See Nymphaa nelumbo.
Faba crassa. Sedum telephium.
Faba febrifuga. See Jgnatia amara.
Faba indica. See Jgnatia amara.
Faba major. The bean.
Faba marina. Umbilicus marinus.
Faba pf.churim. See Laurus pechurim.
Faba porcina. See Hyoscyamus.
Faba purgatrix. See Jiicinus communis.
Faba sancti ignatii. See Jgnatia.
Faba suilla. See Hyoscyamus.
Faba'ceje. The Lcguminosa.
Fabaginea. Fabago. See Zygophyllum.
Fabago. See Zygophyllum.
Faba'ria. Sedum telephium.
FABRA'RUM AQUA. Forge water. Water
in which red-hot iron has been quenched. This
is a good mild chalybeate.
FACE. Fades. The lower and anterior
part of the head. The bones of the face are
usually divided by anatomists into those of the
upper and lower jaw. In the former, besides
the teeth, we find fifteen bones, viz., two ossa
nasi, two ossa unguis, two ossa malarum, two
ossa maxillaria supcriora, two ossa palati, two
ossa spongiosa inferiora, two ossa triangularia,
and the vomer. The lower jaw consists of only
one bone besides the teeth, the os maxillaria
inferius. The muscles of the face are numer-
ous, and admit in the human subject of an infi-
nite variety of action, so that all the stronger
emotions of the mind have their corresponding
characters in the countenance. The minute
blood-vessels distributed to the integuments
of the face are extremely numerous, and en-
dowed with a high degree of irritability ; hence
arise continual changes of complexion, accord-
ing to the state of the mind, of the bodily health,
of temperature, &c. From these two circum-
stances, the variety of muscular action and the
changes in the minute circulation, we derive
the science of physiognomy, which, however it
may have been exposed to ridicule when placed
upon a false foundation, is of no small utility in
the ordinary intercourse of life, and which, in
the practice of medicine, is invaluable as a
means of diagnosis. See Physiognomy.
Face grippe'e. The pinched-m face, or con-
tracted face of persons laboring under peri-
tonitis.
FA'CIAL. Facialis. Belonging to the face ;
as facial nerve, &c.
Facial angle. See Angle, facial.
Facial artery. 1. The artery, otherwise
called the labial, the external maxillary or an-
gular artery. It is a branch of the external
carotid, which, passing under the stylo-hyoid
muscle and the tendon of the digastric, pen-
etrates the submaxillary gland, and mount*
over the side of the jaw to the angle of the
mouth, and thence ascends to the inner angle
of the eye, where it is dispersed. In this
course it gives off palatine and lingual branch
es, branches to the submaxillary gland, and tc
various muscles ; a copious supply of blood is
sent to the lips by the inferior labial, and two
coronary branches of this artery.
2. M. Chaussier has given the name of facial
to the external carotid artery.
Facial nerve. Ncrvus facialis. The sev-
enth pair of nerves. See Portio dura.
Facial vein. The vein which returns the
blood from the facial artery. It usually joins
the external jugular, but sometimes passes to
the internal jugular.
FACIES. See Face. Also the general ap-
pearance of an animal.
Facies cadaverica. The facies Hippocrat-
ica.
FA'CIES HIPFOCRA'TICA. That state of
the countenance which immediately precedes
death ; the nose is sharp, the eyes hollow, the
temple sunk, the ears coid and contracted, and
their lobes inverted ; the skin about the fore-
head hard, tense, and dry; the countenance
pale, greenish, or dark.
Facies rubra. Acne (gutta) rosacea.
Facies tortualis. The facies Hippocratica.
FACTI'TIOUS. Factitius. A term applied
to any thing which is made by art, in opposi-
tion to that which is native, or found already
made in nature.
FACU'LTY. (Facultas; from facio, to
make.) 1. The power by which any action is
performed. 2. The body of professors who
constitute a college of medicine, &c.
FjE'CES. (The plural of fax.) The alvine
excretions ; also, the dregs. Feculence. The
alvine discharges may consist of mucus, tena-
cious lymph, or pus, as in inflammations of the
mucous membrane of the canal, the nature of
the secretion depending on the degree of the
inflammation; or they may consist of blood
poured out by the vessels of the intestines gen-
erally, or by the enlarged veins of the rectum
(piles). They may consist chiefly of ill-digest-
ed food, which happens in tabes mesenterica. )
They may be pale from the absence of bile,
unusually yellow from its excess, green, as often
happens in children, dark and offensive, from
the long retention of feculent matter, or from
morbid secretions of the liver. They often con-
tain portions of hardened feces or scybala. It
is important in all doubtful cases to distinguish
those discharges which flow from the general
surface of the intestines, from such as are the
product of local disease in the rectum. When,
therefore, pus or blood is discharged with the
motions, the presence or absence of tenesmus,
piles, or fistula should be ascertained.
FjE'CULA. (a, a, f.; diminutive of fax.)
A substance obtained by bruising or grinding
281
FAL
FA M
certain vegetables in water. An impure starch.
It is that part which, after a little, falls to the
bottom. The faecula of plants differs princi-
pally from gum or mucus in being insoluble in
cold water. The seeds of gramineous and le-
'ginsinous vegetables, and all tuberous roots,
contain it most plentifully.
FMX. {Fax, acts, f. ; an excretion.) 1. A
sediment of any fermented liquor ; as beer,
wine, &c. 2. The alvine excretions are called
faces.
FAGA'EA. (a, a, f.) A genus of trees.
Tetrandria. Monogynia. — F. octandra yields
shell tacamahaca. See Tacamahaca. — F. pi-
perita. Fagara major. This plant is found in
Japan and the Philippine Islands. Its berries
are called Japan pepper, and resemble, in their
virtues, the cubebs.
Fagin. A narcotic substance of beech nuts.
Fago'pyrum. Polygonum fagopyrum.
Fagotri'ticum. The buckwheat.
FA'GUS. (us, i, f.) 1. The beech. 2. A
genus of trees. Moncecia, Polyandria. Cn-
pelifcra. — F. casta! nea. The chestnut tree.
Castanea Lopima. They are nourishing, con-
taining sugar, and much farinaceous substance.
— F. castanea pumita. The chinquapin, — F.
sylvatica. The beech tree. Fagus. The fruit
and interior bark of this tree are occasionally
used medicinally, the former in obstinate head-
ache, and the latter in the cure of hectic fever.
The oil expressed from beech nuts is suppos-
ed to destroy worms: a child may take two
drachms of it night and morning ; an adult an
ounce.
Fainting. See Syncope.
Fairburn. A village jn Ross, Scotland,
wliere there is a sulphureous spring.
Falcanos. Orpiment. — Ruland.
FA'LCIFORM. Falcate. (Falciformis ;
iromfalx, a scythe, and forma, resemblance.)
Resembling a scythe.
Falciform process. The falx. A process
of the dura mater, that arises from the crista
galli, separates the hemispheres of the brain,
and terminates in the tentorium.
FA'LCO. (From falco, to hook.) A genus
of birds, of the order Accipitrcs, as the eagle,
falcon, hawk, &c.
Falde'lla. A compress of lint.
Falling of the uterus. Prolapsus uteri.
Falling sickness. See Epilepsy.
Fallopian ligament. See Pouparl's liga-
ment.
• Fallopian tube. See Tuba Fallopiana.
FALMOUTH, CLIMATE OF. The climate
of this place is among the mildest in England,
and favorable for rheumatic and phthisic.il in-
valids.
FALSE. Falsus. Spurious. That which is
not pure, or which deviates from nature. In
Medicine, this expression is frequently employ-
ed to designate imperfectly-formed diseases, or
such as aro of little sevei'ity, as false peripneu-
mony, false pleurisy.
False aneurism. See Aneurism.
False angustura. See Brucea.
False conception. When the product of
conception and gestation is not an infant, but a
mole, hydatids, or other abnormal bodies.
282
False joint. See Artie ulation^f also.
False membrane. A diseased product re-
sembling a membrane, as that produced in
croup, pleurisy, &c. It is due to an exudation
of coagulable lymph.
False pains. See Parturition.
False passage. An accidental passage pro-
duced by carelessness or want of skill in surgi-
gal operations ; this often occurs with the ca-
theter, especially when armed with caustic.
False sight. Pseudoblepsis.
False waters. False labor. A diseased ac-
cumulation of serous fluid between the chorion
and amnios, and which is discharged at various
periods of pregnancy, and must be distinguish-
ed from the true waters, or liquor amnii.
False winter's bark. See Canella alba.
FALSIFICATION. (From falsus, false, and
facio, to make.) The act of adulterating or so-
phisticating medicines for the purpose of se-
curing a larger profit. The falsification of drugs
is carried on to a largo extent and with con-
summate skill. Tables representing the bodies
commonly used in adulterations are readily ob-
tained, but are of little value, for the substances
employed are being continually changed, both
for the purpose of avoiding detection, and from
the fluctuating price of most of the substances.
Several of these tables, printed quite recently,
which I have examined, are so ridiculously m
error from these causes, that I have preferred
not to introduce any of them here, but to refer
the reader to the little work of Professor Beck
on the Adulterations of Medicines. It may be
proper to remark, that the specific gravity of
most substances is a characteristic test of their
purity ; and as respects fluids, the specific grav-
ity and boiling point conjointly are usually suffi-
cient to enable a skillful person to detect any
practicable adulteration.
FALX. (Falx, cis, f. A scythe.) See Fal-
ciform process.
Falx cerebelli. The lesser falciform pro-
cess of the dura mater, which lies between tho
lobes of the cerebellum.
Falx cerebri. The falciform process.
Falx major. The falx cerebri. See Falci-
form process.
Falx minor. The falx cerebelli.
Falx peritonei. Falx of the umbilical vein.
Great. falx of the peritoneum. A reflection or
process of the peritoneum, which passes along
with the veins from tho umbilicus to the inferior
surface of the liver. There are also lesser pro-
cesses, called Falccs peritonei minima, 'which
form the lateral ligaments of the liver, and the
part raised up by the umbilical arteries.
Fame'lica febris. A fever accompanied by
insatiable hunger. — Sylvius.
FA'MES. Plunger.
Fames bovina. Bulimia.
Fames canina. See Bulimia.
Fames lupina. The same as Fames canina.
Famigerati'ssimum emplastrum. An old
plaster used in intermittent fevers, made of
aromatic, irritating substances, and applied to
the wrists.
FAMILY. A term used by different natural-
ists in various acceptations. It is now usually
applied to a collection of a number of genera.
F AS
which are nearly allied to each other by char-
acters derived from their organization.
Fancy makk. Nhjvus.
FANON. A French term for an extempora-
neous splint, made of straw bound together with
cord, and enclosing a stick to make it move
rigid ; or a temporary splint of folds of linen or
cloth.
FANTOME. The French give this name to
the figures or dolls which are used by surgeons
to demonstrate the application of bandages,
and by obstetricians to illustrate the mechanism
of labor.
Farcimen. Farcy.
Farcimina'lis. The allantoid.
Farcinoma. Farcy.
Farctu'ra. Stuffing. An operation of the
old pharmacy, which consisted in cramming
medicinal substances into the body of an evis-
cerated animal or the empty rind of a fruit.
FA' ROY, or FARCIN. A disease of the
horse which affects the lymphatics of the skin,
either generally producing a distended appear-
ance of the vessels like moles or buttons, when
it is called the bud or button farcy ; or locally,
when it is chiefly confined to dropsical accumu-
lations in tho legs, and is called the water farcy.
Both forms of the disease ai-e contagious ; and,
like the glanders, an allied disease, both are dif-
ficult to cure. The button farcy is generally
removed by burning off the buttons by caustics
or a red-hot iron, and by the exhibition of mer-
cury ; and the water farcy by the exhibition of
mercury alone. Both diseases are sometimes
cured by feeding the animal entirely on green
food.
Fa'rfaua. Tussilago farfani.
FARI'NA. (a, tc, f . ; from far, com, of
which it is made.) Meal or flour. A term
given to tin; pulverulent and glutinous part of
wheat and other seeds, which is obtained by
grinding and sifting. It is highly nutritious,
and consists of gluten, starch, and mucilage.
Farina fossills. The agaricus mineralis.
Farina: resolve.ntes. Resolvent flours.
This name was formerly given to a mixture of
the flour of the seeds of the white lupin, tare,
bean, and barley.
Farina'cf.ous. Resembling flour or meal.
All articles of food which contain farina,
Farino'sus. Farinaceous.
Fa'rreus. Scurfy. Applied to urine, when
it deposits a branny sediment.
Far-sightedness. Presbyopia.
FA'SCIA. («, <r, f. ; from fascia, a bundle:
because, by means of a band, materials are col-
lected into a bundle.) 1. A bandage, fillet, or
roller. 2. The tendinous expansions of mus-
cles which bind parts together arc termed
fascia. See Aponeurosis. »
Fascia APONEUROTIC* femoris. See Fascia
lata.
Fascia crihriformis. A small web of cellu-
lar substance, stretched from the lower edge of
Poupart's ligament over the inguinal glands.
Fascia dividens. A dividing bandage, ad-
justed so as to keep parts separated, as in the
case of burns.
Fascia ili'aca. Iliac fascia or aponeurosis.
The strons fascia which covers the inner surface
K AS
of the iliac and psoas muscles. Externally, it is
attached to the crista of the ilium. Internally,
it is continued behind the external iliac vessels
to the ridge of the ilium, which bounds the su-
perior aperture of the pelvis. Below, this fascia
is attached to Poupart's ligament in the two
outer thirds of its length.
Fascia infundibuliformis. A portion of
cellular membrane of a funnel shape, which
passes down on the spermatic cord, where it
penetrates the fascia transversalis.
Fascia inguinalis. The spica bandage".
Fascia lata. A thick and strong tendinous
expansion, sent off from the back and from the
tendons of the glutei and adjacent muscles, to
surround the muscles of tho thigh. It is the
thickest on the outside of the thigh and leg, but
toward the inside of both becomes gradually
thinner. A little below the trochanter major
it is firmly fixed to the linea aspera, and fur-
ther down, to that part of the head of the tibia
that is next the fibula, where it sends off the
tendinous expansion along the outside of the leg.
It serves to strengthen the action of the mus-
cles by keeping them firm in their proper
places when in action, particularly the tendons
that pass over the joints where this membrane
is thickest.
Fascia lata muscle. The tensor vagina;
femoris.
Fascia propria. The name given by Sir A.
Cooper to the proper cellular envelope of a her-
nial sac. t
Fascia s culteti.- Scultetus bandage, or that
made of separate strips.
Fascia spiralis. See Spiral bandage.
Fascia submuscularls. The tunica vagi
nalis oculi.
Fascia superficialis. A very thin layer of
cellular membrane, which covers the abdominal
muscles immediately under the skin. It ad-
heres to the crural arch of the fascia lata, and
is continued downward upon the spermatic
cord to the scrotum.
Fascia t-formis. The T bandage.
Fascia tortilis. A tourniquet. .
Fascia transversa'lis. The cellular mem-
brane lining the inner surface of the transversa-
lis abdominis muscle in the inguinal region.
The anatomy of this fascia is minutely described
in the splendid work of Sir A. Cooper on her-
nia.
Fa'scial. Fascialis. Of, or belonging to, a
fascia.
Fascialis. The tensor vagina? femoris mus-
cle.
Fascia'tio. The binding up any diseased or
wounded part with bandages.
Fascicula'r. Fascicularis. In bundles.
Applied to roots which are sessile at their
base, and consist of bundles of finger-like pro-
cesses.
Fa scicur, a't e. Fasciculatus. Bundled or
clustered. Applied to the nerves, stems of
plants, leaves, &e.
Fasci'culi teretes cordis. The carnea; co-
lumna; of the heart.
FASCI'CULUS. Fascicle. (From fascis,
a bundle.) 1. In Pharmacy, a handful. 2. In
Botany, a number of flowers on little stalks,
283
FB
variously inserted and subdivided, collected
into a close bundle, and level at the top, as in
sweet-william. 3. In Anatomy, a small bundle
of fibres.
Fasciculus cuneatus. Fasciculus of re-
enforcement. A band of fibres from the corpus
innominatum of the brain, which ascends over
the upper surface of the pons varolii, and is ex-
panded into the optic thalami. It forms in its
course the anterior side of the fourth ventricle.
FASCIOLA. (a, <e, f. ; diminutive of fascia.)
The ^iame of a genus of entozoa in some ar-
rangements. The fluke worm. See Distoma.
Fasciola cinerea. The tuberculuin ciue-
reum. See Enccphalon.
FASTIDIUM CIBI. Want of appetite, or
disgust of food. See Anorexia.
Fastigia'tus. Flat-topped.
FASTING. A want of the supply of food to
the stomach. When produced by want of ap-
petite, without any other apparent affection of
the stomach, this often arises from too great fa-
tigue, or protracted fasting; from violent pas-
sions of the mind; and from habit, or other
cause, enabling the system to sustain almost
total abstinence for a long time. It is a most
valuable antiphlogistic means.
FAT. A concrete oil contained in the cellu-
lar membrane of animals; it is generally white
or yellowish, with little smell or taste, and va-
ries in consistency according to the relative
quantities of stearine, margarine, and elainc
which it contains. The ultimate elements of
animal fat are the same as those of vegetable
oils : according to the analysis of Chevreul, 100
parts of human fat are composed of 79 '0 carbon,
11-4 hydrogen, and 9*6 oxygen. Hog's lard
and mutton suet are very similarly constituted.
Fatty. Adipose. Adiposus. Of the nature
of fat. See Adipose.
Fatty liver. Adiposis hepdlica. Fatty de-
generation of the heart. That morbid state of
the liver wherein it is swollen and laden, with
fat. This occurs in those whose liver is torpid
and circulation languid, from a loss of vital en-
ergy, and from abuse of alcoholic drinks.
Fatty ligament. A reflection of the syno-
vial membrane of the knee joint, which passes
from the ligamontum patella; to the depression
between the condyles.
Fatu'ity. Idiotism. See Amentia.
FAU'CES. (The plural of faux.) The pha-
rynx and back part of the mouth.
FAU'NA. The group of animals peculiar to
a country.
FAUX. (Faux, cis, f. ; in the plural, faucet.)
1. In Anatomy, the gorge, or opening of the
pharynx. 2. In Botany, applied to the opening
of the tube of a monopetalous corolla.
Favo'sus. (From favus, a honeycomb.) Fa-
vose: honeycomb-like.
FA'VUS. (us, i, m. ; a honeycomb.) A
pustule larger than the acor, flatter, and not
acuminated. It contains a more viscid matter
than the acor; its base, which is often irregu-
lar, is slightly inflamed ; and it is succeeded
by a yellow, semi-transparent, and sometimes
cellular scab, like a honeycomb, whence its
name.
FE. The symbol of iron.
284
FEB
Feathered. Plumosus.
FE'BRES. Febris. An order in the class
Pyrexia of Cullen, characterized by the pres-
ence of pyrexia, without primary local affec-
tion.
■ Febri'cosus. Febricose. Feverish.
FEBRI'OULA. (Dim. of febris.) A slight
fever. Ephemera.
Fkbri'ferous. Affected with fever ; engen-
dering fevers.
Febri'fuga. The plant feverfew : Matrica-
ria parthenium.
FE'BRIFUGE. (Febrifugus ; from febris,
and fugo, to drive away.) That which pos-
sesses the property of curing or alleviating fe-
ver. Applied chiefly to medicines used against
the ague, as cinchona, quinine, cusparia, arse-
nic, antimony, &c.
Febrifugum crenii. Regulus of antimony.
Febrifugu.m magnum. A name given by Dr.
Hancock to cold water as a drink m fevers.
Febrifugum oleum. Febrifuge oil. The
flowers of antimony, made with sal ammoniac
and antimony sublimed together, and exposed
to the air, which causes them to deliquesce.
Febri'fugus. See Febrifuge.
Febrifugus pulvis. In England, a mixture
of'oculi cancrorum and emetic tartar, in the pro-
portion of half a drachm and two grains, has
obtained the same name ; in fevers, it is given
in doses of gr. iii. to iv. — Hooper.
Febrifugus sal. The chloride of potassium.
FE'BRIS. (is, is, f. ; from ferveo, to be hot.)
Pyrexia. Fever. The name of a very exten-
sive and important class of diseases, which, al-
though much diversified, are generally conceived
to have something common in their nature. In
a wide acceptation, the term fever has been
applied to every case in which there is accel-
eration of the pulse, increased heat of the sur-
face of the body and dryness of the skin, thirst,
suppression of urine, rigors, and more or less
general disturbance of the functions of the
whole system.
Fever may be idiopathic or symptomatic.
The former is farther divided into intermittent,
remittent, and continued. The continued fever
has three principal forms: the synocha, or in-
flammatory fever; typhus, or low fever; and
synochus, or common continued fever, in which
the symptoms at the commencement are allied
to synocha, and toward the termination to ty-
phus. See Synochus and Typhus.
The cause of fever has been the subject of
much discussion and numerous hypotheses.
These have not made much impression on prac
tice, and are. for the most part, disregarded
The views of Dr. Clutterbuck, that fever origi-
nates in disturbance or inflammation of the
brain; of Bretonnaau, that it arises from in-
flammation of the conglomerate and solitary
glands of the intestines, or is a species of dothen-
enteritis; and, finally, of Broussais, that it is
always attended with gastro-enteritis, are the
most modern views of the pathological school
of physicians. All these theories have been
based on dissections, but are partial, for the se-
quela; of fever vary in different countries and
constitutions.
Dr. Twcedie, in his illustrations of fever,
FEB
gives the following valuable statement of the
' results of the dissection of 521 cases of fever,
.selected from the records of the London Fever
Hospital:
<Jases iu which the fever was not apparently
complicated with local inflammation in any
organ 163
<,';iso* complicated with cerebral affection 114
thoracic affection 103
abdominal affection 71
cerebral and thora-
cic affection . . 26
cerebral and ab-
dominal affection 30
cerebral, thoracic,
and abdominal
affection ... 14
We must conclude, then, that the proximate
cause of fever remains to be discovered, and
we may sum up our knowledge of the subject
in the often quoted words of Fordyce, one of
the most accurate and philosophical of medical
reasoners. " A fever," says this author, " is a
disease that affects the whole system ; it affects
the head, the trunk of the body, and the ex-
tremities; it affects the circulation, the absorp-
tion, and the nervous system ; it affects the
skin, the muscular fibers, and the membranes ;
it affects the body, and affects likewise the
mind. It is, therefore, a disease of the whole
system, in every kind of sense. It does not,
however, affect the various parts of the system
uniformly and equally; but, on the contrary,
sometimes one part is much affected in propor-
tion to the affection of another part."
For the treatment of continued fever, as well
as for some further description of its varieties,
the reader is referred to the articles Synochus
and Typhus. See, also, Fever.
Febris acmastica. Synocha.
Febris alba. See Chlorosis.
Febris algida. See Algida febris.
Febris amatoria. This has been used both
for chlorosis and hectic fever.
Febris Americana. Yellow fever.
Febris ' amphimerina. A quotidian ague.
See Ague.
Febris ampullosa. Pemphigus.
Febris anabatica. Continued fever.
Febris anginosa. See Scarlet fever.
Febris angiotenica. Synocha.
Febris aphthosa. See Aphtha.
Febris ardens. See Causns and Remittent
fever.
Febris asodes. See Asodes.
Febris bullosa. See Pemphigus.
Febris carcerum. F. carceraria. Jail fe-
ver. Typhus gravior.
Febris castrensis. Camp fever.
Febris catarrhalis. A fever' attended
•with symptoms of catarrh.
Febris catarrhalis epidemica. Influenza.
Febris causodes. Synocha.
Febris chole'rica. Bilious fever.
Febris contagiosa. Typhus.
Febris continua. Continued fever. Sy-
uocha.
Febris continua putrida. Synochus.
Febris continua icterodes carohniensis.
Yellow fever.
FEB
Febris culicularis. Miliary fever. See
Miliaria.
Febris diaria. Ephemera.
Febris elodes. See Elodes.
Febris epiala. See Epialus.
Febris epidemica cum angina. Cynanche
maligna.
Febris erysipelatosa. See Erysipelas.
Febris esserosa. Miliary fever. See Mili-
aria.
Febris exanthema'tica. A fever with an
eruption. See Exanthema.
Febris flava. The yellow fever. See Re-
mittent fever.
Febris ga'strica. Gastric fever. Fever in
which the digestive organs are chiefly affected.
Febris hectica. See Hectic fever.
Febris hectica maligna nervosa. Typhus
mitior.
Febris hepatica. Bilious fever.
Febris horrifica. See Algida febris.
Febris hunga'ria. Lues Pannoniee. A form
of camp fever formerly prevalent in Hungary.
Febris hydrocephalica. Acute internal
hydrocephalus.
Febris hydro'des. A fever with profuse*
sweats.
Febris iliaca inflammatory. Enteritis.
Febris inflammatoria. Inflammatory fe
ver. See Fever and Inflammation.
Febris inflammatoria simplex. Synocha.
Febris intermittens. An intermittent fe
ver. See Ague.
Febris intestinalis ulcerosa. Typhus.
Febris intestinorum. Enteritis.
Febris lactea. Milk fever. A febrile state
sometimes induced when the milk begins to be
secreted after parturition, and which is mostly
of the synochous type.
Febris larvata. Masked fever.
Febris lenta. Slow fever. See Typhus.
Febris lenticularis. A fever, attended by
an eruption like small lentils.
Febris lochialis. Lochial fever.
Febris maligna. See Typhus.
Febris maligna biliosa. F. maligna flava.
Yellow fever.
Febris maligna cum sopore. Typhus gra
vior.
Febris marasmodes. Hectic fever.
Febris miliaris. See Miliaria.
Febris morbillosa. See Rubeola.
Febris mucosa. Febris pituitosa. Mucous
fever. A form of continued fever described
by the French writers. It chiefly attacks those
of the lymphatic temperament, and is charac-
terized by irritation of the gastro-enteric mu-
cous membrane, with redundant mucous secre-
tion from this, and sometimes from the other
mucous membranes.
Febris mucosa verminosa. Infantile remit-
tent fever.
Febris nautica pestilentialis. Typhus
gravior.
Febris nervosa. See Typhus.
Febris nervosa epidemica. F. nervosa ex-
anthematica. Typhus gravior.
Febris nosocomiorum. F. nosocomials.
The fever of hospitals ; generally of the typhoid
kind.*
285
FEI
Febris palustris. Marsh fever. See Ague
and Remittent fever.
Febris pestilens. See Pettis.
Febris petechials. See Typhus.
Febris phthisica. Hectic fever.
Febris pituitaria. See Febris mucosa.
Febrw puerperum. F. puerperalis. l'uer-
pcral fever.
Febris purpurata maligna. Typhus gra-
vior.
Febris putrida. See Typhus.
Febris putrida nervosa. Typhus gravior.
Febris putrida sanguinea. Typhus mit-
ior.
Febris quercera. See Quercera.
Febris remittens. See Ague.
Febris remittens infantum. Infantile re-
mittent fever.
Febris rheumatica inflammatory. Acute
rheumatism.
Febris rubra. Scarlatina.
Febris rubra pruriginosa. Urticaria.
Febris sanguinea. F. sanguinea acuta.
Inflammatory fever.
Febris sanguinea putrida. Typhus.
Febris sapropyra. Typhus gravior.
Febris scarlatina. See Scarlatina.
Febris synocha. See Synocka.
Febris tabida. Hectic fever.
Febris tropica. Yellow fever.
Febris typho'des. Typhoid fever.
Febris urticaria. See Urticaria.
Febris variolosa. See Variola.
Febris vesiculosa. See Erysipelas.
Febris virginum. Chlorosis.
FEBRUEE'S LOTION. A celebrated ap-
plication to cancerous sores. It consists of:
white arsenic, gr. x. ; distilled water, Oj. Dis-
solve the arsenic completely, and then add of
extract of conium, fj.; of solution of ^ubacetate
of lead, f. fiij., and of tincture of opium, f. $j.
Small quantities of the lotion are to be applied
to the ulcerated surface with a caniel's-hair
pencil.
FE'CULA. See Fcccula.
Fecula amylacea. Starch.
Fecula marantje. Arrow-root starch.
Feculence. The dregs.
Feculent. Excreinentitious ; of the nature
of dregs or refuse.
FECU'NDATION. (From feamdo, to make
fruitful.) The access of the male semen to the
ovule produces fecundation or impregnation,
and, after this effect, it commences to develop
or is vivified. The portions of the semen termed
seminal animalcules are those which reach the
ovary.
Fecu'ndity. The faculty of reproduction,
and .the extent of this power. The average
result of marriages is equal to four elnldren for
the entiro country.
FEET, DISTORTION OF THE. Children
are often born with the feet distorted inward
or outward. The defect when the feet turn
inward is called varus ; when they are turned
outward it is styled valgus. See Club-feet.
FEIGNED DISEASES. Under this head
are generally included the diseases simulated
by impostors to answer their own ends, and
also diseases which, though real," hav# been
286
FEM
voluntarily induced or aggravated. Such do
ceptions are practiced chiefly by vagrants to
excite compassion and extort money, or by sol-
diers or sailors to escape duty. In the case of
soldiers, this has got the name of malingering.
It is highly necessary for the practitioner to be
aware of the various devices by which diseases
are simulated. Much useful information on this
subject is to be found in the different works on
legal medicine, especially those of Mahon and
Fodere. Dr. Hennen's Military Surgery may
also be consulted with great advantage.
FEL. (fel,fcllis,f.) Bile, which see.
Fel bovinum. F.bovis. F.tauri. Ox bile.
This was formerly used in medicine as a tonic.
Dose, gr. ij. to gr. v., in pill. The bile of the
hog has been used in the same way. Bile is
employed in the arts to remove grease from va-
rious textures.
Fel natur.e. Aloes.
Fel-wort. Gentiana lutea.
Felli'culus. The gall bladder.
Felliflua passio. Cholera.
Fellinic acid. An acid combined with bi-
lin, and separated by hydrochloric acid as an
insoluble mass; soluble in alcohol.
Fellis obstructio. F. suffusio. Jaundice.
Felon. See Paronychia.
FEMALE. (From famina, a woman.) The
animal which bears the foetus, as distinguished
from the male.
Femen. The inner part of the thigh.
Fe'mero-tibial. Femcro-tibialis. Connect-
ed with the thigh bone, or femur, and the tibia.
Femi'neus. Female.
FE'MORAL. {Femoralis; from femur, the
thigh.) Of, or belonging to, the thigh.
Femoral artery. Arteria femoralis. Cru-
ral artery. A continuation of tho external iliac
along the thigh, from Poupart's ligament to the
ham. For about two inches of its course below
Poupart's ligament it is called the inguinal or
common femoral artery. This gives off the ex-
ternal pudic arteries, and divides into the prop-
er femoral and the profunda. The proper
femoral artery passes down the thigh, covered
by the fascia, between the vastus internus and
second head of the triceps; about the middle
of the inside of the thigh, it is situated behind
the sartorius muscle ; it afterward perforates
the triceps muscle and passes into the ham,
where it is called popliteal: it finally divides
into the anterior and posterior tibial. The
branches of the proper femoral artery are the
external and internal circumflex, which, how-
ever, arise in many subjects from the profunda;
and the ramus anastomoticus magnus.
FE'MORAL BONE. Fe'moris os. The
thigh bone. A long cylindrical bone, situated
between the pelvis and tibia. Its upper ex-
tremity presents three considerable processes ;
these are the head, the trochanter major, and
trochanter minor. The head is received into
the acetabulum of the os innoininatum. It L»
covered by a cartilage, to which the strong,
round ligament is attached.
The head is supported obliquely by the cer-
vix or neck, which is about an inch long. At
its basis we observe two oblique ridges, which
extend from the trochanter major to the tro-
FEN
chanter minor. Around this neck is attached
the capsular ligament of the joint. Posteriorly
and externally, from the neck of the bone, is
the trochanter major. Anteriorly, and imme-
diately below the neck, is a small process call-
ed trochanter minor. These two processes
have the name of trochanters, from the muscles
that are inserted into them, being the principal
instruments of the rotatory motion of the thigh.
Below these processes the body of the bone
begins. It is smooth except in the middle of
its posterior surface, which presents a rough
ridge, called tinea aspera.
The lower extremity is larger than the up-
1>er, somewhat flattened, and terminates in two
arge protuberances, called condyles, which are
united before so as to form a pulley, but are
separated behind by a considerable cavity, in
which the crural vessels and nerves are placed.
Femoral hernia. See Hernia cruralis.
Fe'morjeus. The cniraeus muscle.
Fe'moralis. The triceps cruris muscle.
Femorocele. See Hernia cruralis.
FB'MUR. {Femur, oris, n.) The thigh.
The thigh consists of one bone, the os femoris ;
of several muscles, the psoas magnus, iliacus
internus, gluteus maximus, medius, and mini-
mus, the pectineus, triceps, obturator externus
and internus, pyriformis, gemiiii, quadratus,
tensor vaginae femoris, sartorius, gracilis, rectus,
crureus, vasti, semimembranosus, semitendino-
8us, and biceps. These muscles are bound by
a Btrong fascia, and surrounded by the common
integuments. The ligaments of the thigh are
those of its articulation with the os innomina-
tum, viz., the ligamentum teres and capsulare.
The artery is the femoral, a continuation of the
external iliac. Its veins and absorbents are
numerous, and run parallel with the artery.
The nerves are formed by the lumbar and sa-
cral, and are the ischiadic, the obturator, and
the crural. The glands are the inguinal and
synovial.
FENE'STRA. (a, ee, f. ; a window.) A
name given by anatomists to two foramina in
the ear.
Fenestra cochlearis. , The fenestra ro-
tunda.
Fenestra oculi. The pupil.
Fenestra ovalis. An oblong pr elliptical
foramen^ between the cavity of the tympanum
and the vestibulum of the ear. It is shut by the
stapes. See Auris.
Fenestra rotunda. A round foramen lead-
ing from the tympanum to the cochlea of the
ear. It is covered by a membrane in the fresh
subject. See Auris.
Fenestra vestibularis. The fenestra ovalis.
Fenestral bandage. A bandage with in-
terstices between the folds, to allow of the dis-
charge of pus or other matters.
Fenestrate. Having the appearance of a
window, as when the tissue of a leaf between
the woody parts is incomplete.
FENNEL. Anethum fceniculum.
Fennel, hog's. I'eucedanum.
Fennel, sweet. Anethum (foeniculum)
dulce.
Fennel, water. Phellandrium aquaticum.
Fenugreek. See Tri<ronella.
V E K
F K k a mk' n t u m . Any surgical instrument of iron.
Feiunus. Ferine. Savage; brutal: applied
to acute and malignant diseases.
FERME'NT. An azotized body in an early
state of oxidation, and capable of producing fer-
mentation in certain solutions or mixtures, as
yeast, &c.
FERMENTA'TION. {Fermcntalio, onis, f. ;
from fermento, to ferment.) The molecular
process by which complex organic substances
are resolved into simpler forms in a moderate
temperature (50° to 120°), by the agency of
yeast or other ferments formed of decaying
azotized matters. The presence of oxygen gas
and abundant moisture are necessary to the
process. The most common case of fermenta-
tion is the conversion of grape sugar into alco-
hol and carbonic acid, as seen in the processes
of making beer, wine, ■ or bread. Lactic acid
or butyric acid are products of fermentation
when the temperature and other conditions are
regulated. The putrefactive fermentation of
earlier writers is that which occurs in matters
containing much nitrogen, and carbonate of am-
monia is one of the results. The acetous fer-
mentation is a different affair, and depends upon
the continued access of oxygen ; it is now dis-
tinguished as a case of eremacausis.
In the common fermentation of malt or sugar,
there is developed in the fluid certain minute
fungoid conferva:, called torula or saccharom-
yces, which give additional interest to the pro-
cess, otherwise considered merely as a case
of molecular motion propagated from the fer-
ment. The amount of yeast required is always
proportional to the sugar to be changed, and.
unless there be azotized matter in the solution,
no new yeast is produced. Whatever means
interfere with the conditions of fermentation
{antiseptics), hinder the process, as cold, exclu-
sion of oxygen, dryness, aromatic bodies, me-
tallic salts, or spirituous bodies, which hinder
the decay of the ferment by abstracting oxygen,
combining with it to form a firm solid, or de-
composing it into more stable substances.
Liebig and others have pointed out the simi-
larity between the action of ferments and con-
tagious and miasmatic bodies. In inoculation
or vaccination, a portion of a morbid product is
introduced into the system of a healthy person,
and causes a molecular change throughout the
body, ending in the production of an increased
amount of the matter of the pustules (or fer-
ment) ; or miasm, entering the lungs, acts upon
the solids and fluids as a molecular force, with-
out producing any additional ferment, except in
the case of plague. These analogies are hv
structive, to say the least of them.
Fermentation, mucous. That kind of mole-
cular action which results in the production of
a mucous substance. It occurs at low temper-
atures, and resembles the saccharine fermenta-
tion.
Fermentation, panary. The saccharine
fermenUition occurring in bread dough.
Fermentation, saccharine. When sugar is
produced from starch, as in malting and germi-
nation.
FERME'NTUM. (wto, i, n.; quasi fcrvi
mentum, from fcrveo, to ferment.) Yeast.
287
FER
Fermentum cerevisije. Yeast ; barm: the
scum which collects on beer while fermenting,
and has the property of exciting that process in
various other substances. Medicinally it is an-
tiputrescent and tonic, and has been found use-
ful internally in the cure of typhus fever, ad-
ministered mixed with seven parts of beer.
Externally it is used as a cataplasm.
FERN. A cryptogamic plant of the high-
est development. See Filiccs.
Fern, female. Pteris aquilina.
• Fern, male. Aspidium filix mas. See Fern,
male shield.
■ Fern, male shield. The Nephrodium Jilix
mas, the root and buds of which have been
highly recommended as vermifuges.
Fern, mules. Asplenium hemonitis.
Fern root. The root of Aspidium Jilix
mas.
FERO'NIA ELErHANTUM. A large tree
of India, family Amentacca. A gum exudes
• from the stem closely resembling gum arabic.
Ferra'ria. The scrofularia aquatica.
FERREIN, CANAL OF. The supposed chan-
nel formed by the closed eyelids for the passage
of the tears.
Ferrei.v, pyramids of. The small papilhe
of which the cones of the kidney are formed.
FERRIACETAS. (Ph.D.) Acetate of iron.
Iron liquor. Take of precipitated sesquioxide
of iron, 1 part; acetic acid, 6 parts. Digest
three days, and filter. It is a styptic and mild
tonic. Dose, gtt. x. to gtt. xxv., in water.
Ferri acetas tinctura. (Ph. D.) Tinct-
ure of acetate of iron. Take of acetate of pot-
ash, 2 parts ; sulphate of iron, 1 part ; alcohol,
26 parts. Digest seven days ; pour off the
clear fluid, and preserve in a well-stopped bottle.
An agreeable chalybeate. Dose, f. sss. to f. y.
Ferri alkalini liquor. Alkaline solution
of iron. Take of iron, jiiss. ; nitric acid, f.
§ ij. ; distilled water, f. §vj. ; solution of subcar-
bonate of potash, ^vj. Having mixed the acid
and water, pour them upon the iron, and when
the effervescence has ceased, pour off the clear
acid solution ; add this gradually, and at inter-
vals, to the solution of subcarbonate of potash,
occasionally shaking it, until it has assumed a
deep brown-red color, and no further efferves-
cence takes place. Lastly, set it by for six
hours, and pour off the clear solution. This
preparation was first described by Stahl, and
called tinctura martis alkalina. The dose is
from half a drachm to a drachm.
Ferri ammo'nio-chlo'ridum. (Ph. L.) Fer-
rum ammoniatum. (U. S.) Ammonio-chloride
of iron. Take of sesquioxide of iron, jiij.; hy-
drochloric acid, f. f x. ; hydrochlorate of ammo-
nia, fbiiss. ; distilled water, four pints. Pour
the acid on the sesquioxide, and digest in a
sand-bath for two hours ; afterward add the
hydrochlorate of ammonia, dissolved in distilled
water ; strain and evaporate all the fluid ; last-
ly, reduce the residuum to powder. This prep-
aration is a mixture of sesquichloride of iron and
hydrochlorate of ammonia. It is tonic and as-
tringent, in doses of from three to fifteen grains,
or more, in the form of bolus or pills, prepared
with some gum. It is exhibited in most cases
of debility, m chlorosis, asthenia, menorrhagia,
288
FER
intermittent fevers, &c. See Tinctura ferri
ammonio-chloridi.
Ferri carbo'nas. See Ferri sesquioxydum*
Ferri carbonas prjecipitatus. (U. 13.)
See Ferri sesquioxydum.
Ferri carbonas pr^paratus. (U.S.) This
is common iron-rust.
Ferri carbonas saccharatum. (Ph. E.)
Saccharine carbonate of iron. Take of sulphate
of iron, f iv. ; carbonate of soda, f v. ; pure
sugar, §ij. ; water, Oiv. Dissolve the salts sep-
arately, each in two pints of the water; mix;
collect the precipitate on a cloth filter, wash it
with cold water, press out as much of the water
as possible, and immediately rub with the sugar,
already powdered. Dry the mixture at a tem-
perature not much above 120° F. The sugar
checks, in a measure, the peroxidation of the
iron. The preparation is similar to the Pilules
ferri carbonatis (U. S.). It is used in the same
cases as the pills, or the Mistura ferri composita.
Dose, gr. v. to gr. x.
Ferri citras. Citrate of iron. A mild cha-
lybeate, very similar to the acetate of iron.
Ferri cyanuretum. Prussian blue. See
Ferri ferro-sesquicyanidum.
Ferri et ammonia murias. See Ferri am~
monio-chloridum.
Ferri et potass.*: tartras. (U. S.) See
Ferri potassio tartras.
Ferri ferrocyanas. Prussian blue. See
Ferri ferro-sesquicyanidum.
Ferri ferro-sesquicyanidum. F. ferro-
cyanuretum. (U. S.) Ferro-sesquicyanido of
iron. Ferro-sesquicyanuret of iron. Ferro-
prussiate of iron. Ferrocyanide or ferrocyan-
uretofiron. Prussian blue. Berlin blue. This
substance is so abundantly made for commercial
purposes that there is no occasion to introduce
any pharmaceutical processes. It may be made
extemporaneously by adding a solution of ferro-
cyanide of potassium to a solution of any per-
salt of iron, as the persulphate. Prussian blue
occurs in masses of a rich blue color ; it is taste-
less, insoluble in water, alcohol, and dilute
acids, but soluble in oxalic acid and strong min-
eral acids, frequently with decomposition. The
composition of the pure anhydrous prussian
blue is Fe7Cy9, but there is also a substance
called basic prussian blue, or basic sesqui-ferro-
cyanide of iron, formed by adding solution of
yellow ferrocyanide of potassium to a solution
of a protosalt of iron, and exposing the precipi-
tate to air: this body has the composition of
Fe 7 Cy9-j-2(Fe 2 03), or one equivalent of prussian
blue with two of sesquioxide of iron : it is sol-
uble in water. There is another substance re-
sembling prussian blue, called TurnbulVs blue,
or ferridcyanide of iron (Liebig), which is
formed when red ferridcyanide of potassium is
added to a protosalt of iron : the composition of
this is FesCye.
The therapeutic action of prussian blue is not
certainly known, but it is regarded as a tonic
and febrifuge. It seems to have been useful in
intermittents, epilepsy, and neuralgia, or, in
other words, to be an antiperiodic medicine.
It is not very active, for two drachms scarcely
affected a dog. It has also been used in oint
ment to foul ulcers. Dose, gr. iv. to gr. x
FEE
every four hours, in intermittent. The dose
may be much increased.
Ferri ferro-prussias. Ferri ferro-hydro-
cyanas. Prussian blue . Ferro-prussiate of iron .
See Ferri ferro-sesquicyanidum.
Ferri filum. Iron wire.
Ferri iodidum. (Ph. L.,E., D.,&U. S.) Io-
dide of iron. Take of iodine, §ij. ; iron filings,
Xj. ; distilled water, a pint and a half. Mix
the iodine with a pint of the water, and to
these add the iron. Heat them in a sand-bath,
and pour off the liquor when it has acquired a
greenish color. Wash what remains with the
half pint of water, boiling. Let the mixed and
strained liquors evaporate at a heat not exceed-
ing 212° in an iron vessel, that the salt may be
dried. Keep it in a well-stopped vessel, the
access of light being prevented.
The solution obtained is one of iodide or
protiodide of iron : it is of a green color, and by
evaporation with as little contact of air as pos-
sible, green tabular crystals may bo formed.
By evaporation to dryness and heating moder-
ately, this salt is fused, and on cooling becomes
an opaque crystalline mass of an iron-gray color
and metallic lustre. When exposed to the air
it attracts moisture, and is very soluble both in
water and in alcohol. In order to prevent the
deposition of sesquioxide of iron by the absorp-
tion of oxygen, the solution should be kept with
an iron wire in it.
This medicine has been lately introduced
into practice by Dr. A. T. Thomson, who rec-
ommends it in every form of scrofula, in chlo-
rosis, atonic amenorrhcea, hysteria, secondary
syphilis, incipient cancer, and other cases. The
dose is from three grains, increased to eight
grains or more.
The Liquor ferri iodidi is an officinal prepara-
tion, which see. There is also a syrup, the
Syrupus ferri iodidi, twelve parts of which con-
tain one grain of the fresh iodide of iron.
Ferri lactas. Lactate of iron. Lactate of
the protoxide of iron. This is made by slowly
digesting fine iron wire in lactic acid. It has
no advantage over the ferri carbonas sacchara-
tum, and is used in the same cases. Dose, in
the day, gr. x. to 9j., given in lozenges or pills.
Ferri limatura purificata. Purified iron
filings. These possess slight tonic and deobstru-
ent virtues, and are calculated to relieve chlo-
rosis, and other diseases in which steel is indi-
cated, where acidity in the prima? vise abounds.
Ferri oxydi squamae. (Ph.D.) The scales
of iron from a smith's forge. They consist of a
mixture of protoxide and peroxide of iron. See
Ferri oxydum nigrum.
Ferri oxydum fuscum. See Ferri sesquiox-
ydum.
Ferri oxydum hydratum. See Ferri sesqui-
oxydum hydratum.
Ferri oxydum nigrum. (Ph. D. & E.) Mag-
netic, or black oxide of iron. Iron scales. It
is made by washing and triturating the scales of
a smith's forge. It is a mixture of the prot-
oxide and peroxide in fluctuating proportions.
It has the tonic, astringent, and deobstruent ac-
tion of the chalybeates. Dose, gr. v. to 3j.,
two or thre^ times daily.
Ferri oxydum rubrum. (Ph. E. & D.)
T
FEB
Red oxide of iron, or rust. See Ferri sesqui-
oxydum.
Ferri percyanidum. (Ph. L.) Prussian
blue. See Ferri ferro-sesquicyanidum.
Ferri pernitras. Pernitrate of iron. Ni-
trate of the peroxide of iron. This is readily
made by neutralizing dilute nitric acid by iron
filings. It is a powerful astringent, and has
been found useful in chronic diarrhoeas. Dose,
commence with gr. j., and increase gradually.
Ferri persulphas. Persulphate of iron.
Sulphate of peroxide of iron. This is readily
formed by boiling a solution of common sul-
phate of iron with a little dilute nitric acid.
The persulphate is powerfully astringent and
styptic. Dose, half a grain, gradually increased.
Ferri phosphas. (U. S.) Phosphate of
iron. Take of sulphate of iron, ?v. ; phosphate
of soda, f vj. ; water, Cj. Mix the solutions, and
wash the precipitate with warm water. It is
an insoluble slate-colored powder, consisting of
a mixture of the pro to and perphosphate of iron,
and said to be usefid in amenorrhcea and dys-
pepsia, and is a mild chalybeate. Dose, gr. v.
to 9ss., in pill or lozenge.
Ferri pila. Iron filings.
Ferri potassio tartras. (Ph. L.) Potassio-
tartrate of iron. Ferrum tartarizatum. Take
of sesquioxide of iron, three ounces ; hydro-
chloric acid, f. fx. ; solution of potash, Ovss.,
or as much as may be sufficient ; bitartrate of
potash, §viiss. ; distilled water, Ciss. Mix the
sesquioxide of iron with the acid, and digest for
two hours in a sand-bath. Add to these two
gallons of the water, and set aside for an hour ;
then pour off the supernatant liquor. The so-
lution of potash being added, wash the precip-
itate frequently with water, and while yet moist,
boil it with the bitartrate of potash, previously
mixed with a gallon of the water. If the liquor
should be acid when tried by litmus, drop into
it solution of sesquicarbonate of ammonia until
it is saturated. Lastly, strain the liquor, and
with a gentle heat let it evaporate, so that the
salt may remain dry.
This salt is composed very nearly of one
equivalent of tartrate of potash and one of tar-
trate of the sesquioxide of iron. It is a mild
and efficacious chalybeate, and is less nauseous
to the taste than the other preparations of iron.
The dose is from grs. x. to 3ss., in solution or
bolus, combined with an aromatic bitter.
Ferri protocarbonas. Protocarbonate of
iron. The officinal preparations of this body
are the Ferri carbonas saccharatum, Pilula
ferri carbonatis, and Mistura ferri composite,
which see.
Ferri protosulphas. F.p.viridis. Proto-
sulphate of iron. Sulphate of the protoxide of
iron. Green vitriol. See Ferri sulphas.
Ferri prussias. Prussiate of iron. Prussian
blue. See Ferri ferro-sesquicyanidum.
Ferri ramenta. Iron filings.
Ferri rubigo. See Ferri sesquioxydum.-
Ferri scobo. Iron filings.
Ferri sesquioxydum. (Ph. L.) Ferri sub-
carbonas. Ferri carbonas. Ferrum pracipitar
turn. Formerly called Chalybis rubigo praparo*
ta and Ferri rubigo. Sesquioxide of iron ; also
called subcarbonate of iron. Take of sulphate
289
FEE
of iron, Jviij. ; carbonate of soda, fix. ; boiling
water, one gallon. Dissolve the sulphate of
iron and carbonate of soda separately, each in
half a gallon of water; then mix the solutions
together, and set it by, that the precipitated
powder may subside ; then, having poured off
the supernatant liquor, wash the precipitate of
iron with hot water, and dry it. It possesses
mild corroborant and stimulating properties,
and is exhibited with success in leucorrhcea,
chlorosis, dyspepsia, rachitis, &c. Dose, from
two to ten grains.
Ferri sesquioxydum htdratum. Ferri ox-
gdum hydratum. (U. 8.) Hydrated oxide of
iron. Hydrated peroxide, sesquioxide, or trit-
oxide of iron. Take of sulphate of iron, fiv. ;
sulphuric acid , f. 3HJBS. ; nitric acid, f. 3 vj., or q.s.;
aqua ammonia, q. s. ; water, Oij. Dissolve the
sulphate in the water, add the sulphuric acid,
boil, and add the nitric acid gradually, so that the
solution becomes of a brown-red color. Allow
the solution to cool; filter, and add to the filtrate
the ammonia, stirring it briskly. Throw the
precipitate on a calico filter, and wash with
warm water until the filtrate does not precipi-
tate a solution of nitrate of barytes. The moist
precipitate, which is the hydrated peroxide,
should be kept as a thick magma in a tight bot-
tle if it is to be used as an antidote for arsenic ;
otherwise, if it is to be made into pills, it should
be pressed as dry as possible, and dried at a
temperature not exceeding 180 F. It is a red-
dish-brown magma, and composed, according
to Guibourt, of 3-5 per cent, of sesquioxide, the
rest being water, with a minute amount of am-
monia. In cases of poisoning by arsenic, it is
best to give it in the state of magma, a table
spoonful being administered every five minutes.
A large proportion is necessary to neutralize the
poison, and no fears are to be apprehended
from the action of an excess of sesquioxide.
Ferri subcarbonas. See Ferri sesquioxy-
dum.
Ferri sulphas. (Ph. U. S., L., E., & D.)
Sulphate of iron. Sulphate of protoxide of iron.
Formerly called Ferrum vitriolatum. Green vit-
riol. Take of iron filings, eight ounces; sul-
phuric acid, fourteen ounces ; water, four pints.
Mix together the sulphuric acid and water, and
add thereto the iron; then, after the efferves-
cence has ceased, filter the solution, and set it
aside that crystals may form. Evaporate the
decanted liquor that it may again yield crys-
tals. Dry them all. This is an excellent prep-
aration of iron, and is exhibited in many dis-
eases as a styptic, tonic, astringent, and anthel-
mintic. Dose, from one grain to five grains.
It is emetic in doses of gr. x. to 3j.
Ferri sulphas exsiccatum. (Ph. E.) Dried
or exsiccated sulphate of iron. This is formed
by drying the powdered sulphate at a temper-
ature of about 300° F., whereby it loses most
of its water of crystallization, and becomes a
grayish powder. It is used in preparing the
Pilulas ferri sulphas (Ph. E.).
Ferri sulphas calcinatum. Peroxide of
iron, formed by keeping the sulphate exposed
for a long timo to a red heat, whereby the sul-
phuric acid is driven off.
Ferri sulphdretum. (Ph. U. 8., D., & E.)
290
FEE
Sulphuret of iron. Take of iron filings, 51V. ;
sulphur, fij. Mix, and place in a covered cru-
cible, and expose to an obscure red heat till
they unite. It is only employed in forming sul-
phurated hydrogen.
1 Ferri tartarum. (Ph. D.) See Fern po-
lassio-tartras.
Ferric acid. A very instable oxide of iron,
of the composition FeC>3, scarcely known in the
insulated state.
Ferric oxide. Peroxide of iron.
FERRIDCYA'NOGEN. A hypothetical com-
pound radical, consisting of two atoms of ferro-
cyanogen; form., CyeFej. It is tribasic, and
forms an acid with hydrogen, the ferridcyanic,
which exists in red prussiate of potash, or fer-
ridcyanido of potassium. Its composition is
C 6 Fe 2 +H 3 , or Cfdy,H 3 .
Ferridcyanide of iron. TurnbuH's blue.
See Ferri ferro-scsquicyanidum.
FE'RRO-. A common prefix in chemistiy
(from ferrum, iron), attached to those com-
pounds in which this element unites with cya-
nogen and other radicals.
Ferro-chya'zic acid. The ferrocyanic acid.
Ferrocy'anate. Ferrocyanas. The same
as ferrocyanide.
Ferrocyanate of potash. The old name
for ferrocyanide of potassium, or yellow prus-
siate of potash.
Ferrocya'nic acid. A yellow, acid, crys-
talline body, being a compound of ferrocyano-
gen and hydrogen: Cfy,H 2 . It is bibasic
Ferrocyanide of iron. The modern name
of Prussian blue, or 3Cfy,Fe.t, formerly called
ferro-sesquicyanide of iron. See Ferri ferro-
sesquicyanidum.
Ferrocyanide of potassium. Prussiate of
potash. Yellow prussiate of potash. The yel-
low salt obtained by burning animal matter
with potash in the presence ofiron. The crys-
tals are quadrangular prisms, soluble, and com-
posed of Cfy,Kj-{-3HO. It is of great use in
the laboratory as a test for iron, copper, and
other metals, and for the production of other
compounds of cyanogen. It has not much the-
rapeutic action, two drachms producing little
or no effect, but it is recommended by Dr.
Smart as both a nervous and arterial sedative.
Dose, ten to twenty grains every six hours.
Ferrocya'nogen. A hypothetical radical,
supposed to form tho basis of the ferrocya-
nide* Its formula is CyaFe ; symbol, Cfy ;
and equivalent, 105"87. The most permanent
compounds are with potassium, iron, and hy-
drogen.
Ferro-prussic acid. FeiTocyanic acid.
Ferro-se'squicya'nic acid. The ferridcy-
anic acid.
Ferro-sesquicyanide of iron. Prussian
blue; now called Ferrocyanide of iron. See
Ferri ferro-scsquicyanidum.
Ferro-tartrate of ammonia. A salt of tar-
trate of iron and ammonia. It is a good, mild
chalybeate.
Ferro-tartrate of potash. Ferro-tartras
potassii. See Ferri potassio-tartras.
Ferroso-fkrric oxide. The magnetic iron
ore, or scales from the smith's anvil, is so called
by Berzelius. See Ferri oxydum nigrum.
FER
Ferroso-ferric sutPHATE. The partially-
changed sulphate of iron, when it contains both
proto and per sulphate of iron, is so called by
Berzelius.
Fe'rrous oxide. Protoxide of iron.
Ferrugi'neus. 1. Appertaining to iron. 2.
Chalybeate. 3. Having a yellowish-brown
color, like the rust of iron.
Fe'rrugo. (Ph. E.) The ferri sesquioxy-
dum hydratum.
FE'RRUM. (wot, i, n.) The metal iron,
which see.
Ferrum am.moniatum. See Ferr$ammonio-
ehloridum.
Ferrum oxydatum hydratum. The hydra-
ted sesquioxide of iron. See Ferri sesquioxy-
dum hydratum.
Ferrum POTABILK. See Ferri potassio-tar-
tras.
Ferrum fr.ecifitatum. See Ferri sesqui-
oxydum. »
Ferrum sai.itum. Muriate or chloride of
iron.
Ferrum tartarizatum. See Ferri polassio-
tartras.
Ferrum vitriolatum. See Ferri sulphas.
Ferrureted chyazic acid. Ferrocyanic
acid.
FersjE. The measles have been so called.
FERTILE. Fertilis. Fruitful. Applied, 1.
In Physiology, to women, and the female of
brute animals, which are prolific. 2. In Bota-
ny, a flower which produces a seed capable of
vegetation, or such as have both stamens and
pistils.
Fertilization. Impregnation: a term
chiefly used in botany.
FE'RULA. (a, a-, f. ) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Digynia. Umbelliferce.
Ferula africana galbanifera. The gal-
banum plant. See Galbanum.
Fkrula ammonifera. The plant now called
Dorema ammoniacum.
Ferula assafktida. The systematic name
of the assafoetida plant. Assafatida. A native
of Persia. The drug is the inspissated juice,
obtained by scarifying the plants. That is ac-
counted best which is clear, of a pale reddish
color, and variegated with a great number of
white tears. This concrete juice consists of
two thirds of gum, and one third of resin and
volatile oil, in which its taste and smell reside.
It yields all its virtues to alcohol. Triturated
with water, it forms a milk-like mixture, the
resin being diffused by the medium of the
gum. It is the most powerful of all the fetid
gums, and is a most valuable remedy : em-
ployed in hysteria, hypochondriasis, flatulent
colics, and nervous disease^. Where we wish
it to act immediately as an antispasmodic, it
should be used in a fluid form, as that of tinct-
ure, from half a drachm to two drachms.
When in the form of enema, one or two drachms
of the solid are to be diffused in eight ounces of
warm milk or water. It is sometimes applied
externally in the form of plaster as a stimulant
and discutient. It is expectorant, emmena-
gogue, arid a nervous stimulant. Dose of pow-
der, gr. v. to 9j.
Ferula persica. Stinking slant fennel.
FEV
This plant was supposed by Willdenow to yield
the Sagapenum. The source whence this drug
is derived is still uncertain. See Sagapenum.
Ferula tingitana. A species yielding the
African ammoniacum.
Ferulacca. Bubon galbanum.
FE'RVOR. (From ferveo, to boil.) A vio-
lent or scorching heat. It designates a sensa-
tion much more acute than that termed ardor.
Fetlock. A tuft of hair growing behind
the pastern-joint of horses.
FEVER. ( From fervor, a violent heat.) Fe-
vers constitute a class of diseases marked by
rigors, increased heat, disturbed circulation,,
prostration, and, most commonly, local inflam-
mation of some viscus. They are divided into
continued, intermittent, and remittent, or into
active and typhoid. The following subdivision,
by Pinel, is much more scientific :
1. The Angeio-tenic, or inflammatory fever,
situated in the organs of circulation.
2. The Meningo-gastric, or bilious fever, orig-
inating in the mucous membrane of the intes-
tines.
3. The Adeno-meningeal, a form of gastric fe-
ver, depending on disease of the mucous folli-
cles.
4. The Ataxic, or irregular fever, in which
the brain and nervous system are chiefly af-
fected.
5. The Adynamic, or fever characterized by
prostration or depression of the vital powers.
For the characteristics of fever and most of
the species, see Febris.
Fever, adynamic. Typhoid fever.
Fever, asthenic Typhus fever: also used
for fevers in which there is great prostration.
Fever, asthmatic An intermittent fever,
in which the respiratory function is much dis-
turbed.
Fever, ataxo-adynamic Fevers in which
the nervous system is much affected, and when
there is great prostration.
Fever, bilious. F., bilio- gastric. The
common bilious remittent of the autumn..
Fever, bilious remitting. Yellow fever.
Fever, bilious remittent, of infants. See
Fever, infantile remittent.
Fever, bladdery. Pemphigus.
Fever, brain. Phrenitis.
Fever, camp. Typhus gravior.
Fever, cerebral. Phrenitis.
Fever, childbed. Puerperal peritonitis.
Fever, congestive. A fever in which there-
is much oppression, with obscure symptoms,
and in which reaction is veiy slow. It is as-
sociated with congestion of some viscus, and
originates from the action of miasm in warm
climates.
Fever, contagious. This term is applied
to typhus fever usually.
Fever, continued. See Febris conlinua
Fever, diary. Ephemeral fever.
Fever, double. Those forms of complex
intermittent in which two paroxysms occur in
one day, are termed double quartans, double
quotidians, &c.
Fever, ephemeral. Simple fever of short
duration.
Fever, exacerbating. Remittent fever.
291
FIB
Hever, endemic. F., endemial. Remittent
fever.
Fever, entero-mesenteric Typhoid fever.
Fever, hospital. Typhus gravior.
Fever, icteric. A fever in which jaundice
supervenes.
Fever, infantile remittent. A low fever
occurring in childhood, which resembles in
symptoms hydrocephalus, and seems to origi-
nate in disturbance of the gastric and intestinal
organs.
Fever, inflammatory.' See Synocha.
Fever, intermittent. See Ague.
Fever, jail. Typhus gravior.
Fever, low. Typhus fever.
Fever, malignant. Typhus gravior.
Fever, milk. The slight febrile disturbance
■which precedes the secretion of milk in women.
Fever, mixed. Synocha.
Fever, paludal. Ague.
Fever, paroxysmal. Remittent fever.
Fever, pestilential. Typhus gravior, when
very severe. The plague.
Fever, putrid. Typhus gravior.
Fever, ship. Typhus gravior.
Fever, spotted. A form of typhus gravior
attended with sudden prostration, intractable
vomiting, spontaneous hemorrhages, or pete-
■chiee of a purple or black color.
Fever, stranger's. Remittent or yellow
fever.
Fever, tertian. That form of aguo in which
the paroxysm returns every third day.
Fever, typhoid. Entcro-mesenteric fever.
Fever with meteorism, rose-colored spots on the
abdomen, sudamina, torpor, lesion of Feyer's
gland, and enlargement of the spleen. — Cope-
land.
Fever, verminous. Fever produced by the
irritation of worms. The bilious remittent fe-
ver of children is sometimes so called.
Fever, vernal. Ague in the spring.
Fever, yellow. A very violent fever, more
or less adynamic, and complicated with jaun-
dice and the vomiting of black matter. It is
endemic, originates in miasm, and is chiefly
confined to the tropics, but sometimes occurs in
the autumn, after a hot, moist season, in cities
situated in marshy districts. The treatment,
where the prostration does not occur at the
outset, consists in bleeding and the free use of
calomel ; but bleeding is often fatal to persons
of debilitated constitutions.
Feverfew. Matricaria pyrethrum.
Fever root. The triosteum perfoliatum.
Feverwort. Bupatorium perfoliatum.
FEVILLEA CORDIFOLIA. Antidote co-
< coon. A climbing shrub of the West Indies, the
seeds of which are used as a stomachic and hy-
dragogue, and said to be useful as an antidote
for poisoning by fish. In large doses they are
purgative and emetic. The seeds abound in a
milct oil, which may be extracted by pressure.
FI'BRE. (Fibra, a, f.) A simple filament.
Many of the textures of animal and vegetable
bodies are manifestly composed of fibres.
Fiber. Castor fiber.
Fibra sanguinis. Fibrin.
FI'BRIL. A small, thread-like fibre ; the
•little roots.
292
FIB
Fibrill.e. Minute fibres.
FI'BRIN. Fibrine. A protein compound
of animals and plants. It exists in the soluble
state in blood, and insoluble in muscle. It is
obtained readily from fresh blood by beating
with twigs, to which it attaches itself in fibres,
and maybe washed white. It is elastic, insol-
uble, tasteless, and inodorous ; by long boiling
it is, however, partly changed and dissolved!
Dried in vacuo, it loses 80 per cent, of water,
and becomes homy. Fresh venous or muscu-
lar fibrin, triturated with one and a half times
its weight^>f water and one third nitrate of
potass, at Ti temperature of 100° to 120° F.,
and left for twenty-four hours, becomes gelati-
nous, and eventually fluid. This does not oc-
cur with arterial fibrin, or that long exposed to
air. All the forms of fresh fibrin are slowly
dissolved by concentrated acetic acid, dilute
caustic potass, phosphoric acid, or hydrochloric
acid. In solution it closely resembles albu-
men. Pure fibrin, according to Mulder, con-
sists of,
Carbon . . 54-56 Oxygen . 22-13
Hydrogen . 6-90 Phosphorus 0-33
Nitrogen . 15-72 Sulphur . 0-36
This agrees with the formula C400H310N00
OjioP-S., but it is common to use the formula
C48H360hN 6 -|-(S.P.) They both contain an ash
of from 7 to 2-5 per cent, of phosphates of
lime, magnesia, &c. The per centage of fibrin
in normal blood is, according to Simon, about
0-3, but it is increased in inflammatory diseases
to as much as 1-2, and is deficient in chlorosis,
&c. Hence the division of diseases into those
with excess of fibrin, or hyperinosis, and those
with deficiency, or hypinosis.
Vegetable fibrin precipitates itself in the fib-
rous state from vegetable juices.
Fibro-cartilage. The fibrous cartilage of
the ear, trachea, and other parts of the body.
FIBROUS. Fibrosus. Composed of fibres.
Fibrous membranes. Those membranes
which are made up of fibres. Pathologists des-
ignate by this term the periosteum and the
various fasciae, more especially those which
have a fibrous texture, and differ from the mus-
cular tissues in being of a gelatinous compo-
sition.
Fibrous nervous tissue. See Nervous mat-
ter.
FI'BULA. (a, ee, f. ; a clasp or brace.) A
long bono of the leg. It is situated on the
outer side of the tibia, and forms, at its lower
end, the outer ankle. Its upper extremity is
formed into an irregular head, on the inside of
which is a slightly concave articulating surface.
Externally, the head of the fibula is rough and
protuberant, serving for the attachment of liga-
ments, and for the insertion of the biceps cru-
ris muscle. Immediately below it, on its inner-
sido, is a tubercle, from which a part of the
gastrocnemius internus has its origin. Imme-
diately below this head the body of the bone
begins. It is of a triangular shape, and ap-
pears as if it were slightly twisted at each end
in a different direction. It is likewise a little
curved inward and forward. Of the three an-
gles of the bone, that which is turned toward
FIL'
the tibia is the most prominent, and serves for
the attachment of the interosseous ligament.
The lower end of the fibula is formed into a
spongy, oblong head, externally rough and con-
vex, internally smooth, and covered with a thin
cartilage where it is received by the external
triangular depression at the lower end of the
tibia. Below this the fibula is lengthened out,
so as to form a considerable process, called
malleolus extcrnus, or the outer ankle. It is
smooth, and covered with cartilage on the in-
side, where it is contiguous to the astragalus,
or first bone of the foot. At the lower and in-
ner part of this process there is a spongy cavity,
filled with fat ; and a little beyond this, poste-
riorly, is a cartilaginous groove, for the tendons
of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis,
which are here bound down by the ligament-
ous fibres thaf are extended over them.
Fi'bular. Appertaining to the fibula; as
fibular artery, fibular nerve, &c.
Fica'ria. Ranunculus ficaria.
Fica'tio. The development of a tubercle of
the kind called ficus.
FICOI'DEiE. A natural order of shrubby
or herbaceous exogens, inhabiting hot sandy
plains. They are related to Crassulaceco, Che-
nopodiaccm, and Silenacccc, and especially to
Cactacem ; but are distinguished by their em-
bryo being curved round mealy albumen, a su-
perior calyx, and perigynous stamens. The
succulent loaves of some are eaten, while oth-
ers yield soda.
Ficoi'des. Fig-like.
FI'CUS. (us, i, f.; and us, us, f.) 1. A
species of condyloma, so named from its being
shaped like a fig. 2. A genus of plants. Poly-
gamia. Dimcia. Urticacea;.
Ficus carica. The fig-tree. Carica. Ficus
vulgaris. Ficus communis. The fresh fruit is
wholesome and laxative; the dried fruit will
sometimes disagree.
Ficus Indica. See Lacca.
Fida. An alchemical name of gold or silver.
Fidgets. Restlessness and uneasiness, with
a constant desire of changing the position.
Fidicina'lis. The lumbricales muscles have
also been called fidicinales, for their action in
moving the fingers.
Fifth pair of nerves. See Nervous system.
Fig. Ficus carica.
Figwort. Ranunculus ficaria and scrofu-
laria.
FIL A' GO. (ago, aginis, f.) A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia neccssaria.
Composite. — F. leontopodium. The herb lion's-
foot, formerly used in diseases. — F. pigma is
astringent.
FI'LAMENT. (FUamentum ; from filum, a
thread.) 1. Applied, in Anatomy, to a small,
thread-like portion adhering to any part, and
frequently synonymous with fibre. 2. In Bot-
any, to the stamen of a flower, which consists
of the filament, anther, and pollen. The fila-
ment is the column which supports the an-
ther.
FILARIA. (a, ee, f.) A genus of worms in
Rudolphi's classification. — F. Medinensis. The
Guinea-worm. It is of a white color, and about
the thickness of a violin string ; is commonly
•FIS
found in the legs, but sometimes in the muscu-
lar part of the arms. While it moves under
the skin it creates no trouble ; but, in time, the
Elace near the mature filaria suppurates. If it
e drawn, it excites considerable uneasiness,
especially if broken, for the part left within
creates intolerable pain. These worms are of
different lengths, and may bo three yards and
a half long. There is also a species sometimes
found in the aqueous humor of the eye, the
F. oculi.
File'llum. The frconum of the prepuce.
File'tum. The fraenum of the tongue.— Ed-
itors of Castclli.
FI'LICES. (Plural of fiNa.) Ferns. They
are plants which bear then* fruit on the back of
the leaf or frond.
Filicina. A supposed alkaloid, derived
from the root-stock of the male fern.
Fili'cula. Adiantum capillus veneris.
Filiform. FUifoi-mis. Thread-like.
Filipe'ndula. Spiraja filipendula.
Filipendula aquatica. (Enanthe fistulosa.
Filius ante patrem. Any plant the flower
of which comes out before the leaf, as colt's-
foot.
FI'LIX. See Polypodium.
Filix Fi.qRiDA. Osmunda regalis.
Filix FffiMiNA. Pteris aquilina.
Filix mas. Aspidium filix mas.
FILLE'T. A ribbon of linen employed by
accoucheurs instead of the blunt hook, for the
purpose of bringing down the extremities of
the fastus in certain presentations.
FILTER. A contrivance for filtering. Pa-
per, linen, and woolen cloth are commonly
employed.
Filtrate. The part which passes through
the filter.
FILTRA'TION. (Fillratio; from filtrum, a
strainer.) Au operation by means of which a
fluid is mechanically separated from solid par-
ticles. Filtration is performed through bibu-
lous paper, fine linen, sand, a sponge, charcoal,
&c, according to circumstances.
Fi'ltrum. A filter.
FI'LUM. (um, i, n.) A thread or filament.
Filum arsenicale. Sublimed arsenic.
FI'MBRIA. (a, a, f.) A fringe. Applied,
in Anatomy, to any fringe-like body, and espe-
cially to the fringed extremity of the Fallopian
tube.
Fimbria'tus. Fringed.
Fimus. Dung. Various kinds of animal
dung were formerly used in medicine.
Finckle. Anethum foeniculum.
Fingered. Digitatus.
Fingers. See Hand.
FIR. See Pinus.
Fir, Canada. Pinus balsamea.
Fir, Norway spruce. Pinus abies.
Fir, Scotch. Pinus sylvestris.
Fir, silver. F. spruce. Pinus picea.
Fir, balsam. Pinus balsamea.
Fire. Ignis.
Fire-damp. A gas evolved in coal-mines^
containing light carbureted hydrogen.
Fire, Saint Anthony's. Erysipelas.
Firmi'sium mineralium. Antimony.
Fish glue. See Tckthyoeolla.
293
F1S
Fish skin. See Ichthyosis.
FISSITARA. The polypes and infusorials
which engender by fissiparous generation,
which see.
FISSU'RA. (a, a, f. ; from findo, to cleave
or crack.) A fissure. 1. That species of frac-
ture in which the bone is 6lit, but not com-
pletely divided. 2. A name given to a deep
and long depression in a part.
Fissura Glaseri. A fissure situated in the
deepest part of the glenoid fossa.
Fissura longitudinalis. A deep fissure
observed in the median line, on the upper sur-
face of the brain, occupied by the falx cerebri
of the dura mater.
Fissuka magna Sylvii. Fissure of Sylvius.
The anterior and middle lobes of the cerebrum
on each side are parted by a deep, narrow sul-
cus, which ascends obliquely backward from
the temporal ala of the os sphenoides to near
the middle of the os parietale. This sulcus is
called Fissura magna Sylvii.
Fissura umbilicalis. The fissure in the
liver which lodges the umbilical vein in the
foetus.
Fissure of Bichat. The name given to the
transverse fissure of the brain, from the opinion
of Bichat that it was here that the arachnoid
entered into the ventricles.
Fissure of the anus. See Anus.
Fissure of the spleen. The groove which
divides the inner surface of the spleen. It is
filled by vessels and fat.
FI'SSUS. Cleft; cloven.
Fistic nut. Pistachia vera.
FI'STULA. (a, a, f.) A long and sinuous
ulcer, that has a narrow opening, and which
sometimes leads to a larger cavity, and has no
disposition to heal.
Fistula ciba'lis. The cesophagus.
Fistula in ano. A sinus by the side of the
rectum. From the laxity of the cellular mem-
brane in the vicinity of the rectum, abscesses
which form here easily become diffused, and
the matter burrows by the side of tho gut, often
to a very formidable extent, and hence the ne-
cessity of early attention and great care in the
treatment of abscesses so situated. Those fis-
tulas in which the matter has made its escape
by one or more openings through the skin only,
are called blind external fistula ; those in which
the matter has been discharged through an
opening into the rectum, without any aperture
in the skin, are called blind internal fistula;
and those which open both into the gut and
also externally through the skin, are called com-
plete fistula. The cure is by a surgical opera-
tion, which consists in laying the sinus freely
open, and applying proper dressings to promote
fleshy granulations.
Fistula in perin.eo. When the urethra is
perforated by ulceration or injury, and the urine
escapes into the surrounding cellular membrane,
it occasions inflammation, sloughing, and ab-
scess. If the patient survive, the matter finds
its way out by ulceration, through the integu-
ments of the perineum, and the urine also es-
capes through these ulcerous apertures. The
term fistula is not very correctly applied to
these. Fistula? in perinwo, as they are called,
294
FLE
are most frequently the result of neglected or
ill-treated strictures of the urethra.
Fistula lachrymalis. Properly an ulcera-
ted opening in the lachrymal sac, which has no
tendency to heal, and through which a puriform
fluid is discharged. The term has been applied
to almost every diseased state of the lachrymal
passages.
Fistula, salivary. When by any means
the parotid duct has been wounded, the wound
is often prevented from healing by the contin-
ued escape of saliva; and the irritation and
pressure of this occasions the formation of an
ulcerated opening in the integuments of the
cheek, through which the saliva escapes.
Fistula spiritalis. The windpipe.
Fistula'ria. Delphinium staphisagria.
Fistulous. Fistulosus. Like a fistula ; hol-
low, like a reed.
FIXED. Fixus. In Chemistry, applied to
those substances which can not be caused to
pass by a strong rarefaction from the solid or
liquid state to that of an elastic fluid.
Fixed air. Carbonic acid.
Fixed oils. Common fats, and those oil*
which require a temperature of 600° F. before
they are decomposed.
Fixity. The property by which bodies re-
sist the action of heat, so as not to rise in vapor.
Flabelliform. Flabelliformis. Fan-like: a
term applied generally in natural history.
FLAG. A water weed. See Alga.
Flag, sweet. See Acorns.
Flag, water. Iris pseudacorus.
Flag, yellow water. Iris pseudacorus.
Flagellikorm. Flagelliformis. Whip-like.
A term applied to a stem that is long and pliant.
Flage'llum. A runner, or a twig, which
runs out long and slender.
Flake white. Subnitrate of bismuth.
Fla'mmula. Ranunculus flammula.
Flammula jovis. Clematis recta.
Flank. The iliac region of the abdomen.
FLATULENCE. By this is understood a
morbid* collection of gas in the stomach and
bowels. Flatulency is often a symptom of other
diseases, especially indigestion, colic, cholera,
hysteria, and hypochondriasis. For the cure
of this disease, carminatives, aperients, and
tonics are resorted to, as nutmegs, cardamoms,
pimenta, pepper, capsicum, camphor, pepper-
mint, spearmint, cinnamon, rosemary, lavender,
pennyroyal, &c. The aromatic essential oils
are powerful carminatives. If these do not suc-
ceed, etherial preparations and warm tonics
should be given, and the strictest attention paid
to the diet, in which all oleracerous vegetables,
and all kinds of peas, beans, and flatulent fruits,
should be avoided; also, large draughts of fluids.
The diet should consist of plain animal food.
Flatu'lent. Flatulentus. Windy; troubled
with flatulence.
Fla'tus. Wind hi the stomach and bowels.
Flavedo. The outer rind of the orange and
lemon is thus called.
Flavus. Yellow.
FLAX. See Linum. — F., purging. Linum
catharticum. — F. , spurge. Flax-leaved daphne .
Daphne gnidium.
Fleabane. Inula dysenterica.
S.
FLE
Fleabane, great. Conyza squarrosa.
Fleabane, Canada. Erigeron canadense.
Fleawort. Plantago pByllium.
FLEAM. (From flamma, Latin.) A coarse
lancet used to bleed horses or to lance the
gums. Also, a cutting instrument inclosed in a
metallic case and subject to the action of a
spring, formerly used in bleeding, and but little
employed in this day.
Flectens par lumborum. A name given
by Cassirius to the quadratus lumborum muscle.
FLEMEN. (m, nis, n.) A Latin word sig-
nifying swelling of the ankles from over-fatigue.
Fleresin. A name that lias been given to
gout.
FLESH. The muscular substance of an an-
imal.
Flesh brush. A brush for rubbing the sur-
face of the body in order to excite the cutane-
ous circulation. Its use is very advantageous
where the action of the capillary vessels is lan-
guid.
Flesh, proud. Fungous granulations.
Fleshy. Oarnosus-
Flexibility. The capacity of being bent
readily.
FLEXION. (Flexio, onis, f.) The bent
state of a joint, or the act of bending a joint ; it
is opposed to extension.
FLEX'OR. The name of several muscles,
the office of which is to bend the joints.
Flexor accessories digitorum pedis. See
Flexor longus digitorum pedis.
Flexor brevis digitorum pedis, perfora-
tus sublimis. A flexor muscle of the toes.
Flexor brevis digitorum pedis, perforatus, of Al-
binus. Flexor brevis of Douglas. Flexor dig-
itorum brevis, sive perforatus pedis, of Window.
Perforatus, seu flexor secundi internodii digi-
torum pedis, of Cowper. It arises by a narrow,
tendinous, and fleshy beginning, from the infe-
rior protuberance of the os calcis. It likewise
derives many of its fleshy libers from the adja-
cent aponeurosis, and soon forms a thick belly,
which divides into four portions. Each of these
portions terminates in a flat tendon, the fibers
of which decussate, to afford a passage to a ten-
don of the long flexor, and afterward reuniting,
are inserted into the second phalanx of each of
the four lesser toes. This muscle serves to
bend the second joint of the toes.
Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis. Para-
thenar minor of Winslow. This littlo muscle
is situated along the inferior surface and outer
edge of the metatarsal bone of the little toe. It
arises, tendinous, from the basis of that bone,
and from the ligaments that connect it to the
os cuboides. It soon becomes fleshy, and ad-
heres almost the whole length of the metatarsal
bone, at the anterior extremity of which it forms
a small tendon, that is inserted into the root of
the first joint of the little toe. Its use is to bend
the little toe.
Flexor brevis pollicis manus. Flexor se-
'Cundi internodii of Douglas. Thenar of Wins-
low. Flexor primi et secundi ossis pollicis of
Cowper. This muscle is divided into two por-
tions by the tendon of the flexor longus pollicis.
The outermost portion arises, tendinous, from
the anterior part of the os trapezoides and in-
FLE
ternal annular ligament. The second, or inner-
most and thickest, portion arises from the same
bone, and likewise from the os magnum and os
cuneiforme. Both these portions are inserted,
tendinous, into the sesamoid bones of the thumb.
The use of this muscle is to bend the second
joint of the thumb.
Flexor brevis pollicis pedis. A muscle of
the great toe, that bends the first joint of that
part. Flexor brevis of Douglas. Flexor brevis
pollicis of Cowper. It is situated upon the
metatarsal bone of the great toe ; arises, tendin-
ous, from the under and anterior part of the os
calcis, and from the under part of the os cunei-
forme externum. It soon becomes fleshy and
divisible into two portions, which do not separ-
ate from each other till they have reached the
anterior extremity of the metatarsal bone of the
great toe, where they become tendinous, and
then the innermost portion unites with the ten-
don of the abductor, and the outermost with
that of the abductor pollicis. They adhere to
the external os sesamoideum, and are finally in-
serted into the root of the first joint of the great
toe. These two portions, by their separation,
form a groove, in which passes the tendon of
the flexor longus pollicis.
Flexor carpi radialis. A long, thin mus-
cle, situated obliquely at the inner and anterior
part of the fore-arm, between the palmaris
longus and the pronator teres. Radialis in-
ternus of Albinus and Winslow. It arises, ten-
dinous, from the inner condyle of the os humeri,
and, by many fleshy fibers, from the adjacent
tendinous fascia. It descends along the inferior
edge of the pronator teres, and terminates in a
long, flat, and thin tendon, which afterward be-
comes narrower and thicker, and, after passing
under the internal annular ligament, in a groove
distinct from the other tendons of the wrist, it
spreads wider again, and is inserted into the
fore and upper part of the metacarpal bone
that sustains the fore-finger. It serves to bend
the hand, and its oblique direction may likewise
enable it to assist in its pronation.
Flexor carpi ulnaris. Ulnaris internusoi
Winslow and Albinus. A muscle situated on
the cubit or fore-arm, that assists in bending
the arm. It arises, tendinous, from the inner
condyle of the os humeri, and, by a small fleshy
origin, from the anterior edge of the olecranon.
Between these two portions we find the ulnar
nerve passing to the fore-arm. Some of its
fibers arise, likewise, from the tendinous fascia
that covers the muscles of the fore-arm. In its
descent it soon beepmes tendinous, but its
fleshy fibers do not entirely disappear till it has
reached the lower extremity of the ulna, where
its tendon spreads a little, and, after sending off"
a few fibers to the external, and internal, and
annular ligaments, is inserted into the os pisi-
forme.
Flexor longus digitorum pedis profundus
perforans. A flexor muscle of the toes, situ-
ated along the posterior part and inner side of
the leg. Perforans seu flexor profundus of
Douglas. Flexor digitorum longus, sive per-
forans pedis, and perforans seu flexor tertii in-
ternodii digitorum pedis of Cowper. It arises,
fleshy, from the back part of the tibia, and, after
295
— _
FLE
running down to the internal ankle, its tendon
passes under a kind of annular ligament, and
then through a sinuosity at the inside of the os
calcis. Soon after this it receives a small ten-
don from the flexor longus pollicis pedis, and
about the middle of the foot it divides into four
tendons, which pass through the slits of the flex-
or brevis digitorum pedis, and are inserted into
the upper part of the last bone of all the lesser
toes. About the middle of the foot this muscle
unites with a fleshy portion, which, from the
name of its first describer, has been usually
called masta carnea Jacobi Sylvii : it is also
termed Flexor accessoriw digito rum pedis. This
appendage arises by a thin, fleshy origin, from
most part of the sinuosity of the os calcis, and
likewise by a thin, tendinous beginning from
the anterior part of the external tubercle of that
bone ; it soon becomes all fleshy, and unites to
the long flexor just before it divides into its
four tendons. The use of this muscle is to bend
the last joint of the toes.
Flexor longus pollicis manus. Flexor
longus pollicis of Albinus. Flexor tertii inter-
nodii of Douglas. Flexor tertii internodii sive
longissimus pollicis of Cowper. A muscle of
the thumb, placed at the side of the flexor
longus digitorum profundus perforans, and
covered by the extensores carpi radiales. It
arises, fleshy, from the anterior surface of the
radius, immediately below the insertion of the
biceps, and is continued down along the ob-
lique ridge, which serves for the insertion of
the supinator brevis, as far as the pronator
quadratus. Some of its fibers spring, likewise,
from the neighboring edge of the interosseous
ligament. Its tendon passes under the internal
annular ligament of the wrist, and, after run-
ning along the inner surface of the first bone
of the thumb, between the two portions of the
flexor brevis pollicis, goes to be inserted into
the last joint of the thumb, being bound down
in its way by the ligamentous expansion that
is spread over the second bone. In some sub-
jects we find a tendinous portion arising from
the inner condyle of the os humeri, and form-
ing a fleshy slip that commonly terminates near
the upper part of the origin of this muscle from
the radius. The use of this muscle is to bend
the last joint of the thumb.
Flexor longus pollicis pedis. A muscle
of the great toe, situated along the posterior
part of the leg. It arises, tendinous and fleshy,
a little below the head of the fibula, and its
fibers continue to adhere to that bone almost to
its extremity. A little above the heel it termi-
nates in a round tendon, which, after passing
in a groove formed at the posterior edge of the
astragalus, and internal and lateral part of the
os calcis, in which it is secured by an annular
ligament, goes to be inserted into the last bone
of the great toe, which it serves to bend.
Flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis. Oppo-
nent pollicis of Innes. Opponens pollicis manus
of Albinus. Flexor primi internodii of Douglas.
Antithenar sive semi-interosseus pollicis of Wins-
low. A muscle of the thumb, situated under
the abductor brevis pollicis, which it resembles
in its shape. It arises, tendinous and fleshy,
from the os scaphoides, and from the anterior
296
FLE
and inner part of the internal annular ligament .
It is inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the
under and anterior part of the first bone of the
thumb. It serves to turn the first bone of the
thumb upon its axis, and, at the same time, to
bring it inward opposite to the other fingers.
Flexor parvus minimi digiti. Abductor
minimi digiti, Hypothenar Riolani of Douglas.
Hypothenar minimi digiti of Winslow. A mus-
cle of the little finger, situated along the inner
surface of the metacarpal bone of the little fin-
ger. It arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the
nook-like process of the unciform bone, and
likewise from the anterior surface of the adja-
cent part of the annular ligament. It termi-
nates in a flat tendon, which is connected with
that of the abductor minimi digiti, and inserted
into the inner and anterior part of the upper
end of the first bone of the little finger. It
serves to bend the little finger, and likewise to
assist the abductor.
Flexor profundus perforans. Profundus
of Albinus. Perforans of Douglas. Perforans
vulgo profundus of Winslow. Flexor tertii inter-
nodii digitorum manus, vel perforatus manus, of
Cowper. A muscle of the fingers, situated on
the fore-arm, immediately under the perforatus,
which it greatly resembles in its shape. It
arises, fleshy, from the external side and upper
part of the ulna, for some way downward, and
from a large .portion of the interosseous liga-
ment. It splits into four tendons a little before
it passes under the annular ligament of the
wrist, and these pass through the slit in the
tendons of -the flexor sublimis, to be inserted
into the fore and upper part of the third or last
bone of all the four fingers, the joint of which
they bend.
Flexor sublimis perforatus. This muscle,
which is the perforatus of Cowper, Douglas,
and Winslow, is, by Albinus and others, named
sublimis. It is called perforatus from its ten-
dons being perforated by those of another flexor
muscle of the finger, called the perforans.
They who give it the appellation of sublimis
consider its situation with respect to the latter,
and which, instead of perforans, they name
profundus. It is a long muscle, situated most
commonly at the anterior and inner part of the
fore-arm, between the palmaris longus and the
flexor carpi ulnaris ; but, in some subjects, we
find it placed under the former of these mus-
cles, between the flexor carpi ulnaris and the
flexor carpi radialis. It arises, tendinous and
fleshy, from the inner condyle of the os humeri,
from the inner edge of the coronoid process of
the ulna, and from the upper and fore part of
the radius, down to near the insertion of the
pronator teres. A little below the middle of
the fore-arm, its fleshy belly divides into four
portions, which degenerate mto as many round
tendons, that pass altogether under the internal
annular ligament of the wrist, after which they
separate from each other, become thinner and
flatter, and, running along the palm of the hand,,
under the aponeurosis palmaris, are inserted
into the upper part of the second bone of each
finger. Previous to this insertion, however,
the fibers of each tendon decussate near the
extremity of the first bone, so as to afford a
FLO
passage to a tendon of the perforans. Of these
four tendons, that of the middle finger is the
largest, that of the fore finger the next in size,
and that of the little finger the smallest. The
use of this muscle is to bend the second joint
of the fingers.
Flexor tertii internodii. See Flexor Ion-
gus pollicis mantis.
Flexuo'sus. Flexuous; full of turnings or
windings.
Flint glass. A highly refractive glass, con-
taining 20 to 30 per cent, of lead, and used in
optical instruments. Also, the finer kinds of
glass used in domestic economy.
FLOCCILA'TION. (Floccilatio, onis, f. ;
from floccus, the nap of clothes.) Picking the
bed-clothes. A symptom of great danger in
acute diseases. See Carphologia.
Flocci. The minute cilia) constituting the
nap of mucous membranes.
Flocci volitantes. Muscat volitantes.
Floccu'lus. A small tuft: applied especially
to the pneumogastric lobule of the cerebellum.
Flo'ccus. The tuft of loose hairs terminat-
ing the tail of some animals.
FLOODING. The popular name for uterine
hemorrhage, especially when occurring during
parturition.
FLORAL. (Floralis; from flos, a flower.)
Belonging to a flower ; as floral leaf, &c.
Floral leaf. A bractea.
FLORENCE, CLIMATE OF. This city
and vicinity is subject to great changes of tem-
perature, and is one of the worst localities in
Italy for consumptive patients.
FLO'RES. (The plural of flos .) Flowers;
a term given to several crystalline bodies, &c.
Flores antimonii helmontii. An old prep-
aration, made by dissolving sulphuret of anti-
mony in aqua regia, and subliming the product
with sal ammoniac.
Flores antimonii rubri. An old prepara-
tion, made by subliming a mixture of sulphuret
of antimony and sal ammoniac.
Flores benzoes. Benzoic acid.
Flores martiales. See Ferri ammonio-chlo-
ridum.
Flores salis ammoniaci. See Amnion ice sub-
carbonas.
Flores sulphuris. Sublimed sulphur.
Flores sulphuris loti. Sulphur lotum.
Flores zinci. Oxide of zinc.
Flores ce'ntia. The act of flowering.
Floret. A little flower. Flosculus.
FLORIDA, CLIMATE OF. The climate
of Florida is subject to much less change than
that of most of the States ; but nearly all the
places on the coast, which alone are healthy,
are subject to occasional violent and sharp
winds, which render them very doubtful winter-
ing stations for consumptives. Tampa Bay and
Pensacola are very superior to St. Augustine.
FLOS, (os, oris, f. ; a flower.) 1. A flower.
2. An old term of chemists for whatever had a
flower-like appearance, especially if obtained
by sublimation ; as flowers of sulphur, benja-
min, zinc, &c.
Flosculo'sus. Having little florets.
Flo'sculus. A little flower ; a floret.
Flounder. Plenronectes flessus.
FLU
Flounder, liver. Distoma hepatica.
Flower-de-luce. See Iris.
Flowers. The menses are sometimes so
called.
Flowers of Benjamin. Benzoic acid.
Flowers of sulphur. Sublimed sulphur.
Flu'ate. Fluas. A fluoride.
FLUCTUATION. Fluctuatio. A term used
in medicine to express the undulation of a fluid ;
thus, when pus is formed in an abscess, or when
water accumulates in the abdomen, if the fin-
gers be applied in a proper manner to the ab-
scess or the abdomen, the motion of fluctuation
may be distinctly felt.
Fluctuation, peripherique. A mode of
detecting effusion of fluid within the abdomen.
It consists in placing both hands on the abdo-
men, two or three inches apart, and with the
two fore fingers parallel, and then slightly strik-
ing the abdomen with the fore finger of the
right hand : this produces an undulation of the
fluid, which is readily felt by the fore finger of
the left hand. .
Fluctuation, superficial. Bee Fluctuation,
peripherique.
Fluellin. Antirrhinum elatine.
FLUID. A body, the particles of which are
readily movable in all directions with respect
to each other. Fluids are divided into liquids,
and elastic fluids, gases, or aeriform fluids.
They differ from solids physically in possessing
the quality of propagating pressures in every
direction equally.
Fluidity. The state of a fluid.
Fluidum. A fluid.
Fluke. The distoma hepaticum.
FLUO-. A prefix ; of frequent occurrence in
chemistry, and derived from fluorine. It indi-
cates compounds in which this element is pres-
ent ; as fluosilicic acid, an acid containing fluo-
rine and silicic acid.
Fluobo'ric acid. A gaseous acid body.
Terfluoride of boron.
FLU'OR. ( From fluo, to flow. ) Applied,
in Pathology, to an increased discharge of a
white mucous secretion from the internal sur
face of the vagina of females.
Fluor albus. F. albus benignus. F. mu-
liebris. F. utcrinus. Leucorrhoea.
Fluor albus malignus. Gonorrhoea.
Fluor spar. The native fluoride of calcium,
employed in chemistry as a source of hydroflu-
oric acid as a flux.
Fluoric acid. The hydrofluoric acid.
Fluoric acid, silicated. Fluosilicic acid.
Flu'oride. A compound of fluorine.
FLU'ORINE. A hypothetical basis of hydro-
fluoric acid. Eq., 1874 ; sym., F.
Fluosi'licate. A compound of the fluo
silicic acid with a base.
Fluosili'cic acid. See Hydrofluoric acid.
FLUX. 1. In Pathology, often applied to
diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera. 2. In Chem-
istry, used to denote any substance or mixture
added to assist the fusion of metals.
Flux, bilious. Cholera.
Flux, black. When one part of nitre and
two of cream of tactar are deflagrated together
in a crucible, a bisk powder remains, which
is a mixture of chveoal and subcarbonate of
297
/ ■:$>& t
potash. This substance is called black flux, and
is of much use' iD the reduction of metals.
Flux, bloody A dysentery.
Flux, crude. A mixture of nitre and cream
of tartar put into a crucible along with a metal
to aid its fusion.
Flux, intestinal. See Diarrhcea.
Flux, white. When equal parts of nitre
and cream of tartar are deflagrated together,
the whole of the carbon is dissipated : the resi-
due, which consists of subcarbonate of potash,
is called white flux.
Fluxio. A catarrh.— F. alba. F. vulva;.
Leucorrhcea.
Fluxion. Fluxio. Fusion.
FLUXUS. (us, i, m.) A flux or discharge.
A generic term for discharges; as, Fluxus dy-
sentericus. Dysentery. — F. caliacus. Cocliac
flux. — F. lunaris. F. menstrualis. The men-
ses.— P. matricis. "Leucorrhcea, &c.
Fluxus capillorum. Alopecia.
FLY. See Musca.
Fly powder. The gray oxide of arsenic.
See Arsenic.
Fly, Spanish. See Cantharis.
Fo'cile. The ulna or radius.
FO'CUS. (A fire.) 1. The right lobe of the
liver. 2. The point at which converging rays
of headlight, &c, meet together, and which is
characteMze'd' by great heat and brilliant light,
as in the case of the sun's rays.
Fodi'na. The labyrinth of the ear.
Fcenicula'tum lignum. Sassafras.
FCENI'CULUM. Anethum.
FffiNicuLUM alpinum. See JEthusa.
Foeniculum aquaticum. Phellaiidriuni nquat-
icum.
Fceniculum dulSce. See Anethum.
Fceniculum germanicum. See Anethum fw-
niculum.
F<e*[1culum MARINUM. See Crithmum.
FojNictJLUM orientale. See Cuminum.
F<£niculum porcinum. reucedanum offici-
nale?'-
F(ENicuLtrtt-?siftEN-SE. Sec Auisum stcllatum.
Focniculum sVC&estre. F. toHuosum. See
Seseli. ; —
F«ENicui.UM vulgare'; " See Anethum.
F(e'num. (um, i, n.*) Hay.
F(ENUM CAMELORUM. JlinCUS.
Fcenum gr^cum. See Trigonella.
F(Enum sylvestre. Wild fenugreek.
Foeta'bulum. An encysted abscess.
FCETAL. Facialis. Appertaining to the
foetus..
FffiTAL circulation. See Circulation, fatal.
FffiTAL h"ead, diameters of. The diameter
frcjni c^e''parietal bone to the other, or bipari-
etdft' tir ttanSj^rse diameter, is three and a half
inthes ; tW^6^rf.pito-mental, five inches; the
temporaj^j^fcreialinclies ; the occipitofrontal,
four and'a'quarteV to four and a half inches;
the vertical diameter, three inches.
Fceta'tion. Pregnancy.
Foeticide. Destruction of the fcetus in utero,
or criminal abortion.
FGETOR. (From fasteo, to stink.) A strong,
offensive smell ; a fetor.
J%!rcrR oris. Bad breath.
F(£"RUS. (us, us, m. ; from feo. to bring
298
FOO
forth.) The child inclosed in the uterus of its
mother is called a fcetus from the fifth month
after pregnancy until the time of its birth. See
Ovum.
Foliaceous. Leafy.
Foliata terra. Sulphur. Acetate of pot-
ash.
Fo'liated earth of tartar. Acetate of
potash. See Polassa; acetas.
FOLIA'TION. (Foliatio ; from folium, a
leaf.) The manner in which leaves are folded
up in their buds. See Vernutio and Gemma.
Folia'tus. Foliate: leafy.
Folio'lum. A leaflet or little leaf.
FO'LIUM. A leaf.
Follicle. See Follicule.
Follicles of Lieberkuhn. The minute fol-
licles of the mucous membrane of the small in-
testines.
FOLLI'CULE. Folliculus. (Diminutive of
follis, a bag.) A little bag. In Anatomy, ap-
plied to a simple gland or follicle. One of the
most simple species of gland, consisting merely
of a hollow vascular membrane or follicle, and
an excretory duct; such are the mucous folli-
cles, the sebaceous follicles, &c. In Botany, a
follicle is a one-valved pericarp, or seed-vessel.
Folliculus fellis. The gall bladder.
FOMENTATION. Fomentatio. Partial
bathing with warm water, simple or medica-
ted. It is effected by applying hot and wet
cloths, often changed, to the part.
FO'MES. (es, Hit, m. ; a fovendo.) Fuel.
In medical language, a fomes means a porous
substance capable of absorbing and retaining
contagious effluvia. Wool and woolen cloth
are among the most active fomites.
Fomes morbi. An old term for the exciting
cause of a disease.
Fo'mites. Plural of fomes.
Fons pulsans. F. pulsatilis. A fontanel.
Fontana, canal of. A canal of a triangular
shape at the inner side of the ciliary circle of
the eye.
FONTANEL. Fontanella. (a, ce, f. ; dimin-
utive of fons, a fountain.) Fons pulsatilis. The
parietal bones and the frontal do not coalesce
until the third year after birth, so that before
this period there is an obvious interstice, com-
monly called mold, and scientifically the ante-
rior fontanel. There is also a lesser space,
occasionally, between the occipital and parietal
bones, termed the posterior fontanel. These
spaces between the bones are filled up by the
dura mater, pericranium, and external integu-
ments, so that, during birth, the size of the
head may be lessened; for, at that time, the
bones of the head, upon the superior part, are
not only pressed nearer to each other, but they
frequently lay over one another, in order to di-
minish the size during the passage of the head
through the pelvis.
FONTI'CULUS. (us, i, m.) An issue. An
artificial ulcer formed in any part by incision
or caustic, and kept discharging by introducing
daily a pea, covered with any digestive oint-
ment.
FOOD. A substance containing any of the
principles which exist in the body, is digestible,
and not combined with a poisonous ingredient.
FOR
There are three principal varieties of food : 1st.
That capable of repairing the waste of the flesh
or muscle, called Asolized food, and essential
to the strength of animals. 2d. That which
sustains the heat of the hody, called non-Azo-
tized food. 3d. That which repairs the waste
of fat, and called Oleaginous food, the impor-
tance of which is inferior to the two former,
except for fattening animals.
The azotized elements of food, so called from
containing azote, or nitrogen, are fibrin, casein,
and albumen ; they go to the repair of muscles,
membranes, &c, which, in the active state of
the body, are being perpetually consumed.
Seeds and meats contain most of these princi-
ples: the former from 10 to 20 per cent., and
lean meat 23 to 25 per cent. The richest seeds
are beans, peas, wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn.
They are the only class capable of sustaining life
by themselves.
The non-azotized contain no nitrogen. Starch,
sugar, and gum are the principal of these ; they
are, by digestion, conveyed into the system,
and changed so as to produce the heat which
maintains life. Exposure to cold calls lor a
greater consumption of these principles than in
a warm situation. Potatoes, beets, carrots, and
roots generally excel in these principles, but
no vegetable food is deficient in them. These
can not alone sustain life.
Fatty or oleaginous food adds fat to the body,
which, in sickness and- other circumstances,
also contributes to the maintenance of animal
heat. They are incapable of sustaining life.
The food usually consumed is a mixture of
these in different proportions ; thus, corn meal
consists of 9 per cent, of oil, 12 of azotized prin-
ciples, 50 of non-azotized, the rest boing water,
husk, and saline matter; but the true value of
any food is directly as the nitrogen principles
it contains.
Besides these substances, others are, in less
measure, useful as food, viz. : salt, which assists
digestion ; jelly, or gelatin, which repairs waste
in the cellular tissue; bone earth (as it exists hi
the food), which repairs the waste of the bones.
Vinegar, alcohol, the juices of acid fruits, are
also food of the non-azotized kind.
In perfect digestion, these varieties of food
are taken up into the system, and the husk,
certain useless salts, and water rejected ; but it
often occurs that the proportion of fat or starchy
matters is so great, that much is rejected, unal-
tered, by the bowels.
The amount of food necessary to maintain an
animal in exercise is dependent on the weight.
A man requires 45 ounces of wheat bread, or
14 of beef or mutton, daily, to maintain strength.
— The Farmer's Dictionary. See, also, Aliment.
FOOT. Pes. That part of an animal on
which it stands or walks.
Foot-bath. Pediluvium.
Foot, flat. See Kyllosis.
FORA'MEN. (en, inis, n. ; from foro, to
pierce.) A little opening. The following are
the principal :
Foramen centrale. Foramen of Sosmmer-
ing.
Foramen cecum. 1. A single opening, in
the basis of the cranium, between the ethmoid
FOR
and the frontal bone, that gives exit to a small
vein. 2. A depression at the posterior part of
the tongue, the foramen coecum Morgagni. 3.
Also, the designation of a little sulcus, situated
between the corpora pyramidalia and the pons
varolii.
Foramen incisi'vum. Foramen palatinum
anterius. A foramen behind the upper incisive
teeth, common to the two upper jaws below,
but proper to each above.
Foramen lacerum anterius. Foramen la-
cerum orbilale supcrius. A large opening be-
tween the greater and lesser wing of the sphe-
noid bone on each side, through which the
third, fourth, first branch of the fifth, and the
sixth pair of nerves, and the ophthalmic artery,
pass.
Foramen lacerum in basi cranii. A fora-
men in the basis of the cranium, through which
the internal jugular vein, and the eighth pair
and accessory nerves pass.
Foramen magnum occipitis. The great
opening at the under and fore part of the occip-
ital bone.
Foramen Monuoia'num. Foramen of Monro.
An aperture under the anterior part of the body
of the fornix, by which the lateral ventricles of
the brain communicate with each other. See
Enccphalos.
Foramen magnum. Sec Occipital bone.
Foramen ok Monro. See Foramen Monroi
annm.
Foramen of Soemmering. Foramen centrale
A depression in the retina in the axis of vision.
See Eye.
Foramen of Win slow. An opening in the
omentum. See Omentum.
Foramen opticum. The hole which trans-
mits the optic nerve.
Foramen ovale. The opening between the
two auricles of the heart of the foetus. See,
also, Innominatum os.
Foramen ROTVNDUM. The fenestra rotunda.
Foramen sutra-orbitarium. The upper
orbitary hole, situated on the ridge over which
the eyebrow is placed.
Foramen Vesalii. An indistinct hole, situ-
ated between the foramen rotundum and fora-
men ovale of the sphenoid bone, particularly
pointed out by Yesalius.
Foramina Thebesii. Minute pore-like open-
ings, by which the venous blood exhales direct-
ly from the muscular structure of the heart into
the auricle, without entering the venous cur-
rent. They were originally described by The-
besius.
Forami'nulum os. The ethmoid bone.
FO'RCEPS. (eps, ipis, f. ; quasi ferricept,
from ferrum, iron, and capio, to take.) The
name given to a great variety of surgical instru-
ments, which are used in order, to take firm
hold of bodies, and are of the nature of pinchers.
Forceps, obstetrical. The forceps em-
ployed by obstetricians in extracting the foetus
where there is preternatural difficulty in its ex-
pulsion. It consists of two curved levers, one
of which i3 first introduced and then the other,
when they are locked together by a suitable
joint, and thus constitute a pair of forceps; The
blades are introduced in such a manner that
299
FOS
the branches inclose the sides of the child's
head about the ears. When used, traction is
made from side to side, and the blades are
drawn out in a curved direction toward the ab-
domen or nates, according to the presentation
of the child.
FOR'ENSIC. Forensis. Forensicus. Be-
longing to the forum, or courts of law. Foren-
sic medicine is the application of medical sci-
ence to the elucidation of judicial questions.
Foreskin. The prepuce.
Forfex. Scissors.
Forge water. Fabrarum aqua.
Fo'rmiate. Formias. A salt of formic acid.
FO'RMIC ACID. Acidum formicum. This
acid is found in the ant, or formica rufa, from
which it may be obtained by simple distillation,
or it may be prepared artificially. It is very
sour, and blisters the skin. Form., C2HO3.
FORMI'CA. (a, a, f.) A genus of insects.
1. The ant. 2. A black wart, with a broad
base and cleft superficies. 3. A varicose tumor
on the anus and glans penis.
Formica rufa. The ant. They were form-
erly used in medicines as diuretic and carmina-
tive.
FORMIC A'T ION. A creeping sensation,
with some tingling, such as one might imagine
to be produced by the passage of numerous ants
over the part.
Fo'rmix. Herpes exedens.
FO'RMULA. (a, a, f. ; diminutive of forma,
a form.) A prescription for the preparation of
medicines. In Chemistry, the form or structure
of any compound.
. Fo'rmulary. A collection of formulae.
FO'RMYLE. A hypothetical compound rad-
ical, of which formic acid is a derivative. The
composition is C 3 H, and symbol, Fo.
Fo'rnax. A furnace.
Fornica'tus. Fornicate; vaulted.
FORNICIFO'RMIS. Forniciform; vaulted.
FO'RNIX. (ix, icis, f. ; an arch or vault.)
The part beneath the corpus callosum in the
brain is so called, because, if viewed in a par-
ticular direction, it has some resemblance to
the arch of a vault.
Forpex. Scissors.
FO'SSA. (a, «r, f . ; from fodio, to dig.)
Fovea. A little depression or sinus. The pu-
dendum muliebre.
Fossa amynt.e. A double-headed roller for
the face.
Fossa hyaloidf.'a. The depression in the
vitreous humor in which the crystalline lens is
lodged.
Fossa lachrymai.is. A sinuosity in the
frontal bone for lodging the lachrymal gland.
Fossa magna. 1. The great groove of the
ear. 2. The external pudendum muliebre.
Fossa navicui.aris. 1. The cavity at the
bottom of the entrance of the pudendum mu-
liebre. 2. The great groove of the ear.
Fossa ovalis. The depression in the right
auricle of the human heart, marking the site of
the foramen ovale in the foetus.
Fossa tituitaria. The hollow in the sella
turcica of the sphenoid bone, which contains
the pituitary gland.
Fossa Sylvii. The fifth ventricle of the brain.
300
FRA
FO'SSIL. The organic remains of animals
and vegetables are termed extraneous fossils, as
opposed to minerals, which are the natural pro-
ductions of the earth.
Fossil salt. Rock salt.
Fossil unicorn. See Unicorn.
Fothergill's pills. A nostrum of aloes,
colocynth, scammony, and oxide of antimony.
FO'TUS. (us, us, m.) A fomentation.
Fotus communis. Decoction of poppies. See
Decoctum papaveris.
FOURCHE'TTE. (French.) 1. The com-
missure of the labia majora at the posterior
part. 2. A surgical instrument for raising the
tongue in the operation of dividing the fraenum.
Four-tailed bandage. A bandage for the
head, jaw, and face, with four tails or heads.
Fourth pair of nerves. Nervous system
Fou'sel oil. Oil of grain or potato spirit.
FO'VEA. 1. A little depression. 2. The
pudendum muliebre. 3. A partial sweating-
bath.
Fovea'tus. Having a little depression or pit.
Fovi'lla. The fecundating matter contain-
ed in pollen.
Fowl, dunghill. See Pkasianus.
Fowl, guinea. Numidia meleagris
Fowl, pea. Pavo cristatus.
Fowler's solution. An arsenical solution
of Dr. Fowler. The arsenical solution of the
pharmacopoeias is similar to this.
Foxglove. See Digitalis purpurea.
Foxglove, Eastern. See Sesamum onen
tale.
FRA'CTURE. (Fractura, ce, f. ; iromfran-
go, to break.) In Surgery, the breaking of a
bone into two or more fragments. A simple
fracture is when the bone only is divided. A
compound fracture is a division of the bone,
with a laceration of the integuments, the bone
mostly protruding. When the bone is splinter-
ed into a number of small pieces, this is called
a comminuted fracture. A fracture is also term-
ed transverse, oblique, &c., according to its di-
rection.
Frjena of the valvule of Bauhin. F. Mor-
gagni. The rugae of the mucous membrane at
the extremities of the lips of the ileo-ccecal
valve.
Frenulum. Fraenum.
FRjE'NUM. (mot, i, n.) A name given by
anatomists to any ligament which binds down
or restrains the motion of a part.
Fr.«num epiglo'ttidis. The ligament which
connects the epiglottis with the root of the
tongue and os hyoides.
Frjsnum glandis. j^. penis. See Frainum
praputii.
Frjenum labiorum. 1. The fourchette. 2.
Folds of mucous membrane which bind down
the lips to the maxillary bones.
Frjsnum linguje. A fold of the mucous
membrane of the mouth, which binds down the
tongue.
Frjenum prjEputii. A fold of integument
connecting the prepuce with the glans penis.
FRAGA'RIA. (a, ts, f.) A genus of plants.
Icosandria. Polygynia. Rosacea;. — F. sterilis.
The barren strawberry. Astringent. — F. vesca>
The strawberry plant.
FR A
FRAGI'LITAS OSSIUM. Fragility or brit-
tleness of the bones. See Malacosteon.
Fra'gmev. Fragmcntum. A splinter of a
bone.
Fra'gum. Fragaria vesca.
FRAMB(E'SIA. (From framboise, Fr. for
a raspbeny.) The yaws ; a disease that is en-
demial to the Antilles Islands as well as Africa.
It appeal's with excrescences like mulberries
growing out of the skin in various parts of the
body, which discharge an ichorous fluid. The
ichor possesses contagious properties, and the
disease appears but once.
The period during which the eruption is in
progress varies from a few weeks to several
months. " When no more pustules are thrown
out," Dr. Winterbottom observes, " and when
those already upon the skin no longer increase
in size, the disease is supposed to have reached
its acme. About this time it happens, on some
part of the body or other, that one of the pus-
tules becomes much larger than the rest, equal-
ing or surpassing the size of a half-dollar piece :
it assumes the appearance of an ulcer, and, in-
stead of being elevated above the skin, like
others, it is considerably depressed ; the surface
is foul and sloughy, and pours out an ill-con-
ditioned ichor, which spreads very much, by
corroding the surrounding sound skin: this is
what is called the master or mother yaw."
When arrived at its acme, however, the erup-
tion continues a considerable time without un-
dergoing much alteration, often without very
materially injuring the functions, and it seldom
proves dangerous, except from the mischievous
interference of ill-directed art.
The master yaw sometimes remains large and
troublesome after the rest of the eruption has
altogether disappeared. It requires to be
treated with gentle escharotics, and soon as-
sumes a healing appearance under these appli-
cations. Stronger caustics are requisite for
the cure of the crab yaws, or tedious excres-
cences which occur on the soles of the feet.
Fra'ngipan. An extract of milk, made by
evaporating skimmed milk to dryness, and
mixing with pounded almonds and sugar. It
is used to prepare artificial milk.
Fra'ngula. Rhamnus frangula.
Frankincense. Formerly olibanum, but
now the resin of the spruce fir.
FRA'SERA. (a, ce, f.) 1. The American
calumba. 2. A genus of plants. Tetrandria.
Monogynia. Gentianece. — F. Walteri. F. car-
olinensis.^ American calumba; false calumba.
An indigenous plant, which has a triennial root
{radix Fraseri), of a spindle shape, fleshy, of a
yellow color, and somewhat resembling calum-
ba. It is a simple bitter, without astrmgency,
and of no particular value, certainly inferior to
calumba. Dose, 33s. to g., in powder or infu-
sion.
Fraxine'lla. Dictamnus albus.
Fra'xinink. A crystallizable bitter principle,
obtained from the bark of the Fraxinus excel-
sior.
FRA'XINUS. («#,$, f.) A genus of plants.
Polygamia. Dicecia. — F. excelsior. The ash-
tree. Fraxinus. The bark is bitter, and has
been exhibited in intermittents. The seeds are
FRE
diuretic in the dose of a drachm. — F. ornus.
The tree from which manna flows. Many
other trees and shrubs have likewise been ob-
served to emit a sweet juice, which concretes
upon exposure to the air, and may be consid-
ered of the manna kind, especially the F. ro-
tundifolia and excelsior. The best manna is in
oblong pieces or flakes, moderately dry, friable,
very light, of a whitish or pale yellow color,
and in some degree transparent: the inferior
kinds are moist, unctuous, and brown. It is a
gentle purgative, and is apt, in large doses, to
create flatulency and gripes, both of which are
prevented by a small addition of some warm
carminatives. It purges in doses of from fj. to
gij. The dose for children is from one scru-
ple to three. — F. rotundifolia. This tree also
affords manna.
Freckle. Ephelis.
FREEZING POINT. The degree of cold
at which water freezes ; it is thirty-two degrees
of Fahrenheit.
Freezing mixture. Frigorific mixture. A
preparation by which a very low degree of cold
may be suddenly obtained. Such mixtures are
sometimes of great service in surgery, and also
furnish the chemist with the means of condens-
ing many preparations, and testing the freezing
point of fluids. The following table is by Mr.
Walker:
Mixtures with Snow.
Mixtures. Therm, fiill*
Snow, or pounded ice, two parts, 1
by weight : ( <u ^ to — ,r> °
Muriate of soda 1 ) a
Snow or pounded ice . . . 5 j g
Muriate of soda 2 > g^ to— 12
Muriate of ammonia . . . 1 ) g '
Snow or pounded ice . . . 24 "^ S (
Muriate of soda 10 I p J to—l8 °
Muriate of ammonia . . . 5 j ea )
Nitrate of potash . . . . 5 J g l_
Snow or pounded ice . . . 1 '- ) 2 (
Muriate of soda 5 V fe I to— 25 y
Nitrate of ammonia . . . 5 j (
Dilute sulphuric acid . . . 2 > from-J-32°
Snow 3 < to— 23°
Concentrated muriatic acid . 5 \ from-j-32
Snow . . . . . . . . 8 ( to— 27°
Concentrated nitrous acid . 4 / from-|-32
Snow 7 < to— 30°
Muriate of lime 5 > from-j-32
Snow 4 \ to— 40°
Crystal, muriate of lime . . 3 \ from-4-32°
Snow 2 5 to— 50°
Fused potash . . . . . 4 \ from+32°
Snow 3 5 to— 51°
These mixtures may also be made by the
rapid solution of salts, without the use of snow
or ice. The salts must be finely powdered,
dry, and intimately mixed.
Mixtures without Snow.
Mixtures. Therm, falls
Muriate of ammonia . . . 5) from+50 o
Nitrate 01 potash . . . ..0 7 to— 10°
Water . 16 )
Muriate of ammonia ... 5 "A
Nitrate of potash .... 5 I from+50°
Sulphate of soda . . . . 8( to+10°
Water 16 J
301
F RI
FEU
Misturcft.
Nitrate of ammonia . .
Water
Nitrate of ammonia . .
Carbonate of soda
Water
Sulphate of soda . . .
Dilute nitrous acid . . .
Sulphate of soda . . .
Muriate of ammonia . .
Nitrate of potash . . .
Dilute nitrous acid . . .
Sulphate of soda . . ■
Nitrate of ammonia . ■
Dilute nitrous acid . . •
Phosphate of soda . • ■
Dilute nitrous acid . ■ .
Phosphate of soda . . .
Nitrate of ammonia . .
Dilute nitrous acid . . .
Sulphate of soda . . .
Muriatic acid ....
Sulphate of soda . . •
Dilute sulphuric acid . .
Fre'missemekt cataire.
Therm, fall*
from+50°
to +4°
n-om+50
to— 7°
from-f50°
to— 3°
from+50°
to— 10°
from+50°
to— 14°
from+50°
to— 12°
from-{-50 o
to— 21°
from+50°
5 J to— 0°
5 ? from+50°
4 I to— 3°
The purring tre-
FRE'MITUS. (Latin.) Shuddering. In
physical diagnosis, the sensation communicated
to the hand in certain morbid states of the res-
piratory organs, and resembling a feeble vibra-
tion. Thoracic fremitus may be produced by
speaking {vocal fremitus), by couching (tussive
fremitus), by the bubbling of air through fluids
in the lung (rhoncal fremitus), by the collision
and rubbing together of plastic matter exuded
upon the pleural surfaces (rubbing fremitus),
and by pulsation of the lung ( pulsatile fremitus.)
Fre'na. The lockets of the teeth have been
so called.
French berries. See Rhamnus infeclorius.
FRIABI'LITY. (Friabilitas ; from frio, to
crumble.) The property of being easily crum-
bled or reduced to small particles by pressure.
FRI'ABLE. Possessed of friability.
Friars' balsam. Tinctura benzoini com-
posita.
Fric'atorium. A liniment.
FRICTION. (Frictio, onis; from frico, to
rub.) Friction is a therapeutical agent of con-
siderable power; by means of it, the circula-
tion is stimulated in debilitated parts, and me-
dicinal substances are made to penetrate the
pores of the skin.
Friction, sound of. In auscultation, the
sound of friction, or bruit de frottement, is a
Bound which is heard when there is consider-
able roughness on the surface of the pulmonary
or costal pleura. It is synchronous with the
respiratory movements.
Friksland green. Brunswick green.
FRIGI'DITY. Frigiditas. 1. A sensation
of coldness. 2. Impotence. 3. Frigidity of the
stomach. The Anorexia exhaustorum (Sauv.)
ia a want of appetite arising from excessive
venery or other exhaustion.
Frigori'fic Possessed of the power of in-
ducing cold.
Frioorific mixture. See Freezing mixture.
Fri'gus. Cold.
Frigus tenuo. A rigor.
302
FRITILLARIA. (a, m, f.) A genus of
plants. Hexandria. Monogynia. Liliaccee. —
F. imperialis. The crown imperial has an ac
rid bulb, which has been used as a resolvent,
externally applied.
Frog tongue. Ranula.
FROLE'MENT. ( French. ) Touching
lightly, or grazing. Used to designate a slight
rustling sound in diseases of the heart — the
Frolement pericardique, or rustling noise of the
pericardium. It resembles the rustling of a
thick silk, and accompanies the systole and
diastole of the heart, indicating a roughness of
the pericardium, produced by thickening from
disease.
Frond. The leaves of ferns and lichens are
so called.
FRO'NS. 0, tis, f. or m.) 1. The fore-
head. 2. (front, dis, f.) The leaf of crypto-
gamous plants, to signify that the stem, root,
and leaf are all in one, as in ferns, fuci, &c.
FRO'NTAL. (Frontalis; from frons, the
forehead.) Belonging to the forehead.
Frontal artery. The arteria supra-orbita-
lis, a branch of the ophthalmic distributed to
the muscles of the forehead.
Frontal bone. See Frontis os.
Frontal nerve. A branch of the ophthal
mic nerve derived from the fifth pair.
Frontal sinus. See Frontis os.
Frontal spine. The spine or ridge on the
inner side, and centrally, of the os frontis, to
which the falx cerebri is attached.
Frontalis. See Frontal.
Frontalis VERBS. See Corrugator super-
cilii.
Fro'ntis os. The frontal bone. Os coro-
nale. Os inverecundum. The external surface
of this bone is smooth at its upper convex part,
but below several cavities and processes are
observed. At each angle of the orbits the bone
juts out to form two internal and two external
processes; and the ridge under the eyebrow,
on each side, is called the superciliary process,
from which the orbitar processes extend back-
ward, forming the upper part of the orbits ; and
between these the ethmoid bone is received.
The nasal process is situated between the two
internal angular processes. At the internal an-
gular process is a cavity for the caruncula lach-
rymalis; aud at the external, another for the
pulley of the major oblique muscle. The foram-
ina are three on each side : one in each super-
ciliary ridge, through which a nerve, artery,
and vein pass to the integuments of the fore-
head ; a second near the middle of the internal
side of the orbit, called internal orbitar ; the
third is smaller, and lies about an inch deeper
in the orbit. On the inside of the os frontis
there is a ridge (the frontal spine), which is
hardly perceptible at the upper part, but grows
more prominent at the bottom, where the fora-
men cmcum appears ; to this ridge the falx is at-
tached. The frontal sinus is placed over the
orbit on each side : except at this part the fron-
tal bone is of mean thickness between the pa-
rietal aud occipital, but the orbitar process is
so thin as to be almost transparent.
Fronto-^thmoid foramen. The foramen
coecum of the os frontis.
FUL
FROST-BITE. A state of numbness, with
diminished or arrested circulation in a part,
more especially the toes, ears, and nose, from
their exposed position, arising from the action
of severe cold. Unless this condition be re-
lieved, the part becomes mortified and sloughs
off. The circulation is restored by friction, es-
pecially with flannel ; by the action of water
slightly warm, but not hot; and by stimulating
frictions and lotions ; but before the latter are
applied it is necessary to restore the organ in
some degree, otherwise, if used at first, they
would lead to injurious consequences.
FRUCTIFICATION. (Fructificatio, onis, f. ;
from fructus, fruit, and facio, to make. ) Under
this term are comprehended the flowers and
the fruit of a plant.
F R U ' C T U S. (us, us, m. ; afruor.) The
fruit of a tree or plant. By this term is under-
stood, in Botany, the produce of the germen,
consisting of the seed-vessel and seed.
Fructus acido-dulces. Subacid fruits.
Frugi'vorous. Feeding on fruits.
Fruit. Fructus.
Fruit-stalk. Pedunculus.
Frumenta'ceous. Frumentaccus. Applied
to plants like wheat.
FRUME'NTUM. (urn, i, m.) Wheat; also,
all the cerealia, the grains of which make
bread.
Frutesce'ntia. Frutescence. The mature
state of a fruit.
FRU'TEX. (ex, ids, m.) A shrub.
Frutico'se. Fruticosus. Shrubby.
FU'CUS. (us, i, m.) A sea weed. Cryp-
togamia. Algce. — F. bacci'ferus. Gulf- weed
is eaten raw or pickled. — F. digitaf.us. Sea
girdle and hangers. It affords soda. — F. edulis.
Red dulce is eaten raw or broiled, when it
tastes like roasted oysters. — F. esculentus. F.
teres. F. Jimbriatus. Daberlocks. Edible
fuctis. It has a broad, plain, simple, sword-
shaped leaf, springing from a pinnated stalk. —
F. helminthocorton. This plant has great re-
pute in destroying all species of intestinal
worms! — F. natans. Sea lentil. Said to be
useful against some forms of dysuria. — F. pal-
matus. Handed fucus. Dulce. Consists of
a thin-lobed leaf like a hand, and is eaten either
raw, boiled, or broiled. — F. pinnatijidus. Pep-
per dulce is warm, like cresses. — F. sacchari-
nus. Sweet fucus is very sweet, and when diy,
exudes a substance like sugar. — F. vesiculosa.
The sea oak. Sea wrack. Bladder wrack.
Burned in the open air, and reduced to a black
powder, it forms the JEthiops vegctabilis of the
shops, which, as an internal medicine, is simi-
lar to burned sponge, containing a considerable
quantity of iodine.
FUGACIOUS. Fugax. (From fugere, to
fly.) Fading or perishing quickly. A descrip-
tive term, much used in botany, to distinguish
between organs which rapidly fade away and
those which are persistent ; also used m pa-
thology, as fugacious redness, &c.
FU'LCRUM. (um, i, n.) A prop or sup-
port. The roots, branches, and trunk were
called fulcra.
FULGU'RATION. In Chemistry, a sudden
brilliancy emitted by gold and silver before the
FUM
blowpipe, when assayed, as they begin to cool
below the red heat.
Fuli'ginous. Fuliginosus. 1. Sooty, or full
of smoke. 2. Of a dark brown color.
FULI'GO. (o, onis, f. ; quasi fumiligo; from
fumus, smoke.) Soot. Wood-soot. Fuligo
ligni. It has a pungent, bitter, and nauseous
taste. The tincture prepared from this sub-
stance, tinctura fuliginis, has been recommend-
ed as a powerful antispasmodic in hysterical
affections.
FULIGO'KALI. (From fuligo, soot, and
kali, potassa.) A remedy for chronic cutane-
ous diseases, prepared by boiling 100 parts of
soot and 20 parts of potassa in water, then fil-
tering and evaporating the solution. A sulphu-
reted fuligokali is prepai'ed by dissolving 14
parts of potassa and 5 of sulphur in water, then
adding 60 parts of fuligokali, evaporating, and
drying the residuum.
Fuller's earth. An argillaceous earth
Fulminating gold. Spe Aurum.
Fulminating mercury. See Mercury
Fulminating platina. See Platina.
Fulminating silver. See Argentum
Fulmination. Detonation.
FULMI'NIC ACID. It exists in fulminates,
but has not been separated. It is bibasic —
Cy 2 2 -f2HO.
Fullness of blood. Plethora.
Fumans nix. Quick lime.
FUMA'RIA. (a, te, f.) A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Papaveracea. — F.
bullosa. The root was formerly given to restore
the suppressed menses, and as an anthelmintic. 1
— F. officinalis. The fumitory Fumaria. The
infusion of the dried leaves, or the expressed
juice of the fresh plant, was esteemed for its
property of clearing the skin of many disorders
of the leprous kind.
Fuma'ric acid. An acid existing in fumaria
and Iceland moss ; also derived by heating the
maleic acid.
Fumigating pastilles. A preparation for
the purpose of burning in sick rooms, and yield-
ing an agreeable odor ; they are made of fine
charcoal, nitre, and cascarilla bark powdered,
or gum benzoin, and united with mucilage.
FUMIGA'TlON. (Fumigatio, onis, f. ; from
fumus, smoke.) The application of fumes, to
destroy contagious miasmata or effluvia. The
most efficacious substances for this purpose are
chlorine, chloride of lime, the vapor of nitric
acid, and that of the muriatic.
Fuming liquor of Boyle. Fuming liquor of
Beguine. Hydrosulphuret of ammonia.
Fuming liquor of Cadet. Fuming liquor of
arsenic. Chloride of arsenic.
Fuming liquor of Libavius. Bichloride of
tin.
Fuming acid ok Nordhausen. The concen-
trated sulphuric acid obtained by distilling
green vitriol. It consists of two atoms of sul-
phuric acid and one of water.
Fumitory. Fumaria officinalis.
FUMUS. (us, i, m.) Smoke.
Fumus albus. Mercury.
Fumus citrinus. • Sulphur.
Fumus duplex. Sulphur and mercury.
Fumus rubens. Orpiment.
303
FUN
Fumcs terb.«. Fumitory.
FUNCTION. (Functio, onis, f.) Iu Physi-
ology, any action by which vital phenomena
are produced. The functions of the living body
are now generally distributed into, 1 . Those of
nutrition, embracing digestion, absorption, cir-
culation, secretion, assimilation, and the evolu-
tion of heat. 2. Those of relation, embracing
sensation, the intellectual and moral phenome-
na, the voice, and voluntary motion. 3. The
generative functions, or those which relate to
the perpetuation of the species, including co-
ition, gestation, parturition, and lactation. We
have also a subdivision into organic and animal
functions, the latter being the functions of rela-
tion, and the former the functions of nutrition
and generation.
Fu'nda. 1. A four-headed bandage used in
injuries of the face, especially fracture of the
lower jaw; called, aho, funda Galeni and fun-
da maxillaris. 2. The sling used by obstetri-
cians.
Funda Galeni. See Funda.
Funda maxillaris. See Funda.
Fundament. (Fundamcntum, i, n.) The
anus.
Fundament, falling down ok. Prolapsus
ani
FU'NDUS. (us, i, m. Latin.) The base
or bottom of an organ; a term much usod in
anatomy, as fundus uteri, &c.
FU'NGI. (Plural of fungus.) An order of
the class Cryptogamia, including mushrooms,
toadstools, puffballs, &c.
Fungic acid. The expressed juice of fungi,
boiled to coagulate the albumen, then filtered.
Fu'ngiform. Fungiformie. Resembling a
fungus.
Fungiform papilla. The papilla? near the
edges of the tongue have been so called.
Fu'ngin. The fleshy part of mushrooms, de-
prived by alcohol and water of the soluble parts.
It is azotized, and highly nutritious.
Fungo'id. Fungoides. Somewhat resem-
bling a mushroom.
Fungo'id disease. Fungus ha?matodes.
Fungo'sitt. A fungous ulcer or excres-
cence.
FUNGOUS. Fungosus. Similar to a fungus.
Fungous ulcer. See Ulcer.
FU'NGUS. (us, i, m.) 1. In Surgery, a
luxuriant and unhealthy growth of a texture
softer than that which is natural to the part
from which it springs. 2. In Botany, the name
of an order of plants in the Linnaean system,
belonging to the class Cryptogamia.
Fungus articuli. Spina ventosa.
Fungus, bleeding. Fungus hsematodes.
Fungus cerebralis. Encephaloid.
Fungus cerebri. Hernia cerebri.
Fungus hjematodes. Spongoid inflamma-
tion. Soft cancer. Medullary sarcoma. A pe-
culiar form of malignant disease, having a re-
markable similarity to the substance of the brain.
Most commonly it presents itself in masses,
contained in fine membranous partitions ; but
it has three varieties, as originally pointed out
by Laennec. The first is the encysted, which
varies from the size of a filbert to that of an
apple. The unencysted, which may be very
304
FUN
small, but in other instances obtains the mag-
nitude of a child's head. Its exterior is not so
irregular as that of the encysted, though divi-
ded into lobules, with fissures between them.
The infiltrated or diffused consists of masses,
which are not circumscribed, and the medullary
substance presents a diversified appearance, in
consequence of its being blended in various
proportions with the tissues among which it is
produced. It is generally of the same consist-
ence as the cerebral medulla, but sometimes
much softer. It varies also in color : in some
instances it is quite white ; in others light red ;
and it has occasionally been found to be of a
deep red color. A section of the tumor exhibits
numerous bloody points. A vascular organiza-
tion is conspicuous in it, and as the coats of its
vessels are remarkably delicate, the circulation
of*the blood through them is readily interrupt-
ed ; hemorrhage from congestive rupture takes
place ; and the effused blood is mixed with the
brain-like matter. When superficial, medullary
sarcoma begins as a colorless swelling, soft and
elastic to the touch, unless bound down by a
fascia, in which case it has a firm, tense feel.
When immediately subcutaneous, it is elastic,
and hence liable to be mistaken for a tumor
containing fluid. When it occurs in the tes-
ticle, it is frequently supposed at first to be hy-
drocele.
Like cancer, it has a tendency to spread to
the absorbent glands, which become converted
into a similar substance. In every sense of the
expression, it is a new formation, an adven-
titious growth, whether situated in the cellular
membrane, in the tissue of the muscles, in that
of the viscera, or within the orbit, or in any
cavity, or on any surface of the body. When
it occurs in deep-seated parts, it has an invari-
able tendency to make its way to the surface ;
and, when this happens, a considerable swelling
arises, the skin at length becomes thin and dis-
colored, and, from being at first smooth, now
projects irregularly; openings are formed in
these projections, and a medullary growth
springs up, which sometimes bleeds profusely.
It is only at this period of the disease that the
name of fungus huematodes is at all applicable ;
and even now it is not very correct, as the mass
is not a fungus, but a substance of medullary
consistence. Medullary sarcoma seems to be a
constitutional disease, and rarely confined to one
organ. It has been observed in the eye, the
brain, the lungs, the heart, the liver, the spleen,
the kidneys, the bladder, the uterus, the ovaries,
the mamma?, the mesenteric glands, the dura
mater, the bones, and the thyroid gland. It
may commence in almost every texture, or upon
every surface. Sometimes it originates in the
antrum, from which it extends to the brain,
through the orbit.
An early symptom of this terrible and very
common organic disease is a wan, pale com-
plexion, such as is remarkably indicative of
what may be termed a fatal organic disease.
Medullary sarcoma is not uncommon in young
subjects and persons below the middle age,
whereas cancer chiefly attacks individuals be-
tween the ages of forty-five and fifty, or older
persons. With regard to the treatment, we
FUR
know of no medicine which can correct the
state of the constitution upon which this disease
depends. The only chance of curing it is by
the removal of the tumor at an early period of
its formation, before the lymphatic glands and
several other parts of the body have become af-
fected. Thus, if the disease has extended up
the spermatic cord, castration will be of no
avail. Extirpation seldom brings a radical
cure.
Fungus igniarius. Boletus igniarius.
Fungus la'iucis. Boletus lancis.
Fungus medullaris. 1. Fungus hsemato-
des. 2. An encephaloid tumor.
Fungus melitensis. See Cynomorium.
Fungus petrjeus. Agaricus mineralis.
Fungus phalloides. Phallus impudicus.
Fungus rosaceus. See Bedcguar.
Fungus salicis. Boletus suaveolens.
Fungus sambucinus. Peziza auricula.
FUNI'CULUS. (Funiculus; diminutive of
fu7iis, a cord.) A little cord.
Funiculus spermaticus. The spermatic
;ord.
Funiculus umbilicalis. Umbilical cord.
Funiculus varicosus. Cirsocele.
Funis arborum. Smilax kevis.
Funis umbilicalis. Umbilical cord.
Funnel-shaped. Infundibuliform.
Furca'le os. Furcella. Furcula. The
clavicle.
FURCA'TUS. Furcate; forked.
Furcella. See Furcate os.
Furce'lla inferior. The ensiform carti-
lage.
Fu'rcula. The clavicle.
Furcula superior. The upper bone of the
sternum, and also the clavicle.
FU'RFUR. (ur, wis, m.) 1. Bran. 2. Pi-
tyriasis.
Furfura'ceous. Furfuraceus. A term ap-
plied to the bran-like sediment occasionally
deposited in the urine.
Furfura'tio. Pityriasis.
FURNACE. (Furnus, i, m.) The furnaces
employed in chemical operations are of three
kinds: 1. The cvaporatory furnace, which has
received its name from its use : it is employed
to reduce substances into vapor by means of
heat, in order to separate the more fixed prin-
ciples from those which are more volatile. 2.
The revcrberatory furnace, which name it has
received from its construction, the flame being
presented from rising, but made to play over
FTA
an arched surface. It is appropriated to distil-
lation. 3. The forge furnace, in which the
current of air is determined by bellows.
Furnace cadmia. Tutty or ttittia.
FURNUS. 4us, i, m.) A furnace.
Furnus ane'mius. A wind furnace.
Furor uterinus. See Nymphomania.
Furuncle. A boil or furunculus ; also called
a sthenic furuncle.
Furuncular anthrax. Anthrax, which see.
Furunculi ventriculus. The core of a
boil. — Celsus.
FURU'NCULUS. F. verus. F. lenignw.
(From furo, to rage ; so named from its heat
and inflammation before it suppurates. ) A boil.
An inflammatory, circumscribed, and very
painful swelling immediately under the skin.
It seldom exceeds the size of a pigeon's egg.
It always has a central core, and is mostly y
found in persons in strong health, and in the
vigor of youth. Sometimes, however, boils
occur in cachectic habits. A boil always sup-
purates, and sooner or later discharges its con-
tents. This disease rarely requires medical or
surgical treatment, unless the person has many,
and then bleeding and purging are required in
plethoric constitutions, and an alterative course
of sarsaparilla in weak and unhealthy ones.
Furunculus gangr^nosus. F. malignus.
Anthrax.
Fuselol. Fousel oil ; oil of grain spirits.
FUSIBILITY. The susceptibility of fusion.
FUSIBLE. Possessed of fusibility.
Fusible calculus. See Calculi, urinary.
Fusible metal. A combination of three
parts of lead with two of tin and five of bis-
muth. It melts at 197° F.
FU'SIFORM. Fusiformis. Spindle shaped.
FUSION. (Fusio ; from fundo, to pour out. )
A chemical process, by which bodies are made
to pass from the solid to the liquid state, in con-
sequence of the application of heat. The chief
objects susceptible of this operation are Baits,
sulphur, and metals. Salts ore liable to two
kinds of fusion : the one, which is peculiar to
saline matters, is owing to water contained in
them, and is called aqueous fusion ; the other,
which arises from the heat alone, is known by
the name of igneous fusion.
FUSTIC. A dye-wood, derived from the
Morus tinctoria. There is also another dye,
called young fustic, derived from the Rhus co-
tinus, or Italian sumach.
Ftada. An alchemical name of mercury.
305
GAL
GAL
G.
G.
"• The symbol for glucinum. Among the
Greeks, an ounce weight.
Gabal. See Cabala.
Gabbara. A mummy.
Gabia'num oleum. Petroleum rubrum.
Gabi'rea. Ta6ipca. A kind of myrrh.
GADUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of fishes,
order Jueulares, including the codfish, had-
dock, and the Baltic torsk.
Gadus mo'rrhua. The codfish. This fish,
well known in our markets, abounds in the
Northern seas. Its flesh is white, and is much
eaten. When salted, it is also well-flavored and
in general esteem. The liver oil is officinal.
See Oleum jccoris asclli.
Gagel. Myrica gale.
GALA'CTIA. (a, a, f. ; from yala, lac,
milk; or yaXaKTivoc, lactetis, milky.) Mislac-
tation : a genus of disease in Good's nosology,
embracing defective, excessive, vitiated, pre-
mature, erratic, and other morbid secretions
of the milk.
Galactic acid. Lactic acid.
Galactina. Aliment prepared with milk.
Galactinus. Food made of milk.
GALACTIRRHCE'A. (a, a, f. ; from yala,
milk, and peu, to flow.) An excess or over-
flow of milk.
Galactites. A calcareous mineral of the
ancients, used as an astringent and as a pro-
moter of milk.
Galactode'ndron utile. Tho cow or milk
tree of South America.
GALACTO'PHORUS. Galactophorous.
(From ya\a, milk, and fcpo, to bring or carry.)
Galactophorous; milk-bearing. As an adjec-
tive, applied, 1. To that which has the proper-
ty of increasing the secretion of the milk. 2.
The excretory ducts of tho glands of the breasts
of women, which terminate in the papilla, or
nipple, are called ducti galactophori, because
they bring the milk to tho nipple. 3. As a
substantive, an instrument used to facilitate lac-
tation, when the nipple is not sufficiently de-
veloped.
GALACTOPOIE'TICUS. (From yala, milk,
and Koteu, to make.) Galactopoietic, or milk-
making.
Galactopo'sia. The curing diseases by a
milk diet.
Galactopy'ra. Milk fever.
Galacto'sis. Galactopoicsis. The secretion
or production of milk.
Galanga major. See Ka-mpferia.
Galanga minor. Maranta galanga.
Galangal. Maranta galanga.
Galangal, English. Cyperus longus.
Galbanetum. A balsam of galbanum, with
turpentine.
GA'LBANUM. (nm, i, n.; {torn chalbanali,
Heb.) A genus of umbelliferous plants, of
whicfi G. officinale yields tho fetid gum-resin
galbanum. This has the same properties as
assafoetida, but in a less degree. Dose, gr. x. to
388., in pills or emulsion.
30G
GA'LBULUS. (us, i, m. ; from galbus, yel-
low.) 1. Tho name given by Vogel to a natu-
ral yellowness of the skin which is observed in
some persons. 2. The fruit of the cypress-tree.
Ga'le. Myrica gale.
GA'LEA. (a, «r, f.) >A helmet. 1. In.4Ka£-
omy, the amnion. 2. In Surgery, a bandage
for tho head. 3. In Pathology, a headache,
extending all over the head, has been so called.
4. In Botany, the upper arched lip of a ringent
and personate corolla.
Galea'te. Galcalus. Helmet-shaped: ap-
plied to leaves, flowers, &c.
GA'LEGA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Diadclphia. Dccandria. Leguminosce. — G~
officinalis. Goat's rue. Galega. In Italy the
leaves arc eaten in salads. — G. virginiana is
an indigenous species, said to be diaphoretic
and anthelmintic.
GALE'NA. 1. An ancient name of tho the-
riaca before the addition of vipers as an ingre-
dient. 2. The native sulphuret of lead.
GALENICAL MEDICINE. Medicina Ga-
lenica. The authority of Galen was paramount
till tho sixteenth century, when the chemical
sect, with Paracelsus at their head, commenced
a furious contest with the Galenists. In the
treatment of diseases, the Galenists trusted al-
most entirely to simple vegetables; the chem-
ists derived their most powerful remedies from
the mineral kingdom, and prepared thom by
complex processes.
GA'LE NISTS. Galenici. Tho followers of
Galen.
Gale'nium. (Talnviov ; from yal.nvij, gale-
na.) A cataplasm containing the galena.
Galen's bandage. The four-tailed bandage.
Galen's madwort. See Marrnbium.
GALEO'BDOLON. A genus of plants. Di-
dynamia. Gymnospcrmia. Salviaccee. — G.
luteum. Yellow archangel was formerly es-
teemed vulnerary, but is now disused.
GALEO'PSIS. A genus of plants. Didy-
namia. Gymnospcrmia. Salviacea:. Several
species were formerly used, but are now alto-
gether overlooked.
Galeri'culum aponeuro'ticum. A name
that has been given to the tendinous expansion
which lies ovor the pericranium, from its re-
semblance to a little cup, Galericulum.
Ga'lia. There were two medicines of this
name, the pure and aromatic. Galia moschata
contained aloes, amber, and musk ; galia ze-
beltina, civet.
Galianco'nks. Those who have short and
small arms.
GALIPE'A CUSPARIA. The new name of
the Angustura bark-tree, or Bonplandia trifoli-
ata; also called Galipcea officinalis.
Galipot. Barms. The white turpentine
that dries on the trees during winter.
GA'LIUM. (um, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Tetrandria. Monogynia. Rul/iacetf. — G. al-
bum. See G. rnollugo. — G. apari'ne. Goose-
grass. Cleavers. The expressed juice has
GAL
been given as an aperient and iliuretic in incip-
ient dropsies. — G. mollu'go. Greater ladies'
bedstraw. It has been said to cure epilepsy. —
G. tinctarium is an indigenous species, resem-
bling in properties the G. re rum. The root
yields a red dye. — G. venim. Ladies' bed-
straw, or cheese-rennet. The Galium of the
pharmacopoeias. The leaves and flowers pos-
sess the property of curdling milk, and have
been used in epilepsy.
Gall. See Bile.
GALL-BLADDER. Vesicula fellis. An ob-
long receptacle, situated under the liver, to
which it is attached in the right hypochondri-
um. It is composed of three membranes, a
cellular, fibrous, and mucous. On one side it
adheres closely to the liver, and on the other is
covered by the peritoneum. Its use is to re-
tain the bile which regurgitates from the hepatic
duct, there to become thicker and more acrid,
and to send it through the cystic duct, which
proceeds from its neck into the ductus commu-
nis choledochus, to the duodenum.
Gall ducts. See Hepar.
Gall sickness. The remitting fever of
marsh miasmata.
Gall-stone. See Calculus, biliary.
GA'LLA. («, <c, f.) A gall-nut. See Qner-
cus infectoria.
Galla turcica. See Qucrcus infectoria.
Ga'llate. A salt of gallic acid.
G A ' L L I C ACID. Acidum gallicum. A
sparingly soluble, silky, and crystalline sub-
stance, obtained by the oxidation of tannic
acid, from which it diners in not possessing the
property of precipitating gelatine. It is astrin-
gent. Form., C 7 H0 3 +2HO.
Gallicus morbus. Syphilis.
GALLI'NjE. The family of fowls to which
the cock, partridge, and pheasant belong.
Gallipot. A pot of earthenware used to
contain medicines.
Galli'trichis. Callitriche.
Galls. Gall-nuts. See Qucrcus infectoria.
Gallus domesticus. The domestic fowl.
Ga'lvanic battery or trough. An appa-
ratus consisting of a number of simple galvanic
circles, so arranged as to be discharged togeth-
er. The galvanic battery of Professor Grove is
the most perfect and efficient now employed.
GALVANISM. (Galvanismus; from Galva-
ni, the inventor.) The form of electricity ob-
tained by chemical action, as in the oxidation
of zinc by water, &c. For the collection of the
fluid, it is necessary to immerse into the excit-
ing mixture a plate of copper, platina, gold, or
some metal not acted on ; thus the electricity
arising from chemical action on the positive or
zincous element is collected by the negative or
platinous surface, and when these are made to
unite by a wire outside the fluid, the action is
increased. This constitutes a single circle,
which, in practice, is usually made of zinc, cop-
per, and dilute sulphuric acid ; but by using
two fluids, which gradually unite and act upon
one another, the galvanic effect is increased, as
in Grove's battery, or rendered mora perma-
nent, as in Daniell's. A number of simple cir-
cles, in which each pair is made to unite, con-
stitutes a batteiy, and the end wires proceed-
GAL
iug from tho terminal zinc and copper plates
are called the poles or electrodes. Galvanic
currents are increased in power by the size and
closeness of the plates, strength of the exciting
fluid, and thickness and shortness of the wires.
By such an arrangement metals may be rapidly
deflagrated, powder ignited, even at great dis-
tances, &c. If, on the other hand, tension is
required, the number of plates must be in-
creased irrespective of their size. By this
means powerful shocks are given, and the de
composition- of water and numerous binary
compounds effected. The common form of
battery is Cruikshank's, which has been im-
proved by Dr. Hare.
Galvanism is thought by Dr. Wilson Philip
to be identical with the nervous fluid ; and from
its effects on animals, producing muscular con-
tractions when a current is transmitted through
a nerve to a muscle, as well as from the exami-
nation of tho electrical eel, there is an unques-
tionable connection. The galvanic current has
been less used than common electricity and
galvano-magnetism in the treatment of disease.
It is said to have occasionally produced favor-
able effects in asthma and nervous complaints.
In the arts it is extensively employed in the
precipitation of metals, or the electrotype, in
the telegraph, blasting, &c.
In Dr. Ure's experiments on an executed
criminal, respiration was freely established by
sending a current from a battery of 270 four-
inch plates, one pole being in contact with the
Ehrenic nerve and the other with the great
ead of the diaphragm, through a small incision
made under the cartilage of the seventh rib.
He remarks, with respect to the restoration of
persons partially drowned, or in whom respi-
ration is suspended,
" I would, however, beg leave to suggest an-
other nervous channel, which I conceive to be
a still readier and more powerful one, to the
action of the heart and lungs, than the phrenic
nerve. If a longitudinal incision be made, as
is frequently done for aneurism, through the in-
teguments of tho neck, at the outer edge of the
sterno-mastoidevs muscle, about half way be-
tween the clavicle and angle of the lower jaw ;
then, on turning over the edge of this muscle,
we bring into view the throbbing carotid, on
the outside of which tho par vagum and great
sympathetic nerve lie together in one sheath.
Here, therefore, they may both be directly
touched and pressed by a blunt metallic con-
ductor. These nerves communicate, directly
or indirectly, with the phrenic, and the super-
ficial nerve' of the heart is sent off from the
sympathetic.
" Should, however, the phrenic nerve be ta-
ken, that of the left side is the preferable of the
two. From the position of the heart, the left
phrenic differs a little in its course from the
right. It passes over the pericardium, covering
the apex of the heart.
" While the point of one metallic conductor is
applied to tho nervous cords above described,
the other knob ought to be firmly pressed
against the side of the person, immediately
under the cartilage of the seventh rib. The
skin should be moistened with a solution of
307
GAN
common salt, or, what is better, a hot, saturated
solution of sal ammoniac, by which means the
electric energy will be more effectually con-
veyed through the cuticle, so as to complete
the voltaic chain.
" For the purpose* of resuscitating dormant
irritability of nerves, or contractility of their
subordinate muscles, the positive pole must be
applied to the former, and the negative to the
latter."
Galvano-magnetism. The magnetic effects
produced by passing a galvanic current through
a wire wound around a center of soft iron,
whereby it becomes a temporary and powerful
magnet.
Galvano'metkk. An instrument for meas-
uring the intensity of a galvanic current, by its
effect in deflecting the magnetic needle.
Gambir catechu. The catechu derived
from the Uncaria gambier.
Gambo'gia. Gambo'gium. Gamboi'dea.
Gamboge. See Cambogia.
Ga'mma. An old iron instrument used for
Gauterizing a hernia.
Ga'mmarus. Cancer gammarus.
Ga'mopetalous. Synonymous with mono-
petalous.
Gamphe'le. The cheeks; the jaw.
Ga'ngamon. The omentum.
GA'NGLIA, ABDOMINAL. The semilunar
ganglia and solar plexus.
Ganglia cerebri postica. The thalami
nervorum opticorum.
Ganglia, lumbar. Five or fewer on each
side, placed between the twelfth rib and the
articulation of the last vertebra with the sacrum.
Ganglia, sacral. Three or four on each
side, placed upon the sides of the anterior sur-
face of the sacrum.
Ganglia, semilunar. G. solar. Two gan-
glia of the abdomen, lying partly upon the crura
of the diaphragm, partly upon the aorta, oppo-
site the coeliac trunk.
Ga'ngliform. A term which has been ap-
plied to an enlargement in the course of a
nerve.
GA'NGLION. (TayyTuov, a knot.) A knot.
1. In Anatomy, a natural knot-like enlargement
in the course of a nerve. See Nervous system.
2. In Surgery, an encysted, hard, indolent tu-
mor, formed in the sheath of a tendon, and
containing a fluid like the white of an egg. It
most frequently occurs on the back of the hand
or foot. It is treated by compression, discu-
tients, or extirpation.
Ganglion, abdominal. The semilunar gan-
glia.
Ganglion azygos, vel impar. A small gan-
glion situated on the first bone of the coccyx.
Ganglion, cardiac A plexus, constituting
the central point of union of the cardiac nerves.
Ganglion cavernosum. A ganglion placed
at the outer side of the internal carotid artery,
toward the middle of the cavernous sinus. It
does not always exist.
Ganglion cerebelli. G. ciliare. The cor-
pus dentatum.
Ganglion cervicale inferius. The infe-
rior cervical ganglion, situated behind the ver-
tebral artery, between the transverse process
308
,G AR
of the seventh cervical vertebra and the neck
of the first rib. It is sometimes double, and
frequently continuous with the preceding gan-
glion.
Ganglion cervicale medium seu thyroide-
um. A ganglion situated opposite to the fifth
or sixth vertebra. It is often entirely want-
ing; sometimes double.
Ganglion cervicale primum. The superior
cervical ganglion, situated under the base of
the skull, and remarkable for its size and the
regularity of its occurrence. Under the term
great sympathetic or intercostal nerve are com-
monly associated all the ganglia which occur
from the upper part of the neck to the lower
part of the sacrum, together with the filaments
which issue from them.
Ganglion, na^o-palatine. A ganglion dis-
covered by Cloquet in the anterior palatine
foramen.
Ganglion of Andeksch. The ganglion
petrosum.
Ganglion of Ehrenritter. G. jugulare
superius. G., Mutter's. Ganglion of the glosso-
pharyngeal nerve, situated in the foramen la-
cerum, above the ganglion petrosum.
Ganglion of Gasserius. A ganglion on the
posterior cord of the fifth pair of nerves.
Ganglion of Meckel. The spheno-palatine
ganglion, the largest of the cranial ganglia.
Ganglion of Ribes. A small ganglion of
communication between the sympathetic fila-
ments of the anterior cerebral arteries.
Ganglion of Vieussens. The coEliac plexus.
Ganglion ophthalmicum. The ophthalmic
or lenticular ganglion, placed on the outer side
of the optic nerve ; one of the smallest ganglia
of the body.
Ganglion, otic A small ganglion discov-
ered by Arnold near the foramen ovale.
Ganglion petrosum. Ganglion of Andersch;
a gangliform swelling on the glossopharyngeal
nerve.
Ganglion sphenoidal. The spheno-palatine
ganglion.
Ganglion splanchnicum. The semilunar
ganglia.
Ganglion, sub-maxillary. A ganglion
which occurs opposite the sub-maxillary gland.
Ganglionic Having ganglions. This term
is applied to nerves which have ganglions in
their course, and to the ganglions collectively
as forming a system.
Gangr.«:na oris. See Stomacace.
Gangrjena ossis. See Spina ventosa.
Gangr.<ena senilis. See Mortification.
GA'NGRENE. (Tayypaiva. Gangrena, a,
f. : from ypau, to feed upon.) See Mortifica-
tion.
GARCTNIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plante.
Dodecandria. Monogynia. — G. Mangostana.
The mangosteen of Java and Molucca. The
fruit is excellent, and the dried bark is used in
dysenteries and tenesmus, and a strong decoc-
tion as a gargle in ulcerated sore throats.
GARDE'NIA. (a, ee, f.) A genus of plante.
Pentandria. Monogynia. — G. dumctorum yield*
an emetic root, and G. gummifera produces tha
East Indian Elemi.
Garga'reon. Tapyapcuv. The uvula.
G A S
GARGARI'SMA. (a, atis, n. ; and Garga-
rismus, i, m. ; Gargarismum, i, n. : from yapyap-
tCu, to gargle.) A gargle or wash for the
throat.
Gargarisma aluminis. One drachm of pu-
rified alum, half a fluid ounce of tincture of
myrrh, and seven fluid ounces of mint water,
mixed.
Ga'rgathum. A bed on which lunatics
were formerly confined.
Gargeatio. See Sudor anglicanus.
Gargle. Gargarisma.
Garlic. See Allium.
Garosmum. Chenopodium vulvaria.
Garou. Daphne gnidium.
Garrophy'llus. See Eugenia.
GAS. (A Teutonic word, signifying air or
spirit. ) Gaz. Aeriform fluid. A term ap-
plied to all permanently elastic fluids, simple
or compound, except the atmosphere, to which
the term air is appropriated.
Gas, ammoniacal. See Ammonia.
Gas, azotic Nitrogen.
Gas, carbonic acid. Carbonic acid.
Gas, heavy carbonated hydrogen. Car-
bureted hydrogen.
Gas, hepatic Sulphureted hydrogen gas.
Gas, light carbonated hydrogen. Car-
bureted hydrogen.
Gas water. The water which remains af-
ter the gas used for illumination has passed
through the purifier. It has been recommend-
ed in chronic diseases of the skin.
Gascoigne's powder. A powder of one
pound of the compound powder of crab's-claws,
and one ounce of prepared Oriental bczoar,
mixed together. Balls made of this are called
Gascoigne's balls.
Gaseous oxide of carbon. Carbonic oxide.
GASO'METEE. A reservoir for containing
gas.
GA'STER. Taortip. 1. The belly or abdo-
men. 2. The stomach. 3. The womb.
GASTEROPODA. A class of molluscous
animals, with an organ of locomotion situated
on the abdominal surface; as the snail.
Gastero'stoma. A name given to the 2V-
nia osculis supcrjicialibvs.
Gastralgia. Cardialgia.
GA'STRIC. Gastricus. Appertaining to the
stomach.
Gastric arteries. Arteria gastricee. These
are, the right gastro-cpiploic, a branch of the
hepatic artery ; the left gastro-cpiploic, a branch
of the splenic ; the coronaria ventriculi, a branch
of the coeliac; the pyloric arteries, which arc
small branches of the hepatic and gastro-epi-
ploics; and the vasa brevia, which are branches
of the splenic.
Gastric fever. Common continued fever,
with gastric disturbance : the Menin go-gastric
fever of Pinel.
Gastric juice. A fluid secreted by the
stomach. It is tolerably clear, yellowish, some-
times acid, at others neutral. It contains two
per cent, of solid matter, being pepsin, salivary
matter, mucus, lactic acid, and saline matters.
The animal matter, or pepsin, is the active
agent, and possesses the property of dissolving
azotized aliments in the presence of acids, but
GAS
loses this property, and acquires the power of
acting on amylaceous bodies when neutral or
alkaline. In these respects it is allied to sali-
va and the pancreatic fluid.
Gastric nerves. These are derived from
the pneumogastric and great sympathetic.
Gastric plexus. The plexus coronarius
ventriculi, derived from the solur plexus. The
branches accompany the coronary artery of the
stomach.
GASTRI'TIS. (is, idis, f.) Inflammation
of the stomach. See Inflammation of the Stom-
ach and Bowels.
Ga'stro-arthritis. Gout.
Gastrobro'sis. Perforation of the stomach.
— Alibert.
GASTROCE'LE. (c, es, f.; from yaarijp,
the stomach, and K///I7/, a tumor.) A hernia of
the stomach, occasioned by a protrusion of that
viscus through the abdominal parietes. Hernia
ventriculi.
GASTROCNEMIUS, (jus, i, m. ; from yaa-
rnp, the stomach, and Kvnp.n, the leg.) Two,
or, according to some anatomists, four muscles,
form the fleshy part or calf of the leg.
Gastrocnemius externus. An extensor
muscle of the foot, situated immediately under
the integuments at the back part of the leg.
Winslow describes it as two muscles, which lie
calls gaslrocnemii. Tho gastrocnemius exter-
nus arises by two distinct heads. The first,
which is the thickest and longest of the two,
springs from the upper and back part of the
inner condyle of the os femoris, adhering
strongly to the capsular ligament of the joint.
The second head arises from the back part of*
the outer condyle of the os femoris. A little
below the joint, their fleshy bellies unite in a
middle tendon, and below the middle of the
tibia they cease to be fleshy, and terminate in
a broad tendon, which unites with that of tho
gastrocnemius internus to form one round ten-
don, the tendo Achtilis.
Gastrocnemius internus. It arises by two
heads. Tho first springs from the posterior
part of the head of tho fibula, and for some way
below it. The second arises from an oblique
ridge at the upper and posterior part of the |
tibia. This muscle, which is narrow at its ori-
gin, spreads wider as it descends, as far as its
middle, after which it becomes narrower again,
and begins to grow tendinous; but its fleshy
fibers do not entirely disappear till* it lias almost
reached the extremity of the tibia, a little above
which it unites with the last muscle to form
the tendo Achillis. This thick, round cord is
inserted into the lower ami posterior part of
the os calcis, after sliding over a cartilaginous
surface on that bone, to which it is connected
by a tendinous sheath that is furnished with a
large bursa mucosa.
Both the gastrocnemii have the same use,
viz., that of extending the foot, by drawing it
backward and downward.
Gastrocolic Gastrocolic s. The greater
omentum.
GASTRODY'NIA. (a, a-, f.; from yaoTnp,
and oivvn, pain.) Spasmodic pain in the stom-
ach.
GA'STRO-ENTERI'TLS. (is, idis, f. ; from
309
GEL
yavrnp, and evrepov, the intestine.) Inflamma-
tion of the stomach and intestines. See In-
flammation of the Stomach and Intestines.
Gastro-enteritis mucosa. Common chol-
era.
GASTRO-EPIPLOIC ARTERIES. Two
arteries which supply the stomach and omen-
tum.
Gastroepiploic ganglions. The lymphatic
glands of the greater omentum.
Gastro-hepatic Connected with the liver
and stomach.
GA'STRO-IIYSTERO'TOM Y. ( Gastro-hys-
tcrotomia ; from yaort/p, varepov, the womb,
and reuvu, to cut.) The Caesarian section.
Gastro'loquism. Ventriloquism.
GASTRO M A L A C I A. Gasf.ro malaxia.
(From yacj-np, and jia'AaKOC, soft.) Softening
of the stomach; a morbid result occurring most
commonly in infancy, and usually preceded by
hydrocephalus, acute exanthemata, or disease
of the respiratory organs.
Gastro-pk'riodynia. A periodical spasmod-
ic affection of the stomach, attended with great
pain, and common in the East Indies, where it
is called sool.
Gastrophrenic. Connected with the stom-
ach and diaphragm ; as the gastro-phrenic liga-
ment, which is a reflection of the peritoneum.
GASTRO'RAPHY. ( Gastroraphe ; from
yaarrip, and pa<t>n, a suture.) The sewing of
wounds of the abdomen.
G a s t ro it r li a' o i A . Hammtemesis ; a dis-
charge of blood from the stomach.
Gastroi;kh<e'a. A superabundant secretion
• of mucus from the gastric aud intestinal mu-
cous membrane.
Gastro'ses. A generic term of diseases seat-
ed in the stomach.
Gastro-splenic omenta. The folds of the
peritoneum passing between the stomach and
spleen.
GASTROTO'MY. (From yacmip, and reuvu,
to cut.) The operation of cutting into the ab-
domen, which has been practiced under sever-
al circumstances.
GAULTHERIA. (a, a, f.) 1. A genus of
1 ericaceous, shrubby plants. 2. Gaulthcriapro-
enmbens, or partridge berry. The leaves and
whole plant are fragrant, and yield an oil of a
peculiar odor, the Oleam gaultherice.
Ga'yacine. The resin of guaiacum.
Ge'ic Acrt). The same as geine.
Ge'ine. A name given by Bcrzelius to veg-
etable mold, which, according to Braconnot,
resembles ulmin.
Geiso'ma. Gcison. The prominent parts of
the eyebrows.
Gei.a'smus. The sardonic laugh.
GE'LATINE. (Gclatina, a, ft) Jelly. An
animal substance, soluble in water, but not in
alcohol; capable of assuming a well-known elas-
tic or tremulous consistence by cooling. It is
precipitated by tannin; and this is the founda-
tion of the art of tanning leather. Alcohol and
corrosive sublimate also precipitate it.
Gelatine is obtained by boding the skin, fib-
rous tissues, bones, &c., of animals. When
{rare it is colorless. Size and glue are impure
brms. That from cartilage (chondrinc) is
310
G E N
slightly different. "When dried it keeps for
years. Gelatine is not capable of sustaining
life, but, according to Liebig, serves to repair
the waste of the cellular and other tissues. Tt
is a modified protein compound. Formula,
C13H10N2O5. Chondrine is C16H13N4O7.
The substance called vegetable jelly is pec-
tin.
Gelatine, sugar of. A product of the ac
tion of potash on gelatine. It is very sweet
and soluble, and crystallizes in prisms. Its for-
mula is C8H7N2O5-I-2HO, and it forms com-
pounds with metallic oxides.
Gelatinous. Of the nature of gelatin.
Gelatinous capsules. See Capsules.
Gelatinous nervous tissue. See Nervous
matter.
Gelatinous tissues. Those tissues the ba-
sis of which is gelatine, as the epidermis, fibrous
tissues, mucous membrane.
G E L A ' T I O. (o, onis, f. ; from gclo, to
freeze.) 1. Freezing. 2. The rigidity of the
body in catalepsy, as if the person were frozen.
Gelu. Jelly.
GEME'LLUS. The gastrocnemius and gem-
ini muscles.
GE'MINI. (i, ormn, in. pi.) Twins.
Gemini musculi. Gcmelli. A muscle of the
thigh that consists of two portions, united to-
gether by a tendinous and fleshy membrane,
and affords a passage to the tendon of the obtu-
rator internus. These two portions are placed
under the glutajus maxim us, between the is-
chium and the great trochanter. The superior
portion arises from the external surface of the
srnne of the ischium, and the inferior from the
tuberosity, and from the posterior sacro-ischiatic,
ligament. They are inserted, tendinous and
fleshy, into the cavity at the root of the great
trochanter. This muscle assists in rolling the
os feinoris outward, and prevents the tendon of
the obturator internus from slipping out of its
place while that muscle is in action.
GE'MMA. (a, a, f.) 1. A gem. 2. In
Botany, a bud on the stems of plants. 3. A
granulation of a wound.
Gemma oculi. The crystalline lens.
Gemma'ceus. A term applied by botanists
to a flower-stalk which grows out of a leaf-bud,
as is seen in the Bcrberis vulgaris.
GEMMFPAROUS. (From gemma, bud, and
pario, to bring forth.) Applied to plants and
animals which propagate by buds.
Ge'mmule. A little bud. The termination
of the plumula of germinating seeds.
GE'NA. (a, ee, f.) The cheek.
GENERAL ANATOMY. The anatomy of
the textures of which the body is composed, as
distinguished from descriptive anatomy.
GENERATION. ( Gcneratio, onis, f. ; from
yuvopai, to beget.) It is a sexual action, per-
formed in different ways in most animals ; many
of them have different sexes, and require con-
junction : such are the human species, quadru-
Seds, and others. The females of quadrupeds
ave a matrix, separated into two cavities, ute-
rus bicornis, and a considerable number of teats ;
most of them bear several young at a time, and
the period of their gestation is generally short.
The generation of birds is very different. "
The
G K N
males have a strong genital organ, which is often
double. The vulva in the females is placed
behind the anus ; the ovaries have no matrices,
and there is a duct for the purpose of conveying
the egg from the ovarium into the intestines :
this passage is called the oviduct. The eggs of
pullets have exhibited unexpected facts to phys-
iologists who examined the phenomena of in-
cubation. There is no determinate conjunction
between fishes: the female deposits her eggs
on the sands, over which the male passes, and
emits his seminal fluid for the purpose of fecun-
dating them: these eggs are hatched after a cer-
tain time. The males of several oviparous quad-
rupeds have a double or forked organ. Insects
exhibit all the varieties which are observed in
other animals; there are some, indeed the
greater number, which have the sexes in two
separate individuals; among others, the repro-
duction is made either with or without eon-
junction. The organ of the male, in insects, is
usually armed with two hooks to seize the fe-
male : the place of these organs is greatly va-
ried ; with some, it is at the upper part of the
belly, near the chest, as in tho male dragon-fly;
in others, it is at the extremity of the antenna,
as in the male spider. Most worms are her-
maphrodite, each individual having botli sexes.
Polypi, and most infusoria, are reproduced by
buds or offsets, the buds being separated from
vigorous animals. This is also the mode of re-
production of the blood globules and most cel-
lules. These are the principal modes of gen-
eration in animals. In the human species,
■which engages our attention more particularly,
the phenomena are as follows :
The part of the male, in the act of reproduc-
tion, is to deposit tho semen in the vagina, at a
greater br less distance from the orifice of the
uterus.
The function which the female discharges is
much more obscure : some feel, at this moment,
very strong voluptuous sensations; others ap-
pear entirely insensible; while others, again,
experience a sensation which is very painful.
Some of them pour out a mucous substance in
considerable abundance at the instant of the
most vivid pleasure, while in the greater part
this phenomenon is entirely wanting. In all
these respects, there is, perhaps, no exact, re-
semblance between any two females.
These different phenomena are common to
the most frequent acts of copulation ; that is, to
those which do not produce impregnation, as
well as those which are effective.
The most recent opinion is, that the uterus
during impregnation opens a little, draws in the
semen by aspiration, and directs it to the ova-
rium by means of the Fallopian tubes, the fim-
briated extremity of which closely embraces
that organ.
The contact of the semen determines the de-
velopment of one of the vesicles, which then
passes into the litems, where the new individ-
ual is to be elaborated. The fibrous particles
of the semen, called the seminal animalculse,
are those which reach the ovarian vesicle and
impregnate it.
On account of the difficulty of conceiving the
passage of the semen to the ovarium, some
GEN
authors have imagined that this matter is not
carried there, but only the vapor which exhales
from it, or the aura seminalis. Others think
that the semen is absorbed in the vagina, pass-
es into the venous system, and arrives at the
ovaria by the arteries. The phenomena which
accompany the fecundation of women are, then,
rfearly unknown. An equal obscurity rests on
the fecundation of other mammiferous females.
Nevertheless, it would be more easy to conceive
a passage of the semen to the ovaria in these,
since the uterus and the Fallopian tubes possess
a peristaltic motion like that of the intestines.
Fecundation, however, taking place by the con-
tact of the semen with the ova, in- fishes, rep-
tiles, and birds, it is not very likely that nature
employs any other mode for the mammifera ; it
is necessary, then, to conside? it as very prob-
able that, either at the instant of coition, or at
a greater or less time afterward, the semen
amves at the ovarium, where it exerts more
especially its action upon the vesicles most de-
veloped.
Fecundation having taken place, a motion is
induced in the vivified ovum, which ruptures
the tender vesicle that contains it ; the fimbria?
of the Fallopian tube then grasp and convey it
into the tube, which, by its peristaltic motion,
conducts it into the cavity ot the uterus, there
to be evolved and brought to maturity, and, at
the expiration of a fixed term, to be sent into
the world.
Generation, equivocal. Get^eratio cequi-
voca. Gene ratio spontanea. Gcncratio hetero-
genca. Gcncratio primitiva. It was the belief
of the ancients that a plastic energy existed in
the universe, under the influence of which,
matter, in certain circumstances, could become
organized, and new living beings thus spon-
taneously produced, as when minute animals
are apparently formed from putrefaction, and in
infusions of animal or vegetable substances: this
was called equivocal generation, or epi genesis.
In the present day the attention of physiologists
is again being turned to the conditions under
which the lower fungi appear on decaying
bodies, and a theory ot spontaneous generation
is gaining ground.
Genera tion, fissi'pakous. Generation by
division. The production of a new organism
by a separation from the substance of the parent,
as in the propagation of plants by shoots ; and
that of certain animals, as some of the infusoria
and polypi.
Generation, organs of. The parts subserv-
ient to generation in a woman are divided into
external and internal. The external parts are
the mons veneris, the labia, the perinmtm, the
clitoris, and the nympha. The internal parts of
generation are the vagina and uterus, the ovaria
and Fallopian tubes.
The parts which constitute the organs of gen-
eration in men are the penis, testes, vesicula
seminales, vasa deferentia, and prostate gland.
Gene'ric Genericus. Appertaining to a
genus.
GBNE'TICA. (From yevemc, origin.) Dis-
eases of the sexual functions. — Good.
GENE'VA. Gin or whisky from malt, recti-
fied with juniper berries or turpentine.
311
GEN
Gk'hiai,. Relating to the chin.
Gkricula'te. Geniculates. Bent like the
knee.
Gbni'culum. The knot or joint of stems,
grasses, &c.
GE'NIO- A prefix. (From yeveiov.) The
chin ; belonging to the chin.
Geni'o-glo'ssus. See Oenio-hyo-glossits.
GENI'0-HY'O-GLO'SSUS. (From yeveiov,
the chin, voeideg, the os hyoides, and yXuooa,
the tongue.) Genio-glossus. The muscle
which forms the fourth layer between the
lower jaw and os hyoides. It arises from a
rough protuberance in the inside of the middle
of the lower jaw, and its fibers are inserted
into the tip, middle, and root of the tongue,
and base of the 9s hyoides. Its use is to draw
the tip of the tongue backward into the mouth,
the middle downward, and to render its back
concave. It also draws its root and the os
hyoides forward, and thrusts the tongue out of
the mouth.
Geni'o-hyoide'us. The muscle which con-
stitutes the third layer between the lower jaw
and os hyoides. It is a long, thin, and fleshy
muscle, arising, tendinous, from a rough protu-
berance at the inside of the chin, and growing
somewhat broader and thicker as it descends
backward to be inserted by very short, tendin-
ous fibers into both the edges of the base of the
os hyoides. It draws the os hyoides forward
to the chin.
Geni'o-phary'ngeus. See Constrictor pha-
ryngis superior.
Genipi album. Artemisia rupestris.
Genipi verum. The Achillea foliis piiinatis.
It has a very grateful smell, and is bitter. It is
exhibited in Switzerland in epilepsy, diarrhaja,
and debility of the stomach.
GENI'STA. (a, ce, f.) 1. A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosce. 2. The
spartium scoparium. — G. canariensis. See As-
palathus canariensis. — G . spirtosa indica. Bahcl
tchulli. An Indian tree, a decoction of the
roots of which is diuretic. — G. tinctoria. The
dyer's broom.
Genita'lis. Appertaining to generation.
Genital organs. See Organs of generation.
Genita'lium. A disease of the genital parts.
GENI'TICUS. (From yeivop.ai, gignor.)
Appertaining to the sexual function.
Genito'ra. (From gigno.) 1. The male
seed. 2. The genital organs of either sex.
GENOA, CLIMATE OF. Although this
Italian city is in a warm climate, it is, accord-
ing to Sir James Clark, decidedly injurious to
the consumptive during winter, from the occa-
sional invasion of cold, sharp winds.
Gensing. Panax quinquefolium.
Gentian. See Gentiana Infra.
Gentian s pirit. A stomachic spirit, formed
by the fermentation of a strong infusion of gen-
tian.
GENTIANA. (a, cc, f.) 1. A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Gentianacea.
2. Gentiana lutea.
Gentiana alba. See Laserpitium.
Gentiana cachenlaguen. The chironia
chilensis.
Gentiana catesbcei. Blue gentian. It is
312
GER
an indigenous species, the root of which is very
similar m properties with the yellow gentian.
Gentiana centaurium. Chironia centau-
rium.
Gentiana chirayita. This species is much
employed in the East Indies as a tonic and anti-
periodic febrifuge in intermittents. It is also a
valuable alterative.
Gentiana lutea. The officinal gentian.
Gentiana rubra. The root is the medicinal
part. It has great bitterness, and is in general
use as a tonic, stomachic, and febrifuge. The
tincture, infusion, and extract are much em-
ployed.
Gentiana major. G. rubra. G. vcternm.
The officinal gentian. Gentiana lutea.
GENTIANACE.E. The gentian tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants with
leaves opposite ; flowers terminal, axillary ; sta-
mens alternate with the segments of the co-
l'olla ; ovarium single, superior, one or two cell-
ed ; fruit, a many-seeded berry.
GE'NTIANINE. An alkaline principle of
gentian, supposed to be the active part of the
plant. It is yellow, bitter, inodorous, nearly
insoluble in cold water, but very soluble in al-
cohol and water.
Ge'ntianite. Gentianine.
Genti'lii moriii. Hereditary diseases.
GE'NU. (Indeclinable in the singular, n. ;
genua, gemtorum, &c, in the plural.) The
knee.
Genugra. Gout in the knee.
GE'NUS. One of the lesser subdivisions of
natural history. A group of objects allied in
most important organs or particulars.
Geny antrum. The antrum of Highmore.
Geo'des. A hollow mineral.
GEOFFR/E'A. (a, a, f.) Geoffroya. A
genus of plants. Diadelphia. Decandria. Le-
guminosa. — G. inermis. See Andira inermis.—
G. surinamensis. The bark is esteemed as an
anthelmintic. »
Geopha'gism. The habit of dirt-eating.
GEO'RGIA BARK. The bark of the Pinck-
neya pube?is, an indigenous tree, which is feb-
rifuge, and has been mentioned as a substitute
for the cinchona bark.
Gerania'cejE. A natural family of plants,
of which the genus geranium is the type.
Gera'nis. A bandage for a fractured clav-
icle.
GERANIUM, (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Monadclphia. Decandria. Gcrani-
acece. — G. batrachioides. Geranium pratense-
— G. columbi'mim. Geranium rotundifolium. —
G. moscha'tum. It is astringent. — G. pralense.
It possesses slight astringent virtues. — G. ro-
berlia'num. Stinking crane's-bill. Herb Rob-
ert. Formerly esteemed as an external appli-
cation in cancer, mastodynia, and old ulcers. —
G. rotundifolium. It is slightly astringent. —
G. sanguincum. Slightly astringent.
GERM. The rudimentary state of a being;:
a germen.
Germander. See Teucrium.
Germanis oleum. Pinus cembra.
GE'RMEN. (en, enis, n.) The rudiment
of the young fruit and seed of vegetables, found
at the bottom of the pistil or carpel.
G I S
GL A
Germinal cell. A cytoblast.
Germinal membrane. See Ooum.
GERMINA'TION. (Gcrminatio, onis, f.)
The first development of a seed.
GEROCO'MIA. (a, a, f. ; from yepac, old
age, and KOfieu, to be concerned about.) That
part of hygiene which regards the regimen and
treatment of old age.
Gerontopo'gon. The herb old man's beard,
a tragopogon.
Geronto'xon. The Arcus senilis.
Gersa. An alchemical name of cerusse.
Geryon. Quicksilver.
GESTATION. (Gcstatio, onis, f . ; from "•e-
ro, to carry.) Carrying. 1. Passive exercise,
in which the body is moved without the exer-
tion of its own muscles ; such as swinging, being
carried in a litter, riding in a carriage, sailing.
2. Pregnancy.
Gestation, uterine. Gestatio uterina. The
period from the impregnation of a female to the
time of labor. See Pregnancy.
GE'UM. (um, i, n.) A genus of plants. Ico-
sandria. Polygyria. Rosacea. — G. rivale.
The root is astringent, and it is used in inter-
mittents. — G. urbanum. The herb bennet, or
avens. The root has been employed as a gen-
tle astringent, corroborant, and stomachic.
Geusiono'si. Diseases of the function of
taste.
Gibbositas. This word is sometimes used
for curvature of the spine, especially that spe-
cies constituting hump back.
GIBBO'SITY. ( Gibbositas, atis, f. ; from gib-
bus, a swelling or protuberance.) Crookedness.
GPBBUS. (us, i, m.) Gibbous ; bulged ;
swelled. An irregularity or swelling on the
back, or any other part of the body.
Gich. An alchemical name of lime.
Giddiness. See Vertigo.
Gi'gartina helminthocorton. The fucus
helminthocorton.
Gilead, balsam of. Amyris gileadensis.
Gill. See Branchia and Lamella.
GILLE'NIA. (a,a,i.) 1. A genus of plants.
Tcosandna. Polygynia. Rosacea. 2. The
gillenia trifoliata. — G. trifoliata. An indige-
nous perennial plant, the root of which is a safe
and effectual emetic in doses of 30 grains. It
is the Indian physic, or American ipecacuanha.
The G. stipulacea is very similar in properties.
Gilliflower. See Diantkus.
GIMBERNAT'S LIGAMENT. The apo-
neurosis of the external oblique muscle of the
abdomen divides at the inguinal aperture into
two portions. The lower portion is doubled
inward, and inserted into the spine of the pu-
bis, the linea ileo-pectinea, and adjacent por-
tion of the fascia lata. The tendinous fibres
thus inserted constitute what is called Gimber-
nat's ligament, which is defined by some to be
the third insertion of Poupart's ligament.
Gin. Geneva.
Ginger. See Zingiber.
Ginger beer. A pleasant and sufficiently
wholesome effervescing beverage, made by fer-
menting ginger, cream of tartar, and sugar, with
yeast. It is made according to several well-
known receipts.
Ginger, wild. Asarum canadense.
Gixgiber. See Zingiber.
Gingibra'chium. The scurvy.
Gi'ngilie oil. The bland oil of the sesa-
mum orientale.
Gingipe'dium. The scurvy.
GINGI'VA. (a, a-,f.) The gum. The
very vascular and elastic fleshy substance that
covers the alveolar arches of the upper and un-
der jaws, and embraces the neck of the teeth.
Gi'nglymoid. Resembling a hinge.
GI'NGLYMUS. (us, i, m. ; from yiyylvpoc,
a hinge.) The hinge-like joint. A species of
diarthrosis, or movable connection of bones,,
which admits of flexion and extension.
Ginseng. Panax quinquefolium.
Gir. Quick-lime.
Girmir. Tartar.
Giroux springs. NearRiez. They are hot,
and strongly impregnated with muriate of soda,
carbonate of magnesia, sulphuret of potash, and
a bituminous matter.
Githa'go. Agrostemma githago.
Glabe'lla. (From glaber, smooth.) The
space between the eyebrows.
GLA'BER. (From galab, Hebrew.) Glab-
rous; smooth.
Glabula. Gulbulus.
Glacial. Resembling ice ; crystalline ; as
glacial acetic, glacial phosphoric acid.
Gla'cies. Ice.
Gladiate. Ensiform; sword-shaped.
Gladiolus luteus. Iris pseudacorus.
Glairine. A gelatinous vegetable matter
found in some thermal waters.
Gla'ma. TTia/ia. The sordes of the eye.
GLAND. (Glandula, a, f. ; a diminutive of
glans, an acorn.) I. In Anatomy, an organ
composed of blood-vessels, nerves, and absorb-
ents, and destined for the secretion or alteration
of some peculiar fluid. A gland is either,
1. Folliculus, a follicle, which is a small bag
appended to the extremity of a duct into which
the secretion is made, and from which it is evac-
uated by the duct.
2. Lacuna, a little sac opening into the pas-
sage, and into which, generally, mucus is se*
ere ted, and is discharged when matter moves
along the passage.
3. Crypta, a soft body, consisting of vessels
not completely surrounded with a membrane.
The great intestines and kidneys furnish exam
pies of this apparatus for secretion.
4. Acinus, a round body, not regularly in-
vested with a membrane. The liver is princi-
pally composed of acini.
The glands of the human body are divided
by anatomists into different classes, either ac
cording to their structure, or the fluid they con
tain. According to their fabric, they are dis-
tinguished into four classes : simple, compound,
conglobate, and conglomerate.
According to their fluid contents, they are
more properly divided into mucous, sebaceous,
lymphatic, salival, and lachrymal.
1. Simple glands are small, hollow follicles,
covered with a peculiar membrane, and having
a proper excretory duct, through which they
evacuate the liquor contained in their cavity.
Such are the mucous glands of the nose, tongue,
fauces, trachea, stomach, intestine, and urinary
313
GLA
GLA
bladder, the sebaceous glands about the anus,
and those of the ear. These simple glands are
either dispersed here and there, or are contig-
uous to one another, forming a heap in such a
manner that they are not covered by a common
membrane, but each hath its own excretory
duct, which is never joined to the excretory
duct of another gland. The former are termed
solitary simple glands, the latter aggregate or
congregate simple glands.
2. The compound glands consist of many sim-
ple glands, the excretory ducts of which are
joined in one common excretoiy duct ; as the
sebaceous glands of the face, lips, palate, and
various parts of the skin, especially about the
pubes.
3. Conglobate, or, as they are also called,
lymphatic glands, are those into which lym-
phatic vessels enter, and from which they go
out again, as the mesenteric, lumbar, &c. They
have no excretory duct, but are composed of a
texture of lymphatic vessels connected together
by cellular membrane: they are the largest in
the foetus.
4. Conglomerate glands are composed of a
congeries of many simple glands, the excretoiy
ducts of which open into one common trunk ;
as the parotid gland, thyroid gland, pancreas,
and all the salival glands. Conglomerate glands
differ but little from the compound, yet they
are composed of more simple glands than tho
compound.
The excretory duct of a gland is the duct
through which the fluid of the duct is excreted.
The vessels and nerves of glands always come
from the neighboring parts, and the .arteries
appear to possess a high degree of irritability.
The use of the glands is to separate a peculiar
liquor, or to change it. The use of the conglo-
bate glands is unknown.
II. In Botany, Linnaeus defines a gland a lit-
tle tumor discharging a fluid.
Gla'nders. Equinia.
Glandiform. Having a spongy texture, like
a gland, or resembling a gland in figure.
GLA'NDULA. (a, a, f. ; a diminutive of
glans.) A little gland.
Glandula basilakis. The pituitary gland.
Glandula innominata Gai.eni. The lach-
rymal gland.
Glandula lachrymalis. See Lachrymal
gland.
Glandula Riviniana. The sublingual gland.
Glandula salivalis abdominis. The pan-
creas.
Glandulje articulares. The synovial
glands.
Glandule Brunneri. See Brunner's glands.
Glandulje cervicis uteri. Naboth's glands.
Glandulje dhk«; matris. See Glandula
Pacchioni.
Glandule intestinales. G. mucosa; coag-
minata. See Peyer's glands.
Glandulje myrtiformes. See Carnnculm
myrtiformes.
Glandule odoriferje. Tyson's glands.
Minute glandules situated around the corona
glandis of the male penis, and on the same part
of the clitoris, which secrete a strong-smelling
smegma.
314
Glandulje Pacchio'ni. A number of small
fibrous substances, situated under the dura ma-
ter, about the sides of the longitudinal sinus.
Their use is not known, and some suppose
them to be morbid products.
GLANDULiE Peyeri. See Peyer's glands.
Glandulje plexiformes. Peyer's glands.
Glandulje prostratje mulierum. The
spongy texture which surrounds the orifice of
the urethra in women.
Glandulje sebaceje ciliares. The Meibo-
mian glands.
Glandulje solitarije. The solitary glands-
See Brunncrs glands.
Glandulje sutra-renales. The renal cap-
sules.
Glandule: VASCUL08 x. . Conglomerate
glands.
Gla'ndular. Glandulo'sus. Having the
ajjpearance, structure, or function of a gland.
GLANS. (s, dis, f.) 1. A gland. See Gland.
2. Tho acorn and similar fruits.
Glans clito'ridis. The imperforate summit
of the clitoris, which is erectile, and similar in
structure, but smaller than the glans penis.
Glans Jovis. The chestnut.
Glans penis. The very vascular body that
forms the apex of the penis. The inferior cir-
cle is termed the cotoua glandis. See Corptm
spongiosum urcthrce.
Glans unguentaria. See Gitilandina.
Glaseri sal polyciirestum. Glaser's sal
polychrest. Potassse sulphas cum sulphure of
the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.
GLASS. Vitrum. This substance was for-
merly employed by surgeons, when roughly
powdered, to destroy opacities of the cornea.
Glass of antimony. See Antimonii vitrum
Glass-shaped. Cyathiformis.
Glasswort, snail-seeded. Salsola kali.
Glauber's salt. Soda? sulphas.
Glauber's secret sal ammoniac Sulphate
of ammonia.
Glauber's spirit of nitre. Nitric acid.
Glauce'do. Glaucoma.
Glauci'na. A name given to the natural
cow-pox, from the grayish-blue color of the ves-
icles.
Gla'ucine. An alkaloid extracted from the
leaves of the Glaucium lutcum.
GLAU'CIUM. (iw, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Polyandria. Monogynia. Papavcra-
cew. 2. The horned poppy, G. maritimm.
GLAUCO'MA. (a, alls, n. ; from y?.avKoc,
glaucous ; because of the eye becoming of a blue
or sea-green color.) 1. Dimness or obscurity
of sight from an opacity of the vitreous humor.
It is difficult to ascertain, and is only to be
known by a very attentive examination of the
eye. It is generally produced by a cloudy se-
cretion of the vitreous humor, or by a torpitude
of action in the absorbents that carry off the
fluid from the cells of the vitreous substance.
A continued course of mercurial alteratives is
likely to be beneficial, with blisters near the
eye, as behind the ears, &c. 2. This name has
been given to cataract. See Cataract.
Glauco'sis. See Glaucoma.
GLAU'CUS. Glaucous; hoary. Ofagray,
bluish-srreen color.
GLO
GLECHO'MA. (a,a,f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labiaiee. — O.
hedera'cca. Ground-ivy, or gill. It has a strong
smell, is bitterish, and somewhat aromatic.
Gle'cho.v. 'Tatjxuv. Pennyroyal.
Glechoni'tes. (From yXnxuv, pennyroyal.)
Wine impregnated with pennyroyal.
GLEET. A mucous discharge from the ure-
thra, commonly a sequela of gonorrhoea. See
Urethritis.
GLE'NE. Yknvrj. 1. The cavity of the eye.
2. That cavity of a bone which receives another
within it.
Gle'noid. Glenoides. The name of some
articular cavities of bones. The surface of the
scapula, with which the head of the humerus is
articulated, is called the glenoid cavity of the
scapula.
Glenoid ligament. The fibro-cartilaginous
ling which surrounds and increases the depth
of the glenoid cavity.
Gleu'xis. A sweet wine.
Gli'adine. The pan of gluten soluble in
hot alcohol.
GLI'RES. (From glis, a dormouse.) The
Linnamn name of the tribe Rndentia.
Glischho'cholos. Viscid bilious excrement.
Glisoma'rgo. Chalk.
Glisson's capsule. See Capsule of Glisson.
Globate. See Gland.
Glo'bose. Globosus. Round.
Globula'kia alypum. The leaves are used
in Spain in the venereal disease. It is also a
powerful cathartic.
GLOBULE. Globulus. A small globe or
spherical object.
Globules ok the blood. This term is com-
monly used to designate the red globules, and
does not include the lymph and chylo globules.
See Blood. The red globules are of a discoid
figure in mammalia, and elliptical in birds and
reptiles. They contain a central nucleus of j
globulin or fibrin, and an inner coat of a red J
substance, called hamatin, united with albumen, !
and an envelope of transparent tissue. The
size of the red globules in man is about the
TzrVoth of an inch, but their figure is modified
under many circumstances of nutrition. They
are rapidly dissolved by pure water, but pre-
served in saline fluids, especially sulphate of
soda. Their amount in the blood fluctuates in
health and disease. See Blood.
GLO'BULIN. The substance which forms
the nucleus of tlie red blood globules. It is a
form of fibrin.
GLO'BUS. («s, i, m.) A ball.
Globus hystericus. The air ascending in
the oesophagus, and prevented by spasm from
reaching the mouth, is so called, because it
mostly attends hysteria, and gives the sensation
of a ball ascending in the throat. This globus,
or feeling of a ball in the throat, is a very com-
mon annoyance to persons of a nervous tem-
perament ; and it is, with them and others, a
common attendant, not only in hysterical, but
also in nervous and hypochondriacal complaints.
Fits of passion, both of anger, grief, and fear,
produce it, and often to an extent that threat-
ens suffocation. Many emotions of the mind,
even in the strongest, whose minds were well
GLU
regulated, give rise to this affection. Steady-
ing the mind, cold water about the throat, and
a small piece of ice, or very cold water in the
month, generally relaxes the spasm, when an
idiopathic disease. When symptomatic, the
remedies of the primary disease are to be re-
sorted to.
Globus major epididymis. The upper and
larger end of the epididymus. The lower end
is the globus minor.
Globus martialis. Globuli tartari martia-
lis. The ferri potassio tartras.
Globus uterinus. Tho round ball of the
uterus after deliver}', as it may be felt through
tho abdominal parietes.
Glo'chis. A pointed hair. A sharp point.
Glo'mer. A conglomerate gland.
GLO'MERATE. (Glomeratus; from glo-
mer.) 1. In Anatomy, a gland is so called
which is formed of sanguineous vessels, having
no cavity, but furnished with an excretory
.duct, as the laohrymal and mammary glands.
2. In Botany, it means congregated.
Glome'rulus. In Botany, a capitulum, most-
ly in the axilla of the peduncle.
GLO'SSA. (a, a; f. ; from yAuooa, and ylur-
ra, the tongue.) See Tongue.
GLO'SSAGRA. («, <c, f. ; from yAuooa, the
tongue, and ay pa. a seizure.) A violent pain
in the tongue, with inflammation.
Glo'ssalgia. Syn. of glossagra.
Glo'ssanthrax. Carbuncle of the tongue,
a disease common in cattle.
Glossia'nus. The lingual muscle.
G los s i ' t i s. Inflammation of the tongue ;
glossagra.
Glossoca'tochos. An instrument hi Pauhu
iEgineta for depressing the tongue ; a spatula
lingua?.
GLOSSO'LOGV. The word is commonly
used to designate a vocabulary, or appendix,
explanatory of hard terms, from glossa; but it
may also be used for a description of the tongue.
Glossoly'sis. Syn. of glossoplegia.
Glosso'ncus. A swelling or tumor of the
tongue.
Glosso-pharyngkai. nerves. See Nervovs
System.
Glosso-pharyngkus. See Constrictor pha-
ryngcus superior.
Glossople'gia. Paralysis of the tongue.
Glossot o'm i a. Glossotomy. Excision of
the tongue.
Glosso-staphylinus. See Constrictor isth-
mi faucimn.
GLOSSOCE'LE. (c, es, f. ; from yluaaa,
and unfa/, a tumor.) An extrusion of the tongue
from swelling.
Glosso'coma. A retraction of the tongue.
Glo'tta. (From yAUTTU, the tongue.) See
Tongue.
GLO'TTIS. (is, idis, f. ; from yAurra, the
tongue.) Tho superior opening of the larynx
at tho bottom of the tongue ; the opening be-
tween the arytenoid cartilages, also called tho
rima glottidis.
Glu'cic acid. A product of the action of al-
kalies on sugar. It is very soluble, and has the
composition of Ci2HsOs,3HO.
GLUCI'NA. (a, a, f. ; from yAvuvc, sweet )
315
GLU
An earth found in the beryl and emerald. It
is white, light, and soft; insipid, and adheres
to the tongue ; and infusible. Sp. gr., 2-967.
Gluci'num. The metallic base of the earth
glucina.
GLUCO'SE. (From yXr/cvf, sweet.) Grape
sugar. Diabetic or starch sugar. That form
of sugar which is found in acid fruits and plants.
It is difficultly crystallizable, spontaneously fer-
mentable, and has the composition CibHmOm,
and hence differs from cane sugar in contain-
ing three atoms more water. It is produced
by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on starch.
Glucose forms definite compounds with baryta,
lime, oxido of lead, and other bases.
Gluco'suria. Diabetes mellitus.
GLUE. An inspissated jelly from the par-
ings of hides and other offal.
GLU 'Ml']. (Gluma, a, f. ; a glubendo, a
husk of corn.) The husk. The calyx of grass-
es and grass-like plants, of a chaffy texture.
Glumo'se. Glumo'sus. A flower which is
aggregate, and has a husky calyx.
Gluteus. .See Gluteus.
GLUTE'AL. Glutealis. Belonging lo the
buttocks.
Gluteal artery. A branch of the internal
iliac artery.
Gluteal nerve. A large branch from the
fifth pair of lumbar nerves.
GLU'TEN. (From gelo, to congeal.) 1.
Glue. 2. A glutinous body found in wheat and
other grains.
Gluten, animal. Gelatine.
Gluten bread. Bread or biscuits made
from flour, previously washed to remove a part
of its starch. It has been recommended in ilia-
betes by Dr. Bourchardat.
Gluten, vegetable. If wheat flour be made
into a paste, and washed in a largo quantity of
water, it leaves behind an insoluble part called
gluten, and amounting to 10 or 20 per cent. :
this is the nutritious part. It is grayish, tena-
cious, and soon decays if moist. It cone ists, for
the most part, of vegetable fibrin, with some al-
bumen.
GLUTE'US. (From yXovroc. the buttocks.)
The name? of muscles, arteries. &C., of the but-
tocks.
Gluteus maximu.s. Glutens magnut. Glu-
teus major. A broad radiated muscle. It is
divided into a number of strong fasciculi, is cov-
ered by a protty thick aponeurosis derived from
the fascia lata, and is situated immediately un-
der the integuments. It arises from the outer
lip of the posterior half of the spine of the ilium,
from the ligaments of the two posterior spinous
processes, the posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament,
and the outer sides of the os sacrum and oa
coccygis. From these origins the fibers of the
muscle run toward the great trochanter of the
os femoria, where they form a broad and thick
tendon, between which and the trochanter
there is a considerable bursa mucosa. This
tendon is inserted into the upper part of the
tinea aspera for the space of two or three inches
downward, and sends oft' fibers to the fascia
lata, and to the upper, extremity of the vastus
externus. It serves to extend the thigh by
pulling it directly backward; at the same time,
316
GO A
it draws it a little outward, and thus assists in
its rotatory motion.
Gluteus medius. The posterior half of this
muscle is covered by the gluteus maximus. It
arises, fleshy, from the outer lip of the anterior
part of the spine of the ilium, from part of the
posterior surface of that bone, and from the fas-
cia that covers it. From these organs its fibers
run toward the great trochanter, into the outer
and posterior part of which it is inserted by a
broad tendon.
Gluteus minimus. Glutaus minor of Albi-
nus and Cowper. A radiated muscle. It is sit-
uated under the gluteus medius. It arises,
fleshy, between the two semicircular ridges of
the ilium, from the edge of its great niche. It*
fibers run, in different directions, toward a thick,
flat tendon, which adheres to a capsular liga-
ment of the joint, and is inserted into the fore
and upper part of the great trochanter. This
muscle assists the two former in drawing the
thigh backward and outward, and in rolling it.
Glu'tia. 1. The VJtittocks. 2. The corpora
quadrigemina.
Glu'tinous. Glulinosus. Adhesive
Gluttony. See Bulimia.
GLU'TUS. The buttock.
Glyca'sma. A sweet, medicated wine.
GLY'CERINE. (From y?.VKvr, sweet.) The
sweet principle of oils and fats, acting in these
bodies the part of a base. Its composition is
C fi H7O,-,+tI0, or hydrated oxide of glyecryle,
GlOf-,,HO. It is gelatinous, and left in the pro-
cess of soap-making.
Glyck'ryl. Glyccrulc. The hypothetical
basis or radical of glycerine, which see.
Glyci'coll. Glycocoll. Sugar of gelatine.
See Gelatine, Sugar of.
Gly'cion. Glycyrrhizine.
Glyoypi'oros. Bolanum dulcamara.
GLYCYRRHI'ZA. (a, a, f.) 1. Liquorice.
2. A genus of plants. Diadelphia. Decandria.
Leguminos(E. — G. cchinala is substituted in some
places for the glabra. — G. Glabra. The offici-
nal liquorice. Glycyrrhiza. It is in common
use as a pectoral or emollient in catarrhal de-
fluxions on the breast, coughs, hoarsenesses, &c.
Infusions, or the extract made from it, which
is called Spanish liquorice, afford likewise very
commodious vehicles for the exhibition of other
medicines.
GLycrRRiii'ziNE. The sugar of liquorice.
It is neither crystallizable nor fermentable, and
forms salts both with acids and bases.
fiLYSTER. See Enema.
GNAPHA'LIUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Syngcnesia. Polygamiasuperfiua. Com-
posUw. — G. arenarium. See Gnaphalium stce-
chas. — G.dioicum. Gnaphalium albinum. Cot-
ton weed ; flores guaphalii. They were form-
erly used as astringents. — G. staschas. Gold-
ilocks. The flowers are warm, pungent, and
bitter, and said to possess aperient and corrob-
orant virtues.
Gna'thus. (From yvanru, to bend.) 1.
The jaw, or jaw-bones. 2. The cheek.
GOAT, the capra hircus.
Goat's-beard, gray. Clavaria cinerea.
Goat's-beard mushroom. Clavaria coral
loides.
GON
Goat's-rue. Galega officinalis.
Goat's-thorn. Astragalus verus.
Goat-weed. See JEgopodium.
Godbold's vegetable balsam. A nostmm,
consisting chiefly of simple oxymel.
Godfrey's cordial. A quack medicine,
made by infusing sassafras, gix. ; 6eeds of car-
raway, coriander, and anise, of each, 5j., in six
pints of water; simmering the mixture till re-
duced to four pints, then adding six pounds of
treacle, boiling the whole for a few minutes,
and adding three ounces of tincture of opium.
Godfrey's smellino-salts. These are pre-
pared by resubliming the common subcarbon-
ate of ammonia with pearlash and a portion of
strong alcohol.
Goitre. See Bronchocele.
GOLD. See Aurum.
Gold-beater's skin. The prepared intes-
tine of the ox, used as a dressing by surgeons.
Gold-cup. Sec Ranunculus.
Gold-thread. Coptis trifolia.
Golden maidenhair. See Polytrichum.
Golden rod. See Solidago virgaurea.
Golden sulfhuret of antimony. See An-
timonii ox y sulphur ■etum.
Goldilocks. Gnaphalium stoechas.
Gomphi'asis. Gomphiasmus. Incorrectly
written for agomphiasis. See Agomphiasis.
Go'mphioi. The dentes molares, or grinding
teeth.
GOMPIIO'SIS. (is, is, f. To/Kpumc ; from
yo/i<j)oo), to drive in a nail.) Gomphoma. A
species of immovable connection of bones, in
which one bone is fixed in another, like a nail in
a board, as the teeth in the alveoli of the jaws.
GO'NAGRA. (a, ee, f. ; from yovv, the knee,
and aypa, a seizure.) The gout in the knee.
Gona'lgia. See Gonyalgia.
Gongro'na. Bronchocele.
Gongy'lion. A pill.
GONIO'METER. (From ywvia, an angle,
and /lerpov, a measure.) An instrument for
measuring angles, especially those of crystals.
GONORRH(E'A. (a, a, f. ; from yovv, the
semen, and peu, to flow.) 1. A flow or dis-
charge of semen. Spermatorrhoea. As a dis-
ease, it is an involuntarry emission of ti^g sem-
inal fluid without copulation. It is mostly
caused by an indulgence of libidinous ideas,
sometimes with an erection of the*penis, and
sometimes without. Gonorrhata dormientium.
If it takes place in strong and vigorous consti-
tutions, and especially from a superabundant
secretion of seminal fluid, the best remedies are
blood-letting and purgatives, with a low and
abstemious diet, and regular exercise. Or it
may arise in relaxed persons : this is the gon-
orrhoea laxorum, and requires that sexual inter-
course should be forbidden, and the system in-
vigorated by cold sea-bathing, &c.
2. The clap is also called gonorrhoea, from
an old notion that the discharge consisted of
semen. The gonorrhoea benigna is supposed to
arise from irritation, unconnected with venereal
contamination, and gonorrhoea virulenta, malig-
na, or venerea, when it arises from the applica-
tion of the venereal virus. See Urethritis.
Gonorrhoea balani. A gonorrhoea! dis-
charge, affecting the glans penis only.
GOU
Gonorrhce'al. Relating to the clap, or gon-
orrhoea virulenta.
GONYA'LGIA. (a, ce, f. ; from yovv, the
knee, and aAyoc, pain.) Gonialgia. Gcnalgia.
Pain in the knee.
Goose. Anser domesticus.
Goose-foot. Chenopodium.
Goose-grass. Goose-share. Galium aparine.
GO'RDIUS. («*, i, m.) A genus of animals.
Class, Annelides. Order, Abranchia. — G. aquat-
icus. The hair-tail worm", or Seta equina, found
in stagnant marshes. — G. medinensis. See Fi-
laria medinensis.
GO'RGET. The name given to an instru-
ment used in the operation of lithotomy. Gor-
gets are of two kinds, cutting 'and blunt. The
cutting gorget is a kind of knife, furnished with
a beak, which runs in the groove of the staff,
so that the gorget being pushed along it, divides
the neck of the bladder and the prostate gland.
The blunt gorget is merely a sort of large di-
rectory for guiding the forceps into the bladder.
The gorget is now seldom used, the cutting
one being superseded by a simple knife, and
the blunt one by the use of the finger. The
gorget for fistula in ano is a wooden staff or
bougie, to receive the point of the bistoury when
it cuts through the intestine.
GORGO'NIA. A genus of corals.— G. anti'-
pathes. Antipathes. Black coral was formerly
used in epilepsy.
GOSSY'PIUM. ( M m, ii, n.) 1. Cotton. 2.
A genus of plants. Monadclphia. Polyandria.
Malvacea;. — G. herbaceum. The cotton plant.
Go'tium. A goitre. See Bronchocele.
Goulard's cerate. The ceratum plumbi
subacetatis (U. S.).
Goulard's extract. A saturated solution
of acetate of lead. See Liquor plumbi subace-
tatis.
Gourd, bftter. Cucumis colocynthis.
Gourd-worm. Distoma hepaticum.
GOUT. Several names are given to this dis-
ease, according to the part affected ; as arthri-
tis, podagra, chiragra. It has also been called
dolor podagricus, febris podagrica, &c. It is
characterized by pain in the joints, chiefly of
the great toe, or, at any rate, chiefly of the feet
and hands, returning at intervals, with more or
less of swelling, and redness of the skin, the
functions of the stomach being mostly disturbed
previous to the attack.
It is a very painful disease, preceded usually
by flatulency and indigestion, and accompanied
by fever, pains in the joints of the hands and
feet, particularly in that of the great toe, and
which returns by paroxysms, occurring chiefly
in the spring and beginning of winter. It most
frequently attacks the male sex, particularly
those of a corpulent habit and robust frame,
who use wine and luxurious eating. It seldom
attacks before forty. There are three species :
1. The regular Gout. — A paroxysm some-
times comes on suddenly, without any previous
warning ; at other times it is preceded by an
unusual coldness of the feet and legs, a sup-
pression of perspiration in them, and numb
ness, or a sense of prickling along the whole of
the lower extremities ; and with these symp-
toms the appetite is diminished, the stomach u
317
GO U
GOU
troubled wild fiat.uli.nicy and indigestion, a de-
gree of torpor and languor vs felt over the whole
body, groat Lassitude and fatigue are experi-
enced after the least exercise, the body is cos-
tive, and the urine pallid. The pain is intense,
and resembles that of a dislocated bone, and is
attended with the sensation of cold ; and this
pain becoming more violent, is succeeded by
rigors and other febrile symptoms, together
with a severe throbbing and inflammation in
the part. Sometimes both feet become swell-
ed and inflamed, so that neither of them can
be put to the ground ; nor can the patient en-
dure the least motion without suffering excru-
ciating pain. In a few hours he falls asleep,
and a gentle sweat breaks out, and terminates
the paroxysm, a number of which constitutes
what is called a fit of the gout. The duration
of the fit will be longer or shorter, according to
the disposition of the body to the disease, the
season of the year, and the age and strength of
the patient. When a paroxysm has thus taken
place, although there is an alleviation of pain
at the expiration of some hours, still the patient is
not entirely relieved from it, and for some even-
ings successively he has a return both of pain
and fever, which continue, with more or lesa
violence, until morning. At first, an attack of
gout occurs, perhaps, only once hi two or three
years; then every year, and at length it be-
comes more frequent, and is more severe, and
of longer duration, each succeeding fit. In the
progress of the disease, various parts of the
body are affected, and translations take place
from one joint or limb to another ; and, after
frequent attacks, the joints lose their strength
and flexibility, and become so stiff" as to be de-
prived of all motion. Concretions of a chalky
appearance are likewiso formed upon the out
side of the joints, and nephritic affections arise
from a deposit of the same kind of matter in
them, which, although fluid at first, becomes
gradually dry and firm. This matter is chiefly
a compouud of the uric acid and soda, and
other urates.
2. Atonic Gout- — It sometimes happens that,
although a gouty diathesis prevails in the sys-
tem, yet, from certain causes, no inflammatory
affection of the joints is produced; in which
caso the stomach becomes particularly affected,
and the patient is troubled with flatulency, in-
digestion, loss of appetite, eructations, nausea,
vomiting, and severe pains; and these affec-
tions are often accompanied with much dejec-
tion of spirits, and other hypochondriacal symp-
toms. This is what is called atonic gout. A
great variety of anomalous symptoms are refer-
rible to the same source.
3. Podagra retrograda. — Retrocedent gout.
After the inllammation has occupied a joint, in-
stead of its continuing the usual time, and going
off gradually, it ceases suddenly, and is trans-
lated to some internal part. The terra retro-
cedent gout is applied to occurrences of this
nature. When it tails on the stomach, it occa-
sions nausea, vomiting, anxiety, or great pain ;
when on the heart, it brings on syncope ; when
on the lungs, it produces an affection resem-
bling asthma ; and when it occupies the head,
it is apt to give rise to apoplexy, or paloy.
318
4. Misplaced Gout is when the gouty diutne-
sis, instead of producing the inflammatory af-
fection of the joints, occasions an inflammatory
affection of some internal parts, and which ap-
pears from the same symptoms that attend the
inflammation of those parts from other causes.
Besides the more easily recognized forms of
gout, there is no doubt that the gouty diathesis
gives rise to a specific inflammation of various
membranous parts. This is exemplified in the
gouty form of iritis. (See Iritis.) It appears
also to exert, occasionally, a pernicious influ-
ence on the nervous system ; and Beer admits
a distinct form of gouty amaurosis.
In attempting the cure of this disease, our
attention must be directed to the paroxysm,
and to the management during its absence ; and
particularly to the state of the constitution and
previous habits, which may demand different
and opposite plans.
Treatment of the Paroxysm of a regular Fit
of Gout. — The practice is to endeavor to sub-
due the paroxysm by bleeding, leeches, purga-
tives, sudoriffes, local astringents, refrigerants,
&c, so managed as to prevent any danger of
repelling the gout to some internal organ, and
thus converting a regular paroxysm into a ret-
rograde or atonic gout. The medicine which
is most used during this fit, and which possess-
es the power of shortening its duration, and
sometimes of hindering the access, is the Vinum
colchici, prepared either from the roots or seeds.
It is administered in doses of 3J., combined with
carbonate of magnesia, every two or three
hours, until purging or vomiting are produced.
It is, however, to be used with great caution,
as it often irritates the stomach and heart.
In atonic gout, our uniform attempt should
be to produce a transfer from the part on which
it has seized, and fix it in the extremities: in
retrocedent gout, on the contrary, to render the
vacillating attack on the extremities more per
manent, and prevent it from shifting to any
other quiirter.
To obtain the first intention, we have to
strengthen and even stimulate the system gen-
erally by warm tonics and a generous diet, and,
above all things, to take off the severe suffer-
ing, in^vhatever it may consist, from the affect-
ed organ : for the longer the fit continues there,
the less capable is it of any instinctive remedial
exertion. At the same time, we may solicit the
paroxysm to the extremities by putting the feet
into warm water.
In atonic gout, the sufferings, though widely
different according to the seat of the disease,
are almost insupportable. In the head the pain
is maddening, or the disorder is accompanied
with great horror, or resembles the stupor of
apoplexy: in the stomach there is a faintness
like that of death, with the sense of weight and
coldness; or there is a gnawing or a burning
agony, or a spasmodic stricture which seems to
cut the body in two, and renders breathing al«
most impossible ; often, also, accompanied with
a rapid and sinking palpitation of the heart.
It is of importance to determine accurately
that these anomalous symptoms are really those
of gout, of which we nave chiefly to judge
from the general character of the patient's con-
GR A
etitution, his hereditary predisposition, habits
of life, and the ailments to which he has been
previously subject. In most cases, too, during
the paroxysm, and especially where the stom-
ach is affected, the warmest cordials are neces-
sary : as brandy, the aromatic spirit of ammonia,
spiritus aitheris nitrosi, or the tincture of ginger
or of capsicum. Sinapisms, hot applications
externally, are to be freely used ; but our sheet-
anchor is opium ; and it should be given freely,
and in union with some preparations of anti-
mony, so as to act toward the surface gener-
ally, and thus to restore to the living power its
interrupted equilibrium.
In gout, the intervals of this disease are of
as much importance to be attended to as its
paroxysms. A cautious change of diet, from
excess of wine to a moderate use, plain food,
regular exercise, the use of the bath and flesh-
brush, a regular state of the bowels, and suita-
ble clothing, are the essential steps toward a
cure. All that irritates or weakens nervous
energy, as excessive study or vdnery, must be
controlled. Where the system, and especially
the digestive function, is weak, it will bo nec-
essary to superadd a course of invigorating
medicines, as stimulants, bitters, and astringents.
Where uric acid gravel is a common symptom,
doses of phosphate of soda, of ;y. daily, dis-
solved in a quart of water or ordinary beverage,
may be used to obviate any tendency to the
formation of calculus.
Gout, diaphragmatic Angina pectoris.
Gout, rheumatic Acute rheumatism, es-
pecially in the extremities.
Gout-stone. See Chalk-stone.
Gout-weed. See JEgopodium.
Gouttes d'or du General Lamotte. De
Lamotte's golden drops. A medicine prepared
by dissolving nitrate of gold in alcohol. It has
gained great reputation in gout and nervous
diseases, in which, however, there is no reason
to believe that it possesses any real efficacy.
Gouty amaurosis. See Amaurosis.
Gouty concretions. See Gout.
Gouty iritis. See Iritis.
Gowland's lotion. This is made by tritura-
ting an ounce of bitter almonds, and two ounces
of sugar, with two pounds of distilled water ;
then adding to the strained liquor two scruples
of corrosive sublimate, previously ground with
two drachms of rectified alcohol. It is used in
obstinate cutaneous diseases.
GRA'CILIS. (So named from its slender-
ness.) Rectus interior femoris, sive gracilis in-
terior of Winslow. A long, straight, and slen-
der muscle of the thigh, situated immediately
under the integuments, at the inner part. It
arises, by a broad and thin tendon, from the-
anterior part of the ischium and pubis, and soon
becoming fleshy, descends nearly in a straight
direction along the inside of the thigh. A little
above the knee, it terminates in a slender and
roundish tendon, which afterward becomes flat-
ter, and is inserted into the middle of the tibia,
behind and under the sartorius. This muscle
assists in bending the thigh and leg inward.
GRAIN. Granvm. A weight, the 60th
part of a drachm, and j|o of an ounce troy or
apothecaries.
GRA
Grains of paradise. See Amomum granum
paradisi.
GRA'MEN. (en,inis,n.) Grass. Any kind
of grass-like herb.
Gramen arundi.vaceum. See Calamagros-
tis.
Gramen caninum. Triticum repens.
Gramen crucis c yperioidis. Gramen eegyp-
tiacum. Egyptian cock's-foot grass, or grass of
the cross. The roots and plants are diuretic.
Gra'mia. The sordes of the eyes.
GRAMI'NEjE. Graminacetr. The natural
family of the grasses.
Gra'mma. A scrapie.
Gra'mme. 1. The iris. 2. A French weight,
15-434 grains Troy.
Granadi'lla. The passion-flower. The
fruit is refrigerating.
Gran a actes. Elder-berries.
Grana fina. G.jiigra. G.jaspeada. Coch-
ineal.
Grana moi.lucca. Grana tiglia. The seeds
of the Crolon tiglium. See Croton liglium.
Grana moschata. The seeds of the hibiscus
abelmoschus.
Grana paradisi. See Amomum granum
paradisi.
Guana sylvestria. Granilla. A variety
of the cochineal.
Granatri'stum. A carbuncle. — Paracelsus.
GRANA'TUM. (um, i, n. ; from granvm, a
grain, because it is full of seed.) The pome-
granate. See Punica granatum.
Grandino'sus. The os cuboides.
Gra'ndo. Chalazion.
Grani'ferus. Bearing grain.
Gra'nular disease of the kidney. Bright'a
disease of the kidney.
Granular liver. Cirrhosis of the liver
GRANULATED ZINC. Zinc which is re
duced to small masses by pouring the meltea
metal in small quantities into water.
GRANULA'TION. (Granulatio, onis, f. ;
from granum, a grain.) 1. In Surgery, the lit-
tle grain-like fleshy bodies whkm form on the
surfaces of ulcers and suppurating wounds, and
serve both for filling up the cavities and bring-
ing nearer together and uniting their sides, are
called granulations. The color of healthy gran-
ulations is a deep florid red. When livid they
are unhealthy, and have only a languid circula-
tion. Healthy granulations, on an exposed or.
flat surface, rise nearly even with the surface
of the surrounding skin, and often a little high
er; but when they exceed this, and taki on a
growing disposition, they are unhealthy, be-
come soft, sponsjy, and without any disposition
to form skin. Healthy granulations are always
prone to unite to each other, so as to be the
means of uniting parts.
2. In Chemistry, the method of dividing me-
tallic substances into grains or small particles,
in order to facilitate their combination with
other substances, and sometimes for the purpose
of readily subdividing them by weight.
Granula'tus. Granulated. 1. In Surgery,
applied to ulcers. 2. In Botany, beaded.
Gra'nulf.. Granulttm. A little grain.
GRA'NUM. (urn, i, n.) A grain or kernel.
Granum cnidium. Daphne inczereum.
319
GRA
Granum infectorium. See Kermcs.
Granum kermes. See Kermes.
Granum moschi. See Hibiscus.
Granum paradisi. See Amomum.
Granum regium. The castor oil seed.
Granum tiglii. Croton tiglium.
Granum tinctorij:. See Kermes.
Grape. See Vitis vinifcra.
Grape sugar. See Glucose.
Graphioi'des. An epithet of the styloid
processes of the temporal bone and ulna.
Graphi'scus. Cyalhisats. Generally used
by the Greek writers to signify a scoop or probe
with a hollow at the end of it.
Graph'ite. Graphites. Plumbqgp, or black
lead.
Grassa. Borax.
Grass on, ok namur. A volatile oil derived
from the audropogon nardoides.
GRATI'OLA. (a, a, f.) 1. A genus of
plants. Diandria. Monogynia. Salviacea.
— G. officinalis. I ledge-hyssop. Gratia dci.
Gratiola centauriodes. The leaves have a nau-
seous, bitter taste; they purge and vomit briskly
in th<.> dose of half a drachm of the dry herb,
or of a drachm infused in wine or water. It
has been used in dropsies.
Gratia dm. The old name of some plants,
as Gratiola, Geranium robertianum, &c.
GRAVE'DO. (o, inis, f. ; from gravis,
heavy.) A name for cori/za, on account of the
sense of weight in the head which accompa-
nies it.
Gravel. See Calculus.
Gravel root. The root of the eupatorium
purpureum.
Grave wax. Adipocere.
Gravi'dine. The same as kiestein.
Graviditas. See Pregnancy.
Gravi'meter. Nicholson's areometer, or
any hydrometer.
GRAVITA'TION. Generally used synony-
mously with gravity ; but gravity more proper-
ly denotes the cause, and gravitation the effect.
Thus, when a body falls to the earth, this is an
instance of gravitation, which is occasioned by
the law or power of gravity.
Gra'vitative. Gravativns. This term is
sometimes applied to pain accompanied with a
great sense ot weight.
GRAVITY. (Gravitas, atis, f.) The term
used by natural philosophers to denote the
cause by which all bodies move toward each
other, unless prevented by some other force or
obstacle. It operates directly as the mass, and
inversely as the square of the distance.
Gravity, specific. The density of the mat-
ter of which any body is composed, compared
to the density of another body, assumed as the
standard. This standard is pure distilled water,
at the temperature of 60° F. To determine
the specific gravity of a solid, we weigh it, first
in air, and then in water. In the latter case, it
loses of its weight a quantity precisely equal
to the weight of its own bulk of water ; and
hence, by comparing this weight with its total
weight, we find its specific gravity. The rule
therefore is, Divide the total weight by the lots
of weight in water, the quotient is the specific
gravity. If it be a liquid or a gas, we weigh it
320
GUA
in a glass or other vessel of known capacity ;
and dividing that weight by the weight of the
same bulk of water, the quotient is, as before,
the specific gravity.
Gray lotion. The black wash.
Great sympathetic nerve. See Nervous
System.
Green sickness. Chlorosis.
Green vitriol. Sulphate ..of iron.
Green weed. Genista tinctoria.
Gressu'ra. The perinamm.
GRI'AS. (as, adis, f. ) A genus of plants.
Polyandria. Monogynia. — G. cauliflora. The
anchovy pear.
Grie'lum. Parsley and smallage.
Griffith's mixture. The mistura ferri com-
posita.
Gripes. The colic.
Gripho'menos. Applied to pains which sur-
round the body at the loins.
Grippe. (French.) The influenza.
Groats. The decorticated seed of the oat.
Grocer's itch. A variety of the Eczema im-
pctiginoides, produced by the irritation of sugar.
Grog blotch. G. blossom. Acne rosacea.
Gromwell. Lithospermum officinale.
Gros. A French weight, 59-070 troy grains.
Grossula'ria. The gooseberry.
Grossu'lin. Vegetable jelly ; pectin.
Grossus. Fiona.
Grotto del cane. (The Italian for the dogs'
grotto: so called because the experiments with
tho gas of the grotto are generally made upon
dogs.) A grotto near Naples, in which carbon-
ic acid gas rises about eighteen inches. A man,
therefore, is not affected; but an animal, as a
rabbit or a dog, forcibly held in, or that can
not rise above it, is soon killed, unless taken
out. He is recovered, if not kept in too long,
by being brought into the open air.
Grotto dei serpi. Near Braccano, in Ita-
ly. It is filled with warm vapor, and those
affected with cutaneous diseases resort to it
Ground-ivy. Glecoma hederacea.
Ground-liverwort. Lichen caninus.
Ground-nut. Bunium bulbocastanum.
Ground-pine. Teucrium chamaepitys.
Groundsel. Senecio vulgaris.
Grouseberry. The gaultheria procumbens.
GRUB. A worm or maggot hatched from
the egg of the beetle kind, or scarabeus: ap»
plied, occasionally, to the sebaceous secretion
of the subcutaneous follicles of the skin.
Gruina'les. Plants resembling the geranium
Gruma. Tartar. — Ruland.
Grumous. Grumosus. Curdled; clotted.
GRU'MUS. (us, i, m.) A curd; a clot of
blood.
GRU'TUM. (mot, i, n.) A hard, white tu-
bercle of the skin, resembling, in size and ap-
pearance, a millet-seed.
Gry'phius pe's. Pied de Griffon. Griffon's
foot. An instrument described by Ambroise
Pare for extracting moles from the uterus.
GRYPHO'SIS. (From ypvirou, to incurvate.)
A disease of the nails, which turn inward, and
irritate the soft parts below.
Gryphus lapis. The philosopher's stone.
GUACO. The Eupatorium guaco of South
America. The juice is said to be efficacious
GUM '
against snake-bites, and the plant has been
spoken of as a remedy in cholera.
Guaiacic acid. Guaicin. This is the resin
of guaiacum, and constitutes 90 per cent, of the
drug. It is remarkable for the changes of color
it is capable of undergoing.
GUAI'ACUM. (urn., i, n. ) 1 . The gum-
resin of the guaiacum officinale. 2. A genus
of plants. Decandria. Monogynia. — G. offici-
nale. Guaiacum. The wood is called Guaia-
cum americanum. Guaiacum is obtained by
wounding the bark, and it exudes copiously
from the wounds ; is hardened by exposure to
the sun. It is of a friable texture, of a deep
greenish color, and sometimes of a reddish hue;
it has a pungent, acrid taste, but little or no
smell, unless heated. Water dissolves about 9
per cent, of guaiac, alcohol 95, and ether 40 ; it
therefore consists almost entirely of resin, which
is now called guaiacin, or guaiacic acid. The
wood and resin of guaiacum are now in general
medicinal use, and employed in gout and rheu-
matic pains, and some cutaneous diseases, either
in the form of tincture of the resin or decoction
of the wood. In diseases of the skin, arising
from secondary syphilis, it is often serviceable.
Guajava. Guavo. Guajabo. The gnava-
tree, P&idium pomiferum. The fruit furnishes
an excellent jelly-like preserve.
Guano. The partially-decayed fieccs of birds.
Guaparaiba. See Rhizophora.
Guarana. Guaranine. See Paullinia sor-
bilis.
Guarerba. The momordica elateriura.
GUBERNA'CULUM TE'STIS. Ligament-
vm testis. A name given by John Hunter to
a fibro-vascular cord, extended between the
testis and scrotum in the foetus.
GuESTONIAN EMBROCATION FOR RHEUMATISM.
01. terebinth., f. fjss. ; ol. oliv., f. ^iss. ; acid,
sulph. dilut., f. 3iij.
Gumo's balsam. The tinctura, or liniment-
um saponis et opii.
Guiana cortex. See Simarouba.
G U I L A'N D I N A. (a, a, f. ; named after
Melchior Guilandinus.) The name of a genus
of plants. Decandria. ' Monogynia.- — G. bon-
duc. The plant yielding the Bonduch indorum,
Molucca or bezoar nut. It possesses warm,
bitter, and carminative virtues. — G. moringa.
Moringa aptera.
Guinea-hen weed. Peteveria alliacea.
Guinea-fowl. Numidia meleagris.
Guinea pepper. See Capsicum.
Guinea-worm. See Fitaria.
GUIZOTIA OLEIFERA. A composite
plant of India, the fruit of which yields an
abundance of fixed oil, used in dressing food
and as a lamp oil.
Gula. The fore part of the throat and the
oesophagus.
Gullet. The oesophagus.
Gulf-weed. Fucus bacciferus.
GUM. (Gummi, n.; indeclinable.) I. It is
usually transparent, more or less brittle when
dry, of an insipid taste ; soluble in water, to
which it gives a gluey, adhesive consistence, in
proportion as its quantity is greater. It is sep-
arable, or coagulates by the action of weak
acids; is insoluble in alcohol and in oil, and
X
GUN
becomes sour by long keeping when diluted
with water. Pure gum (arabine) possesses the
above properties, but that of tragacanth, ce-
rasine, &c, is not soluble, but only swells in
water. Arabine has the form. C34H22O22.
II. The fleshy substance which surrounds
the teeth. See Gingiva.
Gum, acacia. G., Arabic.- See Acacia vera.
Gum-boil. See Pandis.
Gum, elastic See Caoutchouc.
Gum lancet. A strong, curved fleam ot
knife to lance or cut the gums during dentition,
and to separate the gum from the tooth in ex
traction.
Gum, wd. G. rash. See Strophulus.
Guma. An alchemical name of mercury.
GU'MMA. (a, atis, n. ; so named from the
resemblance of its contents to gum.) A stru-
mous tumor on the periosteum of a bone.
Gummi. See Gum. For the species, see the
specific names.
Gummi acacia:. G. acanthinum. G. arabi-
cum. See Acacia vera.
Gummi carannje. See Caranna.
Gummi cerasorum. The gum which exudes
from the bark of cherry trees.
Gummi chiiiou. A spurious gum elemi.
Gummi courbaril. Seo Hymenaa courbaril.
Gummi euphorbii. See Euphorbia.
Gummi galda. See; Galda.
Gummi gambiense. See Kino.
Gummi guttje. See Stalagmitis cabogioides-
Gummi hedkrjk. See Hedera helix.
Gummi junipehinum. See Juniperus.
Gummi kikekunemat.o. See Kikekunemalo
Gummi kino. See Kino.
Gummi i.acca. See Lacca.
Gumn'i i.a.mac, See Acacia vera.
Gummi lutea. See Botany Bay gum.
Gummi myrrh*. See Myrrha.
Gummi nostras. The gums of indigenous
trees.
Gummi rubrum gambiense. See Kino.
Gummi sagapenum. See Sagapenum.
Gummi scorpioxis. G. senega. G. senega-
lense. G. senica. G. thebaicum. See Acacia
vera.
Gummi tragacanth^:. See Astragalus.
Gummosa pilulje. See Pilulte galbani cotn-
posita.
GUM-RESIN. Gummi resina. Gum-resins
are the juices of plants that are mixed with
resin, and an extractive matter, which has been
taken for a gummy substance. The principal
gum-resins are aloes, ammoniacum, assafbetida,
galbanum, cambogia, guaiacum, myrrh, oliba-
num, opoponax, sagapenum, sarcocolla, scam-
monium, and styrax.
Gums. Gingiva?.
GUNDE'LIA. («,«?, f.) A genus of plants.
Syngenesia. Polygamia segregata.—G. Tow-
nefortii. The young shoots of this plant are
eaten, but the roots are purgative and emetic.
GU'NJAH. (Indian.) The dried hemp-
plant, as prepared by the Hindostanees anil
Arabs for smoking. This is the Cannabis in-
dica, which, however, appears only to be a va-
riety of the common hemp. An extract las
been found by Dr. O'Shaughnessy of use in
nervous and rheumatic affections.
321
GYM
Go'rgling sound. In auscultation, the mu-
cous rale.
Gurgu'lio. The uvula or the windpipe.
GUSTATO'RIUS. (Gustativus; from gustus,
taste.) Gustatory. Gustative. Appertaining
to the sense of taste.
Gu'statory nerves. The nerves which
minister to the sense of taste. See Taste.
GU'STUS. (us, us, m. ; from yevopai, I taste.)
See Taste.
Gut. See Intestine.
GU'TTA. (a, as, f.) 1. A drop. Drops are
an uncertain form of administering medicines,
and should never be trusted to. The shape of
the bottle, or of its mouth, from which the
drops fall, as well as the consistence of the
fluid, occasion a considerable difference in the
quantity administered. See Minimum. 2. A
name of apoplexy.
. Gutta anodyna. Anodyne drops; a solu-
tion of acetate of morphia.
Gotta gamba. See Stalagmitis.
Gutta nigra. The black drop. A prepara-
tion of opium. " Take half a pound of opium,
sliced; three pints of juice of the wild crab;
one ounce and a half of nutmegs, and half an
ounce of saffron. Boil them to a proper thick-
ness, then add a quarter of a pound of sugar
and two spoonfuls of yeast. Set the whole in
a warm place near the fire for six or eight
weeks, then place it in the open air until it be-
comes a syrup ; lastly, decant, filter, and bottle
it up, adding a little sugar to each bottle." —
Dr. Armstrong. This preparation has three
times the strength of the tinct. opii. Strong vin-
egar is often substituted for the crab juice.
Gotta opaca. A name for the cataract.
Gutta serena. See Amaurosis.
Gvttje rosacea. Acne rosacea.
Gotta'lis cartila'go. The arytenoid car-
tilage.
GUTTI'FERiE. The mangosteen tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs, occa-
sionally parasitical, yielding resinous juice ;
leaves entire, opposite; flowers polypetalous ;
ftamens hypogynous ; earpella concrete ; ovari-
um of several cells.
\ GU'TTUR. (ur, uris, n.) 1. The throat,
v 2. The windpipe.
^Gu'ttural. Gutturalis. Belonging to the
thnpat.
(Guttural artery. The superior thyroideal
artdery.
VJutturiformis cartilago. The arytenoid
cartilage.
Gu ttu'rnium. The same.
Gotto'ro-maxii.la'ris. A name given by
Chausnier to the internal maxillary artery.
GYMNA'STIC. (Gymnasticus; yvfivnari-
koc; from yvfivor, naked, because the athletse
were stripped.) A term applied to that branch
322
GYB
of medicine which consisted in the use of vari-
ous bodily exercises, with a view to the preser-
vation of health or the cure of disease.
GYMNA'STICE. (e, es, f. ; yuftvaonKt).)
Gymnastics. Gymnastic medicine.
Gymna'siom. A place where athletic exer-
cises are practised.
GYMNOCA'RPI. Mushrooms which bear
seeds imbedded in the hymenium, as helvella,
in which that part is smooth and even ; boletus,
in which it is porous; and agaricus, in which
it consists of gills.
GYMNOSPE'RMIA. (a, as, f.; from yvpvoc,
naked, and onepfia, a seed.) An order of the
class Didynamia, embracing such as have ad-
ded to the didynamial character four seeds not
covered by a pericarp, such as the coniferse and
cycadeaj.
Gymnospe'rmous. Having seeds uncovered
by a pericarp, and therefore apparently naked.
Gyn-eci'a. The menses, and also the lochia.
GYNECOMANIA, (a, as, f.; from yvvn,
and fxavia, madness. ) That insanity which con-
sists in an excessive desire for women.
Gyn.«ecomy'stax. The hairs on the female
pudendum.
GynjECOma'sthon. A preternatural size of
the breast.
G Y N A'N D R I A. (a, <e, f. ; from yvvn, a
woman, and avqp, a man, or husband.) Her-
maphrodite flowers, the stamina of which grow
upon the pistil, so that tho male and female
organs aro united, and do not stand separate as •
in other hermaphrodite flowers.
Gyn anthro'pus. An hermaphrodite, in
which the characters of tho male predominate.
Gynatresia. Closure of the external parte
of generation in the female.
Gyne. A woman.
Gyne'ceom. The pistillum of flowers.
Gynida. An hermaphrodite.
Gyno'base. Gynobasis. Decandolle thus
designates the base of a solitary style, which is
tumid and divided into separate cells.
GYNOPH'ORA. A genus of lichens, contain-
ing the G. proboscidea and cylindrica, or Tripe
de Roche.
Gyno'phore. The short stalk upon which
the ovarium is seated in some flowers, as the
Passijlora.
GY'PSUM. (ton, i, n.) Sulphate of lime.
Plaster of Paris, which is burnt gypsum, is
used by artists and anatomists for taking casts ;
it has also been employed to make a mold tor
a fractured limb, to keep it in the proper po-
sition.
Gy'rate. Circinate.
Gy'ration. An oscillation, or swinging to
and fro.
. Gy'ri cerebri. The convolutions of the
brain.
H^M
H MM
H.
H.
The symbol for hydrogen.
Habe'na. A bandage for keeping the lips
of wounds together ; a uniting bandage.
HA'BITAT. The natural abode or locality
of any animal or plant.
Habit of body. Constitution and tempera-
ment.
Hacub. Gnudelia Toumefortii.
Haddock. Gadus acglefinus.
HjE'MA. Hamatos. (From aifia, aifiaroc,
blood. ) Blood : a very common prefix in med-
ical words.
Hjema'ohroine. Hamiatosiu.
H.emacy'anin. A blue coloring matter de-
tected in the blood by Sanson, but of doubtful
existence.
Hjemado'nosis. Disease of the blood-vessels.
H.smado'stosis. Ossification of the blood-
vessels
HiEMADYNAMO'METER. A bent glass
tube, charged with mercury, used by M. Poi-
seuille to determine the force with which the
blood is driven by the heart's action along the
principal vessels.
H^emaph.e'i.v. The yellow coloring matter
of the blood.
Hj:mago'gues. Hamiagoga. Medicines
>which are supposed to expel blood by hemor-
rhoidal discharges or the catamenia.
HjE'MALOPS. (From aifia, blood, and oip,
the eye.) 1. An effusion of blood in the eye-
lids or eye-ball. 2. A blood-shot eye.
H.EMA'NTHUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Hexandria. Monogyrtia. The blood-
flower. The juice of the bulb of a species, the
H. toxicarius, is used by the Hottentots to poi-
son arrows.
HjEMASTA'TICA. (From aifia, and ora-
TLKt), the science which treats of the weight of
bodies.) Hremastatics. The name given by
Hales to that department of physiology which
treats of the laws which regulate the move-
ments of the blood.
H^matapo'ria. Ilwmaphoria. Anumiia. —
Sagar.
HjEMATE'MESIS. (is, is, f. ; from aifia,
blood, and tfieu, to vomit.) A vomiting of
blood. Heematemesis is readily to be distin-
fuished from a discharge from the lungs by its
eing usually preceded by a sense of weight,
pain, or anxiety in the region of the stomach ;
by its being unaccompanied by any cough ; by
the blood being discharged in a very consider-
able quantity ; by its being of a dark color, and
somewhat grumous; and by its being mixed
with the other contents of the stomach.
The disease may be occasioned by any thing
received into the stomach, which stimulates it
violently or wounds it; or may proceed from
blows, bruises, or any other cause capable of
exciting inflammation in this organ, or of de-
termining too great a flow of blood to it ; but
it arises more usually as a symptom of some
other disease (such as a suppression of the men-
strual or hemorrhoidal flux, or obstructions in
the liver, spleen, and other viscera) than as a
Srimary affection. It is seldom so profuse as to
estroy the patient suddenly, and the principal
danger seems to arise, either from the great de-
bility which repeated attacks of the complaint
induce, or from the lodgment of blood in the
intestines, which, becoming putrid, might oc-
casion some other disagreeable disorder.
This hemorrhage, being usually rather of 8
passive character, does not admit of large evac-
uations. Where it arises on a suppression of
the menses in young persons, and returns peri-
odically, it may be useful to anticipate this by
taking away a few ounces of blood, not neg-
lecting proper means to help the function of
the uterus. In moderate attacks, particularly
where the bowels have been confined, the in-
fusion of roses and sulphate of magnesia may be
employed : if this should not check the bleed-
ing, the sulphuric acid may be exhibited more
largely, or some of the more powerful astrin-
gents and tonics, as alum, tincture of muriate
of iron, decoction of bark, or superacetate of
lead. Where pain attends, opium should be
given freely, taking care that the bowels be
not constipated; and a blister to the epigas-
trium may be useful. In all cases the food
should be light and easy of digestion, but more
nourishing as the patient is more exhausted.
H^matho'rax. Hsematothorax.
HjEMA'TICA. Diseases of the sanguineous
function.
H.BMATIN. See Hamatoxyline and Homo-
tosin.
H^emati'tes. Lapis haymatites. A species
of iron ore.
Hemati'tinus. A collyrium in which was
haematite.
H M M A T O C E ' LE. (e, es, f. ; from aipa?
blood, and Kijlrj, a tumor.) A swelling of the
scrotum, or spermatic cord, proceeding from or
caused by blood. It may arise from a wound
in tapping for hydrocele, from injury or from
disease of the spermatic vessels. It is to be
treated by antiphlogistics, and in some cases-
requires the evacuation of the blood.
Hjematoce'le arterio'sa. Aneurism.
HjEmatoche'zia. The discharge of blood
by stool.
Hjemato-cerebriform disease. See Fun*
gus keematodes.
H.emato'chysis. A hemorrhage.
Hjemato'des. Hccmatoides. 1 1 aematoid -
1. Geranium sanguineum. 2. Fungus hsema-
todes.
HjEMATO'LOGY. (Hamatolagia, a, t\
from aiua, and 2.oyog, a discourse.) The doc-
trine of the blood ; a treatise on the blood.
HJEMATO'MA. A tumor having the ap-
pearance of blood. Such a tumor is sometimes
found in the morbid states of the brain.
Hvemato'mphamjs. Heematomphalocele. _ A.
turnor about the navel, from an extravasation
of blood.
HiEMATO'NCUS. (From atfta, and ey/coc,
323
HjEM
a tumor.) A generic nape given by Alibert to
varicose tumors or naevi.
H^MATOPEnE'sis. The leaping of the blood
from a wounded artery.
HjE'MATOPHLffiBffi'sTAsis. A suppression of
an impetuous current of blood in the veins, or
a full vein.
Hjematopho'bia. That aversion or horror at
the sight of blood which produces fainting.
HjematopT.a'nia. Hcemoplania. Vicarious
menstruation.
HjEmatopoiesis. Hajmatosis.
HjEMATorsiA. Hamatops- A name given
to the collection of menstrual fluid in the ute-
rus, which sometimes arises from imperforation
of the hymen, or other obstruction to its exit.
H^EMATO'SIN. Hecmatosinc. Hcematin. 1.
The red coloring matter of the blood. It is
combined with albumen, and forms the second
envelope of the red globules. The pure color-
ing matter is unknown, but certain actions
thereon are interesting: thus it is found to be
brightened in color by contact with oxygen
and many saline matters, and rendered of a
dark color by carbonic acid, sulphurous acid,
sulphureted hydrogen, and solutions of sujphu-
rete. Protoxide of nitrogen gives it a purple
color. It contains two per cent, of iron in its
composition, but does not depend upon this
body for its color, according to the experiment
of Sanson. 2. Lecanu has given the name of
Heematosin to a modified preparation of the
true coloring matter obtained by the action of
dilute sulphuric acid upon the blood globules.
HiEMATO'SIS. 1 . The production of blood
by the sanguification of chyle and the arterializa-
tion of venous blood. 2. A hemorrhage or flux
of blood.
H^matospi'lia. Furpura hrcmorrhagia.
H^matotho'rax. Effusion of blood into the
pleura.
H^mato'xtline. Hmmatine. The coloring
principle of logwood. It is soluble in water
and alcohol, and forms a fine black with the
persalts of iron. Form., C40H17O15.
H^EMATO'XYLON. (on or urn, i, n.) A
genus of plants. Decandria. Monogynia. — H.
campcchianum. The logwood-tree. Called,
also, Acacia zeylonica. Logwood is of a solid
texture and of a dark red color; has a sweetish,
sub-astringent taste, and no remarkable smell ;
it gives a purplish-red tincture both to watery
and spirituous infusions, and tinges the stools,
and sometimes the urine, of the same color. It
is employed medicinally as an astringent and
corroborant. An extract is ordered in the
pharmacopoeias. The dose is from ten to forty
grains.
H.BMATOXYLUM. Haematoxylon.
HjEMATU'RIA. Hamaturcsis. (From ai-
Sa, blood, and ovpov, urine.) The voiding of
lood with urine. This disease is sometimes
occasioned by falls, bl° W8 » bruises, or some vi-
olent exertion ; but more usually aiises from a
small stone lodged either in the kidney or ure-
ter, which, by its size or irregularity, produces
a wound.
A dischai'ge of blood by urine, when pro-
ceeding from the kidney or ureter, is common-
ly attended with an acute pain in the back,
324
KJEM
and Borne difficulty of making water, the urine
which comes away first being muddy and high
colored, but, toward the close of its flowing,
becoming transparent, and of a natural appear
auce. Vlhen the blood comes immediately
from the bladder, it is usually accompanied
with a sense of heat and pain at the bottom of
the belly.
Bloody urine is always attended with some
danger, particularly when it is mixed with pu
rulent matter. When it arises in the course of
any malignant disease, it indicates a fatal ter-
mination.
When hematuria results from injuries in a
plethoric habit, it may be proper to take blood,
and pursue the general antiphlogistic plan.
When it is owing to calculi which can not be
removed, we use palliative measures, as giving
alkalies or acids according to the quality of the
urine ; mucilaginous drinks and clysters, with
opium, fomentations, &c, to relieve pain.
HjEmence'phalus. Apoplexy.
H^mi'tis. The change of the blood in in-
flammatory disease. •
HjEMOce'rchnus. Rattling in the wind-
pipe.
HjEMOPLA'NIA. (From aifia, blood, and
xXavij, a wandering.) The genus of diseases
embracing vicarious hemorrhages.
H^mophtha'lmia. Hamialops.
H M M ' P T O B. (From aipa, blood, and
77TUU, to spit up.) The spitting of blood. Si«_
Hmmoptysis.
ILEMO'PTYSIS. Hecmoptosis. (From aipa,
and tvtvu, to spit.) An expectoration of florid
or frothy blood, preceded usually by heat or
pain in the chest, irritation in the larynx, and
a saltish taste in the mouth. It is sometimes
produced by congestion, or a plethoric state of
the vessels of the lungs, which is the most
common cause of an idiopathic hajmoptoe, and
which also obtains in diseases of the heart, es-
pecially in hypertrophy of the right ventricle,
which is accordingly a common cause of ha>
moptysis. Thus produced it is called hamop-
tysis plethorica: sometimes it is produced by
external violence, and this is called harmoptysis
violenta : calculous matter, irritating and erod-
ing the vessels, causes the species denominated
haemoptysis calcidosa : vomica? bursting in the
lungs, and ulcerating the vessels, gives rise to
the hcemoptysis phthisica : and when the bleed-
ing is caused by the suppression of some cus-
tomary evacuation, it is termed hmmoptysis vi~
caria.
A spitting of blood arises most usually be-
tween the ages of sixteen and twenty-five, from
any violent exertion, as likewise by wounds,
plethora, weak vessels, hectic fever, coughs,
irregular living; or it may be vicarious or
symptomatic. It is often a symptom in pleuri-
sy, peripneumony, and many fevers, and often
arises, and is the presage of a favorable term-
ination.
It was long supposed that the discharge of
blood from the lungs was. always connected
with the rupture of vessels ; but it is now well
ascertained that, in many cases of haemoptysis,
the blood simply exudes from the bronchial
membrane without any breach of structure, and
iimm
that even a fatal hemorrhage may arise from
this source.
Unless the discharge of blood be excessive,
haemoptysis is seldom attended with immediate
danger to life, but it is nevertheless generally a
formidable symptom, as being connected with
some organic lesion of the thoracic viscera.
Sometimes the hemorrhage is so profuse as to
be fatal ; and occasionally, owing to the rupture
of a large vessel, the lungs are inundated with
blood, and the patient dies instantaneously.
See Apoplexy, pulmonary.
In this hemorrhage, which is mostly of the
active kind, the antiphlogistic regimen must be
strictly observed, particularly avoiding heat,
muscular exertion, and agitation of the mind,
and restricting the patient to a light, cooling,
vegetable diet. Acidulated drink will be use-
ful to quench the thirst, without too much liquid
being taken. Where the blood is discharged
copiously, but no great quantity has been lost
already, it will be proper to attempt to check
it by bleeding freely, if the habit will allow :
and sometimes, where there is pain in the chest,
local evacuations and blisters may be useful.
Digitalis is also a proper remedy, particularly
where the pulse is very quick, from its sedative
influence on the heart and arteries. Antimo-
nials in nauseating doses have sometimes an
excellent effect, as well by checking the force
of the circulation, as by promoting diaphoresis;
.and opium, or some other narcotic, to relieve pain
' and quiet cough, which may, perhaps, keep up
the bleeding. Astringents, especially acetate
of lead, with opium or supersulphate of potass,
are of great use. Cold bathing and the shower
bath have been often serviceable. Should hae-
moptysis occasionally exhibit rather the passive
character, evacuations must be sparingly used,
and tonic medicines will be proper, with a
more nutritious diet.
Hemoptysis phthisis. Phthisis pulmonalis.
HjEMO'RRHAGE. (Htcmorrhagia, a, f . ;
from aiua, and prjircu, to break out.) A bleed-
ing, or flow of blood. Blood, from whatever
organ it flows, may have two causes for its is-
sue. The vessels may be ruptured by a mor-
bid distension and impetus, or they may give
way from debility and relaxation. The for-
mer are active, the latter passive hemorrhages.
The great predisposing cause of active hem-
orrhage, wherever it makes its appearance, is
congestion or plethora. A plethoric diathesis
will, however, only predispose to a bleeding
somewhere or other, and hence there must be
a distinct local cause that fixes it upon one par-
ticular organ rather than upon another. See
Epistaxis, Haemoptysis, Hamatcmesis, Menor-
rhagia, &c.
HEMORRHAGE FROM THK BOWELS. This may
arise from dysentery or haemorrhoids.
HEMORRHAGE FROM THK LUNGS. Hoimop-
lysis.
Hemorrhage from the nose. Epistaxis.
Hemorrhage from the stomach. Hounat-
emesis.
Hemorrhage from the urinary organs.
Haematuria.
Hemorrhage from the uterus. Menor-
rhagia.
HAL
HjEMORRHA'GIjE. Hemorrhages. An or-
der in the class Pyrexia: of Cullen's Nosology.
HjEMORRHCE'A. Passive hemorrhage.—
Swediaur.
Hemorrhgea petechials. A name given
by Dr. Adair to purpura hemorrhagica.
HiEMORRHOI'DAL. Hamorrhoidalis. Of,
or belonging to, the hemorrhoidal vessels.
Hemorrhoidal arteries. Arteria hamov
rhoidales. The arteries of the rectum are so
called : they are sometimes two, and at other
times three in number. 1. The upper hemor-
rhoidal artery, which is the great branch of the
lower mesenteric continued into the pelvis. 2.
The middle hemorrhoidal, which sometimes
comes off from the hypogastric artery, and very
often from the pudical artery. It is sometimes
wanting. 3. The lower or external hemorrhoid-
al is almost always a branch of the pudical ar-
tery, or that artery which goes to the penis.
Hemorrhoidal veins. Vcnrn haunorrhoir
dales. These are two. 1. The external, which
evacuates itself into the vena iliaca interna. 2.
The internal, which conveys its blood into the
vena portae.
Hemorriioides oris. A discharge of blood
from the turgid veins of the palate, uvula, and
fauces, arising from suppression of the hemor-
rhoidal discharge. — Blancard.
Hemorriioides uteri. Varicose veins in
and around the genital organs in women. —
Blancard.
Hemorriioides vesice. A varicose state
of the veins around the neck of the bladder.
ILEMO'RRHOIS. 1. A flow of blood. 2.
The piles, which see.
Hemorrhois procedens. Protoccle.
Hemo'rrhous. Coluber cerastes.
Hemospa'stic. That which has the power
of drawing blood to a part.
HiEMOSTA'SIA. (a, ai, f. ; from aifta, and
larrifti, to stand.) A stagnation of blood.
HjEMOSTA'TIC. (Hamostalicus; from
aifia, blood, and orau, to stop.) Having the
power to stop a hemorrhage. See Styptic.
Hemosta'tica. See Hccmastatica.
Hemostatics. See Hccmastatica.
Hjemotro'phy. Excess of sanguineous nour-
ishment.
HAGGA'RD. An expression of the counte-
nance, and' especially the eye, in which there
are terror and despondency combined, and
which may be a symptom of cerebral disease
or madness.
Hagiospe'rmum. Artemisia santonica.
Ha.gio'xylum. Guaiacum.
Hair. See Capillus and Pilus.
Hair lichen. Lichen pilaris. A species
of rash, in which the eruption is confined to
the roots of the hair, and desquamation occurs
after ten days.
Hair, fallino off of. Alopecia.
Hair, platted or matted. Plica.
Hair-worm. Seta equina.
Hairy river-weed. Conferva rivalis.
Hake. Gadus merluccius.
Hala'tium. A medicine composed of salt
and purgatives.
Halberd-shaped. Hastate.
Halche'mia. The art of fusing salts.
325
HAN
Hat.ec. Clupea harrengus.
Halelje'um. A mixture of salt and oil, used
by the ancients to swellings of the joints.
Halica'cabum. Fhysalis alkekengi.
Halices. Yawning after sleep.
Ha'limus. Atriplex halimus.
Halini'trum. Nitre, or rock salt.
HA' LIT US. (us, Us, m.; from halo, to
breathe out.) 1. A vapor. 2. The breath.
Halitus of the blood. A volatile animal
oil which rises from fresh blood.
HALLUCINATION. (IlaUucinalio, onis,
f. ; from hallucinor, to err.) Depraved imagi-
nation. A genus of mental disease in Good's
Nosology. See Alusia.
Ha'llus. The great toe.
Ha'lmykax. The nitre of Media.
Halmyro'des. Acrimonious.
HA'LO. (o, onis, m. ; from akuc , an area
or circle.) See Areola.
Halo signatus. The ring of stria: formed
by the impression of the ciliary processes on tho
anterior surface of the vitreous humor.
HA'LOGENE. (From a?.r, sea-salt, and
yevvau, to produce.) The class of bodies which,
like chlorine, form salts with metals.
HA'LOID. (From oAf, sea-salt, and e.i6oc,
resemblance.) Having the structure of salt.
The haloid salts are the compounds of chlorine,
iodine, bromine, cyanogen and its compounds,
and fluorine with the metals. Besides the sim-
ple haloid salts, Berzelius distinguishes the
three following kinds of combination : hydro-
haloid salt, or combinations of a simple haloid
salt with the hydracid of its radical ; oxy-haloid
salts, or combinations of a metallic oxide with
a haloid salt of the same metal ; double, haloid
salts, consisting of two simple haloid salts,
which contain different metals, but the same
non-metallic ingredient, or of two haloid salts,
consisting of the same metal, but having the
other ingredients different; or, lastly, ot two
simple haloid salts, both the elements of which
are wholly different.
Haloni'trum. The efflorescence found on
the damp walls of inhabited places.
Halote'chnia. That part of chemistry
which treats of salts.
Ham. Poples.
HAMAME'LIS VIRGIN1CA. Witch-hazel.
An indigenous shrub, of the family lierberidca;
the bark of which is astringent and tonic.
HA'MMA. (Afifia; from a-r<o. to bind, or
fit on.) A truss for a hernia.
Hamo'sus. Hooked.
HAMrSTEAD SPRINGS. Near London.
They are chalybeate.
HAMULA'RIA. A genus of worms of Ru-
dolphi. — H. subcompressa has been found in
the bronchial glands.
HAMULUS, (us, i, m.) A little hook. In
Anatomy, applied to the hooked processes of
the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.
Hamulus cochleae. The hook of the coch-
lea, a process by which the lamina spiralis ter-
minates upon the axis.
HAND. Manus. The hand is composed of
the carpus or wrist, metacarpus, and fingers.
Tho arteries of the hand are the palmar arch,
and the digital arteries. The veins are the dig-
326
HAB
ital, the cephalic of the thumb, and the salva*
tella. The nerves are the external add internal
cutaneous.
Handala. Colocynth.
Hands, dropped. The paralysis of the
hands induced by the lead poison.
Hanging. See Suspcnsio.
Hannay's lotion. Preventive wash. A nos-
trum for preventing venereal infection. It is a
solution of potash.
Hapho'nusi. Diseases of the sense of touch.
HAPSIS. Arjug. 1. The sense of touch. 2.
A lesion of any kind. Hippocrates uses the
phrase aipoic Qpevov to signify delirium.
Ha'psus. An old name for a compress of
lint or other material.
Harde'ri gla'ndula. Gland of Harderus.
A gland found in ruminant and pachyderma-
tous quadrupeds, and also in birds. It is situ-
ated near tho inner angle of the eye, and se-
cretes a thick, whitish fluid, which is diffused
over the eye-ball.
Hardesia. Lapis hibernicus.
Hardhock. The spiraea tomentosa.
Hare. Lepus timidus.
HARE-LIP. Labium I eporinum; called,
also, Lagocheilus and Lagosloma. A fissure or
longitudinal division of one or both lips. Chil-
dren are frequently born with this kind of
malformation, particularly of the upper lip.
Sometimes the portions of the lip which ought
to be united have a considerable space between .
them; in other instances they are not much
apart. The cleft is occasionally double, there
being a little lobe, or small portion of the lip,
situated between the two fissures. The fissure
may extend to the bones of the palate. It is
remedied by paring the edges of the fissure,
and uniting them by a suture.
Hare-eye. Lagophthalmia.
Hare-brained passion. Way ward and vio-
lent passion, leading to acts of violence.
H a re N DBS. C lupea harengus .
IlAnMA. Apfia. A collyrium.
Harmala. Peganum harmala.
HARMO'NIA. Harmony. (From apu, to
fit together.) A species of synarthrosis, or im-
movable connection of bones, in which bones
are connected together by means of rough mar-
gins, not dentiform : in this manner most of the
bones of the face are connected together.
Ha'rpax. Ha'rpaga. Amber.
HARROGATE SPRINGS. They are situa-
ted near Knaresborough, Yorkshire, England.
Harrogate possesses at present no less than
fourteen wells, which are in greater or less re-
pute. Six of them are sulphureous, five pure
chalybeate, one saline chalybeate, and two sa-
line, containing only a trace of iron, and no sul-
phur.
Hart's tongue. Asplenium scolopendrium.
Hart- wort. Laserpitium siler.
Hart-wort of Marseilles. Seseli tortuo-
sum.
HARTFELL SPRINGS. Near Moffat, Scot,
land. They contain iron dissolved by sulphuric
acid, and are much celebrated in scrofulous af-
fections and cutaneous diseases.
Hartshorn. See Cornu cervi.
Hartshorn, spirit of. Aqueous solution
HEA
of ammonia, formerly prepared from the hart's
horn.
Harvest bug. Acarus autumnalis.
HA'STA. {a, a, f.) A spear; applied to
parts of animals and vegetables which are sup-
posed to resemble this instrument.
Hasta regia. Asphodelus luteus.
Hasta'te. Hastatus. Spear or halberd
shaped.
Haste'lla. A splint like a spear, used for
fractured limbs.
HASTINGS, CLIMATE OF. This place, in
the south of England, enjoys a remarkably mild
and equable climate, being protected from
northerly winds by the adjacent cliffs.
Hatchet-shaped. Dolabriform.
Hatfield's tincture. A nostrum, consist-
ing of guaiac, soap, and rectified spirit of wine.
HAUNCH. The lower part of the trunk,
bounded by the hip joints, and including the
pelvis.
HAU'STUS. («*, us, m. ; from haurio, to
swallow.) A draught or single dost: of a liquid
medicine.
Haustus nigkr. The infusum sennas com-
positum.
HAVANNAH, CLIMATE OF. This city,
and other parts of Cuba, are much selected as
a winter resort for consumptives, and the tem-
perature is high, but the variation is considera-
ble, being twice as great as in the island of Ma-
deira ; there are also sharp winds occasionally.
Havers's glands. Glands in and about the
synovial membrane of joints.
Haversian canals. The nutritious foram-
ina and minute tubuli in the structure of the
hard bones, whereby they receive blood-ves-
sels and capillaries.
Hawk. A species of the genus Falco.
Hawk-weed. See Hypochteris.
Hawk-weed, greater. See Sonchut.
Hay, camel's. Juncus odoratus.
Hazel-nut. Corylus avellnna.
Head. See Caput.
HEADACHE. Cephalalgia. Headache, or
pain in the head, as a generic term, has receiv-
ed a variety of specific names; hence cepha-
lalgia venerea, rheumatica, nervosa, in'flamma-
tona, stomachica, intermittens, &c.
Ordinary cases of headache depend on one
of the following causes: 1. A weakness or ex-
haustion of the power of the brain. 2. A sym-
pathy with the stomach and chylopoietic vis-
cera.
Their cure, consequently, is to be effected
by nervous tonics when the disease is nervous,
and by removing the states of stomach and
chylopoietic viscera which excite the sympa-
thetic headache.
Rest is in all cases necessary : cold, and press-
ure on the head, often give relief; and if the
pain bo considerable, a small dose of opium, or
Dover's powder, immediately after a warm
pediluvium or fomentation, and a warm bed.
Headache is very often a symptomatic affec-
tion ; so much so that there are very few dis-
eases in which it does not take place. It is a
prominent symptom in all fevers and inflamma-
tions, and in many nervous diseases, the vene-
real disease, and rheumatism.
HEA
Headed. Capitulate.
HEALTH. That state of the living body ia
which all its functions are duly performed.
Hearing. Auditus. See Auris.
HEART. Cor. A hollow, muscular viscus>
which forms the center of the circulating system
in the higher orders of animals. Some observa-
tions on the general mechanism of the heart
will be found in the article Circulation. The
human heart is irregularly pyramidal in its
shape, and lies between the lungs, inclosed in
its proper investing membrane, the pericardium.
It is placed so obliquely, that if a line corre-
sponding with its axis were passed through it at
the moment of its pulsation, its direction, taken
from base to apex, would be downward, for-
ward, and to the left side. The anterior sur-
face of the heart is convex in its general outline ;
the posterior is flat, and rests on the diaphragm:
the lower, or right border, is rather thin, and
longer than the upper, which is rounded. The
heart's surface is marked on its anterior and
posterior aspect by two lines, of which one runs
transversely, the other from above downward ;
their position indicates the division of the organ
into four different compartments, or cavities.
The base of the heart (which is comparatively
thin and flaccid in its structure) consists of that
part which is in immediate connection with the
veins {pars cordis venosa), and is divided into
two cavities, called auricles, from the fact that
each is surmounted by an appendage resembling
an ear {auricula'). It is separated from the low-
er or pyramidal part by a deep transverse groove
{sulcus anriculo-vmtricularis). These circum-
stances are most distinctly observable when the
heart is distended. The portion between the
transverse sulcus and the summit is thick and
muscular, and connected with the arterial
trunks ; it consists of two cavities (ventricles),
the division between which is indicated by two
slight grooves extending from the base to the
apex, and lodging the descending branches of
the c o ron ary vessels.
When we consider the heart in its physio-
logical relations, we adopt a different mode of
division; for we find it to be a double organ,
made up of two hearts, one for the pulmonary
circulation (cor pulmonale), occupying the right
side, and consisting of an auricle and a ventricle;
the other for the system at large (cor systeini-
cum), also consisting of two cavities of the same
denomination. The pulmonic heart is the agent
for the circulation of black blood, the systemic
circulates red blood. Now, as no two of these
cavities agree in form, or in the arrangement of
their components, it becomes necessary to de-
scribe each separately.
The right auricle rests on the diaphragm, and
forms the right and anterior part of the base of
the heart. It presents two parts, which, though
not marked off by any precise line of division,
yet differ in size and form. One of these, large
and flaccid, occupies the interval between the
vena? cava), so as to receive directly the blood
which they convey, and is hence named sinus
venarum cavarum. The other projects forward
and inward, between the right ventricle and
the root of the aorta, like an appendage to the
general cavity ; and so it is sometimes named
327
HEA
"auricular appendage," but more frequently
auricula, from some resemblance to a dog's ear.
It is triangular in form, compressed, and slightly
dentated at its border. It is thicker and more
fleshy than the sinus.
The external surface of the auricle, unattach-
ed in the greater part of its extent, is prolonged
upward, and to the left side, into its auricular
appendage ; inferiorly it is connected with the
right ventricle, internally with the left auricle,
and into its two extremities open the vence
cavse.
In order to examine the interior of the auri-
cle, an incision may be made from the junction
of the cavae across to the auricula, from the mid-
dle of which another may be earned upward
into the superior cava. If the lower border of
this incision be drawn forward, the cava; will
be observed to incline inward at an angle, their
conflux being marked by a slight elevation,
called Lower's tubercle (tuberculum Loweri).
The greater part of the cavity forms a pouch
(«»ms), which is smooth, and but slightly mus-
cular m its structure. The inner surface of the
auricula is distinguished from the rest by several
fleshy fasciculi, which run transversely upon
it, called musculi pectinati. The inner side of
the auricle is thin and smooth ; it corresponds
with, or is formed by, the partition {septum au-
ricularum) which separates it from the left au-
ricle. At its lower part, and just above the
orifice of the inferior vena cava, is situated an
oval depression {fossa ovalis, vestigium foraminis
ovalis), indicating the original communication
between the auricles : it is bounded superiorly
by a prominent convex border of a lunated form,
its concavity looking downward, and named
annulus fossa ovalis. Though the development
of the septum be carried to the full extent, that
lamella of it which closes the foramen ovale
having extended up to a level with the annulus,
we often find its upper border merely in appo-
sition, but not united by adhesion to the corre-
sponding part of the septum, so that an oblique
or valvular aperture remains between the au-
ricles ; still, during the action of the organ, there
is sufficient provision against any communica-
tion between these cavities. At the line of
union between the inferior cava and the auricle
is situated a crescentic fold of the lining mem-
brane, called valvula Eustachii. This in the
foetal state is large ; in the adult it is compara-
tively diminutive, and often even perforated by
several foramina. One border of the valve
rests upon the wall of the auricle, with which
it is continuous. Another is free and unattach-
ed, being of a crescentic form ; its upper ex-
tremity blends itself with the inner border of
the annulus ovalis, and the inferior with the
corresponding part of the orifice of the vena
cava inferior. Between this valve (its left side)
and the ventricular opening is situated the ori-
fice of the coronary vein, protected by a valve.
Several minute foramina may also be observed
in different parts of the auricle, resembling the
orifices of small veins, and called foramina
Thebesii. Placed obliquely between the ap-
pendix and the inferior cava, we observe the
auriculo-ventricular opening, of an elliptic form,
and about an inch in diameter; round its cir-
328
HEA
cumference is attached the base of the tricuspid
valve, the rest of which lies in the cavity of the
ventricle.
The right ventricle (ventriculus pulmonalis)
extends from the base of the right auricle to the
apex of the heart. Its form is somewhat trian-
gular: to see its interior it will be found con-
venient to make an angular or V-shaped flap,
by dissecting up its anterior wall. When this
is done, we observe that the interior surface
presents a number of rounded, fleshy fasciculi,
which are called columnee carncm, and are di-
visible into three orders. The first, adherent
by both extremities, are free in the rest of their
extent ; others are but slightly prominent, being
attached by their extremities, and also by the
greater part of their circumference ; the third
set form three or four fasciculi, which are di-
rected from the summit toward the base of the
ventricle, where they are connected with the
borders and apices of the tricuspid valves,
through the medium of several tendinous pro-
cesses, called chorda tendinecc. The base of
the ventricle is prolonged upward, its surface
becoming at the same time quite smooth, some-
what in the form of a funnel, where it gives at-
tachment to the pulmonary artery, so that the
mouth of this vessel is placed higher up, and to
the left of the auricular opening. At its orifice
three membranous folds are placed, called sig-
moid valves. One border of these is attached
at the line of union of the ventricle with the
artery ; the other is free in the cavity of the
latter, and presents in its middle a small gran-
nie, called nodulvs or corpus aurantii. The
tricuspid valve is so called from its being divi-
ded into three points or processes, formed by
the lining membrane of the auricle and ventri-
cle. Each is triangular in its form ; their bases,
which are continuous and undivided from one
another, being attached all round the circum-
ference of the opening, while in the rest of their
extent they lie within the cavity of the ventri-
cle. One of them rests upon the septum, or
corresponds with it ; another with the anterior
wall of the cavity; while the third, or larger,
is inclined obliquely upward, and, as it were,
interpos&d between the auricular and pulmo-
nary apertures. The free margin of each is a
little thickened, and gives attachment to the
chorda? tendinea?.
The left auricle (sinus pulmonalis) is situated
at the posterior part of the base of the heart,
where the greater portion of it is concealed by
the pulmonary artery and the aorta, which
overlap it, the auricula alone being visible,
without detaching these vessels, or inverting the
position of the heart. When distended, it is of
a square form, and into its angles open the pul
monary veins, those of the left lung being very
close together. From its upper and left ex
tremity projects the auricula, which is narrow-
er, but longer and more tapering than that of
the right side. Its margins are more deeply
dentated, and present some angular inflections
or zigzags. Its point rests on the root of the
pulmonary artery. The interior of the left au
ricula presents musculi pectinati similar to those
in the right, but the general cavity of the auri-
cle; is smooth. A slight depression may be ob»
HEA
served in the septum auricularum, correspond-
ing with the fossa ovalis. In the inferior part
of the cavity is situated the auriculo-ventricular
opening, the circumference of which, gives at-
tachment to the mitral valve.
• • The left ventricle (ventriculus aorticus) occu-
pies the left border of the heart, about one
third of its extent appearing on the anterior
surface, the rest being placed posteriorly, owing
to the obliquity of the septum ventriculorum.
Its cavity can be conveniently exposed by mak-
ing two incisions through its wall, parallel with
the septum, and uniting at an angle near the
apex. When the flap thus formed is drawn
upward, the great thickness of the walls of the
cavity, as compared with those of the right
ventricle, is rendered manifest. The columnar
camerc resemble those of the right side, but are
thicker, and directed, for the most part, from
the base to the apex of the heart. Their inter-
sections are exceedingly numerous at the sum-
mit of the cavity, and along its posterior wall,
but the upper part of the anterior one is com-
paratively smooth. Two fleshy fasciculi of
considerable size, commencing by smaller bun-
dles, one from, the anterior, the other from the
posterior surface, pass upward, and terminate
each in a blunted extremity, from which nu-
merous chordae tendinea; branch off to be insert-
ed into the edges of the mitral valve. The
auriculo-ventricular opening is guarded by a
valve, similar in structure to that of the right
side, but differing from it in presenting but two
pointed processes; hence it has been termed
the mitral valve (valvula mitralis). The larger
division of it looks toward the aortic opening.
To the right side of, and before the large open-
ing just noticed, is situated a smaller one, which
communicates with the aorta, and is guarded
by three valvular folds of the lining membrane,
similar in structure and form to those of the
pulmonary artery, and also called sigmoid or
semilunar valves.
The heart is covered by the serous layer of
the pericardium, which is reflected upon it, and
lined in its interior by a membrane of apparent-
ly similar structure, which not only serves as a
coating for its proper substance, but also forms
folds or valves at the auriculo-ventricular open-
ings at each side, as well as the semilunar
valves, where it is prolonged into the aorta and
the pulmonary artery. Between the investing
and the lining membrane is placed the proper
muscular tissue of the organ.
The heart receives its blood by the two cor-
onary arteries ; its veins terminate in the right
auricle ; its nerves come from the cardiac plex-
us, and appear veiy small as compared with
the bulk and quantity of matter of the organ ;
a circumstance which was much insisted on in
the discussion of the long-litigated question, Do
the fibres of the heart possess their susceptibil-
ity to impression (irritability) per se, or do they
derive it from the nerves ?
HEART, DISEASES OF THE. The heart
is subject to a variety of diseases, which may be
distinguished into sympathetic, inflammatory,
and organic.
1. Sympathetic affections. — These consist in
irregularity, increase, or diminution of the
HEA
heart's action, or painful nervous affections of
the heart, arising from various causes not oper-
ating immediately on the organ itself. Thus
palpitations and syncope are frequently the
results of dyspepsia, hysteria, agitation or dis-
tress of mind, and other causes which tend to
disturb the nervous functions. Neuralgic affec-
tions of the heart, also, are not uncommon.
2. Inflammatory affections. — Three distinct
textures are involved in the structure of the
heart, namely, the pericardium, a sero-fibrous
membrane, which forms its outer envelope;
the muscular structure of the heart itself; and
the endocardium, or serous membrane which
lines its cavities. Each of these textures is lia-
ble to inflammation, which, when seated in the
pericardium, is termed Pericarditis ; when in
the membrane lining the cavities of the heart,
Endocarditis; and when in its muscular sub-
stance, Carditis.
a. Pericarditis. — This may assume an acute,
subacute, or chronic form. It may proceed
from the same remote causes which induce in-
flammation of other serous membranes ; or it
may be caused by extension of inflammation
from the pleura; or it may arise from the me-
tastasis of rheumatism, which is the most fre-
quent cause, especially in young patients. The
symptoms of pericarditis are extremely variable
and deceptive ; and it has been frequently found,
on dissection, to have existed in a severe degree
in cases where it had altogether escaped the
attention of the practitioner. Generally speak-
ing, the following are the principal symptoms
of acute pericarditis: sharp, burning pain in
the region of the heart, accompanied by an at-
tack of acute inflammatory fever; the pain
shoots to the left scapula and shoulder, and
often descends some way down the arm; it is
increased by full inspiration and by the move-
ments of the ribs, and also by pressure between
the ribs over the apex of the heart, and in the
epigastrium ; the respiration is hurried and la-
borious, and there is a sense of constriction in
the pra;cordial region, with restlessness and
anxiety ; the patient can nqt lie on the left side,
and generally feels least distress when lying
on the back ; the state of the pulse varies ex-
tremely ; it is always frequent, but is sometimes
full, hard, and vibratory, and at others feeble,
irregular, or intermittent ; in the advanced
stag*, of the disease the pulse is generally feeble
and irregular, though the action of the heart
continues violent; there is frequent fainting,
and extreme anxiety, restlessness, and misery.
The duration of this disease is very various ; if
not checked, it sometimes proves fatal in two
or three days, and at other times is protracted
for several weeks. This diversity of symptoms
and duration depends on the nature and prog-
ress of the organic changes which take place m
the course of the inflammation. These changes
consist, for the most part, in effusions of lymph
or serum, which are more or less copious, and
take place more or less rapidly. Thus, if serum
be effused in large quantity at an early period,
the action of the heart will almost from the first
be much oppressed, and the pulse feeble and
irregular ; if the effusion be more gradual, these
symptoms will not occur till a more advanced
329
HE A
period : again, if u copious exudation of coag-
ulating lymph take place, and glue the pericar-
dium to the heart, serous effusion will be re-
strained, the symptoms dependent on it averted,
and the duration of the case protracted.
Inflammation of the pericardium does not
often extend to the muscular substance of the
heart, and when it does 60, there seem to be
no very well established symptoms by which
the fact can be ascertained; this, however, is
of little consequence in practice, because the
treatment is not influenced by it.
The physical signs of pericarditis are, increas-
ed impulse of the heart; bellows sound; and,
where there is considerable effusion, a more
than usual dullness on percussion in the cardiac
region.
When there are partial exudations of lymph
on the opposite surfaces of the pericardium, the
sound of friction is not uncommon.
The physical signs, taken in conjunction with
the symptoms, generally speaking, remove all
obscurity from the diagnosis of pericarditis.
The symptoms of chronic pericarditis are
those of the acute in a less degree, and the
accompanying fever is of the hectic kind. The
increased impulse of the heart and the bellows
sound exist, but are less remarkable than in the
acute form ; when there is effusion of serum or
lymph within the pericardium, the dullness on
percussion is the same.
Pericarditis may be considered as almost al-
ways a fat;d affection, except in those instances
of the acute disease in which the inflammation
is out short by vigorous practice, before any or-
ganic change has ensued. When pericarditis
terminates in adhesion of the pericardium to the
heart, the patient frequently remains for some
months, or even for several years, free from any
symptoms which appear formidable, but this
state always, sooner or later, induces enlarge-
ment of the heart, generally hypertrophy with
dilatation ; and when this takes place, it goes
on very rapidly to a fatal issue.
The signs by which an adhesion of the peri-
cardium to the heart may be recognized are
not always very distinctly marked, nor ai - e some
which have been brought forward as particu-
larly diagnostic, sufficiently established to merit
much confidence. In a general way, when we
find, after acute or chronic inflammation of the
pericardium, that there is a permanently in-
creased dullness on percussion in the cardiac re-
gion, with a degree of dyspnoea and more or
less oppression on the chest, we may infer that
this lesion has probably taken place.
b. Endocarditis. — Inflammation of the lining
membrane of the heart assumes an acute, sub-
acute, or chronic form. It frequently arises
from the metastasis of rheumatism, and its
causes may in general be considered as similar
to those of pericarditis. Endocarditis is a dis-
ease which has been recognized by pathologists
only within the last few years, nor have its
symptoms yet been determined with the accu-
racy that could be wished. In the acute form
there is generally no severe pain, but rather a
sense of oppression, anxiety, and faintness.
There is a very tumultuous action of the heart,
and great increase of impulse, frequently ac-
330
II K A
companied with a tremor or vibration, which,
in some instances, amounts to what is called
the purring tremor. The pulse varies much;
it is generally very rapid and irregular, but
does not partake of the force of the heart's ac-
tion, being usually soft and weak ; it is some-
times hard and vibratory, and is then generally
more regular. There is usually a bellows
sound, which is more distinct in proportion to
the strength of the heart's action, and which is
rougher, or approaches more to the rasp sound,
in proportion to the tumefaction of the valves,
and the effusion of lymph on the surface of the
lining membrane of the heart.
The more chronic forms of endocarditis are
frequently very difficult to distinguish from
chronic pericarditis, unless where the latter is
attended with copious serous effusion or exten-
sive adhesion, in which case percussion may
greatly aid the diagnosis.
On the dissection of those who have died of
acute endocarditis, the lining membrane of the
heart presents various appearances, according
to the degree and duration of the inflammatory
action; increased vascularity, thickening, soft-
ening, albuminous exudations, puriform depos-
its: if the case be of some duration, the depo-
sitions of lymph become vascular, and give nse
to excrescences, vegetations, organized false
membranes, and various adhesions.
Chronic endocarditis gives rise to narrowing
of the different orifices of the heart, cartilagin-
ous and osseous induration of the valves, and,
as particularly illustrated by M. Andral, to hy-
pertrophy of the ventricles. Inflammation of
the lining membrane of the heart may be read-
ily conceived to conduce to the thickening of
the parietes of that viscus ; first, by direct irri-
tation of the contiguous muscular substance,
as we find the muscular coat of the stomach
thickened in chronic gastritis ; secondly, by
stimulating the muscular fibres to increased ac-
tion, both by the morbid stimulus of the dis-
ease, and by the opposition offered by the nar-
rowing of the heart's apertures, just as the mus-
cular coat of the bladder is thickened by a
structure of the urethra.
c. Carditis. — General inflammation of the
substance of the heart is a rare disease. Indu-
ration and softening of the entire muscular sub-
stance are, however, sometimes found ; and as
these occasionally present themselves in cases
of pericarditis, and are found to occupy only a
superficial portion of the muscular substance
contiguous to the pericardium, it is reasonable
to infer that they are the result of ai; extension
of inflammation from that membrane, and con-
sequently, that when they occur, independently
of pericarditis, they are the result of primary
inflammation of the substance of the heart. Dr.
Latham has recorded a solitary instance of uni-
versal suppuration of the substance of the heart.
There appear to be no distinct instances of gan-
grene of the heart.
Partial carditis is not so rare, but still not
common. It terminates in abscess or ulcera-
tion, more frequently the latter. Ulcers occupy
the external or the internal surface of the heart,
but the latter oftener than the former. Ulcera-
tion is the most common cause ofTupture of the
H K A
wever, is a very rare acci-
heart, which, ho
dent.
The treatment of pericarditis, endocarditis,
and carditis may be considered under one head,
as it is perfectly similar in all. In acute cases
it consists, in the first place, hi a very bold and
early use of the lancet, and a rigid observance
of all the particulars of the antiphlogistic regi-
men. We need be less cautious in the abstrac-
tion of blood hi this than in any other case of
acute inflammation ; the very center of life is
attacked, and a fatal event is certain if the dis-
ease be not speedily subdued: still reference
must be had to the strength of the patient ; if
a decided impression have been made by the
lancet, cupping and leeches may be sufficient
to subdue the remaining inflammatory action.
In some cases of debilitated patients, they may,
indeed, supersede the use of the lancet altogeth-
er, for this is one of the cases of inflammation in
which local bleeding has a very powerful eft'ect.
The next most important remedy after blood-
letting is mercury, which, in this, as in other
cases, is a powerful means of preventing effu-
sion, or causing the absorption of such matters
as may already have been effused: with this
view calomel should be given in the manner
best suited to insure its effect on the mouth,
namely, in small doses frequently repeated.
Antimonial diaphoretics and saline purgatives
are also serviceable. Digitalis may be useful in
keeping the pulse down, and opium, combined
With the calomel, has frequently a very bene-
ficial effect ; other narcotics and antispasmodics
may also be useful accoi'ding to circumstances.
In the rheumatic and gouty forms of carditis, col-
chicum is highly esteemed by some practition-
ers. The use of counter-irritants is better adapt-
ed to the subacute and chronic states of carditis
than to the acute.
Chronic carditis demands the same treatment
as the acute, but in a very moderate degree ;
small evacuations of blood, general or local, and
continued counter-irritation by blisters, setons,
tartar emetic ointment, &c, are the principal
means ; mercury is also applicable here on the
same principle as in the acute disease. When
lymph has been effused within the heart or
pericardium, and become organized, the case is
beyond the reach of art ; and when pericarditis
has terminated in serous effusion, if the patient
survive any length of time, the case, in effect,
becomes one of dropsy of the pericardium, on
the treatment of which little need be said, be-
cause no treatment is, generally speaking, of
any avail.
3. Organic diseases of the heart. — The most
remarkable of these are, Induration, Soften-
ing, Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Dilatation, Morbid
growths, Morbid deposits and degenerations,
Diseases of the valves and orifices of the heart.
1. Indkration. — Induration of the muscular
substance of the heart is not common. It ap-
pears to be always the result of inflammation
either extending from the pericardium to the
muscular substance, or originating in the latter.
2. Softening. — A pale and flabby state of the
muscular substance of the heart is frequent in
leucophlegmatic and dropsical subjects, but
this may be considered as indicative of debility
HE A
rather than of absolute disease. Distinct soft-
ening of the heart is, like induration, rare, and,
like it, appears to be always the residt of inflam-
matory action.
3. Atrophy. — Most writers on diseases of the
heart mention cases of diminished size of this
organ, but the etiology of the affection appears
to be entirely unknown.
4. Hypertrophy. — Hypertrophy, or morbid
increase of the muscular substance of the heart,
is very common. It is more frequent, and great-
er in degree, in the left ventricle than in the
right. In most cases both ventricles are more
or less affected. The auricles also are occa-
sionally hypertrophied, but always in connec-
tion with diseases of the ventricles or valves.
Hypertrophy may occupy the parietes of only
one cavity of the heart, or of all. M. Bertin
divides hypertrophy into, a. Simple hypertrophy,
in which the walls of the cavities are merely
thickened without any change in the capacity
of the cavities ; b. Hypertrophy, with, increase of
the capacity of the cavities; c. Hypertrophy,
with diminution of the capacity of the cavities.
Hypertrophy may arise from any of those
causes by which the substance of muscles in
general is augmented; namely, from any of
those causes which occasion a permanent in-
crease in the force or frequency of contraction.
Hence simple nervous palpitation, if habitual,
may occasion hypertrophy ; it seldom does so
however, to any great extent ; inflammation of
the pericardium or endocardium, obstruction
of the orifices of the heart, are the common
causes of this affection: we have already no-
ticed the manner of their operation, when
speaking of endocarditis. The essential sign*
of simple hypertrophy are, a full and hard
pulse, which is almost always regular, and gen-
erally more or less vibratory ; dyspnoea ; and
increased impulse of the heart, with diminished
sound. Hypertrophy, with diminution of the
capacity of the cavities, is indicated by nearly
the same signs, except that in some cases it
appears to be attended by symptoms of ob-
structed circulation. Hypertrophy with dilata-
tion presents, as might be expected, the mixed
characters of these two states ; there is increase
both of impulse and of sound, and the symp-
toms will vary according as the hypertrophy
or the dilatation predominates. If we consider
the respective relations of the fight and left
cavities of the heart to the pulmonary and sys-
temic circulation, we shall be prepared to ex-
pect a difference in the symptoms of hyper-
trophy, when situated in the one and in the
other. In hypertrophy of the right cavities, the
respiration is more embarrassed, the complex-
ion is inclined to livid, and haemoptysis is more
frequent. In hypertrophy of the left cavities,
the brain suffers more than the lungs ; the car-
otid arteries pulsate very strongly; there is a
remarkable tendency to apoplexy, and other
forms of cerebral disease, and the patient is
frequently annoyed with pain, drowsiness, or
throbbing in the head, noises in the ears, and
other disagreeable sensations.
Hypertrophy of the auricles is not accompa-
nied with any diagnostic symptoms ; but this is
of little consequence, because it is always con-
331
HEA
nected with and dependent on some disease or
obstruction of the corresponding ventricle. The
stethescope aids the symptoms, in enabling us
to determine which side of the heart is affected
with hypertrophy ; when the increased impulse
is perceived under the bottom of the sternum,
we infer that the right ventricle is hypertrophied ;
when it is increased between the cartilages of
the fifth and seventh ribs, on the left side, we
infer that the left ventricle is diseased; and
when we find increased impulse in both these
situations, we conclude that both sides of the
heart are affected.
5. Dilatation. — Dilatation of the cavities of
the heart may take place without any change
in the thickness of the parietes ; or it may be
accompanied with thickening; or it may be
accompanied with preternatural thinness of*heir
parietes : hence we have Simple dilatation, Dil-
atation with hypertrophy, and Dilatation with
attenuation.
Various causes may occasion temporary dis-
tension of the cavities of the heart, but when
these causes are removed, the cavities return
by their own elasticity to then- natural dimen-
sions. Permanent dilatation, therefore, is as
distinctly a disease as hypertrophy ; and it
seems better entitled to rank as a primary dis-
ease, inasmuch as it is oftener found uncon-
nected with inflammation or obstruction. Dila-
tation of the heart, indeed, seems always to
depend on an original or acquired debility of
its muscular fibres, because iu some instances,
where we find it independently of other dis-
ease, It can only be attributed to such debility,
and iu other instances, again, where it is in-
duced by the same exciting causes as hyper-
trophy, we must presuppose some such debility
to account for the occurrence of dilatation, in
place of the thickening which would be the
natural result of over-action were the organ
more robust.
a. Dilatation with hypertrophy is a mixed
case, combining the symptoms and signs of dil-
atation with those of hypertrophy. There is
one symptom, however, which 18 considered
very diagnostic of this state, namely, targes-
cence of the external jugular veins, and a pul-
sation of these veins synchronous with that of
the arteries : the rationale of this symptom has
not yet been satisfactorily explained.
b. Simple dilatation, as it is called, is in real-
ity a case of dilatation with hypertrophy, in
which the dilatation predominates over the hy-
pertrophy; for since the parietes of tho heart
are extended, without diminution of their thick-
ness, there must have been a real increase of
substance.
c. Dilatation with attenuation* — This affects
the right ventricle rather than the left, but in
most cases both ventricles are involved. The
auricles, also, are sometimes affected, most com-
monly from disease of the auricular valves. In
dilatation of the cavities of the heart with attenu-
ation, the symptoms are, in many respects, pre-
cisely the reverse of those of hypertrophy.
The heart palpitates, but its action is feeble
and oppressed; the pulse is soft and weak,
though seldom irregular, except in an advanced
stage of the disease ; the circulation is languid,
'J32
HEA
and the evolution of animal heat deficient ; the
lungs are oppressed with venous congestion,
whence arise dyspnosa, cough, oedema of the
lungs, and passive hemorrhage from the bron-
chial membrane; effusion takes place within
the cavities of the pleura, pericardium, or both;
the countenance is of a leaden hue ; the func-
tions of the brain are torpid, from insufficient •
aeration of the blood ; the liver is extremely
liable to become enlarged, and ascites ensues
as" a consequence of the obstruction of the por-
tal, veins: the prevalence of the dropsical di-
athesis generally shows itself first in the lower
extremities, but is never confined to these ; and,
when it once shows itself, is certain evenraally to
invade one or more of the great cavities of the
body. The above are the consequences of a
considerable degree of dilatation, but minor
degrees frequently exist for many years with-
out occasioning any formidable symptoms ; and
slight dilatation of the heart is very common in
cases of asthma, and other diseases which ob-
struct the pulmonary circulation.
The physical signs of dilatation of the heart,
with attenuation of its walls, are exactly the
reverse of those which indicate hypertrophy.
The impulse of the heart is diminished, while
its sound is increased and heard over a greater
extent of the chest than is natural. We can
here only state the physical signs of this ana
other affections of the heart in a veiy general
manner, referring the reader for more minute
information to the elaborate treatises on aus-
cultation which have appeared of late years in
France and in England, at the same time cau-
tioning him not to adopt too implicitly some
of the minor distinctions pointed out by their
authors, and never to trust absolutely to the
ear, unless the information thus obtained bo
corroborated by the symptoms of the case.
Tho different forms of dilatation of the heart
have been designated by some pathologists un-
der the title of Aneurism of the heart, dilatation
with hypertrophy being called Active aneurism,
and dilatation with attenuation, Passive aneu-
rism; these, however, are unmeaning terms,
and should be banished from pathology.
6". Morbid growths. — These consist chiefly of
fungous growths and excrescences, which spring
from the lining membrane of the heart, and ac-
quire various degrees of vascularity and 'con-
sistence, and present various forms and appear-
ances. The only known cause of these morbid
productions is inflammation of the endocardium,
and they are more frequently found springing
from that portion of the membrane which cov-
ers the valves, in which case the valves them-
selves are often ossified. It is probable that in
some cases the excrescences in question origi-
nate from the gradual organization of portions
of lymph effused on the surface of the inflamed
membrane ; in other cases there seems to be no
reason to attribute them to such an origin, and
they are probably caused by some unknown
perversion of action in the vessels of the mem-
brane itself, like polypi in other parts. They
are more frequently met with in the left than
in the right cavities of the heart. Morbid
growths, of a bony consistence, are occasionally
met with, usually attached to the valves, but
HE A
sometimes springing from other parts of the
endocardium.
7. Morbid depositions and degenerations. —
These consist chiefly in the formation of bony
matter, and in fatty and greasy degenerations.
Ossific deposits are common in the pericardium
and under the lining membrane of the heart, in
m the situation of the valves. They have occa-
sionally, also, been found in the muscular sub-
stance of the heart, large portions of which, in
some rare instances, have been found convert-
ed into bone. Fat is often deposited, in very
largo quantities, within the pericardium, and
sometimes insinuates itself between the mus-
cular fibres, causing atrophy of the muscular
substance. In other cases, small portions of
the substance of the heart, generally toward
the apex, have been found infiltrated with a
greasy matter. It does not appear that these
fatty and greasy degenerations are productive
of any particular bad effects.
8. Diseases of the valves and orifices of the
heart. — The valves of the heart, consisting of
fibrous membrane invested on each side by the
serous membrane which lines the cavities of
the heart, are, like other parts of similar texture,
particularly liable to cartilaginous induration
and to ossification. It would appear that these
changes always commence in the fibrous part,
and are consequently situated under the serous
membrane. All the valves of the heart are lia-
ble to these diseases, but those of the left side
are much more so than those of the right. The
induration of the valves on the right, also, sel-
dom goes beyond the cartilaginous stage, or, at
all events, not so frequently as on the left side.
The mitral valve is more frequently diseased
than any other; next to this, the semilunar
valves of the aorta: disease of the tricuspid
valve is not very common, and that of the semi-
lunar valves of the pulmonary artery very rare.
Bony degenerations of the valves of the heart
appear to be of two very different kinds ; in
the one a cartilaginous induration becomes
gradually converted into an imperfectly organ-
ized bone; in the other, a calcareous matter,
which possesses no organization, is deposited in
a caseous or steatomatous nidus. The fonner
appears to be generally the result of inflamma-
tion of the endocardium, or of straining of the
valve%from over-action of the heart ; the latter
of that ossific diathesis, prevalent in old age,
which occasions bony depositions in various
parts of the arterial system. Fungous growths,
or vegetations, as they are strangely called,
are frequently found springing from the serous
membrane of the indurated valves.
Disease of the valves, when to any consid-
erable extent, is almost always connected in
the relation of cause or effect with hypertrophy
or dilatation; the case, therefore, is usually a
mixed one, in which the symptoms and signs
of hypertrophy or dilatation are complicated
with others indicative of obstruction to the free
exit of the blood from the cavities of the heart.
The symptoms of hypertrophy or of dilatation
are greatly aggravated by the presence of the
valvular disease, and to these are superadded
intermission or irregularity of the pulse; the
bellows, or rasp sound; and, occasionally, the
HEA
purring tremor. In general, disease of the
auriculo-ventricular valves occasions more ir
regularity of the pulse than that of the semi-
lunar valves; the pulse, also, is more affected
by disease of the valves on the left than on the
right side of the heart. .The degree of rough-
ness of the sounds which attend the contrac-
tions of the heart depends chiefly on the degree
of valvular obstruction ; and the sound varies
from the softest bellows sound to the roughest
rasp sound. The situation in which the sound
is heard most distinctly indicates the particular
valve which is diseased.
In the case of the mitral valve, the sound
seems nearest when the stethescope is applied
at the left margin of the sternum, between the
third and fourth ribs; when the aortic valves
are affected, the sound is most distinct about
the middle of the sternum (speaking relatively
both to its length and breadth) ; when the tri-
cuspid valve is diseased, the sound is clearest
at a point a little to the right of the mesial line
of the sternum, opposite to the space between
the third and fourth ribs. The purring tremor
is sometimes present and sometimes absent; it
is chiefly heard when the action of the heart is
increased by a fit of palpitation. It is not by
itself at all diagnostic of disease of the valves,
because it occurs, also, in other morbid states
of the heart. It is to be observed, also, that a
single auscultation is by no means sufficient to
enable us to form a just opinion as to the presence
or absence of disease of the valves, since, from
causes not easily explained, we may be able to
detect no sound one day, although it be loud
and distinct on another. The above is a very
rude, though, it is hoped, not very incorrect
outline of the pathology and semeiography of
the organic diseases of the heart ; the limits of
this dictionary do not permit us to extend it.
With respect to the treatment of these dis-
eases, the general principles which should guide
the practitioner may be stated in few words.
When, as most frequently happens, the organic
change is consecutive on some other disease, as,
for example, hypertrophy on inflammation of
the investing or lining membranes of the heart,
or passive dilatation on congestion in the lungs,
it is our business to remove the cause, if this be
possible, before the effects have become se-
rious ; again, when we can perceive no manifest
cause of such structural changes, we have no
immediate means of preventing or arresting
them : hence the curative treatment of such
diseases resolves itself entirely into that of the
affections on which they may be consecutive.
With respect to the palliative treatment, it con-
sists in the avoidance of all causes which can
hurry or disturb the circulation, as too active
exercise, strong emotions of the mind, the use
of indigestible aliments, or sudden vicissitudes
of temperature; the occasional use of blood-
letting, when necessary to relieve congestion ;
of digitalis, to allay increased action of the heart;
and of those means calculated to obviate disor-
ders of the digestive organs, which have very
great influence in producing an irritable state o*
the heart. By a judicious observance of these
rules, the fatal termination of organic diseases
of the heart may often be kept at Day for a long
333
H EC
time, and the patient exempted from any very
severe Buffering.
Heart, displacement of the. Ectopia cor-
dis. This may occur congenitally, or by the
pressure of neighboring organs. This organ has
also been found variously malformed.
Heartburn. Cardialgia.
Heart-shaped. Cordate.
Heart-wort. Laserpitiuin album.
Heart's-ease. Viola tricolor.
HEAT. Caloric.
Heat, absolute. This term is applied to
the whole quantity of caloric existing in a body
in chemical union.
Heat, animal. Animal temperature.
Heat, free. Heat that is sensible to the
touch or thermometer.
Heat, latent. When any object is in equi-
librium with the bodies which surround it with
respect to its heat, that quantity which it con-
tains is not perceptible by any external sign or
organ of sense, and is termed combined caloric,
or latent heat.
Heat, prickly. Lichen tropicus.
Heat, sensible. Free heat.
Heat, specific The amount of heat requir-
ed to bring a given body to a certain tempera-
ture, as compared with the number of degrees
necessary to elevate water or another body, is
termed its specific heat. This is ten and a half
times greater in water than mercury.
Heat, vital. Animal temperature.
Heath. Erica vulgaris.
Heavy carbonated hydrogen. Carbureted
hydrogen.
Heavy inflammable air. Carbureted hy-
drogen.
Heavy spar. Sulphate of barytes.
HE'BE. (H6tj; from t)6au, jlores, vigeo.)
The hair which grows upon the pubes, or the
age wheu it appears.
Hebe'tudo. Amaurosis. — Paulus dSgineta.
HEBRADE'NDRON. A genus of trees, fam-
ily Guttifercc, inhabiting Ceylon, Siam, and the
East Indies. The II. cambogioiles yielde gam-
boge, and was mistaken formerly for the Sta-
lagmites cambogioides, which see.
HE'CTIC. (Hecticns; cktikoc; from tftc,
habit.) Appertaining to the habit or constitu-
tion.
Hectic fever. Febris kectica. A disease
of great perplexity and irregularity. The char-
acter of the disease is well given by John
Hunter in the following words: "Hectic may
be said to be a slow mode of dissolution ; the
general symptoms are those of a low or slow
fever, attended with weakness, but more with
the action of weakness than real weakness : for,
upon the removal of the hectic cause, the action
of strength is immediately produced, as well as
every natural function, however much it was
decreased before. The particular symptoms
are debility ; a small, quick, and sharp pulse ;
the blood forsaking the skin ; loss of appetite ;
often rejection of all aliment by the stomach ;
wasting; a great readiness to be thrown into
sweats ; sweating spontaneously when in bed ;
frequently a constitutional purging."
It commonly commences slowly and insid-
iously, and is not suspected for some months;
334
HEL
and the only symptoms noticeable are, lassitude
upon slight exercise, loss of appetite, and a
wasting of the flesh. But if these symptoms
be connected with a general increase of pulse,
so that the artery beats from ninety to a hun-
dred, or a hundred and twenty strokes in a
minute, there will be a real ground for appre-
hension.
Where the disease is evidently symptomatic,
the case must depend upon curing, or, if incur-
able, upon removing, when this can be accom-
plished, the part affected. Where idiopathic,
we must combat, as far as we are able, the ir-
ritable diathesis ; and above all things endeavor
to strengthen, without increasing, the action of
the machine. The best sedatives, as well as
tonics, arc vegetable acids. The state of the
body should be attended to ; exercise, light, nu-
tritious diet, and light bitters, with sarsaparilla,
may bo employed, but with little hope of re-
covery.
Hectic opy'r a. Hecticopyretos. Hectic
fever.
Hectogramme. One hundred grammes,
equal to 3 ounces 1 drachm and 434 grains troy,,
or 1543-4 grains.
Hectolitre. A measure of 100 litres, or
211-35 pints.
HEDE'OMA. (a, a, f.) 1. American pen-
nyroyal. 2. A genus of plants. Diandric/..
Monogynia. Labiates. — H. pulegioides. Amer-
ican pennyroyal. A very common indigenous
plant, of an aromatic, pungent smell, closely re-
sembling pennyroyal. It is astimulant aromatic,
and given in popular practice as a tea in men-
strual retentions. The oil, oleum hedeoma, is
officinal.
HEDERA HELIX. II. arborca. The ivy.
The leaves are very nauseous ; the berries are
6uid to be emetic. The stalk yields, by exuda-
tion, the Giimmi hedera:. It has a stroag, resin-
ous, agreeable smell, and an astringent taste.
Though never used in the practice of the pres-
ent day, it possesses corroborant, astringent, and
antispasmodic virtues.
Hedf.ra terrestris. Glechoma hederacea,.
Hedera'ce*:. Plants allied to the ivy.
Hedge garlic. Alliaria officinalis.
Hedge hyssop. Gratiola officinalis.
Hedge mustard. Erysimum alliaria.
Hedgehog. Erinaceus.
Hedgehog mushroom. Hydnum erinaceum.
He'dra. Edpa. A fracture of the cranium,
with depression. — Hippocrates.
Hedyo'smos. Mint.
Hedy'pnois. The dandelion.
HEDY'SARUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Diadelphia. Decandria. — H. alhagi.
A small shrub of Persia and Mesopotamia. Its
leaves become covered during the night with a
granular manna or honey dew, which is used as
food, and has a little laxative quality.
Helco'ma. Ulceration.
Helcy'drion. A little ulcer.
Helcy'ster. The crotchet.
Hele'nine. Aconcrete volatile oil of the Inu-
la helenium: it is crystalline: form., CieHioOj.
Hele'nium. Inula helenium.
HELE'NIUM AUTUMNALE. Sneezewort.
An indigenous, perennial, composite plant,.
n e l
which is bitter and acrid. It is said to be use-
ful in interrnittents.
Heleoselinum. Eleoselinum.
Helianthemum. . Helianthus.
HELIA'NTHUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamic/, frustranea.
Composite. — //. annuus. The sun-flower. The
seeds have been made into a nutritious bread.
— H. tuberosus. Jerusalem artichoke. The
tubers somewhat resemble the potato.
HELICA'LIS. Appertaining to the helix, or
border of the ear.
Helicalis major. See Helicis major.
Helicalis minor. See Helicis miiun:
He'licine arteries. The short, curved
Tessels and arteries of the penis.
HE'LICIS MAJOR. A proper muscle of
the ear, which depresses the part of the carti-
lage of the ear into which it is inserted: it lies
upon the upper or sharp point of the helix, or
outward ring, arising from the upper and acute
part of the helix anteriorly, and passing to be
inserted into its cartilage a little above the
tragus.
HELICIS MINOR. A proper muscle of the
ear, which contracts the fissure of the ear : it is
situated below the helicis major, upon part of
the helix. It arises from the inferior and ante-
rior part of the helix, and is inserted into the
cms of the helix, near the fissure in the cartilage
opposite to the concha.
Helicotre'ma. The foramen by which the
ecalaj of the cochlea of the internal ear commu-
nicate.
Heliosco'pios. Helianthus andheliotropium.
HELIOSTAT. (From 77/Uoc, the sun, and
iotijui, I stand.) A mirror which is so adjusted
as to move with the sun, and thus throw a beam
of light in the same direction during the day.
He'liotrope. Heliotropium. Heliolropius
lapis. The blood-stone.
Heliotro'pii succus. See Croton.
Heliotropium indicum. Convolvulus bata-
tas.
Heliotropium majus. This is the heliotro-
pium europaum of Linnasus, which is bitter
throughout.
Heliotropium tricoccum. See Croton.
Helis fulvescens. Symptomatic diffused
eph elis. — Swediaur.
HE'LIX. (ix, ids, m. EA<& a spiral line ;
from 1 t?.u, to turn round.) The external circle
or border of the outer ear, that curls inward.
The genus of snails. — H. pomatia. The garden
snail. It was formerly used in medicine.
Hellebora'ster. Helleborus foetidus.
Helleborastrum. See Helleborus.
Hellebore, American. Veratrum viride.
Hellebore, black. Helleborus niger.
Hellebore, white. Veratrum album.
HELLE'BORUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Polyandria. Polygynia. Ranuncu-
lacece. — H. albus. See Veratrum album.
Helleborus fostidus. Stinking hellebore,
or bear's-foot. Helleboraster. The leaveB pos-
sess anthelmintic powers. It commonly op-
erates as a cathartic, sometimes as an emetic,
and, in large doses, proves highly deleterious.
Helleborus nicer. Helleborus. Black hel-
lebore. Christmas rose. The root, when fresh,
HEM
is bitterish, and somewhat acrid : it has a nau-
seous, acrid smell. The ancients esteemed it
as a powerful remedy in maniacal cases. At
present it is exhibited principally as an altera-
tive, or, when given in a large dose, as a pur-
gative. It often proves a very powerful em-
menagogue in plethoric habits, where steel is
ineffectual or improper. It is also recommend-
ed in dropsies, and some cutaneous diseases.
Dose, in powder, gr. iij. to 3ss., as an alterative;
above this it is a drastic purge.
Helleborus orientalis. The root of tins-
Eastern species is still used in the Levant, and
was formerly much esteemed in mania, epilep-
sy, and dropsy.
Helmet. Galea.
Helmet-flower. See Anthora.
HELMI'NTHAGOGUE. (Hclminthagogus;
from eTi/itvc, a worm, and ayu, to drive out.)
Synonymous with anthelmintic.
H elmi'nthia. Helminthiasis.
HELMINTHIASIS. (is,is,f. EfytvOiaoir,
from etytvg, which signifies any species of
worm.) A disease in which worms, or the
larvae of worms, are bred in any part of the
body.
Helmi'nthic. Helminthic us. Appertaining
to worms.
Helminthoco'rton. Fucus helminthocorton.
HELMINTHOLO'GY. A treatise or de-
scription of worms.
HELO'DES. (From eloc, a swamp.) 1. A
fever, characterized throughout by profuse
sweating. The sweating sickness. 2. Marsh
fever.
Helonias officinalis. Veratrum sabadilla.
Helo'pyra. Hylepyretos. Marsh fever.
He'i.os. The tumor formed by prolapsus
iridis.
H E L O ' S I S. (From n/iu, to turn.) An
eversion or turning out of the eyelids.
Helvella esculenta. According to Per-
soon, this and the H. mitra are eaten for the mo-
rel, with which they are confounded.
He'lxine. See Parictaria.
He'matine. See Hcematin.
Hematosin. See Hcematosin.
Hematu'ria. See Hematuria.
HEMERALO'PIA. (a, a, f.; from yptpa,
the day, and ui/;, the eye.) A defect in the
sight, which consists in being able to see in
broad daylight, but not in the evening. It pro-
ceeds from too great an habitual exposure to
light, whence the retina becomes torpid, and
requires a strong stimulus to arouse it. Atnoon-
tide, therefore, it is sensible to the impression
of objects, but does not clearly discern them
in the shade, toward the close of the day, or
by ordinary candle-light.
He'merai.ops. One who sees only in the
day-time.
HEMEROCA'LLIS. A genus of plants.
Hexandria.. Monogynia. Liliaeea. — H.fulva.
Tawny day-lily. The leaves are cooling, and
the roots aperient.
HEMI-. A prefix (from rjfiiove, half), mean-
ing half, and corresponding with semi.
Hemicerau'nios. A bandage for the back
and breast. — Galen.
HEMIC RA'NIA. (a, a-, f.; from J7/uo»r,
335
HEP
half, and itpaviov, the head.) A pain that af-
fects only one side of the head. It is generally
nervous or hysterical, sometimes bilious ; and,
in both cases, sometimes comes at a regular
period, like an ague. When it is accompanied
by a strong pulsation, like that of a nail pierc-
ing the part, it is denominated claims.
HEMIDE'SMUS INDICUS. An asclepia-
daceous plant of East India, yielding the Indian
6arsaparilla.
He mio'bolon. Half an obolus, or the twelfth
part of a drachm.
Hemioni'tis. Asplenium hemionitis.
HEMIO'PIA. (From i\uwvc, half, and ott-
rojiai, to see.) A defect of vision, in which a
person sees only the half of an object.
Hemipa'gia. Hemicrania.
HEMIPLE'GIA. Hemiplexia. (From r/fii-
avg, half, and ttTltjoou, to strike : so called be-
cause one side of the body is affected.) See
Paralysis.
HEMI'PTERA. Iusects having the upper
wings half membranous and half coriaceous.
Hemirho'mbion. An old bandage, which
•extended half way round the part it was ap-
plied to.
HEMISPHERE. (Hemisphera, a, f.; half
a globe.) The two masses which form the up-
per part of the brain are called the hemispheres
of the brain.
Hemi'tomon. An old bandage, which was
cut half way down.
Hemitritje'us. Semitertian ague.
Hemlock. Conium maculatum.
Hemlock dropwort. (Enantho crocata.
Hemlock-tree. It. spruce. Pinus cana-
densis.
Hemlock, water. Cicuta virosa.
Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage.
Hemp. Cannabis sativa.
Hemp-agrimony. See Enpatorium.
Hemp, Indian. Commonly this means Apo~
■cynum cannabinum, but it is also used for the
Cannabis indica.
Hemp, water. See Eupatorium.
Hemp-seed calculus. The small varieties of
the mulberry calculus have been so called.
Henbane. Hyoscyamus niger.
Henbane of pehu. Tobacco.
Hen-blindness. Nyctalopia.
Henna. Lawsonia inermis.
HE'PAR. (ar, atis, n. Hnap, the liver.)
See Liver.
Hepar antimonii. An oxy-sulphuret of an-
timony. Antimonium vitrum.
Hepar martiale. A compound of liver of
sulphur and oxide of iron.
Hepar sulphuris. See Sulphuretum.
Hepar sulphuris volatilis. Boyle's fum-
ing liquor. The hydrosulphuret of ammonia.
Hepar uterinum. The placenta.
HEPATA'LGIA. (a, a-, f. ; from nirap, the
liver, and ahyoc, pain.) Pain in the liver.
Hepatalgia calculosa. The pain caused
by the passage of biliary calculi.
Hepatalgia phlegmonoides. Hepatitis.
Hepataposte'ma. Abscess of the liver.
Hepatemphra'xis. Hepatic obstruction.
HEPATIC. (Hepalicus; from tftrap, the liv-
er.) 1. Belonging to the liver. 2. Liver color.
336
HEP
Hepatic air. Sulphureted hydrogen.
Hepatic artery. Arteria hepatica. The
artery which nourishes the substance of the liv-
er. It arises from the cceliac, where it almost
touches the point of the lobulus Spigelii. Its
root is covered by the pancreas ; it then turns
a little forward, and passes under the pylorus
to the porta of the liver, and runs between the
biliary ducts and the vena porta;, where it di-
vides into two large branches, one of which
enters the right, and the other the left lobe of
the liver. In this place* it is inclosed, along
with all the other vessels, in the capsule of
Glisson.
Hepatic duct. Ductus hepaticus. The
trunk of the biliary pores. It runs from the
sinus of the liver toward the duodenum, and is
joined by the cystic duct, to form the ductus
communis choledochus. See Biliary duct.
Hepatic flux. A form of dysentery accom
panied with copious discharge of bilious mat-
ter.
Hepatic plf.xus. It is composed of filaments
from the cceliac plexus, and which accompany
the hepatic artery.
Hepatic veins. Vena hepatica;. From the
extremities of the vena porta?, and also from
those of the hepatic artery, a number of veins
arise, which are called vence hepatica;, and ac-
company the branches of the hepatic artery and
vena portun. The brunches of the hepatic veins
finally unite into two or three large trunks,
which recede from the hepatic artery and vena
porta?, and terminate in the vena cava ascend-
ens, just below the diaphragm.
HEPA'TICA. (a, a-, f.) 1. American
liverwort. 2. A genus of plants. Polyandria.
Polygaviia. Ranunculacccc. — H. americana is
officinal, and, with H. acutiloba, is used in do-
mestic practice as a demulcent, but is of little
value.
Hepatica fontana. Marchantia.
Hepatica herba. See Marchantia.
Hepatica jecoraria. H. stellata. H. ter
rcstris. H. vulgaris. Marchantia.
Hepatica nobilis. Anemone hepatica.
HEPAT'ICiE. The liverwort tribe of aco-
tyledonous plants. Cellular, flowerless plants,
consisting of an axis or stem, either leafy or
bordered; the reproductive organs are valved
ihecm of different kinds.
HEPATIRRH(E'A. (a, a, f. ; from nirap,
and peu, to flow.) 1. A purging, with bilious
evacuations. 2. A diarrhoea, in which portions
of flesh, like liver, are voided.
HEPATISATION. (Hepatisalio, onis, f. ;
from vnap, the liver : so called from its appear-
ing like liver.) The conversion of any texture
into a substance resembling liver. The term is
applied chiefly to the lungs. Hepatisation is
generally divided into red and yellow; the for-
mer deriving its color from the presence of
blood, the latter from purulent infiltration.—
See Pneumonia.
HEPATI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from vnap, the
liver.) Inflammatio hepatis. An inflammation
of the liver. A disease attended with inflam-
matory fever; tension and pain of the right
hypochondrium, often pungent, like that of a
pleurisy, but more frequently dull or obtuse; 8
het
pain at the clavicle, and at the top of the shoul-
der of the right side ; much uneasiness in lying
down on the left side; difficulty of breathing;
a dry cough, vomiting, and hiccough. It is of
two kinds, acute and chronic.
The acute species of hepatitis comes on with
a pain in the right hypochondrium, extending
up to the clavicle and shoulder, increased by
pressing upon the part; is accompanied with
cough, oppression of breathing, and difficulty
of lying on the left side, with nausea aud sick-
ness, and often with a vomiting of bilious mat-
ter. The urine is of a deep saffron color, and
small in quantity ; there is loss of appetite, great
thirst, and costiveness, with a strong, hard, and
frequent pulse ; and when the disease has con-
tinued for some days, the skin and eyes become
tinged of a deep yellow. When the inflamma-
tion is in the cellular structure or substance of
the liver, it is called, by some, hepatitis paren-
chymatosa ; and when the gall-bladder, which
is attached to this organ, is the seat of inflamma-
tion, it has been called hepatitis cystica.
The chronic species is usually accompanied
with a morbid yellow complexion, loss of ap-
{)etite and flesh, costiveness, indigestion, flatu-
ency, pains in the stomach, a yellow tinge of
the skin and eyes, clay-colored stools, high-col-
ored urine, depositing a red sediment and ropy
mucus ; an obtuse pain in the region of the liv-
er, extending to the shoulder, and not unfre-
quently with a considerable degree of asthma.
Hepatitis, like other inflammations, may end
in resolution, suppuration, gangrene, or scir-
rhus; its termination in gangrene is a rare oc-
currence in temperate, but a very frequent ono
in hot climates.
The treatment of this disease is different in
the two forms which it assumes. Acute hepa-
titis is treated like other acute inflammation,
except in the way in which mercury is exhibit-
ed. The lancet and purgatives are to be freely
used in strong patients. The bowels are next
to be cleared, until the nature of the evacuations
shows that it is not likely that any frecal matter
remains in the intestines in a solid form, and
that the bile passes off* freely. This is best
done by calomel, in such doses as to affect the
gums rapidly. If the bowels be morbidly open,
opium is to be combined with the calomel. In
all cases where it becomes doubtful whether
the lancet should be again resorted to, cupping
and leeches are useful; after which, a large
blister should bo applied over the affected or-
gan. In very acute cases, salivation is to be at-
tempted also by rubbing mercurial ointment
into the legs and thighs. The appearance of
a soreness of the gums is a precursor of a de-
cline of the disease. Hepatitis soon shows in
what way it will terminate ; and if no diminu-
tion of the symptoms is affected, death soon
takes place, from the violence of the inflamma-
tory action, or from gangrene. A gradual mit-
igation of the force of the symptoms indicates
its resolution. A shivering, with remission of
febrile action, announces the formation of pus :
an abscess then forms, and bursts either through
the integuments, or into the stomach, colon,
lungs, or kidney. As soon as this becomes
known, the strength of the patient is no longer
HER
to be reduced : the strict antiphlogistic diet be-
fore adopted must yield to a more nourishing
one, but not a stimulating one ; and tonics, es-
pecially bitters, as calumba and gentian, or cas-
carilla, are to supply the place of the former
medicines.
Chronic hepatitis requires the same treatment
with the acute, but in miniature. Cupping,
and frequently applying leeches, are beneficial.
Mercurial alteratives are especially serviceable,
as the pilula hydrargyri submuriatis composita,
or small doses of the blue pill, administered
regularly, so as to effect a perceptible action on
the gums,, and no more. The use of the nitro-
muriatic acid bath and sponging, with doses of
the acid of gtt. v., three times a day, is often
serviceable in hot climates. A mild diet, exer-
cise, and change of climate, are the great restor-
atives.
Hepatization. See Hepatisation.
Hepatizon. Symptomatic diffused ephelis.
HEPATOCE'LE. (e, es, f. ; from rjirap, and
ktiTiT}, a tumor.) A hernia, caused by a portion
of the liver protruding through the abdominal
parietes.
Hepatoco'lic. Pertaining to the liver and
colon ; a ligament of the liver.
Hepato-ga'stric omentum. The lesser
omentum, which passes from the liver to the
stomach.
Hepatography. A description of the liver.
Hepatohje'mia. Congestion of the liver.
Hepatolo'gy. A treatise on the liver.
Hepatoma'lacia. Softening of the liver.
Hepatoxcus. Tumefaction of the liver.
Hepatophy'ma. An abscess of the liver.
Hepatorrha'gia. See Hepatirrhaa.
Hepatotomia. Dissection of the liver.
Hepi'alus. A mild quotidian fever.
HEPTA'NDRIA. Heptandrous. (From
enra, seven, and avr/p, a man, or husband.)
Plants with hermaplirodite flowers and seven
stamens.
Heptaphy'llum. The tormentil.
Heptaple'urum. The plantago major.
Heptar-tomphalus. An umbilical hernia,
including a portion of the liver.
HERACLE'UM. (mot, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentartdria. Digynia. Vmbellifera. —
H. gummiferum. See Dorema ammoniacum. —
H. lannatum. (U.S.) Masterwort. It is an in-
digenous species, which has stimulant and car-
minative properties. The dose of the dried
root is 3'j. to 3iij. — H. spondylium. Spondylir
urn. Cow-parsnip. All-heal. It is said to be
useful in the cure of dysentery.
Heracleus morbus. Epilepsy.
Herb bennet. Geum urbanum.
Herb Christopher. Actaea spicata.
Herb of grace. Gratiola officinalis.
Herb mastich. Thymus mastichina.
Herb Robert. Geranium Robertianum.
Herb trinity. Anemone hepatica.
HE'RBA. (a, ce, f.) A herb. There are
two kinds: annuals, which perish the same
year; and biennials, which have their leaves
the first year, and their flowers and fruit the
second, and then die away.
Herba alexandrina. Smyniium alexandri
num.
337
HER
HER
Herba benedicta. Geum urbanum.
Herba BRiTANMCA. Rumex hydrolapa-
thum.
Herba felis. Nepeta cataria.
Herba julia. Milfoil.
Herba melancholieuga. Fumaria offici-
nalis.
Herba militaris. Achilkca millefolium.
Herba paris. Paris quadrifolia.
Herba patri. Primula veris and crithmum
maritimum.
Herba regia. Ocymum officinalis.
Herba sacra. Verbena trifoliata.
Herba sanct^e barbareje. Erysimum bar-
barea.
Herba trinitatis. Anemone he patica.
Herba'ceus. Herbaceous; like an herb.
Herba'list. A dealer in herbs.
HERBA'RIUM. Hortus siccus. A collection
of dried specimens of plants.
Herbi'vorous. Hcrbivorus. Feeding on
herbs.
Herboriza'tion. A botanical tour.
Hercules's all-heal. Laserpitium chiro-
nium.
He'rcules bo'vii. An old emetic, &c.
HERE'DITARY DISEASES. Morbi hered-
itarii. Diseases which are propagated from
parents to their offspring, as gout, scrofula, ma-
nia, phthisis pulmonalis, &c.
HERM A'PH RODITE. (Hermapkrodilus ;
from Ep/xnc, Mercury, and KtypoiiTn, Venus : i.
€., partaking of both sexes. ) 1 . A person whose
organs of generation are so deibrmed as to
make it doubtful to which sex he belongs.
Many inferior animals are really hermaphro-
dite. 2. In Botany, an hermaphrodite flower
is one which contains both stamens and pistil.
HERME'TIC. Hermeticus. Appertaining
to chemistry.
Hermetic medicine. Medicine as practiced
by the chemical sect, as opposed to the Galeni-
cal medicine.
Hermetic seal. The closing the end of a
glass vessel by fusion.
HERMODA'CTYLUS. Hermodactyl. A
ioot much celebrated among the ancients for
the cure of gout. See Colchicum.
Hermo'laos. Ep/zoAaor. A collyviuin.
HE'RNIA. (a, <c, f . ; from epvoc, a branch;
from its protrudiug out of its place.) Ecnexis.
Ramex. A rupture. Surgeons understand by
the term hernia, a tumor formed by the protru-
sion of some of the viscera of the abdomen out
of that cavity into a kind of sac, composed of
the portion of peritoneum, which is pushed
before them. However, there are certainly
some cases which will not be comprehended
in this definition, either because the parts are
not protruded at all, or have no hernial sac.
The places in which these swellings most fre-
quently make their appearance are the groin,
the navel, the labia pudendi, and the upper and
fore part of the thigh ; they do also occur at
every point of the anterior part of the abdo-
men; and there are several less common in-
stances, in which hernial tumors present them-
selves at the foramen ovale, in the perineum,
in the vagina, at the ischiatic notch, &c. The
parts which, by being thrust forth from the
338
cavity in which they ought naturally to remain,
mostly produce hernia, are either a portion of
the omentum, or a part of the intestinal canal,
or both together. But the stomach, the liver r
the spleen, uterus, ovaries, bladders, &c., have
been known to form the contents of some her-
nial tumors. From these two circumstances
of situations and contents are derived all the
different appellations by which hernial are dis-
tinguished. If a portion of intestine only forms
the contents of the tumor, it is called entero-
cele; if a piece of omentum only, epiplocelc;
and if both intestine and omentum contribute to
the formation of a tumor, it is called entero-
cpiploccle. When the contents of a hernia are
protruded at the abdominal ring, but only pass
as low as the groin, or labium pudendi, the
case receives the name of bubonocele, or ingui-
nal hernia; when the parts descend into the
scrotum, it is called an oscheocele, or scrotal
hernia. The crural, or femoral hernia, is the
name given to that which takes place below
Poupart's ligament. When the bowels pro-
trude at the navel, the case is named an exom-
phalos, or umbilical hernia; and ventral is the
epithet given to the swelling when it occurs at
any other promiscuous part of the front of the
abdomen. The congenital rupture is a very
particular case, in which the protruded viscera
are not covered with a common hernial sac of
peritoneum, but are lodged in the cavity of the
tunica vaginalis, in contact with the testicle ;
and, as must be obvious, it is not named, like
hernia in general, from its situation or contents,
but from the circumstance of its existing from
the time of birth.
When the hernial contents lie quietly in the
sac, and admit of being readily put back into
the abdomen, it is termed a reducible hernia;
and when they suffer no constriction, yet can
not be put back, owing to adhesions, or their
large size in relation to the aperture through
which they have to pass, the hernia is termed
irreducible. An incarcerated or strangulated
hernia signifies one which not only can not be
reduced, but suffers constriction ; so that, if a
piece of intestine be protruded, the pressure to
which it is subjected stops the passage of its
contents onward toward the anus, makes the
bowel inflame, and brings on a train of most
alarming and often fatal consequences.
The general symptoms of a hernia which is
reducible and free from strangulation are, an
indolent tumor at some part of the parietes of
the abdomen ; most frequently descending out
of the abdominal ring, or from just below Pou-
part's ligament, or else out of the navel; but
occasionally from various other situations. The
swelling mostly originates suddenly; and it is
subject to a change of size, being smaller when
the patient lies down upon his back, and larger
when he stands up or draws in his breath.
The tumor frequently diminishes when press-
ed, and grows large again when the pressure
is removed. Its size and tension often increase
after a meal, or when the patient is flatulent.
Patients with hernia are apt to be troubled with
colic, constipation, and vomiting, in consequence
of the unnatural situation of the bowels. Very
often, however, the functions of the viscera
HER
seem to suffer little or no interruption. When-
ever the hernia is large, a truss, well adjusted
to the person, should be worn constantly when
out of bed.
Hernia aquosa. Hydrocele.
Hernia arterauum. An aneurism.
Hernia bkonchiahs. Bronchocele.
Hernia carnosa. Sarcocele.
Hernia cerebri. Encephalocele. This term
has been applied to several different cases.
One case is where there is a congenital defect
in the ossification of some part of the cranium,
and the subjacent portion of the brain project-
ing through the aperture, forms a tumor under
the integuments. Another case is where there
is a congenital deficiency of a large portion,
both of the cranium and integuments, and the
greater part of the brain protrudes : this is a
monstrosity which is incompatible with the
continuance of life for a longer period than a
few days. A third case is where a tumor con-
nected with the brain rises through the "aper-
ture made in the operation of trephining. Con-
cerning the nature of the last-mentioned case,
there is difference of opinion among surgical
writers; and, indeed, the tumor seems to be
of a different character in different cases, some-
times consisting of the substance of the brain,
at others of a mass of congealed blood, and at
others, again, of a fungous mass, which has been
supposed to spring from the cerebral substance ;
it is very likely, however, that fungous tumors
of the dura mater may frequently have passed
under the name of hernia cerebri.
Hernia congenita. This species of hernia
consists in the adhesion of a protruded portion
of intestine or omentum to the testicle after its
descent into the scrotum. This adhesion takes
place while the testicle is yet in the abdomen.
Upon its leaving the abdomen, it draws the ad-
hering intestine, or omentum, along with it into
the scrotum, where it forms the hernia congen-
ita. The descent is not always before birth.
The appearance of a hernia, in very early
infancy, will always make it probable that it is
of this kind ; but in an adult, there is no reason
for supposing his rupture to be of this sort but
his having been afflicted with it from his infan-
cy; there is no external mark or character
whereby it can be certainly distinguished from
the one contained in a common hernial sac ;
neither would it be of any material use in prac-
tice if there was.
Hernia cruralis. Femoral hernia. The
parts composing this kind of hernia are always
protruded under Poupart's ligament, and the
swelling is situated toward the inner part of
the bend of the thigh. The rupture descends
on the side of the femoral artery and vein, be-
tween these vessels and the os pubis. Females
are particularly subject to this kind of rupture,
in consequence of the great breadth of their
pelvis, while in them the inguinal hernia is
rare. The situation of the tumor makes it lia-
ble to be mistaken for an enlarged inguinal
gland, or a bubonocele. The femoral hernia,
However, may always be discriminated by the
neck of the tumor having Poupart's ligament
above it. In the bubonocele, the angle of the
pub eg is behind and below this part of the sac ;
HER
but in the femoral hernia, it is on the same
horizontal level, a little on the inside of it.
In the crural hernia, the aperture through
which the parts issue is not formed by two
bands (as in the inguinal hernia), but it is a
foramen, almost round, proceeding from the
internal margin of the crural arch (Poupart's
ligament), near its insertion into the branch of
the os pubis, between the bone and the iliac
vein ; so that, in this hernia, the branch of the
os pubis is situated more internally than the in-
testine, and a little behind ; the vein externally,
and behind ; and the internal border of the arch
before. Now it is this border which always
forms the strangulation.
Hernia, epiploic. See Hernia.
Hernia femoralis. Hernia cruralis.
Hernia flatulenta. Pneumatocele. Windy
rupture ; a rupture, in the contents of which
there is much gurgling, from an accumulation
of gas.
Hernia guttalis. //. gutluris- Broncho-
cele.
Hernia humorai.is. Orchitis.
Hernia incaucerata. Incarcerated hernia.
Strangulated hernia, or a hernia with stricture.
The symptoms are a swelling in the groin, &c.^
resisting the impression of the fingers. If the
hernia be of the intestinal kind, it is generally
painful to the touch, and the pain is increased
by coughing, sneezing, or 'standing upright.
These are the very first symptoms, and if they
are not relieved, are soon followed by others,
viz., a sickness at the stomach, a frequent
retching, or inclination to vomit, a stoppage of
all discharge per anum, attended with frequent,
hard pulse, and some degree of fever. These
are the first symptoms ; and if they are not ap-
peased by tho return of the intestine, that is, if
the attempts made for this purpose do not suc-
ceed, the sickness becomes more troublesome,
the vomiting more frequent, the pain more in-
tense, the tension of the belly greater, the fever
higher, and a general restlessness comes on,
which is very terrible to bear. When this is
the state of the patient, no time is to be lost ;
a very little delay is now of tho utmost conse-
quence; and if the one single remedy which
the disease is now capable of be not adminis-
tered immediately, it will generally baffle ev-
ery other attempt. This remedy is the oper-
ation whereby the parts engaged in the stric-
ture may be set free. If this be not now
performed, the vomiting is soon exchanged for
a convulsive hiccough, and a frequent gulping
up of bilious matter : the tension of the belly,
the restlessness and fever, having been consid-
erably increased for a few hours, the patient
suddenly becomes perfectly easy, the belly
subsides, the pulse, from having been hard,
full, and frequent, becomes low, languid, and
generally interrupted, and the skin, especially
that of tho limbs, cold and moist; the eyes
have now a languor and glassiness ; the tumor
of the part disappears, and the skin covering it
sometimes changes its natural color for a livid
hue, and has a crepitus when touched. This
crepitus is the too sure indicator of gangrenoua
mischief within. In this state the gut either
goes up spontaneously, or is returned with the
«39
HER
smallest degree of pressure ; a discharge is
made by stool, and the patient is generally
much pleased at the ease he finds; but this
pleasure is of short duration ; for the hiccough
and the cold sweats continuing and increasing,
with the addition of spasmodic rigors and sub-
sultus tendinum, the tragedy soon finishes.
In using the taxis, or attempt to restore the
intestine, the tissues should be relaxed, if neces-
sary, by the hot bath, or the action of nausea,
produced by antimony, or cautious injections
of a weak infusion of tobacco into the rectum.
Hernia inguinalis. Bubonocele. Inguinal
hernia. It appears in both sexes at the groin.
It includes all herniee in which the parts dis-
placed pass out of the abdomen through the
inguinal ring. There are three different parts
that may produce a hernia in the groin, viz.,
one or more of the intestines, the epiploon, and
the bladder. That which is formed by one or
more of the intestines was called by the an-
cients entcroccle. The intestine which most
frequently produces the hernia is the ilium, be-
cause, being placed in the iliac region, it is
nearer the groin than the rest; but, notwith-
standing the situation of the other intestines,
which seems not to allow of their coming near
the groin, we often find the jejunum, and fre-
quently, also, a portion of the colon and crecum,
included in the hernia. It must be remember-
ed that the mesentery and mesocolon are mem-
braneous substances, capable of extension,
"which, by little and little, are sometimes so far
stretched by the weight of the intestines as to
escape with the ilium in this species of hernia.
The hernia made by the epiploon is called epi-
plocele, as that caused by the epiploon and any
of the intestines together is called enlcro-epi-
plocclc. The hernia of the bladder is called
cystocelc. Hernia of the bladder is uncommon,
and has seldom been known to happen but in
conjunction with some of the other viscera.
When the parts, having passed through the ab-
dominal rings, descend no lower than the groin,
it is called an incomplete hernia ; when they
fall into the scrotum in men, or into the labia
pudendi in women, it is then termed complete.
The disorders in which a mistake may possi-
bly be made, are the circocele, bubo, hydro-
cele, and hernia humoralis, or inflamed testicle.
Hernia intestinalis. Enterocele. A rup-
ture caused by the protrusion of a portion of
the intestine.
Hernia ischiatica. A rupture at the ischi-
atic notch. This is very rare.
Hernia lachrymalis. A swelling of the
lachrymal sac from over-distension.
Hernia mesenterica. Mesenteric hernia.
If one of the layers of the mesentery be torn
by a blow, while the other remains in its natu-
ral state, the intestines may insinuate them-
selves into the aperture, and form a kind of
hernia. The same consequences may result
from a natural deficiency in one of these layers.
Sir A. Cooper relates a case in which all the
small intestines, except the duodenum, were
thus circumstanced. The symptoms during
life were unknown.
Hernia mesocolica. Mesocolic hernia. So
named by Sir A. Cooper, when the bowels
340
HER
glide between the layers of the mesocolon.
Every surgeon should be aware that the intes-
tines may be strangulated from the following
causes: 1. Apertures in the omentum, mesen-
tery, or mesocolon, through which the intestine
protrudes. 2. Adhesions, leaving an aperture,
in which apiece of intestine becomes confined.
3. Membranous bands at the mouths of hernial
sacs, which, becoming elongated by the fre-
quent protrusion and return of the viscera, sur-
round the intestine, so as to strangulate it with
in the abdomen when returned from the sac
Hernia omentalis. Epiplocele. An omen
tal rupture ; or a protrusion of the omentum
through any of the apertures of the abdomen.
Hernia oschealis. A scrotal hernia.
Hernia perinealis. Perineal hernia. In
men, the parts protrude between the bladder
and rectum; in women, between the rectum
and vagina. The hernia does not project so as
to form an external tumor; and in men, its
existence can only be distinguished by exam-
ining from the l-ectum. In women, it may be
detected both from this part and the vagina.
Hernia pharyngis. Pharnygocele.
Hernia phrenica. Diaphragmatic or phren
ic hernia. The abdominal viscera are occasion-
ally protruded through the diaphragm, either
through some of the natural apertures in this
muscle, or deficiencies, or wounds and lacer-
ations in it.
Hernia pudendalis. Pudendal hernia.
This is the name assigned by Sir A. Cooper to
that which descends between the vagina and
ramus ischii, and forms an oblong tumor in the
labium, traceable within the pelvis, as far as the
os uteri.
Hernia sacci lachrymalis. Rupture of the
lachrymal sac, a cause of fistula lachrymalis.
Hernia scrotalis. Hernia oscheaAs. Os~
cheocele. When the omentum, the intestine, or
both, descend into the scrotum, it has these ap-
pellations ; when the omentum only, it is called
epiploschcocele. It is styled a perfect rupture,
in contradistinction to a bubonocele, which is
the same disorder; but the descent is not so
great. The hernia scrotalis is distinguished
into the true and false: in the former, the
omentum, or intestine, or both, fall into tho
scrotum; in the latter, an inflammation, or a
fluid, causes a tumor in this part, as in hernia
humoralis, or hydrocele. Sometimes sebaceous,
matter is collected in the scrotum; and this
hernia is called steatocele.
Hernia thyroidealis. Hernia foraminis
ovalis. Thyroideal hernia. In the anterior and
upper part of the obturator ligament there is an
opening, through which the obturator artery,
vein, and nerve proceed, and through which,
occasionally, a piece of omentum or intestine
is protruded, covered with a part of the peri-
toneum, which constitutes the hernial sac.
Hernia umbilicalis. Umbilical rupture.
Exomphalos. In old umbilical ruptures, the
quantity of omentum is sometimes very great.
In recent and small ruptures, this sac is very
visible ; but in old and large ones it is broken
through, at the knot of the navel, by the press-
ure and weight of the contents, and is not al-
ways to be distinguished ; which is the reason
HER
why it has, by some, been doubted whether
this kind of rupture has a hernial sac or not.
Infants are very subject to this disease, in a
small degree ; but, in general, either get rid of
it as they gather strength, or are easdy cured
by wearing a proper bandage. It is of still
more consequence to get this disorder cured in
females than in males, that its return, when
they are become adult and pregnant, may be
prevented as much as possible ; ibr at this time
it often happens from the too great distension of
the belly, or from unguarded motion, when the
parts are upon the stretch.
Hernia uteri. Hysterocele. Hernia of the
uterus. Jnstances have occurred of the uterus
oeing thrust through the rings of the muscles ;
but this is scarcely to be discovered, unless in
a pregnant state. It may be occasioned by vio-
lent muscular efforts, by blows on the abdomen
at the time of gestation, and also by wounds
and abscesses of the abdomen, which permit
the uterus to dilate the part.
Hernia vaginalis. Vaginal hernia. A tu-
mor occurs within the os externum of the va-
gina. It is elastic, but not painful. When
compressed, it readily recedes, but is reproduced
by coughing, or even without this, when the
pressure is removed. The inconveniences pro-
duced are an inability to undergo much exer-
cise or exertion, for every effort of this sort
brings on a sense of bearing down. The vagi-
nal hernia usually protrudes in the space left
between the uterus and rectum.
Hernia varicosa. Varicocele. See Cirso-
ccle.
Hernia venarum. Varix.
Hernia veneris. A swelled testicle.
Hernia ventosa. See Pneumatocele.
Hernia ventralis. A hernia may appear
at almost any point of the anterior part of the
belly, but is most frequently found between
the recti muscles.
Hernia ventricui.i. Gastrocelc. A ventral
rapture, caused by the stomach protruding
through some part of the abdominal parietes.
It rarely occurs but at or near the navel.
Hernia vesicalis. Hernia cystica. Cysto-
cele. The urinary bladder is liable to be thrust
forth from its proper situation, either through
the opening in the oblique muscle, like the in-
guinal hernia, or under Poupart's ligament, in
the same manner as the femoral.
He'rnial. Relating to a hernia or rupture.
Herniaria glabra. Rupture-wort. It has
no active property.
Hernioto'my. The operation for hernia.
HE'RPES. (cs, is, m.; epnnc; from epnu,
to creep: because it spreads and creeps about
the skin.) Tetter. A cutaneous disease, known
by an assemblage of numerous little vesicles, in
clusters, itching very much, and difficult to heal,
but terminating in furfuraceous scales. The
eruption is preceded, when it is extensive, by
considerable constitutional disorder, and is ac-
companied by a sensation of heat and tingling,
sometimes by severe deep-seated pain in the
parts affected. The lymph of the vesicles,
which is at first clear and colorless, becomes
gradually milky and opaque, and ultimately con-
cretes into scabs : but, in some cases, a copious
. HER
discharge of it takes place, and tedious ulcera-
tions ensue. The disorder is not contagious in
any of its forms. The species are :
Herpes phltct.k nodes. This species of the
eruption is commonly preceded by a slight feb-
rile attack for two or three days. The small
transparent vesicles then appear, in irregular
clusters, sometimes containing colorless, and
sometimes a brownish lymph ; and for two or
three days more, other clusters successively
arise, near the former. About the fourth day,
the inflammation round the vesicles assumes a
duller red hue, the vesicles themselves break,
and discharge their fluid, or begin to dry and
flatten, and dark or yellowish scabs concrete
upon them. These fall off about the eighth or
tenth day, leaving a reddefied and irritable
surface, which slowly regains its healthy ap-
pearance. As the successive clusters go through
a similar course, the termination of the whole
is not complete before the thirteenth or four-
teenth day.
Herpes zoster. Shingles. It is usually
1 receded, for two or three days, by languor and
oss of appetite, rigors, headache, sickness, and
a frequent pulse, together with a scalding heat,
and tingling in the skin, and shooting pains
through the chest and epigastrium. Sometimes,
however, the precursory febrile symptoms are
slight, and scarcely noticed, and the attention
of the patient is first attracted by a sense of
heat, itching, and tingling in some part of the
trunk, where he finds several red patches, of an
irregular form, at a little distance from each
other, upon each of which numerous small ele-
vations appear, clustered together. These, if
examined minutely, are found to be distinctly
vesicular; and, in the course of twenty-four
hours, they enlarge to the size of small pearls,
and are perfectly transparent, being filled with
a limpid fluid. The clusters are of various di-
ameter, from one to two, or even three inches,
and are surrounded by a narrow red margin, in
consequence of the extension of the inflamed
base a little beyond the congregated vesicles.
During three or four days, other clusters con-
tinue to arise in succession, and with consider-
able regularity; that is, nearly in a line with
the first, extending always toward the spine
at one extremity, and toward the sternum, or
linea alba of the abdomen, at the other, most
commonly round the waist, like half a sash, but
sometimes like a sword-belt, across the shoulder.
These pass through the same changes as the
former, but do not exfoliate before the twentieth '
or twenty-fourth day.
This disease is to be treated by laxatives and
diaphoretics ; the vesicles are not to be dress-
ed unless abrasions of the skin occur. •
Herpes circinatus. Ringworm. It ap-
pears in small circular patches, in which the
vesicles arise only round the circumference:
these are small, with moderately red bases, and
contain a transparent fluid, which is discharged
in three or four days, when little, prominent,
dark scabs form over them. The central area
in each vesicular ring is at first free from any
eruption; but the surface becomes somewhat
rough, and of a dull red color, and throws off
an exfoliation, as the vesicular eruption declines,
341
HER
which terminates in about a week, with the
falling off of the scabs, leaving the cuticle red
for a short time. It is very tedious to cure.
Astringent washes are used to allay the irri-
tation, especially sulphate of iron and copper.
Herpes labiai.is . A vesicular eruption upon
the edge of the upper and under lip, and at the
angle of the mouth, sometimes forming a semi-
circle, or even completing a circle round the
mouth, by the successive rising of the vesicles,
is very common, and has been described by the
oldest writers. At first the vesicles contain a
transparent lym2>h, which in the course of
twenty-four hours becomes turbid, and of a
yellowish-white color, and ultimately assumes
a puriform appearance. The lips become red,
hard, and tumid, at well as sore, stiff, and pain-
ful, with a sensation of great heat and smart-
ing, which continues troublesome for three or
four clays, until the fluid is discharged, and
thick, dark scabs are formed over the excoriated
parts. The swelling then subsides, and in four
or five days more the crusts begin to fall off;
the whole duration being, Bfl in the other her-
petic affections, about ten or twelve days. It
may be idiopathic, but is usually symptomatic
of visceral irritation.
Hr'spes pr^putiai.is. The attention of the
patient is attracted to the prepuce by extreme
itching, with some sense of heat ; and oil exam-
ining it, finds one, or sometimes two red patch-
es, about the size of a live cent piece, upon
which are clustered five or six minute transpa-
rent vesicles, which, from their extreme tenu-
ity, appear of the same red hue as the base on
which they stand. In the course of twenty-
four or thirty hours, the vesicles enlarge, and
become of a milky hue, having lost their trans-
parency; and on the third day they are co-
herent, and assume an almost pustular appear-
ance. If the eruption is seated within that part
of the prepuce which is, in many individuals,
extended over the glans, so that the vesicles are
kept constantly covered and moist (like those
that occur in the throat), they commonly break
about the fourth or fifth day, and form a small
ulceration upon each patch. This discharges a
little turbid serum, and has a white base, with
a slight elevation at the edges ; and by an inac-
curate or inexperienced observer it may be
readily mistaken for chancre, more especially
if any escharotic has been applied to it, which
produces much irritation, as well as a deep-
.seated hardness beneath the sore, such as is felt
in true chancre. If no irritant be applied, the
slight ulceration continues till the ninth or tenth
day nearly unchanged, and then begins to heal ;
which process is completed by the twelfth, and
the scabs fall off on the thirteenth or fourteenth
day. The vesicles scab sooner on the dry skin.
No applications are necessary.
Herpes iris. This rare and singular morbid
appearance, which has not been noticed by
medical writers, occurs in small circular patch-
es, each of which is composed of concentric
rings, of different colors. Its usual seat is on
the back of the hands, or the palms and fingers,
sometimes on the instep.
No internal medicine is requisite in the treat-
ment of the different species of herpes, except
342
HET
| when the constitution is disordered (and then
the general antiphlogistic plan must be adopt-
ed) ; for, like the other eruptive diseases, which
go through a regular and limited course, they
can not be interrupted or accelerated in then'
progress by any medicinal expedient ; but their
termination may be retarded by improper treat-
ment.
Herpes ambulati'vus. Probably erratic
erysipelas.
Herpes depa'sce.vs. An eating or corrod-
ing form of herpes.
Herpes esthio'menos. A variety of herpes
where there is great destruction of the skin by
ulceration. ^
Herpes exe'dens. A form of herpes in
which there is a rapid spreading of the disease
Herpes farino'sus. This is characterized
by its having furfuraceous exfoliations.
Herpes ferus. An erysipelas.
Herpes i'ndious. A fiery, itchy herpes, pe-
culiar to India.
Herpes mili a'ris. Herpes is so called when
it begins with an eruption like millet-seeds.
Herpes peri'rcei.es. The shingles.
Herpes pustulo'sus. This name lias been
given to ttu? different forms of acne.
Herpes serpi'oo. The ringworm. Herpej
circinatus.
Herpes siccus. The dry, mealy tetter.
Herpes zoster. The shingles, tine Herpes.
HERPETIC. Hcrpeticus. (From herpes, ;i
disease of the skin.) Relating to herpes.
Herpetogra'p-h i a . I lorpetography. The
description of herpes.
HERPETO'LOGY. Herpetologia, (From
tpirerog, a reptile, and /.oyog, a discourse.) A
term of zoology applied to the study of reptiles.
He'rpeton. A creeping pustule or ulcer.
Herring. Clupea harengus.
Hesmis. A quarter of a pound.
HESPERI'DEiE. Plants which have rigid,
evergreen leaves, odorous and polyandrous
flowers ; as the myrtle, clove, &c.
H e s p e ' r i n i s e . Ilesperidina. A peculiar
crystallizable matter detected in unripe, bitter
oranges by Lebreton and Bmndes.
Hes PEiimiUM. A fruit of the structure of the
orange and lemon.
Hessian crucible. A crucible or melting-
pot of fine clay and sand, used for common
purposes in the laboratory.
HETERO-. A prefix (from erepoc, different) ;
of frequent use in medicine, and signifying dif-
ference.
Hetero'chymeusis. Depraved chymifac-
tion and sanguification ; and a class of diseases
indicating this, as phthisis, chlorosis.
Hetero'clite. Heterologous.
Hetero'crinia. A modification in the s<v
cretion produced by an organ.
Heterogenous. Opposed to homogenous,
and used to designate a difference in the parts
of any thing.
Heterologous formations. Tissues or for-
mations different from those of the healthy
body ; the same as heteroplasis.
Heteromo'rphism. A deviation from the
natural figure.
HETERO'PATHY. Heteropathi'a. (From
HID
erepoe, different, and nadoc, affection.) That
mode of treating diseases in which a morbid
state is removed by inducing a different morbid
state. It is opposed to Homoeopathy.
HETERO'PLASIS. Heteroplasty. (From
trepoc, and irhaotc, formation.) A different
formation from those belonging to the healthy
body, as in the production of cancer, tubercles,
&c. — Lobstein.
Hetero'phoxia. A cracked voice.
Heteuo'poda. An order of gastcropodous
mollusca. — Cuvicr.
HETERO'SARCOSES. (From erepoe, and
cap!;, flesh.) A class of diseases characterized
by the production of false tissues. — Gcndrin.
Heter&'taxia. Malposition of organs.
Hetero'tropal. In Botany, a seed in
which the embryo lies across the lobes, and not
in their axis.
H E U C H E ' R A . ( a, a;, f. ) 1 . The alum
root. (U.S.) 2. A genus of plants. Pcntan-
dria. Digynia. Saxifragew. — //. cortusa. II.
■amcricana. II. viscida. The alum root, or
American saniclc, is a perennial, indigenous
plant, the root of which is powerfully astrin-
gent, and was much used by the Indians as an
application to wounds and ulcers.
Hkudolotia africaxa. A terebintaceous
plant, said to yield gum bdellium.
Hevev guianensis. H. clastica. One of the
trees said to yield Indian rubber.
Heve'ene. An oil obtained in the rectifica-
tion of oil of caoutchouc.
HEXAGY'NIA. (a, w, f.) Hermaphrodite
plants with six pistils.
HEXA'NDRIA. {a, a, f.) Hermaphrodite
iplants with six stamens of an equal length.
Hexape'talous. Six-petaled.
Hexaphy'llous. Six-leaved.
H E ' X I S. (Efo ; from e,r«, to have.) A
habit or constitution of body.
HG. Mercury: from hydrargyrum.
HIA'TUS. (From hiare, to open or gape.)
1. A foramen, aperture, or passage. 2. Yawn-
ing.
Hiatus Fallopii. The aqmeductus Fallopii.
Hiatus of Winslow. The foramen of Wins-
low.
HIBI'SCUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Monadelphia. Polyandria. Malvaccm. — H.
abelmoschns. The plant which yields musk
seed. Granum moschi. It is indigenous ih
Egypt. The Arabians esteem the seeds cor-
dial, and mix them with coffee. — H. populaceus.
A shrub of Molucca ; yields a resinous fruit and
emetic root.
Hiccup. Hiccough. Singultus.
Hickory. Trees of the genus Carya. The
ashes are used in popular medicine and dys-
pepsia, and contain much carbonate of potash.
HIDRO'A. (\6pua; from idpuc, sweat.) 1.
Sudamina. 2. Eczema. — Sauvagcs.
HiDRO y NOsos. Sudor anglicus.
Hidropho'rous. Diaphoretic.
Hidropy'retus. A sweating fever.
HI'DROS. (From iSpuc, sweat.) Sweat.
Used in the composition of many words, as
Hidroticum, sudorific.
Hidro'tica. Sudorifics.
Hidro'ticus. Sudorific.
HI I
Hidus . Flowers of brass. — Ruland.
Hi'era picra. Aloetic powder, made into
an electuary with honey.
Hierabo'tane. Verbena trifoliata.
Hieraca'ntha. A sort of thistle.
HIERA'CIUM. (urn, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia aqualis. Com-
posita;. — H. alpimim. H. minus. Hypochairis.
— H. montanum. Chondrilla. — H. pilosella.
Mouse-ear. Hieraoulum. This plant contains
a bitter, lactescent juice, which has a slight de-
gree of astriilgency. — H. pulcrum. Chondrilla.
Hieraculum. See Hieracium.
Hiera'nosos. 1. The epilepsy. 2. Chorea.
3. Convulsions.
Hiera'jicum. An old mfdagnia.
Highgate resin. Fossil copal.
Highmore, antrum of. Antrum highmort-
anum.
Higue'ro. The calabash-tree. Crcsccntia
cujetc of Linnrcus, the fruit of which is said to
be febrifuge.
Hill's balsam of honey. Balsam of honey.
Hill's essence of bardana. A solution of
guaiac in proof spirit.
HI'LUM. (wi, i, n.) The scar or point by
which the seed is attached to its seed-vessel.
Hilum lienis. The fissure of the spleen at
which the vessels enter.
H i m a n t o's i s . Hi' mas. Relaxation of the
uvula.
HINAU. The Elwocarpus hinau. A tree of
New Zealand, the bark of which is astringent,
and used in dyeing.
HIP. 1. The articulation of the thigh with
the pelvis. See Femoris os. 2. The ripe fruit
of the dog-rose. They are chiefly used as a
sweetmeat, or as a confection. See Confectio
rosm caninm.
Hip bone. Ischium.
Hippantropia. A diseased imagination, or
melancholy, in which an individual fancies
himself a horse.
HIPPO-. (From imvoc, a horse.) A prefix,
signifying a large size, or compounded of hip-
pos, a horse.
H i p p o c a' m p u s . Two convolutions of the
brain, situated on the comu ammonis, are eo
called. See Enccphalos.
Hippoca'stanum. The horse-chestnut
iEsculus hippocastanum.
Hi'ppocras. An old aromatic wine.
Hippocrates' sleeve. Manica Hippocratis.
Hiitocratic face. See Fades Hippocratica.
Hippoi.a'pathum. Rumex patientia.
Hippolith. Hippolithvs. A concretion of ■
animoniacal phosphate of magnesia, found in
the intestines of horses.
HIPPO'MANE. A genus of plants. Mona-
cia. Monadelphia. The H. mancinella of
India is the poisonous manchineel, the sap of
which is used to poison arrows by the natives.
HirpoMA'RATiiiiuM. Peucedanum silaus.
Hipposeli'num. Smymium olusatrum.
HIPPU'RIC ACID. (From imroc, a horse,
and ovpoc, urine.) A constituent of the urine of
horses and other ruminants. It is also present
in the urine of persons taking benzoic acid. It
crystallizes in square pi lams, which are sparing-
ly soluble and bitter ; formula, C'i8ll»NO B -4-HO
343
HOL
Hippuris vulgaris. Horse's or mare's tail.
It is astringent. The same virtue is attributed
to the Equisetum arvense, jluviatile, limosum,
which are directed indiscriminately by the term
Equisetum.
HI'PPUS. (us, i, m. ; from lkwoc, a horse;
because the eyes of those who labor under this
affection ai'e continually twinkling and trem-
bling, as is usual with those who ride on horse-
back.) A repeated dilatation and alternate
constriction of the pupil, arising from a spas-
modic affection of the iris.
Hips. The fruit of the Rosa canina.
Hi'ra. The jejunum.
Hi'rcine. The fluid component of goat's fat
and mutton suet, having the smell of the animal,
and producing, by saponification, Hircic acid.
HI'RCUS. Capra hircus ; the goat.
Hircus bezoarticus. Bezoar orientale.
Hi'rquus. The corner of the eye.
HIRSU'TIES. Hairiness ; a species of dis-
ease in which hair grows in unusual situations,
or in more than usual abundance.
Hirsu'tus. Hairy.
Hi'rtus. Rough-haired.
HIRU'DO. The leech, which see.
Hirudo medicinalis. See Leech.
Hirundina'ria. Lysimachia nummularia
and asclepias vincetoxicum.
Hiru'ndo. (o, onis, f.) The bird called a
swallow. It was formerly esteemed medicinal
in epilepsy, diseases of the eyes, &c.
Hispi'dula herba. Gnaphalium.
Hi'spidus. Hispid; bristly.
HISTOGE'NIA. Histogeny. (From laroc,
organic, and yeveoic, generation.) The doctrine
of the formation and development of organic
textures.
Histology. The anatomy of the minute
textures.
Hive syrup. This most inappropriate name
is given by the United States Pharmacopoeia to
the syrupus scillse compositus; for if hives means
croup, no professional man would place any de-
pendence on the syrup for its cure.
HIVES. This term is employed in the north
of England and Scotland to designate a species
of chicken-pox, the Varicella globularis of Wil-
lan, but in the United States is used for croup,
both by the profession and popularly.
Hoarseness. Raucedo.
Hoary. Glaucus; incanus.
Hoffman's anodyne. Hoffmani liquor ano-
dynus. The spiritus ajtheris sulphurici com-
positus.
Hog. Sus scrofa.
Hog's fennel. Peucedanum officinale.
Hog gum. The produce of the rhus meto-
pium.
Hog's lard. Adeps praparata.
Holce. OXKtj. A drachm.
Holcus sorghum. Guinea corn.
Holera'ckous plants. Culinary or pot
herbs.
Hollands. Gin.
Hollt. Ilex aquifolium.
Holly, dahoon. Ilex vomitoria.
Holly, ground. Chimaphillsi umbellata.
Holly, knee. Ru»cub aculeatus.
Holly, sea. Eryngium maritimum.
344
HOM
Hollyhock. Alcea rosea.
Holmi'scus. 1. A small mortar. 2. The
alveolar cavities.
Holophly'ctis. A little pimple which ap-
pears all over the body.
Holo'steus. Holo'stes. Holo'steum. Oste-
ocolla.
HOLOTO'NICUS. (From oloc, whole, and
reivu, to stretch.) That form of tetanus has
been so called in which the muscles are uni-
versally affected.
Holy thistle. Centaurea benedicta.
Holybut. Pleuronectes hypoglossus.
Holywell. See Malvern.
Ho'ma. An anasarcous swelling.
Homberg's phosphorus. Ignited chloride
of calcium.
Homberg's pyrophorus. A mixture of burnt
alum and dried brown sugar, which takes fire
when exposed to the air ; or a mixture of three
parts of lamp-black, four of burnt alum, and
eight of carbonate of potash.
Homberg's sedative salt. Boracic acid.
HOMO. Man. Man, considered as an object
of zoology, is a mammiferous animal, belonging
to the order Bimana, or two-handed, of which
he constitutes the sole genus. Man is distin-
guished from other animals by a much greater
development of mind ; by the use of articulate
speech, as a means of communicating ideas ;
and by moral and religious feelings, wliich are
unknown to the inferior animals. The genus
is divided into three prominent classes, of which
there are many species: they are the Cauca'
sian, including the European and Arabian fam-
ilies; the Mongolian tribe of Chinese Tartars,
Hindostane.se, and Indians ; and the Negro race.
HOMO-. A prefix (from o/moc, the same),
designating similarity ; as Home-genesis, the pro-
duction of like objects.
HoMorLATA. Omoplata.
HoMffio'pATH. Homaopalhist. One who
practices on homoeopathic principles.
HOMOKO'PATHY. (Homosopathia ; from
ofioioc, similar, and iradoc, affection. ) The doc-
trine of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, of Leipsic.
According to this, every medicine has a specific
power of causing alterations in the healthy sys-
tem, by which a certain diseased state is set
up ; but when a medicine is given to a person
already laboring under that disease wliich the
medicine has a natural tendency to produce,
the effect will be to resolve the disease. The
medicines are given in doses extremely small,
as the millionth part of a grain. It is a princi-
ple with Hahneman that only one medicine L-<
to be administered at a time, and that the
medicinal substances employed must be per-
fectly pure. Most of the preparations are the
expressed juice of the plant before flowering,
preserved in alcohol : for use, it is diluted with
water. Some of the medicines most frequent-
ly employed are strychnia, belladonna, aconi-
tum, arnica, conium, bryony, nux vomica. The
vegetable alkaloids are also used. The object
in any administration is to discover the speci
fie medicine. With respect to the practice, it
mainly consists of regulating the diet and hab-
its nf tho patient.
Homoio'sis. Homiosh- The elaboration of
HOR
the chyle, by which it is assimilated to the
blood, &c.
Homoge'nous. Having the same structure
throughout.
Homologous. Of the same nature ; having
the same ratio or proportion. ••
Homo'tonos. Syn. with acmasticos.
Homotro'pal. Having the same direction
as the body to which it belongs. An embryo
is so called, the summit of which points to the
apex of the seed.
Hone's ty. The plant lunaria rediviva.
Honey. See Mel.
Honey-cup. The nectary.
Honey of squill. Syrupusscillaecomposltus.
Honey dew. A sweet exudation found on
the leaves of many plants during moist, foggy
weather, said to be produced by aphides.
Honeysuckle. Lonicera periclymenum.
Honeycomb-like. Favose.
Hooded. Cucullate.
Hoof-shaped. Ungulate.
Hooper's pills. An emmenagogue of
great celebrity, composed of aloes, myrrh, sul-
phate of iron, and canella bark, somewhat re-
sembling the Pilula ferri composita.
HOOK. A curved steel implement attached
to a handle. The tenaculum is a hook much
employed by surgeons. The obstetrical blunt
hook is a curved bar of steel, which is passed
into the uterus for the purpose of embracing a
limb of the fostus, and assist in bringing it down,
when it is so bent as to impede parturition.
Hooping-cough. See Pertussis.
i Hop. Humulus lupulus.
Hope's mixture. A medicine of great celeb-
rity in hepatic obstructions, with diarrhoea. It
consists of camphor mixture, f. §viij. ; dilute ni-
trous acid, f. 3,1- ; tincture of opium, gtt. xl.
Hoplochri'sma. Unguentum armarium.
Ho'rdein. The starch of barley.
Hordei semina. Pearl barley.
HORDE'OLUM. (urn, i, n. ; diminutive of
hordeum, barley.) A little tumor on the eye-
lids ; a sty. Scarpa remarks, the sty is strictly
only a little boil, which projects from the edge
of the eyelids, mostly near the great angle of
the eye. It suppurates slowly and imperfectly,
and, when suppurated, has no tendency to
burst.
HO'RDEUM. {urn, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Triandria. Digynia. Graminece.
Hordeum causticum. Veratrum sabadilla.
Hordeum distichon. Hordeum vulgare.
Hordeum perlatum. Hordeum vulgare.
Hordeum vulgare. Common barley. It is
very nutritious and mucilaginous, and in com-
mon use as a drink, when boiled, in inflamma-
tory diseases and affections of the chest, espe-
cially where there is cough or irritation about
the fauces. A decoction of barley with gum is
considered a useful diluent and demulcent in
dysuiy and strangury ; the gum mixing with
the urine, sheathes the urinary canal from the
acrimony of the urine. Among the ancients,
decoctions of barley, /cpidn, were the principal
medicine, as well as aliment, in acute diseases.
Barley is freed from its husks in mills, and in
this state called Scotch and French barley. In
Holland they rub barley into small round
HUM
grains, somewhat like pearls, which is there-
fore called pearl barley, or hordeum perlatum.
Horehound. Marrubium vulgare.
Horehound, black. H., stinking. Ballota
nigra, or B. fcetida.
Horehound, wild. Eupatorium teucrifolium.
Horizontal. Horizontalis. Arranged in a
straight line and level position.
Horminum. Salvia sclarea.
HORN. Cornu. An animal substance re-
sembling the gelatinous tissue. Form., protein
-4-NH3-I-O3. It is combined with about a half
per cent, of solid matter. See Cornu.
Horn silver. The native chloride of silver.
Horn quicksilver. A native calomel of a
horn-like appearance.
Horn lead. Chloride of lead.
Hornblende. A common crystalline min-
eral of a green color ; a silicate of lime, mag-
nesia, and iron.
Horn-pock. See Variola.
Horn-seed. Ergot.
Horn-shaped. Cornutus.
Horrida cutis. The cutis anserina.
HORRIPILA'TION. (Horripilatio, onis, f. ;
from horror, and pilus, a hair.) A shuddering
or sense of creeping in different parts of the
body.
Horse-chestnut. JEsculus hippocastanum.
Horse-radish. Cochlearia armoracia.
Horse-radish-tree. The moringa ptery-
gosperma.
Horse-tail. Hippuris vulgaris.
Ho'rtus. The female genitals.
Hortus siccus. A collection of dried plants.
HO'SFITAL. (From hospes, a guest.) An
institution for the reception and treatment of
the sick.
Hospital gangrene. A peculiar form of
gangrene, which sometimes prevails in hospi-
tals. See Mortification.
Hound's-tongue. Cynoglossum officinale.
HOUR-GLASS CONTRACTION. A spas-
modic contraction of the circular or transverse
fibres of the uterus, whereby it is thrown into
the shape of an hour-glass. This sometimes
occurs after labor, if the placenta is not soon
removed, causing it to be retained in the upper
portion for some time. A similar morbid con-
dition is sometimes produced in the stomach
by the action of poisons.
House-leek. Sempervivum tectorum.
Howard's hydro-sublimate. Jewell's
calomel.
Huaco. See Guaco.
Huama'lies bark. See Cinchona bark, va-
rious.
Huanu'co bark. See Cinchona bark, various.
HUME'CTANT. (Humectans; from humec-
to, to make moist.) Synonymous with diluent.
HU'MERAL. Humeralis. Belonging to the
humerus or arm.
Humeral artery. Arleria humeralis. Bra-
chial artery. The axillary artery, having passed
the tendon of the great pectoral muscle, changes
its name to the brachial or humeral artery,
which name it retains in its course down the
arm to the bend, where it divides into the radial
and ulnar arteries. In this course it gives off/
several muscular branches, three of which only
345
H U M
H Y D
deserve attention: 1. The arteria profunda su-
perior, which goes round the back of the arm
to the exterior muscle, and is often named the
upper muscular artery. 2. Another like it,
called arteria profunda inferior, or the lower
muscular artery. 3. Ramus anastomoticus ma-
jor, which anastomoses round the elbow with
the branches of the ulnar artery.
Humeralis musculus. See Dclloides.
HUME'S TEST FOR ARSENIC. The so-
lution of nitrate of silver and ammonia, or
ammoniaco-nitrate of silver. It precipitates the
arsenic of a light yellow color.
HU'MERUS. (us, i, m. ; from ufioc, the
shoulder.) 1. The arm. 2. The shoulder. 3.
The bone of the arm, os humeri, or os brachii.
A long, cylindrical bone, situated between the
scapula and fore-arm. The upper extremity
is furnished with a rounded head, which artic-
ulates with the scapula, with two tuberosities,
between which is the bicipital groove. The
shaft is somewhat flattened, and terminates in
an expanded end, which furnishes the inner and
outer condyle, the small head to articulate with
the radius, and the trochlea to articulate with
the ulna.
Humic acid. Humine. See Humus.
Hu'milis. The rectus inferior oculi.
HU'MOR. (or, oris, m. ; ab humo, from the
ground ; because moisture springs from the
earth.) Humor, a general name for any fluid
of the body except the blood.
Humor vitreus. II. glacialis. H.hyalo'ulcs.
The vitreous humor of the eye. See Eye.
HUMORAL PATHOLOGY. That patholo-
gy which attributed all diseases to disordered
states of the fluids, without taking the solids
into consideration.
Humokic. This name is given by M. Piorry
to the sound produced by percussion on the
stomach, when it is distended with air and
liquid.
Hu'morists. Those physicians who refer all
diseases to a depraved condition of the blood
and humors ; such were the followers of Galen.
Humous of thk eye. See Eye.
Humour. See Humor.
Hu Mr back. A curvature of the spine. See
•Curvatures of the spine and Vertebral disease.
Hu'mulin. The narcotic principle of the hop.
HU'MULUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Diaicia. Pcntandria. Urlicacecc.
Humui.us Lu'rui-us. The hop plant. Hops
have a bitter taste, accompanied with warmth
' and aromatic flavor, and are soporific and ton-
ic. The hop flower loses a considerable quan-
tity of its narcotic power in drying; hence
those who sleep in the hop-houses are with dif-
ficulty roused from their slumber. A pillow
Btuffed with these flowers is said, in some in-
stances, to have induced sleep when other rem-
edies had failed. The young sprouts, called
hop-tops, if plucked when only a foot above the
ground, and boiled, are eaten like asparagus,
and are u wholesome delicacy. The scales of
the hop contain a yellow powder, lupulin,
which is easily Reparable by means of a fine
sieve.
Humus. Hnmine. Decayed vegetable mat-
ter. It exists in the soil in the insoluble form,
346
as inert or coaly humus, and also in combina-
tion, as humic acid.
HUNGER. Fames. The want of solid ali-
ments. An instinctive sensation, the exact
cause of which is unknown.
Hungarian balsam. The resinous juice of
the twigs of the Pinus pumilio.
Hungary water. A perfume and stimulant
spirit, the basis of which is spirit of rosemary
and lavender.
HURA CREPITANS. A euphorbiaceous
tree of the West Indies, the sand box-tree, the
seeds of which yield an abundance of bland oil,
and are used as a medicine.
Hurtsicklk. Centaurca cyanus.
Husk. Glume.
Husson's kau medicinai.e. See Eau mcdl*
cinalc.
Huxham's tincture of bark. The tinctura
cinchona? composita.
Hy'acinth. Hyacinthus. A gem.
HYACI'NTHUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Hexandria. Monogynia. — H. mus-
can. The musk-grape flower, which, accord-
ing to Ray, possesses emetic and diuretic qual-
ities.
Hyacinthus non scriptus. Scilla nutans.
HY'ALOID. (Hyaloides ; from vakog, glass,
and Etdoe, likeness.) Transparent, like glass.
Hyaloid membrane. The capsule of the
vitreous humor.
Hyberna'culum. The winter covering of
buds.
Hybernation. The winter sleep of some
animals, during which the animal functions are
nearly suspended.
Hybo'ma. YOu/ia. A gibbosity of the spine.
HY'BRID. (Hybrida, m, m. ; from v6pic, an
injury ; because its nature is tainted.) The off
spring of two animals or plants of a different
species.
HYDA'RTHRUS. Hydarthrosis. (From
v6up, water, and apdpov, a joint.) Hydarthron,
hydarlhros, and spina ventosa of the Arabian
physicians, is termed, from its color, a white
swelling. Systematic writers have two kinds,
viz., rheumatic and scrofidous.
The knee, ankle, wrist, and elbow are the
joints most subject to white swellings. In
some instances the swelling yields, in a certain
degree, to pressure. The pain is sometimes
vehement from the very first ; in other instan-
ces, there is hardly the least pain in the begin'
ning of the disease. In the majority of scrof
idous white swellings, let the pain be trivial
or violent, it is particularly situated in one part
of the joint, viz., either the center of the articu-
lation, or the head of the tibia, supposing the
knee affected.
The morbid joint, in the course of time, ac-
quires great magnitude. Still the integuments
retain their natural color, and remain unaffect-
ed. The enlargement of the articulation, how-
ever, always seems greater than it really is, in
consequence of the emaciation of the limb, both
above and below the disease. An appearance
of blue, distended veins, and a shining smooth-
ness, are the only alterations to be noticed in
the skin covering the enlarged joint.
As the distemper of the articulation advances,
HYD
collections of matter form about the part, and
at length burst. The ulcerated openings some-
times heal up ; but such abscesses are generally
followed by other collections, which pursue the
same course. In some cases, these abscesses
form a few months after the first affection of
the joint; on other occasions, several years
elapse, and no suppuration of this kind makes
its appearance. The constitution sinks under
this irritation, and hence the disease is very
fatal. Hydarthms is generally a dropsy of the
joint, with great increase of synovia, and often
ends in caries of the bone. It is treated by
counter-irritation and the use of .iodine.
Rheumatic while swellings are very distinct
diseases from the scrofulous distemper of large
joints. In the first, the pain is said never to
occur without being attended with swelling.
Scrofulous white swellings, on the other hand,
are always preceded by a pain, which is partic-
ularly confined to one point of the articulation.
In rheumatic cases, the pain is more general,
and diffused over the whole joint.
HYDA'TID. (Hydatis, idis, f. ; from vdanc,
a vesicle, and vdup, water.) 1. A hydatid; a
pellucid cyst, containing a transparent fluid,
developed in a cavity or tissue of the human
body, &c. 2. A genus of worms.
1. Hydatis acephalocyatis. — The headless hy-
datid, or bladder -worm, found in the bladder,
uterus, brain, and other organs, and consisting
of a membranous sac. containing a transparent
fluid.
2. Hydatis ccenurus. — The hydatid containing
several animals grouped together, and termi-
nating in one tail.
3. Hydatis cysticcrcus. — The bladder-tailed
hydatid.
_ 4. Hydatis ditrachyecros. — The hydatid fur-
nished with a rough, bifurcated horn.
5. Hydatis cchinococcus. — The round, rough
hydatid.
6. Hydatis polycephalus. — The many-headed
hydatid.
7. To these may be added a white, encysted
body, which Raspail names the ovuligcr of the
joint of the wrist, and considers as a new genus,
intermediate between the cysticcrcus and the
ccenurus. The rot and the staggers in sheep
are occasioned by the development of two spe-
cies of vesicular worms, the cysticcrcus lineatus
and tenuicollis, and the casnurus ccrcbralis of
Rudolphi ; the one in the liver, or some other
abdominal viscera, the other in the ventricles
of the brain. The sheep which feed in salt
meadows are exempt from this disorder.
Hydatidocele. Hydaticele. A tumor con-
'aining hydatids.
Hydato'id. Jlydatoidcs. Aqueous; resem-
bling water.
Hy'derus. (Tdspog; from vdup, water.)
Dropsy.
HYDNUM. (vm, i, n.) A genus of fungi.
Some are eaten. All the dark-colored, with
spots, are to be suspected. — H. erinaceum.
The hedgehog mushroom. — H. coralloides.
Common coral fungus. — H. repandum. The
ehevretle. — H. auriscalpium. Brouqvichons,
which is said to be excellent.
HYDE-. Hydiiik A prefix (from vdup,
HYD
vdaroc, water), denoting the presence of water,
or of the element Hydrogen.
Hydremia. Hydroaemia.
HYDEACIDS. Those acids which, like hy-
drochloric acid, contain hydrogen, in combina-
tion with a radical.
HY'DRAGOGUE. Hydragogus. (From
vdup, water, and ayu, to drive out.) A medi-
cine is so termed which possesses the property
of increasing the secretions or excretions of the
body, so as to cause the removal of water from
any of its cavities. The term is chiefly applied
to cathartics which have this effect, as jalap,
gamboge, &c.
HYDRA'MNIOS. (From vdup, and amnios. )
A morbid accumulation of the liquor amnii.
Hydrargyra'tus. Of, or belonging to, mer-
cury.
HYDRA'RGYRI ACETAS. Acetate of mer-
cury ; called, also, Mercurius acctattis, and Pi-
lulie Kcyscri. By this preparation of mercury,
the celebrated Keyser acquired an immense
fortune in curing the venereal disease. The
dose is 'from three to five grains. Notwith-
standing the encomium given to it by some, it
does not appear to be so efficacious as some
other preparations of mercury.
Hydrargyri ammo'mo - chloridum. (Ph.
L.) Ammonio-chloride of mercury. See Hy-
drargyrum ammoniatum.
Hydrargyri bichloridi liquor. (Ph. L.)
Solution of corrosive sublimate. Take of cor-
rosive sublimate and hydrochlorate of ammo-
nia, each gr. x. ; distilled water, Oj.
Hydrargyri bichlo'ridum. Bichloride of
mercury. See Hydrargyri chloridum corrosi-
vum.
Hydrargyri bicyamdum. Bicyanide of
mercury. See Hydrargyri cyanurctum.
Hydraugyi biniodidum. Biniodide of mer-
cury. See Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum.
Hydrargyri bixo'xydum. (Ph. L.) Bin-
oxide of mei-cury. Take of bichloride of mer-
cury, fiv. ; solution of potash, f. ^xxviij. ; dis-
tilled water, Ovj . Dissolve the bichloride in the
water, and filter ; then add the solution of pot-
ash. Pour off the supernatant liquor, and wash
the precipitate in distilled water until it is free
from alkaline action; then dry with a gentle
heat. This is an orange-red, insoluble powder,
of an acrid, metallic taste. It is a powerful
irritant, and also escharotic. It was formerly
used to excite salivation; dose, gr. £ to gr. 1,
combined with opium. It is violently emetic
and cathartic in the dose of gr. iv.
Hydrargyri bisulthure'tum. Bisulphuret
of mercury. Cinnabar. See Hydrargyri sul-
phur ctiim rubrum. *
Hydrargyri borussias. Hydrargyri cya-
nuretum.
Hydrargyri bromidum. See Mercury, bro
midc of.
Hydrargyri calx alba. Hydrargyrum am,
moniatum.
Hydrargyri chlo^udum. (Ph. L.) Hy
DRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE. (U. S.) Chloridt
of mercury. Protochloride or subchloride of
mercury. Calomel. Take of mercury, ibiv.
sulphuric acid, Ibiij. ; common salt, fbiss. ; dis
tilled water, sufficient. Boil Ibij. of the mer-
347
H YD
cury with the sulphuric acid to dryness ; rub
this sulphate, when cold, with the other Ibij.
of mercury in an earthen mortar until they are
perfectly mixed; then add the common salt,
and rub until all the globules have disappeared;
then sublime. Rub the sublimate to a fine
powder, and wash it carefully with boiling dis-
tilled water, and dry. If the vaporous calo-
mel be condensed in large vessels containing
steam (Jewell's patent), it is in finer powder
than common calomel, and also perfectly free
from corrosive sublimate. In small doses of
gr. ss., it is alterative ; as a purgative, gr. iij. to
gr. v. are generally employed, combined with
other purgatives; and in doses of 9j. to 3J. it is
said to be sedative, and used with great effect
in bilious fevers, cholera, and dysentery. It is
also administered in combination as a siala-
gogue, anthelmintic, and sudorific. Externally,
it is applied to ulcers and sores as a desiccative,
and in ointment to skin diseases.
Hydrargyri chloridum corrosi'vum. (U.
S.) Corrosive chloride of mercury. Bichloride
ofmercury. Corrosive sublimate. Take of mer-
cury, Ibij.; sulphuric acid, Ibij.; common salt,
3biss. Boil the mercury and acid to dryness;
triturate this with the salt, and sublime. A
crystallino mass, soluble; taste acrid and cop-
pery; sp. gr., 5-2. Its composition is HgCl 2 . It
is a violent corrosive poison, a few grains pro-
ducing death. In cases of poisoning, the white
of eggs is a good antidote ; a recent hydrated
sulphuret of iron is also proposed. It is used
in alterative doses of gr. y ff th. to gr. £th, in so-
lution, in secondary syphilis and obstinate skin
diseases. A solution of gr. ij. to the f. 5J. of
water is used as a wash in cutaneous diseases
and venereal sores. As a gargle in syphilitic
sore throat, gr. j. to Ibj. of barley-water.
Hydrargyri cyanure'tum. (U. B.) Bi-
cyanide, oyanuret, or prussiate of mercury.
Take of Prussian blue (i'erri ferro-cyanuretum,
U. S.), fiv. ; red oxide (binoxide) of mercury,
?iij., or a sufficient quantity; distilled water,
Oij. Boil together, constantly stirring, and if
in half an hour the mixture is blue, add small
quantities of the binoxide until it becomes yel-
low ; then remove, and filter. Wash the resi-
due on the filter with a pint of distilled water.
Evaporate the solution to obtain crystals, which
may be purified by resolution, &c.
The crystals are square prisms, heavy, in-
odorous, colorless, with a metallic taste, and
soluble. Form., HgCy s , the equivalent ofmer-
cury being taken as 202. It is used to obtain
hydrocyanic acid. The Parisian Codex admits
it as an antisyphilitjc medicine ; dose, gr. £th,
in solution. It closely resembles corrosive sub-
limate in its action. There is no known anti-
dote, and therefore the stomach-pump and am-
monia should Mb employed in case of poison-
ing.
Hydrargyri DEUTO-IODIDUH. //. deuto-
iodnrelum. The binoxifte of mercury. See
Hydrargyri iodidum rttbrum.
Hydrargyri hyi>kroxioum. Hydrargyri
oxydum rubrum.
Hydrargyri iodidum. (U. S. &I'h. L.) H.
iodidum fiavum. Iodide (protiodide, subiodide)
of mercury. Take of mercury, Jj. ; iodine. ~v. ;
348
HYD
alcohol, sufficient. Rub the mercury and iodine
together, adding the alcohol gradually until the
globules are no longer visible. Dry in a dark
place, by a gentle heat, and preserve in a well-
stopped vessel. A greenish-yellow powder;
sp. gr., 7'75; insoluble in water and alcohol,
but soluble in ether and solution of iodide of
potassium. It is readily decomposed by light,
and volatilized by beat. The sublimate is in
red crystals, which become yellow on cooling.
Formula, Hgl. It is powerfully irritant, and
used in syphilis and scrofula, especially where
these coexist; dose, gr. j. The pill and oint-
ment, which see, are officinal.
Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum. (U. S.) Red
iodide of mercury. Biniodide (deutiodide, io-
dide, periodide) of mercury. Take of mercu-
ry i sj- i iodine, 3X.; alcohol, sufficient. Pro-
ceed as with the iodide. A scarlet powder;
sp. gr., 6-32. Insoluble in water, but dissolved
by alcohol, some acids, &c. It sublimes by
heat in red crystals. Composition, Hgl 2 . It
forms double compounds with alkaline iodides,
which are called hydrargyro-iodides. A power-
ful irritant, and also caustic, resembling corro-
sive sublimate. It has been used in syphilis
and scrofula ; dose, gr. yg-th. The ointment is
officinal ( Ungucntum hydrargyri liniodidi),
and has been employed, much diluted, in ob-
stinate ophthalmia tarsi, and thickening of the
Meibomian glands.
Hydrargyri murias corrosivus. //. muri-
as oxygenatus. Corrosive sublimate. See Hy-
drargyri chloridum corrosivum.
Hydrargyri murias dulcis. H. murias ditl-
cis sublimatus. H. murias suboxy genatus. Cal-
omel. Hydrargyri chloridum mite.
Hydrargyri nitras. Nitrate of mercury.
Made by the action of cold nitric acid on mer-
cury, and readily crystallizes in transparent
rhombs. HgO,N0 5 +2HO. It is violently ir-
ritant and caustic, and may be applied to fun-
gous growths. If dilute ammonia be added to
an acid solution, a black, velvet-like precipitate
is formed, which is called Hahnemau's soluble
mercury, and is, according to Kane, 2HgO,NOj
+NH 3 .
Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum. //. nitratis
ruber. Nitric oxide ofmercury. See Hydrar-
gyri oxydum rubrum.
Hydrargyri oxy'dum. H. oxydum cine-
reum. See Hydrargyri oxydum nigrum.
Hydrargyri oxydum nigrum. (U. S.)
Black oxide ofmercury. Protoxide (suboxide,
gray oxide) of mercury. Mercurous oxide.
Take of calomel and of potash, each §iv. ; wa-
ter, Oj. Make a clear solution of the potash;
stir this with the calomel until the black oxide
is formed ; wash this with distilled water, and
diy. It is a black or grayish powder ; tasteless
and insoluble, but readily decomposed by light.
HgO. It is a mild preparation. Dose, gr. ss.
to gr. iij. It is formed in the black wash, Lo-
tio nigra.
Hydrargyri oxy'dum nitricuV. See Hy-
drargyri oxydum rubrum-.
Hydrargyri oxydum rubrum. (U. S.) Red
precipitate of mercury. Nitric oxide of mer
cuiy. Take of mercury, § xxxvj. ; nitric acid,
f. 5xiv. ; water, Oij. Dissolve by a pentle heat,
HYD
and evaporate to dryness Triturate the resi-
due to a fine powder, and heat as long as red
vapors rise. It occurs as a bright scarlet crys-
talline substance, almost insoluble, and of an
acrid, metallic taste. It is an impure binoxide
of mercury with pemitrate of mercury, and,
from its escharotic action, should be employed
only externally. The powder is used to vene-
real sores, fungous growths, &c, and the oint-
ment is officinal.
Hydrargyri oxydum sut.phuricum. See
Hydrargyri sulphas flavus.
Hydrargyri oxymurias. Hydrargyri per-
murias. Corrosive sublimate. See Hydrar-
gyri chloridum corrosivum.
Hydrargyri protoioduretum (protoiodi-
DUM). See Hydrargyri iodidum.
Hydrargyri PRUSSIAS. Hydrargyri cyanu-
retum.
Hydrargyri BUBMURIAS. Hydrargyri sulf-
murias sublimatum. Calomel. Hydrargyri
chloridum mite.
Hydrargyri submurias ammoniatum. Hy-
drargyrum ammoniatum .
Hydrargyri sulphas klavus. (U.S.) Hy-
drargyri subsu/pkas Jlavus. Hydrar. sulphas.
Yellow sulphate of mercury. Subsulphate.
Sulphate of mercury. Turpeth mineral. Take
of mercury, jiv. ; sulphuric acid, Jyj. Boil, and
evaporate to diyncss. Triturate this with wai'm
distilled water ; decant and wash, until the wash-
ings give no precipitate, with solution of potash;
dry the sulphate. It is a heavy, yellow powder,
of an acrid taste, and scarcely soluble in water.
It is highly irritant, producing nausea, vomiting,
and ptyalism, in small doses. The dose, as an
alterative, is gr. ss. ; as an emetic, gr. iij. to gr.
v. It is a violent errhine, gr. j. ; may be mixed
with gr. v. of liquorice powder for this purpose.
Hydrargyri sulphure'tum nigrum. (U. S.)
Hydrar. sulphuretum cum sulphure. (Ph. L.)
Black sulphuret of mercury. iEthiops mineral.
Take of mercury and sulphur, Ibj. ; rub them
together until the globules have entirely disap-
peared. It is a heavy, black, tasteless, and in-
soluble powder, entirely volatilized by heat.
It is alterative, and used in cutaneous and
scrofulous diseases in doses of gr. v. to 3j. It
is very mild, and is said not to produce ptyalism ;
some good authorities doubt its medicinal value.
Hydrargyri sulphuretum ru'brum. (U.
S.) Red sulphuret of mercury. Bisulphuret
(sulphuret) of mercury. Cinnabar. Vermil-
ion. Take of mercury, §xl. ; sulphur, f viij.
Mix the mercury with the melted sulphur over
the fire, and as soon as the mass begins to
swell, remove the vessel from the fire and cover
it with considerable force to prevent combus-
tion; then rub the (cold) mass into powder,
and sublime. When powdered it is of a rich
red color, tasteless, heavy, insoluble, and vola-
tilized by heat; composition, HgS 2 . When
pure it is inert ( Orfila), and is only used in fu-
migations ; for this purpose, 33s. is employed in
violent secondary syphilis.
Hydrargyri supermurias. Hydrargyri
chloridum corrosivum.
Hydrargy'ria. Hydrargyrosis. Eczema
noercuriale.
HYDRARGYRO-IODIDBS. Hydrargyro-
HYD
cyanides. Compounds of iodide or cyanide
of mercury with corresponding salts of potassi-
um, sodium, &c. They are not officinally em-
ployed in medicine.
HYDRA'RGYRUM. {urn, i, n. Tdpapyv-
poc; from vdup, water, and apyvpoc, silver.)
Hydrargyria. Quicksilver. See Mercury.
Hydrargyrum acetatum. See Hydrargyri
acetas.
Hydrargyrum ammom'atum. (U. S.) Hg.
ammoniato-muriaticum. Ammoniated mercury.
Ammonio-chloride of mercury White precip-
itate. Take of corrosive sublimate, § vj. ; dis-
tilled water, Cj. ; solution of ammonia, f. fviij.
Dissolve the sublimate, add the ammonia, col-
lect the precipitate, wash thoroughly, and dry.
A white powder, of a slight metallic taste, in-
soluble in water or alcohol, but dissolved by
strong acids. It is, according to Kane, a chloro-
amididc of mercury, or HgCln-j-HgAcb, bichlo-
ride of binamidide of mercury. It is considered
highly poisonous, and employed externally only
for the destruction of lice, and as an ointment
(u?ig. hydrarg. ammonio-chloridi) to obstinate
skin diseases, as porrigo, impetigo, herpes, and
to scabies.
Hydrargyrum borussicum. H. cyatwgeno
turn. See Hydrargyri cyanuretum.
Hydrargyrum calcinatum. Hydrargy
ri binoxydum.
Hydrargyrum cum creta. (U. S., Ph. L.,
E., & D.) H. cum calcis carbonate. Mercury
with chalk. Take of mercury, giij. ; prepared
chalk, 5 v. Rub them together until the me-
tallic globules disappear. This preparation is
milder than any other mercurial except the
sulphuret, and does not so 'easily act upon the
bowels ; it is therefore used largely by many
practitioners, and possesses alterative properties
in cutaneous complaints and in obstructions of
the viscera. Dose, 9ss. to 3ss., two or three
times a day. Used for children chiefly.
Hydrargyrum cum magnesia. (Ph. D.)
Mercury with carbonate of magnesia. Made
as above, and with similar properties.
Hydrargyrum hydrocyanicum. Hydrar-
gyri cyanuretum.
Hydrargyrum muriaticum. H.muriaticum
mite. See Hydrargyri chloridum mite.
Hydrargyrum phospho'ratum. Phosphu-
reted mercury. A mild preparation, formerly
employed as an antisyphilitic. Dose, from gr.
ss. to gr. ij. It has gone out of use.
Hydrargyrum pr.ecipitatum. H. prcecipi-
tatum album. Hydrargyrum ammoniatum.
Hydrargyrum pr^cipitatum cinereum.
The Hydrargyri oxydum nigrum. It is prefer-
red by some to cinnabar for fiimigations.
Hydrargyrum prjEcipitatum (ruber), per
se. Hydrargyri biniodidum.
Hydrargyrum purificatum. (U. S.) Pu-
rified mercury. Take of mercury, any weight :
distill the mercury from an iron retort.
Hydra'rgyrum sacchara'tum. Made by
triturating mercury with lump sugar. It is
similar to the Hydrargyrum cum creta.
Hydrargyrum vitriolatum. See Hydrar-
gyri sulphas flavus.
HYDRA'RGYRUS. Mercury. Formerly
employed for hydrargyrum ; hence many of the
349
HYD
preparations already mentioned were placed
under this head ; for which, see Hydrargyrum
and Hydrargyri.
Hydrarthrus. //. synovialis. See Hydar-
thrus.
HYDRA'STIS CANADENSIS. Yellow root.
Turmeric root. Ranunculaccw. Polyandria.
Polygynia. A I'erennial herb of the Western
States, with acrid and bitter properties. The
Indians employed it as a looal application to old
ulcers. The juice of the root is also a dye.
HY'DRATE. A compound in which water
is chemically combined with some other sub-
stance ; as hydrate of potash, soda, lime. There
may be one or more equivalents of water.
Hydrate ok potash. See Potassm hydras.
Hy'd rated. Chemically combined with
water.
HYDRATED 1'EROXIDE OF IRON. Hy
draied sesquioxidc {Iritoxidc .') of iron. Make a
solution of green sulphate of iron in boiling water,
and add nitric acid cautiously as long as red va-
pors are given off; dilute with water, and filter.
Add to the solution excess of ammonia until no
more precipitate is formed (Bunsen). Admin-
ister in the fresh, pulpy state. It is the best
antidote for arsenic (aisenious acid), converting
it into an inert arsenite of iron. Ten or twelve
times as much of the hydrate is to be given as
there has been poison taken ; and as it is very
harmless, the dose should be full. For the ready
preparation of this valuable antidote, the per-
sulphate, or first solution, may be kept ready,
or any soluble per salt may bo employed.
' Hydrates of carbon. A name given to
sugar, starch, and similar organic compounds,
in which the hydrogen and oxygen are i>rcsent
in the proportions to form water.
HYDRAU'LICS. (From vdup, and avloc, a
pipe.) The science which treats of the move-
ment and mechanical effects of water and
liquids.
HYDRENCErHALOCELK. The watery tumor of
the head produced by chronic hydrocephalus.
HYDRENCE'FIIALOID. (From vdup, eyjee-
tyahoe, the brain, and eidoc, likeness.) Having
the symptoms of hydrocephalus. Diseases of
the bowels and the irritation of teething often
bring on a spurious hydrocephaloid disease.
Hydresce'phalus. Acute hydrocephalus.
HYDRE'NTEROCE'LE. (e, es, f . ; from
vdup, water, evrepov, an intestine, and Kr\kn, a
tumor.) A hydrocele, or dropsy of the scrotum,
attended with an intestinal hernia.
H ydric ether. Sulphuric or common ether.
See Ether, snlphuricus.
HYDRI'ODATE. Hydriodai. The old |
term for an iodide.
, HY'DRIO'DIC ACID. Addumhydnodicum,
A colorless, gaseous acid, closely resembling the
hydrochloric, consisting of one atom of iodine i
and one of hydrogen, HI; eq., 127*5.
Hydriodate of ammonia. See Iodine.
Hydriodate of iron. See Ferriiodidum. j
Hydriodate of potash. See Potassii iodi- \
dum.
Hydriodate of soda. See Sodii iodidum.
HYDRO'A. (a, m, f. ; from vdup, water.)
A watery pustule.
HYDRO'-EMIA. Hydremia. (From vdup,
350
HYD
and aifia, blood.) That state of the blood in
which the proportion of water is too great, and
there is a want of blood globules and fibrin.
This condition gives rise to chlorosis and other
cachexies.
Hydro'abdomen. Ascites.
Hydro'arion. Dropsy of the ovarium.
HYDROPBLETHARON. (From vdup, and
;3?<,e<bapov, the eyelid.) An oedema or watery
swelling of the eyelid.
IIy'drobro'mate. A bromide.
HY'DROBRO'MIC ACID. Acidum hydro-
bromicum. An acid composed of one atom of
hydrogen and one of bromine, HB; eq., 79-39.
The constitution of this acid, and its properties,
are analogous to that of the hydrochloric and
hydriodic acids.
Hydroc.elias. Ascites.
Hydrocarbonati;. Carbureted hydrogen.
Hy'drocarbons. Those organic bodies which
consist principally of hydrogen and carbons, as
the oils, wax, naphthas, and some ethers.
Hydroca'rdia. Dropsy of the pericardium.
See Hydropcricardium.
HY'DROCE'LE. (c, es, f. ; from vdup, water,
and K?jhi, a tumor.) Hydrocele is used by
surgeons for a collection of fluid either on the
membranes of the scrotum, or the coats of the
testicle and its vessels. The first of these, an-
asarca integumcnlorum, is common to all the
cellular substance which loosely envelops both
the testes. The latter, hydrocele tunica; vagi-
nalis, is absolutely local, very seldom affects the
common membrane of the scrotum, generally
attacks one side only, and is frequently found
in persons who are perfectly free from all other
complaints. The tumor soon becomes tense,-
fluctuating in feel, and partially transparent.
The tumor is to be tapped with a small trocar,
and a mixture of wine and water injected into
the sac so as to' produce inflammation and sub-
sequent adhesion.
Hydrocele cystata. Encysted hydrocele
of the spermatic cord resembles the common
hydrocele; but the tumor does not extend to
the testicle, which may be felt below or be-
hind it, while in the hydrocele of the vaginal
coat, when large, the testicle can not be dis-
covered. In this disease, also, the penis is not
buried in the tumor. Sometimes the fluid is
contained in two distinct cells; and this is dis-
covered by little contractions in it. It is dis-
tinguished from the auasarcous hydrocele by a
sensible fluctuation, and the want of the inelas-
tic pitting; from hernia, by its beginning below,
from its not receding in a horizontal position,
and not enlarging by coughing and sneezing.
Hydrocele funiculi spermatici, or hydro-
cele of the spermatic cord. Auasarcous hydro-
cele of the spermatic cord sometimes accom-
panies ascites, and at other times it is found to
be confined to the cellular substance in or about
the spermatic cord.
Hydrocele periton.*;i. Ascites.
Hydrocele spinalis. Hydrorachis.
HYDROCETHALUS. (us, i, m. ; from vdup
water, and ice<pa?iq, the head.) Hydroeephalum
Hydrcnccphalus. Dropsy of the brain. Dropsy
of the head. It is distinguished by authors into
external and internal; into hydrocephalus mem
HY D
branarum and vcntriculornm ; into acute and
chronic.
Pain in the head, particularly across the
brow, stupor, dilatation of the pupils, nausea,
vomiting, preternatural slowness of the pulse,
and convulsions, are the pathognomonic symp-
toms of this disease, which have been laid down
by the generality of writers. The effusion of
serous fluid, which gives name to this disease, is
oaie of the many symptoms which accompany it.
Acute hydrocephalus (//. interims), iu
its early stages, is characterized by the symp-
toms of inflammation of the brain. The head
is hot, the face flushed, the eyes dull, and with-
out expression. The arteries of the temples
and neck pulsate strongly. The child, for this
is chiefly an infantile malady, is restless and
fretful, evidently suffering pain, while both the
countenance and the gesture refer to the head
as its seat. There is pyrexia more or less in-
tense, the pulse is accelerated, the skin hot and
dry, and the tongue covered with a white fur.
The appetite is lost, and sometimes there is
vomiting. The bowels are generally costive.
The disease is chiefly prevalent in childhood
from the second to the sixth year.
Inflammation of the membranes of the brain,
like others, is often slight in degree, and term-
inates quickly in health. If it be long-con-
tinued, though slight, it often ends in serous ac-
cumulation, which is known or suspected by
the marks of oppressed brain that take place.
If the child is very young, so that the bones are
not firmly united, the head gradually enlarges
in its dimensions, and becomes misshapen in its
figure. The extent to which the enlargement
goes is veiy various. Sooner or later, it gen-
erally stops by the bones uniting, the head re-
maining afterward through life preternatural ly
large. In this case a quantity of fluid remains,
without seeming (in many instances, at least)
to interfere with the proper exercise of the
sensorial functions, or even with the general
health, except that the body is commonly
stunted in its growth. Such subjects are al-
ways liable to repeated returns of inflamma-
tion in the brain or its membranes, and which,
sooner or later, in many cases prove fatal.
Such is the progress, in the milder forms, of
membranous inflammation of the brain. On
many occasions the disease assumes a more
active character, and soon spreads to the sub-
stance of the brain, as is known by the great
disturbance of functions that ensues. Then it
is that the restlessness becomes extreme, irrita-
bility is excessive, the expression of the counte-
nance is altered, and especially that of the eyes,
with the pupils unequally dilated. The eye-
lids remain half open if the child sleeps ; there
is often delirium ; the muscles of the hands and
feet are in a state of contraction, and, frequent-
ly, general convulsions take place. The fur on
the tongue becomes thicker and of a darker
color ; somnolency or stupor follows, and death
ensues. The disease often proves fatal in two
or three days, and, in very young infants, some-
times at the very commencement of the inflam-
mation, and then commonly with convulsions.
In many instances, toward the end, a paralytic
ttate of one side of the body is observed, while
HYD
the limbs on the opposite side, perhaps, are
convulsed.
The remedial means in cases of acute hydro-
cephalus are of the kind usually employed in
membraneous inflammation. Blood should be
freely drawn by the lancet or by leeches. The
treatment must be prompt and active to give
a tolerable chance of success. Cold applica-
tions to the head are useful. Purgatives, fre-
quently repeated at the commencement of the
attack, are necessary. Digitalis, mercurial al-
teratives, with counter-irritation by blisters,,
and tartar emetic ointment, are chiefly used.
Chronic hydrocephalus is frequently con-
genital ; it is connected with rachitis and scrof-
ula, and is plainly a disease of cachexy and de-
bility. This chronic disease is always danger-
ous, and there is*much difficulty in determin-
ing its extent, and the degree of cerebral dis-
organization which may accompany it. Where,
however, it is limited to a weak condition of
the excernents of the brain, and medicines are
speedily and steadily exhibited, there is a proba-
bility of its being removed ; but where, on the
contrary, no favorable impression can be made
on the organ, the general frame partakes by
degrees of the debility, the vital powers flag,
the limbs become emaciated, and death ensues
at an uncertain period ; or the patient survives,
a miserable spectacle to the world, and a burden
to the family, perhaps, for years. In some cases,
where the quantity of water collected is not
great, the substance of the brain has appeared
to be indurated, and in others softened. Col-
lections, also, of a viscid, tenacious matter have
been discovered in cysts upon its external sur-
face ; tumors have also been found attached to
its substance, and in many instances a conver
sion of a great part of the substance of the cere-
brum or cerebellum into hxmatomatous, mel
anomatous, scrofulous, and other structures.
Hydrocephalus spurius. Hydreneepha-
loid disease.
Hydrochlorate of ammonia. See Ammo-
nia: murias.
Hydrochlorate*. The old name for chlo-
rides.
HYDROCHLO'RIC ACID. Acidum hydro-
chloricum. Acidum muriaticum. Muriatic acid.
A pungent, gaseous acid, containing one atom
of chlorine, with one of hydrogen. Formula,
IIC1; equivalent, 36"47. It is very soluble,
water taking up 480 parts at 40° F., the solu-
tion having a specific gravity of 1*21, and being
well known as muriatic or hydrochloric acid.
It is, highly caustic, and an extremely active
chemical body, uniting with most elements to
form chlorides, in which the hydrogen is re-
placed by metals. It is extensively used in the
laboratory as a solvent.
Hydrochloric acid is a tonic and febrifuge,
and lias been much employed in typhoid and
cutaneous diseases and bilious obstructions, but
if used in excess, produces intestinal irritation.
Externally, it is very serviceable as a gdrgle,
and as a constituent of the nitromuriatic acid
bath. See Balneum. A dilute acid is officinal,
the Acidum muriaticum dilulum, consisting of 4
parts, by measure, of the acid, aud 12 parts of
distilled water, of which itlv. to Hlxx. is a doss.
351
HYD
Hydrochloroproteic acid. Adefiuite
combination of hydrochloric acid and protein,
wherefrom Mulder deduces the composition of
protein.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris. Marsh penny wort.
This umbelliferous plant has been esteemed for
its detersive and vulnerary properties, but is
now disused.
Hydrocya'nates. The former name of cy-
anides or cyanurets.
HY'DROCYA'NIC ACID. Acidum hydro-
cyanicum. Prussic acid. In a very diluted
state it is found in many plants, especially of
the rosacea;. At an ordinary temperature, the
pure acid is a volatile liquid, transparent and
colorless ; its taste is at first cool, but soon be-
comes acrid and irritating: it reddens slightly
the tincture of turnsol. Its* odor is powerful,
and very deleterious; it is only supportable
when diluted with a certain quantity of air,
and then resembles the smell of bitter almonds.
It readily congeals, producing great cold.
Perfectly pure or anhydrous acid is made
from ferrocyanide of potassium and strong sul-
phuric acid. It has the composition of one
atom of cyanogen and one atom of hydro-
gen, CyH; equivalent, 27-23. This has a spe-
cific gravity of 0-69 at G6° F. ; at 59° it be-
comes a fibrous solid, and at 80° boils. The
vapor is inflammable. It readily undergoes
spontaneous decomposition.
Pure hydrocyanic acid is one of the most
rapid and fatal poisons; one drop being intro-
duced into the throat of a dog produces death
after one or two convulsive respirations. Hence
it produces death by acting as a sedative, es-
pecially on the respiratory nerves, but also pro-
duces convulsions and rigidity of the muscles.
In cases of poisoning, the treatment must be
extremely prompt, and consists of two steps,
the maintenance of the nervous excitability by
the preparations of ammonia, dashing cold wa-
ter on the spine and head, and by the exhibition
of an antidote. The antidote for prussic acid
which is most serviceable, and may save the
patient if exhibited sufficiently soon, is that
recommended by Messrs. Smith, of Edinburgh.
This consists in the exhibition of a solution of
carbonate of potash, to be immediately follow-
ed by a solution of old sulphate of iron, which
contains both the proto and per salt of iron ; by
this means any prussic acid present is instantly
converted into insoluble and inert Prussian
blue. If any excess of sulphate of iron be giv-
en, it simply acts as an emetic, an operation
that does not appear to be unfavorable.
The means of recognizing the acid in cases
of poisoning is as follows: The body will, if
the case be recent, exhale a strong odor of the
acid, and the contents of the stomach should be
mixed with sulphuric acid and distilled by a
water-bath. If any prussic acid be present, it
will pass over in solution in water, and may be
tested with carbonate of potash and a double
salt of iron for the production of Prussian blue.
Prussic acid is a sedative, and has been used
with success in irritable affections of the stom-
ach, lungs, and nervous system, and also in the
itching of cutaneous affections, &c. It is, how-
ever, very uncertain in its effects, if not exhib-
352
HYD
ited while perfectly fresh. A dih ted hydro-
cyanic acid, adapted to medicinal purposes,
has been introduced in the United States into
the recent pharmacopoeia (see Acidum hydro-
cyanicum), of which f. jj . may be a poisonous
dose.
HYDROCY'STIS. (is, idis, f. ; from vSup,
water, and kvotic, a vesicle.) An encysted
dropsy.
H YDRODYN A'MICS . ( From vdop, and 6v-
va/iic, power.) The science which shows the
methods of applying the properties of fluids to
mechanical purposes.
Hydro- en tero-epiplocele. Anentero-
epiploccle. the sac of which contains a watery
fluid.
H ydro-epiplocet.e. A hernia formed of
omentum, the sac of which contains a serou3
fluid.
Hydrofix'oric acid. An extremely caustic,
gaseous acid, obtained by the action of sulphu-
ric acid on fluoride of calcium. It consists of
F1H, and is most remarkable for the strong af-
finity which it has for silica, with which it
forms the hydro-fluosilicic acid. A solution has
been used for the purpose of etching on glass.
Hydro'garox. Ydpoyapov. A mixture of
garum and water. See Garum.
HY'DROGEN. (Hydrogenium, ii, n. ; from
vdup, water, and yevvau, to produce.) Inflam-
mable air. The lightest body in nature: an
elementary gas, without odor or color, very in-
flammable in air, forming explosive compounds
with oxygen. It has little chemical activity
alone, and is irrespirable : 100 cubic inches
weigh 2-13 grains. Its equivalent is 1 on the
hydrogen scale, and 12-5 on the oxygen ; sym-
bol, H . Hydrogen does not exist uncombined
in nature ; but in a compound state, in water,
ammonia, and vegetable products, is largely
accumulated. It combines with oxygen, form-
ing water, by the aid of heat or electricity. In
all its properties hydrogen resembles a metal.
It combines with oxygen, chlorine, bromine,
&c, in the same way as other metals, and is
readily displaced by the greater number, some-
times with the evolution of pure gas, at others
by the simultaneous combination of the libera-
ted hydrogen with oxygen, to form water. Its
compounds with carbon, forming coal gas and
oil gas, are of considerable economical value:
these, with sulphur, are thrown out from wet,
putrescent matters, stagnant ditches, "&c. For
other compounds, see the usual names.
Hydrogen acids. Those acids which con-
sist of hydrogen, combined with a haloid body,
as the hydrochloric, &c.
Hydrogen, cariiureted. Carbureted hy-
drogen.
Hydrogen gas, hea v vy carbonated. Car-
bureted hydrogen.
Hydrogen, oxide of. Protoxide of hydro'
gen. Water.
Hydrogen, peroxide of. It is a singular
fluid, composed of one atom of hydrogen and
two atoms of oxygen, discovered by Thenard,
and remarkable for the great facility with which
it evolves one atom of its oxygen, and pasBes
into water.
Hydrogen, phosphureted. See Phosphoric.
H YD
Hy'drogkmim. Hydrogen.
Hydro'guret. A compound of hydrogen
with a simple, inflammable body, or an ordinary
metal.
Hydrola'pathum. Rumex hydrolopathum.
Hy'drolata. Distilled waters.
Hydro'lica. Pharmaceutical preparations,
in which water is used as a menstruum.
Hydro'logy. An investigation into the na-
ture and properties of water.
Hy'dromancy. Divination by water.
HY'DROMEL. Hydromeli. (From vdup,
water, and fieXi, honey.) Water impregnated
with honey.
Hydro'mellonic acid. See Mellone.
HYDRO'METER. Hydrometrum. (From
vdup, and fierpov, a measure.) The name of an
instrument for determining the specific gravity
of fluids. The areometer. An instrument to
take the specific gravity or density of fluids,
spirits, &c. It is of great value in testing the
strength of spirits, of solutions of sugars, dye-
stuffs. The form of the implement, which is
made of brass or glass, is that of a tube, with
one or two bulbs, vaiying with the maker.
Sykes's instrument, which is used for taking
the strength of spirits, is furnished with a table.
Baume's areometer, or hydrometer, is exten-
sively used by sugar-makers and manufacturers.
It is graduated from a central point in the stem
— upward for fluids lighter than water, and -f-
below for those that are heavier. The (zero)
marks the density of distilled water at 58° F.,
and the downward marks correspond to the
density of solutions of salt and water, contain-
ing for each mark an additional one per cent,
of salt ; thus, 5° indicates a fluid of the same
density as that produced by mixing 5 parts of
common salt and 95 of water. The real specific
gravities are,
For
0=1-0000
-f 1=1-0060
-- 5=1-0340
--10=1-0704
--20=1-1515
--30=1-2459
--40=1-3571
-1-50= 1-4902
-|-60= 1-6522
--70=1-8537
--76=2-0000
Fluids of less gravity.
—11=0-9932
—12=0-9865
—15=0-9669
—20=0-9359
—25=0-9068
—30=0-8795
—35=0-8538
—40=0-8295
—45=0-8066
—50=0-7849
—60=0-7449
HYDROME'TRA. (a, w, f. ; from vSup, and
fitjrpa, the womb.) Hydrops uteri. Dropsy of
the womb. It produces a swelling in the hy-
pogastric region, slowly and gradually increas-
ing, resembling the figure of the uterus, yielding
to or fluctuating on pressure, without ischury
or pregnancy. Sauvages enumerates seven
species. It must be considered as a very rare
disease, and one that can with difficulty be as-
certained.
HYDRO'MPHALUM. (n, i, n.; from
vdup, and Ofi<j>aXoc, the navel.) A tumor at the
navel containing water. This may arise from
mere distension in cases of ascites, or from an
umbilical hernia, the sac of which contains se-
rum.
.Hy'dromyri'nga. Dropsy of the tympanum.
Hydronephrosis. A cyst in the kidney,
HYD
filled with urine, and originating in the ob-
struction of the uriniferous tubes.
Hydro'nosos. Sudor anglicanus.
Hydroophoria. Ovarian dropsy.
Hydro-oxyde. Synonymous with hydrate.
HYDRO'PATHY. Hydropathia. (From
vdup, and iradoc, disease.) The water cure. A
mode of treating disease by the external and
internal use of water and diaphoresis.
Hydropede'sis. A violent sweating.
HY'DROPERICA'RDIUM. Hydropericar-
ditis. (From vdup, and nepiKapdiov, the peri-
cardium.) Hydropericardia. DVopsy of the
pericardium. This occurs as a consequence of
inflammation of the pericardium, and as an .ac-
companiment of hydrothorax. It is indicated
by orthopnoea, palpitation, and irregular action
of the heart, preternatural dullness of sound on
percussion in the cardiac region, and a sound
of fluctuation. It is generally connected with
organic disease of the heart, and then is always
incurable.
Hy'dropersulphu'ric acid. Bisulphuret of
hydrogen.
HYDROPHO'BIA. (a, as, f.; from vdup,
water, and Qofca, to fear.) Canine madness.
Hydrophobia never originates spontaneously in
man, nor is it known to do so except in dogs
and canine animals; the bite may occur from
twenty-one days to nine months before any ef-
fect is perceptible, but the usual period is from
thirty to sixty days. This disease is considered
by all pathologists as the consequence of a mor-
bid poison, introduced into the system by the
bite of a rabid animal.
Two or three days before the violent symp-
toms occur, there is some indisposition. The
pathognomonic symptoms are extreme nervous-
ness, spasm about the chest and throat, extreme
horror of fluids, with great thirst, and a parched
mouth, foaming at the mouth, extreme anxiety,
gasping respiration, pain and uneasiness about
the praecordia. The patient, from the great
thirst he endures, continually calls for water,
but is often thrown into convulsions or spasms
of the whole body when it is presented to him.
This condition lasts from two to five days, and
the patient dies either in convulsions or from
extreme prostration. No unequivocal case has
ever recovered.
Treatment. — If the patient applies shortly
after the bite, the part must be dissected out
It is usual to apply potassa fiisa to the wound,
and if this is done soon enough, the effects will
be averted.
When the violent symptoms have occurred,
the treatment consists chiefly in exhibiting large
doses of opium and camphor, but every means
have been tried without success : blood-letting,
immersion in water, antispasmodics, volatile al-
kali, &c. It is worthy of consideration whether
the inhalation of ether may not be an appropri-
ate remedy. This agent produces a complete
sedative action on the nervous system, which in
hydrophobia is thrown into violent action.
Hy'drophlegma'si.k. The genus of acute
idiopathic dropsies of M. Rayer.
HY'DROPHTHA'LMIA. Hydroptkalmium.
(From vdup, water, and o<pdaXfioc, the eye.)
There are two diseases, different in their nature
353
HYD
fly d
and consequences, thus termed. The one is a
mere anasarcous or cedematous swelling of the
eyelid. The other, the true hydrophthalmia, is
a swelling of the bulb of the eye, from a morbid
increase of the vitreous or aqueous humors.
Hy'drophtha'lmus cruentus. Hremoph-
thalmia.
Hy'drophtho'ric acid. • Fluorine.
HY'DROPHYSOCE'LE. (c, es, f.; from
vdup, (j>vari, flatus, and Ktfki}, a tumor.) A name
given to a hernia, the sac of which contains
fluid and air.
HY'DROPHYSOME'TRA. (From vdup,
<pvarj, and perpa, the womb.) A morbid state of
the uterus, in which it is distended by a collec-
tion of watery fluid and gaseous matter.
Hydro'phytes. Conferva;, or fresh-water
plants.
HYDRO'PIC. Hydropicus. (From vdpurp,
the dropsy. ) Relating to dropsy ; as a hydropic
patient or a hydropic medicine.
Hydro'pica. Hydragogues.
Hydro'piper. Polygonum hydropiper.
HY'DROPLEURFTIS. (From vdup, and
pleura.) Pleuritis accompanied by effusion.
Acute hydrothorax. — Rayer.
Hy'dropneuma'tic trough. A pneumatic
trough.
Hy'dropneumatoce'le. Synonyme of hy-
drophysocele.
HY'DRQPNEUMO'NIA. (From vdup, and
wevpuv, the lung.) Serous infiltration of the
lungs.
HY'DROPNEUMOSA'RCA. (a, m, f. ; from
vdup, nvevfia, wind, and erapf, flesh.) A tumor
containing air, liquid, and solid matter.
H y'dropneumo'tho'rax. Pneumothorax
complicated with serous infiltration.
Hydro'poi'des. Serous or watery.
HY'DROPS. (ops, opis, m. ; from vdup, wa-
ter.) Dropsy. A preternatural collection of
serous or watery fluid in the cellular substance,
or different cavities of the body. It receives
different appellations, according to the particu-
lar situation of the fluid. When it is diffused
through the cellular membrane, either general-
ly or partially, it is called anasarca. When it
is deposited in the cavity of the cranium, it is
called hydrocephalus; when in the chest, hydro-
thorax ; when in the abdomen, ascites ; in the
Uterus, hydrometra ; and within the scrotum,
hydrocele. See these words.
Hydrops abdominis. Ascites.
Hydrops ad matulam. Diabetes.
Hpdrops ahnii. H. amniosis. An excess-
ive collection of liquor amnii. Hydrometra.
Hydrops articuli. A swelling of a joint is
so called when produced by a serous or lym-
phatic effusion into the joint or surrounding cel-
lular structure. Hydarthrus.
Hydrops capitis. Hydrocephalus.
Hydrops cerebri. Acute hydrocephalus.
Hydrops cysticus. Hydrops saccatus. A
dropsy enclosed in a bag or cyst. See Ascites.
Hydrops genu. An accumulation of fluid
within the capsular ligament of the knee.
Hydrops gi.ottidis. (Edema of the glottis.
Hydrops mi:dui.i..k spinalis. See Hydro-
rachis.
Hydrops HKTKtxjK. Diabetes.
354
Dropsy of the eye. See
Dropsy of the ovarium.
Hydrops oculi.
Hydrophthalmia.
Hydrops ovarii.
See Ovarium.
Hydrops palpebrj:. Hydroblepharon.
Hydrops pectoris. See Hydrothorax.
Hydrops pericardii. See Hydropericardi-
um.
Hydrops pu'lmonum. Serous infiltration of
the lungs.
Hydrops saccatus. See Hydrops cysticus.
Hydrops sacci lachrymalis. Distension of
the lachrymal sac from obstruction of the nasal
duct. Fistula lachrymalis.
Hydrops saccorum pleurjE. Hydrothorax.
Hydrops scroti. See Hydrocele.
Hydrops siccus. Tympanites has been ab-
surdly so called.
Hydrops spin.*.. Hydrorachis.
Hydrops thoracis. Hydrothorax.
Hydrops tubalis. Dropsy of the Fallopian
tube.
Hydrops uteri. See Hydrometra.
Hydropy'retus. The sweating sickness.
Hydro'rachia dehiscens. Hydrorachis. —
J. P. Frank.
HYDRO'RACHIS. (From vdup, and pa X i (t
the spine.) Hydrops medulla; spinalis. Dropsy
of the spine. There are two varieties of this
disease, the one consisting in serous effusion
within the spinal canal, unattended with any
malformation of the bones; the other is the
case also called spina bifida, in which there is
an incomplete state of some of the vertebrae,
and the membranes of the spinal cord, distended
with serum, protrude and form a tumor under
the skin. For the former, see Spinal Cord,
Diseases of the.
Hydrorachitis. See Hydrorachis
Hydro'rchis. Hydrocele.
Hy'droro'satum. A drink made of water,
honey, and the juice of roses.
HY'DRORRHffi'A. (From vdup, and psu,
to flow.) 1. Graefe gives this name to the first
stage of Egyptian ophthalmia, in which there is
a profuse flow of tears. 2. It is applied to any
slow and chronic discharge of watery fluid.
Hy'drosa'ccharum. Water with sugar.
HY'DROSA'RCA. (a, a, f. ; from vdup, wa-
ter, and cap!;, the flesh.) 1. Synonymous with
anasarca. 2. A tumor containing serosity and
fleshy matter. — M. A. Sevcrinus.
HY'DROSARCOCE'LE. (c, cs, f. ; from
vdup, cap!;, and Krfkn, a tumor.) Sarcocele,
with an effusion of water into the cellular mem-
brane.
Hy'droselk'nic acid. Seleniureted hydro-
gen. It is very similar to sulphureted hydro-
gen.
Hy'droseli'num. A species of purslane.
Hy'drosta'tica. An order of animals of the
class Acalepha, which have buoyant air-vessels.
Hydrosta'tic balance. A common balance
furnished with a scale that may be hung near
the beam, and under which is a hook to sus-
pend any substance to be weighed in water, for
the determination of its specific gravity.
HYDROSTATICS. Hydrostatics. (From
vdup, and arariicn, the science which treats of
weights.) That branch of physics which treats
H Y G
of the weight, pressure, and equilibrium of
liquids.
H ydro'steon. A deposition of serum in the
extremities of the long bones. — Van Wy.
Htdrosu'blimate of mercury. Jewell's
calomel.
Hy'drosudo'pathy. Hydrosudotherap-
da. Hydropathy.
Hydrosu'lphate. Hydrosu'lphuret. Hy-
drosiilphas. A salt formed by the hydrosul-
phuric acid with a base.
Hydrosu'lphate of ammonia. Hydrosul-
phuret of ammonia. See Ammonia hydrosul-
phurctum.
Hydrosulphocyamc acid. See Sulpko-cy-
anogen.
Hy'drosulphure'ted water. A solution of
sulphureted hydrogen in water. It is extreme-
ly nauseous and disgusting, but finds a place in
some pharmacopoeias as a stimulant and dia-
phoretic.
Hydrosulphure'tum sti'bii luteum. See
Antimonii sidphuretum prtecipitatum.
Hydrosulphure'tum stibii rubrum.
Kermes mincralis. A hydrosulphm'et of anti-
mony, formerly in high estimation as an ex-
pectorant, sudorific, and antispasmodic in diffi-
cult respiration, rheumatism, diseases of the skin
and glands.
Hy'drosulphu'ric acid. Sulphureted hy-
drogen.
Hy'drotheio'nic acid. Sulphureted hydro-
gen.
HYDROTHO'RAX. (ax, acis, f. ; from v6up,
and tfwpaf, the chest.) Hydrops thoracis. Hy-
drops pectoris. Dropsy of the chest. Difficulty
of breathing, particularly when in a horizontal
posture ; sudden startings from sleep, with anx-
iety, and palpitations of the heart; cough, pale-
ness of the visage, anasarcous swellings of the
lower extremities, thirst, and a scarcity of urine,
are the characteristic symptoms of hydrothorax;
but the one which is more decisive than all the
rest is a fluctuation of water perceived in the
chest, either by the patient himself or his med-
ical attendant, on certain motion of the body.
The disease is seldom idiopathic, but pro-
duced by organic diseases, especially of the
heart, lungs, and liver, a general hydropic con-
dition, &c. It is very fatal. The chief reme-
dies are digitalis, squill, antimony, alterative
doses of mercury, saline diuretics, and blisters.
Where the fluid is collected in either of the sacs
of the pleura, the operation of paracentesis of
the thorax may afford relief under urgent symp-
toms, and, perhaps, contribute to the recovery
of the patient.
Hydro'tic. Hydragogue.
Hydro'tis. Dropsy of the ear.
Hy'drous. Containing water.
Hy'droxa'nthic acid. Xanthic acid.
Hy'druret. (Ilydrurctum, i, n.) A com-
pound of hydrogen with a metal.
Hydru'iua. Hydrurcsis. Diabetes.
Hygi'dion. Yyidtov. The name of a colly-
rium mentioned by Paul of Mgina.
Hygie'a. This name Wa» given to a plaster
mentioned by Aetius, which was in high repute
against malignant ulcers, and a number of other
diseases.
H YM
HYGIE'NE. (e, es, f. ; from vytaivu, to bo
well.) Hvgiesis. Health. That part of med
icine which treats of the preservation of health.
Hygie'nic Relating to hygiene.
Hygie'sis. Hygiene.
Hy'gra. Hygrcmpla' strum. A moist plaster.
HY'GRO-. A prefix (from vypoc, moist),
denoting the presence of moisture.
Hy'groblepha'rici ducti. The excretory-
ducts of the lachrymal gland.
Hy'grocirsoce'le. Circocele, with dropsy
of the scrotum.
Hygrocolly'rium. A collyrium composed
of liquids.
Hygro'logy. Hygrologia. The doctrine
of the fluids of the human body.
HYGRO'MA. (a, atis, n. Typu/ia; from
vypoc, liquid.) A tumor, the contents of which
are serum, a fluid like lymph, matter resem-
bling chocolate grounds, or some other morbid
humor, but not pus.
II Y G R O'M E T E R. (Hygrometrum, i, n. ;
from vypoc, moist, and perpov, a measure.) An
instrument for measuring the degrees of moist-
ure in the atmosphere.
Hy'grome'tric Relating to hygrometry.
Hygro'metry. The art of ascertaining the
degree of moisture of the atmosphere.
Hygro'myrum. A liquid ointment.
IIygropho'bia. Hydrophobia.
Hygrophthalmic. Hygroblepharic
Hy'groscope. A hygrometer.
Hygroscopic. Hygrometric.
Hygroscopy. Hygrometry.
Hygrus. (From vypoc, humid.) Humid.
Hy'le. {XA»/, matter.) The materia medica.
IIY'MEN. (en, inis, m. ; from Hymen, the
god of marriage.) The hymen is a thin mem-
brane, of a semilunar or circular form, placed
at the entrance of the vagina, which it partly
closes. It has a very different appearance in
different women, but it is generally found in
virgins, and is raptured in the first coition.
The presence of the hymen has been very erro-
neously esteemed the test of virginity : in many
females it is naturally wanting, and it may be
destroyed by many causes besides copulation.
The remnants of the hymen are called the ca-
runculss myrtiformes. The hymen is peculiar
to the human species. It is sometimes of such
a strong, ligamentous texture that it can not be
ruptured, and prevents the connection between
the sexes. It is also sometimes imperforated,
wholly closing the entrance into the vagina, and
preventing any discharge from the uterus; but
both these cases are rare. They are to be
remedied by a crucial incision.
H YMEN^E'A. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Monogynia. — //. courbaril. H.
Martiana. Trees which are said to yield the
Gum anime.
H yme'nium. The dilated exposed membrane
of gymnocarpous mushrooms.
HYMENO'DES. (From vfinv, a membrane,
and etfioc, likeness.) Such urine as is found full
of little films and pellicles. Hippocrates applies
it also to the menstrual discharges when mixed
with a tough, viscid phlegm.
HYMENO'LOGY. Hymenologia. (From
vftnv, and Tioyoc, a discourse.) That part of
35f
HYO
anatomy which considers the structure and
functions of membranes.
HYMENOP'TERA. (From vpyv, a mem-
brane, and nrepov, a wing.) An order of insects
which have membranaceous wings.
Hymeno'tomy. The dissection of membranes,
or an incision into the hymen.
Hy'o-ba'sio-glo'ssus. The basio-glossus mus-
cle.
Hy'o-cho'ndro-gi.o'ssus. The hyo-glossus
muscle.
Hyo-epiglottic ligament. A band of cel-
lular membrane which passes from the posterior
part of the body of the os hyoides to the base
of the epiglottis.
HYO-GLO'SSUS. A muscle situated at the
eides between the os hyoides and the tongue.
It arises from the basis, but chiefly from the
corner of the os hyoides, running laterally and
forward to the tongue, which it pulls inward
and downward.
HYOI'DES. (From the Greek letter v, and
eidoc , likeness. ) Hyoid, or like the Greek letter
upsilon.
Hyoides os. This bone is situated between
the root of the tongue and the larynx. In
describing this bone, it may be distinguished
into its body, horns, and appendices. The
body is the middle and broadest part of the
bone, so placed that it may be easily felt with
the finger in the fore part of the throat. The
cornua, or horns, are flat, a little bent, and con-
siderably longer than the body of the bone, and
may be said to form the sides of the v. The
appendices, or lesser horns, cornua minora, are
two small processes, which, in their size and
shape, are somewhat like a grain of wheat.
They rise up from the articulations of the cor-
nua with the body of the bone, and are some-
times connected with the styloid process on
each side by means of a ligament. The os hy-
oides serves to support the tongue, and affords
attachment to a variety of muscles, some of
which perform the motions of the tongue, while
ethers act on the larynx and fauces.
Hyoides trimus. The sterno-hyoid mus-
cle.
Hyoides quartus. The omo-hyoideus mus-
HY'O-PHARYNGE^US. A muscle, whose
origin is in the os hyoides, and its insertion in
the pharynx.
Hyophtha'lmus. Buphthalmum spinosum.
HYOSCIA'MIA. (a, a:, f.) Hyosciamine.
A vegetable alkali extracted from henbane.
8ee Hyoscyamus niger.
HYOSCY'AMUS. («*, t, m.) 1. A genus
of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. ' Sola-
%ace.ee. 2. Henbane.
Hyoscyamus albus. This possesses similar
virtues to the hyoscyamus niger.
Hyoscyamus luteus. Nicotiana rustica.
Hyoscyamus niger. Common or black hen-
bane. Hyoscyamus. The leaves and roots are
active; they are nauseous, narcotic, antispas-
modic, and slightly stimulant. In an over-dose
it produces delirium, tremulous pulse, and an
eruption of petechia), and the stomach has been
found gangrenous. It does not constipate like
opium. It is used in extract and tincture : dose
356
HYP
of the former, gr. iij. to gr. v., and of the tinc-
ture, 3J. to fij., as a narcotic.
M. Brandes has extracted an alkali from this
plant, hyosciamia. It crystallizes in long prisms,
and when neutralized by sulphuric or nitric
acid, forms characteristic salts. It is very pois-
onous, producing tetanus in over-doses.
Hy'o-thyroide'us. A muscle, whose origin
is in the hyoid bone, and insertion in the thyroid
cartilage.
Hypa'cticus. Purgative.
Hyp'-emia. Anscmia. — Andral.
Hypalei'ptrum. A spatula for spreading
ointments with.
Hypamaur'osis. Imperfect amaurosis.
Hype'latus. Purgative.
HY'PER-. A common prefix (from vnep,
above), denoting excess.
HYPERACU'SIS. (From vnep and aKovacc,
the sense of hearing.) Morbid exaltation of
the sense of hearing. A common symptom in
irritable states of the brain.
HYPEREMIA. (From vnep, and aifia,
blood.) The name given by Andral to con-
gestion of blood in a part, from whatever cause.
HY'PER^STHE'SIS. (From vnep and aia-
davopai, to feel.) Morbid increase of sensibility.
HYPERA'PHIA. (From vnep, and a<t>T/, the
touch.) Morbid exaltation of the sense of touch.
Hyperca'rbonate. A bicarbonate.
HY'PERC ATH A'RSIS. (is, is, f. ; from vnep,
and nadaipu, to purge.) An excessive purging
from medicines.
Hy'percera.to'sis. Staphyloma of the
cornea.
Hypercinesia uterina. Hysteria.
Hypercorypho'sis. A prominence or pro-
tuberance. Hippocrates calls the lobes of the
liver and lungs Hypercoryphoses.
HYPERCRI'NIA. (From vnep, and Kpivu,
to separate.) Morbid increase in the secre-
tions. — Andral.
HYPE'RCRISIS. (is, is, f. Tnepupioir,
from vnep, and npivu, to separate.) A critical
excretion above measure ; as when a fever term-
inates' in a diarrhoea, the humors may flow off
faster than the strength can bear, and there-
fore it is to be checked.
HYPERE'MESIS. (it, is, f. ; from vnep, in
excess, and e/ieu, to vomit.) An excessive
evacuation by vomiting.
HY'PEREPHIDRO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from
vnep, above, and e<j>tdpuoic, excessive sweat-
ing.) Immoderate sweating.
HY'PERERETHI'SIA. (From vnep, and
epedifa, to excite.) Excessive irritability.
Morbid sensibility.
Hypere'sia. An excess of action in any
organ.
Hyperge'nesis. That morbid power of de-
velopment in any organ or tissue which leads
to the production of excessive growth.
HYPERGE'USTIA. Hypergexisit. (From
vnep, and yevoTic, taste.) Excessive sensibility
in the function of taste.
Hy'perhjemato'sis. Inflammation.
Hyperh.emia. Hyperaemia.
Hyperhidro'sis. Hyperephidrosis.
HY'PERICA'CEjE. Hypericum, one of the
genera. A natural order of exogenous plants,
HYP
usually having yellow flowers, with the petals
wider on one side than the other, and marked
with black dots, while the leaves are in many
cases marked with transparent dots. They are
usually strong-scented and astringent. Some
of them have coppery red flowers, and yield n.
resinous substance resembling gamboge.
HYPE'RICUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Polyadelphia. Polyandria. Hyperi-
tea:. — H. androsamum. St. Peter's wort. The
androsemum formerly used as a mild purgative,
and applied to heal ulcers. — H. bacciferum.
The juice, in a dry state, resembles gamboge.
— H. coris. Bastard St. John's wort. The
seeds are said to be diuretic, emmenagogue,
and antispasmodic . — //. perfoliatum . S t. John's
wort. Hypericum. Formerly considered ano-
dyne. — H. saxatHe. Hypericoides. The seeds
are said to be diuretic and antispasmodic, but
have fallen into disuse.
Hyperine'sis. See Hypcrcatharsis.
Hyperi'nos. See Hypcrcatharsis.
HY'PERIN'OSIS. (From virep, and i C , fibre.)
Excessive amount of librin in the blood. The
class of diseases characterized by this excess
are termed Hyperinoscs, and are inflammatory.
Hyperi'nus. One excessively purged.
Hypero'a. Tho palate.
Hyperoi'tis. Inflammation of the palate.
Hy'pero-pharynge'us. A muscle, so named
from its situation above the pharynx.
Hy'perosphr'esia. Hyperomia. Excessive
acuteness of smell.
Hyperostosis. Exostosis.
Hyper-oxymuriatic acid. Chloric acid.
HYPERSARCO'MA. (From virep, in excess,
and oap!;, flesh.) Hyper sarco sis. A fleshy ex-
crescence.
Hypersarco'sis. Hypersarcoinu.
HY'PERSTHENI'A. Hyperdynamia. (From
virep, and odevoc, strength.) Over-excitement;
andue development of vital energy, and irrita-
bility.
Hypersthenic. Hypersthcnicus. Active in
a high degree.
HY'PERTROHjE'MIA. (Vvomvnep, rpofyn,
nutrition, and aifta, blood.) A high or excess-
ive degree of plastic power in the blood, where-
by hypertrophies or tumors are produced.
* HYPE'RTROPHY. {Hypertrophic, a, f. ;
from virep, above, and rpcxpn, nutrition.) A
morbid increase of any organ, without change
in the nature of its substance, arising from an
excessive nutrition.
Hypertrophy of the heart. See Heart,
Diseases of the.
Hyperure'sis. Enuresis. Excessive secre-
tion of urine.
HYPINO'SIS. (From viro, under, and if,
fibre.) Deficiency of fibrin in the blood; a
condition existing in chlorosis, scuivy, and other
cachexies.
Hypno'bates. One who walks in his sleep.
Hypnolo'gia. Hypnology. That part of hy-
giene which relates to the due regulation of
sleeping and waking.
HYPNO'TIC. (Hypnoticiis; from vttvoq,
sleep.) Somniferous; narcotic.
HY'PO-. A prefix (from viro, under), signi-
fying deficiency.
HYP
Hypo. A common abbreviation of hypochon-
driasis.
HYPO^E'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from viro, under,
and aifia, blood; because the blood is under
the cornea.) An effusion of red blood into the
chambers of the eye.
HYPOCATHA'RSIS. (From viro, under,
and KaOaipu, to purge.) A slight purging; or
the insufficient operation of a purgative.
Hypocau'stum. A stove. The subterranean
apartment which contained the stoves for heat-
ing the ancient baths.
Hy'pocerchna'leon. Hoarseness.
HYPOCHjE'RIS. (is, idis, f.) A genus of
plants. Syngcnesia. Polygamia superfiua.
Composita: — H. maculata. Broad-leaved Hun-
garian hawk-weed. It is much esteemed in
some pulmonary complaints. — //. minima was
also formerly used.
Hypocheo'menos. (From viroxeu, to suf-
fuse.) One who labors under a cataract.
Hypochi.oro'sis. A slight degree of chloro-
sis.
Hypochlo'rous acid. A compound of one
atom of chlorine with one of oxygen, CIO,
said to exist in the bleaching salts of lime and
soda.
H Y P C H O'N D R I A C. HypochondHasis.
(From vko, under, and xovdpoc, a cartilage.) 1.
Belonging to the hypochondria. 2. One affect-
ed with low spirits. See Hypochondriasis.
Hypochondriac region. Regio hypochon-
driaca. The spaces in tho abdomen that are
under the cartilages of the false ribs on each
side of the epigastrium.
HY'POCHONDRI'ASIS. (is, is, in.) Hy-
pochondriacism. Vapors; lowness of spirits:
called, also, Morbus hypochondriacus, Affeclio
hypochondriaca, and Passio hypochondriaca.
This appears to be a low species of melan-
choly, combined with flatulency or dyspepsia,
and singular hallucination. The treatment rests
hi amusing the mind, exercise, freedom from
anxious pursuits, and a well-regulated diet. It
is most Irequent in those worn out by mental
toil, and may terminate in melancholy, tu.-dium
vitas, or confirmed misanthropy.
HYPOCHO'NDRIUM. (um,ii,n.; from
vtzo, under, and x 0V ^P°C> a cartilage.) That
part of the body on each side which lies tinder
the cartilages of the false ribs.
Hypo'chyma. A cataract.
Hypo'chysis. Hypochyma.
Hypocoi'lon. The part under the orbit of
the eye.
Hypocopho'sis. A slight degree of deafness.
HYPOCRA'NIUM. (From viro, under, and
upaviov, the skull.) A collection of pus be-
tween the skull and the dura mater has been
so called.
H y r o c r a t e'r i f o u m . Hypocrateriformis.
Salver-shaped.
Hypodei'ris. According to Rufus Ephesiua,
the extremity of the fore part of the neck.
HYPODERMA'TOMY. Hypodermatomia.
(From viro Sepua, the skin, and ro/in, incision.)
The division of subcutaneous parts, as the ten-
dons, integuments, and muscles.
Hypode'rmis. Hypo'deris. The skin over
the clitoris.
357
II V P
H YS
HYPO'GALA. (a, <e, f. ; fi'oin vxo, under,
and yala, milk.) A collection of white humor,
like milk, in the chambers of the eye. There
are two species of this disease : the one takes
place, it is said, from a deposition of the milk,
as is sometimes observed in women who suckle ;
the other from the depression and rupture of a
soft cataract.
HYPOGA'STEIO. Hypogastric**. Belong-
ing to the hypogastrium.
Hypogastric artery. The internal iliac
artery.
Hypogastric plexus. A plexus of nerves,
formed by the inferior mesenteric plexus with
the sacral on the sides and back part of the rec-
tum, and lower and back part of the bladder.
Hypogastric regiox. See Hypogastrium.
HYPOGA'STRIUM. (urn, ii, n. ; from v~o,
under, and yaarnp, the stomach.) The part of
the abdomen that reaches from above the pubes
to within three fingers' breadth of the navel.
Hy'poga'stroce^k. A hernia, in the hypo-
gastrium.
Hypoge'ous. Subterranean ; remaining un-
der the earth.
HYPOGLO'SSUS. (From viro, under, and
yhwaoa, the tongue.) Hypoglossal. The lin-
gual nerves are called, also, nervi hypoglossi,
hypoglossal nerves.
HYPOGLO'TTIS. (is,idis,t. TiroyJiame;
from vtto, under, and y7.u>rra, the tongue.) The
under part of the tongue : applied, also, to a
lozenge to be kept under the tongue until dis-
solved.
H y poglu'tis. The fleshy part under the
nates, toward the thigh.
Hypo'gynous. When the stamens and other
parts of the flower are not attached to the ovary,
but inferior.
Hypohje'ma. An effusion of sanguineo us
fluid into the anterior chamber of the eye.
Hypoly'mpha. An effusion of lymph into
the anterior chamber of the eye.
Hypo'mia. The part subjacent to the shoul-
der.
Hyponitrous acid. A very instable acid,
consisting of NO3.
Hypo'nomos. A deep, phagedenic ulcer or
fistulous ulcer.
H y p o ' n y c H n . The ecchymosis of blood
under a nail.
Hypopk'dium. A cataplasm for the sole of
the foot.
Hypo'phasis. Hypophasia. That state of
the eye in which the eyelids are half open, and
only the white of the eye is seen. — Hippocra-
tes.
Hypo'phora. (From vnofyepopai, to be car-
ried or conveyed underneath.) A deep, fistu-
lous ulcer.
Hypophosphoric acid. Merely a combina-
tion of the phosphoric and phosphorous acids.
Hypophosphorous acid. A powerful deox-
ydizing agent, P 2 0.
Htpophtha'lmion. The part.under the
eye which is subject to swell in a cachexy or
dropsy.
Hypophy'sis cerebri. The pineal gland.
Hypopicrotoxic acid. An acid found in the
testa of the cocculus indicus.
358
HYPO'PION. Hypopyum. (From viro, un-
der, and irvov, pus ; because the pus is under
the cornea.) An accumulation of coagulating
lymph (like pus), which takes place in the an-
terior chamber of the aqueous humor, and fre-
quently, also, in the posterior one, in conse-
quence of severe acute ophthalmy. The symp-
toms are the same as those which occur in the
highest stage of violent acute ophthalmy, viz.,
prodigious tumefaction of the eyelids; the same
swelling and redness as in chemosis; burning
heat and pain in the eye ; pains in the eyebrow
and nape of the neck ; fever, restlessness, aver-
sion to the faintest light, and a contracted state
of the pupil.
Hypori'nion. The part of the upper lip be-
low the nostrils ; also the hair which grows on
that part.
HYPOSA'RCA. (From vko, under, and oap£,
flesh.) Hyposarcidios. A collection of fluid or
air in the cellular membrane.
HYPOSPADIAS. Hypospadia. (From vno-
orcau, to draw under.) That malformation of
the urethra ip which it terminates under the
glans penis.
H y p s p a t h i's m u s . A surgical operation,
which consisted in making three incisions in the
forehead down to the pericranium, letting the
blood flow, and then passing a spatula between
the soft parts and the pericranium. It is de-
scribed by Paulus ^Egineta, lib. vi., c. 6.
Hypospha'gma. Aposphagma. A rupture of
the veins in the tunica adnata of the eye, chiefly
from external injury. — Paulus JEginela.
Hyposta'phyle. Relaxation of the uvula.
Hypo'stasis. A sediment from the urine.
Hyposthe'nic Contro-stimulant.
Hypo-sulpho-benzo'ic acid. A bibasic acid,
formed by the action of anhydrous sulphuric
acid on benzoic acid. It is soluble and crystal-
lizable. Formula, ChH^+SsA-^HO.
Hyposulphurous acid. An acid detected
by Sir J. Herschel, of which little is yet known.
It has not been insulated. Composition, S2O2.
Its salts, the hyposulphites, ar$ used in photog-
raphy, and are readily decomposed.
Hyposulphu'ric acid. A strong acid, of a
syrup-like consistence, S2O5.
HYPO'THBNAR. (ar, eros, u.; from viro,
under, and devap, the palm of the hand.) 1.
A muscle which runs on the inside of the hand.
2. That part of the hand which is opposite to
the palm.
Hypothenar eminence. The fleshy part of
the palm of the hand, corresponding to the lit-
tle finger.
Hypothenar minimi digiti. The flexor par-
vus minimi digiti.
Hypothenar minor metacarpus. The ab-
ductor minimi digiti.
Hypothenar riolani. The flexor parvus
minimi digiti.
HYPO'THESIS. (From vko, and Tidrjpi, to
place.) A gratuitous supposition, invented to
explain a phenomenon.
Hypo'theton. A suppository.
Hypozo'ma. The diaphragm.
Hypsiglo'ssus. A muscle, whose origin
is in the os hyoides, and its insertion in the
tongue.
H YS
Hypsiloid. Hypsiloides. 1. The oa hyoi-
des. 2. The hyo-glossus muscle.
HYPU'LUS. (From viro, under, and ovTir/, a
cicatrix.) An ulcer unsoundly healed, under
the cicatrix of which there is sanies.
Hyssop. Hyssopus officinalis.
Hyssop, hedge. Gratiola officinalis.
Hyssopi'tes. (From ixtctuttoc, hyssop.) Wine
impregnated with hyssop.
HYSSOTUS. (us,i,m.) A genus of plants.
Didyiiamia. Gymnospcrmia. Salviacca. — H.
tapUatus. Wild thyme. — //. officinalis. Com-
mon hyssop. Hyssopus — spicis sccundis, foliis
lanccolatis of Linnams. This plant is esteemed
aromatic, stimulant, and pectoral.
HY'STERA. (a, w, f.) The utems.
HYSTERA'LGIA. (From varepa, and al-
yoc, pain.) Pain in the womb, particularly
spasmodic pain after childbirth.
Hysteralgia i.ochiai.is. The after-pains.
HYSTE'RIA. (From varepa, the womb,
from which the disease was supposed to arise.)
Passio hysterica. Hysterics. The disease at-
tacks in paroxysms or tits. These are some-
times preceded by dejection of spirits, anxiety
of mind, effusion of tears, difficulty of breath-
ing, sickness at the stomach, and palpitations at
the heart ; but it more usually happens that a
pain is felt on the left side, with a sense of dis-
tension, advancing upward, till it gets into the
throat (globus hystericus). The patient appears
to be threatened with suffocation, becomes faint,
affected with stupor and insensibility ; while, at
the same time, the trunk and limbs are variously
agitated ; wild and irregular actions take place
in alternate lits of laughter, crying, and scream-
ing; incoherent expressions are uttered, a tem-
porary delirium prevails, and a frothy saliva is
discharged from the mouth. The spasms at
length abating, a cpiantity of wind is evacuated
upward, with frequent sighing and sobbing, and
the woman recovers the exercise of sense and
motion, with or without recollection of what
has taken place during the fit; feeling, how-
ever, a severe pain in her head, and a soreness
over her whole body. The species of Cullon
are:
1. Hysteria chlorotica, from a retention of the
menses.
2. Hysteria a leueorrhaa, from a fluor albus.
■i. Hysteria a Menorrhagia, from an immod-
<orate flow of the menses.
4. Hysteria libidinosa, from sensual desires.
Hysteric affections occur more frequently in
the single state of life than in the married, and
usually between the age of puberty and that of
thirty-livo years; and they make their attack
oftener about the period of menstruation than
at any other. They occur, though rarely, in
men of very irritable nervous habit, as well as
in women.
However dreadful and alarming a hysteric
fit may appear, still it is seldom accompanied
with danger, and the disease never terminates
fatally unless it changes into epilepsy, or that
the patient is in a very weak, reduced state. If
the fit be mild, nothing is to be done ; if Bevere,
and the patient veiy plethoric, bleeding may
be necessary, affusion with cold water, and
antispasmodic remedies. In the intervals, the
H YS
uterine function is to be attended to, and the
general health strengthened.
Hyste'rics. Hysteria.
HYSTERI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from varepa,
the womb.) Metritis. Inflammation of the
womb. This disease is characterized by fever,
heat, tension, tumor, and pain in the region of
the womb ; pain in the os uteri when touched,
and vomiting.
An inflammation of the uterus shows itself
usually about the second or third day after de-
livery, with a painful sensation of the bottom of
the belly, which gradually increases in violence,
without any kind of intermission. On examin-
ing externally, the uterus appears much increas-
ed in size, is hard to the feel, and, on making a
pressure upon it, the patient experiences great
soreness and pain. Soon afterward there en-
sues an increase of heat over the whole of the
body, with pains in the head and back, extend-
ing into the groins ; rigors, considerable thirst,
nausea, and vomiting. The tongue is white
and dry, the secretion of milk is usually much
interrupted, the lochia are greatly diminished,
the urine is high-colored and scanty, the body
is costive, and the pulse hard, full, and frequent.
Uterine inflammation is always attended with
much danger, particularly where the symptoms
run high, and the proper means for removing
them have not been timely adopted. In such
cases, it may terminate in suppuration, scirrhus,
or gangrene.
Frequent rigors, succeeded by flushings of the
face, quickness and weakness of the pulse, great
depression of strength, delirium, and the sudden
cessation of pain and soreness in the region of
the abdomen, denote a fatal termination. On
the contrary, the ensuing of a gentle diarrhoea,
the lochial discharge returning in due quantity
and quality, thesecretion of milk recommencing,
and the uterus becoming gradually softer and
less tender to the touch, with an abatement of
heat and thirst, prognosticate a favorable issue.
The treatment is that for the most active inflam-
mations. '
Hysteuoce'le. Hernia uteri.
Hy'sterocystoce'le. Hernia of the uterus
with displacement of the bladder.
HYSTEROLO'XIA. (From varepa, and ko-
for, oblique.) Obliquity of the uterus, occur-
ring during pregnancy ; the species are, H. an-
terior, or anteversion, and H. posterior, retro-
version of the uterus.
HYSTEROMALA'CIA. Hysleromalacosis.
(From varepa, and ftaXaKia, softness.) Soften-
ing of the tissues of the uterus, whereby the
organ becomes liable to rupture during parturi-
tion.
H Y S T E R M A'N I A. ( From varepa^ the
womb, and finvia, madness.) Furor uterinus.
See Nymphomania.
Hy'steuon. The placenta.
Hysterono'ncus. A tumor of the uterus.
HYSTERO'PHYSA. (From varepa, tho
womb, and <j>vaa, flatus.) A distension of the
womb, from a collection of air in its cavity.
Hysteropto'sis. Prolapsus uteri.
Hysterorrhoc'a mucosa. Leucorrhoea. —
Swediaur.
HY'STEROTOMATO'CIA. (From vvrepa,
359
ICH
the womb, re/ivu, to cut, and roxof, parturition.)
The extraction of the child by the Caesarian op-
eration.
HYSTBRO'TOMUS. (From varepa, the
womb, and tejivu, to cut.) A kind of bistouri
cachk, which has been used to divide the neck
of the womb.
HYSTEROTOMY. (Hystcrotomia, a, f.;
ICT
from varepa, the womb, and re'fivu, to cut. ) Th«
Caesarian operation.
HYSTRICPASIS. (From vorpi?, a hedge-
hog or porcupine.) A rare disease of the hairs
in which they stand erect.
Ht'stricis lapis. Bezoar hystricis.
Htstri'tis. Hysteritis.
JL • The symbol for iodine.
Iateria. The curative art.
Ia'tralei'ptes. A physician who cures dis-
eases by inunction.
IA'TRALE'PTIC TREATMENT. The cu-
rative means which consists in the application
of medicines to the skin with friction.
I a't reusolo'gia. Therapeutics. — Sprcn-
gel.
Ia'trochy'micus. Ia'trochy'mia. The phy-
sicians of the chemical school of which Paracel-
sus was the head were called Iatro-chymici.
Ia'trognomi'ca. Medical knowledge. —
Hufeland.
Ia'troli'ptice. The method of cuviug dis-
eases by inunction.
Ia'tro-mathema'ticus. An iatro-rnathema-
tician, or mathematical physician. One who
explained the actions of the body and of medi-
cines by mechanical laws.
Ia'tron. Iatros. A physician.
Iatro'phic acid. Crotonic acid.
Iatrotechnice. The art of medicine.
Ibe'ris. Lipidium iberis.
Ibicuiba. A Brazilian nut, the kernel of
which is said to be balsamic.
Ibirace. Guaiacum.
Ibi'xuma. Saponaria officinalis.
ICE. Glacies. Water made solid by the
application of cold. It is frequently applied to
the head in cases of inflammation of the brain,
and used by surgeons to resolve external inflam-
mations, to stop haemorrhages, and constringe
relaxed parts, and to reduce hernias.
Ice-cap. A bladder containing pounded ice,
and applied to the head in inflammation of the
brain.
Iceland moss. Cetraria islandica.
Iceland spar. Crystallized carbonate of
lime.
I'CHOR. (or, oris, m. lA'wp-) A thin,
aqueous, and acrid discharge.
I'chorous. Of the nature of ichor.
I'chthya. 1. The skin of the Squatina. 2.
an instrument like a fish-hook for extracting the
foetus.
Ichthy'asis. See Ichthyosis.
ICHTHYOCO'LLA. (a, a, f. ; from i X 6vc,
a fish, and itoTJka, glue.) Isinglass. Fish-glue.
Pure gelatine. It is chiefly obtained from the
swimming-bladder of the sturgeon. Cooper's
isinglass is nearly as good, and much cheaper:
this is prepared from bones and cartilage, and
is a clear kind of glue.
Isinglass, boiled in milk, forms a mild, nutri-
tious jelly, and is thus sometimes employed
medicinally. A s dution in water, with a very
360
small proportion of some balsam, spread on
black silk, is the court-plaster of the shops.
ICHTHYOLOGY. (From i X 6vc, and loyoc,
a discourse.) That department of natural his-
tory which treats of fishes.
ICHTHYOSIS, (u, is, f. ; from i X 6vc, a
fish; on account of the resemblance of the
scales to those of a fish.) The fish-skin disease.
It is characterized by a thickened, hard, rough,
and, in some cases, almost horny texture of the
integuments of the body, with some tendency
to scaliness, but without the deciduous exfolia-
tions, the distinct and partial patches, or the
constitutional disorder which belong to lepra
and psoriasis. The species are :
1. Ichthyosis simplex. — It commences with a
thickened, harsh, and discolored state of the
cuticle, which becomes of a warty character,
and the color nearly black.
2. Ichthyosis cornea. — Several rare cases of a
rigid and horny state of the integuments, some-
times partial, but sometimes extending nearly
over the whole body, have been recorded by
authors; and occasionally such a condition of
the cuticle has been accompanied with the ac-
tual production of excrescences of a homy tex-
ture. These, however, are rare occurrences.
The varieties arc, i". nacrca. When the scales
are pearly. — /. pellagra. Pellagra. — J. sebacea.
When the scales are of sebaceous matter. Ich-
thyosis is very intractable ; it may, however,
sometimes be cured by sulphur waters, with
constant bathing and frictions to the skin.
Icica aracouchini. A tree of Guayana,
which yields the aracouchini balsam.
ICOSA'NDRIA. Icosandrous. (From eikogi,
twenty, and avr/p, a man or husband.) Plants
with hermaphrodite flowers, having twenty or
more stamina inserted into the inner side of the
calyx or petals.
ICTERI'TIA. 1. Icterus. 2. Erysipelas has
been called Icteritia rubra.
Icteritia alba. Chlorosis.
Icteroidks. Relating to icterus ; ofayellow
color.
I'CTERUS. (us, i, in. ? from inrepoc, a yellow
thrush.) The jaundice: characterized by yel-
lowness of the skin and eyes, first observable in
the tunica albuginea; the fasces are gray, and
the urine of a deep color. Jaundice mostly
comes on with languor, inactivity, loathing of
food, disturbed sleep at night, acidities of the
6tomach and bowels, frequent sense of nausea.
As it advances the skin and eyes become of a
deep yellow ; there is a bitter taste in the mouth,
with frequent nausea and vomiting ; a dull, ob-
tuse pain is felt in the right hypochondrium.
ICT
which is much increased by pressure. It arises
from disturbed function of the liver, and when
very severe is termed /. viridis, green jaundice,
or I. nigra, black jaundice. It has been distin-
guished into the following species:
Icterus biliosus, or chol^us. This species
is produced by a thick, inspissated bile plug-
ging up the mouth of the ductus communis chol-
edochus. It comes on very insidiously ; is not
attended by any pain, and soon gives way to
proper treatment. A vomit, purgatives, and
alterative doses of mercury are to be used ; but
it often lasts several weeks or months.
Icterus calculosus, or chololithicus.
Gall-stone jaundice. This is caused by a gall-
stone, formed in the gall bladder, getting out
of the bladder into the cystic or common chol-
edic duct, and there stopping the bile in its
course into the bowels. There is violent pain
at the pit of the stomach, darting upward be-
tween, the shoulders.
The treatment of this species consists in allay-
ing the pain by opiates, in doses proportioned
to the degree of pain. If it be very severe,
from 50 to 100 drops of laudanum should be
administered in camphor mixture, and repeated
according to circumstances. Fomentations to
the painful parts are serviceable, and, above all,
warm baths. The bowels are to be kept open,
and irritability of the stomach allayed by soda-
water, &c. t
Icterus gravidarum. Jaundice of pregnant
women. This takes place, now and then, aboUt
the seventh or eighth month of pregnancy, and
is caused by pressure of the uterus on the bile-
ducts. It vanishes after labor.
Icterus hepaticus. Hepatic jaundice. This
embraces all instances of jaundice that are pro-
duced by organic diseases of the liver, gall-
bladder, pancreas, or any other viscus, and by
tumors in the vicinity, as aneurism, enlarged
glands, or adventitious structures, which, by
pressure on, or by encompassing the gall-ducts,
or by destroying them, cause jaundice. Hepatic
jaundice is mostly accompanied by a dull and
sometimes a severe pain ; and it is a chronic
disease for the most part, and attended by itch-
ing and defoedations of the skin, anasarcous
•wellings of the legs, and frequently ascites.
Icterus infantum. Jaundice of infants, or
yellow-green. It affects children at or soon
after their birth, and usually continues for some
days, but is harmless; a dose of calomel fre-
quently removes it. The cause is a partial re-
tention of meconium.
Icterus spasmodicus. Spasmodic jaundice.
This is, of all, by far the most common species.
It arises chiefly from indigestible food, and is
attended with great pain in the stomach, and
severe vomiting.
It is to be treated by opiates and relaxants.
Opium is to be administered in doses proportion-
ed to the extent of pain ; and fomentations and
the warm bath are to be resorted to occasion-
ally. A blister to the pit of the stomach is often
successful in relaxing the spasm. Great good
results, when the stomach will bear it, from
the compound powder of ipecacuanha, in regu-
lar and small doses, and the use of warm pedi-
luvia at bed-time.
IKA
The mercurial preparations, nitric acid, and
especially the nitro-muriatic acid, applied, di-
luted, by sponging, and taken internally, are
most efficacious remedies in the chronic forms
of icterus.
Icterus albus. Chlorosis.
Icterus niger. J. viridis. See Icterus.
Icterus neonatorum. See Icterus infantum
Ictodes FffiTmus. Dracontium foetidum.
I'CTUS. (us, us, and ti, m. ; from ico, to
strike.) 1. A stroke or blow. 2. The pulsation
of an artery. 3. The sting of a bee or other
insect.
Ictus sons. A stroke of the sun. Seo
Coup de soleil.
IDEO'LOGY. (Ideologia, cc, f. ; from idea, a
thought, and hoyoc , a discourse.) The doctrine
of ideas.
Idiocrasia. See Idiosyncrasy.
Idiocy. See Amentia.
IDIOPATHIC. (Idiopathicus ; from 1610c,
peculiar, and iradoe, an affection.) A disease
which is primary, and not symptomatic of, or
consecutive upon, any other disease, is styled
idiopathic.
IDIOSY'NCRASY. (Idiosyncrasia, a, f . ;
from idioc, peculiar, aw, with, and Kpaoic, a
temperament.) A peculiarity of constitution,
in which a person is affected by certain agents,
which, if applied to the generality of persons,
would produce no effect.
Idiotism. Amentia.
Idiotro'pia. Idiosyncrasy.
Igasu'ric acid. The acid with which strych-
nia is combined in mix vomica, &c.
IGNA'TIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. — /. amara. The
plant which yields St. Ignatius's bean. These
beans are of a roundish figure, very irregular
and uneven, about the size of an ordinary nut-
meg, semitransparent, and of a hard, horny
texture. They are very bitter. Infusions are
given in the cure of intermittents, &c. They
contain strychnia.
Ignatiifaba. Ignatius's bean. Ignatia amara.
I'GNIS. (is, is, m.) Fire. 1. The evolution
of heat and light which attends combustion.
2. Universal solvents. 3. The heat, redness,
and acrimony of a disease.
Ignis actualis. The actual cauteiy.
Ignis calidus. A gangrene.
Ignis columella. Erysipelas.
Ignis fatuus. A luminous appearance or
flame, frequently seen in the night in different
marshy places, arising from inflamed gases,
especially the phosphureted hydrogen.
Ignis frigidus. A gangrene.
Ignis Gehenna. The fire of hell. The uni-
versal solvent was so called by the alchemists.
Ignis persicus. 1. Erysipelas. 2. A car-
buncle.
Ignis potentialis. The potential cautery.
Ignis rotm. Fire for fusion.
Ignis sacer. See Sacer.
Ignis sancti Antonii. Erysipelas.
Ignis stlvaticus. I.volagrius. I. volaticii*.
Strophulus volaticus.
IGNITION. (From ignis, fire.) The act of
catching fire, or the state of a burning substance .
Iran radix. A somewhat oval, oblong,
361
ILE
ILt
sompressed root, brought from China. It is
extremely rare, and appears to be from an
orchis.
Flaphis. Arctium lappa.
I'LBAC PASSION. (Passio iliaca. Eaeoc,
iXeoc, a kind of a colic, the seat of which is the
iutestinum ileum.) It consists of severe griping
pain, vomiting of a faecal matter, and costiveness,
accompanied by retraction and spasms of the
abdominal muscles.
The griping paiu is very severe : the person
at first vomits bilious fluid, which soon smells
like fa3ces, and at length becomes perfectly
stercoraceous, from the peristaltic motion of the
bowels being inverted through their whole
course ; so that, after a time, injections thrown
into the rectum will pass along the whole tract
of the intestines into the stomach, and escape
through the mouth by vomiting. In some cases
the skiu becomes yellow. Ileus arises from
many causes, and is generally symptomatic of
other diseases. 1. The most common cause is
strangulated hernia. 2. Another frequent cause
is an intussusception, or a retention of a part of
the bowel within another.
Acrid, cold, and indigestible esculents, cold
beverages on a heated stomach, taking cold in
the feet when disposed to intestinal derange-
ments, unalimentary substances swallowed by
mistake, as metallic money, pieces of glass,
plum, cherry, or other fruit-stones, worms, cal-
culous or other balls congested in the intes-
tines and obstructing the regular movement, as
scybala, gall-stones, intestinal calculi, are men-
tioned as having produced ileus; and, as a
symptomatic affectum, it is common in tumors,
cancerous or otherwise, and stricture. It has
also supervened in gout and rheumatism.
The medical treatment consists in removing
the exciting causes, if possible, by carminative
aperients, fomentations, and glysters ; and if, at
.the commencement, there are evidences of an
inflammatory state, blood should be abstracted
freely from the arm, and by leeches on the ab-
domen.
The griping and spasmodic pain, and a res-
toration of the intestines from a state of inverted
action to their proper peristaltic motion, which
is sure to remove their constipation, are the
points to which attention is to be directed. Dry
and humid fomentations, and warm baths, and
warm and copious glysters, afford a rational
chance of success. The last should be rendered
emollient by an admixture of oil, and aperient
by the addition of infusions of senna or decoc-
tion of colocynth, so that both intentions of cure
should be earned forward at the same time.
In combination with these, opium and various
other narcotics may be tried.
Purgatives, combined with antispasmodics,
should also be administered by the mouth:
though the vomiting is sometimes so incessant
that little or nothing can be fairly swallowed;
and vast quantities of vitiated and varied secre-
tions are poured out. Calomel is decidedly the
most likely to answer, in doses of about two,
three, or four grains.
Dr. Cullen, on the advice of De Haen, rec-
ommends a continued stream of warm water
thrown forcibly and with a proper syringe into
362
the rectum, so that it may play upon the con-
stricted portion of the intestine, and declares
that he has found this remedy to be one of the
most powerful and effectual. The disease is
very fatal. If it be produced by a hernia, it
should be reduced, or the operation performed,
if not too late.
Ileaca passio. Ileac passion.
I'lech. Ylech. A first principle. — Para-
celsus.
Ilei'tis. Inflammation of the ileum. See
Inflammation of the Stomach and Intestines.
ILEO-.- A prefix; from ileum, the small in-
testine.
Ileo-ciecal valve. Valvula ileo-coscali*.
The valve situated at the junction of the ileum
and ccecum.
Ileo-colic artery. Artcria ileo-colica. A
branch of the superior mesenteric artery, dis-
tributed to the ileum and commencement of the
colon.
Ileo- colitis. Inflammation of the intes-
tines.
Ileo-lumbau artery. Artcria ilco-lumbalis.
A branch of the internal iliac artery, distributed
to the psoas and iliacus internus muscles.
I'LEUM. Ileon. (From eiXeu, to turn about;
from its convolutions.) Ileum intcstinum. The
hist portion of the small intestines, about fifteen
hands' breadth in length, which terminates at
the valve of the uncum.
ILEUS, (us, i, m.) See Ileac passion.
' I' LEX. (ex, ids, f.) A genus of plants.
Tetraiulria. Tetragynia. Iticica;. — /. aqui-
folium. European holly. The leaves have
been used to cure intermittent fevers. — I. ca»-
si /hi. I. vomitoria. Cassina. This tree grows
in Carolina; the leaves are bitter and aromatic.
They are considered as stomachic and stimu-
lant. They are used as expectorants, and, when
fresh, are emetic. — I. mafbr and /. opaca are
sometimes used. The /. paraguayensis furnish-
es the Faraguay tea.
I' LI A. (the plural of He, aXn.) 1. The
Hanks. 2. The small intestines.
I'LIAC. Iliacus. Belonging, situated near
to, or connected with parts about the flanks.
Iliac arteries. Artcria; iliaca;. The arte-
ries so called arc formed by the bifurcation of
the aorta, near the last lumbar vertebra. They
are divided into internal and external. The
internal iliac, also called the hypogastric artery ,
is distributed in the fetus into six, and in the
adult into five branches, which are divided
about the pelvis, viz., the little iliac, the glu-
teal, the ischiatic, the pudical, and the obtura-
tory; and in the fetus, the umbilical. The
external iliac proceeds out of the pelvis, through
Foupart's ligament, to form the femoral artery.
Iliac fossa. A broad and shallow cavity at
the upper part of the abdominal or inner sur-
face of the os iliacum. Another fossa, alter-
nately concave and convex, on .the femoral or
external surface, is called the external iliac
fossa.
Iliac mesocolon. A fold of the peritoneum,
which embraces the sigmoid flexure of the
colon. «
Iliac region. The side of the abdomen, be-
tween the ribs and the hips.
IMM .
Ili'acus. Iliac.
Iliacus internus. Iliacus of Winslow. A
thick, broad, and radiated muscle, which is sit-
uated in the pelvis, upon the inner surface of
the ilium. It arises, fleshy, from the inner lip
of the ilium, from most of the hollow part, and
likewise from the edge of that bone, between
its anterior superior spinous process and the
acetabulum. It joins with the psoas magnus,
where it begins to become tendinous, and, pass-
ing under the ligamentum Fallopii, is inserted
in common with that muscle. The tendon of
this muscle has been seen distinct from that of
the psoas, and in 6oine subjects it has been
found divided into two portions. The iliacus
internus serves to assist the psoas magnus in
bending the thigh, and in bringing it directly
forward.
Ili'abus, Iliadum. Itcidos. Waster.
Terms applied by Paracelsus to the first matter
of all things, consisting, according to him, of
mercury, salt, and sulphur.
I'uci.v. A bitter substance of the holly.
Ili'ngos. Vertigo.
Ilio-. Terms compounded with this word
denote parts connected with the ilium, as ilio-
lumbar, Mo-sacral, &c.
I'LIUM OS. The haunch bone. See In-
nominaturn os.
Ille'ckhra. Sedum .acre.
ILLI'OIUM. (urn, ii, n.) A genus of plants.
Polyandria. Polygyria. Magnoliacew. — /.
ani'satum. The yellow-flowered aniseed-tree.
The star aniseed. The seeds are used with the
same views as those of the Pimpinella anisum.
The same tree is supposed to furnish the aro-
matic bark called Cortex cmisi stellati, or Cor-
tex lavola. — I. floridanum is similar, and the
bark of /. parvijlorum resembles sassafras.
Ii.linctus. The same as linctus.
Illi'tio. The process of anointing.
ILLO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from i\loc, the eye.)
A distortion of the eyes ; strabismus.
Illutame'ntum. Any substance used in il-
lutation.
ILLUTA'TIO. (o, on is, f . ; from in, and' la-
tum, mud.) Illutation; a besmearing any part
of the body with mud, and renewing it as it
grows diy.
I'li,ys. Ono who squints.
Imbeci'litas oculorum. . Nyctalopia.
IMBECILITY. Imbecilitas. Weakness, es-
pecially of the faculty of judgment.
Imber'bis. Beardless.
IMBIBI'TION. ( Imhibilio, ouis, f. ; from
imbibo, to receive into.) The absorption of a
liquid into the pores of a solid. M. Magendie
considers imbibition as a property universal
throughout the organic tissues, with the excep-
tion of the epidermis ; and regards it in these,
as in inorganic bodies, as refcrriblo merely to
capillary attraction.
IMBRICA'TE. Imbrica'tus. Tiled; ar-
ranged like tiles upon a house. Applied to
leaves, as those of the Euphorbia paralia.
IMME'RSUS. 1. Immersed; plunged under
water. 2. The subscapularis muscle.
IMMOVABLE APPARATUS. Bandages
or supports in dislocations and fractures, which
are imbued with starch or gum when applied.
IMP
so that they become rigid, and can not be read
ily removed.
Impa'ction. A form of fracture in which
portions of bone project and others are de
pressed.
Impasta'tio. Thq,formation of a paste.
IMPA'TIENS. (ens, entis, f.) A genua of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. — I. balsa'
mina. Considered vulnerary and diuretic— J.
noli me tangere. Said to be diuretic.
IMPENETRABILITY. (From in, not, and
penctro, to penetrate.) An essential property
of all matter, by which it occupies a given
space, to the exclusion of every other body.
IMPERATO'RIA. (a, w, f.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Umbellifera.
— I. oslru'thium. The master-wort. The roots
have a fragrant smell, and a bitterish, pungent
taste. It is an inferior aromatic.
IMPERFECT. Imperfectvs. Such flowers
as want either anther or pistil, or both.
IMPERFORATION . ( Imperforate, onis, f. )
The preternatural occlusion of any part which
is usually pervious.
Impe'eiai, beveraoe. Ptisana imperialis.
A cooling and laxative drink, made by mixing
half an ounce of supertartrate of potash with
the same amount of lemon peel, four ounces of
sugar, and three pints of boiling water.
IMPE'RMEABLE. Impermeabilitas. Capa-
ble of resisting the passage of gases and fluids.
IMPETI'GINES. (The plural of impetigo;
from impclo, to infest. ) An order of the class
Cachexia, the genera of which are character-
ized by cachexia and deformity of the external
parts of the body with tumo*rs, eruptions, &c.
IMPETI'GO." (o, mis, f . ; from impeto, to
infest.) A disease of the skin, called the hu-
mid or running tetter. It is characterized by
the appearance of the small, psydracious pus.
tules. It is not accompanied by fever, not
contagious, nor communicable by inoculation.
It chiefly occurs on the extremities, and under
the following forms, according to Bateman:
1. Impetigo Jignrata is the most common va-
riety. It appears in circumscribed patches,
of various figures and magnitude, attended with
much itching. It is often a very tedious affec-
tion.
2. Impetigo sparsa. The pustules are here
dispersed more especially about the extremi
ties.
3. Impetigo erysipelatodcs. This form of the
disease, in its commencement, presents nearly
the ordinary appearances of erysipelas, namely,
a redness and puffy swelling of the upper part
of the face, with oedema of the eyelids, and is
accompanied with slight febrile symptoms for
the space of two or three days ; but, on a mi-
nuto examination, the surface, instead of the
smooth polish of erysipelas, is found to exhibit
a slight inequality, as if it were obscurely pap-
ulated, and in a day or two the true character
of the disease is manifested by the eruption o£
numerous psydracious pustules overthe inflamed
and tumid skin, instead of the large, irregular
bulla) of erysipelas.
4. Impetigo scabida. In this more rare and
severe form of the disease, one or more of the
limbs become encased in a thick, yellowish,
363
IMP
scabby crust, not unlike the bark of a tree,
which is accompanied with a disagreeable heat
and itching, and renders the motion of the af-
fected limbs difficult and painful. This crust is
the result of the concretion of an acrimonious
humor, which is discharged in great abundance
from numerous psydracious pustules, as they
successively form, break, and ulcerate over the
surface of the limb.
The foregoing species aro to be treated by
sulphur, purges, and alteratives, bathing, mercu-
rial alteratives, and mild unguents. In all other
respects the health is to be improved.
5. Impetigo rodens is a rare but intractable
species of the disease, probably of a cancer-
ous nature, in which the cellular membrane
is affected as well as the skin, and seems to
shrink away as the ulceration and discharge
go on. The disorder commences with a cluster
of pustules, sometimes intermixed with vesicles,
which soon break, and discharge, for a long pe-
riod of time, an acrid humor, from open pores
or from under scabs ; and the skin and cellular
texture are slowly, but deeply and extensively,
corroded, with extreme irritation and pain,
which are only to be alleviated by large doses
of opium. The disease commonly begins on the
side of the chest or trunk of the body, and
gradually extends itself.
Impetigo has been used by various authors
for itch, lepra, and most pustular affections.
Impetum faciens. The vital energy.
l'MPETUS. (From impetus, force.) 1. The
actual force or momentum of a moving body.
2. The paroxysm of a disease.
1'mpia herba. • Gnaphalium.
IMPLANTA'TION. (From implanto, to in-
graft.) A term applied to a monstrosity, in
which two bodies are united, but only one is
perfectly developed, while the other remains
in a rudimentary state.
1 . Implantatio externa. This is of two kinds :
1. Implantatio externa tequalit, in which the
parts of the imperfect embryo are connected
with corresponding parts of the perfect one ; as
when the posterior parts of the body of a dimin-
utive foetus hang to the front of the thorax of a
fully-formed child, or where a third foot, para-
sitic hand, or supernumerary jaw is present ;
and, 2. Implantatio externa incequalis, in which
the perfect and imperfect foetus are connected
by dissimilar points.
2. Implantatio interna. In this case one foetus
contains within it a second. — Mullet.
IMPLICATED. Implicatus. Celsus, Scri-
bonius, and some others, call those parts of
physic so which have a necessary dependence
on one another ; but the term has been more
significantly applied by Bellini to fevers, where
two at a time afflict a person, either of the same
kind, as in the case of a double tertian, or of
different kinds, as in the case called a semiter-
titm, which is a mixture of a tertian and a quo-
.t.idian.
Implu'vium. 1. The shower bath. 2. An
embrocation.
IMPO'NDERABLE. (From in. not, and
pondus, weight.') Without appreciable weight.
Light, heat, and the various forms of electricity
are called imponderables.
364
INC
IMPOSTHUMA. Imposthume. A term cor-
rupted from apostema. An abscess.
Im'potency. Impotence. See Sterility.
Impoverished. According to the humoral
pathologists, the blood or any secretion was
impoverished when it was thin and remained
fluid, and cachexies arose from this condition.
Impregnation. Impregnatio. See Concep-
tion and Generation.
Impu'ber. Impubis- Not of the age of pu
berty.
Impu'lse, diastolic. The short stroke of
the heart after each pulsation ; the back stroke.
INANI'TION. (Inanitio, onis, f. ; from in-
anio, to empty. ) The absence of nutrition from
want of food. Starvation.
Inaura'tion. The gilding of pills, &c.
INCANDE'SCENCE. (From incandesco, to
become white hot.) The bright light emitted
by heated bodies.
Incanta'tion. Incantatio. A way of cur-
ing diseases by charms, much practiced in an-
cient times, and adopted also by Paracelsus,
Van Helmont, and other enthusiasts among the
moderns.
Inca'nus. Hoary; glaucous.
INCARCERA'TION. (From in, and career,
a prison.) 1. When a hernia is constricted so
as to hinder the passage of faeces, it is said to
be incarcerated. 2. The word is sometimes
used synonymously with strangulation.
INCA'RNATION. (From i«,and caro, flesh.)
Synonyme of granulation.
Inca'rneus. Having the property of pro-
ducing granulations.
Ince'ndium. Inccnsio. A burning fever or
inflammation.
Incerni'culum. (From incerno, to sift.) 1.
A strainer or sieve. 2. The pelvis of the kid-
ney.
I'ncidence. The meeting of one body or
agent with another, as when light or heat strikes
upon a surface.
Incide'ntia. Medicines supposed to pro-
mote the discharge of phlegm.
INCINERATION. Incineratio. (Fromm-
cincro, to reduce to ashes.) The reduction of
any substance to ashes by combustion.
Incised wound. A wound made by a sharp
instrument, and not torn or lacerated.
INCI'SION. Incisio. A clean cut made into
the soft parts with a sharp instrument.
INCISI'VUS. Relating to the incisor teeth.
Incisivum foramen. Foramen incisivum.
Incisivus inferior. Levator labii inferioris.
Incisivus lateralis. Levator labii superi-
oris alaeque nasi.
Incisivus medius. Depressor labii superior-
is alaeque nasi.
INCI'SOR. (or, oris, m. ; from incido, to cut,
from its use in cutting the food.) The four
front teeth of both jaws are called incisores, be-
cause they cut the food.
INCISO'RIUM. (urn, i, n.) A table where-
on a patient is laid for an operation.
Incisorium foramen. Foramen incisivum.
Inci'sed. Incisus. Cut; snipped.
Incitants. Incitantia. Synonyme of exci-
tants.
INCOMPATIBLE. Substances which can
IND
not with propriety be prescribed together in the
same formula, on account of their having a
chemical action on each other, are said to be
incompatible.
INCOMPRE'SSIBILITY. The proper-
ty which some bodies possess of resisting any
force tending to compress them into smaller di-
mensions. Masses of matter are all in some de-
gree compressible, but some are extremely in-
compressible.
INCONTINE'NCE. Incontinentia. (From
in, and contineo, to contain. ) Inability to retain
the natural evacuations.
INCORPORATION. Incorporate. The in-
timate mixing and blending of bodies so as to
make them of uniform substance.
INCRA'SSANS. (From incrasso, to make
thick.) Formerly applied to medicines sup-
posed to have the property of thickening the
fluids. Incrassantia medicaments.
Increme'ntum. Increase; growth.
INCRUSTA'TION. Incntslatio. The accu-
mulation of a crust of rigid particles over any
substance ; this sometimes takes place on the
surface of the cartilages, &c.
INCUBA'TION. Incubatio. (From incubo,
to sit upon.) 1. The period of time a bird sits
upon her eggs before the young are produced.
2. In Medicine, the period during which any
virus or morbific agent is developing itself in
the body before the obvious marks of disease
become apparent. This time varies consider-
ably, many months sometimes elapsing between
the bite of a rabid dog, when the poison is in-
troduced, and the appearance of hydrophobia.
I'NCUBUS. (From incubo, to he upon; be-
cause the patient fancies that something lies
upon his chest.) The nightmare. See Ephial-
tes.
Incu'rvus. Curved inward.
I'NCUS. {us, udis, f. ; a smith's anvil. ) The
largest of the bones of the tympanum, so named
from its shape. See Auris.
Indehi'scent. Not opening when ripe: ap-
plied to seed-vessels.
Indented. Sinuatus.
I'NDEX. {ex, icis, c. g. ; from indico, to
point out ; because it is generally used for that
purpose.) The fore finger
Index of refraction. A term in Optics,
expressing the constant ratio which exists be-
tween the sines of the angles of incidence and
refraction. This differs with various bodies,
inasmuch as their refractive qualities differ.
Indian arrow-root. Maranta.
Indian cress. Tropaeolum majus.
Indian cucumber. The root of the Medcola
virginica.
Indian date-plum. Diospyros lotus.
Indian fig. Cactus opuntia.
Indian hemp. The term usually signifies
the Apocynum cannabinum; but the Cannabis
indica is also spoken of under this name.
Indian leaf. Malabathrum.
Indian pink. Spigelia marilandica.
Indian physic. Gillenia trifoliata.
Indian rubber. Caoutchouc.
Indian tobacco. Lobelia inflata.
Indian turnip. Arum triphyuum.
Indian wheat. J. earn, Zea mays.
IND
India'na radix. Ipecacuanha.
INDIANA SPRINGS. A spring near Jef*
fersonville is highly charged with Bulphureted
hydrogen, and is, at the same time, chalybeate.
I'ndica camo'tes. The potato.
I'NDICANT. {Indicans; from indico, to
show.) Relating to an indication.
Indicating days. Critical days.
INDICATION. {Indicalio, onis, f. ; from
indico, to show.) That which demonstrates
what ought to be done. It is threefold : pre-
servative, which relates to the preservation of
health ; curative, which relates to the cure of a
present disease ; and vital, which respects the
powers and reasons of diet.
INDICA'TOR. An extensor muscle of the
fore finger, situated on the lower and posterior
part of the fore arm. It arises, by an acute,
fleshy beginning, from the middle of the poste-
rior part of the ulna ; its tendon passes under
the same ligament with the extensor digitorum
communis, with part of which it is inserted
into the posterior part of the fore finger.
IXDICUM LIGNUM. Logwood.
Indicus morbus. The venereal disease.
INDI'GENOUS. {Indigenus; ab indu, i. e.,
in et geno, i. e., gig-no, to beget.) Applied to
things which are peculiar to any country, as
animals, plants, or diseases.
Indige'stion. See Dyspepsia.
Indignabu'ndus. The rectus iutemus oculi.
Indignato'rius. The rectus interims oculi.
I'NDIGO. A blue coloring matter extract-
ed from the Indigofera tinctoria; anil, or the
indigo plant. It is massive, of a deep blue ;
insoluble, tasteless, and inodorous. It has been
recommended as a medicine in epilepsy, cho-
rea, and hysteria. It is said to produce vomit-
ing and constriction of the fauces, but the action
is uncertain. The dose is from gr. v. to $j., or
more, in electuary.
Indigo, sulphate of. The solution of indigo
in sulphuric acid.
INDIGO'FERA. A genus of plants. Dia-
delphia. Decandria. Leguminosce. — I. tincto-
ria. I. anil. The name of the plant which
affords much of the indigo of commerce.
Indigogene. White indigo, which, by oxy-
genation, becomes blue. Deoxydized indigo.
Indigo'tic acid. A product of the action of
nitric acid on indigo. It is whitish, crystalline,
and very insoluble. Form., C14H4NO9-I-HO.
It is isomeric, if not identical with nitro-sali-
cylic acid.
Indigo'tin. Pure indigo blue, procured bj
sublimation. Form., C16H5NO2. — Dumas.
I'NDOLENT. (From in, and doleo, to be in
pain.) Without pain: applied to tumors which
exhibit but little pain.
INDU'CTION. Inductio. (From in, and
duco, to lead.) 1. The process, in philosophy,
of raising individual facts into generalizations.
2. In electricity, the action which an electrified
body induces in adjacent and quiescent matter.
See Electrical induction.
Indu'plicate. -A kind of vernation or aesti-
vation, in which the margins of the leaves are
folded inward, and the external faces of these
are applied to each other without twisting or
imbrication.
365
INF
iNDU'RANS. (From indv.ro, to harden. )
Applied to medicines which were supposed to
condense the animal fibres. Medicamenta in-
durantia.
INDICATION. Jnduraiio. The hardened
and usually thickened condition which results
from inflammation, especially of a chronic char-
acter.
Indu'sium. A shirt or under garment. 1.
The amnios. 2. The involucrum, or thin, mem-
braneous covering of the fructification of ferns.
Ine'bri'ants. Intoxicating bodies.
Inequa'lis. Unequal.
Ine'rmis. Unarmed; without spines.
INE'RTIA. (From incrs, slothful.) 1. The
passive and indifferent condition of matter. 2.
Inactivity.
Inertia of the womb. A morbid state of
the womb during or subsequent to labor, in
which muscular contractions cease, thus im-
peding parturition, or producing hemorrhage.
If it occur during labor, a dose of ergot will
usually overcome this condition. After partu-
rition, every means are to be used to produce
contraction, as by the use of ergot, the intro-
duction of the hand into the uterus, the injec-
tion of cold water into the rectum, &c.
INFA'NCY. Infantia. The period of child-
hood preceding the seventh year.
INFA'NTICIDE. (From infans, a child, and
cmdo, to kill.) The murder of a young child.
This, in the case of newly-born infants, may
be the result of criminal intent, or of neglect ;
the latter constituting infanticide by omission.
Infa'rction. Constipation; the state in
which the contents of any viscera are crowded
together.
Infection. See Contagion.
INFE'RIOR STRAIT. In obstetrics, the
lower strait or boundary of the pelvis, which
is constituted by the rami of the os pubis, the
tuberosities of the ischium, and the os coccygis
posteriorly with the integuments.
INFERO BRANCHIA'TA. An order of
gasteropods, the gills of which are situated be-
low the mouth.
I'nferus. Inferior.
Infibula'tio. 1. An impediment to the re-
traction of the prepuce. 2. Syn. of ancterias-
mus.
INFI'RMARY. Infirmarium. A kind of
hospital, where the relief is, however, mostly
out-door, and patients are not furnished with
beds.
INFILTRA'TION. Inflltrafw. Effusion, or
the accumulation of any fluid into the cells of
an organ or texture. The fluid may be serous,
puriform, sanguineous, or of any kind. Ana-
sarca and oedema are instances of infiltration.
INFLAMMABLE. ( Inflammabilis ; from
inflammo, to burn.) Chemists distinguish by
this term such bodies as inflame with facility.
See Combustion.
Inflammable air. Hydrogen gas.
Inflammable air, heavy. Carbureted hy-
drogen.
INFLAMMATION. (Inflammatio, onis, f. ;
from inflammo, to set on tire.) Inflammation is
a stale generally characterized by redness, ten-
sion swelling, beat, and pain. It is of some
3G6
INF
duration, and speedily introduces extravasation
from the blood in the part.
Inflammation, when severe, is attended with
pyrexia, or inflammatory fever, and an altered
condition of the blood. The pyrexia is con-
cisely defined by Cullen : a sense of coldness
and debility, succeeded by increased heat of
the skin, increased frequency of pulse, and a
general derangement of the other functions. 1.
The heart's action is at first depressed, but be-
comes sharp and quick, increasing the temper-
ature of the body, and establishing the febrile
reaction. 2. The secretions are diminished.
3. The nervous system becomes disturbed, and
pains in the back, head, limbs, with tremors,
storpor, hallucinations, intervene.
When the principal disturbance is in the cir-
culation, the fever is called inflammatory; but
when the heart is less excited, the secretion*
much changed, and the nervous system much
depressed, with storpor, the fever is typhoid.
The blood, a few days after the invasion of fe-
ver, exhibits the butfy coat which is produced
by an excess of fibrin or of modified fibrin.
Inflammation, when it invades internal or-
gans, in addition to the foregoiug general symp-
toms, is also attended with a remarkable dis-
turbance in the functions of the particular organ,
as well as the parts which sympathize with it.
Terminations of inflammation. — The essential
condition of an inflamed organ consists in an ac-
cumulation of blood ; and in the effort to relieve
this, several results may occur. 1. Resolution,
or the perfect restoration of the circulation. 2.
Increased secretion. 3. Hemorrhage, dropsy,
or effusion of coagulable lymph, according to
the nature of the tissue assailed. 4. Suppura-
tion. When this takes place in a cavity or cyst,
an abscess is formed ; when on the surface of a
tissue, an ulcer; and it is accompanied by hectic
fever if extensive. 5. Gangrene, or the death
of the part. The occurrence of gangrene is
marked by, 1. The sudden cessation of pain.
2. A sinking and irregular pulse. 3. A change
in the expression of countenance, from that of
febrile excitement to exhaustion. 4. Delirium.
5. Cold sweats. Several of these results may
occur in different parts of the same texture.
The remoter effects of these terminations are
adhesions of parts, dropsies, indurations of the
substance of organs.
The results of inflammation depend upon the
tissues attacked. 1. That of the skin termi-
nates in rashes, pustules, vesicles, scales, ulcers,
and gangrene. 2. The mucous membranes
terminate in secretions of a muco-purulent fluid,
coagulable lymph, or in softening, thicke^jng,
passive hemorrhage, ulceration, contraction,
sloughing, and tubercular formation. 3. In the
cellular tissue it ends in effusion of blood, lymph,
serum, or pus, or finally in induration or gan-
grene, but is most commonly phlegmonous and
circumscribed. 4. Inflammation of the fibrous
tissues ends in thickening, the effusion of a ge-
latinous matter, the deposition of bony or cal-
careous matter, and probably ulceration and
gangrene, although this is often denied. 5. The
serous tissues exhibit the most diffuse inflam-
mation, which rapidly terminates in effusion of
serum, whey-like fluid, coagulable lymph (caus-
1 N F
ing adhesions), blood ; and it may exhibit ecchy-
mosed spots : it seldom ends in thickening, tu-
bercle, or ulceration. 6. Inflammation of the
solid viscera terminates in softening; but if
chronic, in induration: abscess is uncommon
except in the liver. 7. Inflammation affecting
glands has an aptitude to terminate speedily in
suppuration. Sometimes, however, they sup-
purate very slowly, and occasionally induration
takes place.
In consequence of these various terminations
of inflammatory action and other peculiarities,
it is common in practice to subdivide inflamma-
tion into the following varieties :
1. Healthy, or adhesive ; that which disposes
the part to heal or cicatrize.
2. Unhealthy; that which disposes to ulcera-
tion, erosion, sloughing, &c.
3. Common ; that induced by common caus-
es, as incisions, punctures, &c.
4. Specific; that induced by inoculation, &c,
as variola, clap, &c.
5. Acute, sub-acute, and chronic; with refer-
ence to its intensity and miration.
6. Phlegmonous; that which is circumscri-
bed, and disposed to suppuration.
7. Erysipelatous ; that which is diffused, and
less disposed to suppurate.
8. Gangrenous; that which leads to mortifi-
cation, or the death of a part.
The theories of inflammation are sufficiently
numerous, but it is now generally believed that
it arises from a retardation of the circulation of
blood iu the capillaries of the part ; this is pro-
duced by some sufficient cause, and acts upon
the system by disturbing the harmony of tho
other functions through the nervous system.
The treatment of inflammation is particular-
ized under tho several diseases attacking the
organs of tho body. In general terms, it may
be said to consist of depletion by blood-letting,
general or local, by purgation, diuresis, and the
action of sudorifics.
Relaxants are often useful, especially hot
poultices and fomentations, the vapor bath.
Refrigerants, as ablution with cold water, the
douche, and ice applied in bladders to the part,
are of the highest service in inflammations of
the skin and encephalou, but must not be used
in disorders of the respiratory or abdominal or-
gans or heart. Metallic astringents are useful
to the skin and exposed portions of the mucous
membrane.
Counter-irritation by blisters, sinapisms, tar-
tar emetic ointment, croton oil frictions, or by
issues and setons, are of the highest advantage
after the first evacuations. Sedative lotions are
also applied topically to painful ulcers.
The symptomatic fever is treated by blood-
letting, low diet, the use of diluents, purgatives,
emetics in nauseating or diaphoretic doses, es-
pecially tartar emetic and other antimonials,
mercurials in alterative doses, especially calo-
mel combined with opium, and such sedative
medicines as foxglove and lead, and especially
the antiphlogistic regimen.
The most effectual mode of accomplishing
the last purpose is to withdraw entirely all an-
imal diet, and every sort of food or drink con-
taining animal matter, and all malt or fermented
INF * . § '
liquors, and to restrict the patient rigidly to the
use of aqueous diluents, the vegetable ptisans,
and such small quantities of farinaceous and
gelatinous food, and the saccharine fruits, as may
be sufficient to sustain life, without stimulating
in any degree the heart or arteries.
Emetic tartar, in very large doses, has' been
employed of late years in the treatment of sev-
eral inflammatory diseases, especially in inflam-
mation of the lungs ; and some are of opinion
that it possesses a specific power, since it has
been observed to act beneficially without pro-
ducing any sensible effect. In general, how-
ever, it is a most depressing agent; and, even
admitting it to possess all the efficacy which it*
advocates claim for it, it may fairly be doubted
whether, in most cases, a severe hypercatharsis,
and keeping the patient in a state approaching
to syncope for a length of time, may not leave
more permanent debility than a reasonable ab-
straction of blood.
When inflammation has proceeded to suppu
ration, it is generally advantageous to augment
the allowance of food, and in some instances to
allow a proportion of wine or malt liquor ; and
wherever typhoid symptoms occur, the strength
is to be sustained by diffusible stimulants, es-
pecially the carbonate of ammonia.
Inflammation of the bladder. See Cystitis.
Inflammation of the brain. See Enceph-
alitis.
Inflammation of the breast. See Mastitis.
Inflammation of the choroid membrane.
See Iritis.
Inflammation of the dura mater. See
Encephalitis.
Inflammation of the eye. See Ophthal-
mitis.
Inflammation of the intestine. See In-
flammation of the stomach and intestines.
Inflammation of the iris. See Iritis.
Inflammation of the kidney. See Nephritis.
Inflammation of the liver. See Hepatitis.
Inflammation of the lungs. See Pneu-
monitis.
Inflammation of the peritoneum. See
Peritonitis.
Inflammation of the tia mater.. See En-
cephalitis.
Inflammation of the pleura. See Pleuritis.
Inflammation of the retina. See Retinitis.
Inflammation of the stomach. See In-
flammation of the stomach and intestines.
INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH
AND INTESTINES. This may attack tho pe-
ritoneal or the mucous coat, and in either case
may involve the muscular structure. See Peri-
tonitis. The mucous membrane of the stomach
is liable to inflammation from a variety of caus-
es, but the principal are excess in the use of ar-
dent spirits, and poison.
The idiopathic gastritis mucosa of drunkards
is characterized by pain at the epigastrium,
vomiting, even of the mildest food, low fever,
and that trembling hand which never fails to
accompany diseases of alcoholic origin. When
in its utmost intensity, the vessels of the mucous
membrane often give way, and a burst of hem-
orrhage succeeds.
The cure of this disease can be effected only
367
INF
INF
by that most difficult of all things, a reformation
in the habits of a drunkard. Its relief may be
obtained by leeches to the epigastrium, followed
by a blister, and the internal administration of
some mild mucilage, such as the mistura amyg-
dalae, holding in solution five grains of nitre,
which may be repeated three times a day.
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the small intestines occurs in adults both as an
idiopathic affection and as symptomatic of
other diseases — in an acute as well as chronic
form.
Symptoms. — Mucous enteritis is attended
with a diffused soreness over the whole abdo-
men rather than with pain. This is sometimes
increased on pressure, but never to the extent
that prevails on peritoneal inflammation. There
is no considerable tension in the belly. The
pulse is quick, with thirst, languor, and con-
siderable febrile oppression. By these symp-
toms we distinguish inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the bowels from that state of
irritation of the membrane which exists in
common cases of diarrhoea ; but it must never
be forgotten that the two states of disease are
closely allied, and, in fact, run into each other
by insensible degrees. The tongue in mucous
enteritis is red and smooth, and eruptions take
place about the lips. Vomiting is frequently
noticed, with loss of appetite, indigestion, and
irregularity in the alvine evacutions. Diar-
rhoea is almost uniformly present ; the stools are
slimy, and tinged with blood ; there may be te-
nesmus. In severe cases, pure blood is occa-
sionally passed in considerable quantity.
The disease is not itself fatal, but may give
rise to peritoneal inflammation ; it may advance
to ulceration of the mucous coat, with softening
and perforation. An early bleeding is often
useful ; leeches, with counter-irritation, and the
warm bath; gentle purgatives, as castor oil,
rhubarb, and manna, only are admissible. De-
mulcents and anodynes are afterwai - d used to
allay the irritation of the bowels, and tonics
may be used when this has been accomplished :
blue pill and extract of hyoscyamus constitute
a very serviceable medicine in allaying irrita-
tion. The diet must be of milk and light jellies ;
change of air, with gentle exercise, are necessa-
ry. Particular symptoms, as vomiting and tenes-
mus, must be met.
Inflammation of the large intestine gives rise
to those symptoms which constitute what is
generally called dysentery. See Dysentery.
Inflammation of the testicle. See Or-
chitis.
Inflammation of the tunica arachnoides.
gee Encephalitis.
Inflammation of the urethra. See Ure-
thritis.
Inflammation of the uterus. See Hyste-
ritis.
Inflammation of a vein. See Phlebitis.
INFLAMMATORY. (Inflammatorius ; from
inflammatio. ) Of the nature of inflammation.
Inflammatory crust. The buffy coat. See
Blood.
Inflammatory fever. See Febris.
Infla'tio. In Pathology, a windy swelling.
See Pneumatosis.
368
Infla'tus . Inflated ; distended like a blown
bladder.
Infle'xus. Curved, or bent inward.
INFLORE'SCENCE. (Inflorescentia, a, f.;
from infloresco, to flower or blossom.) A term
used by Linnams to express the particular man-
ner in which flowers are situated upon a plant.
The compound inflorescences are, 1. The
Verticellus, or whorl. 2. The Capitulum, or
tuft. 3. The Spica, or spike. 4. The Racemus,
or cluster. 5. The Corymbns, or corymb. 6.
The Umbella, or umbel. 7. The Cyma, or cyme.
8. The Fasciculus, or fascicle. 9. The Panicula,
or panicle. 10. The Thyrsus, or bunch. 11. The
Spadix, or sheath. 12. The Amentum, or catkin.
INFLUE'NZA. (a, as, f.) The Italian word
for influence. Epidemic catarrh is so named,
because it was supposed to be produced by a
peculiar influence of the air &c. See Catarrhus.
Infra-orbitar foramen. Foramen infra or-
bitarium. A foramen in the superior maxillary
bone, immediately below the orbit. It gives
egress to the infra-orhjtary twig of the second
branch of the fifth pair of nerves, and to a small
twig of the internal maxillary artery.
Infra-scapula'ris. (From infra, beneath,
and scapula, the shoulder-blade.) A muscle
named from its position beneath the scapula.
See Subscapular is.'
INFR A-SPINA'TUS. (From infra, beneath,
and spina, the spine.) A muscle of the humerus,
situated on the scapula. It arises, fleshy, from
all that part of the dorsum scapula} which is
below its spine ; and from the spine itself, as far
as the cervix scapula}. The fibers run obliquely
toward a tendon in the middle of a muscle,
which runs forward, and adheres to the capsu-
lar ligament. It is inserted, by a flat, thick
tendon, into the upper and outer part of the
large protuberance on the head of the os hu-
meri. Its use is to roll the os humeri outward,
to assist in raising and supporting it when
raised, and to pull the ligament from between
the bones. This muscle and the supra-spinatus
are covered by an aponeurosis, which extends
between the costaa and edges of the spine of
the scapula, and gives rise to many of the mus-
cular fibers.
INFUNDIBULIFORM. Infundibuliformis.
1. Funnel-shaped. 2. In Anatomy, applied to
the circular ligament of the atlas, and to a fas-
cia connected with the anatomy of hernia. See
Fascia.
INFUNDI'BULUM. (urn, i, n. ; a funnel :
from infundo, to pour in.) 1. A canal that pro-
ceeds from the lower and anterior part of the
third ventricle of the brain to the pituitary
gland. See Encephalon. 2. The beginnings
of the excretory duct of the kidney, or cavities
into which the urine is first received from the
secretory cryptae, are called infundibula. Sea
Kidney.
Infu'sion. See Infusum.
INFUSO'RIA. Infusory animals. A class
of the animal kingdom, comprehending those
animalcules which are found in infusions of
organic substances and in stagnant waters.
INFU'SUM. (*, n. ; and infusio, onis, f. ;
from infundo, to pour in.) An infusion. A
preparation made by pouring water, of any
INF
required degree of temperature, on such sub-
stances as have a loose texture, as thin bark,
wood, in shavings or small pieces, leaves,
flowers, &c., and suffering it to stand a certain
time. The process itself, as well as the liquor
resulting from it, is called infusion. The fol-
lowing are among the most approved infusions :
Infu'sum angustu'r.e. (U.S.) See Infusum
cusparia.
Infu'sum anthe'midis. (U. S.) Inf. anth.
nobilis. Infusion of chamomile. Take of chamo-
mile flowers, jj. ; boiling distilled water, a pint.
Macerate for ten minutes in a lightly-covered
vessel, and strain. Tonic. Dose, f. sj.
Infu'sum armora'cije. (U.S.) J.armora-
cicB compositum. Compound infusion of horse-
radish. Take of fresh horseradish root, sliced,
mustard seeds, bruised, of each, gj. ; boiling
water, a pint. Macerate for ten minutes, and
strain. Stimulant and diuretic. Dose, f. gj.
Infu'sum aura'ntii compo'situm. (Ph. L.)
Compound infusion of orange peel. Take of
orange peel, dried, gss. ; lemon peel, fresh, 31J. ;
cloves, bruised, 3J. ; boiling distilled water, a
pint. Macerate for a quarter of an hour, and
strain. A stomachic bitter. Dose, gij.
Infu'sum buchu. (U.S.) Infusum diosma?.
Infu'sum calu'mb.«. I. colomba. (U. S.)
Infusion of calumba. Take of calumba root,
sliced, 5S8. ; boiling water, a pint. Macerate
for two hours, and strain. Tonic. Dose, f. gj.
to f. giii
Infu'sum caryophy'lh. (U. S.) Infusion
of cloves. Take of cloves, bruised, sij. ; boiling
water, a pint. Macerate for two hours, and
strain. Stimulant stomachic. Dose, f. gj.
Infu'sum cascari'llje. Infusion of cascarilla.
Take of cascarilla bark, bruised, gj. ; boiling
distilled water, a pint. Macerate for two hours,
and strain. Aromatic bitter. Dose, f. gj.
Infu'sum cassije sennje. Infusum senna?.
Infu'sum cate'chu compo'situm. (U. S.)
Compound infusion of catechu. Take of catechu,
ground, gss. ; cinnamon bark, bruised, 3J. ; boil-
ing water, a pint. Macerate for an hour, and
strain. Aromatic astringent. Dose, f. gjss.
Infu'sum chamjsmeli. Infusum anthemidis.
Infu'sum chire'tt^;. (Ph. E.) Infusion of
chiretta (chirayta). Take of chiretta, dried,
Jss. ; boiling water, Oj. Infuse two hours, and
strain. Tonic and stomachic, like gentian.
Dose, f. gj. to f. gij.
Infu'sum cincho'n.e. (U. S.) Infusion of
cinchona. Take of cinchona bark, bruised, gj . ;
boiling distilled water, a pint. Macerate for
two hours, and strain. Tonic. Dose, f. gj. to
(• fij-
Infu'sum cincho'nje compo'situm. (U. S.)
Cinchona bark, in powder, one ounce ; aroma-
tic sulphuric acid, one fluid drachm ; water, one
pint. Macerate for twelve hours, occasionally
shaking. Dose, f. gj.
Infu'sum cuspa'ri.e. (U. S.) Infusion of
cusparia. Take of cusparia bark, bruised, gss. ;
boiling distilled water, a pint. Macerate for
two hours, and strain. Stimulant tonic. Dose,
f. gj. to f. gij.
Infu'sum digita'lis. (U. S.) Infusion of
foxglove. Take of foxglove leaves, dried, a
drachm ; boiling water, Oss. Macerate for four
A A
INF
hours, and strain; then add tincture of cinna-
mon, f. gj. Dose, f. gss.
Infu'sum dio'smje. (U. S.) Take of the
leaves of diosma, gj. ; boiling distilled water, a
pint. Macerate lor four hours, and strain.
Dose, f. gj. to f. gij.
Infu'sum eupatorii perfoliati. (U. S.)
Take of thoroughwort, bruised, one ounce ;
boiling water, one pint. Macerate for two
hours, and strain. Dose, f. gij.
Infu'sum gentia'nje compo'situm. (U. S.)
Compound infusion of gentian. Take of gentian
root, sliced, gss. ; orange peel, dried, coriander
seeds, of each, one drachm; dilute alcohol, giv.;
boiling water, a pint. First pour on the alcohol,
and three hours after, the water. Macerate for
twelve hours, and strain. Dose, f. gj.
Infu'sum humu'li. (U.S.) Infusion of hops.
Take of hops, g ss. ; boiling water, Oj. Infuse
for two hours, and strain. Narcotic bitter. Dose,
f- §ij-
Infu'sum Krame'rue. (U.S.) Takeoftho
root of rhatany, an ounce; boiling water, a pint.
Macerate for four hours, and strain. Dose, f. gj.
Infu'sum lini. (U.S.) Infusion of linseed.
Take of linseed, braised, gss. ; liquorice root,
sliced, 33J. ; boiling water, one pint. Macerate
for four hours, and strain. Dose, a cupful.
Infu'sum lini compo'situm. I. lini usitatis-
simi. See Infusum lini.
Infu'sum lufuli. Infusum humuli.
Infu'sum Mentha simplex. (Ph. D.) In-
fusion of spearmint ( mint) . Take of dried minV
leaves, 31J. ; boiling water, enough to yield f. gvj.
of strained infusion. Stomachic and carmina-
tive: a vehicle for laxatives, &c. Dose, f. gij.,
or more.
Infu'sum menthje compo'situm. (Ph. D.)
Take of the infusion of mint, f. gvj. ; white
sugar, 31J. ; oil of spearmint, gtt. iij., previously
dissolved in compound tincturo of cardamom,
f. gss. Mix. A grateful carminative ; useful in
nausea and as a vehicle. Dose, f. fij.
Infu'sum parei'rje. (Ph. L.) Takeoftho
root of pareira, 3vj. ; boiling distilled water, a
pint. Macerate for two hours, and strain.
Dose, f. gj.
Infu'sum picis liqui'd.*:. Tar water.
Infu'sum pruni virginianje. (U. S.) In-
fusion of wild cherry bark. Take of wild cherry
bark, bruised, gss. ; cold water, Oj. Macerate
for twelve hours (or more in winter), and strain.
It is tonic and slightly sedative. Dose, f. gy.
to f. giij., three or four times a day.
Infu'sum qua'ssije. (U. S,) Infusion of
quassia. Take of quassia wood, 31J . ; cold water,
a pint. Macerate for twelve hours, and strain.
A pure bitter. Dose, f. gss. to f. gij.
Infu'sum rhei. (U. S., Ph. L. & D.) In-
fusion of rhubarb. Take of rhubarb root, sliced,
two drachms ; boiling water, a pint. Macerate
for two hours, and strain. Cathartic. Dose,
f- ?j-
Infu'sum ros.e acidum. (Ph. D.) Infusum
rosre compositum.
Infu'sum rosje compo'situm. (U. S., Ph. L.)
Inf. rosm gallica. Take of the petals of red
rose, dried, gss. ; boiling water, Oiiss. ; dilute
sulphuric acid, 3iij.; sugar, giss. Pour the water
upon the petals of the rose, in a glass vessel ;
369
ING
INJ
then add the acid, and macerate for six hours.
Lastly, strain the infusion, and add the sugar
to it. Refrigerant and tonic. Dose, f. fij.
Infu'som sarsapari'll.s:. (U. S.) Infusion
of sarsaparilla. Take of sarsaparilla root,
bruised, fj. ; boiling water, Oj. Digest for two
hours, and strain. This may be made by dis-
placement with cold water, after macerating
the pounded root for twelve hours. Dose, f.
jiv., or more.
Infu'sum scopa'rii. (Ph. L.) Take of fresh
broom tops, f j. ; boiling distilled water, a pint.
Macerate for four hours, and strain. Diuretic.
Dose, f. fj. to f. gij.
Infu'sum senn.e. (U.S.) I. senna composi-
tion. Infusion of senna. Take of senna leaves,
jj. ; coriander seed, 3J. ;• boiling water, a pint.
Macerate for an hour, and strain. Cathartic.
Dose, fij. to fiv.
Infu'sum senn.e cum tamari'ndis. (Ph. D.)
I. senna compositum. (Ph. E.) Infusion of senna
with tamarinds. Take of tamarinds, fj. ; senna,
coriander seeds, bruised, of each, jjj. ; sugar,
?ss. ; boiling water, Oss. Macerate for four
hours, and strain. Aperient and refrigerant.
Dose, f. fij. to f. ?iv.
Infu'sum serpknta'ri^:. (U. S.) Infusion
of Virginian snake root. Take of serpentaria,
588. ; boiling water, a pint. Macerate for two
hours, and strain. Dose, f. fj. to f. fij.
Infu'sum simaru'bje. (Ph. L.) Infusion of
simarouba. Take of simarouba bark, bruised,
388. ; boiling water, Oss. Macerate for two
hours, and strain. Dose, f. 5J. to f. fij.
Infu'sum spige'lije. (U. S.) Infusion of
pink root. Take of pink root, fss. ; boiling
water, Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.
Used as a vermifuge. Dose, f. fj. for a child of
three years : it is commonly mixed with a ca-
thartic.
Infu'sum taba'ci. (U. S., Fh. L. & D.) In-
fusion of tobacco. Take of tobacco leaves, 3J. ;
boiling water, a pint. Macerate for an hour, and
strain. Half is used for an enema.
Infu'sum ulmi. (U.S.) Infusion of slippery
elm bark. Take of the bark, sliced, f j. ; boiling
water, Oj. Macerate twelve hours, and strain.
Demulcent. Dose, ad libitum.
Infu'sum valeria'n.*:. (U. S.) Take of
valerian, f ss. ; boiling water, a pint. Macerate
for an hour, and strain. Dose, f. 5'ij.
Infu'sum zingibe'ris. Infusion of ginger.
Take of ginger, bruised, sij. ; boiling water, Oss.
Macerate for two hours, and strain. Carmina-
tive. Dose. f. fj.
INGE'STA. (IiLgestus; from ingero, to
throw in.) The aliments taken into the body.
INGLU'VIES. (es, ei, f.) 1. Gluttony. 2.
The craw, crop, or gorge of a bird.
Ingravidation. Pregnancy.
I'NGUEN. (en, inis, n.) The groin. The
lower and lateral part of the abdomen, above
the thigh.
I'NGUINAL. (Inguinalis; from inguen, the
groin.) Appertaining to the groin.
Inguinal artery. The external iliac in the
groin.
Inguinal glanbs. The lymphatic glands
situated in the groin. They are found both
above and below the aponeurosis.
370
Inguinal hernia. J. canal. See Hernia.
Inguinal ligament. See PouparVs tiga*
ment.
INHALATION. The drawing in of fumes
or vapors along with the breath. The inhala-
tion of tta vapor of warm water is very service-
able in some cases of inflammation of the mu-
cous membrane of the air passages and throat.
The steam may bo rendered anodyne by the
addition of henbane seeds, poppy-heads, ether,
or opium ; or gently stimulant by vinegar, &c.
Tar vapor is of great service in chronic bron-
chitis, in which disease chlorine has also latoly
been found useful. The chlorine vapor is pro-
duced by adding, at first, gtt. y. to gtt. x. of
aq. chlorinii to warm water in the inhaler.
The dose may be increased to gtt. xl.
Inhalation of ether. Dr. Beddoes and
Davy discovered that if the vapor of common
sulphuric ether were inhaled, it at first pro-
duced excitement, but rapidly brought on a state
of torpor, which was extremely deep, and ap-
pealed to them a dangerous effect. But this
soporific action of ether is now known to be al-
most, if not quite harmless, hundreds of persons
having been kept under its influence for hours
without any bad results. Hence it has been
adopted as a preparative step in the perform-
ance of painful and tedious operations, and
even in parturition, but does not appear in the
latter case to be safe. The ether may be
placed in a common inhaler, or in a bottle with
two necks, through one of which the patient
inspires, while air passes into the fluid by the
other. The stupor comes on in a few minutes
and the inhalation is stopped, the effects con-
tinuing from five to fifteen minutes after each
administration. If there be occasion, the dose
may be repeated a number of times. Under
this influence, the patient is without the slight-
est perception of pain ; and it appears that the
operations are remarkably successful. The in-
halation seems to be improper in cases attended
with irritation of the brain.
INHA'LER, MUDGE'S. A quart pewter
pot, the lid of which screws on, and is fur-
nished with a flexible tube, through which the
patient draws air, which enters at some aper-
tures in the izpper part of the handle, and pass-
es through the thickness of the fluid.
Inhe'rent. Inharens. Pertaining to a
thing.
INHUMA'TION. Inhumatio. The placing
of a patient in an earth bath.
I'nion. lvtov. The occiput.
Initis. Fibrous inflammation.
Injacula'tio. A violent spasmodic pain in
the stomach, and immobility in the body. — Van
Helmont.
INJE'CTION. (Injectio, onis, f. ; from in-
jicio, to cast into.) 1. A medicated liquor to
be thrown into a natural or preternatural cavi-
ty of the body by means of a syringe. Those
injections which are thrown into the rectum
are called enemata.
2. A composition with which the vessels of
any part of the body are filled for anatomical
purposes. For ordinary purposes, it may be
made of four parts of tallow, one part of resin,
and one part of bees'-wax; to which, when
INN
melted together, there is to be added some oil
of turpentine, having a sufficient quantity of
coloring matter (vermilion for red, and king's
yellow for yellow) suspended in it to color the
injection. But for a fine preparation, the fol-
lowing may be used: 1. The fine injection.
Composed of brown spirit varnish and white
spirit varnish, of each four parts ; turpentine
varnish, one part; and coloring matter, one
part, or as much as is sufficient. A little of this,
while hot, is first thrown into the arteries, into
the minute branches of which it is to be forced
by, 2. The coarse injection. Composed of bees'-
wax, two parts; resin, one part; turpentine
varnish, one part; and coloring matter, q. s.
To the bees'-wax and resin, melted together,
add the turpentine varnish, and then the color-
ing matter, suspended in some oil of turpentine.
3. In Pathology, the presence of an increased
quantity of blood in the vessels of a part is
sometimes called injection of the vessels.
I'nnate diseases. Those which are con-
genital.
INNERVATION. The vital process by
which a part is supplied with nervous energy.
INNOMINA'TUS. (From in, priv., and no-
men, a name.) Some parts of the body are so
called: thus, the pelvic bones, which in the
young subject are three in number, to which
names are given, become one in the adult,
which is without a name. An artery from the
arch of the aorta, and the fifth pair of nerves,
have also had this unmeaning designation ap-
plied to them.
Innominata artehia. The first branch giv-
en oft' by the arch of the aorta. It soon divides
into the right carotid and right subclavian arte-
ries.
Innominati nervi. The fifth pair of nerves.
Innominatum foramen. A foramen on the
petrous portion of the temporal bone, for the
passage of the vidian nerve.
Innominatum os. A large, irregular bone,
situated at the side of the pelvis. It is divided
into three portions, viz., the iliac, ischiatic, and
pubic, which are usually described as three dis-
tinct bones.
The os ilium, or haunch-bone, is of a very ir-
regular shape. The lower part of it is thick
and narrow ; its superior portion is broad and
thin, terminating in a ridge, called the spine of
the ilium, and more commonly known by the
name of the haunch. The spine rises up like
an arch, being turned somewhat outward. Ex-
ternally, this bone is unequally prominent, and
hollowed for the attachment of muscles ; and
internally, at its broadest fore part, it is smooth
and concave. At its lower part, there is a con-
siderable ridjre on its inner surface. This ridge,
which extends from the os sacrum, and corre-
sponds with a similar prominence both on that
bone and the ischium, fonns, with the inner
part of the ossa pubis, what is called the brim
of the pelvis. The whole of the internal sur-
face behind this ridge is very unequal. The
os ilium has likewise a smaller surface poste-
riorly, by which it is articulated to the sides of
the os sacrum. Its upper part is rough and
porous; lower down it is more solid. It is
firmly united to the os sacrum by a cartilagi-
IN N
nous substance, and likewise by very strong
ligamentous fibers, which are extended to that
bone from the whole circumference of this ir-
regular surface. The spine of this bone, which
is originally an epiphysis, has two considerable
tuberosities, one anteriorly, and the other pos-
teriorly, which is the largest of the two. The
ends of this spine, too, from their projecting
more than the parts of the bone below them,
are called spinal processes. Before the ante-
rior spinal process the spine is hollowed, where
part of the sartorius muscle is placed ; and be-
low the posterior spinal process there is a very
large niche in the bone, which, in the recent
subject, has a strong ligament stretched over
its lower part, from the os sacrum to the sharp-
pointed process of the ischium ; so that a great
hole is formed, through which pass the great
sciatic nerve and the posterior crural vessels,
under the pyriform muscle, part of which is
likewise lodged in this hole. The lowest,
thickest, and narrowest part of the ilium, in
conjunction with the other two portions of each
os innominatum, helps to form the acetabulum
for the os femoris.
The os ischium, or hip-bone, which is the
lowest of the three portions of each os innomi-
natum, is of a very irregular figure, and usually
divided into its body, tuberosity, and ramus.
The body externally forms the inferior portion
of the acetabulum, and sends a sharp-pointed
process backward, called the spine of the is-
chium. This is the process to which the liga-
ment is attached, which was just now described
as forming a great foramen for the passage of
the sciatic nerve. The tuberosity is large and
irregular, and is placed at the inferior part of
the bone, giving origin to several muscles. In
the recent subject, it seems covered with a car-
tilaginous crust; but this appearance, as in the
spine of the ilium, is nothing more than the
tendinous fibers of the muscles that are inserted
into it. The tuberosity, which is the lowest
portion of the trunk, supports us when we sit.
Between the spine and the tuberosity is ob-
served a sinuosity, covered with a cartilaginous
crust, which serves as a pulley, on which the
obturator muscle plays. From the tuberosity,
the bone, becoming narrower and thinner, forms
the ramus or branch, which, passing forward
and upward, makes, with the ramus of the os
pubis, a large hole, of an oval shape, the fora-
men magnum ischii, which aftbrds, through its
whole circumference, attachment to muscles..
This foramen is more particularly noticed in
describing the os pubis.
The os pubis, or share-bone, which is the
smallest of the three portions of the os innomi-
natum, is placed at the upper and fore part of
the pelvis, where the two ossa pubes meet, and
are united to each other by means of a very
strong cartilage, which constitutes what is call-
ed the symphysis pubis. Each os pubis may be
divided into its body, angle, and ramus. The
body, which is the outer part, is joined to the
os ilium. The angle comes forward to form the
symphysis, and the ramus is a thin apophysis,
which, uniting with the ramus of the ischium,
forms the foramen magnum ischii, or thyroideum,
as it has been sometimes called, from its resem-
371
INS
blaucc to a door or shield. This foramen is
somewhat wider above thau below, and its
greatest diameter is from above downward, and
obliquely from within outward. In the recent
subject it is almost completely closed by a
strong, fibrous membrane, called the obturator
ligament. Upward and outward, where we
observe a niche in the bone, the fibers of this
ligament are separated to allow a passage to
the posterior crural nerve, an artery, and vein.
The great uses of this foramen seem to be to
lighten the bones of the pelvis, and to afford a
convenient lodgment to the obturator muscles.
The three bones now described as constituting
the os innominatum on each side, all concur to
form the great acetabulum, or cotyloid cavity,
which receives the head of the thigh bone ; the
os ilium and os ischium making each about two
fifths, and the os pubis one fifth of the cavity.
This acetabulum, which is of considerable depth,
is of a spherical shape. Its brims are high, and
in the recent subject it is tipped with cartilage.
The brims, however, are higher above and ex-
ternally than they are internally and below,
where we observe a niche in the bone (namely,
the ischium), across which is stretched a liga-
ment, forming a hole for the transmission of
blood-vessels and nerves to the cavity of the
joint. The cartilage which lines the acetabu-
lum is thickest at its circumference, and thin-
ner within, where a little hole is to bo observed,
in which is placed the apparatus that serves to
lubricate the joint, and facilitate its motions.
We are likewise able to discover the impression
made by the internal ligament of the os feinoris,
which, by being attached both to this cavity
and to the head of the os femoris, helps to se-
cure the latter in the acetabulum. The bones
of the pelvis serve to support the spine and up-
per parts of the body, to lodge the intestines,
urinary bladder, and other viscera, and like-
wise to unite the trunk to the lower extremi-
ties. But, besides these uses, they are destined,
in the female subject, for other important pur-
poses; and the accoucheur finds, in the study
of these bones, the foundation of all obstetrical
knowledge.
INOCULATION. (Inoculatio, onis, f.) The
insertion of a poison into any part of the body.
It was first practiced by physicians with that
of the small-pox, because we had learned from
experience that by so doing we generally pro-
cured fewer pustules, and a much milder dis-
ease, than when the small-pox was taken in a
natural way.
Inoculation, cow-rox. Vaccination.
Inoculation, Jennerian. Vaccination.
INORGA'NIC. (From in, without, and orga-
num, an organ.) 1. Without organs; as distin-
guished from animals and plants which have
this endowment. 2. In Chemistry, inorganic
signifies mineral or other bodies which are in
no way derived from organic products, and are
capable of resisting a high temperature before
decomposition.
IN OS C U L A'T 10 N. (Inosculalio, onis, f. ;
from in, and osculum, a little mouth.) Anasto-
mosis. The union of the extremities of vessels.
INSALIVA'TION. Insalivatio. The ad-
mixture of food with the saliva of the mouth.
372
INS
Insalu'brious. Unhealthy.
INSA'NIA. (a, a;, f.) Insanity, or deranged
intellect.
INSANITY. InsanUas. Madness. The
varieties are:
1. Moral insanity, a morbid perversion of the
natural feelings and affections simply.
The three following modifications of tho dis-
ease may be termed Intellectual insanity, in con-
tradistinction to the preceding form. They are
severally,
2. Monomania, or partial insanity, hi which
the understanding is partially disordered, or un-
der the influence of some particular illusion on
one topic : this was formerly called melancholy.
3. Mania, or raving madness, in which the
understanding is generally deranged ; the rea-
soning faculty, if not lost, is confused and dis-
turbed in its exercise ; the mind is in a state of
morbid excitement, and the individual talks ab-
surdly on every subject to which his thoughts
are momentarily directed.
4. Incoherence, or dementia. " Rapid suc-
cession or uninterrupted alternation of insula-
ted ideas, and evanescent and unconnected emo-
tions ; continually repeated acts of extravagance;
complete forgetfulness of every previous state ;
diminished sensibility to external impressions;
abolition of the faculty of judgment; perpetual
activity."
We may, then, describe insanity as a chronic
disease, manifested by deviations from the
healthy and natural state of the mind, such de-
viations consisting either in a moral perversion,
or a disorder of the feelings, affections, and
habits of the individual, or in intellectual de-
rangement, which last is sometimes partial,
namely, in monomania, affecting the understand-
ing only in particular trains of thought; or
general, and accompanied with excitement,
namely, in mania, or raving madness ; or, last-
ly, confounding or destroying the connections
or associations of ideas, and producing a state of
incoherence.
The following description of mania by Chi-
aruggi is of extraordinary skill:
" Among the phenomena of the first stage of
this disease, we are struck by impetuous, au-
dacious, shameless habits, a bold, menacing as-
pect ; the natural evacuations are deficient ;
the skin becomes of a slaty color ; the forehead
contracted ; the eyebrows drawn up ; the hair
bristled; the breathing hurried. Tho counte-
nance begins to glow ; the eyes become fiery
and sparkling; the looks are wandering, and
scarcely ever fixed; the eyelids are by turns
drawn widely open and closely shut ; the eye-
balls are prominent, as if pushed forward out of
the orbits. With thjs wild and menacing ap-
pearance is combined a patient endurance of
hunger, and a remarkable insensibility of cold.
If sleep visits the patient at all, it is short, un-
quiet, and easily disturbed. In the second
stage, anger, violence, and the loss of reason
manifest themselves in their greatest intensity ;
shrieking, roaring, raging, abusive expressions
and conduct toward the dearest friends and the
nearest relations, who are now looked upon as
the bitterest enemies. The patient tears his
clothes to tatters, destroys, breaks in pieces
INS
whatever comes in his way. A striking and
characteristic circumstance is the propensity to
go quite naked. Whoever touches the patient
is abused or 6truck by him. Strange, confused
ideas, absurd prejudices, occupy the mind.
Stillness soon follows, or a murmuring sound, as
if the patient were alone: on the other hand,
"when he is alone, talking and gesticulating as if
he were in company. If such individuals are
confined and tied during the height of their par-
oxysms, for their own security or that of others,
nothing can be compared to the truly satanical
expression which their countenances display.
In this state they throw hastily away, with cries
and shrieks, all the food presented to them, ex-
cept fluids, which thirst compels them to re-
ceive. When, after some days, hunger begins
to be felt, they swallow eveiy thing with brutal
greediness; they even devour, as it has often
been observed, their own excrements, which,
black and offensive, escape from them in great
quantity, or smear with them clothes, beds, and
walls. Notwithstanding his constant exertion
of mind and body, the muscular strength of the
patient seems daily to increase ; he is able to
break the strongest bonds, and even chains ; his
limbs seem to acquire a remarkable nimbleness
and pliability, and a singular aptitude of per-
forming movements and actions which appear
almost supernatural. Chiaruggi saw a woman;
who, clothed in a strait-waistcoat, and laced
down in her bed like a child in a cradle, drew
out her limbs from this double confinement
with the greatest nimbleness and pliancy. Bold,
however, and impudent as such patients are,
yet they are, according to common observation,
although not without exceptions, easily daunted
by a strong, threatening voice, by the sight of
stocks, by close though harmless restraint.
After their violence has expended itself, they
become still, gloomy, appear to be reflecting or
brooding over something; but they break out
again, before it can be anticipated, into a new
storm of rage. At length comes on the third
stage. A real cessation of violent paroxysms
now ensues, exhaustion, sleep, though unquiet,
disturbed by fearful dreams. The pulse is
small, the aspect of the whole body squalid, the
countenance pallid and meager. The patient
is obdurately silent, or sings and laughs in a
strange manner, or chatters with incessant vol-
ubility. These uncertain intervals, which often
put on the appearance of fatuity, are frequently
interrupted by new but short renewals of vio-
lence. Memory, for the most part, remains un-
impaired through all the stages, and during the
highest intensity of the disease the senses ap-
pear to acquire an unusual degree of acuteness
and susceptibility. A patient who had recov-
ered described to Chiaruggi all the scenes of
his wild revery and long-continued mental per*
turbation. It has often been observed that
maniacal patients of this description are never
attacked by any epidemic, and are seldom af-
fected by any contagious malady. According
to Mead and many others, even consumptive
disorders, dropsies, and other chronic maladies,
have disappeared on the accession of violent in-
sanity. When patients are not freed from the
disease after a succession of attacks, which
INS
come on like so many paroxysms of fever, one
or the other of the following events eusues:
either the powers of mind are exhausted to that
degree that the disease subsides into a perma-
nent fatuity; or this appearance of fatuity is
only a space of calmness interposed between
relapses of violent madness, which now and
then break out, like the eruptions of a volcano,
after a long period of repose ; or the patient
falls into a state of melancholy, or of complete
mental confusion; or, finally, his madness be-
comes chronical, and he scarcely recovers from
this condition, in which sense and understand-
ing appear to be lost in incoherence. Chiaruggi
saw a woman who had sat during twenty-five
years on a stone floor, in a fearfully demented
state, beating the ground with her chains with-
out ceasing by day or by night."
There are certain concomitants of insanity
which have great influence on the treatment
and prognosis — and principally general paraly-
sis, which, beginning in the tongue, gradually
affects the limbs, neck, sphincters, and, finally,
the whole body. Such cases are nearly always
fatal, and seem to depend upon chronic inflam-
mation of the substance of the brain. There is
a greater tendency to apoplexy, epilepsy, and
convulsions in the insane, as well as acute in-
flammations. Phthisis pulmonalis, obstinate
constipation, and dysentery are remarkably fre-
quent and fatal in insanity. Cachexies, with
skin diseases, are also frequent.
The prognosis, so far as insanity is concerned,
is rendered unfavorable by the cerebral com-
plications. Mania seems to be most curable
when treated early, and occurring in young
persons under thirty years. In all forms, the
number of recoveries seldom exceeds two fifths.
The chief predisposing cavses of insanity are
hereditary predisposition, the melancholic tem-
perament, and diseases or injuries of the brain.
Other causes, however, both moral and physi-
cal, might be enumerated as predisposing to one
or other form of insanity : as religious fervor,
disappointments in business, love, or ambition.
The chief exciting causes of insanity are in-
juries and diseases of the brain, intoxication,
insolation, excess in venery, intestinal irritation,
and morbid conditions of the uterine system.
The treatment of insanity resolves itself into
medical and moral. With respect to the for-
mer, the general principle which should guide
our practice is simple. Of the actual physical
state which constitutes insanity we are entirely
ignorant : we can not, therefore, at present hope
to strike at the root of the disease ; we know,
however, that certain morbid conditions of the
brain and other organs accompany its progress,
and exercise an important influence on the
event of the case ; to these, therefore, the re-
sources of medicine should be directed, accord-
ing to the general principles of the science,
always keeping in view, however, that we are
not dealing with ordinary idiopathic affections,
but with the accompaniments of a peculiar and
usually a protracted malady. Although medical
treatment has great influence in many cases, the
moral treatment is, on the whole, the more im-
portant, since by means of this we have the
more direct control over the mental disorder.
373
INS
INSE'CTA. Insects. A class of articulated
animals.
INSENSIBI'LITY. Loss or absence of sen-
sation, a symptom in cerebral affections.
INSE'RTION. Insertio. The attachment
of a muscle to the part it moves. It is hence
distinguished from origin.
Inse'ssus. Inscssio. A hot bath, simple or
medicated, over which the patient sits.
Inside'ntia. Any thing floating in urine.
INSIDIOUS. Insidiosus. Pathologists give
this name to diseases which do not at first ap-
pear so formidable as they are, and which are
apt to elude the attention of the practitioner.
Insipie'ntia. Syn. with dementia.
INSOLATIO. (o, onis, f. ; from in, and sol,
the sun.) Insolation. Exposure to the direct
rays of the sun. This is a frequent source of
IN80LUB I'L IT Y. The state in which a
solid does not lose its form when immersed in a
fluid : it is usually applied to the action of wa-
ter on the solid. Solution is but an Inferior
exhibition of attraction between the fluid and
solid ; and the line of separation between chem-
ical action and solution is by no means apparent.
INSO'MNIA. Insomnia. Insomniata. (From
in, without, and somnics, sleep.) Sleeplessness ;
absence of sleep ; watching. It may be a pe-
culiarity or idiosyncrasy, but is most usually a
symptom, and especially of nervous diseases.
INSPIRATION. {Inspiratio, onis, f.; from
in, and spiro, to breathe.) In Physiology, the
act of drawing the air into the lungs. See Res-
piration.
INSPISSA'TION.- (From in, and spissatus,
thickened.) The pharmaceutical process of
evaporating a decoction or juice to a thick con-
sistence, for the purpose of preservation.
Instep. The metatarsus.
INSTILLA'TION. Instillatio. The act of
pouring a fluid drop by drop.
INSTINCT. (Instinctus, us, m.) That
power of living bodies by which they sponta-
neously assume those modes of action which
are necessary for the preservation of the indi-
vidual, or the perpetuation of the species, in-
dependently of any ratiocination.
Instinctive motions. Those involuntary
actions which are excited immediately through
the nerves — a part of the reflex function. The
principal instinctive motions are, 1 . The closure
of the eyelids. 2. The act of sucking. 3. The
act of closing the hand. 4. The act of swal-
lowing. 5. The closing of the glottis. 6. The
action of the sphincters. 7 . Inspiration, as an
involuntary act. 8. The act of sneezing. 9.
The act of vomiting. 10. The emission of se-
men. All these phenomena take place even in
the anencephalous cluld, on the due application
of the appropriate stimuli.
INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE. The the-
ory of medicine, especially the connection of
physiology and therapeutics with the practice
of medicine.
INSUFFLATION. Insufflatio. (From in,
and sufflo, to blow.) The act of injecting or
blowing air or vapor into a cavity, as when to-
bacco smoke is thrown up the rectum, or the
process of artificial respiration is established.
374
INT
Insula cerebri. The intermediate lobe of
the brain.
INSULATION. (From insula, an island.)
Applied in electricity to the state of a body
surrounded by non-conductors.
I'ntegek. Entire.
Intege'rrimus. Most perfect or entire. Ap-
plied to leaves, the margin of which has no
teeth, notches, or incisions.
INTE'GRAL PARTICLES. The most mi-
nute particles of which a body is formed. The
phrase differs from atoms or elementary parti-
cles in this respect, that it designates parts
which may be produced by mechanical sub-
division, whereas the latter are applied only to
the chemical constituents of bodies which can
not be separated by mechanical forces.
INTE'GUMEN'i. Intcgumentum. (Fromira,
and tcgo, to cover.) That which covers any
part of a body or thing. The integument of
the human body is the skin; and the phrase
common integuments is employed in anatomy for
the skin, with the cellular tissue and fat which
invest the outer parts of the body.
Intellect. See Mens.
INTE'MPER ANCE. The abuse of drink or
food. Intemperance in alcoholic drinks, espe-
cially of the stronger kinds, as from dram-drink-
ing, is one of the most serious causes of organic
disease of the stomach, bowels, and liver, a
large number of these complaints being tracea-
ble to this cause only.
Intempe'riks. Bad constitution or condition
of the air or human body.
INTE'NSITY. In Electricity and Galvanism
this expression is synonymous with quantity,
and represents the amount of electrical excite-
ment as betrayed in the heating effects of the
agent.
INTE'NTION. Inlcntio. 1. The object pro-
posed by any one. 2. In Surgery, union by
the first intention is that which takes place
without suppuration : the parts, being in close
contact by means of unirritating dressings, rap-
idly unite, the exterior cicatrizing. Union by
the second intention is where suppuration in-
tervenes before the restoration of the parts.
INTER-. A prefix (from- inter, between),
signifying intermediate, or denoting intervals.
Interakti'cular. Between the joints.
Intercadent pulse. When there is a su-
pernumerary pulsation at intervals.
Interce'llular. Lying between the cells,
as the intercellular spaces, passages, substance,
&c.
Interclavicular. A ligament passing from
one clavicle to the other.
INTERCA'LARY DAYS. Those days in
the course of a fever when an imperfect or in-
jurious attempt at a crisis is made ; as the third,
fifth, ninth, thirteenth, and nineteenth.
INTERCO'STAL. {Intercostalis ; from tit-
ter, between, and costa, a rib.) A name given
to muscles, vessels, &c., which are between the
ribs.
Intercostal arteries. Arterias intercos-
talcs. The arteries which run between the ribs.
The superior intercostal artery is a branch of
the subclavian. The other intercostal arteries
are given off from the aorta.
INT
Intercostal muscles. Intercostaies externi
tt interni. Between the ribs on each side are
eleven double rows of muscles : these are the
intercostaies externi and interni. The intercos-
taies externi arise from the lower edge of each
superior rib, and, running obliquely downward
and forward, are inserted into the upper edge
of each inferior rib, so as to occupy the inter-
vals of the ribs, from as far back as the spine to
their cartilages; but from their cartilages to
the sternum there is only a thin aponeurosis
covering the internal intercostaies. The inter-
costaies interni arise and are inserted in the
same manner as the external. They begin at
the sternum, and extend as far as the angles of
the ribs, their fibers running obliquely back-
ward. These fibers are spread over a consid-
erable part of the inner surface of the ribs, so
as to be longer than those of the external inter-
costaies. Some of the posterior portions of the
internal intercostals pass over one rib, and arc
inserted into the rib below. These distinc-
tions, however, are altogether superfluous, as
they are evidently nothing more than appenda-
ges of the intercostals. The number of these
portions varies in different subjects. Most
commonly there are only four, the first of which
runs from the second rib to the fourth, the sec-
ond from the third rib to the fifth, the third
from the fourth rib to the sixth, and the fourth
from the fifth rib to the seventh. The internal
intercostals of the two interior false ribs are
frequently so thin as to be with difficulty sep-
arated from the external; and, in some sub-
jects, one or both of them seem to bo altogether
wanting.
Intercostal nerve. Nervus intercostalis.
<rreat intercostal nerve. Sympathetic nerve.
The great intercostal nerve arises in the cavity
of the cranium, from a branch of the sixth and
•one of the fifth pair, uniting into one trunk,
which passes out of the cranium through the
carotid canal, and descends by the sides of the
bodies of the vertebra; of the neck, thorax, loins,
and os sacrum: in its course it receives the
small accessory branches from all the thirty pair
of spinal nerves. In the neck it gives off three
cervical ganglions, the upper, middle, and low-
er, from which the cardiac and pulmonary
nerves arise. In the thorax it gives off the
splanchnic or anterior intercostal, which perfo-
rates the diaphragm, and forms the semilunar
ganglions, from which nerves pass to all the
abdominal viscera. They also form in the ab-
domen ten peculiar plexuses, distinguished by
the name of the viscus to which they belong, as
the coaliac, splenic, hepatic, superior, middle,
and lower mesenteric, two renal, and two sper-
matic plexuses. The posterior intercostal nerve
is dispersed in accessory branches about the
pelvis and ischiatic nerve.
Intercostal spaces. The intervals between
the ribs.
Intercostal veins. These accompany the
intercostal arteries, and empty their blood into
the vena azygos.
INTERCURRENT. Inlercurrens. 1. Dis-
eases which occur sporadically during the
!)revalence of epidemic or endemic diseases
lave been termed intercurrent diseases. 2.
INT
Also, a disease which arises in the course of
another.
Inte'rcus aqua. Anasarca.
Intercu'taneus. Subcutaneous.
Interde'ntium. The intervals between
teeth of the same order.
Interdigi'tium. Corns or warts between
the toes or fingers.
Interf^mi'neum. The perineum.
INTERFE'RENCE. In Optics, the phenom-
enon resulting from the intermixing or inter-
ference of two rays of fight, whereby bands of
colors arc produced when their paths bear a
certain ratio to each other.
Iaterlu'nius. Epilepsy.
Interma'xillary. Situated between the
maxillary or jaw bones.
Interme'diate. Intermedins. That which
lies between two other bodies, or is of a mid'
die nature or quality.
Intermediate vascular system. The ca-
pillary system.
INTERMISSION. Intcrmissio. The inter-
val which occurs between the paroxysms of
periodical pains, fevers, &c. In agues, this
period is almost one of health.
INTERMITTENT. (Intermittens; from in-
termitto, to discontinue.) An intermittent dis-
ease is one which ceases and returns again at
regular or uncertain periods, as agues, &c.
Intermittent fever. See Ague.
Internode. Interne' dis. The space between
the joints of a plant.
Interno'dia digitorum. The phalanges.
Internu'ntii dies. (From internuncio, to
go between.) Applied to the doctrine of criti-
cal days synonymously with dies indices.
Internus auris. 71 mallei. The tensor
tympani muscle.
INTERO'SSEI MANUS. These are small
muscles situated between the metacarpal bones,
and extending from the bones of the carpus to
the fingers. They are divided into internal in-
terossei interni and external interossei externi ;
the former are to be seen only on the palm of
the hand, but the latter are conspicuous both
on the palm and back of the hand.
Interossei pedis. These small muscles, in
their situation between the metatarsal bones,
resemble the interossei of the hand, and, like
them, are divided into internal and external.
INTEROSSEOUS. (Interosseus ; from in-
ter, between, and os, a bone.) Between bones:
applied to muscles, ligaments, &c., which are
situated between bones.
Interosseous arteries. Branches of the
ulnar and dorsalis carpi arteries, distributed
over the interosseous ligament of the forearm,
and between the interossei muscles.
Inter o'sseous nerve. A branch of the
median nerve, which passes over the interosse-
ous ligament of the forearm in company with
the artery.
Interpola'ti dies. Intercalary days.
Interrupted. Interruptus. Broken in its
regular form.
Interscapu'lium. 1. The spine of the
scapula. 2. The fossa on each side of the
spine.
INTERSE'PTUM. (um, i, n. ; from inter,
375
INT
■and septum, an inclosure.) The uvula, or the
septum narium.
Interseptum virginale. The hymen.
INTERSPINALS. (From inter, and spina,
the spine.) Muscles, nerves, &c., are so named
which are situated between the processes of the
spine.
Interspinals. The portions of muscle be-
tween the spinous processes of the neck, back,
and loins, distinguished by the names of inter-
spinales colli, dorsi, ct lumborum. Those which
connect the processes of the back and loins are
rather small tendons than muscles : they draw
' these processes nearer to each other.
Interstice. An interval.
INTERSTI'TIAL. (From intprsto, to stand
between.') Applied to a substance which is
situated in the interstices of an organ {inter-
cellular spaces), or to an action which takes
place in those interstices ; as interstitial matter,
interstitial absorption, &c.
I'NTERTRANSVERSA'LES. Four distinct
small bundles of muscular fibers, which fill up
the spaces between the transverse processes of
the vertebrae of the loins and neck, and serve
to draw them toward each other.
INTERTRIGO, (o, inis, f. ; from inter, be-
tween, and tero, to rub.) An excoriation, or
galling of the skin, about the anus, groins, axilla,
or other parts of the body, attended with in-
flammation and moisture. It is most common-
ly prpduced by the irritation of the urine, or
from riding ; in infants it often arises without
any external cause. It is relieved by the liq-
uor plumbi acetatis dilutus, ointment of oxide of
zinc, powdered starch, and the compound sar-
cocolla powder.
INTERVERTEBRAL. Situated between
the vertebrse.
Intervertebral cartilages. The carti-
lages between the vertebras.
INTESTI'NA. An order of entozoary ani-
mals in the system of Cuvier, which compre-
hends two groups : 1st. Cavitaria : worms
which have distinct stomachs. 2d. Parenchy-
mata : worms of a cellular structure, as the tape
worms.
Intestinal canal. See Intestine.
INTES'TINE. (Intestinum, i, n. ; from in-
tus, within.) The convoluted membranous
tube that extends from the stomach to the
anus. The intestines are situated in the cavity
of the abdomen, and are divided into the small
and large, which have, besides their size, other
circumstances of distinction. The whole length
of the intestinal tube in the human subject is
about six times that of the body. The small
intestine comprises about the upper four fifths
of the tube, and the large intestine the remain-
ing fifth. •
The small intestines are supplied internally
with folds, called valvules conniventes, and have
no bands on their external surface. The large
intestines have no folds internally ; are supplied
externally with three strong muscular bands,
which run parallel upon the surface, and give
the intestines a saccated appearance ; they have
also small fatty appendages, called appendiculce
epiploicee.
The first portion of the intestinal tube, for
376
INT
about the extent of twelve fingers' breadth, is
called the duodenum: it lies in the epigastric
region, makes three turnings, and, between the
first and second flexure, receives, by a common
opening, the pancreatic duct and the ductus
communis choledochus. It is in this portion of
the intestines that chylification is chiefly per-
formed.
The jejunum commences where the duode-
num ends, aud is situated in the umbilical re-
gion. It is every where covered with red ves-
sels, and, about an hour and a half after a meal,
with distended lacteals.
The ileum occupies the hypogastric region
and the pelvis ; is of a more pallid color than
the former, and terminates by a transverse
opening into the large intestines, which is call-
ed the valve of the ileum, valve of the caecum, or
the valve of Tulpius.
The beginning of the large intestines is firm-
ly tied down in the right iliac region, and, for
the extent of about four fingers' breadth, is call-
ed the cttcum, having adhering to it a worm-like
process, called the processus cad vermiformis,
or appendieula cccci vermiformis. The colon or
great intestine then commences : it ascends to-
ward the liver, passes across the abdomen, under
the stomach, to the left side, where it is contort-
ed like the letter S, and descends to the pelvis :
hence it is divided in this course into the ascend-
ing portion, the transverse arch, and the sigmoid
flexure. When it has reached, the pelvis it is
called the rectum, whence it proceeds, iu a
straight line, to the anus.
The intestinal canal is composed of three
membranes or coats : a common one from the
peritoneum, a muscular coat, and a mucous or
villous coat, the villi being formed of the fine
terminations of arteries and nerves, and the
origins of lacteals and lymphatics. The mu-
cous coat is perforated by the ducts of numer
ous simple glands or follicles, by which it is
supplied with mucus. These glands are solitary
or in clusters. The former are named Brun
ner's glands, and are most numerous in the
duodenum, though they exist throughout tho
tube; the latter are named P oyer's glands,
which are found in the jejunum and ileum, but
most numerously in the ileum. The intestines
are connected with the spine by the mesentery;
the duodenum has also a peculiar connecting
cellular substance, as have likewise the colon
and rectum, by means of which the duodenum
is firmly accreted to the back, the colon to the
kidneys, and the rectum to the os coccygis, and,
in women, to the vagina. The remaining por-
tion of the tube floats in the cavity of the ab-
domen. The arteries of this canal are branchea
of the superior and inferior mesenteric, and tho
duodenal. The veins evacuate their blood into
the vena porta;. The nerves are branches of
the eighth pair and intercostals. The lacteal
vessels, which originate principally from the
jejunum, proceed to the glands, in the mesen-
tery.
Intestinum circumvolutum. The ileum.
Intestinum crassum, v. grande, v. magnum
v. plenum. The colon.
Intestinum tenue. The jejunum and ileum.
I N T O'L E R A N C E. The condition of the
INV
body which indicates the impropriety of em-
ploying certain remedies, as intolerance of
blood-letting, antimony, &c.
INTO'XICANTS. The medicines which
produce the therapeutical effects witnessed in
drunkenness, i. e., paralysis with stupefaction :
■uch are wines, alcohols, ethers, Cannabis Indi-
es, and protoxide of nitrogen.
INTOXICA'TION. Intoxicatio. (From in,
and toxicum, a poison.) The effect of an al-
coholic liquor taken in excess. Intoxication,
where profound, presents us with a true case
of poisoning: there is complete loss of voluntary
power, the inspirations are few and stertorous,
and there is occasionally loss of power over the
sphincters. In such cases death may super-
vene from apoplexy in a few hours. The treat-
ment consists in the use of the stomach pump, or
emetic doses of sulphate of zinc ; enemas of salt
and water to clear the bowels, and opening the
jugular vein when the head is much affected.
I'ntrafolia'ceous. Intrafoliaceus. Within
the leaves : applied to stipula) which are above
the foot-stalk, and internal with respect to the
leaf.
Intki'nsic A property inherent, or apper-
taining to, any substance, and not adventitious.
Intro'itus. An entrance ; the act of enter-
ing.
Intro'rse. Introrsum. Turned inward, or
toward the axis of a body.
I'NTROSUSCE'PTION. Introsusceptio.
(From intro, within, and suscipio, to receive.)
Intus-susceplio. When one portion of intestine
slips within another, the accident is called m-
trosusception. It takes place more frequently
near the termination of the ilium than in any
other situaton. See Ileac passion.
INTUMESCE'NTIjE. (From intumesco, to
swell.) Swellings. An order of diseases in
Sauvages' Nosology, including polysarcia, pneu-
matoses, and all cases of great increase of the
whole or part of the body.
Intumesce. To swell up.
I'NTUS-SUSCE'FTION. Intus-svsceptio. 1.
Introsusception. 2. Nutrition. The interstitial
deposition of particles, by which the existence
of living bodies is sustained and their waste
supplied. '
I'ntybus. Cichorium endivia.
I'NULA. (a, m, f.) 1. Elecampane. 2. A
genus of plants. Syngcnesia. Polygamia su-
perfi.ua. Composite:. — /. crithmoides. Caapon-
ga. The leaves, &c., are pickled for the use of
the table: they are gently diuretic. — I. dysen-
ierica. The lesser inula. This was once con-
sidered as possessing great anti-dysenteric vir-
tues. — I. helenium. Common inula, or elecam-
pane. Helenium. It was formerly in high
estimation in dyspepsia, pulmonary affections,
and uterine obstructions, but is now fallen into
disuse.
I'nulin. A variety of starch, obtained from
the helenium, dahlia, and other roots.
INU'NCTION. Inunctio. 1. The act of
anointing, or rubbing in an ointment. 2. A lin-
iment or ointment.
Inu'stion. The operation of a cautery.
INVAGINA'TED. Invaginatus. (From in,
and vagina, a sheath.) When one portion of a
INV
tube is included in another: applied especially
to the case of introsusception, where one por-
tion of intestine is folded within another.
Invagina'tio. Introsusception.
INVASION. Invasio. The first portion of
the attack of a disease is termed the invasion
of the disease.
Inverecu'ndum os. The frontal bone.
INVERMINA'TION. (Inverminatio ; from
in, and vermis, a worm.) Under the present
title of invermination we shall consider the mor-
bid states occasioned by the presence of these
animals. Worms often inhabit the human in-
testines without producing any inconvenience,
but they usually give rise to great irritation.
1. The primary symptoms are griping pains,
more particularly about the navel ; the presence
of worms eliminated with or without the faeces;
fetid breath; acrid eructations ; slimy stools;
and inflammation of the bowels.
2. The secondary symptoms are, occasional
sickness and vomiting, variable and voracious
appetite, wasting away of the body, heat and
itching about the anus, and a vast number of
sympathetic affections, such as headache, ver-
tigo, disturbed dreams, grinding of the teeth
during sleep, picking of the nose, tenesmus,
paleness of the countenance, dizziness, &c. ;
and also the formation of a regular disease, as
verminous colic, a remittent fever, a state that
stimulates hydrocephalus, convulsion fits, cho-
rea Sancti Viti, peripneumonia, and even hem-
orrhages.
The treatment of verminous symptoms and
diseases consists in getting rid of the worms, by
destroying them, or driving them from the
body, and by strengthening the system gener-
ally, particularly the alvine canal. In every
case the bowels must be kept freely open, or
the vermifuges will not act successfully.
The list of vermifuges is almost interminable.
They may conveniently be divided into two
classes :
1. Those that dislodge and drive away intes-
tinal worms by some mechanical or other exter-
nal action ; as all drastic purges, all oleaginous
vermifuges, as oil of beech nuts, castor, and
sulphur; petroleum, sea salt, tin filings, and the
down of the pods of cowhage.
2. Those that destroy them by killing them
before they are expelled ; as the male fern, hel-
lebore, fetid hellebore, cevadilla, tansy, savine,
rue, dittany, tobacco, wormseed, oil of turpen-
tine, the bark of the bulge-water-tree and of the
cabbage-tree, the spigelias, and Indian scabio-
sa. Many of these are hardly worth noticing.
Inversio palpebrarum. Entropium.
INVE'RSION. Inversio. The turning of
any thing inside out, or the state of any thing
turned inside out.
Inversion of the uterus. See Uterus, in-
version of.
INVERTEBRA'TA. Invertebrates. (From
in, without, and vertebra.) The animals which
are destitute of an internal osseous system or
back bone. This subdivision of the animal
kingdom includes mollusca, articulata, neuma-
toneura, and acrita.
Involuce'll. Involucellum. A partial in-
volucrum.
377
IOD
INVOLU'CRUM. (urn, i, n. ; from in, and
eolvo, to wrap up; because parts are inclosed
by it.) A wrapper. I. In Anatomy, 1. A name
of the pericardium. 2. A membrane which
covers any part.
II. In Botany, a leafy calyx, remote from the
flower: applied particularly to umbelliferous
plants.
Involucrum cordis. The pericardium.
Involucrum membranaceum. The decidua
reflexa.
Involucrum .nervorum. The neurilemma.
Involu'te. Iiivolutus. Rolled inward.
Involv'entia. Demulcents.
Inward fits. A popular name for the croup-
like convulsion.— Undencood.
FODATE. {Iodas, atis, f.) A compound
of the iodic acid with a base.
Io'des. (ludeg; from toe, verdigris.) JEm-
ginous; of the color of verdigris. Applied by
Hippocrates to green bilious matters ejected by
vomiting — eueroi tudeec.
IO'DIC ACID. Acidum iodic um. It is color-
less, semi-transparent, and crystallizes in six-
sided tables, ot a strong acid and astringent
taste, aud destitute of smell. It is IO5 ; equiva-
lent, 166*36 ; and forms salts resembling the
chlorates.
I'ODIDE. lode. Ioduret. A compound of
iodine with a simple body.
Iodide ok ammonium. A deliquescent salt,
formed by the action of ammonia on solution
of hydriodic acid. It does not keep well, and
has been used in ointment in the same cases as
iodide of potassium.
Iodide of arsenic This is strongly poison-
ous, and has only been used externally in some
cases of herpes, in the form of ointment made
with gr. iij. of the iodide to fj. of lard.
Iodide of arsenic and mercury. See Arse-
nic, and Mercury, iodide of.
Iodide of barium. This has only been used
externally to scrofulous swellings. An oint-
ment may be made with gr. iv. of the iodide to
5j. of lard.
Iodide of gold. See Auri iodidum.
Iodide of iron. See Ferri iodidum.
Iodides of mercury. See Hydrargyri.
Iodide of potash. See Potassii iodidum.
Iodide of starch. Iodidum amyli. ■ A blue,
insoluble compound, formed by the action of
iodine on starch. It may be made by adding
an ounce of finely-powdered starch to a mixture
of 24 grs. of iodine in a little water, and drying
at a gentle heat. Dose, 33s., gradually increas-
ed : m over-doses it produces gastric irritation.
There is no particular value in the preparation.
Iodide of sulphur. It is formed by heating
4 parts of iodine with 1 of sulphur. This has
been employed by M. Biett in some tuberculous
affections of the skin. An ointment iB made,
5 parts of the iodide to 96 of lard, or 8 parts of
the iodide to 144 of lard, of which a drachm is
used at one friction.
Iodide of zinc Dr. Ure recommends this
as a powerful external remedy for scrofulous
tumors. The proportion for an ointment is a
drachm of the iodide to an ounce of lard. Some
prefer the iodide of zinc to the iodide of potas-
sium in such cases.
378
IOD
I'ODINE. {Iodium, ii, n. ; from tudec, violet-
colored.) Iodinium. Iodi'na. Iodine is an
elementary solid, of a grayish-black color and
metallic lustre, sp. gr. 495. Its fracture is
lamellated, and. it is soft and friable to the
touch. Its taste is very acrid, although it re-
quires 7 000 parts of water for solution. It gives
a deep brown stain to the skin, which soon
vanishes by evaporation. In odor, and power
of destroying vegetable colors, it resembles
very dilute aqueous chlorine. The solution is
of an orange-yellow color, and in small quan-
tity tinges raw starch of a purple hue.
It melts at 227° F., and is volatilized, under
the common pressure of the atmosphere, at the
temperature of 350°. The vapor is of a rich
violet color. Its symbol is I, and equivalent
126-57. It is powerfully electro-negative, and
resembles chlorine and bromine in its combina-
tions. It is obtained from sea-weed3. With
oxygen it forms an oxide and three acids, the
iodous, iodic, and periodic, and with hydrogen
the hydriodic acid.
Iodine exerts a very powerful action on the
animal economy. In an over-dose it is a violent
irritant poison. Orfila swallowed 6 grains, and
was immediately affected with heat, constric-
tion of the throat, nausea, eructation, salivation,
and cardialgia. In ten minutes he had copious
bilious vomitings, and slight colic pains. His
pulso rose from 70 to 90. About 70 or 80 grains
proved a fatal dose to dogs. It is to be treated
by mucilages.
Iodine, properly administered, is a medicine
of great efficacy. Its most obvious action is
that of stimulating the capillary circulation
throughout the system, aud increasing the ac-
tivity of the absorbents. Hence it is particu-
larly adapted to scrofulous and other chronic
enlargements of the glands, and to enlargements
of the abdominal viscera. It has been regarded
as a specific in scrofula, but on very insufficient
grounds, since its general action above alluded
to is quite sufficient to explain its beneficial
effects in many strumous affections. It has
been found useful as an emmenagogue ; and it
frequently produces good effects m syphilis,
acting apparently in a manner somewhat analo-
gous to mercury. It has been used with various
success in schirrus, chronic enlargements of the
glands, joints, periostitis, chronic hydrocephalus,
and many other cases. It is used internally and
externally in the form of tincture and ointment.
See Tinctura iodinii and Unguentum iodinii.
It is less frequently given alone, however, than
in combination with the iodide of potassium,
which renders it more easily soluble in water.
The common dose of iodine is from gr. i to gr. L
twice or thrice a day. When long continued,
it is apt to produce nervous irritability, dis-
ordered bowels, and wasting of the mammit
and testes. These effects are called lodistz
or Iodosis.
I'odine bath, Lugol's. Iodurcted bath. A
bath recommended by Lugol in scrofulous dis-
eases, and often used, with beneficial results.
The bath for men consists of a solution of 3J. to
3iij. of iodine, in double the quantity of iodide
of potassium, dissolved in a pint of water, and
added to from 200 to 300 quarts of water. The
IPE
mixture is made in a wooden bath. For chil-
dren, gr. xxx. to gr. xxxvj., dissolved in 33. of
iodide, are mixed in 3G quarts of water.
J'oihne solutions, Lugol's. Three solutions
are recommended by Lugol : 1. Stimulating
washes? consisting of gr. ij. to gr. iv. of iodine,
dissolved in double the quantity of iodide of
potassium, and mixed with a pound of water.
2. A rubefacient solution of iodiue, §ss., in iodide
of potassium, §j., and six ounces of water. 3. A
caustic solution, consisting of an ounce of iodine
and iodide, dissolved in two ounces of water.
The last has been found a very serviceable ap-
plication to fungoid excrescences.
I'odinum. Iodinium. Iodina. Iodine.
I'odoform. See Carbonis sesqui-iodidum.
I'ouism. The morbid effects of iodine.
I'oDO-IITDKAKGlf'HATK OF POTASSIUM. A
double salt of iodide of potassium and biniodide
of mercury, made by dissolving three and a half
grains of iodide of potassium and four and a
half grains of the biniodide of mercury in water,
and mixing, so that the solution amounts to one
fluid ounce. Dose, gtt. ij. to gtt. v., three times
a day. This preparation lias been highly rec-
ommended for its equalizing effect on the cir-
culation, and its action in chronic inflammations
of the bronchii, dyspepsia, scrofula, cutaneous
diseases, and diseases attended with dropsical
effusion.
I'odosis. The morbid effects of iodine.
I'odurets. Synonymous with iodides.
I'odureted. Impregnated with iodine.
I'ONIDIUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Pcntandria. Monogynia. Violacea:. — I. ipecacu-
anha, a native of Brazil, yields a root called
false Brazilian ipecacuanha, containing five per
cent, of emetine, and of which jss. to $j, is an
emetic dose. — /. microphyllum of Quito possess-
es similar properties. This plant is called cui-
•chunchully by the natives.
IO'NTHUS. (us, i, m. lovdoc.) 1. The
down on the face which precedes the beard.
2. A small tubercle on the face ; a variety of
acne.
Io'taci'smus. A defect in the organs of
speech, which renders a person incapable of
pronouncing the letter ./ or G soft.
IPECACUA'NHA. (a, a, f.) Ipecacuau.
This valuable root is supplied from many spe-
cies of Viola, and by the cephielis ipecacuan-
ha. The Psychotria cmetica yields the Peru-
vian drug. The title of ipecacuan is generally
given to the roots of the following plants, be-
sides those mentioned in South America : Viola
parvijlora, V. Ipecacuanha, V. Calceolaria, Cy-
nanchum Ipecacuanha, C. tomentosum, and As-
clepias currassavica; and sometimes to Euphor-
bia Ipecacuanha, Dorstenia Brasiliensis, and D.
arifolia. In St. Domingo, several species of
Ruellia, which provoke vomiting, are named
false ipecacuan. There is very little of the
white ipecacuan in the shops. Both the gray
and the brown varieties of the root are brought
to this country, packed in bales, from Rio Ja-
neiro. Both are in short, wrinkled, variously
bent and contorted pieces, which break with
a resinous fracture. The gray is about the
thickness of a small quill, full of knots and
•deep circular fissures, that nearly reach down
IPE
to a white, woody, vascular cord that runs
through the heart of each piece; the external
part is compact, brittle, and looks smooth ; the
brown is smaller, more wrinkled, of a blackish-
brown color on the outside, and white within:
the white is woody, and has no wrinkles.
In choosing ipecacuanha,* the larger roots,
which are compact, and break with a resinous
fracture, having a whitish-gray, somewhat semi-
transparent appearance in the inside of the cor-
tical part, with a pale, straw-colored medullary
fibre, are to be preferred. The powder is
slightly odorous and very nauseous. It owes
its properties to an extractive substance called
Emetine, which is sparingly soluble in water
and alcohol. The dose, as an emetic, is 3j. to
3ss. ; and as a sudorific and expectorant, gr. j. to
gr. iij . , in combination. As an emetic, it is mild,
safe, and certain in its operation ; but it is a
mistake that, when given in larger doses than
are necessary, it does not operate violently, but
only in a shorter space of time. It does not act
so quickly as many other emetic substances ;
but it evacuates completely the contents of the
stomach, and does not so much weaken it as
antimonial emetics. It is given at the com-
mencement of continued fevers, the progress of
which is sometimes cut short by its operation ;
and it is, also, frequently found to stop the
paroxysm of an intermittent, when given imme-
diately before the accession of the cold stage.
At the commencement of inflammation of the
pharynx, larynx, and trachea, when the inflam-
mation dqes not run very high, in cynanche ton-
sillaris, purulent ophthalmy, abscess, and every
case in which it is necessary to evacuate the
stomach, or to increase the energy of the ab-
sorbent system by full vomiting, ipecacuan has
iuf+t found useful. In doses sufficient to excite
nausea, without producing vomiting, ipecacuan
is given with excellent effects in dysentery and
obstinate diarrha3a, in which cases its efficacy
seems to arise in a great degree from the nausea,
which is kept up by the repetition of the small
doses, diminishing the arterial excitement and
determining to the surface. Perhaps, also, to
the nausea may be attributed much of the bene
fit which results from the use of ipecacuan in
spasmodic asthma, dyspnoea, pertussis, and epi-
lepsy. In nauseating doses, also, owing to the
nausea lessening the force of the circulation, it
has been employed with the best success in
uterine and pulmonary hemorrhages. As a su-
dorific, it is used in acute rheumatism, arthritic
affections, dropsy, and other diseases in which
sweating is necessary. It is generally given,
in these cases, in combination with opium and
neutral salts, according to the mode introduced
by Dover (see Pulvis ipecacuanha compositus).
Its expectorant powers have been found' ex-
ceedingly useful in catarrhal affections, pneu-
monia after bleeding, and in the early stage of
phthisis, in which its diaphoretic effect is also
beneficial.
Ipecacuanha, American. /., spurge. The
root of the Euphorbia ipecacuanha.
Ipecacuanha, annulated. I., Brazilian.
I, Lisbon. I, gray. The root of the Cephaelis
ipecacuanha, which furnishes most of the drug.
Ipecacuanha, black.
/., Peruvian.
379
I,
IRI
ttriated. The Peruvian root, derived from the
Psyehotria emetica.
Ipecacuanha, false Brazilian. The root
of the Ionidium ipecacuanha.
Ipecacuanha lozenges. These are made of
ipecacuanha, sugar, and tragacanth, each con-
taining one fourth of a grain of the ipecacuanha.
They form a very convenient medicine in
slight coughs.
Ipecacuanha, undulated. I, white. The
root of the Richardsoniana scabra.
IPOMjE'A. (a, <b, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Convolvulacem. — I.
qua'moclit. Batata percgrina. The cathartic
potato.
Ipom.«a jalapa, or I. purga, has been shown
by Dr. Coxe to be the true source of the Mexi-
can jalap. See Convolvulus jalapa.
Iqueta'ia. Scrofnlaria aquatica.
Iracu'ndus. The abductor muscle of the
eye.
IRIDA'CEjE. The cornflag tribe of niono-
cotyledonous plants. Smooth herbaceous plants,
with leaves equitant ; flowers, hexapetalous, tri-
androus ; stamens, three ; ovarium, three-celled,
many-seeded.
Iridje'a edulis. An edible sea-weed of
Scotland.
IRIDECTOMEDIALYSIS. (From iptc, iris,
eKTOfiri, excision, and Siakvatc, separation.) The
operation for artificial pupil by excision and
separation.
Iridectomia. Iridenclcisis. IHdotomia. See
Coretomia and the allied words. ,
IRIDENCLEISIS. (From ipie, iris, and ey-
k\uu>, to inclose.) The strangulation of a de-
tached portion of the iris.
Iride'scent. The property of shining with
many colors, like the rainbow.
IRI'DIUM. An extremely infusible metal,
found with another, called osmium, in the black
powder left after dissolving platinum. Its sp.
gr. is 21-8 to 26-0; equivalent, 98-84 ; and sym-
bol, Ir.
I'RIS. (is, idis, f.) 1. In Anatomy, the
septum between the anterior and posterior
chambers of the eye, which is perforated in the
middle by the pupil. 2. In Botany, a genus
ofplants. Triandria. Monogynia. Iridacem.
— -J. florentina. Florentine orris. The recent
root is acrid and purgative; when dry, it has
a pleasant odor of violets, and is used in den-
tifrices. — /. florentine. See Iris florentina.
. — I. germanica. The common iris, or flow-
er-de-luce. Iris nostra. The fresh root has a
strong, disagreeable smell, and an acrid, nau-
seous taste. It is powerfully cathartic. — I. nos-
tra. Iris germanica. — 7". palustris. See Iris
pseudacorus. — /. pseuda'corus. The yellow
water-flag. The root is given internally, when
perfectly dry, and possesses considerable as-
tringent power. The expressed juice is said
to be a useful application to serpiginous erup-
tions and scrofulous tumors.
Irish moss. Chondrus crispus.
IRI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from iris, the name
of a membrane of the eye. The more proper
term is Iriditis.) Inflammation of the iris: it
produces the symptoms of deep-seated or inter-
no! inflammation of the eye. See Ophthalmitis.
:J80
IRR
IRON. Ferrum. Iron is abundantly distrib-
uted in ores, combined with sulphur, carbonic
acid, oxygen, &c., from which it is obtained by
smelting. It is very ductile and tenacious, may
be welded, and is susceptible of magnetism.
Sp. gr., 7'7, and melts at a high point. It de-
composes water at a red heat, and combines
readily with oxygen and other electro-nega-
tives. Steel and cast iron are carburets of this
metal. It forms four compounds with oxygen,
the protoxide, FeO, which is the base of the
green sulphate and other salts; the black ox-
ide, Fe 3 C>4, which is magnetic, and produced by
the smith's forge; the peroxide, FejOs, which
is also a base, many of the salts of which are
red; and the ferric acid, FeO a . which has an
acid reaction, and forms salts with potash, ba-
ryta, &c. Its symbol is Fe, and equivalent.
27-18.
Medical virtues. — The general medicinal prop-
erties of the compounds of iron, and the several
preparations of it, are to constringo the fibres,
to quicken the circulation, to promote the dif-
ferent secretions in the remoter parts, and at
the same time to repress inordinate discharges
into the intestinal tube. By the use of chalyb-
eates, the pulse is very sensibly raised; the
color of the face, though before pale, changes
to a florid red ; the alvine, urinary, and cuticu-
lar excretions are inci-eased.
Iron is given in most cases of debility and
relaxation ; in passive hemorrhages ; in dyspep-
sia, hysteria, and especially chlorosis, and in
most of the cachexia;. For the preparations,
see Ferrum.
Iron, hydrated peroxide of. See Fcrri
sesquioxydum kfdratum.
IRREDU'CIBLE. Not capable of being re-
stored to the natural position; applied in sur-
gery to those fractures, hernias, or luxations in
which expeditious restoration is impracticable.
IRRIGATION. Irrigatio. The systematic
watering or moistening of any part of the body,
especially by the dropping of water. It is a
powerful antiphlogistic moans, and attended
with sedative effects.
IRRITABILITY. ( Imtabilitas, atis, f. ;
from irrito, to provoke.) Vis insita of Haller.
Vis vitalis of Gaertner. Oscillation of Boer-
haave. Tonic power of Stahl. Muscular pow-
er of Bell. Inherent power of Cullen. The
property of the muscular and other living fibres
to be thrown into action under certain stimuli,
whether nervous, chemical, or mechanical.
IRRI'TANT. Irritans. That which produces
irritation in a vital organ. Irritant agents re-
semble stimulants in some degree. They may
be mechanical, chemical, or specific, in the lat-
ter case producing an action in a remote organ
without apparent contact.
IRRITA'TION. Irritalio. 1. The action of
a stimulus on a part endowed with irritability,
or the state of a part the irritability of which is
excited by a stimulus. The term is applied to
the action both of natural and morbid stinquli.
but more frequently the latter. 2. The affec-
tion induced by the presence of morbid matters
&c., in the stomach and bowels, &c, which
produces symptoms resembling those of arach
nitis, pleuritis, peritonitis, &c. 3. A subacute
ISC
inflammation of an organ is frequently called
an irritation of the part.
ISA'TINE. A product of the oxidation of
blue indigo, by heating it with weak nitric acid.
It forms beautiful red crystals, of sparing solu-
bility, and capable of sublimation. Formula,
C16H5NO4, or blue indigo plus two atoms of ox-
ygen. By the action of potash it is converted
into isatinic acid, and into isatyde when an al-
coholic solution is mixed with sulphuret of am-
monium : the latter is composed of isatine plus
one atom of hydrogen. Chlorine, bromine, and
some of their compounds produce a number of
compounds by replacing one or two atoms of
the hydrogen of isatine : these are termed chlo-
risaline, bromisatine, &c, and also produce acids
by the action of potash, respectively called
chlorisatinic, &c, acids.
I'SATIS. (is, is, f.) A genus of plants.
Tctradynamia. Siliquosa. Leguminosee. — /.
tinctoria. Glastmn. Woad. It yields an in-
ferior indigo.
I'sca. lona. A fungous excrescence grow-
ing on the oak and hazel.
ISCH-. Ischi-. Ischo-. A prefix (from
fCT^w, to restrain), signifying a check or hinder-
ance ; also, from the ischium bone.
Ischje'mia. The suppression of a customary
discharge of blood.
Ischje'mon. Any medicine which restrains
bleeding.
ISCHIA'DIC. Ischiatic. Appertaining to
the ischium.
Ischiadic artery. A branch of the internal
iliac, which passes out at the ischiadic foramen,
between the pyriform and gemelli muscles, in
company with the great sciatic nerve. It is
distributed within the pelvis to the rectum and
the internal obturator, pyriform, coccygeal, and
levator ani muscles ; after its passage out of the
pelvis, it is distributed chiefly to the rotator
muscles of the thigh. It sends a twig down on
the surface of the sciatic nerve.
Ischiadic foramen. See Innominatum os.
Ischiadic notch. See Innominatum os.
Ischia'lgia. Sciatica.
Ischiatic Ischiaticus. See Ischiadic.
Ischiatic nerve. See Sacro-sciatic nerve.
ISC HI' AGRA, (a, ee, f.; from ia X iov, the
haunch, and ay pa, a seizure.) This name has
been given to hip gout, and also to neuralgia of
the sacro-sciatic nerve. See Sciatica.
Ischidro'sis. Suppression of the perspira-
tion.
I'SCHIAS. (as, adis, f. Io^tac.) The hip
gout. A rheumatic affection of the hip joint.
Ischiatoce'le. See Ischiocele.
Ischioble'nnia. A suppression of a habitual
or morbid discharge of mucus.
I'schio-caverno'sus. The erector penis
muscle.
ISCHIOCE'LE. (e, es, f.; from io X cov, the
hip, and Knln, a tumor.) A hernia at the ischi-
adic foramen. See Hernia.
Ischio-clitoreana arteria. The branch
of the internal pudic, which furnishes the two
arteries of the clitoris.
Ischio-clitorianus. The nerve of the clitoris
— a branch of the pudic.
Ischio-clitoride'us. The erector clitoridis.
ISC
Ischio-cocctge'us. The coccygeus muscle
Ischio-kemoralis. The adductor magnua
femoris.
Ischio-fjjmoro-peroneus. The biceps fe-
moris.
Ischio-perinea'lis. The transversus perinei.
Ischio-popliti-tibial. The semi-membrano-
sus muscle. — Chaussier.
Ischio-pr^tibialis. The semi-tendinous
muscle. — Chaussier.
Ischio-prosta'ticus. The muscular fibres,
called transversus perinei alter.
Ischio-pubi-femoralis. The adductor mag
nus femoris. — Dumas.
Ischio-pubi-prostaticus. The transversus
perinei. — Dumas.
Ischio-trochanteria'ni. The gemelli mus-
cles. — Chaussier.
Ischio'sis. Sciatica.
I'SCHIUM. (um, i, n. ; from 10x1c, the loin ;
so named because it is near the loin.) A bone
of the pelvis of the foetus, and a part of the os
innominatum of the adult. See Innominatum os.
Ischnopho'nia. A tenuity or shrillness of
the voice.
Ischno'tis. Emaciation.
Ischolo'chia. Suppression of the lochia.
Ischome'nia. Amenorrhcea.
Ischure'tic. Ischureticus. Having the
power of relieving a suppression of the urine.
ISCHU'RIA. Ischuria vera. (From tor^'w,
to restrain, and ovpov, the urine.) A retention
of urine. When there is a frequent desire of
making water, attended with much difficulty in
voiding it, the complaint is called a dysury:
and when there is a total retention of urine, it
is known by the name of an ischury. Both
ischuria and dysuria are distinguished into
acute, when arising in consequence of inflam-
mation; and chronic, when proceeding from
any other cause, such as calculus, &c.
The causes which give rise to these diseases
are an inflammation of the urethra, occasioned
either by venereal sores, or by a use of acrid in-
jections, tumor or ulcer of the prostate gland,
inflammation of the bladder or kidneys, con-
siderable enlargements of the hemorrhoidal
veins, a lodgment of indurated faeces in the rec-
tum, spasm at the neck of the bladder, the ab-
sorption of cantharides applied externally or
taken internally, and excess in drinking either
spirituous or vinous liquors; but particles of
gravel sticking at the neck of the bladder, or
lodging in the urethra, and thereby producing
irritation, prove the most frequent cause. Gouty
matter falling on the neck of the bladder will
sometimes occasion these complaints.
There are four species of ischuria :
1. Ischuria renalis, coming after a disease of
the kidneys, with a troublesome sense of weight
or pain in that part.
2. Ischuria ureterica, after a disease of the
kidneys, with a sense of pain or uneasiness in
the course of the ureters.
3. Ischuria vesicalis, marked by a frequent
desire to make water, with a swelling of the hy-
pogastrium, and pain at the neck of the bladder.
4. Ischuria urethralis, marked by a frequent
desire to make water, with a swelling of the hy-
pogastrium, and pain of some part of the urethra.
381
I so
In dysury there is a frequent inclination to
make water, attended with a smarting pain,
neat, and difficulty in voiding it, together with
a sense of fullness in the region of (Be bladder.
The symptoms often vary, however, according
to the cause which has given rise to it. If it
Eroceed from a calculus in the kidney or ureter,
esides the affections mentioned, it will be ac-
companied with nausea, vomiting, and acute
pains in the loins and regions of the ureter and
kidney of the side affected. When a stone in
the bladder, or gravel in the urethra, is the
cause, an acute pain will be felt at the end of
the penis, particularly on voiding the last drops
of urine, and the stream of water will either be
divided into two, or bo discharged in a twisted
manner, not unlike a corkscrew. If a scirrhus
of the prostate gland has occasioned the sup-
pression or difficulty of urine, a hard, indolent
tumor, unattended with any acute pain, may
readily be felt in the perineum, or by introdu-
cing the finger in ano.
Dysury is seldom attended with much danger,
unless, by neglect, it should terminate in a total
obstruction. Ischury may always be regarded
as a dangerous complaint, when it continues for
any length of time, from the great distension
and often consequent inflam mation which ensue .
In those cases where neither a bougie nor a
catheter can be introduced, the event, in all
probability, will be fatal, ns few patients will
submit to an operation for drawing off the urine
before a considerable degree of inflammation
and tendency to gangrene have taken place.
Ischuria spasmodica. Suppression of urine
from spasm of the bladder. $
Ischuria spuria. When the urine does not
reach the bladder.
Ischuria vesicalis k muco. A complaint of
children and old men, in which the urine is
very turbid and ropy, and comes away with
difficulty and pain. It arises from an irritable
condition of the prostate or bladder, and is to
be treated by mucilages, solution of potash, and
copaiba, when fever is absent; otherwise, by
antiphlogistics.
Isikglass. Ichthyocolla.
Isis nobii.is. Red coral.
ISO-. A prefix (from taoc, equal), denoting
equality or similarity.
Isochi'menal. Having the same winter tem-
perature. See Isothermal.
I'sochroma'tic. Having the same color.
ISO'CHRONOS. (From taoc, equal, and
Xpovog, time.) Isochronous. Applied to two
or more actions which are performed in an equal
length of time ; thus the pulsations of the ar-
teries throughout the body are isochronous, or
very nearly so.
Iso'crates. Wine mixed with an equal
quantity of water.
Iso'dromus. Isochronos.
I'solateb. Synonymous with insulated.
I'solu'cine. A principle found in the Poly-
gala senega.
ISOME'RIC. (From taoc, equal, and pepog,
a part.) In Chemistry, compounds which con-
sist of the same elements united in the same
ratio, and yet differ in their sensible properties.
ISO'MERISM. (From «7«r, equal, and fie-
382
ISO
pio/ioc, a portioning out.) The state of an iso-
meric compound. See Isomeric.
ISOMORPHISM. (From taoc, and popty,
form.) Similarity of figure. Having the same
crystalline form; this is associated with the
same number of atoms, but of unlike elements,
and also with similar properties. Thus, alum
consists of sulphuric acid, alumina, and potash;
but either of these bodies may be replaced by
certain other isomorphous bodies ; the sulphuric
acid by the*elenic, chromic, or manganic acids:
the last two of these produce a difference of
color in the crystal, but little else. The alu-
mina may be replaced by peroxide of iron, ses-
quioxide of manganese, or sesquioxide of chro-
mium; and the potash by soda or oxide of
ammonium. Thus, the alum may have none of
its primary constituents, but isomorphous atoms
of the same number.
Isomo'rphous groups. The substances which
can mutually replace one another entirely or
in part, belong to the same isomorphous group.
Several groups have been detected, of which
the following are known :
1.
Silver Ag.
Gold Au.
2.
Arsenious acid (in its unusual form) Ag^Os-
Sesquioxide of antimony .... SbzOs*
3.
Alumina AfaOa.
Sesquioxide of iron Fe*Oa.
" chromium .... CV3O1.
" manganese . . . MmOa*.
4.
Phosphoric acid POs.
Arsenic acid AsOa,
5.
Sulphuric acid SOs.
Selenic acid SeOa.
•Chromic acid CrOa.
Manganic acid MnOa-
6.
Hypermanganic acid MnzOi,
Hyperchloric acid CIO?.
7.
Salts of potash KO.
Salts of oxide of ammonium . . . NH*0~
8.
Oxide of silver ....... AgO.
Oxide of sodium NaO.
9.
Baryta BaO. ,
Strontia SrO.
Lime (in arragonite) CaO.
Oxide of lead PbO.
10.
Lime (in Iceland spar) .... CaO.
Magnesia MgO
Protoxide of iron FeO.
" manganese .... MnO
" zinc ZnO
" cobalt CoO.
" nickel NiO.
" copper CiiO.
" lead(inplumbocalcite) PbO.
ISO'PODA. (From taoc, and ttouc, a foot.)
Au order of crustacean animals which has all
JAB
me legs alike, and calculated for locomotion
and prehension.
Isosta'thmos. ItroaraOuog. A medicine for
a cough used by the Greeks.
ISOTHE'RMAL. (From laoc, and dsp/in,
heat.) Having the same average temperature.
Geographical lines drawn over the surface of
countries, and passing through places having
the same average heat, are termed isothermal
lines. They are very irregular, in consequence
of the occurrence of mountains and large lakes
or surfaces of water, which modify the temper-
ature. The terms Isothermal and Isochimenal
are used also; the first, to designate a line
showing the places having the same summer
heat, and the last, those with the same mean
winter temperature.
According to Humboldt, the isothermal line
which corresponds to the temperature of 32°
F. passes between Ulea, in Lapland, lat. 66°,
and Table Bay, on the coast of Labrador, lat.
54°. The isothermal line of 41° passes near
Stockholm, lat. 59£°, and St. George's Bay,
Newfoundland, lat. 48°. The line of 50° pass-
es through the Netherlands, lat. 51°, and near
Boston, in the United States, lat. 42£° ; that of
59° between Rome and Florence, lat. 43°, and
Raleigh, in North Carolina, lat. 36°. In all
these cases, we see that the isothermal lines, in
passing from the western side of the continent
of Europe to the eastern coast of America, de-
viate very considerably toward the south, the
deviation in one case amounting to 11£° of lati-
tude. In passing over the American continent
they again recede to the northward; and in
California, and to the north of that peninsula,
along the western side of the continent, the
annual temperature is nearly the same as under
similar latitudes in the west of Europe. From
the western to the eastern side of the old con-
tinent, the flexure of the isothermal curves and
the diminution of the mean annual temperature
under the same parallels are not less conspicu-
ous. The isothermal line of 55° passes through
Nantes, lat. 47°, and Pekin, lat. 39fc°. Edin-
burgh and Kasan (in the east of Russia) have
the same latitude; but the mean annual tem-
perature of the former is 48°, while that of the
second is below 38° F.
J AL
Issue. See Fonticulus.
Issue peas. These are turned from the smalt
orange berries, or Cura<;oa oranges.
I'STHMION. Isthmus. (From io6poc, a
narrow piece of land between two seas.) The
fauces, or passage between the mouth and
gullet.
Isthmi'tis. Inflammation of the throat.
Isthmus hepatis. The lobulus anonymous
of the liver.
Isthmus of the thyroid gland. A band
of fibres which unites the two divisions of the
thyroid gland.
Isthmus Vieussenii. The ridge surrounding
the remains of the foramen ovale, in the right
auricle of the human heart.
Itch. See Scabies.
Itch, baker's. I, bricklayer's. I, grocer's.
See Psoriasis.
Itch insect. Acarus scabiei.
I'TER. A passage communicating between
two or more parts.
Iter ad infundibulum. The foramen com-
mune antcrius of the brain. See Encepkalon.
Iter a falato ad aurem. The Eustachian
tube. See Auris.
Iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculum.
The aquaxluctus Sylvii.
Itinera'rium. The catheter; also, a staff
used in cutting for tho stone.
I'TIS. A suffix (from lttjc, v. irauoc, hasty),
used to denote inflammation : for this purpose,
it is added to the genitive case of the Greek
word for the organ affected.
I'VA FRUTE'SCENS. A corymbiferous
plant, which produces the Mexican quinquina,
celebrated in its native country as a febrifuge.
Iva pecanga. Smilax sarsaparilla.
I'VORY. The dust is occasionally boiled to
form jelly, instead of isinglass, for which it is a
bad substitute. In 100 parts there are 24 gel-
atine, 64 phosphate of lime, and 0*1 carbonate
of lime.
Ivory black. Animal charcoal.
Ivy. Hedera helix.
Ivy, ground. Glecoma hederacea.
I'xia. Carlina gummifera
Ixia. l!;ia. A varix.
Ixine. Atractylis gummifera..
eJ ACE' A. (a, ee, f.) 1. A name given to
several herbs; among others, to the pansy. 2.
•A genus of plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia
frustranea. Composita.
Jaceranta tinga. Acorns calamus.
Jacinthus. Hyacinthus.
Jack-by-the-hedge. Erysimum alliaria.
Jacob^'a. Senecio Jacobaea.
Jacob's membrane. Membrana Jacobi. A del-
icate membrane covering the retina. See Eye.
Jacobson's nerve. Jacobson's anastomosis.
See Petrous ganglion.
JACTITATION. Jactitatio. The constant
tossing arising from restlessness in acute dis-
eases.
Jaen bark. See Cinchona barks, variov$.
Jagga'ry. Coarse palm sugar.
JALA'P. Jala' pa. Jala'pium. The root
of the Ipomcea jalapa of Mexico ; a well-known,
valuable purgative. Dose, gr. x. to 3j. See
Convolvulus jalapa.
Jalapa alba. White jalap. See Convolvu-
lus mechoacan.
Jala'pin. The chief resin of jalap, of a soft
consistence, and soluble in ether. Formula,
C«H340jo- Jalapic acid is another acid resin
of the same body, existing in small quantity.
It is also called Rhodcoretine. Formula, C49
HjsOm.
Jaleyrac A village of Auvergue, where
there is a mineral spring containing carbonates
of soda and lime.
383
JEC
Jamaica bark. See Cinchona barks,
false.
Jamaica bark-tree. The Bursera gummi*
/era, which yields a terebinthinate resin, of
an agreeable flavor.
Jamaica, climate of. See West Indies.
Jamaica kino. See Coccoloba uvifera.
Jamaica pepper. See Myrtus pimenta.
JAMAICI'NA. Jamaicine. An azotized alka-
loid, derived from the cabbage-bark-tree (An-
dira incrmis). It is of a brownish-yellow color,
crystallizable, fusible, soluble, and very bitter.
It appears to be an active purgative.
Ja'mblichi sales. A preparation with sal
ammoniac, some aromatic ingredients, &c
James's analeptic pills. These are made
of equal parts of James's powder, ammoniacum,
and the aloes and myrrh pill beat up with tinc-
ture of castor.
James's powder. See Antimonialis pulvis.
Jamestown weed. Datura stramonium.
Ja'nipha manihot. A synonym of Jatropa
manihot.
•JA'NITOR. 1. A door-keeper. 2. The py-
lorus, from its being at the entrance of the in-
testine.
Janua emplastuum. An old plaster contain-
ing betony.
Januarii cataplasma. An old cataplasm
used in diseases of the spleen.
Janitrix. The vena porta. 1 .
Japan earth. See Acacia catechu.
Japan sago. The fecula of the Cycas rcvo-
iuta, and other cycada?.
Japo'nica terra. Acacia catechu.
Jasmines. A natural iamily of plants, of
which the genus jasminum is the type.
JA'SMINUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Diandria. Monogynia. Jasminccc. — J. offici-
nale. The jessamine. The essential oil has
been used as a liniment in paralysis and rheu-
matism.
Jasminum arabicum. A synonyme of Cof-
fea arabica.
Jaspacha'tes. Jaspar agate.
Jasper. Jaspis. A sub-species of rhoin-
boidal quartz.
JA'TROPH A. (a, <c, f.) A genus of plants.
Moncecia. Monadclphia. Euphorbiacew. — J.
curcas. The physic nut. The seed is oblong
and black. It atfords a quantity of oil, which
is given, in many places, as the castor oil is in
this country, to which it is veiy nearly allied.
The seeds of the J. multifida are of an oval and
triangular shape, of a pale brown color, are
called purging nuts, and give out a similar oil.
—J. elastica. The juice of this plant affords
Indian rubber. — J. manihot. The plant which
yields the cassada root. Some species have an
acrid root, which, however, becomes mild by
the action of heat.
Ja'tropic acid. Syn. of crotonic acid.
Jaundice. See Icterus.
Jaundice, black. Melaena.
Jaw-bone. The maxillary bone.
Jaw, fallen. Trismus nascentium.
Jecora'ria. 1. Marchantia polymorpha. 2.
An epithet of the basilic vein, because it was
usually opened in diseases of the liver.
Jectiga'tio. A species of epilepsy.
384
JU.G
JE'OUE. (ur, oris, or jecinoris, n.) The
liver. See Liver.
Jecur uterinum. The placenta.
Jeju'nitas. Jejunium. Hunger.
Jejuni'tis . Inflammation of the jejunum.
JEJU'NUM. (um, i, n. ; from jejunus, hun-
gry or empty.) Jejunum intestinum. The
second portion of the small intestines, so called
because it is generally found empty in the dead
body.
Jelly. See Gelatine.
Jelly, vegetable. Pectine.
Jerusalem artichoke. Helianthus tubero-
sus.
Jerusalem cowslips. Pulmonaria offici-
nalis.
Jerusalem oak. Chenopodium botrys.
Jerusalem oak, American. Chenopodium
anthelminticum.
Jerusalem sage. Pulmonaria officinalis.
JE'RVINE. Jcrvina. A vegetable alkaloid,
obtained by M. Simon from the rhizome of
Veralrum album, in which it exists along with
veratria. It is a crystalline powder; fusible,
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, and form-
ing sparingly soluble salts with sulphuric, ni-
tric, and hydrochloric acid, but a very soluble
acetate. Its formula is C00H45N2O3.
Jessamine. Jasminum officinalis.
Jesuit a'nus cortex. Jesuiticus cortex. Cin-
chona bark.
Jesuit's bark. Cinchona bark.
Jesuit's drops. Balsamum polychrestum.
Elixir venereum. Composed of guaiac, Peru-
vian balsam, and sarsaparilla. The Tinctura
benzoini composita of the present day frequent-
ly answers to this name.
Jewell's calomel. A very fine calomel,
obtained by subliming along with vapor of
water.
Jew's ears. Teziza auricula.
Jew's pitch. Bitumen Judaicum.
Joint. See Arlicuhis.
Joint, stiff. See Anchylosis.
Jointed. See Articidatus.
Judjei compositio. An application consist-
ing of lime, nitre, and urine, recommended by
Celsus against gangrene.
Judjei emplastrum. The name of two plas-
ters, one recommended by Celsus for a broken
head, and the other by Aetius as a detergent
and iuc amative.
Judicato'rii dies. Critical days.
Jugal process. The zygomatic pi'ocess.
Jugai nerves. The zygomatic nerves.
JUGA'LIS. (From jugum, ayoke.) Jugal:
appertaining to the cheek, or os jugale. •
Jugale os., (So called from its resemblance,
or because it is articulated to the bone of the
upper jaw, like a yoke. ) Os mala. Os zygo-
maticum. The cheek bone. The ossa mala-
rum are the prominent square bones which
form the upper part of the cheeks. They are
situated close under the eyes, and make part
of the orbit.
Jugalis sutura. Jugal suture. The sagit-
tal suture, and also the zygomatic suture, have
been so called.
Jugame'ntum. The cheek bone.
JU'GLANS. (ans, andis, f.) A genus of
JUN
plants. Moncecia. Polyandria. Juglandaceee.
— I. cincrea. I. cathartica. Juglans. (U. S.)
The butter-nut. An extract of the root bark is
laxative in doses of gr. x. to 33s.
Juglans hegia. The walnut-tree. Juglans.
The green fruit is very astringent : an extract is
used as a vermifuge, and the rind also enters
into the Lisbon diet-drink, which is anti-vene-
real.
JU'GULAR. (Jugularis; from jugulum, the
throat.) Belonging to the throat.
Jugular fossa. A cavity in the suture of
the temporal and occipital bone, in which is
lodged the commencement of the iuternal jugu-
lar veins.
Jugular veins. The veins so called ran
from the head down the sides of the neck, and
are divided, from their situation, into external
and internal. The external, or superficial jugu-
lar vein, receives the blood from the frontal,
angular, temporal, auricular, sublingual, or
ranine, and occipital veins. The internal, or
deep-seated jugular vein, receives the blood
from the lateral sinuses of the dura mater, the
laryngeal and pharyngeal veins. Both jugu-
lars unite, and form, with the subclavian vein,
the superior vena cava, which terminates in
the superior part of the right auricle of the
heart.
Ju'gulum. The throat, or anterior part of the
neck.
JU'GUM PENIS. An improper instrument
for the purpose of compressing some portion of
the urethra to prevent the dribbling of urine in
cases of incontinence.
Jujuba. Jujube. Rhamnus zizyphus.
JU'LEP. Julapium. Julepus. Those forms
of medicine which are now called mixtures,
were formerly called juleps, as camphor julep,
the mistura camphora.
July-flower. Dianthus caryophyllus.
Jumnisum. Yeast. — Ruland.
Jumble beads. The seeds of the Abrus pre-
catorius.
JU'NCUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
Juncus odoratus. Andropogon schccnan-
thus.
JUNGERMANNIA'CE^E. (Jungermannia,
one of the genera. ) A very small natural%rder
of acrogenous or cryptogamic plants, resem-
bling mosses in appearance, and, like them,
growing upon the bark of trees, and in damp
ground in shady places. They bear their seeds
m cases containing spiral threads, whicn, by
their elasticity, disperse the former when ripe.
Until lately they were considered to form a
part of Hepatica.
Jungle fever. A remittent fever of India,
similar to the yellow fever.
Juniper. Juniperus communis.
Bb
Jtrz
Juniper resin. Sandarach; an exudation
from the Juniperus communis.
Juniperum vinum. Wine impregnated with
the flavor of juniper berries.
JUNI'PERUS. (us, i, f.) 1. A genus of
plants. Dimcia. Monadelphia. Coniferce. 2.
The berries of Juniperus communis.
Juniperus communis . The -juniper-tree.
Juniperus. The tops and berries are aromatic,
diuretic, and carminative, from the oil (Oleum
juniperi) they contain. The tree also yields
the resin called gum sandarach.
Juniperus lycia. This was supposed to
yield the Olibanum, or frankincense, a resin of
an aromatic odor.
Juniperus oxycedrus. J.phanicea. Berry
cedar. The wood yields, by distillation, the
fetid oil called Huile de cade. What is called
American olibanum exudes from the bark.
Juniperus sabina. The savin-tree. Sabina.
Savina. Sabina sterilis. The leaves and tops
possess a hot, aromatic, and disagreeable taste,
due to an essential oil (Ol. sabina). They are
stimulant, emmenagogue, and diuretic, and also
used as a vermifuge, and to procure abortion.
Externally, savin is recommended as an escha-
rotic to foul ulcefs, syphilitic warts, &c. A
strong decoction of the plant in lard and wax
forms a useful ointment to keep up a constant
discharge from blisters, &c. See Ceratwm
sabina;.
Juniperus virginiana. Red cedar; an in-
digenous plant, commonly called savine: it is
somewhat similar to the J. sabina in property.
Ju'piter. Tin.
JURIBALI. An Asiatic tree of the family
Meliacea:, the bark of which is said to be febri-
fuge.
JURISPRUDENCE, MEDICAL. Synony
mous with Forensic Medicine.
JUS. (s, uris, u.) Broth or potage.
Ju'sculum. (urn, i, n.) The same.
Jussa. Gypsum. — Ruland.
JUSTPCIA. (a, <c, f.) A genus of plants.
Diandria. Monogynia. — J.adhatoda. A plant
of Ceylon, supposed by the natives to have the
power of expelling the dead foetus. — J. ecbolium.
A Malabar plant, the roots and leaves of which
are supposed to be lithontriptic. — J. pectoralis,
of the West Indies, is slightly astringent.
Justamond's arsenical caustic. Aprepara-
tion made by melting together antimony and
arsenic in fine powder.
JUVA'NTIA. (Yvorajuvo, to assist.) Those
means, whether dietic, regiminal, or medicinal,
which do good to sick people.
Juxtangi'na. (From juxta, near, and angina,
a quinsy. ) Inflammation of the muscles of the
pharynx.
Juzam. The Arabic name of the tubercular
elephantiasis, or Elephantiasis Gracorum.
000
KER
KID
K.
K.
The symbol for potassium (kaliuni).
Kaath. Acacia catechu.
KiEMPFE'RIA. (a, a-, f.) A genus of plants.
Monandria. Monogynia.-^-K. galanga. The
greater galangal root. It is aromatic, and has
the mixed flavor of pepper and ginger. — K. ro-
tunda. The officinal zedoary. Zedoaria. The
roots are in long pieces, zedoaria longa, or in
roundish pieces, zedoaria rotunda. They have
an agreeable camphoraceous smell, and a bitter-
ish aromatic taste.
Kahi'nca. See Cainca.
Ka'jeputi oleum. See Melaleuca.
Kakodtl. See Cacodyl.
KA'LI. (An Arabian word ; indeclinable.)
The vegetable alkali. See Potash.
Kali acetatum. Potassae acetas.
Kali aeratum.. Potassae carbonas.
Kali arsenicatum. Potassae arsenias.
Kali citratum. Potassae citras.
Kali pr.eparatum. Potassae subcarbonas.
Kali purum. Potassa fusa.
Kali sulphuratum. Sulphuretum potassa;.
Kali tartarizatum. Potassae tartras.
Kali vitriolatum. Potassa; sulphas.
Ka'lium. Potassium.
KA'LMIA. (a, <c, f.) A genus of hand-
some indigenous shrubs. Decandria. Monogy-
nia. Ericaceai. — K. latifolia. Mountain laurel ;
calico bush; is a common evergreen. The
leaves are narcotic, and produce, in an over-
dose, nausea, vertigo, temporary blindness, dif-
ficult respiration, and weak pulse. A Poisoning
by this plant, which sometimes occurs from eat-
ing birds that have fed on it, is to be met by
stimulating emetics (mustard), and nervous
and arterial stimulauts, as the spiritus ammonias
aromaticus. The leaves have been used in
decoction and ointment to cutaneous diseases.
The dried leaves are, according to Dr. Bigelow,
inactive in doses of gr. x., in some instances.
—K. angustifolia, sheep laurel, and K. glauca,
or swamp laurel, are poisonous.
Karabi'tis. Phrenitis.
Kareo. Ripogonum parviflorum.
Kassander. Convolvulus panduratus.
Kau'ri resin. Cowdie gum.
Keeled. Carinatus.
Keiri. Cheiranthus cheiri.
Kelp. Incinerated sea-weed.
Kennel-wort. Scrofularia nodosa.
Kenospu'dia. A brown study.
KENTUCKY, SPRINGS OF. There are
some remarkable mineral waters, called Olym-
pian springs, near the mouth of the Licking
River, one of which is sulphureous, another cha-
lybeate, and a third saline and sulphureous. The
salines at Big-bone Lick are resorted to by in-
valids. Near Harrodsburgthere is a spring con-
taining a large proportion of Epsom salt.
KERA-. A prefix, used synonymously with
cera, which see ; as in the case of Keratitis,
JCeratomus, Keratocele, &c.
Kerastrosis. Hystriciasis.
KERATONY'XIS. (From Kepac, a horn, and
386
vvaau, to puncture.) A term used in Germany
to designate an operation for cataract, in which
the needle is passed through the cornea.
KE'RMES. Coccus baphica. C. querent
illicis. Round reddish grains, about the size,
of peas, obtained from the branches of the scar-
let oak of southern Europe. The Confectio
alkermes was prepared with these, which were
supposed to possess corroborant and astringent
virtues.
Kermes mineral. Kermes mineralis. See
Anlimonii sulphuretum.
Ke'rva. Ricinus communis.
Ketchup. The prepared liquor of the mush-
room, made by sprinkling salt on that vegetable,
and collecting the fluid which escapes.
Keyser's pills. They contained an impure
acetate ofifnercury.
Kiaster. See Chiastre.
Kibes. A name for chilblains.
KIDNEY. An abdominal viscus that secretes
the urine. There are two kidneys, situated in
the upper and back part of the abdomen, in the
lumbar region. The kidney is between four
and five inches in length ; is rounded anteriorly,
flattened posteriorly, convex and uniform at its
outer margin, and has a deep depression or sinus
toward the vertebrae, surrounded with unequal
edges, where the renal vessels and nerves enter.
The right kidney is connected to the liver and
duodenum, the left to the spleen, and both to
the muscles on which they are placed, and to
the renal glands and colon, by cellular sub-
stance, and by the peritoneum ; which last,
reflected from the liver and spleen to the kid-
neys, have by some been called the ligaments
of the kidneys. They are also connected to the
aorta and vena cava by their blood-vessels, and
to the bladder of urine by the ureters. Each
kidney is surrounded by loose cellular substance,
which commonly contains a considerable quan-
tity of fat, from which it is termed tunica adi-
posa. Under the tunica adiposa there is a mem-
brane composed of the original proper coat and
cellufer substance incorporated, which adheres
closely to the kidney, and is reflected over the
edges of the sinus, to be joined to the pelvis and
large vessels. It consists of an outer part called
cortical, and an inner termed medullary. The
cortical substance, termed also secerning, sur-
rounds the kidney, and is about a fourth or third
part of an inch in thickness ; it likewise sends
in partitions, which separate the medullary parts
from each other. The medullary, termed also
tubular or uriniferous substance, is more com-
pact and of a paler color than the former, and
is divided into a number of distinct columns,
each of which terminates in a projection called
papilla, vel processus mammillaris. The papilla
are merely the continuation of the uriniferous
part, though frequently considered as a third
division of the substance of the kidney. Each
kidney has one, and sometimes more arteries, of
great proportional size, which run transversely
from the aorta, and a vein still larger than the
KID
artery, which terminates in the cava : they enter
at the sinus of the kidney, and are included in
cellular substance, which accompanies thefl
throughout their course. The right renal artery
is longer than the left, in consequence of the
vena cava, behind which it passes, being placed
upon the right side of the aorta. The artery,
as it approaches the kidney, is divided into
branches, which are afterward minutely dis-
tributed through the cortical substance, forming
arches and anastomoses ; but these are found to
be much less frequent than are commonly de-
scribed, for a fine injection thrown into a branch
of the artery fills only the ramifications belong-
ing to that branch. The small branches, after
turning and winding in various directions, pass
partly toward the surface of the kidney, where
/hey form irregular stars, some of which supply
the proper membrane. Others turn inward in
a waving direction, and form corpuscles, or acini,
disposed after the manner of clusters of small
berries, which can only be seen distinctly by the
assistance of glasses, after a minute injection.
The corpuscles were considered by Dr. Nichols
as the globular terminations of blood-vessels,
and termed by him Globuli arteriarum termini ;
but these globuli were afterward observed by
Mr. Hewson and others to consist of small ves-
sels intimately intermixed. The lymphatics of
the kidney run from without inward, and ter-
minate in the lumbar glands, and afterward in
the thoracic duct. The supeifrcial lymphatics
are so 6mall as seldom to be seen, excepting in
the diseased state of this organ. The nerves are
from the semilunar ganglion, formed by the
great sympathetic and eighth pair. They com-
pose a plexus which surrounds the blood-vessels,
and accompanies them in the kidney. From
the minute extremities of the renal artery, in
the corpuscles situated in the cortical substance,
the uriniferous tubes arise. They are mixed
with some extremely small blood-vessels, and
constitute the medullary substance of the kid-
ney. By degrees they unite into larger tubes,
which run in a radiated manner, the direction
being from the outer edge or circumference,
toward the sinus or inner part of the kidney.
The radiated tubes, becoming still larger in
their passage, terminate in the papilla, which
are of a compressed conical form, and at a little
distance from each other. The papilla; are
twelve or more in each kidney, the number
varying according to that of the original lobes
of which the kidney is composed, and likewise
from some of the papilla? being occasionally in-
corporated with each other. Upon the points
of the papilla? are the terminations of the urinif-
erous tubes — large enough to be distinguished
by the naked eye—through which the urine
distills from the substance of the kidney. Round
the root of each papilla, a membranous tube
arises, termed infundibulum or calix, which re-
ceives the urine from the papilla. The infundi-
bula are commonly the same in number with
the papillae ; the number, however, varying in
different subjects, two or more of the papilla;
sometimes opening into the same infundibulum.
The infundibula join into two or three large
trunks at the sinus of the kidney, which after-
ward form a dilatation of considerable size, of
KNE
the shape of an inverted cone, and termed pelvis
of the kidney. The pelvis is placed between
the principal branches of the renal artery and
vein, partly within, but the greater part of it
without the body of the kidney, and contracts
into a long tube, about the size of a goose-quill,
called the ureter.
Kidney, inflammation of. See Nephritis-
Kidney-shaped. Reniform.
Ki'dria terrestris. Barbadoes tar.
KI'ESTEIN. Kjesten. A caseous substance
which rises on the urine of women after the
third month of pregnancy. It appears from,
the second to the sixth day, resembles the float-
ing globules of fat on cold broth, and falls in
three or four days to the bottom. It is a very
valuable test of pregnancy, and appears also in
the urine whenever the secretion of milk is ar-
rested in a person suckling.
Kikekunemalo. A resin similar to copal.
Ki'ki. Ricinus communis.
Kina kina. Cinchona.
Kinate. Kinas. A salt of kinic acid-
Kincough. Pertussis.
King's evil. Scrofula.
King's yellow. Sulphuret of arsenic.
KINIC ACID. (Acidum kinicum; from kina,
a name of cinchona.) A peculiar acid found
in all the species of the genus cinchona, and
therefore called also cinchonic acid.
Kinki'na. Cinchona.
KI'NO. The African kino, which is the best,
is thought to be the produce of the Pterocarpus
erinaceus; the Botany Bay kino of the Euca-
lyptus rcsinifera ; the East India or Amboyna
kino of the Nauclea Gambir. The predominant
principles in all are tannin and extractive mat-
ter. The best menstruum for kino is diluted
alcohol. The medicinal virtues of kino are
very similar, though inferior in power to those
of catechu. The dose in substance is from ten
grains to half a drachm as an astringent.
Ki'none. A derivative of kinic acid, obtain-
ed as a sublimate in golden crystals; soluble,
volatile, and pungent. Form., C/25H 8 0g. It i»
readily decomposed by reducing agents. ,
Kino'vic acid. An acid derived from Cin-
chona nova.
Ki'otome. Kio'tomus. An instrument of
Dessault for dividing pseudo-membranous bands-
in the rectum and bladder.
Kirchwasser. A liqueur distilled in Switz-
erland from the Mahaleb cherry.
Kirkland's neutral cerate. This is pre-
pared by melting fviij. of lead plaster with
jiv. of olive oil, stirring in fiv. of prepared
chalk ; adding to the mixture, when sufficient-
ly cooled, f iv. of acetic acid, and 3iij. of sugar
of lead in powder; and, lastly, stirring the
whole till it is nearly cold.
Klo'pemania. Kleptomania. Monomania-,,
with a great desire to commit theft.
KNEE. The joint of the femur with- the-
tibia, a complex articulation consisting- of at
ginglymus, and having the patella in front:
Knee-holly. See Ruscus.
Knee-housemaids. A swelling of the knee, .
from an inflamed condition of the bursa, arising
from kneeling.
Knee jointed. Geniculate.
387
LAB
Knee-pan. The patella.
Knee-scab. The crusta genu equina.
KNIFE. A cutting instrument used in sur-
gery, and usually larger than the bistoury. The
principal are the amputation knife, of large
size; the double-edged knife, for the division
of parts between bones ; the lithotomy knife,
with a long, narrow blade, and the cataract
knife, of a triangular figure.
KNOT, PACKER'S. A bandage used to
arrest hemorrhage from the temporal artery,
and in dislocations or fractures of the lower jaw.
A double-headed roller is first applied at its cen-
ter to one temple, over the compress, and carried
round to the other temple, crossed, and brought
back ; here the bandage is crossed so as to
form a single knot ; one end is then taken over
the head, and the other under the chin. This
is repeated several times, so as to form several
knots, the roller being six or seven yards long.
Knot, surgeon's. A double knot made by
passing the thread twice through the same
noose.
Knot-grass. Polygonum aviculare.
Knot-root. Collinsonia canadensis.
Knox's powder. This consists of eight parts
of common salt and three of chloride of lime.
By dissolving an ounce of it in a tumbler of
LAC
water, a solution is obtained similar to Labar-
raque's disinfecting fluid.
* KOA-KOA. The Hartighsia speclabilis, a
New Zealand tree of the family Meliacece, the
leaves of which are very bitter, and have been
used as a substitute for hops in the manufacture
of beer.
Kolto. The plica polonica.
KOR'E. Kopn. The pupil of the eye. A
word much used in composition, and properly
written core: see the compounds of this.
Koumis. A vinous liquid which the Tartars
make by fermenting mare's milk.
Krameria. Crameria triandria.
Krame'ric acid. An acid found by Peschier
in the rhatany root.
Ky'estein. See Kiestein.
Kreasote. See Creasote.
KRE'ATIN. (From uptac, flesh.) One of
the components of the spirit extract of flesh,
discovered by Chevreul, of an indifferent nature,
and crystallizing in rectangular crystals.
KYLL'OSIS. (From nvlloc, crooked.) See
Club-feet.
Kymia. A cucurbit. — Rnland.
Kymit. Sublimed cinnabar. — Ruland.
Kynanche. Cynanche.
Kysthos. Kvadoc. The vagina.
L.
I A • The symbol for lithium.
LABARRAQUE'S DISINFECTING FLUID.
A solution of chloride of soda.
Labdanum factitium. A mixture of yellow
wax, hog's lard, and ivory black.
La'bdanum. Ladanum.
LABE'LLUM. (mot, i, n.) A little lip.
The inferior lip of the ringent and personate
corolla.
Labial. Ldbialis. Pertaining to the lips.
LABIA'TjE. An extensive family of plants,
characterized by a two-lipped, monopetalous
corolla, an irregular number of stamens, and
four-lobed ovary. They are mostly herbs, or
small shrubs, with highly aromatic flowers and
leaves, as the mint, lavender, sage, &c. None
of them are known to be poisonous.
Labiate. Labiatus. Lipped ; having lips.
LA'BIUM. (mot, j, n.) 1. In Anatomy, the
lip of animals. 2. In Botany, applied to corols
of plants, which are termed unilabiate, bilabiate,
&c. ; and from their position in certain flowers,
superior, inferior, &c.
Labium leporinum. Hare-lip.
Labium pudendi. The parts forming the
orifice of the female vagina, exterior to the nym-
phae, are called labia pudendi.
LABORATORY. Laboratorium. (From
laboro, to labor.) A place properly fitted up
for the performance of chemical operations.
Labour. See Parturition.
Labour, premature. See Abortion.
Labrum. 1. The extremities of the lip. 2.
The upper lip of insects.
LABYRINTH. (Labyrinthus, i, m.) That
part of the internal ear which is behind the
cavity of the tympanum; it is constituted by
388
the cochlea, vestibulum, and semicircular ca-
nals.
LAC. (Lac, Us, n.) 1. Milk. See Milk.
2. The name of a peculiar substance produced
by an insect on certain trees. See Coccus.
Lac ammoniaci. Mistura ammoniaci.
Lac amygdalae. Mistura amygdala?.
Lac asininum. Ass's milk.
Lac assafetidje. Mistura assafcetidae.
Lac bubulum. Cow's milk.
Lac caprje. Goat's milk.
Lac caprinum. Goat's milk.
Lac equinum. Mare's milk.
Lac humanum. Human milk.
Lac pressum. The curd of milk.
Lac sulphuris. Sulphur praecipitatum.
Lac vaccinum. Cow's milk.
Lac villum. Ewe's milk.
Lac virgineum. L.virginis. 1. Any milky
medicine. 2. The Mercurius philosophorum.
Lacca. See Coccus lacca.
La'ccic acid. Acidum laccicum. A pecu-
liar acid, of a wine-yellow color, obtained from
stick lac.
Lacer'ated. Torn.
La'cerus. Rugged.
LA'CHRYMA. (a, a, f. AaKpv/ia, a tear.)
A tear. See Tear.
Lachryma abiegna. Terebinthina argen-
toratensis.
LA'CHRYMAL. Lachrymalis. Of or be-
longing to the tears, or parts near where they
are secreted; as lachrymal bone, duct, gland, &c
Lachrymal apparatus. The parts which
secrete and conduct the tears. These consist
of the lachrymal gland which secretes the tears;
of the puncta lachrymalia and ducts, into which
LAC
the tears pass from the eye and the eyelids ;
of the lachrymal sac, which receives the tears
from the lachrymal ducts; of the nasal duct,
which conveys the tears from the sac down-
ward into the nose.
The lachrymal gland is situated within the
orbit, at its upper and outer part, beneath the
fossa, in the orbitar plate of the frontal bone,
and is about the size of a small almond. The
gland is of a yellowish-white color, of an oval
and flattened figure, and is connected with the
surrounding parts by loose cellular tissue. It
is composed of numerous small poi'tions united
by cellular tissue. Its excretory ducts are so
small in the human subject that they are not
easily discovered. Their number is from six to
eight. They leave the gland along its front
edge, and, descending between the tarsal liga-
ment and the conjunctiva, perforate the latter
toward the temporal side of the eye, and near
the ciliary edge of the upper lid.
The puncta'lachrymalia are two small orifices
situated at the edges of the eyelids, just within
their ciliary margins, and toward the inner side
of the eye. Each punctum is situated in the
center of a email eminence, and the two open-
ings are opposite to each other, so that they
meet when the eye is shut.
From the puncta lachrymalia, two small ducts
are continued through the eyelids to the lachry-
mal sac. The superior duct proceeds from the
punctum, first a little upward, and then turning
inward at an acute angle, is continued obliquely
downward and inward close to the ciliary bor-
der of the upper lid, and immediately beneath
the conjunctiva lining it. The inferior duct
first descends, and then turning inward at an
acute angle, is continued obliquely upward and
inward, and close to the ciliary border of the
lower lid. In the latter part of their course,
the two ducts, following the direction of the
edges of the lids, gradually approach each other,
and then proceeding transversely behind the
tendon of the orbicularis palpebrarum, termi-
nate in the external part of' the lachrymal sac.
The two ducts may terminate in the sac by dis-
tinct orifices, or they may unite into a common
..•duct just before they reach the sac.
The lachrymal sac is lodged in the groove
formed by the os unguis, and by the nasal pro-
cess of the superior maxillary bone. Above it
is closed, and has a rounded form. Below it
contracts, and is here continued into the nasal
duct.
The nasal duct, continued from the lower end
of the lachrymal sac, descends obliquely back-
ward through the canal formed by the os un-
guis, by the superior maxillary and inferior
spongy bones. It terminates in the nose on the
outside of the inferior spongy bone, and at
about one third from its front extremity, by a
small slit-like opening. The nasal sac and lach-
r ymal sac are together about an inch and a
quarter in length.
Lachrymal bone. See Unguis os.
Lachrymal duct. Ductus lachrymalis. The
excretory duct of the lachrymal gland. See
Lachrymal apparatus. ,
Lachrymal gland. Glandula lachrymalis.
A glomerate gland, situated above the external
LAC
angle of the orbit, in a depression of the frontal
bone. Its use is to secrete the tears. See
Lachrymal apparatus.
Lachrymal nerve. Nervus lachrymalis. A
branch of the ophthalmic nerve.
Lachryma'tio. 1. Epiphora. 2. Profuse
weeping.
Lacinia'ted Lacinatus. Jagged ; fringe-
like ; cut into numerous irregular portions.
La'cmus. Litmus.
Laco'nicum. A stove or sweating-room.
Lacquer. A solution of lac in alcohol.
La'ctate. A salt of lactic acid with a base.
Lactate of iron. See Ferri lactas.
LACTA'TION. (Lactatio, onis, f.; from
lacteo, to suckle.) The suckling of a child or
other young animal.
LA'CTEAL. {Lactens; from lac, milk ; be-
cause the fluid they absorb looks like milk.) 1.
In Anatomy, this term is applied to the absorb-
ents of the mesentery, vasa lactea, which orig-
inate in the small intestines, and convey the
chyle from thence to the thoracic duct. They
are very tender and transparent vessels, possess-
ed of a great number of valves, which, when
distended with chyle, give them a knotty ap-
pearance. They arise from the internal surface
of the villous coat of the small intestine, perfo-
rate the other coats, and form a kind of net-
work, while the greater number unite one with
another between the muscular and external
coats. Thence they proceed between the lam-
inae of the mesentery to the conglobate glands.
In their course they constitute the greater part
of the glands through which they pass, being
distributed through them several times, and
curled in various directions. The lacteals, hav-
ing passed these glands, go to others, and at
length^eek those nearest the mesentery. From
these glands, which are only four or five, or
perhaps more, the lacteals pass out and ascend
with the mesenteric arteiy, and unite with the
lymphatics of the lower extremities, and those
of the abdominal viscera, and then form a com-
mon trunk, the thoracic duct, which, in some
subjects, is dilated at its origin, forming the
receptaculum chyli.
La'cteus. Milky.
Lacte'scent. Lactescens. (From lac, milk.)
Milky; abounding with milk, or a milk-like
fluid.
LACTIC ACID. Acid of sour milk. By
evaporating sour whey to one eighth, filtering,
precipitating with lime-water, and separating
the lime by oxalic acid, Scheele obtained an
aqueous solution of what he supposed to be a
peculiar acid, which has accordingly been term-
ed the lactic. It is a colorless, syrupy fluid,
intensely sour, and very soluble ; sp. gr., 1-215 ;
formula, C 6 H 6 5 +HO. It is the product of the
lactic acid fermentation, and found in several
animal secretions, especially urine and gastric
juice. Its salts are mostly soluble.
In consequence of the presence of lactic acid
in matter undergoing digestion, it has been pro-
posed to make use of this body as a remedy in
atonic dyspepsia. For this purpose, it may be
given in doses of gr. ij. to gr. v., in lozenge or
{)ills, or, what is much more convenient, in the
brm of sour buttermilk. It is not milk only,
389
LAG
"but most vegetablejuices; and starch, beet-root,
sour-kraut, &c, in a state of decomposition,
which liberates lactic acid; and that its presence
is remarkably conducive to the digestive pro-
cess, is proved by the rapid fattening of animals
fed upon these bodies, when soured by its pres-
ence.
Lactic acid fermentation*. See Fermenta-
tion.
, La'ctica. Arabic for typhus fever.
LACTI'FEROUS. Lactiferus. (From lac,
and fcro, to bear.) That which conveys milk,
as the lactiferous tubes of the mamma.
Lactiferous swelling. A tumefaction of
the breast, from the stoppage of one or more of
the tubes, which should be opened by puncture.
Lacti'fuge. Lactifuga. That which has
the property of drying up the secretion of milk.
La'ctin. Sugar of milk. It nearly resembles
glucose, but is readily crystallizable. Formu-
la, C24H2.tO.24.
LACTU'CA. (a, m, f.) 1. The lettuce. 2.
A genus of plants. Syngcnesia. Polygamia
<equalis. ComposiUe. — L. elongata, American
wild lettuce, is similar in properties to the L. vi-
rosa. — L. graveolens. Lactuca virosa. — L. sali-
va. The lettuce. It is esteemed a wholesome,
aperient bitter anodyne. — L. scari'ola. Lactuca
sylvestris. This has a greater degree of bitter-
ness than the lettuce.
Lactuca virosa. The opium, or strong-
scented lettuce. L. graveolens. It has a strong
smell, resembling that of opium, and a bitterish,
acrid taste, and abounds with a milky juice, in
which its sensible qualities reside. The in-
spissated juice, called Lactucarium, is aperient,
diuretic, and anodyne : it has been used as a
substitute for opium. Dose, gr. x. to 3j., daily.
Lactucarium. See Lactuca virosd. The
inspissated juice of the garden lettuce is also
called by this name. (U. S.)
Lactuce'lla. Sonchus arvensis.
Lactu'cic acid. An acid body detected in
the milky juice of Lactuca virosa by Klink : it
closely resembles oxalic acid in its properties.
Lactuci'mina. The thrush.
Lactu'cin. A crystalline, yellowish resinoid
body, bitter and combustible. It possesses an-
odyne properties.
Lactu'men. Porrigo larvalis.
LACU'NA. (a, m, f. ; from lacus, a channel.)
The mouth or opening of the excretory duct of
a. muciparous gland, as those of the urethra, and
other parts.
Lacunosus. Dotted; pitted.
La'cus lachryma'rum. 1. A small space in
the inner angle of the eye, toward which the
tears flow. 2. The lachrymal sac.
La'danum. See Cistus crclicus.
Ladies' bedstraw. Galium aparine.
Ladies' mantle. Alchemilla arvensis.
Ladies' smock. Cardamine pratensis.
LjETIFICA'NTIA. (From Icetifico, to make
sdad.) Medicines intended to dispel melan-
choly, as the various diffusible stimulants.
LjE'VIS. Smooth and even ; level.
L.EVITAS intestinorum. Diarrhoea, or lien-
tery.
Lagenjeform. Bottle-shaped.
LAGE'TTA LINTEARIA. The Jamaica
390
LAN
lace-bark-tree. A small tree of the family
Thymelaccce, which resembles mezereon in its
properties.
LAGNE'SIS. (From Aayi^c, lustful.) Inor-
dinate desire for sexual intercourse. A generic
term in Dr. Good's system, including nympho-
mania and satyriasis.
Lagochei'lus. Hare-lip.
LAGOPHTHA'LMIA. Lagophthalmos.
(From "kayuoc, a hare, and o<j>6a2uoc, an eye.)
The hare's eye. A disease in which the eye
can not be shut. It is either connate or symp-
tomatic of paralysis, or some disease causing a
protrusion or enlargement of the eye.
LAGoro'DiUM. Plantago media.
Lago'stoma. The hare lip.
LAKES. Insoluble compounds of coloring
matters, with alumina, oxide of tin, and other
bases.
Lakeweed. Polygonum hydropiper.
LALLA'TION. Lambdacismus. Vicious
pronunciation, in which the letter I is rendered
unduly liquid, or substituted for an r.
Lalo. Adansonia digitata.
Lamac. Gum arabic.
Lambdaci'smus. Lallation.
LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE. Sutura lamb-
doidalis. The suture that unites the occipital
bone to the two parietal bones. So called be-
cause it has somewhat the shape of the Greek
letter A.
Lambdoides os. The os hyoid.
Lambiti'vum. A linctus.
LAME'LLA. (a, a, f. ; diminutive of lami-
na, a plate of metal.) A thin plate of any sub-
stance.
LA'MIN A. (a, a;, f. ; from eXau, to beat
off.) A layer or plate. In Anatomy, a thin
layer of any organic substance, as a lamina of
bone, &c.
Lamina cornea. A lamina at the anterior
part of the taenia semicircularis.
Lamina cribrosa. The sieve-like portion
of the sclerotic coat of the eye, where the optic
nerve enters.
Lamina spiralis. The plate of bone which
winds spirally round the modiolus of the coch-
lea. 4
LAMINARIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of sea-
weeds, of which the L. saccharina and L. digi-
tata are eaten.
Laminated. Composed of thin lamina?.
LA'MIUM. («, ii, n.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Salviacea. — L.
album. Dead nettle. It may be doubted
whether it possesses any medicinal properties.
Lamp-black. A charred resinous substance,
procured by the imperfect combustion of resin-
ous bodies.
Lamprey. Lampern. Petromyzon mari-
nus.
Lampsana. Lapsana.
LA'NA. {a, a, f.) Wool. A species of
hairy pubescence like wool.
Lana philosophica. Oxide of zinc.
Lana'tus. Woolly.
Lanceola'te. Lanceolatus. Lance or spear
LANCE'T. Lance' tta. A lancet. An in-
strument used for bleeding and other purpose*
LAP
LAE
La'ncinating. Lancinans. An acute, dart-
ing pain, compared to the thrust of a lance into
the part. It is painfully developed in cancer.
La'ncisi, nerves of. Some filaments found
on the anterior portion of the corpus callosum
are so called.
Land-scurvy. The Purpura haemorrhagica
of Bateman, or Morbus maculosus Werlhofii of
the Germans.
LA'NGUOR. A state of depression, atony,
or debility.
Lantha'nium. Lantanum. A new metal,
occurring in cerite, and but little known.
Lanu'go. Soft wool ; down.
Lao'nica cura'tio. An old method of curing
the gout, by evacuating the morbid matter by
topical applications.
Lapa'cticus. Purgative. — Galen.
La'para. The flank. This word is used to
form some compounds, as laparotomy.
LAPAROCE'LE. (e, es, f.; from lanapa,
the flank, and Knln, a rupture.) A rupture
through the side of the belly.
La'paro-entero'tomy. The operation of
opening the abdomen through the flank.
La'pathum. Rumex hydrolopathum. — L.
acutum. Rumex acutus.
Lapideous. Stony.
Lapides cancrorum. See Cancer.
Lapidi'llum. Lapidillus. A scoop for re-
moving fragments of stone from the bladder.
Lapilli cancrorum. See Cancer.
Lapillous. Stony.
LAPIS, (is, idis, f.) 1. A stone. 2. A cal-
culus.
Lapis ageratus. See Agcratus.
Lapis bezoar. Bezoar.
Lapis ceruleus. Lapis lazuli.
Lapis calaminaris. Calamine.
Lapis calcareus. Carbonate of lime.
Lapis cyanus. Lapis lazuli.
Lapis d IT in us. Lapis ophthalmicus. A
compound of vitriol, nitre, alum, and cam-
phor. Beers' lapis ophthalmicus consists of
equal parts of subacetate of copper, nitre, and
alum, melted together. It is used to form col-
lyria.
Lapis hematites. Haematites.
Lapis hibernicus. Irish slate. A kind of
slate containing pyrites, occasionally powdered
by the common people, and taken in spruce
beer.
Lapis hystricis. Bezoar hystricis.
Lapis infernalis. Potassa fusa.
Lapis la'zuli. Lapis cyanus. Lapis caru-
leus. Azure stone. Formerly exhibited as a
purgative and emetic, and given in epilepsy.
Lapis lydius. Lydian stone. A flinty slate.
Lapis medicamentosus. This name has been
given to two compounds, the one consisting of
white vitriol, sal ammoniac, cerusse, Armenian
bole, and vinegar; the latter of iron filings,
mastich, saffron, aloes, myrrh, &c. The for-
mer is the one most commonly known by the
name, and was used as an application to ulcers.
Lapis ophthalmicus. Lapis divinus.
Lapis philosophorum. The philosopher's
stone. A wonderful substance, imagined, to
have the power of transforming all the baser
metals into gold, and of curing all diseases.
Lapis porcinus. Bezoar hystricis.
Lapis septicus. Potassa fusa.
Lapis smi.fi. Bezoar simiee.
Lapis specularis. Selenite.
Lapis syderitis. The magnet.
La'ppa. Arctium lappa.
LA'PSANA. (a, <b, f.) A genus of plants
Syngenesia. Polygamia eequalis. Composites.
— L. communis. Dock-cresses. Nipple- wort.
This plant is a lactescent bitter, and similar to
chicory, dandelion, and endive.
Laque'us gu'tturis. A malignant inflam-
mation of the tonsils.
La'rbason. Antimony. — Pliny.
Larch. Pinus larix.
LARD. Hog's fat melted down. See Adeps
suilla.
Larda'ceous. Of the consistence and nature
of lard. A morbid product found in tumors,
resembling lard.
Larix europea. The larch-tree, Pinus
larix.
Larkspur. Delphinum consolida.
Lartigne's pills. Pills of extract of colchi-
cum, with extract of digitalis, used in France
in gout.
La'rva. 1. A mask. 2. The imperfect, or
caterpillar, and maggot stage of insect existence.
Larva'lis. Larval: pertaining to a larva.
LARYNGEAL. Larynge'us. Appertaining
to the larynx.
Laryngeal arteries. Branches of the thy-
roid arteries distributed to the larynx. The
superior thyroid artery is called laryngeal by
some anatomists.
Laryngeal nervjjs. These are the superior
laryngeal nerve, given off from the pneumogas-
tric in the upper part of the neck, and the
inferior laryngeal, more frequently called the
recurrent of tlie par vagum, which is given off
from the pneumogastric within the thorax.
LARYNGISMUS, (us, i.m.j from larynx,
the windpipe.) A genus of disease of Dr. Good,
including spasmodic croup. This writer ob-
serves, that while the general symptoms of the
L. strididus make a near approach to those of
croup, the suddenness of its attack, and the ab-
sence of inflammation, and the peculiar secre-
tion, form strong pathognomonic distinctions be-
tween them.
The spasm suddenly subsides in a short time,
though it may, perhaps, return in an hour, or
half an hour, or even a few minutes ; and in the
interval the patient enjoys perfect ease, though
the voice is rendered hoarse from the previous
straining. Croup is, moreover, an exclusive
disease of children ; stridulous spasm of the
larynx is sometimes found in adults. The treat-
ment should be speedy. An emetic of anti-
mony, with a diaphoretic and purge, are often
enough; but if the spasm be not overcome,
opium, and a blister over the throat, should be
used.
The late Dr. Hugh Ley, in an able mono-
graph on laryngismus stridulus, has introduced
an entirely new pathology of this disease. He
regards it as arising from pressure on the nerves
of respiration, in consequence of enlargement
of the thoracic or cervical absorbent glands;
and instead of referring the constriction of th«
391
L AR
glottis to spasm of the muscles which close that
orifice, he refers it to loss of power in the mus-
cles which open it. The tendency of dentition
and inflamed and ulcerated states of the scalp
to produce laryngismus stridulus, is explained
by Dr. Ley, from their well known influence
in causing enlargement of the lymphatic glands.
This view of the subject throws no light on the
exciting cause of any individual paroxysm ; but
those which have preceded it are not more
satisfactory in this respect. Dr. Ley has argued
the point with much ingenuity, supported by
great knowledge of the subject ; but it does not
seem likely that his pathology of this disease
will be generally adopted.
LARYNGI'TIS. (is,idis,f.; from larynx, the
part affected.) A suppurative inflammation of
the mucous membrane which lines the larynx,
or the cellular tissue connecting it to the parts
beneath. It mostly forms a part of croup, or
more extended inflammation of the air passages,
having all its characters ; but occasionally the
inflammation is confined to the larynx. The
disease makes its approach with the common
Bymptoms of inflammatory fever ; the voice im-
mediately becomes hoarse and indistinct, the
breathing laborious, with a painful sense of con-
striction in the throat. The fauces are red and
inflamed, swollen and turgid ; the face and eyes
partake of the swelling, as in cases of threatened
strangulation. The symptomatic fever is strong ;
the larynx is very painful to the touch ; and a
little pressure here, like an attempt to swallow,
is productive of spasms, threatening the patient
with instant death from suffocation, and causing
him to pant for air. This disease attacks adults.
Laryngitis, as now described, is an extremely
acute disease, and destroys by suffocation in a
few hours, or a day or two, unless promptly and
actively opposed, and even when the attempt
to cure is so conducted under the most expe-
rienced practitioners.
In the treatment of this disease, the most
active remedies are to be promptly used : blood-
letting, generally and locally, and blistering,
are to be immediately flown to ; and blood
must be taken from the arm ad deliquium, and
repeated as the judgment and experience of
the practitioner may justify and direct. Calo-
mel, in full doses, should be followed by strong
infusions of senna with salts while the patient
can swallow.
If, notwithstanding the judicious enforcement
# of these means, the symptoms are still urgent,
tracheotomy must be performed, and iced lo-
tions kept about the larynx.
Laryngitis often exists in a chronic form.
This is a disease that affords a very different
state of things: the voice is hoarse, the swallow-
ing always a little painful, and pressure on the
larynx gives pain. It is common to coachmen,
and those who drink drams. It requires de-
mulcent gargles, mercurial alteratives, leeches,
and blistering, with great attention to diet, and
the interdiction of spirits.
Lartngogra'phy. Laryngo'logy. An ac-
count or description of the larynx.
LARYNGO'PHONY. {Laryngophonia; from
lappy!;, the larynx, and fyuvn, the voice.) The
sound of the voice as heard through the stethe-
392
LAT
scope applied over the larynx. In disease, la
ryngophony or pectoriloquy is heard over the
chest when there is a cavity in the lungs.
LARYNGO'TOMY. {Laryngolomia, <e, f . ;
from Tiapvy!;, the larynx, and rc/iva. to cut.) See
Bronchotomy.
Laryngo -tracheitis. Croup.
LA'RYNX. (x, gis, f. Aapuyf.) A cartilag-
inous cavity, situated, behind the tongue, in the
anterior part of the fauces, and lined with an
exquisitely sensible mucous membrane. It is
composed of the annular or cricoid cartilage,
the scutiform or thyroid, the epiglottis, and two
arytenoid cartilages. The superior opening of
the larynx is called the glottis. The laryngeal
arteries are branches of the external carotids.
The laryngeal veins evacuate their blood into
the external jugulars. The nerves of the larynx
are from the eighth pair. The use of the larynx
is to constitute the organ of voice, and to serve
also for respiration.
La'ser. Assafoetida.
LASERPI'TIUM. (w, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Umbellifera.
— L. chironium. Panax. Hercules' all-heal, or
wound-wort. The seeds and roots are warm,
and similar to those of the parsnip. The in-
spissated juice resembles opoponax. — L. latifo-
lium. White gentian. Genliana alba. The
root of this plant possesses stomachic, corrobo-
rant, and deobstruent virtues. — L. siler. Heart-
wort. The seeds and roots have an agreeable
smell, and a warm, glowing, aromatic taste.
LASSITU'DO. (o, onis, f.) Lassitude. A
feeling of weakness and debility, independent
of fatigue.
LA'TENT. Latens. (From lateo, to be hid-
den.) That which is hidden; thus latent heat
is that not appreciable by the touch.
Latent period. Certain diseases lurk in
the system for a longer or shorter period before
their presence is manifested by any symptoms ;
this period is called their latent period. Thus
we speak of the latent period of small-pox, of
measles, &c, meaning thereby the time that
elapses from the moment of infection to the
accession of the symptoms.
LA'TERAL. {Lateralis ; from lotus, the
side.) Situated on the side of any thing.
Lateral operation. The name given to
one mode of cutting for the stone, because the
prostate gland and neck of the bladder are di-
vided laterally. See Lithotomy.
Lateral sinus. See Sinus.
Lateralis morbus. Pleurisy.
LATERI'TIOUS. (Lateritius, made of brick;
from later, a brick.) A term applied to a sedi-
ment resembling brick-dust, occasionally de-
posited in the urine.
LATEX. In Botany, the proper or hidden
juice of a plant. It is highly organized, usually
milky, containing albuminous, fibrous, and non
azotized parts. It circulates in a peculiar, an-
astomosing system of vessels, called the laticif-
erous tissue, or cinenchyma.
La'thyris. Tithymalus latifoiius.
LA'THYRUS. (us,i, m.) A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosa. The
vetch.
Lati'bulum. (From lateo, to lay hid.)"
LAU
The fomes, or hidden matter of infectious dis-
eases.
La'tica. A quotidian fever with long parox-
ysms.
Latissimus colli. The platysma myoides.
LATISSIMUS D0R8I. A muscle of the hu-
merus, situated on the posterior partof the trunk.
It arises from the posterior half of the upper edge
of the spine of the os ilium, the spinous process-
es of the os sacrum and lumbar vertebrae, and
from five or six, and sometimes from seven, and
even eight, of the lowermost ones of the back ;
also tendinous and fleshy from the upper edges
and external surface of the four inferior false
ribs, near their cartilages, by as many distinct
slips ; those from the sacrum and lumbar ver-
tebra?, obliquely upward and forward ; and
those from the vertebrae of the back, trans-
versely outward and forward, over the inferior
angle of the scapula, where they receive a small,
thin bundle of fleshy fibers. It is inserted by
a strong, flat, and thin tendon into the fore part
of the posterior edge of the bicipital groove.
Its use is to pull the os humeri downward and
backward, and to turn it upon its axis.
Lattice-work. Cancellatus.
Latus. Broad.
Latus ani. The levator ani muscle.
LAU'DANUM. («»«, i, n. ; said to be from
laus, praise, on account of its valuable proper-
ties.) See Tinctura opii.
Laudanum abbatis Rousseau. See Rous-
seau's drops.
Laudanum liquidum Sydenhami. Vinum
opii.
LaudanijM opiatum. L. simplex. Extract-
um opii.
Liugh, sardonic. The canine laugh. See
Jiisus sardonimts.
Laughing gas. The protoxide of nitrogen.
LAURA'CEiE. The cinnamon tribe of di-
cotyledonous plants. Leaves, entire, alternate ;
flowers, apetalous ; stamens, perigynous ; fruit,
baccate or drupaceous; seeds, without albu-
men.
Laurel. See Laurus.
Laurel, bboad-leaved. Laurel, mountain.
Kalmia latifolia.
Laurel, cherry. L., poison. Prunus lau-
rocerasus.
Laurel, spurge. Daphne laureola.
Laurel water. The distilled water of the
prunus laurocerasus.
Laurel, white. Magnolia glauca.
Laurent, saint. A place five leagues from
Joyeuse in France, where there is a thermal
spring of the temperature of 127° F.
Laure'ola. Daphne laureola.
Lau'rine. A fatty, camphoraceous, and acrid
body, derived from the berries of the laurel.
Lau'roce'rasus. Prunus laurocerasus.
LAU'RUS. (us, i, and us, f.) 1. The laurus
nobilis. 2. A genus of plants. Enneandria.
Monogynia. Lauracea.
Laurus camphora. See Camphor.
Laurus cassia. Wild cinnamon-tree. See
Cinnamomum .
Laurus cinnamo'mum. See Cinnamomum.
Laurus culila'wan. See Cinnamomum.
Laurus nobilis. The sweet bay-tree. The
LAZ
leaves and berries have a sweet, fragrant smell,
and an aromatic, astringent taste.
Laurus persia. This species yields the
Avigato pear, which, when ripe, melts in the
mouth like marrow, which it greatly resembles •
in flavor.
Laurus pichu'rim. This is one of the plants
which produce the pichurim bean, called, also,
Brazilian, and Carthagena bean. The bean is
of an oblong-oval shape, heavy, of a brown
color, and a musky odor. It is aromatic and
carminative, but is now little used.
Laurus sa'ssafras. The sassafras-tree.
Sassafras. The wood has a fragrant smell,
and a sweetish, aromatic, sub-acrid taste ; the
root, wood, and bark agree in their medicinal
qualities, but the bark is the most fragrant. It
is an ingredient in the Decoctum sarsaparilla
compositum, or Decoctum lignorum; but the only
officinal preparation of it is the essential oil,
which is carminative and stimulant, and may be
given in the dose of from two drops to ten.
Lautissima vina. Wines strongly impreg-
nated with myrrh were formerly so called.
Lavandula. Lavender. Lavendula spica.
Lava'tion. Washing or sponging the body.
Lj'vement. Lavamen. An enema.
Lavender, French. See Lavendula stm
chat.
LAVE'NDULA. (a, a, f.) 1. Common
lavender. 2. A genus of plants. Didynamia.
Gymnospermia. Salviacem. — L. spica. The
common lavender. Lavender oil has been long
recommended in nervous debilities, and various
affections proceeding from a want of energy in
the animal functions. An essential oil, a simple
spirit, and a compound tincture, are officinal. —
L. stadias. French lavender. It is much less
grateful in smell and flavor than the common
lavender.
La'ver. 1. The brook-lime. 2. A sea-weed,
Viva lactuca.
Laver, shield. See Viva lactuca.
LAVIPE'DIUM. (um, ii, n. ; from lavo, to
wash, and pes, the foot.) A bath for the feet.
LAWSO'NIA INERMIS. The true alkanna,
or henna of Egypt. The root is astringent, and
may be used as a substitute for the Anchusa.
Lax. A diarrhoea.
LA'XATIVE. (Laxativus; from laxo, to
loosen.) Gently purgative.
LAXA'TOR. (or, oris, m. ; from laxo, to
loosen; so called from its office to relax.) A
name applied to muscles, &c, the office of
which is to relax parts into which they are in-
serted.
Laxator tympani. L. auris internus. A
muscle of the internal ear, that draws the mal-
leus obliquely forward toward its origin; con-
sequently, the membrana tympani is made less
concave, or is relaxed.
Laxator tympani minor. A very small mus-
cle of the ear, described as rising from the upper
part of the meatus auditorius externus, and in
serted into the inferior part of the handle of the
malleus. Most anatomists deny its existence.
Laxity. Laxitas. An atonic or relaxed
state.
La'xus. Lax; loose.
LAZZARETTO. (Italian.) A solitary build-
393
LEE
ing attached to most foreign sea-ports, for the
performance of quarantine.
LEAD. Plumbum. A bluish-white metal,
soft, slightly malleable, little ductile; sp. gr.,
11*38"; melts at 612° F., and soon oxydizes on
the surface if exposed to air. When exposed
to pure water it becomes oxydized, and is read-
ily acted on by acids. Symbol, Pb. Eq., 103*6.
It forms several compounds with oxygen, of
which the protoxide, PbO, is a powerful base.
The carbonate, or white lead, is poisonous.
For the salts, see Plumbum.
The oxides of lead are poisonous, and the
salts have been till lately considered so; but
the experiments of Dr. A. T. Thomson have ren-
dered it probable that the carbonate is the only
really poisonous salt of this metal. See Plumbi
acetas. The symptoms of lead poison are those
which constitute the disease called Colica pic-
tonum. See Colica and Poisons.
The preparations of lead used in medicine
are, 1. *The subcarbonate. See Plumbi sub-
carbonas. 2. The red oxide. See Minium. 3.
The semivitreous oxide. See Lithargyrum.
4. The acetate. See Plumbi acetas. 5. The
solution of the acetate. See Plumbi diacetatis
liquor. 6. The dilute solution of the acetate.
See Plumbi diacetatis liquor dilnlus. 7. The
Iodide. See Plumbi iodidum.
Lead, red. See Minium.
Lead, white. Plumbi subcaibonas.
Leadwoiit. Plumbago europaea.
Le.e'xa. An old plaster. — JEtius.
LEAF. Folium. A laminar expansion of a
plant, generally of a green color, aud perform-
ing the most important functions of the plant.
Leafstalk. The petiole.
Leamington springs. Saline springs at
Leamington, near Warwick, England.
LEANNESS. Extenuatio corporis. This
occurs in many, individuals as a natural state.
In consumption and atrophy the frame gradu-
ally wastes away to an extreme degree of lean-
ness, while, in acute fevers, an equal degree
of attenuation is often produced in two or three
weeks.
Leaping ague. A disease of Scotland, said
to be characterized by preternatural activity of
mind and body.
Leather. T anno- gelatine. An insoluble
and almost indestructible compound of gelatine
with tannic acid.
Leather-wood. Dirca palustris.
LEBANON SPRINGS. A simple thermal
water, of 72° F., at Lebanon, near Albany,
New York.
Lecanorin. A white, crystalline body, from
Lecanora tartarea.
Lectualis. 1. Eelatiug to a bed. 2. A
chronic disease.
LE'DUM. (mot, i, n.) A genus of plants.
.Decandria. Monogynia. Ericacete. — L. pa-
lustre. Cistus ledon. Marsh tea. This plant
has a bitter, sub-astringent taste. — L. latifo-
Hum, or Labrador tea, is considered tonic.
LEECH. Hirudo. Bdella. A genus of an-
imals of the order Annelides. The leeches
H. medicinalis, H. provincialis, and the horse-
leech, H. sanguisuga, inhabit stagnant waters.
The mouth is armed with three teeth, and it
394
LEN
sucks by making a vacuum over the wounded
part. A good European leech will draw two
drachms of blood, which it disgorges when the
mouth is rubbed with salt, and may be used
several times. They bite more freely when
the part is rubbed with sugar or milk, and the
leech confined in a glass or small cylindrical
net of brass wire. When applied to the mouth
or a cavity, they are to be placed in a proper
tube. A leech-bite sometimes bleeds obsti-
nately, but may be arrested by pressure, and
the application of caustic nitrate of silver.
Leeches should not be kept in spring water,
as they very soon die: the vessel should bo
filled with water from a pond, and the water
changed sufficiently often. It must not be al-
lowed to become tinctured with drugs ; and a
free supply of air is necessary.
Leek. Allium porrum.
LEG. Crus. The portion of the lower ex-
tremity extending from the knee to the foot.
Leg, swelled. Phlegmasia dolens.
Le'gna. The extremities of the pudenda
muliebra.
LEGU'MEN. (ere, inis, n.) A legume. A
peculiar, solitary kind of fructification, formed
of two oblong valves, without any longitudinal
partition, and bearing the seeds along one of
its margins only, as the pea, bean.
Legu'mine. Vegetable casein, derived chief-
ly from the seeds of leguminous plants.
LEGUMINO'SjE. (From legumen, a legume.)
The pea and bean tribe of dicotyledonous plants.
Herbs or trees with leaves alternate; stamens,
perigynous, monadelphous, or diadelphous;
ovarium, superior, solitary, simple ; fruit, leguv
minous ; seeds, without albumen.
Legu'minous. Leguminosus. Appertaining
to a legume.
Leienteria. Lienteria.
LEIP-. A prefix (from Tieiitu, to leave), sig-
nifying a deficiency or want.
Leiphjs'ma. Anffimia.
Leipopsy'chia. Syncope.
Leipotht'mia. Syncope.
Lei'pyrias. A very malignant continued
fever, accompanied with erysipelatous affection
of some of the internal viscera, and in which
the internal parts are much heated, while the
external parts are cold. — Oalen.
Lemithocorton. Helminthocorton.
Lemon. Citrus medica.
Lemon, acid of. Citric acid.
Lemon scurvy-grass. See Cochlcrtria.
Le'nientia. Medicines which allay irritation.
LE'NITIVE. (Lenitivus; from lenis, gen-
tle.) Medicines which operate mildly.
Lenitive electuary. Confectio senna; com-
posite.
LENS. (Lens, tit, f.) 1. The lentil. Er-
vum lens. 2. In Natural Philosophy, a piece
of glass or other transparent material, so shaped
as to be capable of converging or diverging the
rays of light.
Lens, crystalline. See Eye.
LENTI'CULA. 1. A smaller sort of lentil.
2. A freckle; ephelis. 3. A surgical instru-
ment, employed for removing the jagged parti-
cles of bone from the edge of the perforation
made in the cranium with the trephine
L E P
L ES
Lenticula marina. Fucus nutans.
LENTI'CULAR. Lcnticularis. Shaped like
4 lens; of a discoid form.
Lenticular cataract. See Cataract.
Lenticular ganglion. The ophthalmic
ganglion.
Lenticulare os. The os orbiculare of the
ear. See Auris.
Lenticular pa PILL je. Thepapilke situated
at the posterior part of the tongue.
Lentiform. The same as lenticular.
Lenti'go. A freckle; ephelis. Lentigo
ephelis. — Frank.
Lentil. Ervum lens.
Lentil, sea. Fucus natans.
Lenti'scus. See Pistachia lentiscus.
LE'NTOR. (or, oris, in. ; from lentus, clam-
my.) A viscidity or siziness of any fluid.
Leonti'asis. Elephantiasis.
LEO'NTODON. (on, ontis, m.) A genus
of plants. Syngcnesia. Polygamia (cqualis.
Composite. — L. taraxacum. The dandelion or
pissabed. The young leaves, in a blanched
state, have the taste ot endive, and are used as
ealad. The roasted roots resemble chicory.
The expressed juice is bitter, aperient, and di-
uretic. It has been employed with alleged
advantage in hepatic obstructions, jaundice,
dropsy, and some cutaneous diseases. The ex-
tract, Ext. taraxaci, is officinal.
Leontopo'dium. Filago leontopodium.
LEONU'RUS. (us, i, f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospcnnia. Labiatce. — L.
cardiaca. The mother-wort. The leaves have
a disagreeable smell and a bitter taste, and are
said to be serviceable in disorders of the stom-
achs of children, to promote the uterine dis-
charge, and to allay palpitation of the heart.
Leopard's bane. Arnica montana.
LEP-. LEPI-. A prefix (from "Xtrcac, and
?.tTZLc, a scale), denoting the presence of scale-
like parts or appendages.
Le'pidin. A substance obtained by Leroux
from the Lepidium iberis.
LEPI'DIUM. (um,ii,\\.) A genus of plants.
Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. ■ Cruciferce. — L.
iberis. Iberis. Sciatica cresses. This plant
possesses a warm, penetrating, pungent taste,
like cresses, and is recommended as an antiscor-
butic, antiseptic, and stomachic. — L. sativum.
Dittander. This plant possesses warm, nervine,
and stimulating qualities.
LEPIDO'PTERA. (From l.emc , a scale, and
nrepov, a wing.) An order of insects which
have scaly wings. The butterflies and moths.
Lepidosarco'ma. A scaly tumor.
LEPIDO'SIS. (is, is, m. ; from fame, squam-
ma, a scale.) Scale-skin. See Ichthyosis.
Lepi'dote. Leprous; covered with scales.
Lepori'num labium. Leporinum rostrum.
Hare-lip.
Lepori'nus oculus. Lagophthalmia.
LE'PRA. (a, ee, f. ; from Xcnpoc, scaly.)
The leprosy. This name has been given to
several diseases. See Lepra arabum, Lepra ju-
daicum, and Lepra grcecorum; but it is now
restricted to a common form of cutaneous dis-
ease, which Dr. Willan describes as character-
ized by scaly patches of different sizes, but hav-
ing always nearly a circular form.
1. Lepra vulgaris exhibits, first, smalL dis-
tinct elevations of the cuticle, which are red-
dish and shining, but never contain any fluid ;
these patches continue to enlarge gradually till
they nearly equal the dimensions of a dollar
The scales accumulate on them so as to form a
thick, prominent crust, which is quickly repro-
duced. This species sometimes appears first
at the elbows or on the forearm, but more
generally about the knee, and may spread over
the whole body. The constitution remains un-
affected for years.
2. Lepra alphos, v. alphoides. The scaly
patches are smaller than those of the lepra vul-
garis, and also differ from them in having their
central parts depressed or indented. This dis-
order usually begins about the elbow, with dis-
tinct, eminent asperities, of a dull red color, and
not much longer than papillae. These, in a short
time, dilate to nearly the size of a half dime.
Two or three days afterward the central part
of them suffers a depression, within which small
white powdeiy scales may be observed. The
surrounding border, however, still continues to
be raised, but retains the same size and the
same red color as at first.
3. Lepra nigricans differs little from the
lepra vulgaris as to its form and distribution.
The most striking difference is in the color of
the patches, which are dark and livid. The
different forms of lepra are exceedingly intract-
able, often resisting all remedial means. A
regular diet, frequent ablutions, the use of sul-
phur and tar ointments where the skin is not
too irritable, and alteratives internally, consti-
tute the chief remedies; tar has been administer-
ed internally with great advantage. If the skin
be very irritable, a fomentation with infusion
of the Solanum dulcamara is veiy useful, as
well as its internal use in doses of two or three
ounces daily.
Lepra a'rabum. L. tuberculosa. The tuber-
cular elephantiasis, or Elephantiasis gratcorum.
Lepra grcecorum. The term lepra was ap-
plied by the Greeks to a scaly disease of the
skin, which a2>pears to correspond with the
lepra vulgaris of Willan. The alphos corre-
sponds with the lepra alphoides. The melas
corresponds with the lepra nigricans.
Lepra judaic a. Leprosy of the Jews.
Moses mentions three kinds, viz. : 1. The boak,
which appears to correspond with the L. al-
phos. 2. The berat cccha, beras asved, or melas
of the Greeks. 3. The berat lebena, beras bejas,
and leuce of the Greeks.
Lepra mercurials. Eczema mercuriale.
Lepri'asis. The specific name of Dr. Good
for leprosy. Lepidosis lepriasis.
Leprosy. See Lepra.
LE'PROUS. Leprosus. Affected with lep-
rosy.
Lepta'ndria tirginica. Veronica virginica.
Leptt'ntica. Attenuants.
Leptt'smus. Emaciation.
Le'pus. (us, oris, m.) A hare. ■
Lere'ma. Dotage.
Le'ros. Light delirium.
LESION. (Lcesio, onis, f. ; from leedo, to
hurt.) An injury. This word is now very
generally used in pathology ; thus we speak of
395
LEU
lesion, of structure, or organic lesion ; lesion of
function, &c.
L e't hal. Lethalis. Mortal ; relating to
death.
Lktha'rgicjE arterije. The carotids.
LETHA'RGIC. Lethargicus. Appertaining
to lethargy.
LE'THARGY. (Lethargus, i, m. ; from
ht]Qt], forgetfulness.) A heavy and constant
sleep, with scarcely any intervals of waking:
when awakened, the person answers, but, igno-
rant or forgetful of what he said, immediately
sinks into the same state of sleep. Lethargy is
very nearly allied to mild forms of apoplexy,
and may arise from the same causes. Retro-
cedent gout has been known to produce leth-
ar gy-
The cure of lethargy is to be attempted by a
diligent search into the cause, the removal of
which generally establishes health. If any sup-
pressed discharge or eruption can be traced, we
should endeavor to reproduce it by all possible
means ; and if any general or local plethora ex-
ist, bleeding, purgatives, and active exercise
must be resorted to, with an abstemious plan
of diet. Lethargy is frequently the result of a
determination of blood to the head, but it is
also, frequently, a purely nervous affection;
and, in the latter case, a generous diet is proper,
with blisters, and medicines which stimulate
the nervous system, especially ammonia.
Lethe'a. A name of the poppy.
Le'theon. The process of inhaling ether.
See Inhalation of Ether.
Lettuce. See Lactuca.
Leucaca'ntha. The cotton-thistle.
Leuca'nthemum. See Chrysanthemum leu-
canthemum.
Leuca'smus. Vitiligo.
LEUC-. LEUCO-. A prefix (from levnog,
white), signifying whiteness.
LEU'CE. (Aevkjj ; from Ievkoc, white.) A
disease mentioned by the Greek writers, char-
acterized by smooth, shining patches on the
skin, on which the hairs turned white and silky,
and the skin itself, and the subjacent parts, lost
their sensibility. It is the Vitiligo alba of Cel-
sus, and the beras bejas of the Arabians.
Leucele'ctrum. White amber.
LEU'CINE. A product of the action of pot-
ash on proteine. It crystallizes in brilliant
white scales, and is soluble in hot water, al-
cohol, and ether; with nitric acid it forms
crystalline needles of nitro-leucic acid.
Leucola'chanum. Valeriana sylvestris.
LEUCO'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from Ievkoc,
white.) Leucoma and albugo are often used
synonymously, to denote a white opacity of the
cornea of the eye. Both of them, according to
Scarpa, are essentially different from the nebula,
for they are not the consequence of chronic
ophthalmy, attended with varicose veins, and
an effusion of a milky serum into the texture of
the delicate continuation of the conjunctiva
over the cornea, but are the result of violent
acute ophthalmy. In this state, a dense coagu-
lating lymph is extravasated from the arteries,
sometimes superficially, at other times deeply
into the substance of the cornea. On other oc-
casions, the disease consists of a firm, callous
396
LEV
cicatrix on this membrane, the effect of an
ulcer or wound, with loss of substance. The
term albugo strictly belongs to the first form of
the disease, leucoma to the last, more particu-
larly when the opacity occupies the whole, or
the chief part of the cornea. If inflammation
still exists, antiphlogistics are to be used; and
otherwise, topical stimulants to favor absorp-
tion.
LEUcoNYMPHiE'A. Nymphaea alba.
Leucopa'thta. The albino state.
Leucopha'gium. Blanc-mange.
LEUCOPHLEGMA'SIA. (a, a, f.; from
TievKoc , white, and tp?,eyua, plegm. ) A tendency
in the system to a dropsical state, known by a
pale color of the skin, a flabby condition of the
solids, and a redundancy of serum in the blood.
Leucophlegma'sia dolens. Phlegmasia do-
lens.
Leucophlegma'tic Affected with, or ap-
pertaining to, leucophlegmasia.
Leuco'piper. White pepper.
Leucopy'ria. Hectic fever.
LEUCORRHCE'A. (a, m, f.; from levnoc,
white, and peu, to flow.) Fluor albus. The
whites. A secretion of whitish mucus from the
vagina of women, arising from debility, or a
chronic inflammation of the organs. The dis-
charge is attended with some foetor, smarting
in making water, pains in the back and loins,
anorexia, and atrophy. In some cases the dis-
charge is of so acrid a nature as to produce ef-
fects on those who are connected with the
woman somewhat similar to venereal matter,
giving rise to excoriations about the glans penis
and prajputium, and occasioning a discharge
from the urethra.
Immoderate coitiqn, injury done to the parts
by difficult and tedious labors, frequent mis-
carriages, immoderate flowings of the menses,
profuse evacuations, poor diet, an abuse of tea,
and other causes, giving lise to general debility,
or to a laxity of the parts more immediately
concerned, are those which usually produce the
discharge. Besides the discharge, the patient
is frequently afflicted with severe and constant
pains in the back and loins, loss of strength,
failure of appetite, dejection of spirits, paleness
of the countenance, chilliness, and languor.
Where the disease has been of long continu-
ance, and very severe, a slow fever, attended
with difficult respiration, palpitations, faintings,
and swellings of the lower extremities, often
ensues.
It is to be treated by hygienic means, especi-
ally mild exercise, and a non-stimulating, nutri-
tious diet ; astringents are sometimes useful as
an injection. The cause, whatever it be, should
be sought after, and removed, if possible.
LEVA'TOR. (or, oris, m. ; from levo, to lift
up.) A muscle, the office of which is to lift up
the part to which it is attached.
Levator anguli oris. A muscle situated
above the mouth, which draws the corner of
the mouth upward, and makes that part of the
cheek opposite to the chin prominent, as in
smiling. It arises, thin and fleshy, from the
hollow of the superior maxillary bone, between
the root of the socket of the first grinder and
the foramen infra orbitarium, and is inserted
LEV
into the angle of the mouth and under lip,
where it joins with its antagonist.
Levator ani. Levator magnus sen internus
of Douglas. A muscle of the rectum. It arises
from the os pubis, within the pelvis, as far up
as the upper edge of the foramen thyroideum
and joining of the os pubis with the os ischium,
from the thin, tendinous membrane that covers
the obturator internus and coccygaeus muscles,
and from the spinous process of the ischium.
From these origins, its fibres are inserted into
the sphincter ani, acceleratores urinae, and an-
terior part of the two last bones of the os coc-
cygis, surrounding the extremity of the rectum,
neck of the bladder, prostate gland, and part of
the vesiculae seminales. Its fibres, joining with
those of its fellow, form a funnel-shaped hole,
that draws the rectum upward after the evacu-
ation of the faeces, and assists in shutting it.
The levatores ani also sustain the contents of
the pelvis, and assist in ejecting the semen,
urine, and contents of the rectum, and, perhaps,
by pressing upon the veins, contribute to the
erection of the penis.
Levator ani parvus. Transversus peri-
nei.
Levator coccygis. The coccygeus muscle.
Levator labii inferioris. Levator menti.
It arises from the lower jaw, at the roots of the
alveoli of two incisor teeth and the cuspidatus,
and is inserted into the under lip and skin of
the chin.
Levator labii superioris al^que nasi.
A muscle of the mouth and lips, that raises the
Upper lip toward the orbit and a little outward ;
it serves, also, to draw the skin of the nose up-
ward and outward, by which the nostril is di-
lated. It arises by two distinct origins: the
first, broad and fleshy, from the external part of
the orbitar process of the superior maxillary
bone, immediately above the ioramen infra or-
bitarium ; the second, from the nasal process of
the superior maxillary bone, where it joins the
os frontis. The first portion is inserted into the
upper lip and orbicularis muscle ; the second,
into the upper lip and outer part of the ala nasi.
Levator labii superioris proprius. A
muscle of the upper lip. It arises under the
edge of the orbit, and is inserted into the upper
lip.
Levator oculi. See Rectus superior oculi.
Levator palati. Levator palati mollis of
Albinus. It arises, tendinous and fleshy, from
the extremity of the petrous portion of the tem-
poral bone, where it is perforated by the Eus-
tachian tube, and also from the membraneous
part of the same tube, and is inserted into the
whole length of the velum pendulum palati, as
far as the root of the uvula, and unites with its
fellow. Its use is to draw the velum pendulum
palati upward and backward, so as to shut the
passage from the fauces into the mouth and
nose.
Levator palati mollis. See Levator palati.
Levator palpebrje superioris. A proper
muscle of the upper eyelid, that opens the eyes
by drawing the eyelid upward. It arises from
the upper part of the foramen opticum of the
■phenoid bone, above the rectus superior oculi,
near the trochlearis, and is inserted by a broad,
LIC
thin tendon into the cartilage that supports the
upper eyelid.
Levator parvus. See Transversus permei.
Levator proprius scapulje. See Levator
scapulae.
Levator scapul.e. Levator proprius scap-
ula. A muscle situated on the posterior part
of the neck, that pulls the scapula upward and
a little forward. It is a long muscle, nearly
two inches in breadth, and is situated obliquely
under the anterior edge of the trapezius. It
arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the transverse
processes of the four, and sometimes five supe-
rior vertebras colli, by so many distinct slips,
which soon unite to form a muscle that runs
obliquely downward and outward, and is in-
serted, by a flat tendon, into the upper angle
of the scapula. Its use is to raise the scapula
upward and a little forward.
Levatores costarum. See Intercostal mus-
cles.
LEVER. Vectis. An obstetrical instrument
for aiding the descent of the child's head through
the pelvis. It is applicable to the same cases
as the forceps, but the latter is a preferable in-
strument, and the lever is now hardly ever used.
It is improperly called a lever, as it does not
act on the principle of the lever ; it resembles
a single blade of the forceps.
Leviathan penis. Priapusceti. The penis
of the whale, which, when dried and powdered,
was formerly used in leucorrhoea and dysentery.
• LEVIGATION. (Leevigatio, onis, f. ; from
Imvigo, to make smooth.) The reduction of a
hard substance by trituration to an impalpable
powder.
Levi'sticum. Ligusticum levisticum.
Levi'tas intestinorum. Lientery.
Lexipha'rmacon. Alexipharmacon.
Lexipyre'ticus. Febrifuge.
Ley. See Lixivium.
Leyden jar. L. phial. See Electricity.
LIA'TRIS SPICATA. An indigenous bulb-
ous plant, which, with other species, are said
to be diuretic.
Liba'dium. The lesser centaury.
Libanion. A collyrium. — Paul of ^Egina.
Libano'tis. Rosemary.
Li'banus. 1. The cedar of Lebanon. 2. The
frankincense- tree.
Liber. The inner bark of trees. *
Libu'rnum. Viburnum lantana.
Li'chanus. The fore finger.
LI'CHEN. (A.eixvv, or At^v. Lichen, enis,
or enos, m.) 1. In Pathology, an extensive
eruption of papulae affecting adults and children,
connected with internal disorder, usually ter-
minating in scurf; recurrent, not contagious.
The varieties of lichen are distinguished under
the # denominations of simplex, agrius, pilaris, li-
villus, tropicus, circumscripta, and urticatus.
Lichen simplex. — Distinct red papula? arise
first about the cheeks and chin, or on the arms,
accompanied with an unpleasant sensation of
tingling, which is somewhat aggravated during
the night. In about a week the color of the
eruption fades, and the cuticle begins to sep-
arate. The duration is from ten to twenty
days. The febrile state, at the beginning of
this disorder, lasts five or six days : it is gener
397
LIC
LIE
ally relieved on the appearance of the erup-
tion.
Lichen circumscriptus is characterized by clus-
ters or patches of papulae, which have a well-
defined margin, and are of an irregularly circu-
lar form. Some of them are stationary for a
week or two, and disappear ; but others extend
gradually, by new papulated borders, into large
figured forms, which coalesce. As the borders
extend, the central areae become even, but con-
tinue slightly red and scurfy.
Lichen agrius is preceded by nausea, pain in
the stomach, headache, loss of strength, and
deep-seated pains in the limbs, with fits of cold-
ness and shivering ; which symptoms continue
several days, and are sometimes relieved by
the papulous eruption. The papula; are distrib-
uted in clusters, or often in large patches, chiefly
on the arms, the upper part of the breast, the
neck, face, back, and sides of the abdomen;
they are of a vivid red color, and have a red-
ness, or some degree of inflammation, diffused
round them to a considerable extent, and at-
tended with itching, heat, and a painful tingling.
Lichen pilaris. — This is merely a modifica-
tion of the first species of lichen, and, like it,
often alternates with complaints of the head, or
stomach, in irritable habits. The peculiarity
of the eruption is, that the 6mall tubercles or
asperities appear only at the roots of the hairs
of the skin, being probably occasioned by an
enlargement of their bulbs, or an unusual full-
ness of the blood-vessels distributed to them.
Lichen lividus. — The papula; characterizing
this eruption are of a dark red or livid hue,
and somewhat more permanent than in the
foregoing species of lichen.
Lichen tropicus. — Prickly heat. It consists
of numerous papullae, about the size of a small
pin's head, and elevated so as to produce a
considerable roughness on the skin. The papu-
lae are of a vivid red color, and often exhibit an
irregular form, two or three of them being in
many places united together; but no redness
or inflammation extends to the skin in the in-
terstices of the papula).
Dr. Bateman has introduced another species,
Lichen urticatus. — In its first appearance it is
in irregular, inflamed wheals, so closely resem-
bling the spots excited by the bites of bugs or
gnats as almost to deceive the observer. The
inflammation, however, subsides in a day or
two, leaving small, elevated, itching papulae.
There may be a recurrence for months. It is
peculiar to children.
A species of lichen has lately been described
by M. Biett under the name of Lichen gyratus,
in which the papula? are arranged in a spiral
form.
Most of the forms of lichen require little
treatment. Laxatives, bathing, mild diet, suit-
able clothing, exercise, and occasionally a mild
ointment or tonic remedy, is all that is neces-
sary.
II. In Botany, a genus of plants. Crypto-
gamia. Algm. There are several species, some
of which are used in medicine.
Lichen aphthosus. Muscus camutalis.
This is said to have a good effect in some com-
plaints of the intestines.
398
Lichen arboreus pullus. Lichen olivarius.
Lichen caninus. The ash-colored ground
liverwort. L. terrestris. L. cinereus terrestris.
Formerly supposed to cure hydrophobia.
Lichen cinereus terrestris. See Lichen
caninus.
Lichen cocciferus. L. coccineus. Lichen
pyxidatus.
Lichen islandicus. Cetraria islandica.
Lichen marinus. Ulva lactuca.
Lichen olivarius. Tree liverwort. L. ar-
boreus pullus. An infusion of this is considered
as strengthening to the lungs, and given in
hemorrhages, and against old coughs.
Lichen plicatus. It is slightly astringent,
and is applied with that intention to bleeding
Lichen prunastri. This is astringent, and
is used to strengthen the lungs.
Lichen pulmonarius. L. arboreus. Pecto-
ral moss. Tree lungwort. Oak lungs. This
sub-astringent and rather acid plant was once
in high estimation in the cure of diseases of the
lungs.
Lichen pyxidatus. The cup moss. L.
pyxidatus major. L. coccineus. Used by the
common people in the cure of hooping-cough.
Lichen rocceixa. Canary archel. Herb
archel. Roccella. R. tinctorum. This plant has
been employed mediciually with success in al-
laying the cough attendant on phthisis, and in
hysterical coughs. The principal use is as a
blue dye, litmus.
Lichen saxatilis. Muscus cranii humani.
Usnea. This moss, when growing on the hu-
man skull, was formerly in high estimation in
epilepsies.
Lichen velleus. This has the same virtues
as the lichen pulmonarius.
Lichenia'sis strophulus. Strophulus.
Liche'nin. The starchy matter of lichens.
LICHE'NS. Lichenis. Plants of a very low
organization, which grow on the bark of trees
or rocks, when they form a kind of incrustation,
or upon the ground, when they consist of irreg-
ular lobes parallel with the earth's surface. Oc-
casionally, in all situations, they are found in a
branched state ; but their subdivisions are gen-
erally irregular, and without order. Their fruc-
tification consists of hard nuclei, called shields,
which break through the upper surface of the
thallus, or main substance of the lichen, are of
a peculiar odor and texture, and contain the
reproductive particles. Lichens abound in the
cold and temperate parts of the world. The
greater part are of no known use ; but some, as
the reindeer moss ( Cenomycc rangifcrina), the
Iceland moss {Cetraria islandica), and various
species of Gyrophora, are capable of sustaining
life, either in animals or man. The Iceland
moss, when deprived of its bitterness by soak-
ing in an alkali, and then boiled, becomes, in-
deed, a diet recommended to invalids. Others
are used as tonic medicines, as Variolaria fagi-
nea and Parmelia parietina. Their principal
use is, however, that of furnishing the dyer
with brilliant colors : orchall, cudbear, and pe-
rolle, with many more, are thus employed.
LI'EN. {en, enis, m. ; from Tie 10c, soft or
smooth.") The spleen. See Spleen.
LIG
Lien sinarum. Nymphaea nelumbo.
LIENTE'RIA. (a, ee, f.; from Tietoc, smooth,
and evrepov, the intestine.) Lientery. See
Diarrhcea.
Lienteria urinalis. Diabetes.
LIFE. Bloc. Vita. The word life has
been used in two acceptations: in the one it
means the aggregate of the phenomena result-
ing from the activities of an organized body ;
in the other it means the cause of those activi-
ties.
Haller established the existence of two great
modifications of vital power, namely, sensibility
and irritability. The former of these he be-
lieved to reside exclusively in the brain and
nerves, the latter in the muscular fibre. He
believed that the muscles have a nervous pow-
er, or vis nervea, distributed to them from the
brain through the nerves, distinct from their
proper irritability, or vis insita. We now rec-
ognize an animal and an organic sensibility; an
animal and an organic contractility, of which
last, irritability is one of the species; or, ac-
cording to Bichat, an organic life, consisting of
the force which maintains the functions of the
part and repairs waste, and an animal life, which
is the life of relation to other objects by vision,
locomotion, intelligence, voice, &c.
Life-everlasting. Gnaphalium margarita-
ceum.
LI'GAMENT. {Ligamentum, i, n. ; from
ligo, to bind.) An elastic and strong mem-
brane, connecting the extremities of the mova-
ble bones. Ligaments are divided into capsu-
lar, which surround joints like a bag, and con-
necting ligaments. The use of the capsular
ligaments is to connect the extremities of the
movable bones, and prevent the efflux of sy-
novia; the external and internal connecting
ligaments strengthen the union of the extremi-
ties of the movable bones. The ligaments of
the joints and viscera are described under the
several parts.
Ligamenta ala'ria. Alar ligaments. Two
ligaments of the knee joint, a major and a mi-
nor, are named alar, from their wing-like shape.
Lioamejita inters pinalia. Interspinous
ligaments. The ligaments which pass between
the spinous processes of the vertebra?.
Ligamenta intertransversalia. Inter-
transverse ligaments. The ligaments which pass
between the transverse processes of the verte-
bra;.
Ligamenta radiata. The ligaments pass-
ing between the inner end of the clavicle and
the sternum ; also, those which pass from the
extremities of the cartilages of the ribs over the
sternum.
Ligamenta subflava. See Spinal cord.
Ligaments, crucial. The ligaments which
cross each other within the knee joint.
Ligaments, lateral. Ligaments situated
at the sides of a joint, as the lateral ligaments
of the knee and wrist.
Ligaments, vaginal. The sheath-like liga-
ments of the flexor tendons of the fingers.
Ligamentum annulare. Annular or ring-
like ligament : the name of a strong ligament
"»n each ankle and wrist.
Ligamentum arteriosum. The ductus ar
LIG
teriosus 6f the foetus, which becomes a ligament
after birth, is so called.
Ligamentum brachio-cubitale. The bra-
chio-cubital ligament. The expansion of the
lateral ligament, which is fixed in the inner
condyle of the os humeri, runs over the cap-
sular, to which it closely adheres, and is inserted
like radii on the side of the great sigmoid cavity
of the ulna; it is covered on the inside by several
tendons, which adhere closely to it, and seem
to strengthen it very considerably.
Ligamentum brachio-radiale. Thebrachio-
radial ligament. The expansion of the lateral
ligament which runs over the external condyle
of the os humeri, is inserted round the coronary
ligament, from thence all the way down to the
neck of the radius, and also in the neighboring
parts of the ulna. Through all this passage it
covers the capsular ligament, and is covered by
several tendons adhering closely to both.
Ligamentum capsulare. See Ligaments.
Ligamentum ciliare. See Ciliary ligament.
Ligamentum conoides. A ligament which
passes from the root of the coracoid process to
the clavicle.
Ligamentum deltoides. The triangular lig-
ament which passes from the malleolus internus
of the tibia to the astragalus, os calcis and os na-
viculare.
Ligamentum denticulatum. A ligament ex-
tending the whole length of the spinal marrow.
Ligamentum fallopii. The round ligament
of the uterus, and also Poupart's ligament, have
been so called.
Ligamentum infundibuliforme. The liga-
ment which joins the atlas to the occipital bone.
Ligamentum interclaviculare. The liga-
ment which joins the two clavicles behind the
top of the sternum.
Ligamentum interosseum. The ligament
uniting the radius and ulna, and also that be-
tween the tibia and fibula.
Ligamentum latum. The broad ligament
of the liver, and that of the uterus.
Ligamentum nuch^:. Cervical ligament. A
strong ligament which arises from the perpen-
dicular spine of the occipital bone, and descends
on the back part of the neck, adhering to the
spinous processes of the cervical vertebra;.
Ligamentum orbiculare. The ligament
which binds the neck of the radius to the ulna.
Ligamentum ovarii. The thick, round por-
tion of the broad ligament of the uterus, by
which the ovarium is connected with the ute-
rus.
Ligamentum tosticum Winslovii. Posterior
ligament of Winslow. This consists of irregular
bands, passing obliquely over the back part of
the capsular ligament of the knee joint from the
external condyle of the femur to the upper and
inner part of the tibia.
Ligamentum Poupartii. Fallopian ligament.
Poupart's ligament. A ligament extending from,
the anterior superior spinous process of the ilium
to the crista of the os pubis.
Ligamentum rhomboides. Ligamentum
rkomboideum. The ligament which binds the
clavicle to the first rib.
Ligamentum rotundum. The round liga-
ment of the uterus. See Uterus.
399
LIG
Ligamentum teres. The round ligament of
the hip joint. See Femoris os.
Ligamentum trapezoides. Ligamentum tra-
pezoideum. A ligament which passes from the
point of the coracoid process of the scapula to
the under edge of the clavicle.
Ligamentum triangulare. A ligament ex-
tending from the coracoid to the acromial pro-
cess of the scapula.
LI'GATURE. (Ligatura, a, f. ; from ligo,
to bind. ) A thread or silk of various thickness,
covered with white wax, for the purpose of
tying arteries or other parts. Ligatures should
be round and very firm, so as to allow their
being tied with some force, without risk of
breaking.
LIGHT. Lux. Light is that which proceeds
from any body producing the sensation of vision,
or perception of other bodies, by depicting an
image of external objects on the retina of the
eye.
Explanation of certain terms in optics. — A ray
of light is an exceedingly small portion of light
as it comes from a luminous body. A medium
is a body which affords a passage for the rays
of light. A beam of light is a body of parallel
rays. A pencil of rays is a body of diverging or
converging rays. Converging rays are rays
which tend to a common point. Diverging rays
are those which come from a point, and contin-
ually separate as they proceed. The radiant
point is the point from which diverging rays
proceed. The focus is the point to which the
converging rays are directed.
Light is distinguished into two kinds, viz.,
natural light, proceeding from the sun and stars,
and artificial light, proceeding from bodies
which are strongly heated : this glowing or
shining appearance is called incandescence. The
Jmenomena of light may be referred to the fol-
owiug heads :
1. Radiation, or the emission of light, like
that of caloric, in all directions, in the form of
radii, or rays. A collection of such rays ac-
companying each other, is termed a pencil. The
radiant point is the point from which diverging
rays proceed; the focus, the point into which
converging rays are collected.
2. Reflection, or the rebound of a ray of light,
as of caloric, from a polished surface ; the angle
of incidence being equal to the angle of reflec-
tion.
3. Refraction, or the break of the natural
course of a ray of light, as it passes into a trans-
parent substance, as glass or water ; this is
termed ordinary refraction. If a ray fall upon
the surface of Iceland spar, or certain other sub-
stances, it will be split into two portions, making
an angle with each other, and each pursuing its
own separate course; this is called double re-
fraction ; one of these rays following the same
rule as if the substance were glass or water, the
other undergoing extraordinary refraction.
4. Polarization, or the property by which a
ray of light, after its emergence from the sub-
stance, or reflection from the surface of a body,
acquires poles or sides with different properties,
in relation to the plane of its incidence. Polar-
ized light may be procured from common light
in three ways, viz. : 1. By reflection from the
400
LIG
surfaces of transparent and opaque bodies. 2.
By transmission through several plates of un-
crystallized bodies. 3. By transmission through
bodies regularly crystallized, and possessing the
property of double refraction, as Iceland spar,
rock crystal, &c.
5. Decomposition, or the division of a ray of
light in traversing a prism into its constituent
colors ; the appearance thus produced is called
the prismatic spectrum. See Prism.
6. Phosphorescence, or the emission of light
from certain substances. These are artificial
compounds, as Canton's phosphorus ; some bod-
ies when strongly heated, as lime ; certain ma-
rine animals, in the living or dead state, as the
medusa ; certain animalcules, as the fire-fly of
the West Indies, the glow-worm, &c. ; vegeta-
ble substances, as rotten wood, &c.
The light of the sun is very complex, contain-
ing seven colors, and other agents than simple
light, as heat and the chemical rays. It is essen-
tial to the production of the green matter of
vegetation and the welfare of animals.
Light carbureted hydrogen. Carbureted
hydrogen gas.
Ligne'ous. Ligneus. Woody.
LI'GNIN. Lignine. The pure fibre of wood,
divested of starch and other impurities ; accord-
ing to Payen, it consists of an investing or cellu-
lar matter, cellulose, C12H10O10, isomeric with
starch, the true internal matter, or lignin, being
Csf.Hj^O-jo. Fine linen from hemp or flax is in-
soluble in water, decays very slowly, and is
converted into dextrine by the action of dilute
sulphuric acid and heat, and finally into starch
sugar.
Li'gnone. An alcoholic spirit found in pyr-
oxylic spirit.
Ligno'sus. Ligneous.
LI'GNUM. (mot, i, n.) Wood.
Lignum agallochi veri. See Lignum aloes.
Lignum aloes. L.agallochiveri. L.aquilte.
L.calambac. L.'aspalathi. Aloes wood. Sup-
posed to be from the Excaaria agallocha, the
bark as well as the milk of which is purgative.
Lignum aquilje. L. aspalathi. Lignum
aloes. •
Lignum braziliense. Caesalpina.
Lignum calambac Lignum aloes.
Lignum campechense. Hajmatoxylon.
Lignum colubrinum. Strychnos colubrina.
Lignum indicum. Guaiacum.
Lignum moluccense. Croton tiglium.
Lignum nephriticum. Guilandina.
Lignum pavan.e. Croton tiglium.
Lignum rhodium. Aspalathus.
Lignum sanctum. Guaiacum.
Lignum santali rubri. Pterocarpus
Lignum sappan. Hsematoxylon.
Lignum serpentinum. Ophioxylum.
Lignum vitje. Guaiacum officinale.
Lignum's antiscorbutic drops. A quack
preparation of corrosive sublimate.
LI'GULA. (a, a, i.\ a strap.) 1. The
clavicle. 2. The glottis. 3. A measure con-
taining ten scruples. 4. The small transparent
membrane on the margin of the sheath and base
of the leaves of grasses.
Ligula'te. Ligulatus. Strap-shaped
shaped like a strap or ribbon.
LIM
LIGUS'TICUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Umbelliferce.
— L. levisticum. Lovage. Levisticum. The
odor is very strong and ungrateful ; its taste
is warm and aromatic. It abounds with a yel-
lowish, gummy, resinous juice, very much re-
sembling opoponax. Its virtues are carmina-
tive, diaphoretic, and deobstruent ; therefore it
is chiefly used in hysterical disorders and uter-
ine obstructions. The leaves, eaten in salad,
are accounted emmenagogue. The root, which
is less ungrateful than the leaves, is said to pos-
sess similar virtues, and may be employed in
powder
LIGU'STEUM. (urn, i. n.) A genus of
plants. Diandria. Monogynia. Oleacca. — L.
vulgarc is the privet: the leaves are slightly
astringent and bitter.
LILIA'CEjE. A family of endogenous plants,
remarkable for their brilliant flowers, including
the lilies, hyacinths, tuberoses, &c. They are
characterized by six petals, six stamens, supe-
rior ovary, anthers bursting inwardly.
Lilia'ceous. Liliaccus. Resembling the lily;
Buch plants as have a liliaceous corolla and a
three-lobed stigma.
Lilia'cine. A bitter, crystallizable body ob-
tained from the lilac.
Liliaci'nus. Liliacinc. Lilac color.
Lilia'go. The Anthcricum liliastrum; for-
merly said to be alexiphannic and carmina-
tive.
LI'LIUM. {urn, ii, n.) A genus of plants.
Hcxandria. Monogynia. Liliacea. — L. can-
didum. L. album. The white lily. The roots
are mucilaginous and emollient. — L. conval-
Hum. See Convallaria majalis. — L. croceum
See Hemerocallis. — L. martagon. The mar-
tagon lily. Linnaeus tells us that the root of
this plant forms a part of the ordinary food of
the Siberians. — L.purpurcum. L.rubrum. See
Hemerocallis.
Lily. See Lilium.
Lily, may. Convallaria majalis.
Lily, water. Nymphaca alba.
Lily, white. Lilium candidum.
Lily of the valley. Convallaria majalis.
Li'ma bakk. See Cinchona barks, various.
LIMATU'RA. (a, a, f.; from lima, a file.)
File-dust; filings.
Limatuka ferri. Iron filings. These, when
taken internally, become more or less oxidized
in the stomach and intestines : they act, there-
fore, as a mild chalybeate. The dose is from
gr. v. to 3ss.
Limatura stanni. Tin filings. See Stan-
num.
LI'MAX. (ax, acis, m. ; from limits, slime.)
The slug. It was formerly much used hi de-
coction for consumption and atrophy.
LIMB US. (us. i, m.) The limb, brim, or
border. In Botany, applied to a part of the
corolla. See Corolla.
Limbus luteus. The foramen of Scemmer
'Jig-
Lime. Citrus limetta.
LIME. Calx. The oxide of calcium. It
s obtained by heating marble, limestone, chalk,
cr oyster shells at a red heat ; is white, friable,
ens a hot, caustic taste, and the properties of an
C c
LIN
alkali ; sp. gravity, 2*3. By exposure to moist-
ure it slacks, and becomes a hydrate, losing
much of its caustic quality. It is a powerful
base, uniting with most acids; its presence in
solution is made known by the insoluble white
precipitate it forms with oxalate of ammonia.
Its formula is CaO; eq., 28*5.
Several preparations of lime are used medi-
cinally. See Calcis chloridum, Calcis liquor,
Calcii chloridum, Calcii chloridi liquor, Creta
prceparala, Potassa cum calce.
Lime-tree. Tilia europaea.
Lime-water. Calcis liquor.
Limne'mic. Limnamicus. Pertaining to a
marsh; paludal.
LFMON. (Hebrew.) A lemon. See Ci-
trus mcdica.
Limonade, minerals. Mineral lemonade.
The French, strangely enough, give this name
to water acidulated with a mineral acid, and
sweetened. Those preparations are used as
drinks in fevers and inflammations.
Limonade, nitric Water acidulated with
nitric acid, and sweetened.
Limonade, sulphuric Water acidulated
with sulphuric acid, and sweetened.
Limonade, tartaric Water acidulated
with tartaric acid, and sweetened.
Limonia malus. The lemon.
LIMO'NIUM. 1. The lemon. 2. Valeriana
rubra. 3. Polygonum fagopyrum. 4. Pyrola
rotundifolia. 5. Statice limonium, which is said
to possess astringent properties.
LIMO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from hifioc, hunger.)
Morbid appetite. A genus of diseases, charac-
terized by depraved, excessive, or defective
appetite . — Good.
Limosis avens. Insatiable appetite..
Limosis expers. Anorexia.
Limosis iielluonum. Gluttony.
Limosis pica. Pica.
LINA'CEiE. The flax tribe of dicotyledon-
ous plants. Herbaceous plants, with leaves
usually alternate ; flowers, symmetrical, polype-
talous; stamens, hypogynous; ovarium, entire,
many-celled ; seeds, compressed and inverted.
L I N A M E'N T U M. (From linum, linen.)
Lint ; a tent of lint for a wound.
Linangi'na. Cuscuta europaea.
Lina'ria. Antirrhinum linaria.
LI'NCTUS. (us, us, m. ; from lingo, to lick.)
Lohoc. Eclegma. Elexis. Elegma. Eclectos.
Ecleitos. [Hindus. A loch; a lambative. A
term in pharmacy, that is generally applied to
a soft substance, of the consistence of honey,
which is licked off the spoon.
LI'NEA. (a, a, f. ; from linum, a thread.)
A line: applied to some parts which have a
line-like appearance.
Linea alba. Linea centralis. A tendinous
line that extends from the scrobiculus cordis to
the navel, and from thence to the pubes. It is
formed by the tendinous fibres of the internal
obliqufe ascending, and the external oblique
descending muscles, and the transversalis, in-
terlaced with those of the opposite side.
Linea aspera. The rough edge along the
posterior edge of the femur.
Linea ilio-pectinea. The lateral margin of
the brim of the pelvis, formed by the upper
401
LIN
edge of the os pubis and the lower and inter-
nal margin of the ilium.
Linea innominata. Lifiea ilio-pectinea.
Linea quadrata. The posterior intertro-
chanteric line, along which the quadra tus is at-
tached.
Linea semilunaris. The white line on the
outer margin of each rectus muscle of the belly,
formed by the union of the abdominal tendons.
Lineje transversa. The lines which cross
the recti muscles of the abdomen.
LINBA'R. Linearis. Strap-shaped.
Lineatus. Lineate, or streaked.
Ling. Gadua molva.
LI'NGUA. (a, a, f. ; from lingo, to lick up.)
The tongue. See Tongue.
Lingua avis. L.passerina. The seed-vessel
of the Fraxinus. Sparrow's tongue.
Lingua canina. Cynoglossum officinale.
Lingua cervina. Scolopendrium vulgare.
LI'NGUAL. Lingualis. Relating to the
tongue.
Lingual artery. A branch of the external
carotid in the tongue : it is called the ranino
artery.
Lingual nerve. 1. The hypo-glossus nerve.
2. A branch of the inferior maxillary, or third
branch of the fifth pair.
LINGUA'LIS. Lingual muscle. Basio-glos-
tut. A muscle of the tongue. It arises from the
root of the tongue laterally, and runs forward
between the hyo-glossus and genio-glossus, to
be inserted into the tip of the tongue, along
with part of the stylo-glossus. Its use is to con-
tract the substance of the tongue, and to bring
it backward.
Lingue'tta t^aminosa. A thin process of
gray matter, extending upon the valve of
Vieussens.
Lingula'te. Lingulatus. Linguiformis.
Tongue-shaped.
Liniment. See Linimentum.
Liniment, anodyne. Linimentum opii.
Liniment, Kentish's. Linimentum tere-
binthina?.
Liniment of mercury. Linimentum hydrar-
gyri compositum.
Liniment of verdigris. Linimentum a?ru-
ginis.
Liniment, volatile. Linimentum ammoniac.
LINIME'NTUM. (urn, i, n.j from lino, to
anoint.) A liniment. A medicament of a me-
diate consistence, between an ointment and oil,
used to rub upon diseased parts. A medicine
similarly applied, but of thinner consistence, is
called an embrocation.
Linimentum aru'ginis. (Ph. L.) Liniment
of verdigris. Take of verdigris, powdered, jj. ;
vinegar, f. f vij. ; clarified honey, §xiv. Dis-
solve the verdigris in the vinegar; strain; add
the honey gradually, and boil it down to a
proper consistence. Stimulant, detergent, and
slightly escharotic: applied to indolent ulcers,
syphilitic sores, and diluted as a gargle.
Linimentum album. Ceratum cetacet.
Linimentum ammo'nije. (U. S.) Linimentum
ammonite fortius. Volatile liniment. Strong lin-
iment of ammonia. Take aqua ammonia?, f.
fss. ; olive oil, f. ?ij. Shake until they unite.
A. stimulating application and rubefacient.
402
LIN
Linimentum ammonite compositum. (Ph.
E.) Compbund liniment of ammonia. Take
of strong aqua ammonia, f. fv. ; tincture oi
camphor, f. f ij. ; spirit of rosemary, f. jj. Mix.
Rubefacient, vesicating, and caustic.
Linimentum ammonia sesquicarbo'natis.
(Ph. L.) Linimentum ammonia subcarbonatis.
Liniment of sesquicarbonate of ammonia. Take
of solution of sesquicarbonate of ammonia, f.
§j . ; olive oil, f. ^ iij . Shake them together until
they unite. A stimulating liniment, mostly
used to relieve rheumatic pains; milder than
the linimentum ammonias.
Linimentum anodynum. Linimentum opii.
Linimentum aqua calcis. Linimentum cab-
cis. (U. S.) Liniment of lime-water. This
consists of equal parts of linseed oil and lime-
water. An application to burns and scalds.
Linimentum arcei. Unguentum elemi com-
positum.
Linimentum ca'mphora. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
Camphor liniment. Take of camphor, 5j . ; olive
oil, f. fiv. Dissolve. Anodyne and resolvent.
Linimentum camphors compo'situm. (Ph.
L.) Compound camphor liniment. Take of
camphor, f iiss. ; solution of ammouia, fviiss. ;
spirit of lavender, a pint. Mix the ammonia
and spirit in a glass retort, aud distill a pint.
Dissolve the camphor in the product. An an-
odyne stimulant in paralytic, spasmodic, and
rheumatic diseases, and for bruises, sprains, &c.
Linimentum canthari'dis. (U. S.) Lini-
ment of blistering flies. Take of Spanish flies,
in powder, ?j.; oil of turpentine, Oss. Digest
three hours in a water-bath, and strain. Rube-
facient and epispastic. There is a French Lin-
imentum cantharidis camphoratum, consisting of
soap, camphor, oil, and tincture of cantharides :
a mild rubefacient.
Linimentum crotonis. Liniment of croton
oil. Mix of croton oil, one part ; olive oil, five
parts. Used as a counter-irritant, it produces
a pustular eruption.
Linimentum hydra'rgyri compositum.
(Ph. L.) Mercurial liniment. Take of strong
mercurial ointment, prepared lard, of each, sfiv. ;
camphor, jj. ; rectified spirit, f. $j. ; solution of
ammonia, f. fiv. Powder the camphor with
the spirit, then rub it with the ointment and
lard; then add gradually the ammonia, and
mix. If it be frequently or largely applied, it
affects the mouth more rapidly than the mercu
rial ointment.
Linimentum opii. (Ph. I*.) Linimentum
opiatum. This consists of compound soap lini
ment, f. Jvj., and tincture of opium, f. fij. It
is a resolvent anodyne embrocation.
Linimentum saponaceum hydrosulphura-
tum. (Ph. P.) A French preparation of com-
mon 6oap, five parts ; oil of poppy, ten parts ;
and sulphuret of potassium, one part. Used in
itch and cutaneous affections.
Linimentum saponis. See Tinctura saponit
camphorata.
Linimentum sapo'nis compo'situm. Com-
pound soap liniment. Linimentum saponis cam-
phoratum. (U. S.) Take of soap, fiij. ; cam-
phor, 5j.; oil of rosemary, oil of origanum, of
each, f. 3J. ; alcohol, Oj. Dissolve the camphor
and oils in the spirit, then add the soap, and
LIP
macerate Until melted. Anodyne and mild
stimulant.
Li.NiMEXTUM saponis cum opio. Linimentum
opii.
Linimentum simplex. (Ph. E.) Simple
liniment. Take of olive oil, four parts ; white
wax, one part. Melt. Also, the Ungucntum
ccrcE.
Linimentum tereiii'nthin.e. (U. S.) Tur-
pentine liniment. Take of resin cerate, Ibj. ;
oil of turpentine, Oss. Mix. Applied to burns.
Linimentum terebi'nthin-e vitriolicum.
Vitriolic liniment of turpentine. Take of olive
oil, f. fx. ; oil of turpentine, f. giv. ; dilute sul-
phuric acid, 3iij. Mix. This preparation is
said to be efficacious in chronic affections of the
joints, and in the removal of long-existing ef-
fects of sprains and bruises.
Linimentum volatile. Linimentum ammo-
nite sesquicarbonatis.
LINNjE'A. (a, w, f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Angiospermia. — L. borealis has a
bitter, subastringent taste, and is used in the
form of fomentation for rheumatic pains.
LINNjE'AN SYSTEM. The sexual system.
A plan of classifying plants on the number
and position of the stamens and pistils of the
flower.
Linospe'rmum. Linum usitatissimum.
Linozo'stis. Mercurialis vulgaris.
Linseed. Linum usitatissimum.
LINT. Li'nteum. Charpie. A soft, woolly
substance, made by scraping old linen cloth,
and employed in surgery as the common dress-
ing in all cases of wounds and ulcers, either
simply, or covered with different unctuous sub-
stances.
LI'NUM. (mot, i, n. Aivov.) 1. Linseed.
2. A genus of plants. PctUandria. Pentagynia.
Linacccc. — L- catharticum. L. minimum. Purg-
ing flax. It is an effectual and 6afe cathartic.
A handful infused in half a pint of boiling water
is the dose for an adult. — L. usitatissimum.
Common flax. The seeds have an unctuous,
mucilaginous, sweetish taste. On expression,
they yield a large quantity of oil ; boiled in
water, they yield a large proportion of a strong
mucilage, which is in use as an emollient or
demulcent in cough, hoarseness, and pleuritic
symptoms, and is likewise recommended in
nephritic pains and stranguries. The meal of
the seeds is also much used externally, in emol-
lient and maturating cataplasms. The express-
ed oil is purgative.
Lip. See Labium.
Lipa'ria. Obesity.
LIPAROCE'LE. (From ?,inapo(, fat, and
nrfkr), a tumor.) A fatty tumor. The name
has been especially given to a fatty tumor in the
scrotum.
Liparotri'chia. A diseased condition of
the hair, in which it is more oily than natural.
— Frank.
LIP A' S MA. (Ainao/ia; from %nraivu, to
grow fat.) The Greek name for any medicine
used externally by inunction, for the purpose
of fattening the body.
LIPO'MA. (From Intac, fat.) An encysted
fatty tumor.
Lipopsy'chia. Syncope.
LIQ
Lipothy'mia. Syncope.
LIPPITU'DO. (o, mm, f.; from lipput,
blear-eyed.) Blear-eyedness. A chronic dis-
ease of the tarsi, the result often of acute oph-
thalmia. It consists in an exudation of a puri-
form matter from the margin of the eyelids.
This matter glues the tarsi of the eyelids to-
gether during the night. The margins of the
eyelids are red, and tumid, and painful. When
it affects the angles of the eyes, it is called L.
angularis; when there is much itching, L. pru-
riginosa ; and the syphilitic eruption of the
eyelids of infants, L. syphilitica neonatorum.
Lipy'ria. See Leipyria.
Liqua mumia. Human fat. — Ruland.
Liqua'tion. A process of separating tin,
lead, &c, by melting. *
Liquefa'cient. That which has the prop-
erty of liquefying the solids.
LIQUEFACTION. Liquatio. Liqueficatio.
The conversion into a liquid. The word is,
therefore, in some instances, synonymous with
fusion, in others with deliquescence, and in oth-
ers with solution.
LIQUEUR. A strong aromatic spirit.
Liqu'id. Liquidum. A feebly elastic fluid.
LIQUIDA'MBAR. (ar, aris, f.) A genus
of plants. Monatcia. Polyandria. — L. styra-
ci'flua. The tree which affords both the liquid-
ami iar and liquid storax. The liquidambar is
a resinous juice of a yellow color, inclining to
red, at first about the consistence of turpentine,
by age hardened into a solid, brittle mass.
The Styrax liquida is also obtained from this
plant by boiling. Their use is chiefly as stom-
achics, in the form of plaster.
Liquiri'tia. Glycirrhiza glabra.
LI'QUOR. (or, oris, m. ; from liqueo, to be-
come liquid.) A liquor: applied to some prep-
arations, before called waters ; as the aqua am-
monite, &c.
Liquor .ethere'us oleo'sus. Oleum a;the-
reum.
Liquor jETHereus vitriolicus (sulphuri-
cus). See JEther sulphuricus.
Liquor aluminis compositus. (Ph. L.)
Compound solution of alum. Take of alum,
sulphate of zinc, of each, fj. ; boiling water,
Oiij. Dissolve, and strain. A detergent and
astringent wash ; also used as a collyrium and
injection.
Liquor ammonle. See Ammonia.
Liquor ammoni.e acetatis. See Ammonia
acetatis liquor.
Liquor ammonia carbonatis. L. ammonia
sesquicarbonatis. See Ammonia sesquicarbona-
tis liquor.
Liquor ammonia hydro'sulpha'tis. Am-
moniac hydrosulphuretum.
Liquor amnii. See Amnios.
Liquor anodynus mineralis. Spiritus eefhe-
ris sulphurici compositus.
Liquor anodynus vegetabilis. A mixture
of equal parts of acetic ether and rectified spirit
of wine.
Liquor antimonii tartarizati. See Anti-
monii tartarizati liquor.
Liquor aquilegius. Spirit of wine.
Liquor argenti nitratis. (Ph. L.) Take
of nitrate of silver, y.; distilled water, f.fj. Dk
403
LIQ
solvo. Keep it in a well-closed bottle, preserved
from the light.
Liquor arsenicalis. See Arscnicalis liquor.
Liquor arsenici et hydrargyri hydrio-
DATis. See Arsenic, and Mercury, iodide of.
Liquor barii chloridi. (U.S.) L. baryta
muriatis. See Barii ckloridum.
Liquor, Boyle's fuming. Ammonite hydro-
sulphuretum.
Liquor calcii chloridi. See Calcii chlori-
di liquor.
Liquor calcis. See Calcis liquor.
Liquor chorii. A gelatinous fluid which
lies between the chorion and amnios in early
gestation. It forms tho false waters.
Liquor cotunnii. See Cotunnius, liquor of .
Liquor cupri ammo.niati. See Liquor cupri
ammonio-sulphatis.
Liquor cupri ammonio-sulphatis. (Ph. L.)
Solution of ammonio-sulphate of copp6r. Dis-
solve a drachm of the ammonio-sulphate of
copper in a pint of distilled water. It is a mild
escharotic and detergent wash for indolent ul-
cers, &c.
Liquor cupri sulphatis compositus. Take
of alum and sulphate of copper, fijj. ; sulphuric
acid, 3ij. ; water, Oij. A powerful styptic.
Liquor entericus. The mucous secretion
of the bowels.
Liquor ferri alkalini. See Ferri alkalini
liquor.
Liquor ferri iodidi. (U. S.) Solution of
iodide of iron. Take of iodine, fij.; iron fil-
iugs, 5j.; clarified honey, f. Jv. ; distilled wa-
ter, q. s. Dissolve the iodine in fx. of the water,
in a glass vessel, and add the iron slowly. Heat
the mixture until it begins to appeal - green,
then add the honey; warm again, and filter.
Wash the filter with distilled water, and collect
until 5xx. of solution are obtained in all. It is
to be kept in closely-stopped bottles. Dose,
gtt. x*. to gtt. xxx.
Liquor hydrargyri nitrici. (Ph. P.) A
solution of nitrate of mercury.
Liquor hydrargyri oxymuriatis. L. h. bi-
chloridi. See Hydrargyri bichloridum.
Liquor iodini compositus. (U. S.') Com-
pound solution of iodine. Take of iodine, 3vj. ;
iodide of potassium, fiss. ; distilled water, Oj.
Dissolve. Dose, gtt. v. to gtt. xij.
Liquor mineralis anodynus Hoffma#ni.
Hoffmann's anodyne liquor. See Spiritus eethe-
ris sulphurici compositus.
Liquor Morgagni. A fluid found between
the crystalline lens and its capsule.
Liquor morphije sulphatis. (U. S.) Solu-
tion of sulphate of morphia. Take of sulphate
of morphia, gr. viij. ; distilled water, Oss. Dis-
solve. Dose, f. 3J., or gr. |th of morphia, or f.
jij., equal to gr. fth.
Liquor muci. The pellucid and non-coagu-
lable fluid hi which the mucous particles float.
Liquor nervinus bangii. Tinctura setherea
camphorata.
Liquor of ammonia. See Ammonia.
Liquor of Scarpa. The aqua labyrinthi.
Liquor opii sedativus of Battley. An
aqueous solution of opium. — Pereira.
Liquor pericardii. The serous fluid of the
;pericardium.
404
LIT
Liquor potass^;. See Potassce liquor.
Liquor plumbi diacetatis (subacetatis, U,
S.).. See Plumbi diacetatis liquor.
Liquor potassjs arsenitis. (U. S.) See
Arsenicalis liquor.
Liquor potassce citratis. Solution of ci-
trate of potass; used as a gentle diaphoretic.
Liquor potassii iodidi compositus. (Ph.
L.) A weak solution of the liquor iodini com-
positus.
Liquor puris. The pellucid and albumi-
nous fluid in which the pus globules swim.
Liquor sanguinis. The clear albuminous
fluid of blood, in which the globules are sus-
pended. The plasma.
Liquor seminis. The transparent fluid of
semen, in which the granules, &c, float.
Liquor silicum. A solution of silicious mat-
ters in potash, made by fusing them together.
Liquor sous, chlorinate. (U. Si) Liq.
soda; chloridii. Liq. soda; oxymuriaticce. So-
lution of chloride of soda." Take of chloride of
lime, Ibj. ; carbonate of soda, Jbij. ; water, Ciss.
Make a solution of the soda in three pints of
water, and of the chloride in the remainder.
Filter these solutions, and mix them ; and, last-
ly, decant the clear parts. Preserve it in well-
stopped bottles, in the dark. Used as a dis-
infectant, to foul ulcers, &c, and internally in
putrid fevers, &c. Dose, gtt. x. to f. 3J.
Liquor subcarbonatis (carbonatis) potas-
sm,. See Potassm carbonatis liquor.
Liquor volatilis cornu cervi. A solution
of sesquicarbonate of ammonia with some aro-
matic.
Liquor (Swietenis) of Van Swieten. L.
syphilicvs Turneri. See Hydrargyri bichlori-
dum.
Liquor tartari emetici. See Antimonii
tartarizati liquor.
Liquor zinci sulphatis cum camphora. See
Aqua zinci sulphatis cum camphora.
Liquorice. See Glycirrhiza.
Liquorice, Spanish. See Glycirrhiza.
Lire'lla. In Botany, a sessile receptacle,
containing polyspermous elytra, as in opegra-
pha.
Lisbon diet drink. Decoctum lusitanicum.
LIRIODE'NDRON TULIPIFERA. The tu-
lip-tree. The bark of the root is officinal. It
is an aromatic bitter, and a good tonic. The
dose, in powder, is 3SS. to 31J.
LITHAGO'GUE. Lithagogus. (From li-
Ooc, a stone, and ayu, to bring away.) Having
the power of expelling the stone. Formerly
applied to medicines supposed to expel small
calculi from the kidneys or bladder.
Litharge. See Lithargyrum.
Litharge plaster. Emplastrum lithargyri.
LITHA'RGYRUM. (urn, i, n. ; and us, i, m. ;
from TiiBoc, a stone, and apyvpoc, silver.) Lith-
argyrus. Litharge. An impure protoxide of
lead, in an imperfect state of vitrifaction. The
white is called litharge of silver, and the red
has been improperly called litharge of gold.
LITHE'CTASY. (From lidog, a stone, and
eKramc, dilatation.) Cystectasy. The opera-
tion for the removal of stone from the bladder,
by slowly dilating the neck of the bladder
without cutting or lacerating the prostate, ar.
LIT
incision being first made in the perineum, and
the membranous portion of the urethra opened.
LITHI'A. A rare alkali, the oxide of hth-
ium. It closely resembles potash and soda.
The carbonate is sparingly soluble. Symbol,
LO; eq., 1462.
Li'thias. Lithiate. A salt of lithic acid,
with a base.
LITHI'ASIS. (is, is, f. ; from lidoc, a stone.)
1. The formation of stone or gravel. 2. A dis-
ease of the eyelids, in which their margins are
beset with small, hard tumors.
LI'THIC. Lithicus. Relating to the uric
acid, as the lithic diathesis.
Lithic acid. Uric acid.
Lithic acid calculus. See Calculi, urinary.
LITHI'UM. (um,i,n.) A white metal,
the basis of lithia. Sym., L. ; . equiv., 6"42.
Lithoi'des. Stone-like; applied to the pe-
trous portion of the temporal bone.
LITHO'LAB UM. (From lidoe, a stone, and
Tia/iSavu, to seize.) An instrument for extract-
ing the stone from the bladder. Civiale thus
names the forceps he uses in the operation of
lithotrity.
Litho'logy. Lithologia. A discourse or
treatise on calculi.
LITHONTRITTIC. (Lithontripticns ; from
?udoc, and rpcCu, to wear away.) In the strict
sense of this term, a lithontriptic medicine should
be one which has the power of breaking up and
dissolving calculi. It is now generally applied
rather to such medicines as have a power of ob-
viating the calculous diathesis. See Calculi,
urinary.
LITHONTRITTOR. The name of an in-
strument for reducing calculi in the bladder
into small particles or powder, which is then
washed out or voided with the urine. The
following instruments are used by Baron Ileur-
teloup :
" Vinstrumcnt a trois branches, avec un foret
simple," consisting of a canula, three tcuacula,
and a drill, for crashing stones equal in diameter
to the drill.
" L' instrument a trois branches, avec le mandrin
a virgule," applicable to stones of from eight
to ten lines in diameter; the u virgule" or
shoulder, being employed to excavate the cal-
culus.
" L' instrument a quatrc branches," or " jrince
H forceps," adapted to stones of from twelve to
eighteen lines in diameter, and furnished with
a " mandrin a virgule," the " virgule" of which
makes a larger excavation than that of the pre-
ceding instrument.
" Le brisc coque," or the shell-breaker, adapt-
ed to breaking down the shell formed by the
previous excavations; and also flat and small
stones.
LITHOSPE'RMUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus
of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. Bora-
gincoe. — L. officinale-. Cromwell. The seeds
are occasionally used as diuretic, and for ob-
viating stranguiy, in the form of emulsion.
Litho'tome. Cystotonms.
LITHO'TOMY. (Lithotomia, a, f. ; from
Aidoe, a stone, and reuvu, to cut.) The opera-
tion of cutting into the bladder, in order to ex-
tract a stone. Several methods have been rec-
LIV
ommended for performing this operation, but
there are only two which can be practiced with
any propriety. One is, where the operation is
to be performed immediately above the pubes,
in that part of the bladder which is not cover-
ed with peritoneum, called the high operation.
The other, where it is done in the perineum,
by laying open the neck and lateral part of the
bladder, so as to allow of the extraction of the
stone, called the lateral operation, from the
prostate gland of the neck of the bladder be-
ing laterally cut. The lateral operation is the
common one. The high operation is only used
under particular circumstances.
LITHO'TRITY. (Lithotritia, a, f . ; from
"kiQoc, and TiTpau, to break.) The operation of
breaking and comminuting a vesical calculus by
means of a peculiar forcep, so that its fragments
may be discharged with the urine. This opera-
tion has been practiced with great success, in
many instances, by Civiale, Heurteloup, Cos-
tello, and others. It appears to be applicable
in a much larger number of cases than might at
first have been supposed ; but it is the opinion
of the best surgeons that, although very exten-
sively useful, it can never entirely supersede
lithotomy, which will be required when the
stone is above a certain size, and in children.
Lithotki'psy. Synonyme of lithotrity.
Lithu'ria. Urine containing uric acid and
urates.
LITMUS. A prepared blue coloring matter,
used by chemists spread on paper to detect the
presence of acids, which turn it red.
Litra. Airpa. A pound weight.
Litre. A French measure, equal to 2"1135
pints English.
Li'tron. Niter.
Li'tus. A liniment.
LI' VER. Knap. Hepar. A large abdomi-
nal viscus, of a deep red color, situated undef
the diaphragm, in the right hypochondrium, its
smaller portion occupying part of the epigastric
region. In the adult it generally weighs from
three to four pounds. In the foetus it is much
larger proportionally than in the adult. The
use of the liver is to secrete the bile. In the
human body, the liver is divided into two prin-
cipal lobes, the right of which is by far the
largest. They are divided on the upper side by
a broad ligament, and on the other side by a
considerable depression or fossa. Between and
below these two lobes is a smaller lobe, called
lobulus spigelii. This is situated between the
two greater lobes, but rather belonging to the
right great lobe. From its situation deep be-
hind, and from its having a perpendicular pa-
pillary projection, it is called also lobulus poste-
rior, or papillatus. To the left side it lias the
fissure for the lodgment of the ductus venosus;
on the right, the fissure for the vena cava ; and
above, it has the great transverse fissure of the
liver, for the lodgment of the cylinder of the
porta; obliquely to the right, and upward, it
has a connection with the lower concave sur»
face of the great lobe, by the lobulus caudatus,
which Winslow calls one of the roots of the
lobulus spigelii. It is received into the bosom
of the lesser curve of the stomach. On the un-
der surface of the liver there are two small
405
LIV
lobes or processes, namely, the lobulus anony-
mus and lobulus caudatus. The lobulus anony-
mus is the anterior point of the right lobe of the
liver. Others define it to be that space of the
great lobe between the fossa of the umbilical
vein and gall-bladder, and extending forward,
from the fossa, for the lodgment of the vena
portae, to the anterior margin of the liver. It
is called, also, lobulus quadralus, and lobulus ac-
cessorius.
The lobulus caudatus is a tail-like process of
the liver, stretching downward from the middle
of the great right lobe to the lobulus Spigelii.
It is behind the gall-bladder, and between the
fossa vena; portarum and the fissure for the
lodgment of the vena cava.
The ligaments of the liver are five in number,
and consist of duplicatures of the peritoneum.
1. The right lateral ligament, which connects
the thick right lobe with the posterior part of
the diaplmigm. 2. The left lateral ligament,
which connects the convex surface and margin
of the left lobe with the diaphragm, and, in
those of whom the liver is very large, with the
oesophagus and spleen. 3. The broad or mid-
dle suspensory ligament, which pusses from the
diaphragm into the convex surface, and sep-
arates the right lobe of the liver from the left.
It descends from above through the largo fis-
sure to the concave surface, and is then dis-
tributed over the whole liver. 4. The round
ligament, which in adults consists of the umbili-
cal vein, indurated into a ligament. 5. The
coronary ligament.
The liver has two surfaces, one superior,
which is convex and smooth, and one inferior,
which is concave, and has holes and depres-
sions to receive, not only the contiguous viscera,
but the vessels running into the liver.
The margins of the liver are also two in
number : the one, which is posterior and supe-
rior, is obtuse; the other, situated anteriorly
and inferiorly, is acute.
The small lobes on the under surface of tho
liver, which have just been described as the
lobulus anonymus and lobulus caudatus, are call-
ed, by some anatomists, tubercles of the liver.
Upon looking on tho concave surface of this
viscus, a considerable fissure is obvious, known
by the name of the fissure of the liver.
In order to expose the sinus, it is necessary
to remove the gall-bladder, when a considera-
ble sinus, before occupied by the gall-bladder,
will be apparent.
The blood-vessels of the liver are the hepatic
artery, the vena porta;, and the vena cava; he-
patica;, which are described under their proper
names. The absorbents of the liver arc very
numerous. The liver has nerves, from the great
intercostal and eighth pair, which arise from the
hepatic plexus, and proceed, along with the he-
patic artery and vena porta;, into the substance
of the liver. On tearing the substance of the
liver, or pressing it between the fingers, it will
be perceived to consist of a number of small,
hard glandular bodies, connected by cellular
membrane. These are called acini, from their
resemblance in shape to grape-stones. They
are also called lobules ; but this creates confu-
sion, because larger masses of the liver are also
406
LIV
called lobules. We shall, therefore, designate
them as acini. The small vessels, which re-
ceive the bile secreted by the acini, are called
pori biharii : these converge together through-
out the substance of the liver toward its under
surface, and at length form one trunk, called
ductus hepaticus, which conveys the bile into
either the ductus communis choledochtts or the
ductus cysticus. See Gall-bladder.
The liver and its vessels are invested by a
membrane called the capsule of Glisson, which
will presently be described ; and it is covered
by the peritoneum, like the other abdominal
viscera.
The well-known use of the liver is to secrete
the bile. Various opinions, however, have been
entertained as to the intimate structure of the
liver, and the parts immediately concerned in
the secretion of the bile. The late researches
of Mr. Kieruan have gone far to detennine
these points. The following is an abstract of
his most important observations.
The vessels of the liver are :
I. The hepatic veins, which consist of,
a. The intra-lobular hepatic veins, which are
contained within the lobules : one of these oc-
cupies the center of each lobule, and receives
the blood from four or six smaller branches
which terminate in it. The intra-lobular veins
correspond in their ramifications with the form
of the lobules, whose substance is placed around
them ; and, as will presently be shown, they re-
ceive the blood from a plexus formed in the
lobule by the portal vein.
b. Hepatic veins, which are contained in
canals formed by the lobules: these, for the
sake of perspicuity, we shall call canalicular
veins. The formation of the canals differs ac-
cording to the relation of the contained vessel
to the intra-lobular veins : where the intra-lob-
ular terminate directly in the canalicular vein,
the canal of the latter is necessarily formed by
the bases of the lobules resting upon it, and the
contained vein is termed sub-lolndar ; where the
camalicular vein is not formed immediately by
the intra-lobular, but by the junction of several
other canalicular veins, the canal containing it
is formed by a tubular inflection of the surface
of the liver ; so that, in the one case, the canals
are formed by the continuity of the bases of the
lobules, and in the other, by the continuity of
those surfaces which will be presently described
as capsular.
II. The portal veins, hepatic ducts, and hepatic
arteries, which must be described together, be-
cause they accompany each other throughout
their course, being all contained in the portal
canals. These canals begin at the transverse
fissure, where they are continuous with the con-
cave surface of the liver ; and, bke those of the
larger hepatic veins, they are formed by the cap-
sular surfaces of a certain number of the lobule3.
To understand the distribution of the vessels
contained in these canals, we must trace the
course of Glisson's capsule. The liver is invest-
ed by a membrane, which stands related to it
much as the pia mater does to the brain : it is
a cellulo-vascular membrane, which is reflected
inward at the transverse fissure, and incloses in
a sheath the portal veins, the hepatic arteries
LIV
the ducts, the nerves, and the absorbents : it is
here that it is called the capsule of Glisson, in
the ordinary language of anatomists. A con-
tinuation of this membranous sheath accom-
panies the contained vessels to their minutest
ramifications ; it enters the interlobular fissures,
and, with the vessels, forms the capsules of the
lobules ; it finally enters the lobules, and, with
the blood-vessels, expands itself over the secret-
ing biliary ducts.. Hence arises a natural di-
vision of the capsule into three portions — a
vaginal, an interlobular, and a lobular portion.
At the transverse fissure, the duct, the vein,
and artery divide into branches, which enter the
vortal ca?ials, invested with the above-described
membrane, the membrane lining the canals and
inclosing the vessels. These branches, again,
divide and subdivido into smaller branches,
which enter smaller canals; and every canal,
however small, contains one principal branch
of each of these vessels ; frequently, however,
two ducts and two arteries are contained in the
same canal.
To the larger vessels the terms hepatic ducts,
portal veins, and hepatic arteries may be re-
stricted, in order to distinguish them from the
branches. The excreting ducts are composed
of the hepatic ducts contained in the canals, of
their vaginal branches, also contained in canals,
and of the interlobular branches, which, arising
from the vaginal branches, ramify in the inter-
lobular fissures. The interlobular ducts enter
the lobules, in which they form plexuses : these
plexuses may be called the lobular-biliary , or
secreting biliary plexuses, the ducts composing
them being the secreting organs of the bile.
The excreting ducts and their branches are in-
variably accompanied by the arteries and portal
veins, and their branches, the former conveying
blood to their coats, the latter conveying it from
them. A duct is never unaccompanied by an !
arteiy and a vein, the vein being always a
branch of the portal. The veins and arteries j
also enter the lobules : the vein* form plexuses, j
the branches of which terminate in the intra-
lobular hepatic veins ; and, from the blood cir-
culating through these plexuses, the bile is se-
creted. The lobular arteries are exceedingly
minute, and few in number: they are the nu-
trient vessels of the lobules, and probably ter-
minate in the plexuses formed by the portal
vein. From the ducts, veins, and arteries,
therefore, three sets of branches arise, namely,
the vaginal, the interlobular, and the lobular
branches.
It has, then, been shown, that all the vasa
vasorum of the liver are branches of the hepatic
artery and portal vein; that branches of the
portal vein arise in the coats of the hepatic veins
themselves ; and that the veins of the coats of
the vessels constitute the hepatic origin of the
portal vein. The arterial blood having circu-
lated through the coats of the vessels, becomes
venous, and is conveyed by the veins arising in
the coats of the vessels into those branches of
the portal vein which correspond to the vessels
in the coats of which the veins arise : thus, from
the coats of the vaginal ducts, veins, and arter-
ies, they convey the blood into the vaginal veins;
and from the coats of the interlobular ducts,
LOA
veins, and arteries, into the interlobular veins.
From the coats of the hepatic veins and inferior
cava, the blood is conveyed into the interlobular
portal veins. In the vaginal and interlobular
veins, the blood conveyed from the coats of the
vessels becomes mingled with the proper portal
blood. This mixed blood is conveyed by the
interlobular veins into the lobular venous plex-
uses, in which the lobular arteries probably
terminate after having nourished the secreting
ducts. From the mixed blood circulating
through the plexuses, the bile is secreted by
the lobular or secreting biliary plexuses.
The blood which enters the liver by the he-
patic artery fulfills three functions : it nourishes
the liver ; it supplies the excreting ducts with
mucus ; and, having performed these purposes,
it becomes venous, enters the branches of the
portal vein, and contributes to the secretion of
the bile. The portal vein fulfills two functions :
it conveys the blood from the artery, and the
mixed blood to the coats of the excreting ducts.
It has been called the vena arteriosa, because it
ramifies like an arteiy, and conveys blood for
secretion ; but it i3 an arterial vein in another
sense, being a vein to the hepatic artery, and an
artery to the hepatic vein. The hepatic veins
convey the blood from the lobular venous plex-
uses into the vena cava inferior.
Liver, granulated, hob-nailed, mammilla-
ted, tuberculated. See Cirrhosis.
Liver, inflammation of. See Hepatitis.
Liver of sulphur, l'otassii sulphuretum.
Liver spot. Cloasma.
Liverwort. Marchantia polymorpha.
Liverwort, American. Ilepatica ameri-
cana.
Liverwort, ash-colored. Lichen caninus.
Liverwort, ground. Lichen caninus.
Liverwort, Iceland. Cetraria islandica.
Liverwort, noble. Marchantia polymor-
pha.
Liverwort-tree. Lichen olivarius.
LIVIDI'TY. Lividilas. See Livor.
LI' VOR. (or, oris, m. ; from liveo, to be
black and blue.) Lividity. A dark color of
the skin of any part, produced by a bruise or
other cause. Certain states of the circulation
occasion lividity ; thus a part is livid when
about to pass from the state of erysipelas into
that of gangrene; and the complexion of the
face is livid in diseases which obstruct the pul
monary circulation.
LIX. (Lix, licis, f.) Ashes, or water mixed
with ashes. It is most frequently used to sig-
nify wood ashes.
Lixi'vial. (Lixivialis; from lix, wood-ash.)
Salts extracted by lixiviation.
LIXIVIA'TION. Lixiviatio. The process
of dissolving, by warm water, the saline and
soluble particles of cinders or ashes.
Lixi'vium. A ley.
Lixivium baponarium. L. caustimm. See
Potassec liquor.
Lixivium tartari. See Potassce subcarbon-
atis liquor.
Ln. Lanthanum.
Loadstone. The magnet, especially the nat.
ural magnet.
Loa'thing. Disgust.
407
LOC
Lobate. Lobatus. Lobed. Divided into
segments or lobes.
Lobe. Lobus.
Lobed leaf. Lobate.
LOBE'LIA. (a, ce, f.) 1. The lobelia in-
flata. (U.S.). 2. A genus of plants. Synge-
nesia. Monogamia. Lobeliacea. — L. cardinalis.
Cardinal flower. The root of this is esteemed
vermifuge. — L. infiata. Indian tobacco. Blad-
der-podded lobelia. It is a sedative, the opera-
tion of which is very similar to that of tobacco,
but is safer and more manageable. It has been
found very useful in some cases of asthma, and
has also been employed in other diseases of the
air passages, and as an arterial sedative in fevers,
as it acts in the same way as large doses of tar-
tarized antimony. It acts as an emetic in doses
of 3j. — L. syphilitica. Blue cardinal flower.
The root tastes like tobacco, and is emetic, and
a drastic purge. It has been used in decoction
as an anti-syphilitic. — L. tupa. This is a very
violent acnd poison. Even the odor of the
flowers is said to cause excessive vomiting. — L.
urens. This also is a very poisonous plant.
LOBE'LIACEjE. The lobelia tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants or
shrubs, with leaves alternate ; flowers, axillary
or terminal; stamens, syngenesious ; ovarium, in-
ferior ; fruit, capsular.
Lobe'line. Lobelina. A semi-fluid aromatic
and acrid body, found m Lobelia inflata, and said
to resemble nicotine.
Lobster. Cancer gammarus.
LO'BULUS. {us, i, m. ; diminutive of lobus,
alobe.) A small lobe. — L. accessor ins. •L.anon-
ymus. L. caudatus. L. Spigelii. See Liver.
Lobulus auris. The lower lobe of the ear.
Lobulus pneumogastricus. A lobule of the
cerebellum, near the origin of the eighth pair
of nerves.
Lobulus of the par vagum. A small tuft at
the inferior part of the cerebellum.
LO'BUS. (us, i, m.) A lobe ; the more or
less separate parts of which some of the viscera
are composed ; as glands, the ear, the liver, &c.
LOCAL. Localis. Belonging to a part and
not the whole. A common division of diseases
is into general and local.
LOCALES. (The plural of localis.) The
fourth class of Cullen's Nosology, which com-
prehends morbid affections that are partial, and
includes eight orders, viz., Dysesthesia; Dyso-
rexice, Dyscinesiw, Apocenoscs, Epischescs, Tu-
mores, Ectopia, and Dialyses.
Localis membrana. The pia mater.
LO'CHIA. (From Xo^cvw, to bring forth.)
The cleansings. A discharge from the uterus of
Smrturient women after labor. It is sanguineous
or three or four days, and afterward serous.
It lasts from fourteen to twenty-one days.
LOCHIORRHCE'A. (From Ao^ta, and peu,
to flow.) An excessive discharge of the lochia.
— Sugar.
Locked jaw. See Trismus.
LO'COMO'TION. Locomotio. (From locus,
a place, and moveo, to move.) The capacity of
moving from place to place.
LOCULAME'NTUM. (um,i, n.) In Botany,
means the space or cell between the valves and
partitions of a capsule.
408
LON .
Lo'culici'dal. When thefcursting of a cap
sule takes place along the dorsal suture of th»
carpels.
Lo'cus niger. A dark mark in the center of
the section of the eras cerebri.
Lo'cus perforatus. Pons Tar ini. A gray-
ish substance situated between the crura cere-
bri, and much perforated by vessels.
LOCU'STA. 1. The spikelet of grasses. 2.
Valeriana locusta.
Logwood. Haematoxylon campechianum.
Lohoch. Looch. Loch. A linctus.
LOIMIC. (Loimicus ; from "Kol/jloc, a pesti-
lence.) Appertaining to a pestilence.
Loins. The lumbar region of the back.
Lomenta'ce.e. An order of plants in Lin-
nams's Fragments, consisting of such as have
legumes and not papilionaceous corollas.
Lomenta'ceous. Lomcntaceus. Of the na-
ture of a lomentum.
LOME'NTUM. 1. A Latin name for the
meal of beans. 2. Bread made of such meal.
3. The name of a pigment used by the ancients.
4. In Botany, a bivalve pericardium, divided
into cells by very small partitions, never lateral
like those of the legume.
Lonchi'tis. Asplenium ceterach.
Longaon. Longanon. The rectum.
LONGE'VITY. Longccvitas. The prolonga-
tion of life to a period much above 70 years.
According to the tables of mortality of Phdadel-
phia, only one in 100 attain an age over 100'
years. In modern times, Thomas Parr reached
152; Henry Jenkins, 169; Peter Torten, 185;
John Roriu and wife, 172 and 164 ; and it would
appear that the longevity of the moderns is
greater than that of the ancients ; but this is a
matter which must remain in doubt, from the
want of sufficient data.
LO'NGING. A common phrase for the ca-
pricious appetite of some nervous women during
uterine gestation. When it is not manifested for
injurious articles, it is well to gratify the long-
ing, lest the woman should become nervous
and distressed f>y it ; but a taste for alcoholic
drinks, frequently assumed at this time, should
not be encouraged.
LONGI'SSIMUS. The longest. Parts are so
named from their length, compared to that of
others ; as longissimus dorsi, &c.
Longissimus dorsi. This muscle, which
is somewhat thicker than the sacro-lumbalis,.
arises with that muscle between it and the
spine. It ascends upward along the spine, and
is inserted by small double tendons into the
posterior and inferior part of all the transverse
processes of the vertebra; of the back. From
its outside it sends off several bundles of fleshy
fibres, interspersed with a few tendinous fila-
ments, which are usually inserted into the lower
edge of the ten uppermost ribs, not far from
their tubercles. The use of this muscle is to
extend the vertebral of the back, and to keep
the trunk of the body erect ; by means of its
appendage it likewise serves to turn the neck
obliquely backward, and a little to one side.
Longissimus femoris. The sartorius.
Longissimus manus. Flexor tertii internodii
pollicis.
Longissimus oculi. Obliquus superioroculi
LOP
LONGITU'DINAL. Longitudinalis. Parts
are so named from their direction.
Longitudinal sinus. Longitudinal sinus of
the dura mater. A triangular canal, proceed-
ing in the falciform process of the dura ma-
ter, immediately under the bones of the skull,
from the crista galli to the tentorium, where it
branches into the lateral sinuses. The longitu-
dinal sinus has a number of fibres crossing it,
which are called Chorda Willisii. Its use is to
receive the blood from the veins of the pia
mater, and convey it into the lateral sinuses, to
be carried through the internal jugulars to the
heart. The inferior longitudinal sinus is that
situated along the lower edge of the falx. It
receives blood from the falx, corpus callosum,
&c., and discharges it into the torcula Herophili.
Long-sightedness. See Presbyopia.
LO'NGUS. Long. In Anatomy, some parts
are so named from their comparative length ;
as longus colli, &c.
Longus colli. A muscle, situated close to
the anterior and lateral part' of the vertebra; of
the neck. Its outer edge is in part covered by
the rectus interims major. It arises, tendinous
and fleshy, within the thorax, from the bodies
of the threo superior vertebra; of the back, lat-
erally; from the bottom and fore part of the
transverse processes of the first and second ver-
tebra; of the back, and of the last vertebra; of
the neck ; and likewise from the upper and an-
terior points of the transverse processes of the
sixth, fifth, fourth, and third vertebra; of the
neck, by as many small, distinct tendons ; and
is inserted, tendinous, into the fore part of the
second vertebra of the neck, near its fellow.
This muscle, when it acts singly, moves the
neck to one side ; but, when both act, the neck
is brought directly forward.
LONICE'RA. (a, <c, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. — L. dieritilla. Dier-
villa. The young branches are employed as a
remedy in gonorrhoea and suppression of urine.
— L. pericli'menum. Common honey-suckle,
formerly used in the cure of asthma, for cleans-
ing sordid ulcers, and removing diseases of the
ekin.
LOOCH. Lohock. Alinctus. The French
Pharmacopoeia contains several of these, but
they are of no moment, being usually demul-
cent preparations for coughs, of which traga-
canth, yellow of egg, almonds, and the pectoral
syrups are the chief components.
Loose-strife. Lythrum salicaria.
Loose-strife, CREEPING. Lysimachia num-
mularia.
Looseness. Diarrhoea.
LO'PEZ. Radix lopeziana. Radix indica
lopeziana. The root of an unknown tree, grow-
ing, according to some, at Goa. It appears
that this medicine has been remarkably effect-
ual in stopping colliquative diarrhoeas, which
had resisted the usual remedies. Those attend-
ing the last stage of consumptions were partic-
ularly relieved by its use. It seemed to act,
not by an astringent power, but by a faculty of
restraining and appeasing spasmodic and inor-
dinate motions of the intestines. Dr. Gaubius
compares its action to that of simarouba, but
thinks it more efficacious.
LOT
Lopha'dia. Lophia. The first vertebra of
the neck.
Loqua'city. A symptom in hysteria and
slight mental affections.
Loquela abolita. Aphonia.
LORDO'SIS. (Aopdwtric; from hopdoe, curv-
ed, bent.) A curvature of the spine forward.
— Hippocrates.
Lori'ca. A kind of lute, with which vessels
were coated before they were put into the
fire.
Lorind matricis. An imaginary epilepsy
of the womb.
LOTIO. (o, onis, f.) A lotion.
Lotio acidi pyrolignei. Lotion of pyrolig-
neous acid. |L Acid, pyrolign., 3\j. ; aq. dis-
tillat., fvj. Misce. This is injected into the
meatus auditorius by Mr. Buchanan for the
purpose of improving the secretion within the
passage, and stopping morbid discharge from
it. (See his Illustrations of Acoustic Surgery,
8vo, Lond., 1825.) In particular cases, attend-
ed with much irritability, ho uses the following
formula : R-. Plumbi acet., gr. x. ; acid, pyro-
lign., gutt. xx. ; aq. distillat., ?vj. Misce.
Lotio aluminis. Alum lotion. JL Aluminis,
§ ss. ; aquae distillatae, Ibj. Misce. Sometimes
used as an astringent injection, sometimes as
an application to inflamed parts.
Lotio ammonia acetatis. Lotion of acetate
of ammonia. $. Liq. ammon. acetatis; spirit,
vin. rectif. ; aqua; distillata;, sing., 3iv. Misce.
Properties discutient.
Lotio ammonus hydrochloratis. Lotion of
sal ammoniac, or muriate of ammonia. A strong
lotion, of 5j. to f ij. of the salt to f. f xij. of water,
is a resolvent and discutient wash, and applied
to contusions, ecchymoses, white swellings, tu-
mors, chilblains, &c. A weaker lotion,, of 3j.
to jiv. of the salt to Oj. of water, is used as a
wash in itch, to ulcers, and as an injection in
leucorrhcea and gonorrhoea.
Lotio ammonije muriatis cum aceto. Lo-
tion of muriate of ammonia and vinegar. R-.
Ammon. mur., f ss. ; aceti, alcohol, sing., ibj.
Misce. This is one of the most efficacious dis-
cutient lotions. It is, perhaps, the best applica-
tion for promoting the absorption of extravasa-
ted blood in cases of ecchymosis, contusions,
sprains, &c.
Lotio ammonia opiata. Lotion of ammonia
and opium. R-. Spiritus ammon. comp., 3iiiss. ;
aquae distillata;, 3iv. ; tinct. opii, gss. Misce.
Applied by Kirkland to some suspicious swell-
ings in the breast, soda and bark being also given
internally.
Lotio boracis. Lotion of borax. R-. Bora-
cis, 3J. ; aq. simplicis, jiiis. ; spir. vinos., 5S8.
Misce. This lotion is recommended by Sir
Astley Cooper as one of the best applications to
sore nipples.
Lotio calcis composita. Black wash. Add
about 3J. of calomel to a pint of lime-water, and
shake the mixture well. When used, the black
powder of oxide of mercury should be shaken
up, for its properties depend on this. It is a
favorite application to venereal sores, and for
this purpose may be made much stronger. It
is also useful in ringworm and other cutaneous
affections.
409
LOU
Lotio flava. L. phagedenica. See Yellow
wash.
Lotio gall.e. Lotion of gall nuts. ft. Gal-
laruin contusarum, 3IJ. ; aquae ferventi.s, Ibj. To
be macerated one hour, and strained. This as-
tringent lotion is sometimes used with the view
of removing the relaxed state of the parts, in
cases of prolapsus ani, prolapsus uteri, &c.
Lotio het.leboei albi. Lotion of veratrum
album. ft. Decocti hellebori albi, Ibj.; potassie
sulphured, gss. ; ol. lavend., gutt. iv. Misce.
Occasionally applied to tinea capitis, and some
other cutaneous diseases.
Lotio iiydrargyri amygdalixa. Amygda-
line lotion of corrosive sublimate. ft. Amygda-
liirum amarum, fij. ; aqua; distill., Ibij. ; hy-
drarg. oxymuriatis, 9j. Rub down the almonds
with the water, which is to be gradually pour-
ed on them; strain the liquor, and then add
the oxynmriate of mercury. This will cure
several cutaneous affections.
Lotio hydrargyri oxymuriatis. Lotion of
corrosive sublimate. ft. Hydrargyri oxymuri-
atis, gr. ijss. ; arabiei guninii, gss. ; aqua) dis-
tillate, Ibj. Misce.
Lotio hydrargyri oxymuriatis composita.
Compound lotion of corrosive sublimate, ft.
Hydrarg. oxymur., gr. x. ; aq. distillat. bullien-
tis, Jss. ; tinct. canthar., §ss. Misce. Applied
by Dr. H. Smith to scrofulous swellings.
Lotio nigra. Lotio phagedenica mitis. See
Lotto calcis composita.
Lotio opii. Opium lotion. ft. Opii purif.,
yss. ; aqua; distillata;, Ibj. Misce. A good ap-
plication to irritable, painful ulcers. It is best
to dilute it, especially at first.
Lotio picis. Compound lotion of tar. R.
Pieifl liquid©, fiv. ; calcis, §vj. ; aqu;e ferventis,
Ibiij . To be boiled till half the water is evap-
orated. The rest is then to be poured off for
use. This ajiplication is sometimes employed
in tinea capitis, and for the removal of an exten-
sive redness frequently surrounding old ulcers
of the legs, in persons whose constitutions are
impaired by copious porter-drinking, gluttony,
and other forms of intemperance.
Lotio plumbi acetatis. Lotion of acetate
of lead. ft. Liq. plumbi acet., sij. ; aq. distill.,
Ibij.; spirit, vinos, tenuioris, sij. The first and
last ingredients are to be mixed before the wa-
ter is added. Tho common white wash; an
application universally known.
Lotio potassii sulphureti. Lotion of sul-
phuret of potassium, ft. Potassii sulph., 3ij. ;
aqme distill., Ibj.; ol. lavend., gutt. iv. Misce.
Used in cases of porrigo, psoriasis, lepra, &c.
Lotio zinci sulphatis. Lotion of sulphate
of zinc. R. Zinci sulphatis, 31J.; aq. ferventis,
Ibj. Misce. Sometimes used in lieu of the
lotio plumbi acet. It forms a good astringent
application for a variety of cases. When diluted
with one additional pint of water, it is the com-
mon injection for gonorrhoea.
LO'TION. {Lotio, onie, f . ; from lavo, to
wash.) An external fluid application or wash.
Lotions are usually applied by wetting linen
with them, and keeping it on the part affected.
Loti'um. A Latin name of urine.
Louse. See Pediculus.
Lousi'ness. See Phthiriasis.
410
LUM
Lovage. Ligusticum levisticum.
Love-apple. Solanum lycopersicum. Tho
tomato.
Low spirits. Hypochondriasis.
Loxa bark. See Cinchona barks, various.
LOXA'RTHROS. (From Aofoc, oblique,
and apdpov, a joint.) Loxarthrus. An obliquity
of the joint, or wrong position of the parts form-
ing a joint, without dislocation or spasm, as in
the case of a club foot.
Lo'xia. Wry neck.
Lozenge. See Trochiscus.
LU'CID. Liicidus. Clear; transparent. In
Medicine, applied to the intervals of quiet and
apparent reason in mental affections; as lucid
interval.
Lu'dus HELMONTii. Lvdus Paracclsi. 1. A
species of marl formerly believed to be effica-
cious in calculous disorders. 2. A calculus from
the human bladder.
LU'ES. {es, is, f. ; from Xvu, to dissolve, be-
cause it produces dissolution.) 1. A pestilence
or poison. 2. Syphilis.
Lues deieica. Epilepsy.
Lues indica. Frambojsia.
Lues neurodes. A typhus fever.
Lues venerea. Syphilis.
Lugol's preparations of iodine. See Io-
dine.
Lu'jula. Oxalis acetosella.
LUMBA'GO. (o, inis, f. ; from lumbus, the
loin.) A rheumatic affection of the muscles
about the loins.
LUMBAR. Lumbalis. Belonging to the
loins ; as lumbar region, &c.
Lumbar abscess. Psoas abscess. The ab-
scess sometimes forms a swelling about Pou-
part's ligament; sometimes below it; and fre*
quently the matter glides under the fascia of the
thigh. Occasionally it makes its way through
the sacro-ischiatic foramen, and assumes rather
the appearance of a fistula in ano. The uneasi-
ness in the loins, and the impulse communicated
to the tumor by coughing, evince that the dis-
ease arises in the lumbar region ; but it must be
confessed that we can hardly ever know the
existence of the disorder, before the tumor, by
presenting itself externally, leads us to such in-
formation. The lumbar abscess is sometimes
connected with diseased vertebra, which may
either be a cause or effect of the collection of
matter. The disease, however, is frequently
unattended with this complication.
The situation of the symptoms of lumbar ab-
scess renders this affection liable to be mis-
taken for some other, viz., lumbago and nephrit-
ic pains, and, toward its termination, for crural
or femoral hernia. The first, however, is not
attended with the shivering that occurs here ;
and nephritic complaints are generally discov-
erable by attention to the state of the urine.
The distinction from crural hernia is more dif-
ficult. In both, a soft, inelastic swelling is felt
in the same situation ; but in hernia it is attend-
ed with obstructed faeces, vomiting, &c, and its
appearance is always sudden, while the lumbar
tumor is preceded by various complaints before
its appearance in the thigh. In a horizontal
posture, the abscess, also, totally disappears,
while the hernia does not. If it be discovered
LUN
before the formation of pus, blisters, counter-
irritation, moxas, and leeches are to be used to
prevent suppuration, otherwise the matter is to
be discharged, and restoratives used to sustain
the strength.
Lumbar plexus. It is formed of the anteri-
or branches of the first four lumbar nerves.
Lumbar region. Rcgio lumbalis. The loins.
Lumbaris externus. Qundratus lumborum
muscle.
Lumbarus ixtkrxis. Psoas magnus muscle.
Lumbo-sacral. Belonging to the lumbar
and sacral regions.
LUMBKICA'LIS. (From lumbricus, the
earth-worm.) Kesembliug the earth-worm.
An epithet of certain muscles.
Lumbricales manus. Fidicinalcs. The
small flexors of the fingers which assist the
bending the fingers when the long flexors are
111 full action. They arise, thin and fleshy, from
the outside of the tendons of the flexor profun-
dus, a little above the lower edge of the carpal
ligaments, and are inserted by long, slender
tendons into the outer sides of the broad tendons
of the interosseal muscles, about the middle of
the first joints of the fingers.
Lumbricales pedis. Four muscles like the
former, that increase the flexion of the toes, and
draw them inward.
Lumbricoi'des. Like the lumbricus.
LUMBRI'CUS. The common earth-worm,
and the long, round worm which inhabits the
intestines of man and other animals. See En-
tozoa.
Lumbricus terrestris. The earth-worm.
Lumbus veneris. Achillea millefolium.
LUNA, (a, ce, f. ; the moon. ) The alchem-
ical name of silver.
Luna cornea. Chloride of silver.
Luna fixata. Oxide of zinc.
Lunar caustic. Argenti nitras.
LUNA'RE OS. One of the bones of the car-
pus ; so named from its shape.
Lunaria. Ophioglossum lunaria.
Lunaria rediviva. Bulbonach. A plant
formerly esteemed as a warm diuretic.
Lu'nate. Crescent shaped.
LU'NATIC. (Lunaticns; from lima, the
moon.) Applied, 1. Adjectively, to any disease
supposed to be influenced by the changes of
the moon. 2. Substantively, to a maniac.
Lunatus. Lunulatus.
LUNG. Pulmo. The lung in the right cav-
ity of the chest is divided into three lobes, that
in the left cavity into two. They hang in the
chest, attached at their superior part to the
neck by means of the trachea, and are separated
by the mediastinum. They are also attached
to the heart by means of the pulmonary vessels.
The substance of the lungs is of four kinds, viz.,
vesicular, vascular, bronchial, and parenchyma-
tous. The vesicular substance is composed of
the air cells. The vascular invests those cells
like a network. The bronchial is formed by
the ramifications of the bronchia throughout the
lungs, having the air cells at their extremities ;
and the spongy substance that connects these
parts is termed the parenchyma. The lungs
are covered with a fine membrane, a reflection
of the pleura, called plettra-pulmonalis. The
LUP
internal surface of the air cells is covered with
a very fine, delicate, and sensible mucous mem-
brane, which is continued from the larynx
through the trachea and bronchia. T he arteries
of the lungs are the bronchial, a branch of the
aorta, and the pulmonary, which circulates the
blood through the air cells to undergo a certain
change. The pulmonary veins return the blood
that has undergone this change, by four trunks,
into the left auricle of the heart. The bron-
chial veins terminate in the vena azygos. The
nerves of the lungs are from the eighth pair and
great intercostal, through the pulmonary plexus.
The absorbents are of two orders : the superfi-
cial, and the deep-seated ; the former are more
readily detected than the latter. The glands
of these viscera are called bronchial. They are
muciparous, and situated about the bronchia.
In youth the lungs are of a light red color,
or grayish ; but they become ol a bluish and
darker color with age, and appear marbled, ex-
hibiting numerous spots of black matter. The
lungs of an infant which has breathed float in
water, but this is not the case if it has not
respired. See Docimasia.
Lung-wort. Pulmonaria officinalis.
Lung-wort-trke. Lichen pulmonarius.
Lunulari.s. See Lunulatus.
Lunula'tus. Lunatus. Lunularis. Lunu-
late : crescent-shaped, or half-moon-like.
LU'PIA. (From Xvneu, to molest.) 1. A
genus of disease, including encysted tumors,
the contents of which are of a pultaceous con-
sistence; as mcliccris, atheroma, steatoma, and
osteosteatoma.
Lupino's us. The poirigo lupinosa.
LUPI'NUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Diadclphia. Decandria. Leguminosce. — L.
albus. The white lupin. The seed was used
as food. It is occasionally exhibited to remove
worms, and made into poultices.
LU'PULIN. Lupuline. The yellow, frag-
rant matter of hops, supposed to be the pollen.
Lu'pulus. Humulus lupulus.
LU'PUS. (us, i, m. ; a wolf.) 1. A malig-
nant disease of the face, otherwise called noli
me tangere. See Noli vie tangere. 2. The term
was intended by Dr. Willan to comprise, to-
gether with the " noli me tangere," affecting
the nose and lips, other slow tubercular affec-
tions, especially about the face, commonly
ending in ragged ulcerations of the cheeks,
forehead, eyelids, and lips, and sometimes oc-
curring in other parts of the body, where they
gradually destroy the skin and muscular parts
to a considerable depth. Sometimes the dis-
ease appears in the cheek circularly, or in the
form of a sort of ringworm, destroying the sub-
stance, and leaving a deep and deformed cica-
trix: other parts are occasionally the seat of
this disease.
By the knife or the caustic, a separation has
sometimes been made of the morbid from the
sound parts, and the progress of the disease
arrested. And in some cases, where the ulcer-
ation was very slow, and unaccompanied by
much inflammation, the internal use of arsenic
has been found beneficial.
Lupus cancrosus. Cancer.
Lupus vorax. Herpes exedens.
411
LYC
Lurid. Luridus. 1. A pale yellowish-pur-
ple color. 2. Ghastly.
Lu'rid.«. An order of plants in Linnseus's
Fragments, consisting of those which are highly
poisonous, as Datura, Solarium, Nicotiana.
LU'SCITAS. (From luscus, blind of one
eye.) Beer gives this name to a distortion of
the eyeball which resembles squinting, but
differs from it in the inability to move the af-
fected eye when the other is closed.
LUSUS NATURAE. A sport of nature; a
monster.
Lute. Lutum.
Lutea corpora. Corpus luteum.
Lute'ola. Reseda luteola.
Lute'oline. The yellow coloring matter of
the Reseda luteola is thus named by Chevreuil.
Lu'teus. Yellow.
Lu'trum. Aovrpov. A bath. Also, an oph-
thalmic medicine.
LU'TUM. (um, i, n. ; the Latin for clay or
mud.) C amentum. Lute. A composition with
which chemical vessels were covered, to pre-
serve them from the violence of the fire, and to
close exactly their joinings.
LUXA'TION. (Luxatio ; from luxo, to put
out of joint.) A dislocation of a bone from its
proper cavity. See Dislocation.
Lyca'nche. Synonymous with cynanchc.
Lycanthro'pia. A species of melancholy,
in which the patients leave their houses in the
night, and wander about like wolves.
Lychnis segetum. Agrostemma githago.
Lyco'ctonum. A species of aconitum; aconite.
LYCOPE'RDON. 1. Lycoperdon bovista.
2. A genus of fungi. — L. bovista. The puff-
ball. A round or egg-shaped fungus. It dries
internally into a very fine, light brownish dust,
which is used by some to stop hemorrhages. —
L. cervinum. Deer-ball has the character of
being aphrodisiac. — L. tuber. The truffle, or
Tuber cibarium. A solid fungus, of a globular
iigure, which grows under the surface of the
ground, and attains the size of a potato. It
has a rough, blackish coat, and is destitute of
fibres. There are several species, all of a
grateful flavor, esteemed by connoisseurs.
L y c o p e'r sicum. Solanum lycopersicum.
The tomato.
LYCOPO'DIUM. (um, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Cryptogamia. Lycopodiacca. — L. cla-
vatum. The club-moss. Lycopodium. This
plant affords a great quantity of sporules, which
are much esteemed in some places to sprinkle on
young children, to prevent excoriation. A de-
coction of the herb is said to be a specific in the
cure of the plica polonica. — L. selago. Upright
club-moss. The decoction of this plant acts
violently as a vomit and a purgative, and was
formerly employed to produce abortions.
LYCO'PSIS. (is, idis, f.) 1. A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. 2. The
pharmacopoDial name of the wall bugloss, /<>/«-
um agyptiacum, the Asperago ccgyptiaca of Will-
denow.
LY'COPUS. (us, i, in.) A genus of plants.
Diandria. Monogynia. Salviacem. — L. euro-
prnus. This plant is sometimes used as an as-
tringent. — L. virginicus is said to be a mild
anodyne.
412
L YM
Lycore'xia. Lycorexis. Morbid appetite.
Lye. An alkaline solution.
Ly'gmus. Avyfioc. The hiccough.
Lying in. Parturition.
LYMPH. Lympha. The liquid contained
in the lymphatic vessels. Two processes may
be employed to procure lymph. One is to lay
bare a lymphatic vessel, divide it, and receive
the liquid that flows from it ; but this is a meth-
od difficult to execute, and besides, as the lym-
phatic vessels are not always filled with lymph,
it is uncertain : the other consists in letting an
animal fast during four or five days, and then
extracting the fluid contained in the thoracic
duct.
The liquid obtained in either way has, at first,
a slightly opaline rose color. It has a strong,
spermatic odor ; a salt taste ; it sometimes pre-
sents a slight yellow tinge, and at other times
a red madder color.
But lymph does not long remain liquid ; it
coagulates. Its rose color becomes more deep,
an immense number of reddish filaments are
developed, irregularly arborescent, and very
analogous in appearance to the vessels spread
in the tissue of organs.
When we examine carefully the mass of
lymph thus coagulated, we find it formed of
two parts: the one solid, and forming a great
many globules, among which the liquid re-
mains.
The solid part of the lymph, which may be
called the clot, has much analogy with that of
the blood. It becomes red by the contact of
oxygen gas, and purple when plunged in car-
bonic acid.
The specific gravity of lymph is to that of
distilled water as 1022-28 to 1000-00.
Chevreuil analyzed the lymph of the dog.
Water 926-4
Fibrin 4-2
Albumen 61-0
Muriate of soda 6-1
Carbonate of soda 1-8
Phosphate of lime )
Phosphate of magnesia . . . > 0-5
Carbonate of lime )
Total 1000-0
Subsequent analysts have found some fat.
L'Heretier obtained -05 per cent.
Its specific gravity is greater than that of
water ; in consistence it is thin, and somewhat
viscid. The quantity in the human body appears
to be very great, as the system of the lymphatic
vessels forms no small part of it. The lym-
phatic vessels absorb this fluid from the tela
cellulosa of the whole body, from all the viscera,
and the cavities of the viscera ; and convey it
to the thoracic duct, to be mixed with the chyle.
1. The use of the lymph is to return the super-
fluous nutritious fluid from every part. 2. The
serous exudation of membranes is sometimes
improperly called lymph.
Ly'mphadenitis. Inflammation of a lym-
phatic gland.
Lymph cataract. Spurious cataract. See
Cataract.
Lymph globules. Lymph corpuscules. The
globules floating in lymph.
L YM
Lympha'ngiolo'gia. A treatise on the lym-
phatics.
LYMPHA'TIC. (Lymphaticus ; fromlympha,
lymph.) 1. Of the nature of lymph. 2. The
name of an absorbent vessel, that carries a
transparent fluid or lymph. The lymphatic
vessels of the human body arc small and trans-
parent, and originate in every part of the body.
With the lacteal vessels of the intestines, they
form what is termed the absorbent system. Their
termination is in the thoracic duct. See Ab-
sorbent, Lacteal, and Thoracic duct.
Lymphatics of the head and neck. — Absorbents
are found on the scalp and about the viscera of
the neck, which unite into a considerable branch,
that accompanies the jugular vein. Absorbents
have not been detected in the human brain.
The absorbents from the right side of the
head and neck and from the right arm pass
into the angle between the right subclavian
and the jugular vein, and form a trunk which
lies upon the light subclavian vein, and receives
a very considerable number of lymphatic ves-
sels from the right side of the head, thyroid
gland, neck, the arm, the right side of the thorax
and diaphragm, from the lungs of this side, and
from thti parts supplied by the mammary artery.
Both in this and in the great trunk there are
many valves.
Of the upper extremities. — The absorbents of
the upper extremities are divided into super-
ficial and deep-seated. The superficial absorb-
ents ascend under the skin of the hand in every
direction to the wrist, from whence a branch
proceeds upon the posterior surface of the fore-
arm to the head of the radius, over the internal
condyle of the humerus, up to the axilla, re-
ceiving several branches as it proceeds. An-
other branch proceeds from the wrist along the
anterior part of the forearm, and forms a nct-
Toork, with a branch coming over the ulna from
the posterior part, and ascends on the inside of
the humerus to the glands of the axilla. The
deep-sealed absorbents accompany the larger
blood-vessels, and pass through two glands about
the middle of the humerus, and ascend to the
glands of the axilla. The superficial and deep-
seated absorbents having passed through the ax-
illary glands, form two trunks, which unite into
one, to be inserted with the jugular absorbents
into the thoracic duct, at the angle formed by
the union of the subclavian with the Jugular
vein.
Lymphatics of the inferior extremities. — These
are also superficial and deep-seated. The su-
perficial ones lie between the skin and muscles.
Those of the toes and foot form a branch, which
ascends upon the back of the foot, over the
tendon of the cruraeus anticus, forms, with other
branches, a plexus above the ankles, then pro-
ceeds along the tibia over the knee, sometimes
passes through a gland, and proceeds up the
inside of the thigh to the subinguinal glands.
The deep-seated absorbents follow the course of
the arteries, and accompany the femoral artery,
in which course they pass through some glands
in the leg and above the knee, and then proceed
to some deep-seated subinguinal glands. The
absorbents from about the external part of the
• pubes proceed to the inguinal glands. The
LYS
subinguinal and inguinal glands send forth sev-
eral branches, which pass through the abdomi-
nal ring into the cavity of the abdomen.
Of the abdominal and thoracic viscera. — The
absorbents of the lower extremities accompany
the external iliac artery, where they are joined
by many branches from the uterus, urinary
bladder, spermatic cord, and some branches ac-
companying the internal iliac artery ; they then
ascend to the sacrum, where they form a plexus,
which proceeds over the psoas muscle, and,
meeting with the lactcals of the mesentery, form
the thoracic duct, or trunk of the absorbents,
which is of a serpentine form, about the size of
a crow-quill, and runs up the dorsal vertebra?,
through the posterior opening of the diaphragm,
between the aorta and vena azygos, to the angle
formed by the union of the left subclavian and
jugular veins. In this course it receives the
absorbents of the kidneys, which are superficial
and deep-seated, and unite as they proceed to-
ward the thoracic duct; and the absorbents of
the spleen, which are upon its peritoneal coat,
and unite with those of the pancreas — a branch
from the plexus of the vessels passing above
and below the duodenum, and formed by the
absorbents of the stomach, which come from
the lesser and greater curvature, and are united
about the pylorus with those of the pancreas
and liver, which converge from the external
surface and internal parts toward the porta? of
the liver, and also by several branches from the
gall-bladder.
Use of Lymphatics. — The office of these ves-
sels is to take up substances which are applied
to their mouths : thus the fluid of circumscribed
cavities, and of the cells Ojf' the cellular mem-
brane, are removed by the lymphatics of those
parts ; and thus mercury and other substances
are taken into the system when rubbed on the
skin.
Lymphatic gland. See Gland.
Lymphatic veins. The absorbents.
Lymphatics. Lymphatic system or vessels-
See Lymphatic.
Lymphiza'tio.v. The effusion of coagulable
lymph.
Lymphochk'zia. Serous diarrhoea.
Lympho'sis. The elaboration of lymph.
Lynch's embrocation. This consists of olivo
oil, scented with some volatile oils, and colored
with alkanet root.
Lyncu'rium. The tourmaline.
Lyngodes. A fever in which hiccough is a
prominent symptom. — Hippocrates.
Lypema'nia. Melancholy.
Lypo'ma. Lipoma.
LY'RA. (a, a, f. ; from Xvpa, a lyre, or mu-
sical instrument.) Psalterium. Corpus psaU
loides. The triangular medullary space be-
tween the posterior crura of the fornix of the
cerebrum, which is marked with prominent
medullary fibres, that give it the appearance
of a lyre.
LY'EATE. Lyratus. Lyre-shaped.
Ly'kus. Arnica montana.
Lysigy'ia. Relaxation of limbs. — Hippocro'
LYSIMA'CHIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. — L. nummu-
413
MAC
jtma,. Money- wort. It was formerly account-
ed vulnerary, and to possess antiscorbutic and
astringent qualities. — L. purpurea. Lythrum
salicaria.
Lysipnos. Avonrovog. The epithet of an
antidote, consisting of opium, henbane seeds,
mandrake, and other narcotics, &c.
LYSSA. (a, a. f. Avooa, rabies.) Hydro-
phobia.
MAG
Lyssode'ctus. One who labors under hy-
drophobia.
LY'THRUM. (wro,»,n.) A genus of plants.
Dodecandria. Digynia. — L. salicaria. Willow-
herb. The herb, root, and flowers possess a
considerable degree of astringency.
LYTTA. (a, a-, f.) The name of a genu*
of insects. See Cantharis.
M.
M.
Contraction for manipulus, a handful ;
and misce : thus m. f. /must, signifies mix, and
let a draught be made.
Macandou. (Javanese.) A tree growing
in Malacca, the fruit of which is roasted and
eaten as a cure for dysenteries, cholera mor-
bus, and other complaints. — Bontius.
Macapatli. Sars.iparilla.
MACARO'NI. A preparation from wheat,
containing an excess of gluten, and suitable as
a gluten bread, in diseases requiring that arti-
cle.
Mack. Ma'cis. See Myrislica moschata.
Macedonia* parsley. See Bubon.
Macedonicum seme v. Smyrnium olusatrum.
M A' C E R. The bark of the root of a tree
growing in Malabar. It is astringent, and used
against alvine fluxes. — Piso.
MAC ERA'TION. (Maccratio, onis, f. ; from
macero, to soften by water. ) An infusion, either
with or without heat, wherein the ingredients
are intended to be almost dissolved in order to
extract their virtues.
Macerona. Smyrnium olusatrum.
MACHAO'NIA ARS. Medicine has been
bo called from Machaon, the son of -Esculapius.
MA'CIES. (es, ci, f. ; from maceo, to grow
lean.) Emaciation. See Marasmus.
Mackarel. Scomber scomber.
MACRO-. A prefix (from fiaicpoc, large),
signifying magnitude, largeness. »
Macrobio'tic Long-lived.
Macroce'phalus. 1. Having a large head.
2. Physeter macrocephalus.
Macro'piper. Piper longum.
MACROPNCE'A. (a, a, f. ; from nattpoe,
long, and irveu, to breathe.) That 6tate of the
breathing in which the inspiration is long and
deep.
Macro'tys racemosa. Acetrea racemosa.
MA'CULA. (a, as, f.) A spot; a perma-
nent discoloration of some portion of the skin,
often with a change of its texture, but not con-
nected with any disorder of the constitution.
Macula germinativa. Nucleus germinati-
vus of Wagner.
Macula matricis. A mother's mark. See
Ncevus maternus.
Macula. An order of Dr. Willan's cutane-
ous diseases, which comprises those discolora-
tions of the skin which are permanent, and
most of which are the result of an alteration of
the natural texture of the part. It compre-
hends Epkelis, Ncevus, Opilus, and moles.
Macula hepatica. Cloasma.
Macula volatica. Pityriasis fugaz.
414
Macula'tk. Maculaius. Spotted.
Mad apple. Solatium melongena.
Madar. See Mudar.
MADARO'SIS. (is, eos, f. Madapomc; from
fiadapoc, bald or smooth.) Falling off" of the
hair, especially of the eye-lashes.
Madden's vegetable essence. This con-
sists chiefly of the Infusum rosm compositum,
with an increased proportion of acid.
Madder. Rubia tiuctorum.
MADEIRA, CLIMATE OF. This island is,
in the equability of its temperature, the most
desirable place known for the consumptive
where the necessary comforts can be procured.
Both the summer and winter are mild, and it is
therefore fitted for the permanent residence of
the patient.
Madness. Insanity.
Madness, canine. See Hydrophobia.
Ma'dor. Moisture. A sweating.
Madwort, Galen's. See Marrubium.
Magellanicus cortex. See Wintera.
Maggot pimple. Acne punctata.
Magisterium plumbi. Carbonate of lead.
MA'GISTERY. (Magisterium, ii, n. ; from
magister, a master.) Magistery. A term used
by the old chemists to signify a peculiar and
secret method of preparing any medicine, as it
were, by a masterly process. The term was
also long applied to all precipitates.
Magistery of bismuth. The sub nitrate of
bismuth. See Bismuth.
Magistra'l. Extemporaneous.
MAGISTRA'LIS. Such medicines as are
prescribed extemporaneously.
MA'GMA. (a, atis, n. ; from uacow, to blend
together.) 1 . A thick ointment. 2. The dregs
of any thing after the thinner parts are strained
off'. 3. A confection.
MA'GNES. A loadstone or magnet.
Magnes arsenicalis. Arsenical magnet. A
composition of equal parts of antimony, sulphur,
and arsenic, mixed and melted together so as
to become a glassy body.
Magnes epilepsia. Native cinnabar.
MAGNE'SIA. (a, a, f.) 1. The ancient
chemists gave this name to such substances as
they conceived to have the power of attracting
any principle from the air. 2. The name of
one of the alkaline earths, having a metallic ba-
sis, called magnesium.
■ Magnesia calcinata. See Magnesia usta.
Magnesia, Henry's. A preparation of the
calcined magnesia, remarkable for its condens-
ed state.
Magnesia usta. M. calcinata. M. pu-
MAG
ra. Calcined magnesia. The protoxide of
magnesium. A white, very sparingly soluble,
earthy body, with slight alkaline reaction. It
forms a hydrate with water, and readily neu-
tralizes most acids. Symbol, MgO ; eq., 20*67 ;
sp. gr., 2-3. It is readily -obtained by heating
common magnesia to redness.
It is given as an absorbent and antacid in
cardialgia, spasms, convulsions, and tormina of
the bowels of infants ; pyrosis, flatulencies, and
other diseases of the prima via; ; constipation,
leucorrhcea, rickets, scrofula, crusta lactea, and
podagra. The dose for an adult is from a scru-
ple to a drachm.
Magnesia VITRIOL AT a. See Magnesia: sul-
phas.
Magnesia water. Aerated magnesian wa-
ter. Fluid magnesia. This is made by mixing
half an ounce of carbonate of magnesia with
one gallon of water, and impregnating it with
ten times its volume of carbonic acid gas, by
means of a forcing pump. It is a good antacid,
and the carbonic acid it contains renders it a
salutary stimulant to the stomach.
MagnesijE carbonas. Magnesia subcarbo-
nas. Magnesia alba. Carbonate of magnesia.
It may be made as follows : Take of sulphate
of magnesia, four pounds; carbonate of soda,
four pounds and eight ounces ; distilled water,
four gallons. Dissolve the carbonate of soda
and the sulphate of magnesia separately in two
gallons of the water, and strain ; then mix, and
boil the liquors, stirring constantly with a spat-
ula for a quarter of an hour; lastly, pour off
the liquors, and wash the precipitated powder
with boiling distilled water, and dry it. It is in
the form of very fine powder, considerably re-
sembling flour in its appearance and feel ; it has
no sensible taste on the tongue ; it gives a faint
greenish color to the tincture of violets, and
converts turnsole to a blue. It is employed
medicinally as an absorbent, antacid, and pur-
fative, in doses of from half a drachm to two
rachms.
Magnesije sulphas. Sulphas magnesias pu-
rificata. Magnesia vitriolata. Sal calharticus
amariis. Sal catharticum amarum. Sulphate
of magnesia. Epsom salt. Bitter purging salt.
This salt exists in several mineral springs, as
that of Epsom, from which it was formerly ob-
tained : it is now afforded, however, in greater
abundance and more pure, from the bittern left
after the extraction of salt from sea-water.
When pure, it crystallizes in small quadrangu-
lar prisms, terminated by quadrangular pyra-
mids or dihedral summits. Its taste is cool
and bitter. It is very soluble, requiring only
an equal weight of cold water, and three fourths
its weight of hot. It effloresces in the air,
though but slowly. If it attracts moisture, it
contains muriate of magnesia or of lime. Ex-
posed to heat, it dissolves in its own water of
crystallization, and dries, but is not decom-
posed nor fused but with extreme difficulty.
Epsom salt is a mild purgative, operating
with sufficient efficacy, and in general with
ease and safety, rarely occasioning any gripes,
or the other inconveniences of resinous purga-
tives. Six or eight drachms may be dissolved
in a proper quantity of common water, or four,
MAG
five, or more in a pint or quart of the purging
mineral waters. These solutions may likewise
be so managed, in small doses, as to produce
evacuation from the other emunctories : if the
patient be kept warm, they increase perspira-
tion, and, by moderate exercise in the cool air r
the urinary discharge. Some allege that this
salt has a peculiar effect in allaying pain, as in
colic, even independently of evacuation.
MAGNE'SIUM. The white, malleable, and
fusible metallic base of magnesia. Sym., Ms. ;
eq., 12-69.
Magnesium, oxide of. Magnesia.
Magnesium, chloride of. This has been
recommended as a saline aperient in the dose
of an ounce, but is less useful than the sulphate
of magnesia.
MAGNET. (Magncs, efis, m. Mayvnc,
fiayvnTnc.) The loadstone. See Magnetism
and Electricity.
Magnetic oxide of iron. The mixed prot-
oxide and peroxide, or ferroso-ferric oxide of
iron, remarkable for its magnetic properties.
MA'GNETISM. There are some native ox-
ides of iron which have the remarkable prop-
erty of attracting iron. These are called load-
stones, magnetic iron ores, or natural magnets.
If a bar of tempered steel be rubbed in a
certain direction with a loadstone, it acquires a
similar property of attracting iron, and perma-
nently retains this property. If a slender bar
of iron be rendered magnetic, and poised on a
fulcrum, or suspended by a thread, so as to ad-
mit of free horizontal motion, it will vibrate
north and south. The ends so directed are
called its north and south poles.
A temporary magnet is that made of soft or
pure iron, around which a current of electricity
or galvanism is made to circulate along a spiral
wire. It attains great power for the time that
the fluid passes only, and may bo made and
broken with astonishing frequency.
Magnetism, animal. Mesmerism. A hy-
pothesis that the action of the nervous fluid of
one person can be made to control that of an-
other, causing him to lose consciousness ia
part, and act and think like his maguetizer,
&c, &c. Nothing of the kind can be done ;
but very nervous persons can be thrown into a
nervous condition resembling sleep, hysteria,
or catalepsy. The maguetizer proceeds by
motions of his hands, or passes.
MAGNETO-ELECTRICITY. Magneto-elec-
tric induction. The electrical current induced
in a spiral or helix of wire, in the center of
which a fixed or temporaiy magnet is intro-
duced. A capital magneto-electric machine by
Clark is made for medical purposes.
MAGNO'LIA. (a, ce, f.) A genus of handsome
flowering trees. Polyandria. Polygynia. Mag-
noliaccai. The Magnolia glauca, M. acuminata,
and M. tripctala are officinal, and the magnifi-
cent M. grandifolia is equally entitled to no-
tice. The bark, and especially that from the
root, is, when fresh, aromatic, pungent, and
bitter ; and in doses of a drachm, frequently
given, has been found serviceable in intermit*
tents, especially where a typhoid tendency ex-
isted. It is gently stimulant, tonic, and diapho-
retic, and may be used in the form of dilute
415
MAL
tincture, and powder of the fresh root; but
drying and infusion impair its virtues.
Magnum dei bonum. Cinchona bark.
MAGNUM OS. The third bone of the low-
er row of bones of the carpus, reckoning from
the thumb toward the little finger.
Magy'daris. The root of the laserwort.
Mahagony. Mahagoni. Swietenia maha-
goni.
Mahaleb. A species of cherry.
Mahmoudy. Scammony.
Mahy's plaster. The United States Phar-
macopoeia substitutes for this the Emplaslrum
plumbi carbonatis.
Maidenhair. M., Canada. M., English.
See Adiantum.
Maidenhair, black. M., common. See^ls-
plenium.
Maidenhair, golden. See Polytrichum.
Maidenhair-tree. Ginan itsio. The Ging-
ko biloba. In China and Japan, the fruit is said
to promote digestion, and to purge. The oil
is used at the table.
Maize. Indian corn. Zea mays.
Majanthemum. Convallaria majalis.
Majora'na. Origanum majorana.
Majorana syriaca. Teucrium marum.
MAL. (French.) A disease.
Mal de la rosa. Rosa asturica. Lepra as-
turica. A disease endemic in the Asturias. It
appears to be a variety of pellagra.
Mal dk San Laza'ro. A severe leprosy,
common in the southern islands of the West
Indies, Colombia, and the upper portion of
South America.
Mal de Siam. Yellow fever.
Mal del Sole. Pellagra.
Mal des ardens. The name of a pestilen-
tial erysipelas or carbuncle, which was endemic
in France in the twelfth century.
Mal rouge de Cayenne. Cayenne lepi'osy.
A disease which commences with an eruption
<jf red spots, and in the progress of which the
body becomes covered with fungous ulcers of a
red color. It appears to be allied to elephan-
MA'LA. (a,*, I) The cheek.
Malabar plum. Eugenia jambos.
Malabathri oleum. Oil of cassia.
Malaba'thrinum unguentum. It is com-
pounded of myrrh, spikenard, malabatllrum,
and many other aromatic ingredients.
Malaba'thrum. The leaf of the cassia.
Malacca bean. Avicennia tomentosa.
Malacca radix. Sagittaria alexipharmica.
Malacence'phalon. Simple softening of
the brain, without change of structure. — Crag-
gie.
Ma'lache. Malva sylvestris.
MALA'CIA. (a, a, f. ; from /lakaKOc, soft ;
effeminate.) Longings. Whimsical or depraved
appetite, such as sometimes occurs in pregnant
women, chlorotic girls, &c.
MALACO'SIS. (From fialaiioc, soft.) Soft-
ening. Mollities. A generic term for those
diseases in which the most prominent patho-
logic result is softening.
MALACO'STEON. {urn, i, n. ; from (lala-
koc, soft, and ooteov, a bone.) A softness of
the bones. Mollities ossium. A disease of the
416
MAL
bones, wherein they can be bent without frac-
turing them, in consequence either of the inor-
dinate absorption of the phosphate of lime, or
from its want. In rickets, the bones only yield
and become distorted by slow degrees ; but in
the present disease they may be at once bent
in any direction. All the cases of this dis-
ease on record have proved fatal, no means of
cure having yet been found. On dissection of
those who have died, all the bones, except the
teeth, have been found unusually soft, so that
scarcely any of them could resist the knife ; the
periosteum has been found thicker than usual ;
and the bones have been found to contain a
great quantity of oily matter and little earth.
Mala'ctica. Emollient remedies.
Malaguetta pepper. Grains of paradise.
MALA'GMA. (a, atis, n. MaAay/za; from
juaTiaoo-u, to soften.) A cataplasm or emollient
application.
MALA'R. Malaris. (From mala, the cheek.)
Relating to the cheek ; as malar bone, malar
process.
MALA'MBO BARK. Matias bark. The
bark of a tree of Colombia, South America,
used as a substitute for cinchona.
MALA'RIA. The Italian name for marsh
miasm : hence malarious.
Malarum ossa. Mala; os. See Jugale os.
Ma'late. Malas. A salt of malic acid.
MA'LE. 1. The masculine species of ani-
mals. 2. Ma at/. The arm-pit.
Male fern. Aspidium filix mas.
Male impotency. See Sterility.
Male orchis. Orchis mascula.
Male speedwell. Veronica officinalis.
MALFORMATION. Malformatio. A devi-
ation from the normal development. This
may be either from deficiency, from excess, from
displacement, or from irregular growth.
Male'ic acid. A volatile crystalline acid,
obtained by distilling malic acid. It is bibasic.
form., C 8 H 2 6 ,2HO, and is isomeric with the
aconitic acid.
MALIC ACID. Acidnm malicum. The
acid of apples, pears, &c. It is colorless, deli-
quescent, soluble in alcohol and water, and has
not been crystallized. It is bibasic. Formula,
C 8 H„0 8 +2HO.
MALI'GNANT. Malignus. A term applied
to pestilential fevers, and to local diseases of an
incurable nature, as cancer and fungus harnia-
todes.
Malignant fever. See Typhus.
Malignant sore throat. See Tonsillitis.
Malingerer. A soldier feigning disease.
MALIS. Maliasmus. A diseased condition
of the skin, produced by parasitical insects.
The species are : M. pedicuii. Lousiness. — M.
dracunculi. M. filarice. The Guinea-worm
disease. — M. acari. Tick bites.
MALLEABI'LITY. (Malleabilitas ; from
malleus, a hammer.) The property which sev-
eral metals possess of being extended under
the hammer into thin plates.
Malleamothe. Pavctte. Pavate. Erysip-
elas curans arbor. A shrub which grows in
Malabar. The leaves, boiled in palm oil, cure
the impetigo; the root, powdered and mixed
with ginger, is diuretic.
MAL
MALLE A'TIO. A form of chorea, in which
the person has a convulsive action of one or
both hands, which strike the knee like a hammer.
Mallei anterior. M. cxternus. The laxa-
tor tympani muscle.
Mallei internus. The tensor tympani.
MALLE'OLAR. Malleolaris. Relating to
the ankles ; as the malleolar arteries, which are
derived from the anterior tibial artery.
MALLE'OLUS. (us,i, m.) The termination
of the tibia at the ankle is called malleolus in-
ternus, and the corresponding part of the fibula
malleolus cxternus.
MA'LLEUS. (us, i, m. ; a hammer.) A
bone of the internal ear is so termed from its
shape.
Mallow. Malva sylvestris.
Mallow, marsh. Althaea officinalis.
Mallow, vervain. Malva alcea.
Malograna'tum. The pomegranate.
Malpighi, acini of. See Kidney.
MALPI'GHIA. (a,a,f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Trigynia. — M. glabra. The Bar-
badoes cherry. — M. mourella. The bark is
astringent, and is used in Cayenne as a febrifuge.
Malpighian vessels of insects. Biliary
pouches found in some insects as substitutes for
the liver.
MALT. Grain which has become sweet,
from the conversion of its starch into sugar, by
an incipient growth or germination artificially
induced, called malting.
Ma'ltha. Mineral pitch.
Maltha'cticus. Emollient; softening.
Ma'lting. The process of inducing the sac-
charine fermentation, or germination, in malt or
other grains. Moisture, warmth, and air are
necessary. The change is produced by the in-
cipient decay of the gluten of the grain, where-
by diastase is formed, which, acting upon the
starch, converts it into sugar, by the same mole-
cular process as inordinary fermentation; and
if the process be not arrested by heat or drying,
it goes on to the vinous, acetous, and putrefac-
tive fermentations.
MA'LUM. (um,i, n.) 1. A disease. 2. An
apple.
Malum canum. M. cotoneum. The quince.
Malum citreum. The citron.
Malum insanum. Solanum melongena.
Malum medicum. The lemon.
Malum mortuum. A disease that appears in
the form of a pustule, which soon forms a dry,
brown, hard, and broad crust. It is seldom
attended with pain, and remains fixed for a
long time before it can be detached. It is
mostly observed on the tibia and 03 coccygis,
and sometimes on the face.
Malum pilare. See Plica.
M'alus. Pyrus malus. The apple.
Malus indica. Bilimbi billing-bing. A tree
of the East Indies. The juice of the root is
cooling, and drank in fevers. The leaves are
boiled, and made into a cataplasm with rice.
The juice of the fruit is used in almost all ex-
ternal heats, dipping linen rags in it, and ap-
plying them to the parts. It is drank, mixed
with arrack, to cure diarrhoeas. The ripe fruit
is eaten as a delicacy, and the unripe made into
a pickle for the use of the table.
Dd
MAM
MA'LVA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants
Monadelphia. Polyandria. Malvacece. -. — M .
a'lcea. M. verbenaca. The vervain mallow.
This, like to the other mallows, abounds with
a mucilage, and is good for pectoral drinks. —
M. arborea. Alcea rosea. — M. rotundifolia.
Round-leaved mallow. The whole herb and
root possess similar virtues to the common mal-
low. — M. sylvestris. The common mallow.
M. vulgaris. Malva. The leaves and flowers
are principally used in fomentations, cataplasms,
and emollient enemas. — M. verbenaca. Malva
alcea. — M. vrdgaris. Malva sylvestris.
MALVA'CEiE. The mallow tribe of dicotyl-
edonous plants. Herbaceous plants, trees, or
shrubs, with leaves alternate ; flowers, polypet-
alous ; stamens, hypogynous, monadelphous ;
fruit, cajisular or baccate, containing seed with
crumpled cotyledons.
Malvavi'scus. Althaea officinalis.
MALVERN WATER. Malvern, in Wor-
cestershire, England, has a well of water con-
taining carbonate and sulphate of soda, &c.
Mama-pian. The chief or master yaw of
frambcesia.
Mami'lla. 1. The breast of man. 2. The
nipple.
Mami'ra. The doronicum ?
MA'MMA. («, a, f.) The organ which se-
cretes the milk in mammiferous animals. The
bosom. In the human female the mammas are
two globular bodies, composed of common in»
teguments, adipose substance, and lacteal glands
and vessels, and adhering to the anterior and
lateral region of the thorax. On the middle of
each breast is a projecting portion, termed the
papilla, or nipple, in which the excretory ducts
of the glands terminate, and around which is a
colored disc of sebaceous glands, called the
areola.
MAMMA'LIA. (From mamma.) A great
division of the animal kingdom, comprising ani-
mals which suckle their young.
MAMMARY. Mammillary. Relating to the
mamma or breast.
Mammary abscess. A collection of matter
in the breast, arising from previous inflamma-
tion of its substance. It is a frequent occmv
rence in the early period of lactation.
Mammary arteries. Arteria mammillares.
The internal mammary artery is a branch of
the subclavian, and gives off the mediastinal,
thymal, and pericardial arteries. The extern. 1
mammary arteries are branches of the axillary.
Mammary gland. The organ of the mamma
which secretes the milk.
Mammary" arcoma. A tumor of the appear*
ance and consistence of the mamma, found in
various parts of the body.
Mammary veins. Vena mammillares. These
vessels accompany the arteries, and evacuate
their blood into the subclavian vein.
Mam me a Americana. The tree (Polyaiv
dria. Monogynia) affords a delicious fruit,
called mammea. It is much cultivated in Ja-
maica.
Mammi'fera. The same as mammalia.
MAMMI'LLA. The nipple.
Mammill'ary. Mammillaris. Appertaining
to the nipple or breast.
417
MAN
Mammillary eminences. The corpora albi-
cantia.
Mammilla'ted. Mammiform. Mastoid; re-
sembling a teat; tuberculated.
Man. See Homo.
Manchineel. Hippomane manicella.
Mancura'na. Onganum vulgare.
MANDI'BULA. (a, ce, f . ; from mando, to
chew.) The jaw. See Maxilla inferior.
Mandra'gora. Atropa mandragora.
Mandragori'tes. Wine in which the roots
of the mandrake are infused.
Mandrake. Atropa mandragora.
Manduca'tion. Manducatio. Mastication.
MANGANE'SE. (Manganesium, ii, n.) A
white, hard, brittle metal; sp. gr., 8; almost in-
fusible, and readily acted on by oxygen and
acids. Symbol, Mg; equivalent, 27-7. There
are several oxides, of which the black (Mg0 2 ) is
much used in the arts, and as a source of oxygen
in chemistry.
Manganese, black oxide of. M., binoxide
of. M., peroxide of. The native black oxide.
It has been employed to dust sores with, in
the same way as the lapis calaminaris, and is
used in the production of chlorine gas.
Manganese, sulphate of. A salt proposed
as a cathartic, in doses of fss. to ?j., by Dr.
Thomson, but said to be emetic by Dr. Goolden,
and efficacious, in doses of jj., by Dr. Ure.
Manganic acid. Manganeseous acid. Man-
ganesic acid. The compound MgC>3. It exists
in the green mineral chameleon, which is a
manganate of potash, but has not been insula-
ted.
Mangel wursel. Beta hybrida.
M A N G I' F E R A. (a, ce, f.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. — M. indica.
The mango-tree of Asia. Mangoes, when ripe,
are juicy, of a good flavor, and so fragrant as to
perfume the air to a considerable distance.
Mango. Mangifera indica.
Mangostana. Mangosteen. Garcinia man-
gostana.
MA'NIA. (Mavta; from fiaivo/iai, I rage.)
Furious madness. See Insanity.
Mania a potu. M. temulentia. Delirium
tremens.
Ma'niac. One attacked by mania.
Ma'nica Hippo'cratis. Hippocrates' sleeve.
A strainer of a conical shape, made of linen or
flannel, and used for pharmaceutical purposes.
Maniguetta. Amomum granum paradisi.
Ma'nihot. .Tatropha manihot.
Manio'des. Maniac.
MANIPULATION. The art of handling im-
plements with skill and success; and, when
applied to Chemistry, the knowledge of chem-
ical processes, and address in performing them.
Manipulator. One skillful in manipulation.
Mani'pulus. A handful.
1 MA'NNA. (a, ce, f.) A peculiar saccharine
matter which exudes from many plants. See
Fraxinus ornus. It is a gentle laxative in doses
of 3J. to 3iv.
Manna brigantiaca. M. de Briancon. M.
of the larch. A species of manna, brought from
tiie neighborhood of Briancon, in Dauphiny,
and being an exudation from the larch.
Manna calabrina. Calabrian manna.
418
MAR
Manna canulata. Flaky manna, or manna
concreted on straw or chips.
Manna metallorum. Calomel.
Manna thuris. A coarse powder of oliba-
num was sold by this name.
Ma'nnite. The sugar of manna. It is crys-
talline, and non-fermentable. Form., C6H7O6.
Manso'rius. The masseter.
Manstrupa'tion. Manstrupatiok Mastur-
bation.
Mantle, ladies'. Athamanta cretensis.
Manubrium manus. The radius.
Manulu'vium. A hand bath.
Marble. Crystallized massive carbonate of
lime.
MA'NUS. (us, us, f.) The hand.
Manus christi perlat^:. Troches pre-
pared with pearls, sugar, and rose-water.
Manus christi simplices. Troches pre-
pared with sugar and rose-water. Rose lozen-
ges.
Manus del The name of an old resolvent
plaster. It consisted of wax, myrrh, olibanum,
ammoniacum, inastich, galbanum, oil, &c.
Maple sugar. See Acer saccharinum.
Mara'nda. A species of myrtle of Ceylon.
A decoction of the leaves is said to be excellent
against the venereal disease.
MARA'NTA. (a, ce, f.) A genus of plants.
Monandria. Monogynia. Marantacete. — M ■
arundinacea. The root of this and M. comesa
are cultivated in the West Indies for arrow-root,
which is a kind of starch. It is in no respect
superior to the well prepared farina of potatoes.
Maranta gala'nga. Galanga minor. The
smaller galangal. The roots are used medici-
nally as an aromatic. It is brought from China.
Two kinds of galangal are mentioned in the
pharmacopoeias : the greater galangal, obtained
from the Kcempferia galanga of Linnams ; and
the smaller galangal, the root of the Maranta
galanga.
Maranta'ceje. A natural family of plants,
of which the genus maranta is the type.
MARA'SMUS. (us, i, m. ; from fiapatvu, to
grow lean.) Emaciation. A wasting away of
the flesh. The term marasmus was long ago
used collectively, to comprehend atrophy, ta-
bes, and phthisis. Extenuation or leanness is
not necessarily a disease; for many persons
who are peculiarly lean are peculiarly healthy,
while some there are who take pains to fall
away in flesh, that they may increase in health,
and become stronger ; but if an individual grow
weaker as he grows leaner, it affords a full
proof that he is under a morbid influence ; and
it is this influence, this conjunction of extenua-
tion and debility, that is imported by the term
marasmus, and its synonym emaciation. See
Atrophia, Tabes, Phthisis.
Marathri'tes. Wine impregnated with
fennel.
Marathrophy'llum. Peucedanum offici-
nale.
Mara'thrum. Auethum fosniculum.
Marathrum sylvestre. Peucedanum offi
cinale.
Marcasi'ta. Marcasite. Pyrites.
Marcasita alba. Bismuth.
Marcasita plumbea. Antimony.
MAR
Marce'scent. Marcescens. Withering ;
decaying.
MARCET'S BLOWPIPE. A spirit-lamp
urged by a jet of oxygen from a suitable reser-
voir.
MARCHA'NTIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Cryptogamia. Hepaticm. — M. poly-
morphs Liverwort. Star liverwort. It has
a slightly pungent and bitter taste ; is aperient,
resolvent, and antiscorbutic.
MA'RCOR. (or, oris, m. ; from viarceo, to
become lean.) Leanness; emaciation.
MARCO'RES. The first order in the class
Cachexia; of Cullen's Nosology, which embra-
ces those diseases that are characterized by
universal emaciation.
Mare's-tail. Hippuris vulgaris.
Marga'ric acid. Acidum margaricum. So
called on account of its pearly appearance. An
acid obtained from margarine.
Marga'rine. A fatty body, soluble in ether,
and abounding in human fat. When saponi-
fied, it yields margaric acid, which, distilled
with lime, gives margarone, a substance like
spermaceti.
MARGARI'TA. {a, ee, f. ; from fiapyapov, a
pearl.) 1. The pearl. A small calcareous con-
cretion, of a bright, transparent whiteness, found
on the inside ot the shell of the Avicula marga-
ritifera, Mya margaritifera, &c. Pearls con-
sist of alternating concentric layers of mem-
brane and carbonate of lime. They were
formerly exhibited as antacids. 2. A tumor
xipon the eye resembling a pearl.
Marga'rone. See Margarine.
Margaryl. A hypothetical compound rad-
ical ; form.', CmO^-
Margina'te. Marginatus. Bordered.
Marigold. Calendula officinalis.
Marigold fig. Mesembryanthemum crys-
tallinum.
Marigold, marsh. Caltha palustris.
Marine acid. Muriatic acid.
Marine salt. Soda; murias.
Mari'sca. A hemorrhoidal tumor.
Marjoram. Marjora'na. See Origanum.
Ma'rmalade. A conserve of quinces and
sugar, or of other fruits, as orange marmalade.
MARMA'RYGA. (a, <e, f. ; fiapfxapvyn ; from
fiapfiaipu, to shine.) The appearance of sparks
or coruscations before the eyes.
Ma'rmon. Marble.
MARRIOTTE'S LAW. Boyle's law. The
law which expresses the constant relation be-
tween the bulk and pressure of a permanent
gas; the elasticity or pressure being directly
proportional to the density, and inversely to
the bulk.
Marriotte's dry vomit. Equal parts of tar-
tar emetic and sulphate of copper.
MARROW. Medulla. The fat secreted by
the small arteries of its proper membrane, and
contained in the medullary cavities of the long
cylindrical bones. It differs very little from
the fat of the cellular membrane.
Marrow, spinal. See Spinal cord.
Marrubia'strum. Ballota nigra.
MARRU'BIUM. (urn, it, n.) A genus of
plants. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. habiatm.
— M. album. Marrubiumvulgare. — M. alyssum.
MAS
Galen's mad wort ; said to be a specific in cases
of hydrophobia and in the bites of the rattle-
snake. — M. aquaticum. Water horehound : lax-
ative corroborant. — M. 'hispanicum. M. verti-
cillatum. Sideritis syriaca. — M. nigrum fceti-
dum. Ballota nigra. — M. vulgare. M. album.
Marrvbium.. Common horehound. A favorite
remedy with the common people in coughs
and asthmas. The usual dose is from half an
ounce to an ounce in infusion, two or three
times a day ; that of the extract, from gr. x.
to 388.
MARS, (s, tis, m.) Iron.
Mars alkalizatus. A mixture of iron with
an alkali.
Mars solubilis. The ferrum tartarizatum.
Mars sulphuratus. Iron filings and sul-
phur deflagrated together.
MARSEILLES, CLIMATE OF. This is
hot, dry, irritating, and subject to cold winds ;.
it is, therefore, altogether unfit for the invalid.
Marseilles hart-wort. Seseli tortuoBum.
Marseilles vinegar. Acetum prophylacti-
cum.
MARSH. A shallow pond or lake; a fen.
The exhalations of marshes, especially in the
spring and autumn, at sunrise and sunset, are
peculiarly noxious. From this cause intermit-
tent fevers and remittents are chiefly produced ;
even yellow fever, and sometimes plague, owe*
their origin to this cause.
Marsh-mallow. Althaea officinalis.
Marsh tea. Ledum palustre.
Marsh's test for arsenic. See Arscmowu
acid.
Marsh rosemary. Statice caroliniana.
Marsh trefoil. Menyanthes trifoliata.
Marshall's cerate. This consists of palm
oil, 3V. ; calomel, ?j. ; sugar of lead, Jss. ; and
citrine ointment, jij. — Hooper.
MARSU'PIAL. (Marsupialis; from marsup-
ium, a purse.) 1. The obturator internus mus-
cle. 2. An animal which has a pouch formed
by a reflection of the skin of the abdomen, in
which the young are nourished for some time
after their exclusion from the uterus, as in the
opossum and kangaroo.
Marsupia'lia. Marsupial animals. Mam-
miferous animals characterized by the marsupial
pouch.
MARTIAL. (Martialis; from Mars, iron.V
Relating to iron, or such as are impregnated,
therewith.
Martial .ethiops. The protoxide of iron.-
Martial salts. Salts of iron.
Martiai?es flores. See Ferri ammonio~
chloridum.
Martpa'tum unguentum. Soldier's oint-
ment. Ointment of laurel, rue, marjoram, &c.
Ma'rtis limatura pr^parata. Purified*
filings of iron.
MA'RUM. M. creticum. M. cortusi. ST.
syriacum. M. verum. Teucrium marum.
Marum vulgare. Thymus mastichina.
Marvi'sum. Malmsey wine.
Mas. (as, arts, m.) Male.
Ma'schale. Maff^oAj?. The arm-pit.
Maschali'ster. The second dorsal vertebra
Mablach. An opiate.
MA'SSA. (a, a, f. ; from uaaau, to blend
419
MAS
together.) Amass. A term generally applied
to the compound out of which pills are to be
formed.
Massa carnea Jacobi Sylvii. The flexor
longus digitorum pedis.
Massalis. An alchemical name of mercury.
Masse'sis. Mastication.
MASSE'TER. (er, eris, m.; from fiaoaaofiai,
to chew ; because it assists in chewing.) A
muscle of the lower jaw, situated on the side of
the face. It is a short, thick muscle, which
arises, by fleshy and tendinous fibers, from the
lower edge of the malar process of the maxillary
bone, the lower horizontal edge of the os mala;,
and the lower edge of the zygomatic process of
the temporal bone. The two layers of fibers,
of which it seems to be composed, cross each
other as they descend, the external layer ex-
tending backward, and the internal one slanting
forward. It is inserted into the basis of the
coronoid process, and into all that part of the
lower jaw which supports the coronoid and
condyloid processes. Its use is to raise the
lower jaw, and, by means of the above-men-
tioned decussation, to move it a little forward
and backward in the act of chewing.
Massete'ric. Massetcricus. Relating to the
•masseter muscle.
MASSICOT. The yellow oxide of lead.
Massoy cortex. See Cortex massoy.
Masterwort. Imperatoria.
Mastic Pistacia lentiscus.
MASTICATION. (Masticatio ; from mas-
tico, to chew.) Chewing. The function by
which the food is comminuted, mixed with the
saliva, and reduced to a form fit for deglutition,
and a state fit for digestion.
MASTICATORY. A medicine intended for
chewing.
Ma'stiche. See Pistacia lentiscus.
Mastich-herb. Thymus mastichina. *
Mastich, Syrian*. Teucrium marum.
Mastich-tree. Pistacia lentiscus.
MasticheLje'um. Oil of mastich.
Masti'china. Thymus mastichina.
Masticot. Massicot.
MASTI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from fiaaroc, the
breast, and trie, which implies inflammation.)
Phlegmonous inflammation of the breast. It
-commonly affects those who are suckling. It
is characterized by tumefaction, tension, heat,
redness, and pain ; and comes sometimes in
both breasts, but most commonly in one. Fever
generally attends the disease. It is sometimes
very quickly formed, and, in general, without
any thing preceding to show it ; but now and
then a slight shivering is the forerunner. This
disease terminates either in resolution, in sup-
puration, or scirrhus. It is the result of cold,
and always terminates favorably in good con-
stitutions. It is to be treated as other abscesses.
Mastix. See Mastiche.
MASTODY'NIA. (a, a, f. ; from fiaaroc, and
o6vvti, pain.) Pain in the mamma. This is not
a very uncommon affection, and is generally of
a neuralgic character.
Mastody'nia apostematosa. See Mastitis,
and Mammary abscess.
MA'STOID. (Mastoideus ; from fiaaroc, a
breast, and eiSoe, resemblance.) Nipple-like.
420
MAT
1. Those processes of bone shaped like a nip
pie. 2. The sterno-cleido-mastoideus muscle.
Mastoid foramen. Foramen mastoideum. A
hole in the temporal bone of the skull, by the
side of the mastoid process. It transmits a vein
to the lateral sinus.
Mastoideus. The sterno-cleido-mastoideus
muscle.
Mastoideus lateralis. The trachelo-mas-
toideus.
Masto'ncus. A tumor of the breast.
MASTURBATION. Self-pollution with the
hand ; a beastly and degrading vice, producing
mental and moral imbecility, and bringing on
nervous, dyspeptic, and cardiac diseases.
Matali'sta radix. A root of South America,
where it is given as a purgative in the dose of sij . ,
its action being rather mdder than that of jalap.
Mate'. Ilex paraguayensis.
MA'TER. (ter, tris, f. ; a mother.)
membranes of the brain are thus called.
Mater metallorum. Quicksilver.
Mater perl arum. Mother of pearl.
MATE'RIA. (o, ee, f.) 1. Matter. 2. A
term applied to those substances collectively
which are adapted to some particular purpose.
Materia alimentaria. The various substan-
ces used as food and drink.
Materia medica. 1. A general class of sub-
stances, both natural and artificial, which are
used in the cure of diseases. 2. The science
which treats of medicines. The most perfect
classification of medicines is alphabetically,
for all possess several virtues, and different
properties under varying circumstances ; there-
fore, they can only be forced into arbitrary po-
sitions. The principal subdivisions, or groups
of the materia medica, are,
Two
Astringents,
Tonics,
Emollients,
Corrosives,
Stimulants,
Sedatives,
Narcotics,
Refrigerants,
Antispasmodics,
Demulcents,
Antacids,
Materia perla'ta.
Antalkalines,
Antiseptics,
Errhines,
Expectorants,
Emetics,
Cathartics,
Diuretics,
Diaphoretics,
Emmenagogues,
Abortives.
If, instead of crystalliz-
ing the salts contained in the liquor separated
from diaphoretic antimony, an acid be poured
into it, a white precipitate is formed, which is
an oxide of antimony. This has been called
materia perlata.
Mathieu's vermifuge. This consisted of
two electuaries, the one for killing the worms,
and the other for expelling them. The first
was composed of tin filings, f j. ; fern root, 3yj. ;
worm seed, fss. ; resinous extract of jalap, sul-
phate of potash, of each 3J., with a sufficient
quantity of honey.
The second electuary was composed of jalap
and sulphate of potash, of each 9ij. ; scammony,
9j. ; gamboge, x. grs., with a sufficient quantity
of honey.
The first electuary was given hi the dose of
a tea-spoonfull every three hours for two days,
and then the second was used in the same way.
Matico. Piper angustifolium.
MAX
MATLOCK. A village in Derbyshire, which
has a tepid (66°) spring, holding the carbonate
of lime in solution.
Mato'nia cardamomum. One of the carda-
mon plants. See Cardamoms.
MA'TRASS. Matracium. A chemical ves-
sel of glass or other material, having a round or
oval shaped body, and a long neck.
Ma'tres cerebri. The meninges or cover-
ings of the brain.
Matricaria. Medicines appropriate to dis-
orders of the uterus.
MATRICARIA. («,<c,f.) A genus of plants.
Syngensia. Polygamia superflua. Composite.
— M. chamomilla. Common wild corn, or dog's
chamomile. Its virtues are similar to those
of the Matricaria parthenium, but inferior. —
M. parthenium. Common feverfew. Mothers'
wort. The leaves and flowers have a strong
odor and bitter taste. It is stomachic, tonic,
and emmenagogue.
MA'TRIX. (ix,icis,{. Manjp.) 1. The
womb. See Uterus. 2. The earthy or stony
matter which accompanies ores.
MATTER. 1. Every object which has sen-
sible properties. 2. The common name for
pus and other morbid evacuations.
Matthew's injection. A diluted tincture
of cantharides.
Matthew's pills. These consist of opium,
black hellebore, Starkey's soap, of each ?iv. ;
saffron, fviij., made into a mass with a little
oil of turpentine. — Hooper.
MATU'RATIVE. Matu'rans. (From ma-
turo, to ripen.) That which promotes the sup-
puration of tumors, as heat, moisture, and stim-
ulants.
MATURATION. Maturatio. That process
which succeeds inflammation, by which pus is
collected in an abscess.
MATURITY. Maturus. Ripeness; the
state of perfect development.
Maudlin. Achillea ageratum.
Mauro-marson. Marrubium vulgare.
Maw-worm. The ascaris vermicularis. See
Entozoa.
MAXI'LLA. (a, a, f. ; from jiaaaau. to
chew.) The jaw, both upper and lower.
Maxilla, inferior. The lower jaw.
Maxilla, superior. The upper jaw.
Maxillare inferius os. Maxilla, inferior.
Mandibula. . The lower jaw, which, in its fig-
ure, may be compared to a horse-shoe, is at
first composed of two distinct bones ; but these,
soon after birth, unite together at the point of
the chin, so as to form only one bone. The su-
perior edge has an alveolar process. This, as
* well as that of the upper jaw, is furnished with
cavities for the reception of the teeth. The
posterior part of the bone, on each side, rises
perpendicularly into two processes, one of
which is called the coronoid, and the other the
condyloid process. The first of these is the
highest : it is thin and pointed. The condyloid
process is narrower, thicker, and shorter than
the other, terminating in an oblong, rounded
head, which is formed for a movable articula-
tion with the cranium, and is received into the
fore part of the fossa of the temporal bone.
The union is furnished with an articular carti-
MAX
lage^ and ligaments. There is great mobility iu
the joint: it moves not only upward and down-
ward, but laterally. At the bottom of each
coronoid process, on its inner part, is a foramen
or canal, which extends under the roots of all
the teeth, and terminates at the outer surface
of the bone near the chin. Each of these fo-
ramina affords a passage to an artery, vein, and
nerve, which send off branches to the sevefal
teeth.
Maxillare superius os. Maxilla, superior.
The superior maxillary bones constitute the
most considerable portion of the upper jaw, are
two in number, and generally remain distinct
through life. Their figure is exceedingly ir-
regular. On each of these bones are observed
several eminences. One of these is at the up-
per and fore part of the bone, and, from its
making part of the nose, is called the nasal pro-
cess. Internally, in the inferior portion of this
process, is a fossa, which, with the os unguis,
forms a passage for the lachrymal duct. Into
this nasal process, likewise, is inserted the
short, round tendon of the musculus orbicularis
palpebrarum. Backward and outward, from
the root of the nasal process, the bone helps to
form the lower side of the orbit, and this part
is therefore called the orbitar process. Behind
this orbitar process the bone forms a consider-
able tuberosity ; and at the upper part of this
tuberosity is a channel, in which passes a branch
of the fifth pair of nerves, which, together with
a small artery, is transmitted to the face through
the external orbitar foramen, which opens im-
mediately under the orbit. Where the bone
on each side is joined to the os mala?, and helps
to form the cheeks, is observed what is called
the malar process. The lower and anterior
parts of the bone make a kind of circular sweep,
in which are the alveoli, or sockets for the
teeth : this is called the alveolar process. Above
tlfis, and just behind the fore teeth, is an irreg-
ular hole, called the foramen incisivum, which,
separating into two, serves to transmit small
arteries and veins, and a minute branch of the
fifth pair of nerves, to the nostrils. There are
two horizontal lamellae behind the alveolar
process, which, uniting together, form part of
the roof of the mouth, and divide it from the
nose. Where the ossa maxillaria are united to
each other, they project somewhat forward,
leaving between them a furrow, which f eceives
the inferior portion of the septum nasi. Each
of these bones is hollow, and forms .a consider-
able sinus under its orbitar part, the antrum
Highmorianum, and is lined with the pituitary
membrane.
The ossa maxillaria not only serve to form
the cheeks, but likewise the. palate, nose, and
orbits : and, besides their union with each oth-
er, they are connected with the greatest pert
of the bones of the face and cranium, viz., with
the ossa nasi, ossa malarum, ossa unguis, ossa
palati, os frontis, os sphenoides, and os eth-
moides.
MAXILLARY. (Maxillaris; from marilla,
the jaw. ) Appertaining to the jaw.
Maxillary artery. Arteria maxillar\s. A
branch of the external carotid. The external
maxillary is the fourth brauch of the carotid ;
421
MEC
it proceeds anteriorly, and gives off the facial
or mental, the coronary of the lips, and the an-
gular artery. The internal maxillary is the
next branch of the carotid ; it gives off the
spheno-maxillary, the inferior alveolar, and the
spinous artery.
Maxillary bone, INFERIOR. See Maxillare
infer ins os.
Maxillary bone, superior. See Maxillare
superius os.
Maxillary gland. Glandula maxillaris.
The gland so called is conglomerate, and situ-
ated under the angles of the lower jaw. The
excretory ducts of these glands are called War-
thonian, after their discoverer.
Maxillary nerve. Nervus maxillaris.
The superior and inferior maxillary nerves are
branches of the fifth pair, or trigemini. The
former is divided into the spheno-palatine, pos-
terior alveolar, and the infra-orbital nerve. The
latter is divided into two branches, the internal
lingual, and one more properly called the infe-
rior maxillary.
Maximum. The greatest amount.
May-apple. Podophyllum peltatum.
May-lily. Convallana majalis.
May-weed. Anthemis cotula.
Mays, Indian. Zea mays.
MEAD. An old English liquor made from
the honeycombs from which honey has been
drained out, by boiling in water, and then fer-
menting.
Meadow crowfoot. Ranunculus acris.
Meadow, queen of the. Spinea ulmaria.
Meadow saffron. Colchicum autumnale.
Meadow saxifrage. Peucedanum silaus.
Meadow-sweet. Spiraea ulmaria.
Meadow thistle, round-leaved. Cnicus.
Measles. See Rubeola.
Measures. See Weights and Measures.
MEA'TUS. (us, us, m.) A passage.
Meatus auditorius externus. The exter-
nal passage of the ear. See Auris.
Meatus auditorius internus. The inter-
nal passage of the ear. See Auris.
Meatus cecus. The Eustachian tube.
Meatus cuticularis. A pore of the skin.
Meatus cysticus. The gall-duct.
Meatus urinarius. The orifice of the ure-
thra. In women, this is situated in the vagina,
immediately below the symphysis of the pubes,
and behind the nymphoe.
Mecca balsam. See Amyris gileadensis.
MECHA'NICAL. Mechanicus. That which
relates to the sensible properties of masses of
matter. Mechanical remedies, in medicine, are
such as act by irritation, when applied to a
surface, and are not understood to influence the
vital force. — Mechanical school, or sect, was
that body of physicians who attributed disease
to a change in the mechanical properties of the
blood and other parts of the body.
Mecha'nics. The science which takes into
consideration the physical properties and move-
ments of masses.
MECHA'NISM. (From (iTjxavtf, a machine.)
The arrangement of the parts of a body or ma-
chine.
Mechoaca'nna. Convolvulus mechoacanna.
MreHOACANNA nigra. The jalap plant.
422
MED
Meckel's ganglion. See Sphenopalatine
ganglion.
Me'con. Papaver somniferum.
MECO'NIC ACID. Acidum meconicum.
The acid combined with morphia in opium.
When pure it is crystalline, colorless, soluble,
tribasic. Formula, Ci 4 HOii+3HO. It forms
with the salts of iron a blood-red solution, and
combines with most bases. By heat it is con-
verted into the bibasic comenic acid. It has
no medicinal properties.
Meco'nine. A neutral, white, crystalline,
volatile , and soluble body, found in opium. The
composition is C10H5O4, and it is supposed to
be inert.
Meco'nis. ^Innuvic. 1. The poppy. 2.
Lactuca virosa.
MECO'NIUM. (urn, ii, n. ; from finicuv, the
poppy.) 1. Opium. The inspissated juice of
the Papaver somniferum. 2. The green ex-
crementitious substance that is found in the
large intestines of the foetus.
MEDE'OLA VIRGINICA. An indigenous
perennial plant, the root of which is said to be
useful in dropsies.
ME'DIAN. Medianus. That which occu-
pies the central or middle position. This term
is applied to vessels, &c, from their situation
between others.
Median nerve. The second branch of the
brachial plexus.
Median vein. The situation of the veins of
the arms is extremely different in different in-
dividuals. When a branch proceeds near the
bend of the arm, inwardly from the basilic vein,
it is termed the median basilic, and when a vein
is given off from the cephalic in thjB like man-
ner, it is termed the median cephalic. When
these two veins are present, they mostly unite
just below the bend of the arm, and the com-
mon trunk proceeds to the cephalic vein.
Medianum. See Mediastinum.
MEDIASTFNUM. (m, i, n. ; quasi in me-
dio stans, as being in the middle.) The mem-
braneous septum, formed by the duplicature of
the pleura, that divides the cavity of the chest
into two parts. It is divided into an anterior
and posterior portion.
Mediastinum cerebri. The falciform pro-
cess of the dura mater.
ME'DIATE. Mediatus. A term of relation
to two extremes, applied to that which is in
the middle between them.
Mediate auscultation. See Auscultation.
Medica malus. The lemon.
MEDICAL. Medicus. Appertaining to
medicine.
Medicamenta'ria ars. The art of making
and preparing medicines.
MEDICAME'NT. (Medicamentum ; from
medico, to heal.) A medicine.
Medic*amento'sus lapis. An old astringent
preparation of oxide of iron, litharge, alum,
nitre, sal ammoniac, and vinegar.
Medica'ster. A quack.
Medicated. Medicatus. Imbued with the
properties of a medicine. Thus wine of aloes
is a medicated wine.
Medicina di.ete'tica. That department
which regards the regulation of the diet, &c.
MED
MEL
Medicina diaso'stica. M. conservativa.
Hygiene.
Medicina gymna'stica. That part of medi-
cine which relates to exercise.
Medicina herme'tica. The application of
chemical remedies to the cure of diseases.
Medicina prophyla'ctica. That part of
medicine which relates to preservation ol health
or prevention of diseases.
Medicina tristi'ti.*:. Common saffron.
MEDI'CINAL. (Medicinalis ; from medi-
cina, medicine.) Having the power of restor-
ing health or removing disease.
Medicinal days. Critical days.
Medicinal hours are those wherein it is
supposed that medicines may be taken to the
greatest advantage, commonly reckoned in the
morning (fasting), about an hour before dinner,
about four hours after dinner, and at going to
bed; but in acute cases, the times are to be
governed by the symptoms and aggravation of
the distemper.
MEDICINE. {Medicina, a, f. J fvommedico,
to heal.) 1. The science and art which relate
to the preservation of health, and the allevia-
tion or cure of disease.
Medicine admits of numerous divisions, of
which the most general are into Physiology,
which teaches the healthy functions of the
body; Pathology, which teaches its morbid
conditions ; Semeiotics, which teach the symp-
toms of disease ; Hygiene, which teaches how
to preserve health ; Therapeutics, which teach
how to treat diseases, and include physic, sur-
gery, and obstetrics; Pharmacy, which teaches
the nature and virtues of drugs, and the mode
of preparing and administering them.
There are^ certain sciences which are called
accessory to medicine. Some of these, although
regarded as merely accessory in a logical view
of the subject, are in reality the very founda-
tions of medicine. Thus Anatomy is the basis
of physiology and pathology ; Botany, Chemis-
try, and Mineralogy are the basis of pharmacy.
2. Any substance used for the alleviation or
cure of a disease.
Medi coctio. A kind of medicated apomel.
Medic o-chirurgical. Relating both to
medicine and surgery.
ME'DICUS. 1. A physician. 2. Belonging
to medicine.
Medi malagma. A digestive malagma.
Medina. A species of ulcer. — Paracelsus.
Medine'nsis vena. Gordius medinensis.
Mmitu'llium. The same as Diploe
Medius. Middle; median.
Medius venter. The thorax.
Medlar. Mespilus germanica.
Medorrh'qsa. Gonorrhoea.
Medorrh'cea vagina. M. uteri. Leucor-
rhoea.
ME'DULLA. (a, ce, f. ; quasi in medio ossis.)
1. The marrow. 2. The pith of vegetables.
3. The white substance of the brain is called
medulla, or the medullary part, to distinguish
it from the cortical.
Medulla cassie. The pulp of the cassia
fistula.
Medulla oblongata. Cerebrum elongatum.
The commencement of the spinal cord, which
rests upon the basilary process of the occipital
bone. See Encephalon.
Medulla spinalis. The spinal marrow or
spinal cord. See Spinal cord.
MEDULLARY. (Medullaris; from medul-
la, marro^.) Resembling marrow.
Medullary membrane. The vascular mem-
brane lining the cavities of the hollow bones.
Medullary sarcoma. Fungus hamiatodea.
Medullary substance. Substantia medul-
laris. 1. The white or internal substance of
the brain. 2. The internal substance of the
kidney.
Medullin. The name given by Dr. John to
the pith of the sun-flower.
Megalospla'nchnus. One who is pot-bel-
lied. — Hippocrates.
Me'grim. Hemicrania.
MEIBOMIUS'S GLANDS. Meibomii glan-
dules. The small glands which are situated, be-
tween the conjunctive membrane of the eye
and the cartilage of the eyelid.
MEL. (Mel, mellis, n.) Honey. It has a
white or yellowish color, a soft and grained con-
sistence, and a saccharine and aromatic smell.
It consists of honey sugar (mannite), muci-
lage, and an acid. Honey contains some nutri-
ment, and is a softening and slightly aperient
remedy : mixed with vinegar, it forms oxymel.
Honey, when mixed with water, is susceptible
of the vinous fermentation without the addition
of yeast.
Mel acetatum. Oxymel.
Mel .egyptiacum. Linimentum airuginis.
Mel boracis. Honey of borax. Take of
borax, powdered, a drachm; clarified honey,
an ounce. Mix. This preparation is found
very useful as a locaL application in aphthous
affections of the mouth and fauces.
Mel despumatum. Clarified honey, which
is directed to be made by melting honey in a
water-bath, and then removing the scum.
Melpr.<eparatum. (U.S.) Prepared
honey. Take of clarified honey, Oss. ; dilate
alcohol, Oj. ; prepared chalk, fss. Mix; boil,
filter, and evaporate the clear honey to a spe-
cific gravity of 1-32.
Mel rose. Honey of roses. Take of red-
rose petals, dried, four ounces ; boiling water,
two pints and a half; clarified honey, five
pounds. Macerate the rose petals in the water
for six hours, and strain ; then add the honey
to the strained liquor, and, by means of a water-
bath, boil it down to a proper consistence. An
admirable preparation for the base of various
gargles and collutories. It may also be em-
ployed with advantage, mixed with extract of
bark, or other medicines, for children who have
a natural disgust to medicines.
Mel scilljE. Oxymel scilla?.
Mel scille coMrosnus. Syrupus scilke
compositus.
Mela. (Mt/^j?; from fiau, to search.) A
probe.
MELjE'NA. (a, S, f.; from peTiac, black.)
McTiaiva vovaoc of the Greeks. The disease, so
called by Hippocrates, consists in the vomiting
of a concrete blood of a blackish-red color.
By modern writers it is applied to a discharge
of dark-colored, grumous, pitchy-looking stools,
423
MEL
usually conjoined with vomiting of blood. It is
caused by hemorrhage from the gastro-enteric
mucous membrane, or organic diseases of the
abdominal viscera.
Melena choljEa. The black jaundice.
Mel.ena cruenta. See Melana. %
Meljena fungosa. Fungus hsematodes.
MBLALEU'CA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Polyandria. Icosandria. Myrlaceee.
— M. cajeputi. M. Icucadendron. M. minor.
The plant said to afford the cajeput oil, oleum
cajeputa. Cajeput oil is of a green color, per-
fectly limpid, and so completely volatile that
it evaporates entirely, leaving no residuum. Its
odor, when first imported, resembles that of a
mixture of turpentine and camphor : it soon,
however, acquires a peculiar fragrance. It is a
very powerful medicine, and in high esteem in
India and Germany, in the character of a gen-
eral remedy in chronic and painful diseases.
Taken into the stomach in the dose of five or
six drops, it heats and stimulates the whole sys-
tem, proving, at the same time, a very certain
diaphoretic, by which, probably, the good ef-
fects it is said to have in dropsies and intermit-
tent fevers are to be explained. For its efficacy
in various convulsive and spasmodic complaints,
it is highly esteemed. The dose is from two to
six, or even twelve drops.
Me'lam. See Mellone.
Melamphy'llum. Acanthus mollis.
Melampo'dium. Helleborus niger.
Melampy'rin. A neutral body like gum,
from the melampyrum nemorosum.
MELANAGO'GUE. (From pelae, and ayu,
to expel.) That which purges off black bile.
Melanchlo'rus. Mc/lay^Aupof. The Greek
epithet of a troch and a plaster.
MELANCHO'LIA. (a, ec, f.; from fie?Mc,
and x ^ 7 !' bile.) Melancholy. A form of in-
sanity. See Insanity.
Mkla'sic acid. (Me/laf, black.) An acid
principle discovered by Dr. Marcet in black
urine. Also applied to a black substance ob-
tained by the action of moisture and air on sal-
icyluret of potassium. Form., C10H4O3.
Melanoma. See Melanosis.
Melano'piper. Piper nigrum.
Melanorrhi'zon. Helleborus niger.
MELANO'SIS. (From fieTiavou, to become
black.) A species of morbid deposit first de-
scribed by Laennec. It is of the same color as
the pigmentum nigrum ; and, according to Vau-
quelin and Berzelius, is a similar substance.
Melanotic matter is found encysted in irregular
masses, infiltrated into the texture, or deposit-
ed on the surface of organs, in which case the
matter is liquid ; lastly, associated with other
morbid formations in malignant tumors, as with
cancer, fungus hsematodes, &c. No organ seems
to be exempt from this disease ; but the cellular
and adipose textures are most frequently affect-
ed with it. It is not uncommon in the lungs,
and gives rise to a form of phthisis. This dis-
ease is called black cancer by Dupuytren, and
melanoma by Dr. Carswell. Melanosis, like
cancer and fungus haematodes, is a malignant
and incurable disease. The only chance of
saving the patient is by extirpation or amputa-
tion, where these are practicable. Melanosis
424
MEL
is more common in the horse than in man, and
it is observed that white and gray horses are
more subject to it than those of any other color.
Melano-urine. Urine of a black color,
usually due to blood.
Melante'ria. Sulphate of iron.
MELANTHA'CEjE. The colchicum tribe
of monocotyledonous plants. Herbs with a
rhizome, sometimes fleshy; leaves, sheathing at
the base; flowers, 'hexapetaloideous, tubular;
stamens, six ; ovarium, three-celled ; seeds, aL-
buminous.
Melanthele'um. Oil extracted from the
seeds of the Nigella sativa.
Mela'nthium. Nigella sativa.
Me'las. 1. Black. 2. Lepra nigricans.
MELASMA. (From [lelac, black.) Melas-
mus. A disease that appears not unfrequently
upon the tibia of aged persons, in form of a livid
black spot, which in a day or two degenerates
into a very foul ulcer.
Melaspe'rmum. Nigella sativa.
Melasses. Molasses.
Mela's sic acid. The name of the acid that
is present in melasses or treacle ; it is also pro-
duced by boiling sugar with alkaline solutions.
Melatro'phia. Wasting of the limbs.
Meleagris gallipova. The turkey.
Melege'ta. Meleguetta. Grains of paradise,
Melei'os. A species of alum.
Meli. Me/U. Honey. See Mel.
ME'LIA AZEDARAC. Pride of China. A
tree of the family Meliacem, much cultivated in
the Southern States for shade. The bark of
the root is cathartic and emetic, and used in de-
coction as a vermifuge ; dose, one or two table-
spoonfuls eveiy two hours, of a decoction made
of fiv. of the bark to a quart of water, boiled
down to a pint.
MELI'CERIS. (it, idis, f. ; from fieXi, honey,
and Kepag, wax.) Meliceria. An encysted tu-
mor, the contents of which resemble honey in
consistence and appearance.
Meli'craton. Wine mixed with honey.
Meligei'on. A foetid humor discharged
from ulcers, attended with a caries of the bone,
of the consistence of honey.
Melilot. Melilotus.
Melilo'tus. Trifolium melilotus officinalis.
M e l 1 m e'l u m. A liquor prepared with
quinces and honey.
Meliphy'llum. Melissa officinalis.
MELI'SSA. (a, d, f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labiatee. — M.
calamintha. Common calaminth. This^)lant
smells like wild mint, and is used in form of
tea against weakness of the stomach, flatulent
colic, uterine obstructions, hysteria, &c. — M.
citrina. Melissa officinalis. — M. grandiflora.
Mountain calamint. It is moderately pungent,
and more aromatic than common calamint. —
M. nepeta. Field calamint. Spotted calamint.
It was formerly used as an aromatic. — M. offici-
nalis. Balm. It has a roughish, aromatic taste,
and a pleasant odor like the lemon. It was
formerly much esteemed in nervous diseases.
Melissa turcica. See Dracocephalum.
Melissophy'llum. Melittis melissophyllum-
Melitjemia. Diabetes ; so called from the
presence of sugar in the blood.
MEL
Meliti'smus. The name of a linctus, of
which honey was an ingredient.
MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM. The
mountain balm. Didynamia. Oymnospermia.
This plant is seldom used in the present day :
it is said to be of service in uterine obstructions
and calculous diseases.
Melitto'ma. A confection made with
honey.
Melizo'mum. A drink with honey.
Mella'go. A name for any medicine of the
consistence of honey.
Melli'na. A drink with honey.
Me'llita. Preparations of honey.
ME'LLONE. A compound radical, derived
from the sulphocyauide of potassium. It is a
grayish powder, of the composition C 6 N 4 ; sym-
bol, Me; equivalent, 92-94. With hydrogen it
forms the hydromellonic acid, a gelatinous and
sparingly soluble compound ; with potassium it
also combines directly, forming the mellonide of
potassium, MeK. Melam, which is one of the
products of the slow decomposition by heat of
sulphocyanide of ammonium, has a composition
which relates it to mellone, being Ci2NnH 9 , or
2Me-j-3NHs. Melam, like mellone, is converted
into cyanuric acid by reagents; it is also con-
verted into an artificial organic base (melamine)
by the action of boiling potash. This is capa-
ble of neutralizing acids : it consists of Me-(-2
NHs.
Me'lo. 1. The melon. Cucumis melo. 2.
Staphyloma.
Meloca'rpus. The fruit of the aristolo-
chia.
ME'LOE. 1. A name formerly given to the
genus Cantharis, which see. 2. The name of
a genus of coleopterous insects, with blistering
properties. — M. proscarabmus. This insect,
when touched, exudes from each joint of its
legs an acrid fluid, of an oily consistence and
deep yellow color ; said to be useful against hy-
drophobia, &c. They are a strong poison, caus-
ing suffocation, vomiting, and death. — M. va-
riabilis. This is said to have the same acrid
properties as the above. Besides the above, the
M. pustulata is employed in China, the M.
majalis in Europe, and the M. trianthemce in
Hindostan, as blistering flies.
Me'loe niger. The insect so called by
Professor Woodhouse is the cantharis atrata.
Meloe vesicatorius. Cantharis.
Melolontha vitis. Cantharis vesicatoria.
Melon. Cucumis melo.
Melon, water. Cucurbita citrullus.
Melo'ngena. Solanum melongena.
MELOPLA'STIC. (From \itfkov, the cheek,
and nhaoou. to form.) Relating to the restora-
tion of the cheek ; hence the tneloplastic opera-
Hon is that for the restoration of any part of the
cheek injured or lost by wounds, ulcers, or
burns.
MELO'SIS. (Mt]?iuoic; from [iij'kt], a probe.)
Exploration by means of a probe.
Melo'tis. MijAonc. A little probe ; also,
that particular instrument contrived to search or
cleanse the ear with, commonly called Atiri-
tcalpium.
MELOTHRIA PENDULA. The small,
creeping cucumber plant. Triandria. Mono-
MEM
gynia. The American bryony. The inhabitants
of the West Indies pickle the berries of this
plant, and use them as we do capers.
MEMBRA'NA. (a, a , f.) See Membrane
and Texture.
Membrana adiposa. Adipose membrane.
Membrana arachnoidea. Arachnoid mem-
brane.
Membrana capsulo-pupillaris. A vascular
membrane, extending backward from the pu-
pillar margin of the iris in the foetus of the
mammalia and of man, and connecting the mar-
gin of the capsule of the lens with the margin
of the iris.
Membrana cellulosa. See Texture.
Membrana corticalis. The external trans-
parent coat of the ovum of mamjnalia, before
the formation of the embryo, as observed by
Von Baer.
Membrana decidua. The deciduous mem-
brane which is developed upon the inner sur-
face of the uterus before the ovum reaches the
organ. It consists of a whitish-gray, moist, and
sott mass, similar to coagulated fibrin, anil en-
tirely formed of nucleated cells.
Membrana germinativa. The germinal
membrane ; the earliest development of the
germ in fishes and the amphibia, in the form
of a thin stratum of yolk of definite extent. It
gradually extends itself over the whole surface
of the yolk, so as to assume the form of a vesicle
including the mass of yolk.
Membrana hyaloidea. The transparent
membrane which encloses the vitreous humor
of the eye.
Membrana intermedia. A term applied to
the membrane which, in the ovum of the bird,
lies between the rudimentary nervous centers
and the mucous layer of the germinal mem-
brane.
Membrana Jacobi. Jacob's membrane. A
delicate membrane which invests the external
surface of the retina, first described by Dr.
Jacob of Dublin. See Eye.
Membrana media. The name given by the
earlier writers to that part of the allantois which
lies in contact with the amnion, and which con-
tains but few vessels.
Membrana nictitans. Palpebra tertia. Pal-
pebra interna. A sort of third eyelid, which
exists in most quadrupeds, and in birds. It is
placed at the inner corner of the eye, and varies
in shape and extent in different animals, accord-
ing to circumstances.
Membrana pigmenti. The internal layer of
the choroid membrane, which retains the pig-
mentum nigrum in its place.
Membrana pinguidinosa. Adipose mem-
brane.
Membrana pituitaria, or schneiderian.
The membrane which lines the cavities of the
nose.
Membrana pupillaris. Velum pupilla. A
very delicate membrane, of a thin and vascular
texture, and an ash color, arising from the in-
ternal margin of the iris, and totally covering
the pupil in the foetus till the seventh month,
when it gradually disappears.
Membrana reticularis. Cellular mem*
brane.
425
MEM
Membrana ruyschia'na. The internal lam-
ina of the choroid membrane of the eye.
Membrana sacciformis. A synovial mem-
brane which forms a duplicature between the
radius and the ulna.
Membrana schneideria'na. The mucous
membrane which lines the nose and its cavities,
secretes the mucus, and affords a surface for the
expansion of the olfactory nerves.
Membrana semilunaris. The name given
to the conjunctiva at that part of its course
where it is posterior to the caruncula, and a
little external to it. This membrana semilu-
naris has been supposed to be the rudiment of
the membrana nictitans, or the third eyelid of
the lower imimals.
Membranj^ympani. The membrane cover-
ing the cavity of the drum of the ear, and sep-
arating it from the meatus auditorius externus.
Membrana versicolor. The name of a brill-
iant and variously-colored membrane, which
forms part of the choroid in many animals. Mr.
Dalrymple denies that any such membrane ex-
ists in the human eye.
Membrana vitellina. The vitelline mem-
brane, lying within the ovicapsule, and sur-
rounding the yolk of the ovum.
Membranaceous. Membranaccus. Of the
laminated form of a membrane.
MembranjE reunientes. A term recently
applied by Rathke to certain parts of the em-
bryo of all the vertebrate classes. To the very
thin membranous part of the abdominal walls
in the embryo ho gives the name of membrana
reuniens inferior, and to the corresponding part
in the dorsal region the name of membrana re-
uniens superior; while he reserves the terms
lamina; abdominales and laminee dorsales for the
thicker parts of the abdominal and dorsal re-
gions of the embryo, which, advancing from
each side, at length meet above and below in
the middle line. When these thicker laminae
haVe thus united and inclosed the cavities to
which they belong, the membrana) reunientes
have lost their office.
MEMBRANE. (Membrana, m, f. ; quod mem-
bra tegat; because it covers the limbs.) In
Anatomy, a thin, expanded substance, composed
of cellulur texture, the elastic fibres of which
are so arranged and woven together as to .allow
of great pliability. For the varieties of mem-
brane, see Texture.
Membrane, basement, or primary. See
Cell.
Membranes of the fcetus. The tissues
which envelop the fcetus are the decidua, cho-
rion, and the amnion.
Membraniform. Membraniformis. Of the
laminated form of a membrane.
Membrano'logy. Membranologia. Applied
to that part of anatomy which treats of mem-
branes. Hymenology.
Mkmbrano'sus. The tensor vaginae fem-
oris.
Membranous. Membrano' sits. Having the
structure or texture of a membrane.
Membranu'la. A small or delicate mem-
brane.
ME'MBRUM. A member; a limb.
Mbmbrum virile. The penis.
426
MEN
Memo'h.ij: os. The occipital bone.
Menagogue. Emmenagogue.
MENDO'SUS. (From rhendax, counterfeit.)
This term is used by some in the same sense as
spurious or illegitimate : Mendoscc costee, false or
spurious ribs ; Mendosa sutura, the squamous or
bastard suture of the skull.
MENINGE'AL. Meningeus. Relating to the
meninges, or membranes of the brain.
Meningeal arteries. The arteries which
creep on the external surface of the dura mater
are so called. The principal is the middle
meningeal, meningca media, or spinous artery
of the dura mater, which is a branch of the
internal maxillary, and enters the cranium
through the spinous foramen of the sphenoid
bone. There are also two small arteries, called
anterior and posterior meningeal, the former a
branch of the internalcartotid,and the latter of
the vertebral.
MENI'NGES. (The plural of meninx.) The
name given to the pia mater and dura mater of
the brain.
MENINGI'TIS. ( From finviyt, a membrane
of the brain.) Inflammation of the membranes
of the brain or spinal cord. See Encephalitis,
and Spinal cord, diseases of the.
Meni'ngo-cephalitis. Inflammation of the
brain and membranes.
Meningo'phylax. An instrument to guard
the membranes of the brain while the bone is
cut or rasped after the operation of the trepan.
Meningo'sis. The junction of bones by
means of membrane.
ME'NINX. (x,gis,f. MnviyZ.) Before the
time of Galen, meninx was the common term
of all the membranes of the body ; afterward
it was appropriated to those of the brain. See
Dura mater and Pia mater.
Menis pe'rmic acid. An acid of the seeds of
menispermum cocculus.
Menispe'rmine. A white, crystalline, fusi-
ble alkaloid, derived from the testa of the coc-
culus indicus, along with an isomeric body, call-
ed parameninpermine. Formula, C18H12NO2.
MENISPE'RMUM. (um,i, n.) A genus of
plants. Diwcia. Dodecandria. Menisperma-
cea:. — M. cocculus. The plant bearing the coc-
culus indicus, Indian berries, or Indian cockles.
They are brought from Malabar and the East
Indies ; are poisonous, bringing on nausea, faint-
ing, and convulsions. They are frequently em-
ployed to intoxicate or poison fishes. The del*
eterious ingredient is an alkaloid called picro-
toxia. Cocculus indicus is little used in medi-
cine, but is sometimes employed to kill vermin
and render beer intoxicating.
Menispermum palmatum. See Cocculut
palmatus.
Menispermum tuberculatum. M. verru-
cosum. This Chinese plant is tonic and some-
what astringent. The Bengal menispermum
cordifolium possesses similar properties.
Menoli'psis. The cessation of the men-
ses.
MENORRHAGIA, (a, a, f. ; from finvia,
the menses, and pnyvvpi, I break out.) Has-
morrhagia uterina. Flooding. An immoderate
flow of the menses or blood from the uterus,
characterized by pains in the back, loins, and
MEN
belly, similar to those of labor, attended with a
preternatural flux of blood from the vagina, or
a discharge of menses more copious than natu-
ral. Dr. Cullen distinguishes six species :
1 . Menorrhagia rubra ; bloody, from women
neither with child nor in childbirth.
2. Menorrhagia alba ; serous, usually called
the fluor albus. See Lcucorrhaea.
3. Menorrhagia viliorum, from some local
disease, as ulcer, cancer, &x.
4. Menorrhagia lochialis, from women after
delivery. See Lochia.
5. Menorrhagia abortus. See Abortion.
6. Menorrhagia Ndbothi, a serous discharge
from the vagina in pregnant women.
This disease seldom occurs before the age of
puberty, and is often an attendant on pregnancy.
It is, in general, a very dangerous aft'ection, more
particularly if it occur at the latter period, as it
is then often so rapid and violent as to destroy
the female in a very short time, where proper
means are not soon adopted. Abortions often
give rise to floodings, and at any period of
pregnancy, but more usually before the fifth
month than at any other time. Moles, in con-
sequence of an imperfect conception becoming
detached, often give rise to a considerable de-
gree of hemorrhage.
The causes which most frequently give rise
to floodings are violent exertions of strength,
sudden surprises and frights, violent fits of pas-
sion, great uneasiness of mind, uncommon long-
ings during pregnancy, over-fullness of blood,
profuse evacuations, general weakness of the
system, external injuries, as blows and bruises,
and the death of the child, in consequence of
which the placenta becomes partially or wholly
detached, and when the placenta is attached
over the os uteri.
The treatment must differ according to the
particular causes of the disease, and according
to the different states of constitution under
which it occurs. The hemorrhage is more fre-
quently of the active kind, and requires the an-
tiphlogistic plan to be strictly enforced, especi-
ally obviating the accumulation of heat in every
way, giving cold, acidulated drink, and using
cold, local applications ; the patient must re-
main quiet in the horizontal 2'osture ; the diet
be of the lightest and least stimulant descrip-
tion ; and the bowels kept freely open by cool-
ing laxatives, as the neutral salts, &c. It may
be sometimes advisable in robust, plethoric fe-
males, particularly in the pregnant state, to take
blood at an early period, especially where there
is much pain, with a hard pulse ; digitalis and
antimonials in nauseating doses would also be
proper under such circumstances. But where
the discharge is rather of a passive character,
tonic and astringent medicines ought to be
given: rest and the horizontal position are
equally necessary, costiveness must be obviated,
and cold, astringent applications may be materi-
ally useful, or the escape of the blood may be
prevented mechanically. In alarming cases,
perhaps, the most powerful internal remedy is
the superacetate of lead, combined with opium,
which latter is often indicated by the irritable
state of the patient. A nourishing diet, with
gentle exercise in a carriage, and the prudent
MEN
use of the cold bath, may contribute to restore
the patient when the discharge has subsided.
MENO'STASIS. (From firjv, a month, and
araacc, a cessation.) Menostasia. A suppres-
sion or retention of the menses.
Mens. The mind.
Me'nsa. A table. The second lobe of the
liver is so called by some old writers.
ME'NSES. (From mensis, a month.) The
sanguineo-serous fluid discharged at the men-
strual periods. See Menstruation.
Menses, immoderate flow of the. See
Menorrhagia.
Menses, interruption of. See Amcnor'
rhaa.
Menses, retention of. See Amcnorrhaa.
Menstrual flux. The menses.
MENSTRUA'TION. (Menstruatio, onis, f.;
from menses. ) From the uterus of e veiy healthy
woman who is not pregnant, or who does not
suckle, there is a discharge of a sanguineous
fluid, at certain periods, from the time of pu-
berty to the approach of old age; and from the
periods or returns of this discharge being month-
ly, it is called menstruation ; and the discharge
is called catamenia, and menses.
At whatever time of life this discharge comes
on, a woman is said to be at puberty, though of
this state it is a consequence, and not a cause.
The early or late appearance of the menses may
depend upon the climate, the constitution, the
delicacy or hardness of living, and upon the
manners of those with whom young women
converse. In this country, girls begin to men-
struate from the thirteenth to the sixteenth
year of their age, and sometimes at a later pe-
riod, without any signs of disease ; but if they
are luxuriously educated, it commences at a
more early period.
Some girls begin to menstruate without any
preceding indisposition ; but there are generally
appearances or symptoms which indicate the
change which is about to take place. These
are usually more severe at the first than in the
succeeding periods ; and they are similar to
those produced by uterine irritation from other
causes, as pains in the back and inferior extrem-
ities, complaints of the viscera, with various
hysteric and nervous affections. These com-
mence with the first disposition to menstruate,
and continue till the discharge comes on, when
they abate or disappear, returning, however,
with considerable violence in some women, at
every period during life. The quantity of fluid
discharged at each evacuation depends upon
the climate, constitution, and manner of living ;
it usually amounts to about five or six ounces.
The discharge commonly lasts from three to six
days.
It is a secretion from the uterus, and differs
from blood in not coagulating. It fits the uterus
for conception; and, according to modern ob-
servations, occurs at the time of the passage of
an ovum from the ovary. It is usually arrested
about the forty-fifth year of age, but may stop
from forty to fifty -five years. It is only during
the years of menstruation that conception oc-
curs.
Menstruation, painful. M., laborious.
Dysmenorrhcea. „
427
MEN
Menstruation, profuse. Menorrhagia.
Menstruation, vicarious. When the nat-
ural discharge is arrested, and hemorrhage oc-
curs from the nose, lungs, or other organs.
MEN'STRUUM. (urn, i, u.) A solvent.
The principal are water, alcohol, ether, oils, and
acid and alkaline liquors.
MENSURATION. Mensuralio. A means
of exploring the chest by measurement. For
this purpose a piece of tape is extended from
the median line, over the sternum to the spinal
processes of the dorsal vertebra, at various
points, and first on the one side and then on the
other. In a well-formed chest, the measures
will be equal on each side; but when there is
effusion on one side, the measures there will be
in excess, or when there is wasting of the lung
from any cause, the chest on that side will be
contracted. In hypertrophy and dilatation of
the heart, the cardiac side will be of greater
extent than the right side.
Menta. Mentula.
MEN'TAGRA. (a, <e, f. ; from mmtum, the
chin, and ay pa, a prey.) An eruption about
the chin, forming a tenacious crust, like that on
a scald head. See Sycosis.
Mentagra infantum. A species of porrigo.
ME'NTAL. Mcntalis. 1. Relating to the
mind. 2. In Anatomy, relating to the chin (from
mentum, the chin), as the mental artery, &c.
Mental foramen. The outer orifice of the
inferior dental foramen, situated on the outer
side of the inferior jaw bone, under the canine
tooth. It gives passage to the mental nerve
and artery.
ME'NTHA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labiatcc. — M.
aquatica. Menthastrum. Mentha rotundifolia
palustris. Water-mint. It is less agreeable
than the spearmint, and in taste more bitter and
pungent. — M. cataria. Nepeta cataria. — M.
cervi'na. Hart's pennyroyal. This plant pos-
sesses the virtues of pennyroyal in a very great
degree, but is remarkably unpleasant. — M.
crispa. Curled-leaved mint. This species of
mentha has a strong and fragrant smell ; its taste
is warm, aromatic, and slightly bitter. — M.
piperita. Peppermint. M. piperitis. It has
a more penetrating smell than any of the other
mints; a strong, pungent taste. The stomachic,
antispasmodic, and carminative properties of
peppermint render it useful in flatulent colics,
hysterical affections, retchings, and qther dys-
peptic symptoms, acting as a cordial, and often
producing an immediate relief. Its officinal
preparations are, an essential oil, a simple water,
and a spirit. Dose, of the oil, gtt. j. to gtt. iij.
— M. pulegium. Pennyroyal. Pulegium. Pw
legium regale. Pulegium latifolium. This plant
is considered as a carminative, stomachic, and
emmenagogue. The officinal preparations of
pennyroyal are, a simple water, a spirit, and an
essential oil. Dose, of the oil, gtt. ij. to gtt. v.
— M. saracenica. Tanacetum vulgaris. — M. sa-
liva. M. spicata. Mentha viridis. — M. viridis.
M. vulgaris. Spearmint. Mint. It is not so
wann to the taste as peppermint, but has a more
agreeable flavor. Its medicinal qualities are
much less than those of peppermint. The of-
ficinal preparations of spearmint are, an essen-
428
MER
rial oil, a conserve, a simple water, and a spirit.
Dose, of the oil, gtt. ij. to gtt. v.
Mentha'strum. Mentha aquatica.
Mento-labial. Relating to the chin and lip
Mento-labialis. The depressor labii infe-
rioris.
Me'ntula. The penis, or the clitoris.
Mentu'lagra. A disorder of the penis,
causing impotence.
ME'NTUM. (um,i,n.) The chin.
MENYA'NTHES. (es, eos, or is, f.) A
genus of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia.
Gentianacece. — M. trifoliata. The buck-bean.
Menyanthes. The whole plant is so extremely
bitter, that in some countries it is used as a sub-
stitute for hops in the preparation of malt liquor.
It is an excellent tonic, laxative, and of use in
skin diseases and scurvy.
Meny'anthine. The bitter extractive of the
buck-bean.
MEPHI'TIC. Mephiticus. Applied to that
which emits a noxious smell or exhalation.
Mephitic acid. The carbonic acid.
Mephitic air. Nitrogen.
MEPHI'TIS. (it, is, f.; from mephuhith, a
blast, Syr.) A poisonous exhalation.
MERCA'PTAN. A remarkable fluid, belong-
ing to the ethyl group, in which sulphur replaces
the oxygen, the form, being C 4 H 6 S2. Its sp.
gr. is '842 ; it is inflammable, smells like onions,
and possesses the singular property of com-
bining with mercury and other metals to form
mercaptides.
MERCU'RIAL. Mercurialis. 1. Contain-
ing mercury, or relating to mercury. 2. Lively,
active, sanguine.
Mercurial disease. M. rash. Eczema
mercurialis.
Mercurial erethrism. See Erethrism.
MERCURIA'LIS. (is, is, f.) A genus of
plants. Dicecia. Enneandria. — M. annua.
French mercury. It is an emollient oleraceous
herb, gently aperient. — M. perennis. M. sylves-
tris and M . tnontana sylvestris. The dog's mer-
cury. A poisonous plant. It produces vomit-
ing and purging. •
MERCU'RIUS. (us, i, m.) Mercury. See
Mercury, and Hydrargyrum.
Mercurius acetatus. See Hydrargyrt
acetas.
Mercurius alkalizatus. See Hydrargy-
rum cum cretd.
Mercurius calcinatus. See Hydrargyri
oxydum rubrum.
Mercurius chemicorum. Quicksilver.
Mercurius cinereus. Hydrargyri oxydum
nigrum.
Mercurius cinnabarinus. See Hydrargyri
sulphurctum rubrum.
Mercurius corrosivus. Corrosive subli-
mate. M. .corrosivus albus. See Hydrargyri
chloridum corrosivum.
Mercurius corrosivus ruber. Red pre-
cipitate. See Hydrargyri oxydum rubrum.
Mercurius corrosivus sublimatus. See
Hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum.
Mercurius cosmeticus. Hydrargyrum am
moniatum.
Mercurius dulcis sublimatus. Calomel.
See Hydrargyri chloridum mite.
MER
Mercurius emkticus flavus. See Hydrar-
gyri sulphas flavus.
Mercurius mortis. See Algaroth.
Mercurius prjecipitatus albus. See Hy-
drargyrum ammoniatum.
Mercurius prjecipitatus dulcis. Calomel.
See Hydrargyri chloridum mite.
Mercurius prjecipitatus nicer. See Hy-
drargyri oxydum nigrum.
Mercurius prjecipitatus ruder. M. pra:-
cipitatus corrosivus. Red precipitate. See Hy-
drargyri oxydum rnbrum.
Mercurius vitje. See Algaroth.
MERCURY. Hydrargyrum. Hydrargyrus.
Mercurius. Quicksilver. A brilliant white met-
al, fluid above 39° F. ; sp. «., 13-54. It boils at
620° F., becoming volatilized, unchanged in
vacuo, but passing into the red oxide if long ex-
posed to air. Symbol, Hg; eq., 202; but it is
also taken at 101 by some chemists, which cir-
cumstance has produced great confusion in the
nomenclature, as the swZi-compounds of one set
of authors represent the proto-sulta of the other ;
the proto-compounds of one the bi-salts of
others. Thus calomel is a subchloride in one
case, and chloride in the other ; corrosive sub-
limate is called chloride and bichloride of mer-
cury. The term mercurous compounds is also
used to designate the proto-compounds, and
mercuric salts the bi-compounds. It is readily
dissolved by nitric acid. It forms two oxides,
HgO, the black or protoxide, and HgO^, bin-
oxide or peroxide, and there are analogous com-
pounds of mercury with chlorine, iodine, bro-
mine, sulphur, &c.
Medical use. — The compounds of this metal
are very important articles in the materia med-
ica. There is scarcely a disease against which
some of the preparations are not exhibited ; and
over the venereal disease it is believed by many
practitioners to possess a specific power. The
red sulphuret is used in fumigation where a
rapid effect is desired on the system ; and the
metal has been used to remove obstructions in
the bowels by its weight.
Mercurial preparations act generally on the
system by stimulating the absorbents, and lo-
cally on the injured organ. It increases the
pulse, produces an irritable condition, and
sometimes a slight hectic (Erethrismus mercu-
rialis). During this state, the patient is very
liable to cold and febrile attacks. Locally, it
affects the bowels, producing painful purging ;
or the mouth, causing irri table gum3, fetid
breath, and may lead to inflammation and gan-
grene. These effects are to be arrested in the
first case by opium, and in the second by as-
tringents, gargles, cathartics, mineral acids, and
bark, in all cases stopping the further supply
of mercury. This medicine does little injury
unless long used, but in some persons it produ-
ces great prostration, tremblings, irregular ac-
tion of the heart, coldness, or it may give rise to
the peculiar eruption called Eczema mercuriale.
For the preparations of mercury, see Hy-
drargyrum, Pilula hydrargyri, and Unguentum.
Mercury, American. Rhus radicans and
R. toxicodendron are so called in the Northern
States.
Mercury, dog's. Mercurialis perennis.
MES
Mercury, English. Chenopodium bonus
henricus.
Mercury, French. Mercurialis annua.
MEROBALNE'UM. (From fiepoc, a part,
and PaXaveiov, a bath.) A partial bath, as a
hip-bath, bath for the feet, &c.
MEROCE'LE. (e, es, f. ; from p.epoc, the
thigh, and Kr\kn, a tumor.) A femoral hernia.
See Hernia.
Me'ros. The thigh.
Me'rus. Genuine or unadulterated; as me-
rum vinum, pure wine.
Mesarje'um. The mesentery.
MESEMBRYANTHEMUM CRYSTA'LLI-
NUM. The ice plant. Icosandria. Penta-
gynia. The juice, in a dose of four spoonfulls
every two hours, is asserted to have removed ob-
stinate spasmodic affections of the neck of the
bladder, which did not yield to other remedies.
MESENTERIC. Mcsentericus. Belonging
to the mesentery. See Mesentery.
Mesenteric artery. Artcria mesenterica.
Two branches of the aorta in the abdomen are
so called. The superior mesenteric is the sec-
ond branch of the abdominal aorta: it is dis-
tributed upon the mesentery, and gives off the
ileo-colica, colica dextra, and colica media. The
inferior mesenteric is the fifth branch of the
abdominal aorta : it sends off the colica sinistra,
and its termination forms the internal hemor-
rhoidal.
Mesenteric glands. Glandulce mesenteric^.
These are conglobate, and are situated here
and there in the cellular membrane of the mes-
entery. The chyle from the intestines passes
through these glands to the thoracic duct.
Mesenteric nerves. Nervorum plexus mes-
entericus. The superior, middle, and lower
mesenteric plexuses of nerves are formed by
the branches of the great intercostal nerves.
Mesenteric veins. Vena! mesenterica:.
They all run into one trunk, which evacuates
its blood into the vena porta;. See Venaporta:.
Mesenteri'tis. Peritonitis.
ME'SENTERY. (Mesenterium, ii, n. ; from
fieaoc, the middle, and evrepov, an intestine.)
A membrane in the cavity of the abdomen at-
tached to the vertebra; of the loins, and to which
the intestines adhere. It is formed of a dupli-
cative of the peritoneum, and contains within
it adipose membrane, lacteals, lymphatics, lac-
teal glands, mesenteric arteries, veins, and
nerves. Its use is to sustain the intestines in
such a manner that they possess both mobility
and firmness ; to support and conduct with
safety the blood-vessels, lacteals, and nerves;
to fix the glands, and give an external coat to
the intestines.
It consists of three parts: one uniting the
small intestines, which is the proper mesentery;
another connecting the colon, termed meso-
colon ; and a third attached to the rectum,
termed mesorectum. See Mesocolon.
Mesera'ic. Meseraicus. Mesenteric.
Mesi're. A disorder of the liver mentioned
by Avicenna, accompanied with a sense of
heaviness, tumor, inflammation, pungent pain,
and blackness of the tongue.
Me'site. An ethereal body existing in py-
roxylic spirit.
429
M BS
Mesitic alcohol. Acetone.
Mesityle. A compound radical of Dr. Kane.
Formula, CeH s . According to this author, ace-
tone is the hydrated oxide of mesityle.
Mesit'ylene. An oily fluid, boiling at about
300° F., derived from the distillation of acetone
■with fuming sulphuric acid. Formula, CeH*.
Mesmerism. Animal magnetism.
MESO-. MESOS-. A prefix (from fieaoc,
the middle), signifying the middle state or posi-
tion.
Meso'carp. The central portion of the peri-
carp of seeds; this is called the sarcocarp in
fleshy fruits.
Mesocje'cum. The reflexion of the peri-
toneum which keeps the ciecuin in its place.
Mesoce'phalon. The pons varolii.
MESOCO'LON. (on, i, m. ; from fieaoc, the
middle, and Ku"kov, the colon.) The portion of
the mesentery to which the colon is attached.
In the pelvis, the peritoneum spreads itself be-
fore the rectum. Where that intestine becomes
loose, and forms the sigmoid flexure, the peri-
toneum rises considerably, with a figure adapt-
ed for receiving the hollow colon. But above,
on the left side, the colon is connected with
but little loose peritoneum, spread upon the
psoas muscle as high as the spleen, where the
part which gives a coat to the colon, being ex-
tended under the spleen, receives and sustains
that viscus in a hollow superior recess.
Afterward the peritoneum, from the left kid-
ney, from the interval between the kidneys,
from the large vessels, and from the right kid-
ney, emerges forward under the pancreas, and
forms a broad and sufficiently long continuous
production, called the transverse mesocolon,
which, like a partition, divides the upper part
of the abdomen, containing the stomach, liver,
spleen, and pancreas, from the lower part. The
lower lamina of this transverse production is
continued singly from the right mesocolon to
the left, and serves as an external coat to a
large portion of the liver, and descending part
of the duodenum. But the upper lamina de-
parts from the lumbar peritoneum at the kid-
ney, and region of the vena cava, farther to the
right than the duodenum, to which it gives an
external membrane, and beyond this and the
colon it is joined with the lower lamina, so
that a large part of the duodenum lies within
the cavity of the mesocolon. Afterward, in
the region of the liver, the mesocolon is in-
flected, and, descending over the kidney of the
same side, includes the right of the colon, as far
as the intestinum caecum and the appendix, and
terminates almost at the bifurcation of the aorta.
Mesocra'nium. The crown of the head, or
vertex.
Mesodm'itis. Inflammation of the medias-
tinum.
Mesoga'strium. The umbilical region of
the abdomen.
Meso-glo'ssus. The genio-glossus muscle.
Mesolobe. The corpus callosum. — Chaus-
sier.
Mesome'ria. The parts between the thighs.
Mesompha'lium. The navel.
Mesophl'^um. The middle portion of the
bark, of a green color.
430
MET
Meso'phryum. The part between the eye-
brows.
Mesophy'llum. The green, cellular, central
portion of the leaf.
Mesopleu'rii. The intercostal muscles.
Meso'sperm. The central envelope of the
seed.
MESORE'CTUM. (urn, i, n. ; from fieooc T
and rectum. ) The portion of peritoneum which
connects the rectum to the pelvis.
MESO'THENAR. The name given by Win-
slow to the muscular mass consisting of the ab-
ductor, and part of the short flexor of the thumb.
Mesotho'rax. The central division of in-
sects.
MESOTFCA. Diseases affecting the sub-
stance of organs without derangement of the
general health. — Good.
Mesoxalic acid. An acid derived from
alloxan. It is crystalline, sour, and bibasic.
Formula, C a H 4 ,2HO.
Mespilus germanica. The medlar-tree.
Rosacea. The immature fruit is astringent, and
the seeds mucilaginous.
META-. A prefix (from \tera, after, with),
denoting change.
META'BASIS. (From uera6acvu, to di-
gress.) Metabolc. A change of remedy, of
practice, or disease; or any change from one
thing to another, either in the curative indica-
tions, or the symptoms of a distemper.
Meta'bole. See Metabasis.
Metabo'lic That which passes through
organic transformations, as the class of winged
insects.
METACARPAL. Metacarpalis. Belonging
to the metacarpus.
Metacarpal bones. See Metacarpus.
Metacarpal phalanges. The phalanges ol
the wrist.
M ETAC A'RPUS. (From fiera, after, and
napnoc, the wrist.) Metacarpium. That part
of the hand which is between the wrist and the
fingers. It has five longitudinal bones that are
situated between the wrist and the fingers,
which are distinguished into the metacarpal
bone of the thumb, fore finger, &c.
M e t a c e'to n e. A colorless liquid, with an
agreeable odor, boiling at 183° F., obtained
in the distillation of sugar with lime. Formula,
C 6 H 6 0.
Metaco'ndylos. The last joint of a finger.
Metacore'sis. Metastasis.
Metalde'hyde. A hard, crystalline, inodor-
ous solid, resulting from the spontaneous trans-
formation of aldehyde.
METALLU'RGIA. (a, a, f. ; from (itrak-
\ov, a metal, and epyov, work.) Metallurgy.
That part of chemistry which relates to the
treatment of metals.
METAL. (Metallum, i, n. MeraMov.)
Metals are the most numerous class of ele-
mentary chemical bodies, distinguished by the
following general characters :
1. A peculiar lustre, which continues in the
streak, and in their smallest fragments.
2. They are fusible by heat ; and in fusion
may retain their lustre and opacity.
3. They are all conductors of electricity and
caloric.
MET
4. Many are malleable, or may be drawn
into wire, and are called ductile.
5. When their saline combinations are elec-
trolized, the metals separate at the negative
pole.
6. When exposed to the action of oxygen,
chlorine, iodine, sulphur, bromine, or pnos-
phorus, and at an elevated temperature, they
generally take fire ; and, combining with one
or other of these six elements in definite pro-
portions, are converted into earthy or saline-
looking bodies, called oxides, chlorides, iodides,
sulphurets, bromides, phosphurets, &c.
7. They are capable of combining in their
melted state with each other, in almost every
proportion, constituting the important order of
metallic alloys, in which the characteristic lustre
and tenacity are preserved.
A list may be found under the word Element;
for their properties, see the metals severally.
Metallic. Of the nature of a metal.
Metallic brush. A metallic brush was
recommended by Westring lor the purpose of
conveying galvanism to a part.
METALLIC TINKLING. An auscultatory
sound heard where there exists within the
chest a preternatural cavity containing air, or
when air is present in the cavity of the pleura.
It resembles the sound produced by gently
striking with a pin a glass or metallic cup, or
by letting grains of sand fall into a glass.
Laennec supposed that this sound was always
indicative of the coexistence of pneumothorax,
empyema, and a fistulous communication be-
tween the pleura and the bronchi. It is now
ascertained, however, that neither the effusion
• of a liquid nor a bronchial fistula are necessaiy
to its development, although these circumstan-
ces are most frequently coexistent with pneu-
mothorax, and a fistulous opening is generally
instrumental in the production of the sound.
The metallic tinkling occurs as a sign of pneu-
mothorax, or of a large excavation in the sub-
stance of the lungs, the former being the cause
in a great majority of instances. There is a
variety of the metallic tinkling called the am-
phoric resonance, or metallic resonance —
bourdonnement amphorique of Laennec : it re-
sembles the sound produced by blowing quickly
and forcibly into an empty decanter, or other
large vessel with a small aperture. The two
sounds above mentioned often pass into each
other, or coexist or alternate with each other,
in the same case ; generally speaking, however,
the sound seems to partake more of the ampho-
ric character when the cavity containing the air
is very large.
Metallic tractors. Dr. Perkins, in the
last century, introduced a method of treating
diseases by drawing over the affected part two
small metallic rods, made of different metals.
These rods were called metallic tractors, and
the operation was called tractoration. The use
of tractors has been called Perhinism.
ME'TALLOID. (From /ueraJWoi/, a metal,
and ettiog, resemblance.) The metallic bases
of the alkalies and earths were at first called
metalloids, but they are now classed with the
metals.
Mftame'ric Isomeric.
MET
Metamorph'opsia. A species of depraved
vision, in which the image of objects is chan-
ged from opacities or clouds in the eye, or in
which imaginary objects appear to be seen.
METAMO'RPHOSIS. (From (ieto, and
fiop<pn, form. ) Transformation. In Physiology,
the changes, both chemical and of cellular de-
velopment, and death, through which any tex-
ture, fluid, or organ of the body passes ; and the
existence and continuance of which is essential
to life, if it be not the condition of life.
Metape'dium. The metatarsus.
Meta'phrenum. That part of the back
which is behind the diaphragm.
Metaporopoie'sis. A morbid change in the
extremities of the capillary vessels. — Galen.
METAPTO'SIS. (From {leTamnTa, to di-
gress.) A change or transition of one disease
into another.
META'STASIS. (From ^eflwrjf/u, to change,
to translate.) The translation of a disease from
one part to another, as that of gout to the stom-
ach, or of rheumatism to the heart, &c.
Metasy'ncrisis. Metaporopoiesis.
Metasyncri'tica. Medicines calculated to
remove a metasyncrisis.
METATARSAL. Metatarsals. Belonging
to the metatarsus.
Metata'rso-phala'ngean articulations.
The junctions of the metatarsal bones and pha-
langes of the toes.
METATA'RSUS. (From uera, after, and
rapcoe, the tarsus.) That part of the foot be-
tween the tarsus and toes. It consists of five
longitudinal bones, which are distinguished into
the metatarsal bone of the great toe, fore toe,
&c.
Metathe'sis. Transposition.
Mete'lla nux. Strychnos nux vomica.
METEORI'SM. Meteorismus. (From fierc
uptfo, to raise on high.) A distension of the
abdomen, or any part of it, with wind.
Me'teorolite. A meteoric stone.
METEORO'LOGY. (From fiereupoc, aerial,
and /loyof, a discourse.) The science which
investigates atmospheric phenomena, as the pro-
duction of dew, clouds, the progress of winds,
the climate, and fluctuations of temperature of
given places on tHfe earth.
MethjEmachymia. Transfusion.
Methe'glin. A drink prepared from honey
by fermentation.
Methemeri'nus. Quotidian.
ME'THODE NUME'RIQUE. The numeri-
cal method. A method of reaching the general
laws of disease by the inductive process, as rec-
ommended by M. Louis.
Methodic medicine. Medicine as practiced
by the methodic sect. See Methodici.
METHO'DICI. A sect of ancient physicians,
of which Themison was the head. They en-
deavored to reduce medicine to exact rules,
and supposed that all diseases arose from con-
striction or rigidity of the fibres.
Methodus medendi. See Therapia.
Methoma'nia. An irresistible desire for
liquors.
METHY'LE. A hypothetical compound
radical, of the form. C 2 H 3 ; symbol, Mt. It is
analogous with ethyl. The oxide of methyl
431
MIC
has the same properties as ether. The hydra-
ted oxide, MtO,HO, is pyroxilic spirit. There
are also compounds with chlorine, iodine, and
other haloid bodies.
Metopantra'lgia. Pain in the frontal sinuses.
Meto'pion. An ointment containing galba-
mim.
Metopo'scopy. Physiognomy.
Meto'pum. The forehead.
ME'TRA. (a, a, f. ; from firiTTjp, a mother.)
The womb. See Uterus.
Metka'lgia. Pain in the womb.
Metratre'sia. Morbid closure of the uterus.
Metremphra'xis. Obstruction of the womb.
Metre. The French lineal standard of
39-371 English mches.
Metre'nchyta. Injections for the womb.
Metre'nchytes. A syringe to inject fluids
into the womb.
METRI'TIS. (From firjrpa, the womb.) In-
flammation of the womb. See Hysteritis.
Metrocarci'noma. Cancer of the womb.
Metroce'le. Hernia vaginalis.
Metroh-e'mia. Congestion of blood in the
uterus.
METROMA'NIA. (a, a, f.) 1. Nympho-
mania. 2. Musomania, a form of disease in
which the patient recites verses extempore.
In the latter case it is derived from fiovoa, a
song, and fiavia, madness.
Metropathia. An affection of the womb.
METRO-PERITONITIS. Inflammation of
the womb and peritoneum, as in some cases of
puerperal fever.
Metro-phlebitis. Puerperal fever.
Metroptosis. Prolapsus uteri. The de-
scent of the uterus through the vagina.
Metrorrhagia. Hemorrhage from the
womb.
Metroto'mia. The Caesarian operation.
Me'um. Me'u. iEthusa meum.
Mexican seed. Ricinus communis.
Mexican tea. Chenopodium ambrosioides.
MEZE'REUM. (urn, ii, n.) Mezereon.
See Daphne, the bark of the root of mezereum.
Mezereum acetatum. Thin slices of the
bark of fresh mezereon root are to be steeped
for twenty-four hours in common vinegar. Some
practitioners direct this application to issues
when a discharge from them can not be encour-
aged by the common means.
Mo. Magnesium.
MI' ASM. Miasma. (Mtao/ia; from /iiatvu,
to infect. ) Any emanation capable of produ-
cing disease, either from sick persons, marshes,
or other sources.
Mica panis. The crumb of bread.
MICRO-. A prefix (from [wepog, small), in-
dicating smallness ; as Microcephalus, one with
a small head, &c.
MI'CROCOSM. Microcosmus. (From fii-
xpoc, and /coo//oc, a world.) A little world;
that which is veiy intricate in its parts : hence
physiologists call man a microcosm.
Microcosmic salt. The phosphate of soda
and ammonia.
Microglossia. Congenital smallness of the
tongue.
Microme'lus. One having small limbs.
MICRO'METER. (From/wcpoc, and perpov,
432
MIL
a measure.) An instrumsnt attached to mi
croscopes and telescopes, for the purpose of
measuring minute objects. It may consist of
two parts or wires, one of which is gradually
approximated to the other by a screw, the mo-
tion of which is marked by an index.
Mi'cropylk. The foramen of a seed.
Micro'rchis. One whose testicles are unu-
sually small.
MICROSCOPE. (From fiinpoe, small, and
okotteu, to view. ) All optical instrument which
enables us to see and examine objects which
are too minute to be seen by the naked eye.
Microscopes are single or compound, according
to the nature of their construction ; a single mi-
croscope being one through which, whether it
consists of a single lens or a combination of
lenses, the object is viewed directly; and a
compound microscope one in which two or
more lenses are so arranged that an enlarged
image of the object formed by one of them is
magnified by the second, or by the others, if
there are more than two, and seen as if it were
the object itself. A single microscope is no
more than a magnifying glass.
Micros phy'xia. A debility and smallness
of the pulse.
Mictio. Mictus. Micturition.
MICTU'RITION. Micturitio. (From mic-
turio, to urinate.) The act of making water.
Midriff. See Diaphragms,
Midwife. A woman who assists other
women in child-birth.
MIDWIFERY. That branch of medicine
which relates to the management of parturition,
and the treatment of women after delivery.
See Obstetrics.
Migka'na. A Corruption of hemicrania.
Mi'kanio guaco. See Guaco.
Mi'ldew. A general name for the minute
and destructive fungi which assail linen, meats,
and other substances.
MILDEW MORTIFICATION. Gangrcena
ustilaginea. A dry gangrene arising from the
use of mildewed grain, especially ergot.
Milfoil. Achillea millefolium.
MILIA'RIA. Miliary fever. (From milium,
millet : so called because the small vesicles
upon the skin resemble millet-seed.) A dis-
ease characterized by fever ; cold stage consid-
erable ; hot stage attended with anxiety and
frequent sighing ; perspiration of a strong and
peculiar smell ; eruption, preceded by a sense
of pricking, first on the neck and breast, of
small red pimples, which in two days become
white vesicles, desquamate, and are succeeded
by fresh pimples. Miliary fever has been ob-
served to affect both sexes, and persons of all
ages and constitutions ; but females of a delicate
habit are most liable to it, particularly in child-
bed. Moist, variable weather is most favorable
to its appearance, and it occurs usually in the
spring and autumn. It is by some said to be a
contagious disease, and has been known to pre-
vail epidemically.
Very violent symptoms, such as coma, delir-
ium, and convulsive fits, now and then attend
miliary fever, in which case it is apt to prove
fatal. A numerous eruption indicates more
danger than a scanty one. The eruption being
MIL
steady is to be considered as more favorable
than its frequently disappearing and coming
out again, and it is more favorable when the
places covered with the eruption appear swell-
ed and stretched than when they remain flaccid.
According to the severity of the symptoms and
depression of the system, is the danger greater.
The fever, and other symptoms of miliaria,
point out the necessity of supporting the patient
through the disease ; but eveiy thing that heats
and stimulates the skiu should be avoided.
The bowels are to be kept open by cooling
laxatives of sulphate of magnesia iu infusion of
roses, cascarilla, calumba, and the like, which,
with cooling drinks, light bed-clothes, and a cool
atmosphere, will, in most instances, effect a
cure.
When miliary eruptions come out in other dis-
eases, it is generally from continued sweating,
and then it requires bark, wine, and acids.
MILI'OLUM. A small tumor on the eyelids,
resembling in size a millet-seed.
M ilitaris herba. Achillea millefolium.
MI'LIUM. 1. Millet. Panicum miliaceum.
2. A veiy white and hard tubercle, in size and
color resembling a millet-seed. Its seat is im-
mediately under the cuticle, so that, when press-
ed, the contents escape, appearing of a sebace-
ous nature.
Milium sons. Lithospermum officinale.
MILK. Lac. A fluid secreted by peculiar
glands in the breasts of the class of animals
called Mammalia, for the nourishment of their
young. Milk is an emulsion of fat globules in a
fluid. It differs much in composition, according
to the food and animal; but cow's milk aver-
agesin 100parts,of butter, 3-0; casein, 4-8; sugar
of milk, 4*4 ; and *51 parts saline matter, chiefly
phosphates, with free soda, and chloride of sodi-
um and potash; 87-0 parts water. On stand-
ing, cream rises spontaneously, and the casein
is coagulated by any acid substance or by ren-
net. Milk, on reaching the stomach, is coagu-
lated, the casein and butyraceous parts digest-
ed, and the water absorbed. It is, perhaps,
the most innocent diet known to us, and best
suited to those of feeble digestion. By keep-
ing, &c, the sugar becomes converted into lac-
tic acid, and the caseous or cheesy matter co-
agulates.
Milk, ass's. Lac asininum. It has a strong
resemblance to human milk. It is quite a favor-
ite diet for consumptives.
Milk, ewe's. Lac ovillum. It is rich in
cream and butter.
Milk, goat's. It is richest in cream, and
contains much butter.
Milk, human. Lac humanum. The milk
most frequently begins to be secreted in the last
months of pregnancy ; but on the third day after
delivery, a serous milk, called colostrum, is sep-
arated, and at length pure milk is secreted co-
piously in the breasts.
If the secretion of milk be daily promoted by
suckling an infant, it often continues many
years, unless a fresh pregnancy supervene. It
appears that not more than two pounds of milk
are obtained from five or six pounds of meat.
The fluid is much affected by the food, and pe-
culiarly liable to be affected by the odors and
Ee
MIL
qualities of vegetable substances and acids, as
well as medicines.
Womens' milk differs much from that of the
cow ; it contains less of the caseum and but-
ter, and more sugar, and in these respects re-
sembles that of the ass and mare. 1000 parts
contain about 120 of solid food.
Milk, maee's. Lac equinum. This is thin-
ner than that of the cow, but scarcely so thin as
human milk. Its cream can not be converted
into butter by agitation. The whey contains
much sugar.
Milk-blotch. The crusta lactca, a species
of porrigo. Porrigo larvalis.
Milk-fever. Febris lactea.
MILK SICKNESS. Trembles. A contagious
disease of the cattle of certain districts ot the
Western States, more especially Indiana and Illi-
nois : one of the infected districts lies for 100
miles near the banks of the Wabash. The ani-
mals are poisoned by some 'article of food or
drink; their breath is foetid, eyes bloodshot,
gait staggering and wild ; when driven, they
iall into convulsions, and frequently die. The
milk, butter, cheese, and meat of such animals
are highly poisonous, two or three ounces bring-
ing on the same disease in man and other ani-
mals in from six hours to four days. In man it
commences with foetid breath, general uneasi-
ness, lassitude, loss of nervous power, vomiting
frequently with blood, loss of appetite, consti-
pation, loss of biliary secretion, and, finally, all
the symptoms of low typhus fever, with nervous
tremors and delirium, the brain and meninges
becoming inflamed : it is very fatal. The cheese
and butter of the infected districts are abund-
antly exported to St. Louis, Louisville, &c, and
frequently produce fatal effects. It is probable
that the extensive poisoning in this city (New
York) in the spring of 1840, arose from cheese
imported thence.
The treatment is very doubtful, but should
proceed as in typhus fevers, by sustaining the
strength, and allaying nervous irritability.
There seems to be much connection between
this peculiar disease and the malignant pustule
which affects cattle in Europe, and occasionally
the seaboard states, except only that it is said
to be strictly local, in places now infested, hav-
ing been so for 100 years, as known to the set-
tlers, and there is no pustule produced.
Milk, snake's. Euphorbia corollata.
Milk, sugar of. Lactin.
Milk-teeth. See Teeth.
Milk-thistle. Carduus marianus.
Milk-vetch. Astragalus excapus.
Milk-weed. Asclepias syriaca.
Milk-wort. Polygala vulgaris.
Milk-wort, rattle-snake root. Polygala
senega.
Millar's asthma. Laryngismus stridulus.
Miblefo'lium. Achillea millefolium.
Millemo'rbia. Scrofularia nodosa.
MI'LLEPES. (es, edis, m. ; from mille, a
thousand, and pes, a foot : named from its nu-
merous feet.) The thousand-feet. Several
insects are known under this name : 1. The Ar-
madillo vulgaris, or officinalis, the pill mille-
pede; 2. The porcellio scaler; 3. The oniscus
asellus, or common wood-louse.
433
MIN
Millet. Panicum miliaceum.
Millet-seed rash. Miliaria.
Milligramme. A thousandth part of a
gramme, or 0'0154 of a grain.
Millimetre. The thousandth part of a
metre, or 003937 of an English inch.
Mill-mountain. Linum catharticum.
Milpho'sis. ~M.i?,<puoic. A baldness of the
eyebrows.
Mi'ltos. MtArof. Red lead.
Miltwaste. Asplenium ceterach.
Milzade'lla. Angelica archangelica.
MIMO'SA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Polysomia. Moncecia. Mimosa. — M. catechu.
Acacia catechu. — M.nilotica. M. Senegal. Aca-
cia vera.
MIND. This term, like life, is used in two
acceptations : in the one, it signifies the phe-
nomena arising from the exercise of the power
of thinking ; in tlje other, it signifies the think-
ing power or principle itself. The mind of man
possesses certain faculties, which are called sen-
Motion, association, memory, imagination, judg-
ment, and will.
1. Sensation enables us to perceive from ex-
ternal objects simple ideas.
2. Association combines simple ideas, to form
those which are complex.
3. Memory is the power by which ideas are
retained, and recalled in the order in which
they were, originally impressed on the mind.
4. Imagination combines the ideas of things
which have been actually perceived, to form a
whole which has no existence but in the mind.
5. Judgment is the power by which we com-
pare the ideas acquired by the exercise of the
other faculties, determine their relations, and
discern truth from falsehood.
6. Will is the power which determines to
action, and rules those functions which are
called voluntary, as opposed to those which are
involuntary.
Mindkre'uus's spirit. Liquor ammonias
acetatis.
MINE'RAL. Mineralis. Applied to any in-
organic substance.
MINE'RAL KINGDOM. That department
of nature which includes minerals or inorganic
bodies.
Mineral acids. See Acid, mineral.
Mineral oil. Petroleum.
Mineral pitch. Bitumen.
Mineral poisons. See Poisons.
Mineral solution. Arsenicalis liquor.
Mineral waters. Aqua; minerales. Natural
springs of water, impregnated with substances
foreign to the common composition of water,
which exert some marked action on the ani-
mal economy. They may be thermal or cold.
There are five classes : 1. Acidulous Waters ;
2. Alkaline Waters; 3. Chalybeate Wa-
ters ; 4. Sulphureous Waters ; 5. Saline
Waters.
1. Acidulous Waters owe their properties
chiefly to carbonic acid. They sparkle when
drawn from the spring or when poured into a
glass; have an acidulous taste, and become
rapid when exposed to the air. They gener-
ally contain, also, carbonates of soda, bicarbon-
ates of lime, of magnesia, and of iron. Of this
434
MIN
class are the waters of Saratoga, Ballston, and
the Sweet Springs of Virginia.
2. Alkaline Waters owe their properties to
the carbonate of an alkali. They display an
alkaline reaction. Alkaline springs are not very
numerous.
3. Chalybeate Waters owe their properties
to iron, in combination generally with carbonic
acid ; and as this is usually in excess, they are
often acidulous as well as chalybeate. The
metal is found also in the form of a sulphate,
but the instances of this are very rare.
Chalybeate waters have a styptic or inky
taste ; they are, when newly drawn, transparent,
and strike a black with tincture of nutgalls; but
an ochry sediment, a hydrated peroxide of iron,
soon falls, and the water loses its taste. If the
iron be in the state of sulphate and hydrochlo-
rate, however, no sediment falls; and the black
color is produced by the above test even after
the water has been boiled and filtered.
They are powerful tonics, and employed in
dyspepsia, scrofulous affections, cancer, ame-
norrhoea, chlorosis, and the other diseases of de-
bility for which the artificial preparations of
iron are used.
4. Sulphureous waters derive their char-
acter chiefly from sulphureted hydrogen gas,
which in some of them is uncombined, while in
others it is united with lime or an alkali. They
are transparent when newly drawn from the
spring, and have the foetid odor of rotten eggs,
which is gradually lost by exposure to the air,
and the water becomes turbid. When they are
strongly impregnated with the gas, they redden
infusion of litmus; and, even in a weak state,
they blacken silver and lead. Besides contain-
ing sulphureted hydrogen gas, they are not un
frequently, also, impregnated with carbonic
acid. They generally contain chloride of mag-
nesium, or other saline matters, which modify
their powers as a remedy.
They are* resorted to chiefly for the cure of
cutaneous eruptions, and are applied locally as
well as drunk. They are slightly sudorific,
purgative, and diuretic, and are apt to occasion
in some patients headache of short duration di-
rectly they are drunk. They are also employ-
ed for curing visceral and scrofulous obstruc-
tions, torpor of the intestines, and some dys-
peptic and hypochondriacal cases. The sul-
phur springs in Virginia are the most celebrated
in this country, but they are numerous.
5. Saline mineral waters owe their prop-
erties altogether to saline compounds. Those
which predominate, and give their character to
the waters of this class, are either,
1. Salts, the basis of which is lime;
2. Chloride of sodium and magnesium ;
3. Sulphate of magnesia ;
4. Alkaline carbonates, particularly carbo-
nate of soda.
Most of the waters are mentioned under their
separate heads.
Mineralis. Mineral.
MINERA'LOGY. (Mineralogia, at, f. ) That
part of natural history which relates to minerals.
MINER'S ELBOW. An enlargement of the
bursa over the olecranon, occurring in miners
who are forced to rest much on the elbow.
M l8
Mima Us. A dull red color.
Minim. Sec Minimum.
MTN1MUM. (urn, i, n.) A minim. The
sixtieth part of a fluid drachm. It corresponds
nearly to a drop of water, but equals 120 to
140 drops of alcoholic fluids.
Mi'nium. Red oxide of lead.
Minium gr.ecorum. Native cinnabar.
Mint, pepper. Mentha piperita.
Mint, water. Mentha aquatica.
MISANTHROTY. Misanthropia. Hatred
of men and society, a symptom in melancholy
and hypochondriasis.
Miscarriage. Abortion.
Misere're mei. Ileac passion.
Mislaw. Musa paradisiaca.
Misletoe. Viscum album.
Misopto'cus. The gout.
MISTURA. (as, a, f.) A mixture. A fluid
composed of two or more ingredients. It is
mostly contracted in prescriptions thus, miff., e.
g., /. mist., which means, let a mixture be made.
Mistura acaci.£. See Mucilago acacia:.
Mistura althe'.e. Decoctum altheae.
Mistura ammoniaci. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
Mixture of ammoniacum. Take of ammonia-
cum, 3ij. ; water, Oss. Rub the ammoniacum
with the water gradually till they are thor-
oughly mixed. Expectorant. Dose, f. fj.
Mistura amygdal.b. (U. S.) M. atnygda-
latum. Almond mixture or emulsion. Take
of almond confection, ?j.; distilled water, Oss.
Mix and strain. Demulcent.
Mistura AssAFffiTinA. (U. S.,Ph. L.) Mix-
ture of assafoetida. Take of assafoetida, 3ij. ;
water, Oss. Rub with the water till thoroughly
mixed. Used in enema.
Mistura assafqstida pro clysmate. Ene-
ma fcetidum.
Mistura camphors. Camphor mixture.
See Aqua camphorce.
Mistura cascarill.s: composita. (Ph. L.)
Compound mixture of cascarilla. Take of in-
fusion of cascarilla, f. fxvij.; vinegar of squill,
f. fj.; compound tincture of camphor, f. gij.
Mix. Said to be useful in chronic affections of
the mucous membranes of the lungs. Dose, f.
5j. to f. figs.
Mistura cornu usti. Decoction of harts-
horn. Omitted from the London Pharmacopoeia
in the last edition.
Mistura creasoti. M. crcazotcc. (Ph. E.)
Creasote mixture. Take of creasote and acetic
acid, of each, Hlxvj. ; compound spirit of juni-
per and simple syrup, of each, f. |j. ; water, f.
fxiv. Mix the creasote and acid, and add the
water gradually; lastly, add the spirit and
syrup. For its use, see Creasote. Dose, f. jj.
to f. fij., or more.
Mistura cret*. M. calcis carbonatis. (U.
S.) Chalk mixture. Take of prepared chalk,
Jss. ; sugar, gum arabic, of each, 31J. ; cinna-
mon water, and water, of each, f. f iv. Mix.
Antacid and absorbent. Dose, f. §j. t to f. fij.
Mistura ferri aromatica. (Ph. D.) An
imperfect chalybeate of Peruvian bark, caluin-
ba, and iron filings.
Mistura ferri composita. (U. S.) Com-
Sound mixture of iron. Take of myrrh, pow-
ered, 3J.; carbonate of potash, gr. xxv.; rose
MOC
water, Oss. ; sulphate of iron, powdered, 9j. ;
spirit of lavender, f. fss. ; sugar, 3J. Rub to-
gether the myrrh, the spirit, and carbonate of
potash ; and, during the trituration, add gradu-
ally, first, the rose water with the sugar, and
lastly, the sulphate of iron. Pour the mixture
immediately into a proper glass vessel, and stop
it. Tonic and emmenagogue. Dose, f. ;j. tof.
jiss., three times a day.
Mistura gentians composita. (Ph. L.)
Compound mixture of gentian. Take of com-
pound infusion of gentian, f. fxij. ; compound
infusion of senna, f. §vj. ; compound tincture of
cardamom, f. s-ij. Mix. A laxative and tonic
mixture, used in dyspepsia with constipation.
Dose, fj. to fjss.
Mistura guai'aci. (Ph. L.) Compound
mixture of guaiacum. Take of guaiacum resin,
3iij.; sugar, fss. ; mucilage of gum, f. fss. ; cin
namon water, §xix. Rub the guaiacum with
the sugar, then with the mucilage, and pour on
the cinnamon water gradually. Dose, f. ?j.
to f. fij.
Mistura Griffithii. Mistura ferri com-
posita.
Mistura hordei. (Ph. E.) Decoctum hor
dei compositum.
Mistura moschi. (Ph. L.) Musk mixture.
Take of musk, gum acacia, powdered, sugar, of
each, 3uj. ; rose water, a pint. Rub the musk
first with the sugar, then with the gum, and add
the rose water by degrees. Antispasmodic.
Dose, f. Jj. to f. ?ij.
Mistura scammonii. (Ph. E.) Mixture of
scammony. Take of resin of scammony, gr.
vjj. ; unskimmed milk, f. giij- Triturate the
resin with a little milk, and when it is suspend-
ed, add the rest slowly. An agreeable purga-
tive draught.
Mistura spiritus vini gallici. (Ph. L.)
Brandy, cinnamon water, a ?iv. ; the yolks of
two eggs ; refined sugar, f ss. ; and oil of cinna-
mon, ill ij. It is used as a stimulant in the last
stage of low fever, and is well adapted to that
purpose. Dose, 5 ss. to fiss.
Mite. Acarus.
Mithridate mustard. Thlaspi campestrc.
MITHRIDA'TIUM. («m, w, n.) Mithri-
date. This composition originally consisted of
but few ingredients, viz., twenty leaves of rue,
two walnuts, two figs, and a little salt. It was
afterward altered, and the number of ingre-
dients increased to sixty-one, and it contained
opium.
Mitral valve. Valvula mitralis. The valve
at the orifice of the left ventricle of the heart ;
so named from its resemblance to a mitre.
Mi'va. An old name of marmalade.
Mixed fever. See Synochus.
MIXTURE. See Mistura.
Mo,. Molybdenum.
MNEMO'NICS. (From pvaofiu, to recol-
lect.) The art of assisting the memory by
signs; artificial memory.
Mo'aning. A diminutive of groaning.
MOBI'LITY. Mobilitas. In. Physiology,
great nervous susceptibility, often joined with a
tendency to convulsive affections. — Cvllen.
Mochli'a. The reduction of a dislocated
bone.
MOL
MON
MODI'OLUS. (us, i, m. ; diminutive of mo-
dius, a measure.) The central pillar of the
cochlea of the ear. See Auris.
MODUS OPERANDI. The mode of curing ;
an obscure term, inasmuch as the method of
cure is often unknown. The modus operandi
of medicines is one of the most debatable parts
of medicine, and the following views seem to
be each, in part, correct :
1. That some act by contact.
2. That some are absorbed into the blood.
3. That some act by impressing a change on
an organ which is propagated elsewhere by the
nerves.
Mofette. Nitrogen.
MOFFAT SPRINGS. A cold, sulphureous
water, at Moffat, in Scotland.
Mogilalia. A difficulty of articulating cer-
tain syllables.
"MO'LA. (a, ce, f.) 1. Knee-pan. 2. A mole,
or shapeless mass of flesh in the uterus. See
Mole.
MOL'AR. Molaris. (From mola, a mill-
stone.) A name given to the grinding-teeth.
Molares dentes. The grinding-teeth. See
Teeth.
Molares glandulje. Molar glands. Two
salivary glands situated on each side of the
mouth, between the masseter and buccinator
muscles, the excretory ducts of which open
near the last dens molaris.
M L A'S S E S. The uncrystallizable sugar,
combined with acid and extractive matters,
which drains off from muscovado sugar; also,
the refuse of the process of refining sugar.
Moldavica. Dracocephalum moldavicum.
MOLE. Mola. By this term authors have
intended to describe different productions from
the uterus. By some it has been used to sig-
nify eveiy kind of fleshy substance, particular-
ly those which are properly called polypi ; by
others, those only which are the consequence
of imperfect conception, or when the ovum is
in a morbid or decayed state; and by many,
which is the most popular opinion, every co-
agulum of blood which continues long enough
in the uterus to assume somewhat of an or-
ganized form, and to have only the fibrous part,
as it has been called, remaining, is denominated
a mole.
Molecu'lar forces. The chemical forces,
as distinguished from mechanical forces, the
latter of which act on masses, while the former
operate on molecules. Fermentation, galvanic
action, and chemical action are molecular
forces.
Molecular motions. Those changes in the
grouping of elementary molecules which arise
in fermentation, catalysis, eremacausic and gal-
vanic decompositions, &c.
MO'LECULE. The smallest particles into
which a mass can be conceived to be divided.
Molecule, Purkinjean. The pellucid cen-
ter discoverable in the cicatricula of the egg ;
the germinal vesicle.
MolendinX'ceous. Like a windmill ; re-
sembling the sails of a windmill.
Molle. Schinus molle.
MOLI'MEN. (From molior, to move.) A
cause which influences the system to certain
436
effects; the word is nearly synonymous with
diathesis.
Mollifica'tion. Softening.
MOLLI'TIES. (es, ei, f. ; from mollis, soft.)
A softness; applied to bones, nails, and other
parts.
Mollities cerebri. Ramollissement of the
brain ; a pathological state of the brain, in which
it is preternaturally soft.
Mollities ossium. Malacosteon.
Mollities unguium. A preternatural soft-
ness of the nails : it often accompanies chlorosis.
MOLLU'SCA. (From mollis, soft.) A great
division of invertebral animals, including shell-
fish, snails, slugs, &c.
MOLLUSCUM. Mollusca. A disease of the
skin, characterized by the appearance of nu-
merous tubercles, of slow growth and little sen-
sibility, and of vaiTious sizes, from that of a vetch
to that of a pigeon's egg. These contain a
sebaceous matter, and are of various forms,
some being sessile, globular, or flattish, and
some attached by a neck, and pendulous. The
growth of the tubercles is apparently unconnect-
ed with any constitutional disorder : they show
no tendency to inflammation or ulceration, but
continue through life, having apparently no
natural termination. They are readily removed
by caustic, the knife, or ligature.
Molluccense lignum. Croton tiglium.
Mo'ly. MoAv. Allium moly.
Molyb'date. Molybdas. A saltofmolybdic
acid.
MOLYBDE'NUM. (urn, i, n.) Molybdena.
It is a white, brittle, and very infusible metal.
Sp. gr., 8-6; eq., 47*8; sym., Mo. It forms
with oxygen MoO, MoOj, Mo0 3 : the last is the
molybdic acid.
Molybdena. Molybditis. Molybdenum.
Moly'bdos. MoXnCJof. Lead.
MOME'NTUM. Moment. In Physics, the
available force of a moving body, that is, its
velocity multiplied into its weight.
Momi'scus. That part of the teeth which is
next the gums, and which is often covered with
a foul tartareous crust.
MOMO'RDIC A. (a, ce, f.) A genus of
plants. Monascia. Syngenesia. Cucurbitacem.
— M. elaterium. Wild or squirting cucumber.
Elaterium. The dried sediment from the juice
of this plant is the elaterium of the shops. It
has neither smell nor taste, and is the most
powerful hydragogue cathartic in the whole
Materia Medica. Its efficacy in dropsies is
said to be considerable ; it, however, requires
great caution in the exhibition. From the
eighth to the half of a grain should be given at
first, and repeated at proper intervals until it
operates. The cathartic principle of this sub-
stance is elatin.
Momordica balsamina. The balsam apple,
an East Indian plant, yields a fruit much esteem-
ed as a vulnerary.
Momordi'cine. Elaterium.
M N-. MONO-. A common prefix (from
fiovoc, single), denoting unity.
MONAD. Monas. (From fiovoc, unity.) 1.
The most minute and rudimentary infusorial
animals. 2. The cells of the animal body are
termed m»nads. 3. A particle or atom
MON
MONADE'LPHIA. Monadelphous. (From
povoc, alone, and aSehfyia, a brotherhood.)
Plants with hermaphrodite flowers, in which
all the stamina are united below into one body
or cylinder, through which the pistil passes.
MONA'NDRIA. Monandrous. (From povoc,
alone, and avnp, a husband.) Plants with
hermaphrodite flowers, which have only one
stamen.
MONA'RDA. (a, ee, f.) A genus of plants.
Diandria. Monogynia. Labiatce. — M.fistulosa.
The purple monarda. The leaves of this plant
have a fragrant smell, an aromatic and some-
what bitter taste, and possess nervine, stomachic,
and deobstruent virtues . An infusion is recom-
mended in the cure of intermittent fevers. — M .
punctata. Horsemint. The monarda of the U.
S. Pharmacopoeia is indigenous, and yields, by
distillation, an essential oil (Oleum monardce),
which is stimulant and powerfully rubefacient.
MONE'SIA. An astringent and stomachic
extract, from the bark of an unknown South
American tree. The dose is gr. ij. to 3j.
Money-wort. Lysiraachia nummularia.
Moniliform. Moniliformis. Necklace-like.
Monk's rhubarb. Rumex alpinus.
Monk's hood. Aconitum napellus. ,
MONN'INA POLYSTA'CHIA. A South
American plant of the family Polygalacea, the
bark of which is a powerful astringent.
Monoble'psis. An affection in which the
vision of both eyes is confused, while it is clear
with one only.
Monochi.a'mydeous. Flowers which have
but one envelope.
Monochro'matic. Having but one color.
Monocolum. The caecum.
MONOCOTYLE'DON. (en, onis, f. ; from
(iovoc, one, and kotvXtj6uv, a cotyledon.) Hav-
ing one cotyledon or seed-lobe.
Monocotyle'dones. A tribe of plants which
have only one cotyledon ; as the grass and
corn tribe, palms, orchis, &c. The endogenous
plants.
Mono'culus. 1. The name of a bandage
adapted to cover only one of the eyes. 2. A
one-eyed monster.
MONCE'CIA. Monwcious. (From povoc,
alone, and oticia, a house.) A class of plants
having male and female organs in separate
flowers, but on the same plant.
Monog'astric. Having but one stomach.
Monogr'aph. A treatise on one subject.
MONOGY'NIA. Monogynous. (From
fi.ovoc, and yvvn, a woman, or wife.) An order
of hermaphrodite plants with one pistil.
Monohe'meros. A disease of one day's
duration, or a medicine which cures in one day.
Mono'icus. Monoecious.
Mono'machov. The caecum.
MONOMANIA, (a, a, f. ; from povoc, one,
and paivopai, I rage ; i. e., being irrational on
one subject only.) A form of insanity. See
Insanity.
Monope'gia. Hemicrania.
Monope'talous. Monopetalus. One-
petaled.
Monophy'llous. Monophyllus. One-leafed.
Monopla'stic That which does not change
its form. •
MOR
Mono'rchis. An epithet for a person that
has but one testicle.
Monose'palous. Having an undivided calyx.
Monospermous. Monospermus. Having one
seed.
MONS VENERIS. The triangular eminence
immediately over the os pubis of women, that
is covered with hair.
MONSTER. Monstrum. Any remarkable
exception to the ordinary laws of nature. In
Physiology, the term is applied to anomalies
of organization in which the individual differs
greatly in physical conformation or dimension
from other individuals of the species to which
it belongs.
Mo'ntanin. The bitter principle of the St.
Lucia bark, the Exostema jloribunda.
Monthly courses. The menses. SceMen-
struation.
MONTI'CULUS. (us, i, m.) A little
mountain. 1. This name has been given to
small eminences on the anterior part of the
thalamus nervi optici. 2. The mons veneris.
MONTPE'LLIER, CLIMATE OF. This
city, in the southeast of France, was at one time
considered one of the best residences for con-
sumptives; but it is hot, dry, and subject to
sharp winds : hence it is now regarded as alto-
gether unfit for their abode.
MOON. This satellite was formerly consid-
ered as very influential in producing disease,
and exacerbating the attacks of mania. Such
views are now abandoned to the superstitious.
Moon-wort. Ophioglossum lunaria.
Morbi publici. M. popularcs. Epidemics.
MO'RBID. (From morbus, a disease.) Re-
lating to disease ; diseased.
Morbid anatomy. The dissection of dis-
eased organs.
Morbid temperature. Any departure from
the normal temperature of 96° to 98°. A re-
markable elevation of temperature is sometimes
observable in the last stage of cholera and other
diseases.
Morbi'lli. Rubeola. Measles.
Morbilli regulares. Measles. — Sydenham.
Morbo'sum augmentum. A diseased growth.
Morbo'sus. Morbose. Sickly; diseased.
MORBUS, (us, i,m.) A diseaBe.
Morbus aphrodisius. Syphilis.
Morbus arquatus. The jaundice.
Morbus articularis. Gout.
Morbus astralis. Epilepsy.
Morbus attonitus. The epilepsy and apo-
plexy are so called by some writers.
Morbus Brightii. Bright's disease.
Morbus caducus. M. comitialis. Epilepsy.
Morbus ceruleus. Cyanosis.
Morbus cceliacus. Mucous diarrhoea.
MORBUS COXA'RIUS. Hip disease. A scrof-
ulous disease nearly allied to white swelling.
It usually occurs in youth. The patient for a
long time complains only of a weakness and
weariness of the limb, attended with a slight
halt in walking, and a particular uneasiness
about the knee, and little or no pain. The dis-
eased limb will be found much emaciated and
considerably lengthened, even to sevei-al inches.
If the acetabulum be pressed upon, or the joint
rudely handled, the pain in it is exquisite. If
437
MOR
the nates be examined after the disease has
made a little more progress, that of the affected
side will be found to be larger, to have lost its
natural roundness, and to have acquired a flat-
tened form, all aiising from the increased size
of the joint, and from the emaciation of the
glutaii muscles. When the disease has arrived
at this stage, there is considerable pain, on the
joint being pressed upon, particularly on the
fore part, a little below the groin, and toward
the outside of the thigh, where the joint is
more superficial.
At this period of the disease, the lymphatic
inguinal glands, as in white swelling of the
knee, are sometimes enlarged.
The second stage is that which is accompa-
nied by or terminates in suppuration, and takes
place with greater or less rapidity, according
to the activity of the inflammation. When sup-
puration ensues, the disease generally termi-
nates in one of two ways: either, after the
suppuration is established, the head of the thigh
bone and the acetabulum being carious, an an-
chylosis takes place without the matter point-
ing externally ; or, the synovial membrane and
capsular ligament ulcerating, the soft parts sur-
rounding the joint inflaming, swelling, and
forming an abscess, the matter bursts out exter-
nally, and a serous fluid is discharged, mixed
with curdly flakes. Not unfrequently, in this
case, the patient dies, exhausted by the profuse
discharge and hectic fever.
When it has terminated in suppuration, there
takes place a remarkable retraction or shorten-
ing of the limb. The head of the bone is now
plainly out of the socket ; and, in consequence
of the destruction of the cartilages, ligaments,
and bone forming the acetabulum, the muscles,
more especially those which are implanted into
the trochanters, retract the bone, and shorten
the limb to a considerable extent. When the
disease has been of long duration, not only all
the soft parts immediately connected with the
joint are destroyed, but the caries, destroying
the acetabulum, penetrates deep into the bones
of the pelvis, attacks the head of the femur, and
even extends to its neck.
In the earliest stage, blistering, leeches, and
fomentations afford relief, but the great remedy
is an extensive caustic issue introduced in the
hollow behind and below the great trochanter,
with complete rest. If the joint has suppurated
or become carious, the limb ought to be kept
extended, because, should it anchylose, the ex-
tended position is the most serviceable in which
the limb can be fixed. While we pursue these
local means, the constitutional treatment in the
advanced stage of the disease should be the
same as in lumbar abscess : opiates to mitigate
pain, diluted sulphuric acid to restrain hectic
sweats, and bark, wine, and generous diet, to
support the strength.
Morbus d.emoniacus. M. deificus. M. di-
vinus. Epilepsy.
Morbus fellifluus. Cholera.
Morbus gallicus. The venereal disease.
Morbus Herculeus. The epilepsy.
Morbus hispanicus. Syphilis.
Morbus indicus. M.italicus. The venerea!
disease.
438
MOR
Morbus interlunius. M. insputatus. Epi-
lepsy.
Morbus infantilis. M. magnvs. The epi-
lepsy.
Morbus maculosus Werlhofii. Purpura
hemorrhagica.
Morbus mercurialis. Eczema mercu-
riale.
Morbus metallicus. Colica pictonum.
Morbus Niger. Melaena.
Morbus pallidus. Chlorosis.
Morbus psoadicus. Lumbar abscess.
Morbus regius. The jaundice.
Morbus sacer. The epilepsy.
Morbus saltatorius. Chorea.
Morbus Sancti Johannis. M. St. Valentine.
Epilepsy.
Morbus scelestus. M. scleniacw. Epilepsy.
Morbus strangulatorius. Cynanche ma-
ligna.
Morbus truculentus infantum. Croup.
Morbus virgineus. Chlorosis.
Morchella esculenta. An edible and
agreeable fungus. This and the M. gigas are
the morels mostly used.
MORDANT. In dyeing, the substance com-
bined with the vegetable or animal fiber, in
order to fix the dye.
Mordi'cant. Mordicans. Color mordiccms :
A pungent heat.
Morel. Morchella esculenta.
More'tus . A cordial in which syrup of mul-
berries was an ingredient.
Morga'gni, humor or liquor of. A trans-
parent liquid found between the crystalline
lens and its capsule.
MO'RIA. (a, a, f. ; from pupoc, foolish.)
Morocis. A term of somewhat vague applica-
tion, but most generally used to signify that
variety of monomania in which the illusion is
of a joyous character, and the patient a hero, a
great genius, &c.
Moribund. Moribundus. Dying.
MORI'NGA. (a, <b, f.) A genus of plants.
Diadclphia. Decandria. Cruciferm. — M. qp-
tcra yields ben oil, remarkable for resisting a
great cold without freezing.
Moringa pterygosperma. The behen or
horseradish tree. A tropical shrub, the roots
of whicfy are pungent, and the seed yield the
bland oil of ben or behen. The wood was
formerly known under the name of Lignum ne-
phriticum.
Moriopla'sty. Morioplastke. Autoplasty.
The restoration of lost parts.
Mo'ro. A small abscess resembling a mul-
berry.
Morochtus lapis. Morochitcs. An ancient
name of the agaric mineral.
Morosis. See Moria.
Morotro'phium. Morocomium. A lunatic
asylum.
Morphe'a. Lepra alphoides.
Morphe'tine. An amorphous orange body,
obtained by oxydizing the sulphate of morphia.
Morphew. An old English name for vari-
ous cutaneous affections of the face.
MO'RPHIA. (a, a, f.) A principle of
opium and the poppy. It crystallizes in right
rhombic prisms ; is hard, colorless, bitter ; al-
MOB
most insoluble in water and ether, but soluble
in alcohol. It is alkaline in its reaction, and
has the composition of C35H20NO6. Morphia
is colored red by nitric acid, brownish-red by
iodic acid, and it strikes a deep blue with solu-
tion of perchloride of iron. The salts of mor-
phia most used are the hydrochlorate, acetate,
sulphate, and citrate, all of which can be form-
ed by acting on the alkaloid by the respective
acids ; and this is the method recommended by
the United States' Pharmacopoeia. The same
work adopts the following process for obtaining
morphia: Take of opium, sliced, fbj. ; distilled
water, alcohol, of each q. s. ; solution of ammo-
nia, f. fvj. Macerate the opium in the water,
kneading it thoroughly, and evaporate so as to
have Ovj. of filtered infusion; add to this Ov.
of alcohol, and f. fiij. of the ammonia, mixed
with Oss. of alcohol. In twenty-four hours
add the rest of the ammonia, mixed with Oss.
of alcohol. The crystals deposit by rest, and
may be further purified by dissolving in hot
alcohol, and filtering through animal charcoal.
Medical Properties. — In doses of from a quar-
ter of a grain to one grain, morphia and its salts
produce a sense of fullness in the head, dis-
turbed vision, sometimes headache, giddiness,
somnolency, or disturbed sleep ; the pupils are
usually contracted, the pulse is commonly slow
and small, but may be soft and full. When
these effects subside, there is muscular feeble-
ness, impaired appetite, and constipation. In
larger doses there is great cerebral excitement,
sudden convulsive movements, excessive weak-
ness, and, finally, in poisonous doses, symptoms
of apoplexy. The distinction between the ac-
tion of the salts of morphia and opium is in
producing less excitement, constipation, diaph-
oresis, and headache. Dose, as an anodyne, gr.
£th to Jth, in solution, which has been increased
to gr. ij. in cases of insanity. For endermic
use, gr. j. to gr. iss. is employed. The muriate
or acetate is commonly preferred.
Morphije acetas. Morphinm acelas. Ace-
tate of morphia. It is usually amorphous,
slightly colored, and requires a little acetic acid
to enable it to dissolve altogether in water.
The dose is gr. |th to gr. jjth.
Morphia citras. Citrate of morphia. This
has been recommended by Magendie, who di-
rects a solution of sixteen grains of morphia
with eight of citric acid in an ounce of water,
to which a few drops of a solution of cochineal
may be added. Of this mixture, the dose is
gtt. vj. to gtt. x.
Morphine hydrochloras. Morphia muri-
as. Hydrochlorato or muriate of morphia.
When pure, it is in feathery crystals ; colorless,
bitter ; soluble in twenty parts of cold water.
It is officinal in most of the pharmacopoeias,
and the dose is gr. $th to Jth.
Morphije sulphas. (U. S.) Sulphate of
morphia. It is crystalline and soluble. There
is an officinal solution, the Liquor morphia sul-
phatis, made in the' proportion of one grain to
the ounce of water, and of which f. 3J. to f. 31J .
is a dose.
Morphine. Morphina. Morphia.
MORPHO'LOGY. (From uop<j>n, form, and
/loyoc a discourse.) A theory in botany which
MOB
refers all the parts of inflorescence to the leaf,
and regards them but as modifications.
MORPHO'NOMY. (From pop$r}, and vo/ioc,
a law.) The law of development or organic
formation.
Mo'rpio. Pediculus pubis.
MORS. Mortis. Death ; the cessation of life
without undue violence.
Morsel'lus. A lozenge.
Mo'rsulus. 1. A little mouthful. 2. A
lozenge.
MO'RSUS. (us, us, m. ; from mordeo.) A
bite, sting, or grasp.
Morsus dia'boli. The fimbria; of the Fallc
pian tubes.
Morsus ventri'culi. Cardialgia.
Mort de chien. The spasmodic cholera of
hot climates.
Morta. Pemphigus.
Mo'rtal. Morta lis. Subject to death.
MORTALITY. Mortalitas. The rate or
proportion of deaths in a given place, disease,
&c. The mortality of different countries diners
from the climate, food, and moral condition of
the inhabitants. The statistical details upon
which the estimates of mortality in any place
must be based, are seldom of much value except
those formed within a few years. It would
appear from these that in the United States the
average duration of life is forty years, while in
South America it is but thirty years, and in
Europe about forty-three years.
Mortality, bills of. The register kept In
cities of the deaths, marriages, and births.
MORTAR. A cup-shaped vessel of strong
materials, for the purpose of pulverizing solids,
&c. Mortars are commonly made of brass or
hard earthen-ware, but for chemical purposes
are of agate and hard steel.
Mortari'olum. 1. A little mortar. 2. The
socket of a tooth.
MORTIFICATION. (Mortificatio, onis, f. ;
from mors, death, and fio, to become.) When
any part of a living individual loses its vitality,
so that the circulation and all the other func-
tions cease, it is said to be in a state of mortifi-
cation. It may be acute and chronic; the former
is also sometimes called humid gangrene, and
the latter dry gangrene.
The terms gangrene and mortification are
often used synonymously ; but gangrene prop-
erly signifies the state which immediately pre-
cedes mortification, while the complete morti-
fication, or absolute death of a part, is called
sphacelus. A part which has passed into the
state of sphacelus is called a slough. When a
part becomes gangrenous it loses its natural
heat and sensibility, it becomes livid, and vesi-
cations appear on its surface. Although this
state generally leads to that of complete morti-
fication, a degree of vitality remains, and in
some rare instances the circulation is re-estab-
lished, and the part restored to health. When
sphacelus has taken place, the part becomes
black and putrid ; it is entirely dead and dis-
organized, and the living system must either
cast it off, or sink from the effects of the ab»
sorption of putrid matter. In the former case
a distinct line of demarcation of a vivid red is
seen between the dead and live parts.
439
MOR
The ordinary causes of mortification are, in-
flammation, particularly that of the erysipela-
tous kind; interruption of the circulation, or
innervation of parts ; severe mechanical injury ;
intense cold ; certain poisonous articles of food ;
and specific contagion.
Mortification, supervening on inflammation
or injury, is attended with a sudden and over-
whelming depression of the vital powers ; the
pulse is very rapid and feeble, the countenance
cadaverous, and the surface of the body covered
with a cold sweat. Hiccough is a common
symptom, especially in mortification of the ab-
dominal viscera; as in cases of strangulated
hernia. The following are peculiar cases :
1. Gangrcena senilis, or clry gangrene of old
age, which usually commences in the shape of
a purple or black spot on the under surface of
one of the smaller toes, and gradually extends
up the limb. It is sometimes attended with
great pain and constitutional disturbance, prov-
ing rapidly fatal, and at other times with hardly
any pain, little derangement of the system, and
a more protracted, though equally fatal issue.
2. The mortification arising from ergotism.
See Secale cornutum.
3. Hospital gangrene. Phagedama gangre-
nosa, which is generally supposed to arise from
specific contagion. It consists in a very rapid
destruction of parts, not by the formation of
ordinary sloughs, but by the conversion of the
parts into an ash-colored viscid substance, in-
terspersed with bloody specks. It appears to be
an affection intermediate between phagedenic
ulceration and ordinary gangrene. It prevails
only in hospitals, where it is sometimes a per-
fect scourge, attacking every wound, however
trivial, so that the slightest operation can not be
performed with safety.
Treatment. — The first injury to the part is of
an active kind: there is symptomatic fever, and
fiill, quick pulse : in this stage, bleeding, pur-
gation, antiphlogistic regimen, and hot poultices
to the part, are necessary to hinder the gan-
grenous termination ; but if these do not suc-
ceed, the pulse becomes feeble, the fever passes
away — then nutritious soups, wine, carbonate
of ammonia, bark, and small doses of opium, fre-
quently given, are the chief remedies.
It will be advisable to apply stimulant reme-
dies to excite the ulcerative inflammation, by
which the dead are separated from the living
parts, as cloths dipped in camphorated spirits
of wine, turpentines, and l-esins, in the form of
hot dressings, tincture of myrrh and bark, warm
vinegar, and the red oxide of mercury.
When the gangrene is situated in the ex-
tremities, and the farther progress of the disease
is stopped, we either wait for the natural separa-
tion, treating the ulcerated surface like a com-
mon sore, or we perform amputation at a higher
point in the limb. In general, it will be better
to amputate as soon as the gangrene has stopped,
and the line of separation is fairly marked ; be-
cause, in this case, we have it in our power to
remove the limb at the place most convenient
for making a serviceable stump. We heal the
wound by the first intention, by which we effect
a cure in a far shorter time than we could cic-
atrize a large ulcerated surface ; and we always
440
MOT
procure a stump covered by a cushion of strony
integuments, including the true skin ; whereas,
after natural separation, the stump is only cov-
ered with a tender cuticle, which is prone to
ulcerate upon the slightest accident.
Mo'rum. Morus nigra.
MORUS NIGRA. The black mulberry-tree.
Mulberries abound with a deep violet-colored,
mucilaginous, and acid j uice, which allays thirst,
partly by refrigerating, and partly by exciting
an excretion of mucus from the mouth and
fauces. The bark of the root is said, by Andree.
to be useful in cases of taenia.
Moschelje'um. A compound aromatic oil,
containing musk.
Mosaic gold. Aurum musivum.
Moschata nux. Myristica moschata.
Mosch. Musk.
Moscha'tus. Musky.
MO'SCHUS. (us, i, m. ; Mosch, Arabian.)
Musk. See Moschus mosckiferus.
Moschus moschiferus. The musk animal,
a ruminating quadruped resembling the ante-
lope. The musk is secreted in a small pouch
near the navel. It is slightly unctuous, of a
black color, having a strong, durable smell, and
a bitter taste. It yields part of its active matter
to water by infusion ; by distillation the water
is impregnated with its flavor ; alcohol dissolves
it, its impurities excepted. It is prescribed as
a powerful antispasmodic, in doses of three
grains or upward, even to half a drachm, in the
greater number of spasmodic diseases, espe-
cially in hysteria and singultus, and also in dis-
eases of debility. In typhus it is employed to
remove subsultus tendinum, and other symp-
toms of a spasmodic nature. In cholera it fre-
quently stops vomiting; and, combined with
ammonia, it is given to arrest the progress of
gangrene.
Moseley's pills. These consist of rhubarb
and ginger.
Mosquito. Culex.
MOSS. The species of musci which grow
on walls, old wood, trees, damp ground, &c.
Moss, carrageen. M.,Irisk. Chondrua
crispus.
Moss, pectoral. Lichen pulmonarius.
Moss, sea. Fucus helminthocorton.
Mosy'llum. Cinnamon.
MOTHER. 1. Mater. 2. Applied to many
chemical preparations and plants.
Mother of pearl. The shining internal
part of those shells which produce pearls.
Mother of thyme. Thymus serpyllum.
Mother-water. When sea water, or any
other solution containing various salts, is evap-
orated, and the crystals taken out, there always
remains a fluid containing deliquescent salts,
and the impurities, if present. This is called
the mother-water. «
Mother-wort. Leonurus cardiaca.
Mother's mark. M. spots. Nawus.
Motility. Motivity. The power of moving.
MO'TION. Motio. Motus. 1. The act of
movement : it is commonly used for a motion
of the bowels. 2. In Physiology, motions are
divided into voluntary, and excited when it is
produced by the reflex function. We have also
a limited degree of movement spoken of as the
• M UC
motion of irritability, as in the contraction of
the muscular fibre of the heart, and ciliary mo-
tion, which is seen in the ciliae of animals, and
of the cells of mucous tissues.
MOTOR, (or, oris, m. ; from moveo, to
move.) A mover or stirrer: applied to mus-
cles, &c.
Motor oculi. See Motores oculorum.
Motor oculi externus. The sixth pair of
nerves.
Motor tract. The prolongation of the an-
terior columns of the spinal marrow through the
pons varolii iuto the crura cerebi, along which
the three motor nerves arise.
Moto'ues oculorum. (Nervi motores ocu-
lorum; so called because they supply the mus-
cles which move the eye.) The third pair of
nerves of the brain. They arise from the crura
cerebri, and are distributed on the muscles of
the bulb of the eye.
Motory. Motor. Motive. That which is
concerned in movement; that which produces
movement.
Motos. Moroe. Lint.
Mould. Fontanella.
MOULDPNESS. That state of early decay
in which numerous minute fungi are produced.
Mountain ash. Sorbus aucuparia.
Mountain parsley, black. Athamanta
oreoselinum.
Mouse-ear. Hieracium pilocella.
MOUTH. Os. The aperture in animals by
which the food is taken in. In man, parts
which constitute it are the common integuments,
the lips, the muscles of the upper and under
jaw, the palate, two alveolar arches, the gums,
the tongue, the cheeks, and salivary glands.
The bones of the mouth are the two superior
maxillary, two palatine, the lower jar, and
thirty-two teeth. The arteries of the external
parts of the mouth are branches of the infra-or-
bital, inferior alveolar, and facial arteries. The
veins empty themselves into the external jugu-
lars. The nerves are branches from the fifth
and seventh pair. The use of the mouth is for
mastication, speech, respiration, deglutition, suc-
tion, and taste.
Mouth, sore. Aphtha.
MOXA. A process of counter-irritation, pro-
duced by burning a small cone or cylinder of
prepared cotton wool, the pith of the sun-
flower, or other combustible body, on the skin,
and thus forming an eschar. The cotton wool
burns more rapidly if prepared by soaking in a
solution of nitre, and drying.
Moxa Japanica. Artemisia chinensis.
Moxibu'stion. The cauterization by moxa.
Mu'cate. Mucas. A salt of mucic acid.
MUCIC ACID. Acidum mucicum. A white,
{mlverulent, slightly soluble acid, produced
rom grape sugar or gum by the action of nitric
acid. Formula, Ci2H 8 Ou-f-2HO. By heat it is
partly converted, into the volatile pyromucic acid.
MU'CILAGE. (Mucilago, inis,f.) An aque-
ous solution of gum.
MUCILAGINOUS. Mucilaginosus. Gummy.
Mucilaginous extracts. Extracts that
readily dissolve in water, scarcely at all in spirits
of wine, and undergo spirituous fermentation.
Mucilago. Mucilage.
MUG
Mucilago acacije. (U. S., Ph. L.) Muci-
lage of acacia. Mucilago gummi arabici. Take
of acacia gum, powdered, fiv. ; boiling water,
Oss. Rub the gum with the water gradually.
Demulcent.
Mucilago a'myli. (Ph. L.) Starch muci-
lage. Take of starch, 3iv. ; water, a pint. Rub
together, and boil. Demulcent; used in ene-
mas.
Mucilago seminis cydonii. See Dccoctum
cydonia.
Mucilago tragacanthje. (Ph. D.) Muci-
lage of tragacanth. Take of tragacanth, pow-
dered, 3j.; water, f. fviij. Macerate till dis-
solved. A pleasant demulcent.
Mu'cin. The animal matter of mucus.
Muciparous. Producing mucus; a name
given to the follicles of the mucous membrane.
Mucoca'rneus. An abscess which is partly
fleshy and partly mucous.
Mucoce'le. A distension of the lachrymal
sac with mucus.
Muco-enteritis. Enteritis.
Mu'cor. Mucus. Mouldiness.
Muco'sity. Mucositas. Mucous; having
somewhat the nature of mucus.
MU'COUS. Mucosus. (From mucus.) Of
the nature of mucus.
Mucous glands. Glandula mucosa. Mu-
ciparous glands. Glands that secrete mucus r
such as the glands of the Schneiderian mem-
brane of the nose, the glands of the fauces,
oesophagus, stomach, intestines, bladder, ure-
thra, &c.
Mucous membrane. Mucous web. See
Texture.
Mucronata cartilago. Mucronatum os.
The ensiform cartilage of the sternum.
Mucrona'te. Mucronatus. Sharp-pointed ?
dagger-pointed.
Mucu'na pruriens. Dolichos pruriens.
MUCUS, (us, i, m. ; from (iv^a, the mucus
of the nose.) The secretion of the mucous
membrane. It forms a layer of greater or less
thickness on their surfaces, and it is renewed
with more or less rapidity ; the water it con-
tains evaporates under the name of mucous ex-
halation; it also protects these membranes
against the action of the air, of the aliment, the
different glandular fluids, &c. It is secreted
by the epithelial cells, and contains their de-
bris, with albuminous and saline matters, and
much water.
Mu'cus Malpighia'nus. The rete mucosum.
MUCUS, VEGETABLE. Gum.
MU'D AR. The Indian name of the Calotro-
pis gigantea, an asclepiadaceous plant. The
bark of the root is esteemed alterative and su-
dorific, and employed in venereal and cutaneous
affections in the dose of gr. iij. to gr. 36s. The
dried milky juice is said to be a bitter prepara-
tion, and contains a peculiar body called mu-
darine.
Mu'ffle. A small, semicylindrical vessel of
earthen-ware, with slits on the upper side, in
which cupels are placed in the furnace, so that
their contents may be strongly heated, and yet
exposed to the action of air.
Mugwort. Artemisia vulgaris.
Mugwort, chinense. Artemisia chinense.
441
MUR
MUS.
Mv'lm.. Pustules contracted either by heat
or cold.
Mulberry. Moras nigra.
MuLBE'RRr calculus. The oxalate of lime
calculus. See Calculus.
Mule. See Hybrid.
Mule's fern. Asplenium hemionitis.
Mulie'bria. 1. The menses. 2. The vulva.
Mullein. Verbascum thlaspus.
Mullet. See Mullus.
MU'LLUS. A genus of fishes, of the order
Thoracici. — M. barbalus. M. ruber. The red
surmullet. — Af. sarmuletus. The striped sur-
mullet.
Mulsum. Hydromeli.
Multa'ngular. Multangulavis- Many cor-
nered or angular.
Multicuspidati. The three large molars.
MULTI'FIDUS. Multifid. Divided into
many parts.
Multifidus spina:. Under this name Albi-
nus has included those portions of muscular
flesh, intermixed with tendinous fibres, which
lie close to the posterior part of the spine, and
which Douglas and Winslow have described as
three distinct muscles, under the names of trans-
rcrsales, or transverso-spinales, of the loins, back,
and neck. The multifidus spina; arises, ten-
dinous and fleshy, from the upper convex sur-
face of -the os sacrum, from the posterior adjoin-
ing part of the ilium, from the oblique and
transverse processes of all the lumbar vertebra;,
from the transverse processes of all the dorsal
vertebra;, and from those of the cervical verte-
bra?, excepting the three first. From all these
origins the fibres of the muscles run in an oblique
direction, and are inserted, by distinct tendons,
into the spinous processes of all the vertebra; of
the loins and back, and likewise into those of
the six inferior vertebra of the neck. When
this muscle acts singly, it extends the back
obliquely, or moves it to one side ; when both
muscles act, they extend the vertebra; back-
ward.
M ultiflo'rcs. Many-flowered.
Multiforme os. Ethmoid bone.
Multilobular. Multilocularis. Having
many cells : applied to seed-vessels.
Mu'ltivartitk. Mult/ partita. i. Having
many and deep divisions.
Mu'ltipes. ]. The wood-louse. 2. The
polypus.
Mu'ltivalve. Multivalvis. Having more
than two valves.
Mummy. Mumia. Powder of mommy was
long considered alexi2>hartnie.
Mumps. Parotitis.
MUNDICATI'VUS. Mtindificans. (From
mundo, to cleanse.) Having the property of
purifying and cleansing away foulness.
Mungos. Ophiorrhiza mungos.
MURiE'NA. (a, ie, f.) A genus of fishes of
the order Apodes. — Af. anguilla. The com-
mon eel. — Af. conger. The conger, or sea eel.
— Af. helmet. M. rotnana. The Roman eel.
Mural. Muralis. Appertaining to a wall.
Mura'ria. Asplenium murale.
Mure'xan. Purpuric acid. A product of
the decomposition of uric acid.
M ure'xide . Purpurate of ammonia : a crys-
442
talline body of a rich red by transmitted, and
green by a reflected light. It is derived from
uric acid. Formula, CnHeNoOs.
Muria. Brine.
Muriacite. Gypsum.
MU'RIAS. (as, atis, f.) A muriate or
chloride.
Murias ammonite. Ammonia; murias.
Murias antimonii. Chloride of antimony.
Murias barytje. Barii chloridum.
Murias calcis. Calcii chloridum.
Murias ferri. Ferri chloridum.
Murias ferri ammoniacalis. Ferri am-
monio-chloridum.
Murias hydrargyri. There are two mu-
riates of mercury. See Hydrargyri chloridum
mite, and Hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum.
Murias hydrargyri ammoniacalis. Hy-
drargyrum ammoniatum.
Murias hydrargyri oxygenatus. See Hy-
drargyri lichloridum corrosivum.
Murias potassje. Potassii chloridum.
Murias potass.e oxygenatus. Potasaa;
chloras.
Murias sod.e. Sodii chloridum.
Murias stibii. Chloride of antimony.
MURIA'TIC. (Muriaticus; from muria,
brine.) Belonging to sea-salt.
Muriatic acid. Hydrochloric acid.
Muriatic acid, oxygenated. Chlorine.
Muriatic ether. Ether hydrochloric.
Muricate. Muricatus. Sharp-pointed.
Murmur, respiratory. See Auscultation-
MU'SA. (a, ee,f.) A genus of plants. Poly-
gamia. Monascia. Musacecc. — M. paradisi'aca.
The plantain-tree of the tropics, the fruit of
which supplies the natives with much of their
food. — M. sapicntum. The banana. M.fructu
cucumcrino breviori. The fruit of this is smaller,
and more luscious.
Musadi. Sal ammoniac.
MU'SCA. (a, a;, f. Mvioicn; from /iv£u, to
murmur.) A very extensive genus of insects,
of the order Diptera. The fly.
Musca hispanica. Cantharis.
Musc;e volitantes. Pseudoblepsis.
MUSCLE. (Musculus, i, m. ; a diminutive
of mus, a mouse, from its resemblance to a flay-
ed mouse.) Muscles are formed of bands of
muscular fibre, made fast at the extremities into
ligaments, by which they are attached to bones
and other parts; they are plentifully supplied
with nerves, for the most part from the mter-
costals, and with arteries, veins, and absorbents..
Some are inclosed in a sheath of condensed cel-
lular tissue, others merely separated by ordi-
nary cellular tissue. The muscles are called
rectilinear, penniform, compound, &c, accord-
ing to the direction of their fibres. Those that
are opposed in action are called antagonists;
those which conspire, congeners. Muscles are
voluntary, or subject to the will, or involuntary,
as the heart, intestinal muscles, bladder, &c,
acting independently of it, or, like the respira
tory muscles, may be of both kinds, or mixed.
When they terminate in a round ligament, it is
called a tendon; when in a flat expansion, an
aponeurosis. The origin of a muscle is the most
fixed point to which its tendon is attached, and
the movable point is called its insertion
"MUS
MUS
A Table of the Muscles.
[The reader will observe that all the muscles
are in pairs, except those marked thus *.]
Muscles of the integuments of the cranium :
Occipito frontalis.* Corrugator supercilii.
Muscles of the eyelids: Orbicularis palpe-
brarum. Levator palpebral superioris. Ten-
sor tarsi.
Muscles of the eyeball : Rectus superior.
Rectus inferior. Rectus intcrnus. Rectus ex-
tcmus. Obliquus superior. Obliquus inferior.
Muscles of the nose and mouth : Levator pal-
pebral superioris alaquc nasi. Levator labii
superioris proprius. Levator anguli oris. Zy-
gomaticus major. Zygomaticus minor. Buc-
cinator. Depressor anguli oris. Depressor labii
inferioris. Orbicularis 07-is* Depressor labii
superioris alaque nasi. Constrictor nasi. Le-
vator mcnli vel labii inferioris.
Muscles of the external ear : Superior auris.
Anterior auris. Posterior auris. Helicis major.
Helicis minor. Tragiciis. Antitragicus. Trans-
versus auris.
Muscles of the internal ear: Laxator tym-
panal. Membrana tympani. Tensor tympani.
Stapedius.
Muscles of the lower jaw : Temporalis. Mas-
seter. Pterygoideus externus. Ptcrygoideus
internus.
Muscles about the anterior part of the neck :
Platytma myoides. Sterno-cleido-mastoideus.
Muscles between the lower jaw and os hy-
oides : Digaslricus. Mylo-hyoidcus. Genio-
hyoideus. Genio-glossus. Hyo-glossus. Lin-
gualis.
Muscles situated between the os hyoides
and trunk : Sterno-hyoidcus. Crico-hyoideus.
Sterno-thyroideus. Thyro-hyoidcus. Crico-thy-
roideus.
Muscles between the lower jaw and os hy-
oides laterally: Stylo-glossus. Stylo-hyoides.
Stylo-pkaryngeus. Circumflexus. Levator palati
mollis.
Muscles about the entry of the fauces : Con-
strictor isthmi faucium. Palato-pharyngeus.
Azygos uvula;.*
Muscles situated on the posterior part of the
pharynx : Constrictor pharyngis superior. Con-
strictor pharyngis medius. Constrictor pharyn-
gis inferior.
Muscles situated about the glottis: Crico-
arytanoideus posticus. Crico-arytanoideus lat-
eralis. Thyro-arytanoideus. Arytcenoideus ob-
liquus* Arytcenoideus transversus* Thyro-
epiglottideus. Arytcena-epiglottideus.
Muscles situated about the anterior part of
the abdomen: Obliquus descendens externus.
Obliquus ascendens internus. Transversalis ab-
dominis. Rectus abdominis. Pyramidalis.
Muscles about the male organs of generation:
Dartos* Cremaster. Erector penis. Acceler-
ator urina. Transversus perinci.
Muscles of the anus: Sphincter ani* Le-
vator ani*
Muscles of the female organs of generation :
Erector clitoridis. Sphincter vagina.
Muscles situated within the pelvis: Obturator
internus. Coccygeus.
Muscles situated within the cavity of the
abdomen: Diaphragma* Quadralus lumbo-
rum. Psoas parvus. Psoas magnus. lliacus
internus.
Muscles situated on the anterior part of the
thorax: Pectoralis major. Subclavius. Pec-
toralis minor. Serratus major anticus.
Muscles situated between the ribs and within
the thorax : Intercostales externi. Intercostales
interni. Triangularis.
Muscles situated on the anterior part of the
neck, close to the vertebra : Longus colli. Rectus
internus capitis major. Rectus capitis internus
minor. Rectus capitis lateralis.
Muscles situated on the poiterior part of the
trunk: Trapezius. Lalissimus dorsi. Serratus
posticus inferior. Rhomboideus. Splenitis. Ser-
ratus superior posticus. Spinalis dorsi. Leva-
tores costarum. Sacro-lumbalis. Longissimus
dorsi. Complexus. Trachclo-mastoideus. Le-
vator scapula. Semi-spinalis dorsi. Multifidus
spina. Semi-spinalis colli. Transversalis colli.
Rectus capitis posticus minor. Obliquus capitis
superior. Obliquus capitis inferior. Scalenus.
Intcrspinalcs. Intertransvcr sales.
Muscles of the superior extremities : Supra-
spinalus. Infraspinatus. Teres minor. Teres
major. Deltoidcs. Coraco-brachialis. Subscapu-
laris.
Muscles situated on the os humeri: Biceps
flexor cubili. Brachialis internus. Biceps ex-
tensor cubiti. Anconeus.
Muscles situated on the forearm : Supinator
radii longus. Extensor carpi radialis longior.
Extensor carpi radialis brevior. Extensor di-
gitorum communis. Extensor minimi digiti.
Extensor carpi ulnaris. Flexor carpi ulnaris-
Palmaris longus. Flexor carpi radialis. Pro-
nator radii teres. Supinator radii brevis. Ex-
tensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus. Extensor
primi internodii. Extensor secundi intcmodii.
Indicator. Flexor digitorum sublimis. Flexor
digitorum profundus. Flexor longus pollicis.
Pronator radii quadratus.
Muscles situated chiefly on the hand : Lum-
bricalcs. Flexor brevis pollicis manus. Oppo-
nens pollicis. Abductor pollicis manus. Ad-
ductor pollicis manus. Abductor indicis manus.
Palmaris brevis. Abductor minimi digiti manus.
Abductor minimi digili. Flexor parvus minimi
digiti. Interossei interni. Interossei externi.
Muscles of the inferior extremities: Pectir
nalis. Triceps adductor femoris. Obturator ex-
ternus. Gluteus maximus. Gluteus minimus.
Gluteus medius. Piriformis. Gemini. Quadra-
tus femoris.
Muscles situated on the thigh : Tensor vagina
femoris. Sartorius. Rectus femoris. Vastus
externus. Vastus intcrnus. Cruralis. Semi-
tendinosus. Semi-membranosus. Biceps flexor
cruris. Popliteus.
Muscles situated on the leg: Gastrocnemius
externus. Gastrocnemius internus. ■ Plantaris.
Tibialis anticus. Tibialis posticus. Peroneus
longus. Peroneus brevis. Extensor longus di-
gitorum pedis. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis.
Flexor longus digitorum pedis. Flexor longus
pollicis pedis.
Muscles chiefly situated on the foot : Exten-
sor brevis digitorum pedis. Flexor brevis digi-
torum pedis. Lumbricales pedis. Flexor brevis
pollicis pedis. Abductor pollicis pedis. Ad-
443
MUS
M YE
ductor polite is pedis. Abductor minimi digit i
pedis. Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis. Trans-
versales pedis. Interossei pedis externi. In-
terossei pedis interni.
MUSCULAR. (Muscularis; from musculus,
a muscle.) Belonging to a muscle.
Muscular fibre. Fibra muscularis. Mus-
cles are composed of parallel»bundles of fibres,
which, when separated as far as practicable,
are found to be tubes imperfectly cylindrical.
The tubes are surrounded with a transparent
membrane, and average a diameter of T^th of
an inch in man. ^"he bounding membrane is
called the myolemma. These tubes are striated
in the voluntary muscles ; non-striate, and fur-
nished with knots at frequent intervals, in the
muscles of organic life. The case contains ele-
mentary globules in either kind, but these are
arranged in lines or fibrillar in the former, and
are merely contained in the sheath in the latter.
The fibrillar have a diameter of -j-jrroirth of an
inch. The size of the non-striated tube is from
2 Att to sbVts"- These two forms of muscular
fibre differ only in regard to development, the
striated being the most developed. Between the
tubes are arranged cellular tissue, uniting them,
and transmitting blood-vessels, lymphatics, and
an incredible number of nervous fibres, all of
which are arranged in loops, and return upon
themselves. The contraction of the fibre is due
to the change of form of the ultimate cellules
of the fibrilliE, the myolemma having nothing
to do with it.
Muscu'lar nerve. The fourth pair. — Wins-
low.
Muscu'lo-cuta'neous. Pertaining to the
skin and to a muscle.
Muscu'lo-cutaneous nerve. 1. The ex-
ternal cutaneous nerve of the brachial plexus.
2. A branch of the external popliteal nerve.
Muscu'lo-rachidian. Pertaining to the
spine and a muscle.
Muscu'lo-spiralis. The radial nerve.
Musculus. (us, i, m.) A muscle. See Mus-
cle.
Musculus acclivis. Obliquus ascendens
internus.
Musculus auxiliarius. M. Fallopii. Py-
ramidalis.
Musculus cutaneus. Platysma nryoides.
Musculus Eustachii. Tensor tympani.
Musculus fascije lat.<e. Tensor vaginae
femoris.
Musculus patienti.e. Levator scapula?.
Musculus stapedius. Stapedius.
Musculus supercilii. Corrugator supercilii.
Musculus testis. Cremaster.
Musculus tubje nov«. Circumflexus
palati.
MU'SCUS. (us, i, m. ; from fioaxoe, tender.)
A moss. A cryptogamous plant, which has its
fructification contained in a capsule. See Li-
chen.
Muscus clavatus. Lycopodium.
Muscus cranii humani. Lichen saxatilis and
Usnea.
Muscus erectus. Lycopodium selago.
Muscus islandicus. Cetraria islandica.
Muscus marinus. Conferva rupestris.
Muscus maritimus. Corallina officinalis.
444
MUSCUS SQUAMOSUS TERRESTRIS. LyCOpO-
dium.
Mushroom. See Agaricus and Fungus
Mushroom, goat's-beard. Clavaria.
Mushroom, hedgehog. Hydnum ermaceum.
Mushroom sugar. Sugar derived from ergot
Mu'sia pattrie. Moxa.
Mu'sico-ma'nia. Musomania. Melancholy,
with a passion for music ; or when the passion
for music is extravagant.
Musk. See Moschus.
M U S K, A R T I F I C I A L. Let three fluid
drachms and a half of nitric acid be gradually
dropped on one fluid drachm of rectified oil of
amber, and well mixed. Let it stand twenty-
four hours, then wash it well, first in cold, and
then in hot water. One drachm of this resinous
substance, dissolved in four ounces of rectified
spirit, forms a good tincture, of which the mean
dose is twenty minims. In preparing the above,
great attention should be given to the washing
the resin, otherwise it is offensive to the stomach.
Musk-cranesbill. Geranium moschatum.
Musk-melon. Cucumis melo.
Musk-seed. Hibiscus abelmoschus.
Mussel. Mytilus edulis.
MUSSE'NDA. A genus of plants. Pentan-
dria. Monogynia. — M. frondosa. Ray attrib-
utes a cooling property to an infusion or decoc-
tion of this plant, which the Indians drink by
the name of beleson.
MUSSITA'TION. Mussitatio. A movement
of the lips, as in the act of speaking, with little
or no audible speech. It indicates great cere-
bral debility, and is an unfavorable symptom in
low fevers.
MUST. The expressed juice of the grape.
Mustard. See Sinapis.
Mustard, hedge. Erysimum alliaria.
Mustard, mithridate. M., treacle. Thlas-
pi arvense.
Mustard, yellow. Sinapis alba.
Mu'ticus. Beardless; awnless.
MUTI'TAS. (as, atis, f. ; from mutus, dumb.)
Dumbness. See Aphonia.
Muti'tas surdo'rum. The speechlessness
of deaf persons.
Myaca'ntha. Ruscus aculeatus.
Myasthe'nia. Muscular debility.
My'ces. MvKnc. A fungus.
Mycode'rma cerevisi.e. The fungoid bodies
found in yeast.
Mycode'rma acetje. The mother-vinegar,
or fungoid development found at the bottom
of vinegar casks.
Myco'melinic acid. An acid procured by
heating a solution of alloxan with ammonia.
Formula, C 8 H 5 N 4 0fi.
MYCTE'RES. Mvkttipvc. The nares.
Mycteropho'nia. Nasal voice.
Myde'sis. A corruption from redundant
moisture; but Galen applies it particularly to a
purulent discharge from the eyelids.
Mt'don. A fleshy fungus in a fistulous ulcer.
MYDRI'ASIS. (is, is, f. Mvdpiamc ; deri-
vation doubtful. ) A preternatural dilatation of
the pupil.
MYELI'TIS. (From pveloc, marrow.)
This name has been given to inflammation of
the substance of the spinal cord.
MYO
MYLABRIS. A genus of coleopterous in-
sects. — M. variabilis. This is brought from
China, and is used as a substitute for canthari-
des. — M. cichorii. This species is said to be
the same with the bnprestis of the Greeks, which
Pliny tells us was used as a vesicatory.
Myla'cris. The patella, or knee-pan.
My'le. ~Mvlr). 1. The knee-pan. 2. A
mole in the uterus.
Mylo-glossus. Some fibres of the constric-
tor pharyrigis superior have been so called.
MY'LO HYOIDE'US. It is a thin, flat mus-
cle, situated between the lower jaw and the os
hyoides, and is covered by the anterior portion
of the digastricus. It arises from all the inner
surface of the lower jaw, as far back as the in-
sertion of the pterygoideus internus ; it joins
its fellow, to form one belly, with an interme-
diate tendinous streak, or linea alba, which ex-
tends from the chin to the os hyoides, where
both muscles are inserted into the lower edge
of the basis of that bone. Its use is to pull the
os hyoides upward, forward, and to either side.
Mylo-pharyngeus. The constrictor pharyn-
gis superior.
Myoce'phalum. An incipient staphyloma.
Myocoili'tis. Inflammation of the muscles
of the belly.
Myo'deso'psia. Muses volitantes.
Myody'nia. Tain in the muscles.
Myo'ides. 1. Like a muscle. 2. The pla-
tysma myoides.
MYOLE'MMA. (From five, and lefijia, a
covering.) The transparent tube which con-
tains the muscular fibrilla). See Muscular fibre.
MYO'LOGY. (Myologia, <e, f. ; from five, a
muscle, and 2.oyoc, a discourse.) The doctrine
of the muscles.
MYO'PIA. (a, <e, f. ; from jivu, to contract,
and uip, the eye.) Near-sightedness: persons
are considered near-sighted who can not see dis-
tinctly above twenty inches. The term is also
applied to the exercise of vision at shorter dis-
tances than usual. In short-sightedness, the
rays of light are brought to a focus at a point
too near the crystalline lens to impress a dis-
tinct image on the retina. This disease arises
from, 1. Too great a convexity of the cornea.
2. Too great a longitude of the bulb. 3. Too
great a convexity of the anterior superficies of
the crystalline lens. 4. Too great a density of
the cornea, or humors of the eye. 5. Too di-
lated a pupil. 6. Infants, from the great con-
vexity of the cornea, are often myopes ; but, by
degrees, as they advance in years, they per-
ceive objects more remotely, by the cornea
becoming less convex. The palliative of this
disease is a pair of concave spectacles, or mini-
fying classes.
MY'OPS. (ops, opts, n. ; from fivo, to con-
tract, and utp, the eye.) One who is near-
sighted.
MYO'SIS. (is, is, f. Mvuatc.) A disease
of the eye, which consists in a contraction or
too small perforation of the pupil.
MYOSITIS. Inflammation of a muscle. It
is the term applied by Sagar to acute rheuma-
tism-
Myoso'tis. Hieracium pilosella.
MYO'TOMY. (Myotonia, <b, f. ; from five,
MYR
and refivu, to cut.) The anatomy of the mus
cles.
MYRI'C A. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Diacia. Telrandria. Amentacea. — M. ceri'-
/era. The berries yield a green wax. The
root is strongly astringent.— M. gale. Dutch
myrtle, or sweet willow. The leaves, flowers,
and seeds have a strong, fragrant smell, and a
bitter taste. The infusion, given internally, is
stomachic and vermifuge.
Mvri'cin. The ingredient of wax remaining
after digestion in alcohol. See Cera.
MYRI'STICA. (a, m, f.) «A genus of plants.
Dimcia. Monadelphia. Myrislicacea. — M.
aromatica. M. moschata. M. officinalis. The
nutmeg and mace tree. 1. The seed or kernel
(Nux myristica, Myristica nucleus) of the nut-
meg is aromatic and stomachic, and much used
in diarrhoeas and dysenteries. There i* also
reason to believe that it has a narcotic power,
which resides in the essential oil. It contains
an expressed solid oil, which yields the Myris-
tic acid by saponification. 2. Mace is the arillus
of the nutmeg. A thick, tough, reticulated,
unctuous membrane, of a reddish-yellow color,
which envelops the nutmeg. It has a pleas-
ant, aromatic smell, and a warm, bitterish, mod-
erately pungent taste. It owes its properties
to a solid oil (Myristica adeps), which is some-
times used externally as an unguent. — M. nux.
See Myristica moschata. — M. otoba. This spe-
cies grows in Santa Fe, and also produces a
nutmeg.
MYRME'CIUM. A moist, soft wart, about
the size of a lupin, with a broad base, deeply
rooted, and very painful. It grows on the
palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Myro'balan. See Myrobalanus.
MYROBA'LANUS. (us, i, f.) A myroba-
lan. A dried fruit of the plum kind, brought
from the East Indies. All the myrobalans have
an unpleasant, bitterish, very austere taste.
They are said to have a gently purgative, as
well as an astringent and corroborating virtue.
— M. bellirica. The belliric myrobalan. — M.
che'bula. The chebule myrobalan. — M. citri-
na. Yellow myrobalan. — M. dmblica. The
emblic myrobalan. — M. indica. The Indian,
or black myrobalan, of a deep black color.
Myrole'. A French term for a medicated
volatile oil.
My'ron. An ointment or medicated oil.
Myro'nic acid. A bitter, active acid of
black mustard.
Myrospe'rmum. Synonym of myroxylon.
Myro'syne. An indifferent azotized body,
analogous to emulsin, found in the black mustard.
MYRO'XYLON. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Diandria. Monogynia. Leguminosa.
— M. peruiferum. The tree which yields Pe-
ruvian balsam. It is a resinous substance, com-
bined with benzoic acid and volatile oil, and
has a fragrant odor. The balsam is cordial,
pectoral, and a restorative stimulant and tonic .
Dose, gtt. x. to f. 3J. Externally it is recom-
mended as a useful application to relaxed ulcers
not disposed to heal.
Myro'xylon toluifera. See Toluifera
baltamum.
MY'RRHA. (a, a, f. ; Hebrew.) Zuvavn
445
N AK
M.vppa. Myrrh. Supposed to be exuded from
the Balsamodendron myrrha. Good myrrh is of
a turbid black-red color, solid and heavy, of a
peculiar smell and bitter taste. It is a gum-
resin. Its medicinal effects are warm, corrob-
orant, and antiseptic : it has been given as an
emmenagogue in doses of from five to twenty
grains. The tincture is applied to ulcers, and
other external affections of a putrid tendency ;
and also as a wash, when diluted, for the teeth
and gums.
My'rrhis. Scandix odorata.
Myrsinkl.s'um. Oil of myrtle.
Myrtaca'ntha. Ruscus aculeatus.
MYRTA'CE.E. The myrtle tribe of dicotyl-
edonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves
opposite, entire, and marked with transparent
dots ; flowers, polypetalous ; stamens, perigyn-
ous ; carpella, concrete ; inferior ovarium, with
several cells.
Myrti'danum. An excrescence growing on
the trunk of the myrtle ; formerly used as an
astringent.
Myrtiform caruncles. M. glands. Ca-
vunculse myrtiformes.
Myrti'formis. The compressor naris.
MyRTir.LUs. Vaccinium myrtillus.
Myrti'tes. An old medicine, prepared with
honey and the juice of the myrtle berries.
Myrtle. See Myrtus.
Myrtle, Dutch. Myrica gale.
My'rtochei'lides. The nymphaj.
My'rton. WLvprov. The clitoris.
MY'RTUS. (us, i, f.) A genus of plants.
Icosandria. Monogynia. Myrtacece. — M. bra-
bantica. See Myrica gale. — M. caryophy'llata.
The clove-bark-treo. The bark is a warm aro-
N AP
matic, of the smell of clove spice. — M. comma
nis. The common myrtle. — M. communis ital-
ica. The berries are recommended in alvine
and uterine fluxes, and other disorders from re-
laxation and debility. They have a roughish
and not unpleasant taste, and appear to be
moderately astringent and aromatic. — M. pimen-
ta. Jamaica pepper, or allspice. Pimenta.
This spice is moderately warm, of an agree-
able flavor. The pharmacopoeias direct an
aqueous and spirituous distillation to be made
from these berries, and also an essential oil.
Dose of the powder, gr. x. to 9j.
My'stax. 1. The mustache. 2. The upper
lip.
MY'STRUM. An ancient measure. — M.mag-
num contained three ounces and eight scru-
ples when used for wine, and three ounces
when used for oil. — M. parvura contained
twenty scruples of wine, or six drachms of oil.
MY'TILUS. (us, i,m.) A genus of shell-
fish. — M. edu'lis. The edible muscle. It some-
times disagrees, producing indigestion, nettle-
rash, or a comatose affection. — M. margariti'f-
cms. The pearl muscle.
My'crus. A sort of sinking pulse, the sec-
ond stroke of which is less than the first, the
third less than the second, &c, the pulse thus
diminishing. Of this there are two kinds: the
first is when the pulse sinks progressively till
it ceases; the other when it rallies again in
some degree, but finally fails.
Myxa. Mv£a. Mucus.
Myxosarcoma. A tumor, partly fleshy and
partly mucous.
My'xter. Myxoter. The nose or nostril.
Myze'sis. Sucking.
N.
N.
• 1 . The symbol for nitrogen. 2. In pre-
scriptions, a contraction for numero, in num-
ber.
Na. The symbol of sodium, from natrium.
NA'BOTH'S GLANDS. Nabothi glandula,
v. ovulm. The mucous follicles of the mucous
membrane of the interior surface of the neck
of the uterus.
Na'creous. Reflecting iridescent light, like
pearl.
Na'cta. An abscess of the breast.
Na'ducem. A uterine mole.
NjE'VUS. (us, i, m.) A natural mark, spot,
or blemish. — N. maternus. A mother's mark.
A mark on the skin of children, which is born
with them. It may be dark blue or red, super-
ficial, or like a tumor, and consists of a small
aneurism by anastomosis. In the latter case
they are to be removed by the knife, ligature,
or caustic.
Na'i corona. Cowhage.
Nail. See Unguis.
NAJA. A genus of venomous Asiatic ser-
pents, including the N. vulgaris, or cobra di
capello, and JV. hagc, the aspic or asp. Their
bite is to be treated as that of the rattlesnake.
Naked. Nudus.
44C
Na'kir. Wandering pains in the limbs.—
Schenck.
Nanceic acid. Lactic acid.
Nanus. A dwarf.
Nape of the neck. Nucha.
Nape'llus. Aconitum napellus.
Na'ph^; flores. Orange flowers.
NA'PHTHA. (a, te, f. Na<p6a.) A native
combustible, oily liquid, of a yellowish-white
color, perfectly fluid and shining. It exhales
an agreeable bituminous smell. It occurs in
considerable springs on the shores of the Caspian
Sea, in Sicily, and Italy. It is used instead of
oil, and differs from petroleum obtained by
distilling coal only by its greater purity and
lightness. This fluid has been used as an ex-
ternal application for removing old pains, ner-
vous disorders, such as cramps, contractions of
the limbs, paralytic affections, &c. ; and inter-
nally as a vermifuge, and in asthma and con-
sumption.
Naphtha vitrioli. ^Ether sulphuricus.
NA'PHTHALINE. A grayish-white sub-
stance, found during the rectification of the
petroleum of the coal-gas works, iucrusting the
pipes. It may be obtained in thin white scales,
of a pearly brightness, by slow resublimation
NAR
in glass vessels. Its specific gravity is 1*048*
It is insoluble in water, but very soluble in
ether, and moderately so in alcohol and oils. Its
form is CioH*.
Napium. Lapsana communis.
NAPLES, CLIMATE OF. This is altogether
unsuited for the consumptive, from the wind,
called the sirocco, which renders the temper-
ature very changeable.
Napus dolcis. Brassica rapa.
Napus sylvestris. Brassies rapa.
Napy. See Sinapi.
Narca'phthum. NapKa(j>8ov. An aromatic
bark brought from India. It was used in fumi-
gations.
NARCE'INE. Narceina. A white crystal-
line, slightly bitter, indifferent principle of opi-
um; slightly soluble in water, and fusing at
198° F. The diluted mineral acids strike a
blue color with it, but do not form salts. It is
supposed to be inert. Composition, CmHmNOij.
NARCFSSUS. {us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Hexandria. Monogynia. Amarylli-
dacecc. — N. pseudonarcissus. Common daffo-
dil. The root is emetic and cathartic, and the
flowers are said to be antispasmodic. The
dose of the former is rij. ; that of the latter,
3j., or more. — JV. odorus and N. lazcta are also
emetic.
NARCO'SIS. Narcotism. (Nao/cwfftf ; from
vapKou, to stupify.) The effect of a narcotic.
Stupefaction, with loss of nervous power, and
frequently vertigo, stertorous respiration, dila-
ted pupil, convulsive movements. When this
is the result of poisoning, stimulating emetics,
of which mustard is the best, should be admin-
istered. The bowels are to be cleaned by stim-
ulating injections, and the patient aroused by
stimulating drinks and bodily motion.
NARCO'TIC. {Narcoticus; from vapKou, to
stupify.) Medicines which have the power of
stupifying and diminishing the activity of the
nervous system. Most narcotics have a degree
of stimulating power, and this is manifested
chiefly when they are given in small doses,
while a full dose generally produces the nar-
cotic effect at once, without any apparent stim-
ulation preceding it.
To this class belong opium, hemlock, hen-
bane, belladonna, aconite, stramonium, cam-
phor, digitalis, tobacco, alcohol, ether, nux vom-
ica, leopard's bane, hop, strong-scented lettuce,
and a variety of other substances. Prussic acid
has been considered as a narcotic, but it does
not seem properly referrible to this class. It
Beems to be a direct sedative.
NA'RCOTINE. Narcotina. It crystallizes
in small, colorless, brilliant prisms, almost in-
soluble in water. It is a very weak base;
form., C«HiMNOi5. It is stupifying, and pro-
duces all the unpleasant effects of opium. It is
not used, but some of its salts are said to be
employed in the East Indies in intermittents.
Narcotism. See Narcosis.
Nard, Celtic Valeriana celtica.
Nard, Indian. Andropogon nardus.
NARD OF THE ANCIENTS. Spikenard.
(Napdof IvdiKt) of Dioscorides.) This appears
to be the root of the Nardostachys Jatamansi of
Decandolle, a valerianaceous plant of the mount-
NAS
ains of India, still much esteemed as a perfume
and stimulating medicine.
Nardo'stachys. See Nard of the ancients.
Nardus itauca. Lavendula spica.
Nardus Montana. N. rustica. Asarum eu-
ropaeum.
Narifuso'ria. Medicines dropped into the
nostrils have been so called.
NA'RIS. {is, is, f.) The nostril. The cav-
ity of the nostrils is of a pyramidal figure. The
two nostrils are composed of fourteen bones,,
viz., the frontal, two maxillary, two nasal, two
lachrymal, two inferior spongy, the sphenoid,
the vomer, the ethmoid, and two palatine bones,
which form several eminences and cavities.
The eminences are the septum narium, the cav-
ernous substance of the ethmoid bone, called
the superior conchae, and the inferior spongy
bones. The cavities are three pair of pituitary
sinuses, namely, the frontal, sphenoid, and max-
illary ; the anterior and posterior foramina of
the nostrils ; the ductus nasalis, the sphenopal-
atine foramina, and anterior palatine foramina.
All these parts are covered with periosteum,
and a pituitary membrane which secretes the
mucus of the nostrils. The arteries of this cav-
ity are branches of the internal maxillary. The
veins empty themselves into the internal jugu-
lars. The nerves are branches of the olfactory,
ophthalmic, and superior maxillary. The use
of the nostrils is for smelling, respiration, and
speech.
Na'rta. A plant used in ointments.
NASAL. Nasalis. (From nasus, the nose.)
Appertaining to the nose ; for the parts of the
nose, see Naris.
Nasal fossa:. The cavity of the nares. See
Naris.
Nasal nerve. A branch of the ophthalmic,
which passes to the inside of the orbit, and
gives off a branch which enters the nose by
the foramen orbitarium*internum anterius, re-
enters the cranium through the cribriform plate
of the ethmoid bone, and again descends through
the same plate to the nose.
Nasal spines. 1. The superior nasal spine
occupies the center of the nasal notch of the os
frontis. 2. The inferior nasal spine is formed
by the junction of the two upper maxillary
bones, and is found at the inferior portion of the
nares. 3. The posterior nasal spine is formed
by the union of the two palate bones, and is •
situated at the posterior part of the palatine arch.
Nasalis labii superioris. The orbicularis
oris.
Nasa'rium. The mucus of the nose.
Nasca'le. 1. A pessary. 2. A compress of
lint, or other soft material impregnated with
some medicament, intended to be introduced
into the vagina. — P. Morel.
Nasca'phthum. Naona$dov. Narcaph-
thon. •
NA'SCENT. (From nascor, to be born.) In
the act of being produced or developed. In
Chemistry, this word is much used to distinguish,
the difference in activity between many ele-
ments, as hydrogen, nitrogen, &c, when first
liberated from compounds, and when existing
in the gaseous state. The active body is there
fore termed nascent hydrogen, oxygen, nitro
447
NAT
NEC
een, &c. More recently, Berzelius has intro-
duced the word allotropism to distinguish the
fact of a variable state of activity found in most
elements, and the notation a, ft, y, 6, to rep-
resent the precise state of the element; thus
we have alpha hydrogen, which is nascent or
active hydrogen, and ft hydrogen, which is the
ordinary gas. The allotropic states of elements
seem to depend upon the molecular conditions
of the atoms, as respects the action of electric-
ity, light, and heat, for by the exposure of an
nlpha element to a suitable force, it is convert-
ed into the beta, gamma, or delta condition.
Shonbein has showed this in the case of iron,
which, from the alpha or active state, is thrown
into the inactive by a galvanic shock ; and Dr.
Draper has also shown that ft chlorine is con-
verted into a chlorine by the sun's light.
Nasi depressor. Depressor labii superioris
aloeque nasi.
NASI OSSA. The two small bones of the
nose, that are so termed, form the bridge of the
nose. In figure they are quadrangular and ob-
long.
Nasi'tis postica. Angina nasalis.
Naso-loba'ris. The name given by Chaus-
sier to one of the filaments of the nasal nerve.
Naso-ocula'ris. Soemmering's name for the
nasal branch ^)f the ophthalmic nerve.
Naso-pa'latine ganglion. A small ganglion
situated in the anterior palatine foramen.
Naso-palatine nerve. A twig sent out from
the spheno-palatine ganglion.
Naso-fa'lpebral muscle. The orbicular
muscle of the eye. — Chamsier.
Naso-supercilia'ris. The corrugator super-
eilii muscle.
NASTU'RTIUM. {urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. Cniciferee.
— N. aquaticum. Sisymbrium nasturtium. — JV.
hortensc. Lepidium sativum. — N. indicum.
Tropa?olum majus. *
Na'sum dilataxs. The pyrmidalis nasi.
NA'SUS. (us, i, m.) The nose. The ex-
ternal part of this organ is composed of the dor-
sum, or bridge of the nose ; the lobe, or tip of
the nose ; the alee nasce, or sides of the nostrils ;
and the columna, or inferior termination of the
septum. See Naris.
Na'tans. Floating.
Nata'tion. Swimming.
NA'TES. (es, is, f.) 1. The buttocks. 2.
Two of the eminences of the brain, called tu-
bercula quadrigemina, are so named from their
resemblance.
Nates cerebri. The tubercula quadrigem-
ina.
Na'trium. Sodium.
NEOR^'MIA. (From venpoe, death, and
cu/ia, blood.) Death, beginning by the de-
struction of the vital condition of the blood, as
in cholera.
NATRON. 1. Soda. 2. A native salt, the
impure sub carbonate of soda.
Natron muriatum. Sodae inurias.
Natron pr.kparatum. Soda? subcarbonas.
Natron tartarisatum. Soda tartarizata.
Natron vitriolatum. Soda? sulphas.
Natul.«. (Diminutive of nates.) The two
uppermost of four small eminences of the brain.
448
NATURAL. Naturalis. Appertaining to
nature.
Natural history. A description of natural
objects, as animals, plants, insects, fishes, min-
erals, fossils.
Natural orders. N. families. A division
or arrangement of animals, plants fee., from
their habits or characters.
Natural philosophy. Physics mechanical
philosophy. The science which investigates
the mechanical laws of nature ; and the rela-
tions of weight, movement, pressure, or of me-
chanical forces on masses.
Natura'lia. The parts of generation.
Nau'clea gambir. A plant which yields a
kind of catechu.
NAU'SEA. (a, a, f. Navtrea; from vavc, a
ship ; because it is a sensation similar to that
produced by sailing in a ship.) An inclination
to vomit without effecting it. See Sickness.
Nau'sea marina. Sea-sickness.
NAU'SEANT. Nauseans. Producing nau-
sea; that which depresses the vital energy,
and diminishes the heart's action. Small doses
of ipecacuanha, tartar emetic, and other emet-
ics, often repeated, produce this effect.
Nausiosis. Nautia. Nausea.
Nauticus musculus. The tibialis posticus.
Navew. Brassica rapa.
Navi'cclar. Naricularis. Boat-like ; sca-
phoid.
NAVICULA'RE OS. Naviformeos. A bone
of the tarsus is so called, from its supposed re-
semblance to a boat.
Naviformis. Navicular.
Neapolita'nus mo'rbus. The venereal dis-
ease.
Near-sightedness. See Myopia.
Neat's-foot oil. Oleum bubulum.
NE'BULA. (a, a, f. ; from vEtj>efy.) 1. A
superficial opacity of the cornea, occupying only
its outer layer. 2. The cloud-like appearance
in the urine, after it has been a little time at
rest.
NECK. Collum. The parts which form the
neck are divided into external and internal. 1.
The external parts are the common integu-
ments, several muscles, eight pair of cervical
nerves, the eighth pair of nerves of the cere-
brum, and the great intercostal nerve ; the two
carotid arteries, the two external jugular veins,
and the two internal ; the glands of the neck,
viz., the jugular, submaxillary, cervical, and
thyroid. 2. The internal parts are the fauces,
pharynx, oesophagus, larynx, and trachea. 3.
The bones of the neck are the seven cervical
vertebra?.
Necro'des. Pertaining to death.
Necro'logy. A discourse on death.
Necrophobia. Morbid dread of death.
Necropneumo'nia. Gangrene of the lungs.
Necrosco'pical. Relating to the examina-
tion of dead bodies.
NECRO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from venpou, to de-
stroy. ) This word, the strict meaning of which
is only mortification, is, by the general consent
of surgeons, confined to an affection of the
bones. The death of parts of bones was not
distinguished from caries by the ancients.
However, necrosis and caries are essentially
NEP
different ; for, in the first, the affected part of
the bone is deprived of the vital principle ; but
this is not the case when it is simply carious.
Caries is very analogous to ulceration, while
necrosis is exactly similar to mortification of
the soft parts.
Necrosis ustilagi'nea. A painful convul-
sive contraction of the limbs. See Raphania.
Necrot'omy. Dissection.
Ne'ctar. A drink of wine and honey.
Necta'rium. The nectary or honey-cup of
flowers.
Nedy'ia. The intestines.
Nedys. 'Nr)6vc. The belly.
Needhamia'na corpora. Needham?s bodies.
The spermatozoa found in the seminal reser-
voirs of the loligo.
NEEDLE. In Surgery, a number of sharp-
pointed, delicate knives, some of which have
an eye, are so called.
Needle, acupuncture. See Acupunclura-
tion.
Needle-bearer or carrier. The porte-ai-
guille. A pair of small forceps.
Needle, cataract. A delicate knife, at-
tached to a handle, for the purpose of depress-
ing or cutting up the lens iii cataract. The
point varies considerably, being triangular and
curved in Scarpa's ; flat and curved in Dupuy-
tren's; flat, with a semicircular cutting point,
in Hey's; and spear-pointed in Beer's, Sie-
bold's, &c.
Needle, hare-lip. A silver pin, furnished
with a movable steel head, which is taken off
as soon as the needle is inserted, the ligatae
being wrapped around the pin.
Needle, seton. A long, narrow lancet,
pierced at the head for the thread or tape.
Needle, suture. A curved, flat needle,
both edges of which usually cut, but sometimes
the point only ; also, the hare-lip' needle.
Needle-shaped leaf. Acerosus.
Negro cachexy. See Cachexia.
Neusra. The lower part of the belly.
Nemoro'se. Nemorosus. Appertaining to a
grove or wood.
NEO'PLASTY. Neoplastice. (From veoc,
new, and nXaoou, to form.) The reparation
of parts by granulations, adhesions, or auto-
plastic processes. — Burdach.
Nep. Nepeta cataria.
Nepa theophrasti. Spartium sconarium.
NEPE'NTHES. (Nnnevdeg; from vn, priv.,
and nevdoc, grief.) 1. A remedy much cele-
brated among the ancients for allaying grief.
2. A name given by Theodore Zwinger to a
composition of opium, saffron, lignum aloes, cro-
cus solus, and ambergris. The laudanum of
Paracelsus. 3. A genus of plants. Dicecia.
Polyandria.
NE'PETA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labiatce. — N.
cataria. The nep, or cat mint. Nepetella. The
leaves have a moderately pungent, aromatic
taste, and a strong smell, like an admixture of
spearmint and pennyroyal. The herb is rec-
ommended in uterine disorders, dyspepsia, and
flatulency, and much used in domestic medi-
cine.
Nepete'lla. The lesser catmint.
Ff
NEP
Ne'phela. The same as nebula.
Nepheloi'des. Cloudy: applied to the
urine.
NEPHRALGIA, (a, «, f. ; from ve<ppog, the
kidney, and akyoc, pain.) Pain in the kidney.
Nephrelmi'ntic Relating to the presence
of worms in the kidney.
Nephremphra'xis. Obstruction of the kid-
neys. — Ploucquet.
NEPHRITIC. Nephrilicus. Appertaining
to the kidney, or acting on the kidney.
Nephritic wood. Lignum nephriticum. The
wood of the Moringa aptcra.
Nephritica. Medicines which act on the
kidneys.
Nephritica aqua. A spirituous distillation
of nutmeg and hawthorn flowers.
NEPHRITIS, (is, idis, f. ; from ve<j>poc, a
kidney.) Inflammation of the kidney. This
disease is known by fever, pain in the region
of the kidneys, and shooting along the course
of the ureter ; drawing up of the testicles ;
numbness of the thigh ; vomiting ; urine high
colored, and frequently discharged ; costive-
ness, and colic pains. Nephritis may be symp-
tomatic of calculus, gout, &c. ™
When the disease is protracted beyond the
seventh or eighth day, and the patient feels an
obtuse pain in the part, has frequent returns of
chilliness and shiverings, there is reason to ap-
prehend that matter is forming in the kidney,
and that a suppuration will ensue.
The disease is to be treated by bleeding,
general and local, the warm bath, or fomenta-
tions to the loins, emollient glysters, mucilagi-
nous drinks, cathartics, and the general anti-
phlogistic plan. Blisters are inadmissible in
this disease ; but the linimentum ammonise, or
other rubefacient application, may in some
measure supply their place. Opium will often
prove useful, particularly where the symptoms
appear to originate from calculi, given m the
form of glyster or by the mouth. In affections
of a more chronic nature, where there is a dis-
charge of mucus or pus, by urine, in addition
to suitable tonic medicines, the uva ursi in
moderate doses, or some of the terebinthinate
remedies, may be given with probability of
relief.
Nephritis albuminosa. Bright's disease.
NEPHRO-. A prefix (from vefypoc, the kid-
ney), relating to the kidney; as Nephro-pletk-
oric, pertaining to a congested state of the kid-
ney ; Nephro-spastic, relating to spasm in the
kidney.
Nephroce'le. Hernia of the kidney.
Nephrodium filix mas. The new name for
the Aspidium fXix mas, which see.
Nephrohje'mia. Congestion of the kidney
Nephrolithiasis. The gravel.
Nephro'lithos. A renal calculus.
Nephrolo'gy. Nephogra'phy. A treatise
on the kidney.
Nephro'ncus. Tumefaction of the kidney.
Nephrople'gia. Paralysis of the kidney.
Nephropyo'sis. Suppuration of the kidney.
NE'PHROS. Neftioc. The kidney. See
JCidttcu '•
NEPIIRO'TOMY. (Nepkrotomia, a, f.;
fijpm vetypoc, a kidney, and Ttftvu, to cut.) 1.
449
NEE
The operation of extracting a -stone from the
kidney, a proceeding which, perhaps, has nev-
er been actually put in practice. The cutting
into the kidney, the deep situation of this vis-
cns, and the want of symptoms by which the
lodgment of a stone in it can be certainly dis-
covered, will always be strong objections to
the practice. 2. The dissection of the kidney.
Nepi'otes. Infancy.
NE'RIUM. (mot, it, n.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Apocyncce. — N. an-
tidysente'ricum. The tree which yields the co-
daga pala bark. Cortex codagce palm. It grows
on the coast of Malabar. The bark has an
austere, bitter taste, and is recommended in
diarrhoea, dysentery, &c, as an astringent. —
N. oleander. Rose bay. The wood is poison-
ous; a decoction of the leaves, bark, &c., is
used to destroy vermin and cure itch. — N. tine-
torium. This tree of Hindostan affords indigo.
Ne'roli oleum. Essential oil of orange
flowers.
Neroni'ana. Blood-letting.
Nerva'lia ossa. The parietal bones.
Nervams. Nervous.
NERVE. (Nervus, i, m. ; from vevpov.) The
nerves are those long white cords which arise
from the brain and spinal cord, and are dis-
tributed to all parts of the frame, endowing it
with sensation and motion. The nerves are
distinguished into cerebral and spinal : the cere-
bral nerves are generally reckoned as nine
pairs; the spinal are thirty pairs, and are di-
vided into twelve pair* of dorsal, five pair of
lumbar, and five of sacral.
Cerebral Nerves.
1. The first pair, or olfactory. These rise
from the under and back part of the anterior
lobes of the cerebrum by three filaments, two
of which are white, and one gray. One of the
white filaments may be traced into the corpus
striatum. Each olfactory nerve forms a bulb on
the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. From
this, numerous filaments, which are distinguish-
ed into internal, middle, and external, pass
through the foramina of the cribriform plate,
and are distributed to the Schneiderian mem-
brane.
2. The second pair, or optic nerves. These
arise partly from the nates, and partly from the
optic thai; tin i. They proceed forward, beneath
the crura cerebri, to which they adhere, and
meet from the opposite sides in front of the
sella turcica, forming a commissure. The
nerves then diverge, and each passes through
the foramen opticum into the orbit, and ex-
pands into the retina.
3. The third pair, or rnotorcs oculorum.
These arise from the under, inner, and back
part of the crura cerebri. They penetrate the
dura mater, pass through the cavernous sinuses,
and proceed through the foramina lacera an-
teriora into the orbit, where they are dis-
tributed to all the muscles of the eyeball, ex-
cept the superior oblique and the abductor.
Each gives a filament to the ophthalmic gan-
glion
4. The fourth pair, pathctici, or trochleares.
These arise from the valve of Vieussens. They
pass between the crura cerebri and cerebellum
450
NER
to the cavernous sinus, along the outer side of
which they run to the foramina lacera anteriora r
through which they enter the orbit, and are dis-
tributed chiefly to the superior oblique muscle
of the eyeball. They are the smallest of the
cerebral nerves.
5. The fifth pair, or trigemini. These are
the largest of the cerebral nerves. One is given
off' on each side, from the lower and anterior
part of the crus cerebelli, near its junction with
the tuber annulare. It consists of very nu-
merous filaments, which are divisible into two
fasciculi, of which the anterior or smaller may
be traced through the pons varolii to the me-
dullaryfibers prolonged from the corpus pyram-
idale, while the posterior and larger fasciculus
is found to arise from the corpus restiforme.
The compound nerve, thus constituted, enters
the dura mater just below the tentorium, and
passes into a canal formed for it by that mem-
brane. Here the fasciculi, which form the
nerve, diverge: those derived from the pos-
terior root form the Gasserian ganglion ; while
those derived from the anterior root pass for-
ward beneath the ganglion. From the anterior
margin of the Gasserian ganglion arise the oph-
thalmic, superior maxillary, and inferior maxil-
lary nerves. The portion which separates from
the rest, and passes beneath the ganglion, makes
its exit from the cranium at the same foramen
as the inferior maxillary nerve, with which it
immediately afterward incorporates. Now the
ophthalmic and superior maxillary are nerves
of sense only ; but the inferior maxillary is also
a motor nerve, which power it derives from
that portion which has been just described as
unconnected with the ganglion. Hence the
trigeminal nerve, taken as a whole, is a com-
pound nerve, entirely analogous to those of the
spine. For the distribution of the three great
branches of this nerve, see Ophthalmic nerve
and Maxillary nerve.
6. The sixth pair, or abducenles. These arise
on each side from the tuber annulare, near the
groove which divides it from the medulla ob-
longata. They pass along the basilar process
of the occipital bone, penetrate the dura mater,
pass through the cavernous sinus, and enter the
orbit through the foramen lacerum anterius, to
be distributed to the abductor muscle of the
eyeball.
7. The. seventh pair. Each of these consists
of two nerves, the facial or porlio dura, and the
auditory or portio mollis. See Porlio dura and
Portio mollis.
8. The eighth pair. These consist on each
6ide of three distinct nerves, the glossopharyn-
geal, the nervus vagus, and the nervus acces-
sorius.
The glosso-pharyngeal nerve and the nervus
vagus are situated at the upper and lateral part
of the medulla oblongata. The nervus acces-
sorius ascends along the side of the spinal cord
and medulla oblongata to join the other two
nerves.
The glosso-pharyngeal nerve arises on each
side by several filaments from the lateral part
of the medulla oblongata, immediately below
the tuber annulare, and behind the corpus
olivare. These filaments unite into a single
NER
nerve, which is situated directly above the
nervus vagus. It is distributed to the root of
the tongue, pharynx, and larynx.
The nervus vagus arises by many fila-
ments, arranged perpendicularly along the
lateral part of the medulla oblongata, imme-
diately below the origins of the glosso-pharyn-
geal nerve. These filaments form six or eight
cords, which are united in the form of a flatten-
ed band.
The glosao-pharyngeal nerve and the nervus
vagus proceed together outward and forward
to the foramen lacerum posterius, through which
they pass out of the cranium.
The nervus accessorius arises by several fila-
ments from the lateral part of the spinal cord,
between the anterior and posterior origins of
the cervical nerves. They unite into a single
nerve, which ascends through the foramen mag-
num into the skull, and thence proceeds out-
ward to the foramen lacerum posterius, through
which it passes with the two other divisions of
the eighth pair.
For the distribution of the two latter nerves,
see Pneumogastric nerve and Accessorius nervus.
9. The ninth pair, Ungual, hypo-glossal, or
■motores lingua;. Each nerve arises by numer-
ous filaments from the furrow between the cor-
pus pyramidale and corpus olivare. It passes
through the anterior condyloid foramen, de-
scends behind the posterior portion of the di-
gastric muscle, and forms an arch with its con-
vexity downward ; it then passes between the
mylo-hyoid and hyo-glossus muscles to the
tongue, throughout the muscular substance of
which it is distributed. From the above-men-
tioned arch, a twig, termed descendens noni, runs
down in front of the sheath of the common car-
otid artery to the sterno-hyoid, sterno-thyroid,
and adjacent muscles.
Soemmering and other anatomists have di-
vided the encephalic nerves into twelve pairs,
viz., 1. The olfactory. 2. The optic. 3. Mo-
tores oculorum. A. Pathetici. 5. Trigemini.
6. Abducenles. 7. Facial. 8. Auditory. 9.
Glosso-pharyngeal. 10. Nervus vagus. 11.
Accessory nerves. 12. Lingual.
This arrangement, though not commonly
adopted, is the true and natural one, as the
twelve pairs of nerves just enumerated are per-
fectly distinct.
Spinat. Nerves.
Those nerves are called spinal which pass
out through the lateral or intervertebral foram-
ina of the spine. They consist of thirty-one
pairs ; and each nerve has two roots, the one
rising from the anterior, and the other from the
posterior column of the cord. The fibres of the
posterior root converge, and, while yet enclosed
in the sheath of the cord, form a ganglion. The
fibres of the anterior root converge in like man-
ner, passing by the ganglion, unite with the
fibres of the posterior root, and form one nerve.
Each nerve thus formed is therefore a com-
pound nerve. The researches of Sir C. Bell
have demonstrated that the spinal nerves have
a double function; the anterior nerves being
motor nerves, and the posterior, sensatory
nerves. The spinal nerves are divided into
cervical, dorsal, lumbar, and sacral nerves.
NER
Cervical Nerves.
The cervical nerves are eight pairs.
The first are called the occipital at suboccipi-
tal : they arise from the beginning of the spinal
marrow, pass out between the margin of the
occipital foramen and atlas, form a ganglion on
its transverse process, and are distributed about
the occiput and neck.
The second pair of cervical nerves send a
branch to the accessory nerve of Willis, and
proceed to the parotid gland and external ear.
The third cervical pair supply the integu-
ments of the scapula, the trapezius, and trian-
gularis muscles, and send a branch to form with
others the diaphragmatic nerve.
The fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth
pair all converge to form the brachial plexus,
from which arise the six following :
Nerves of the Upper Extremities.
1. The supra-scapular.
2. The subscapidar.
3. The thoracic, which are usually three in
number. Two of them are anterior, and dis-
tributed to the pectoral muscles. The third, a
very long branch, is posterior, and distributed
to the serratus magnus muscle.
4. The circumflex, or axillary nerve, which
sometimes arises from the radial nerve. It runs
backward and outward around the neck of the
humerus, and ramifies in the muscles of the
scapula.
5. The external cutaneous, which perforates
the coraco-brachialis muscle to the bend of the
arm, where it accompanies the median vein as
far as the thumb, and is lost in its integuments.
6. The internal cutaneous, which descends
on the inside of the arm, where it bifurcates.
From the bend of the arm the anterior brartch
accompanies the basilic vein, to be inserted
into the skin of the palm of the hand ; the pos-
terior branch runs down the internal part of
the forearm, to vanish in the skin of the little
finger.
7. The median nerve, which accompanies the
brachial artery to the cubit, then passes be-
tween the brachialis internus, pronator ro-
tundus, and the perforatus and perforans, under
the ligament of the wrist to the palm of the
hand, where it sends off branches in every di-
rection to the muscles of the hand, and then
supplies the digital nerves, which go to the ex-
tremities of the thumb, fore, and middle fingers.
8. The ulnar nerve, which descends between
the brachial artery and basilic vein, between
the internal condyle of the humerus and the
olecranon, and divides in the forearm into an
internal and external branch. The former pass-
es over the ligament of the wrist and sesamoid
bone to the hand, where it divides into three
branches, two of which go to the ring and little
finger, and the third forms an arch toward the
thumb, in the palm of the hand, and is lost in
the contiguous muscles. The latter passes over
the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris and
back of the hand, to supply also the two last
fingers.
9. The radial nerve, which sometimes gives
off the axillary nerve. It passes backward,
about the os humeri, descends on the outside
of the arm, between the brachialis externus and
451
. . NER
interims muscles, to the cubit ; then proceeds,
between the supinator longus and brevis, to the
superior extremity of the radius, giving off va-
rious branches to adjacent muscles. At this
place it divides into two branches; one goes
along the radius, between the supinator longus
and radialis intenius, to the back of the hand,
and terminates in tho interosseous muscles, the
thumb, and three first fingers ; the other passes
between the supinator brevis and head of the
radius, and is lost in the muscles of the forearm.
Dorsal Nerves.
The dorsal nerves are twelve pairs in num-
ber. The first pair gives off a branch to the
brachial plexus. Tho upper dorsal nerves are
distributed to the muscles of the back, inter-
costals, serrati, pectoral, abdominal muscles,
and diaphragm. The five inferior pairs go to
the muscles of the thorax and abdomen.
Lumbar Nerves.
Tho five pair of lumbar nerves are bestowed
about the loins and muscles, skin of the abdo-
men and loins, scrotum, ovaria, and diaphragm.
The second, third, and fifth pair unite and form
the obturator nerve, which descends over the
psoas muscle into the pelvis, and passes through
the foramen thyroideum to the obturator mus-
cle, triceps, pectineus, &c.
The third and fourth, with some branches of
the second pair, form the crural nerve, which
passes under Poupart's ligament with the fem-
oral artery, sends off branches to the adjacent
parts, and descends, in the direction of the sar-
torius muscle, to the internal condyle of the fe-
mur, whence it accompanies the saphena vein
to the internal ankle, to be lost in the skin of
the great toe.
The fifth pair are joined to the first pair of
the sacral nerves.
Sacral Nerves, and Nerves of the Infe-
rior Extremities.
There are five pair of sacral nerves, all of
which arise from the cauda equina, or termina-
tion of the medulla spinalis, so called from the
nerves resembling the tail of a horse. The four
first pair give off branches to the pelvic viscera,
and are afterward united to the last lumbar, to
form a large plexus, which gives off*
The ischiatic nerve, the largest in the body.
The ischiatic nerve, immediately at its origin,
sends off branches to the bladder, rectum, and
parts of generation ; proceeds from the cavity
i of the pelvis through tho ischiatic notch, be-
tween the tuberosity of the ischium and great
trochanter, to the ham, where it is called the
■popliteal nerve. In tho ham it divides into two
branches.
1. The peroneal, which descends on the fib-
ula, and distributes many branches to the mus-
cles of the leg and back of the foot.
2. The tibial, which penetrates the gastroc-
nemii muscles to the internal ankle, passes
through a notch in the os calcis to the sole of
the foot, whero it divides into an internal and
external plantar nerve, which supply the mus-
cles and aponeurosis of the foot and the toes.
Besides the encephalic and spinal nerves,
there is a set of nerves constituting what is
called the sympathetic or ganglionic system.
yhis has, till of late years, been described as a
452
NER
single nerve, called the great sympathetic or
great intercostal, arising from the fifth and sixth
cerebral nerves; but it is, in truth, a great col-
lection of ganglia, connected by filaments with
each other, arid with almost every nerve of the
frame. For a description of its course, see In-
tercostal nerve.
According to the views of Sir C. Bell, there
is a particular system of nerves which minister
to respiration. The medulla oblongata is com-
posed of three fasciculi on each side : an ante-
rior, which gives origin to nerves of motion ; a
posterior, which gives origin to nerves of sen-
sation ; and a middle, which gives rise to res~
piratory nerves.
A great portion of the spinal nerves concur
in producing the respiratory movements; but
there are certain nerves which are the special
respiratory nerves of particular regions, and are
therefore most important.
These are,
1 . The porlio dura, or respiratory of the face.
2. The nervus vagus, or respiratory of the
larynx.
3. The glossopharyngeal.
4. The accessory nerve, or superior respira-
tory. *
5. The phrenic, or great internal respiratory.
C. The posterior thoracic, or external respira-
tory.
Nerveless. Enervis.
N E ' R V I N E . (Nervimis ; from nervus, a
nerve.) Neurotic. Applied to that which re-
lieves disorders of the nerves. All the anti-
spasmodics, and the various preparations of
bark and iron aro nervines.
Nervorum resolutio. Apoplexy and palsy
have been so called.
NERVOUS. Nervosus. Appertaining to a
nerve. Applied, in Medicine, to fevers and af-
fections of the nerves, and to medicines which
act on the nervous system.
Nervous attack. An attack of pain, spasm,
rheumatism, and nervous symptoms generally.
Nervous centers. The brain, spinal mar-
row, and ganglia. See Nervous matter.
Nervous diathesis. That description of
constitution which predisposes to nervous dis-
eases.
Nervous diseases. See Neuroses.
Nervous fever. See Typhus.
Nervous fluid. See Nervous system.
Nervous headache. See Cephalalgia.
Nervous matter. The substance of tho
nervous system is distinctly separable into two
kinds : that of the ganglia and centers, and that
of the long nerves and plexuses. The gangli-
onic system is also called the nerves of organic
life, and the long nerves those of animal life, or
of relation ; and in the inferior animals are oft-
en absent. The structure of these differs es-
sentially. The long nerves consist of & fibrous
system. They are composed of minute trans-
parent tubes, of ■Apth to | A jtfa of an inch in
diameter, and less in the brain. This contains,
firstly, a hollow cylinder of opaque white mat-
ter (Schwann's), and secondly, in the center of
the latter is a thread of the transparent or cine-
ritious nervous matter, constituting the axis
cylinder. Bundles of these fibres are usually
NER
inclosed in a cellular neurilemma, which also
serves to insulate them. In the development
of the fibrous nervous tissue, the tube is formed
of an accretion of cellules, and the nervous cen-
ters are subsequently introduced. The fibrous
system constitutes the white or medullary por-
tion of the brain, and of all the long nerves.
Its function appears to be solely the transmis-
sion or conduction of nervous influences from
the organic portions. The terminations of this
system dip into all the other tissues of the body,
and are looped, returning upon themselves, so
far as examination has been made. A plexus
of these seems to be intended for the accumu-
lation of sensory or motory power from several
ganglia into one structure, by which paralysis
is in some measure averted. The fibres are
farther divided into afferent or centripetal, or
those which convey nervous impressions from
the outside or periphery to the inner ganglia,
and efferent or centrifugal fibres.
The organic, ganglionic, or vesicular nervous
tissue (gelatinous of Heme) is found in the cin-
eritious matter of the brain, the spinal cord,
ganglia, axis cylinder of fibrous nervous tissue,
and is also dispersed over the tissues on which
the nerves of sense are scattered, as the pitui-
tary membrane, retina, papillae of the tongue,
and, in all probability, over every part of the
periphery where the fibres terminate or are
looped. This tissue consists of globules, called
nerve or ganglion globules. They are not nec-
essarily associated in any definite course, but
often lie amid fibrous nervous tissue, blood-
vessels, or are scattered over surfaces. The
primary form of the globule is spherical, but
they are flattened, stellated, &c, under the in-
fluence of pressure. They exhibit the rudiment
of a nucleus usually, are j^j-th to rjtv^ 1 °f au
inch in diameter, and contain granules of trans-
parent cineritious nervous rrfatter, without any
of the white substance. In the ganglia, brain,
&c., their mass appears colored, but this arises
from the . presence of pigment cellules. The
globules usually occupy the centre of ganglia,
but in the brain are arranged on tho outside;
and in every case their position is such as to
allow them to be abundantly supplied by blood-
vessels. Function. — The vesicular tissue is that
in which all nervous activity, sensation, and
impression occurs. It is grouped at both ends
of the conducting or fibrous tissue, and under-
goes constant metamorphosis under the stimu-
lus of appropriate agents. The metamorphosis
occurs from the periphery inward, and the re-
sult (imponderable or nervous fluid) is con-
veyed by the fibres to remote organs, and there
another change occurs in the vesicular tissue,
which affects the adjacent organ. The result of
this metamorphosis is the production of changed
tissues, perhaps the white substance, and, sec-
ondly, phosphoric acid, which is known to in-
crease in the uriue with nervous activity, and
to be derivable but in small quantity from the
other tissues. The principal feature of the
metamorphosis is, therefore, the oxydation of
the phosphorus of the vesicular tissue ; the re-
sult, an imponderable nervous influence, very
analogous to, but different from, electricity.
Accompanying this, there is a constant accre-
NEB
tion of nerve aliment from the blood freely
circulating amid the vesicles. The effects of
metamorphosis in the ganglionic system is four-
fold: 1st. The production of sensation. 2d. Of
motion. 3d. The reflex action of the spinal
system, by which involuntary actions are car-
ried on by the specific excitement of different
bodies, as in the case of respiration, degluti-
tion, &c. 4th. In the local vesicular matter of
tissues and ganglia, it is accompanied with
suitable changes in the tissues and organs they
control, as secretion, repair, &c, &c.
The essential condition of nervous activity is
an abundant supply of pure arterial blood ; but
the function can nflt be maintained without
rest, during which repair occurs. If rest be
withheld, waste occurs, and irritability, and a
condition approaching to inflammation arises.
If the circulation be in excess by reason of its
rapidity, the nervous development is exalted to
disease, delirium and convulsions occur. If
congestion arises, by which the supply of aera-
ted blood is nearly cut off, nervous prostratiou
arises ; the samo result flows from impure
blood and deficiency of blood. On the other
hand, all the functions of the nervous system
are exalted by an active circulation ; sensation
is keener, the mind more vigorous. An excited
circulation in parts gives rise to pain, even in
organs which are usually passive.
The composition of nervous matter, accord-
ing to Fremy, is as follows : 100 parts contain
20 of solid matter, one third of which is fibrin
and albumen, derived from the neurilemma and
investing tissue ; one third common fat, choles-
terine, cerebric and oleophosphoric acid, and
the other third of osmazomc, which is a pro-
teine compound undergoing change, and saline
matters. Nervous matter, and especially the
brain, is remarkable for the large proportion
of phosphorus present in its tissue. This
amounts to from 8 to 18 parts in 1000, or one
twentieth to one thirtieth of the whole solid
portion. Moreover, it has been observed that
there is a deficiency of this element in the
brain of idiots.
Cerebric acid is a white, crystalline, and gran-
ular solid, slightly soluble in hot water, in
which it also becomes of a gelatinous appear-
ance. It is a fat acid, and forms insoluble
compounds for 'the most part. It is distin-
guished from most fats by containing both ni-
trogen and phosphorus, and is peculiar to> the
nervous system.
Oleophosphoric acid is dissolved in combi-
nation with soda by ether. It forms soapB
with alkalies, and, when boiled in water or
alcohol, is resolved into a neutral oil, called
Ccrcbroleinc, and two per cent, of phosphoric
acid. This oil is almost identical with oleine
of human fat. The oleophosphoric acid is not
known in a pure state ; but it is very remark-
able that it totally disappears as the brain pu-
trefies, leaving us to infer that it may be the
product of the metamorphosis of cerebric acid
by oxydation in the functions of the brain and
nervous system, and an intermediate step to-
ward tho removal of the effete phosphoric acid
and restoration of oleine to general nutrition.
NERVOUS SYSTEM. This consists of the
453
NEB
«mcephalos and its nerves ; the spinal cord and
its nerves; and the ganglia of the sympathetic,
and filaments connecting them with each other.
The brain is generally considered as the organ
of the mind. Physiologists, in general, have
considered the brain as a single organ. Drs.
Gall and Spurzhcim, however, regard it as a
congeries of organs, each of which is the seat
of somo particular intellectual power, moral
quality, or animal instinct.
Several conjectures have been formed as to
the particular functions of the cerebellum. The
only two which seem worthy of any attention
are those of Flourens and Gall. Flourens found
in his experiments on animals, that when the
cerebellum was removed, the animals retained
the power of moving their muscles, but were
no longer able to combine their action into ordi-
nary movements, and were incapable. of stand-
ing, walking, springing, Hying, &c. M. Flou-
rens hence concludes that the cerebellum is the
regulator of motion, and this opinion is couute
nanced in some degree by the experiments of
several other physiologists. Dr. Gall regards the
cerebellum as the organ of the sexual instinct.
Sir C. Bell regards the central portion of the
medulla oblongata as presiding over respiration,
and giving origin to the nerves which minister
to that function. The anterior and posterior
columns of the spinal marrow preside respect-
ively over common motion and sensation. Dr.
M. Hall has fouud, that in the case of the spinal
nerves, the action is of a reflex kind, and due
in every case to the action of a stimulus, wheth-
er mechanical, chemical, or mental. In the
simplest case, the extremity of the nerve, as of
a sphincter, is irritated by an appropriate stim-
ulus. It contracts independently of the will ;
and even if the cerebrum be removed, this irri-
tation being communicated to the spinal cen-
ter, it gives rise to an appropriate motion.
Thus a morsel of food throws the muscles of
the pharynx into action.
Less is positively known of the functions of
the sympathetic than of any other portion of the
nervous system. The most prevalent ideas are,
that it is either the source of that power by
which the organic functions are carried on, or
the medium through which the actions of the
different parts of the nervous system are in some
way combined and modified for the production
of the organic functions.
Attempts have been made at different times
to explain the intimate actions which take place
in the nerves when they are thrown into op-
eration. Thus it has been supposed that the
nerves contain a subtle fluid, called the nervous
fluid, on the motions of which sensation and
voluntary motion depend. Another hypothe-
sis, maintained by Hartley, refers the phenom-
ena of the nervous system to vibrations in the
nervous substance.
Dr. Wilson Philip, from his well-known and
striking experiments on the power of galvan-
ism in sustaining the action of parts after their
nervous communication with the brain is cut
off, infers that the nervous and galvanic ener-
gies are identical.
Nervous quinsy. The globus hystericus. —
Heberden.
454
NEU
Ne'rvus. (us, i, m.) A nerve.
Nervus sympatheticus medius. The fifth
pair.
Nestiatria. The treatment of disease by
fasting.
Nes'tis. NnoTie. The jejunum.
• Nettle. Urtica dioica.
Nettle, dead. Lamium album.
Nettle-rash. See Urticaria.
NEURA'LGIA. (a, ts, f . ; from vevpov, a
nerve, and aTiyoc, pain.) Pain in a nerve.
Various parts of the body are liable to be affect-
ed with excruciating pain, which is quite inde-
pendent of any inflammation of the part, and
which may often be traced in the course of the
nerves. Such affections all come under the
head of neuralgia. In many cases they appear
to be strictly idiopathic; in some, they are
symptomatic of derangement in the digestive
or other functions ; and in a third class of cases
they are the result of injuries of the nerves from
accidents or surgical operations. The principal
seats of neuralgia are, tke branches of the fifth
pair of nerves ; the sacro-sciatic nerve ; the
nerves of the female breast ; and those of the
hands and feet. When the disease occupies
the branches of the fifth pair of nerves, it is
called neuralgia facialis, or tic douloureux;
when it is seated in the sacro-sciatic nerve, it is
often confounded with very different affections,
under the name of sciatica. »In a few cases of
neuralgia, the neurilemma has been observed
to be inflamed; and hence it has been hastily
inferred that neuralgia consists in inflammation
of a nerve ; in the majority of cases, however,
no such appearances are to be detected; and
hence, when they occur, they are to be regard-
ed as merely an effect of the disease.
The treatment of neuralgia will vary greatly
according to its cause. Where it is symptom-
atic, the primary disease is to be 'attacked;
when it is idiopathic, powerful tonic medicines,
morphia, leeches, and local counter-irritation
are generally found the most effectual means of '
cure. Veratrine, aconitine, daturine. and bella-
donna have of late years received much notice
iu neuralgia, applied in ointment or endermi-
cally. Carbonate of iron, in large doses, seems
to have been more frequently successful than
any other remedy, but bark and arsenic are
also in many instances decidedly useful. Where
the disease has any tendency to periodicity, the
bark is to be preferred to any other medicine.
Division of the affected nerve has often been re-
sorted to, but the relief derived from this is very
temporary, for the nervous connection is no
sooner re-established than the pain returns. In
a few melancholy instances, neuralgia is utterly
incurable, and the patient dies worn out by
years of torture, which admits of only partial
relief from large quantities of opium.
Neuralgia cubito-digitalis. When the
pain is from the minor condyle to the hand.
Neuralgia faciei. Tic douloureux. Neu-
ralgia along the facial nerve.
Neuralgia, femoro-popliteal. Sciatica.
Neuralgia of the heart. Angina pectoris
Neurasthe'nia. Irritability; debility of the
nerves.
NEURILE'MMA. (a, atis, n. ; from vevpov.
NIC
and ?.cfifia, the bark or covering.) The sheath
which invests the nerves, and also the several
fibrils of which they are composed.
Neu'rine. The fatty and albuminous matter
of which the nerves are formed. See Nervous
matter.
Neuritis. Inflammation of a nerve.
Neurobla'cia. *Insensibility in a nerve.
Neurody'nia. Neuralgia.
Neurography. Neurology. A treatise on
the nerves.
NEUROLOGY. (Ncurologia, a, f. ; from vev-
pov, and \oyoc, a discourse.) The doctrine of
the nerves.
NEURO'MA. Neuroma 'Hon. A painful tu-
mor situated on a nerve, and being a swelling
of it, or placed at the extremity of a nerve, as
in the case of the painful subcutaneous tubercles
of Wood.
Neurome'tores. The psoas muscles.
' Neu'ron. A nerve.
Neurono'sos. Neurosis. A disease of a
nerve.
Neuropa'thic. Relating to a disease of the
nerves.
NEURO'PTERA. (From vevpov, and nrepov,
awing.) The name of an order of insects with
four membranous wings of similar length.
NEURO'SES. (PI. Neurosis.) Nervous dis-
eases. The second class of Culleu's Nosology is
so called: it comprehends affections in which
sense and motion are disturbed, without either
idiopathic pyrexia or topical disease.
NEUROSTHE'NIA. (From vevpov, and o6e-
voc, force.) Preternatural nervous excitation;
the condition of inflammation in the nerves.
NEUROTICA. (From vevpov, a nerve.)
Nervous; appertaining to the nerves: applied
to, 1. Diseases of the nervous system. 2. Ner-
vine medicines.
NEURO'TOMY. {Ncurotomia, cc, f I ; from
vevpov, and re/ivu, to cut.) The dissection of
the nerves, or the division of a nerve.
Neur-ypno'logy. An account of the nerv-
ous sleep produced by fatiguing the muscles of
the eye, and commonly called magnetic sleep.
NEUTRAL. Neutralis. In Chemistry, saline
•compounds wnich do not possess the characters
of an acid or alkali.
Neutral mixture. The liquor potassa? ci-
tratis, made by saturating lemon juice with bi-
carbonate of potash ; a pleasant refrigerant and
diaphoretic. Dose, 31J. to 53s.
NEUTRALIZATION. Nculralisatio. When
acid and alkaline matter are combined in such
proportions that the compound does not change
the color of litmus or violets, they are said to
be neutralized.
New Italian doctrine. Contro-stimulus.
New Jersey tea. Ceauothus americana.
New leather sound. An auscultatory sound
resembling the creaking of the leather of a new
saddle. It is supposed to arise from the friction
of the heart on the pericardium when the lat-
ter is roughened by disease from consolidated
lymph, &c. ^
Ni. Nickel.
Nicaragua wood. The wood of ccesalpina
-echinata.
NI'CKEL. A metal of great hardness, of a
NIP
uniform texture, and of a color between silver
and tin; and magnetical. Symb.,Ni. Equiv.,
29-57.
NICOTIA'NA. (a,a,f.) 1. Tobacco. 2. A
genus of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. 80-
lanacem. — N. americana. Nicotiana tabacum. —
N. minor. Nicotiana rustica. — N. rustica. Green
tobacco. This is much weaker than the Virgin-
ian tobacco. — JV. taba'cum. The Virginian to-
bacco. Tabacum. The leaves are narcotic,
emetic, purgative, diuretic, and sternutatory. A
decoction of the leaves is sometimes applied as a
wash in porrigo, scabies, and other cutaneous
affections. The fumes and infusion are employ-
ed as enemata in strangulated hernia and some
other cases; they occasion extreme faintness
and relaxation, and require to be used with
proper caution, lest these effects take place to
a fatal extent. Vauquelin has obtained a pecu-
liar principle from this plant, in which its active
properties reside. See Nicolin. Other species,
as the N. fruticosa, paniculata persica, and
quadrivalvis, yield also tobacco when prepared.
Nicotia'nin. Tobacco camphor. A stearop-
ten obtained by distilling prepared tobacco with
water ; it is volatile, solid, and extremely acrid,
having the smell of tobacco. It is produced by
the curing of the leaves, not being found in the
green plant.
NI'COTIN. Nicotina. It is a colorless oily
alkali, and has the peculiar taste and smell of the
plant. It dissolves both in water and alcohol ;
is volatile and poisonous. Formula (CioHgN)?
NICTITA'TION. Nictitatio. Twinkling, or
winking of the eyes.
Ni'dulans. (From nidulor, to place in a
nest.) Nidulate. Hidden, as in a nest.
NIGE'LLA. (a, a;, f.) A genus of plants.
Polyandria. Pentagynia. — N. qfficinarum.
Agrostemma githago. — N. sativa. Devil in a
bush. Fennel flower. This plant was formerly
employed medicinally as an expectorant and
deobstruent, but is now fallen into disuse.
Nigella'strum. Agrostemma githago.
Niger. Black.
Night-blindness. See Hemeralopia.
Nightmare. See Ephialtes. •
Nightshade, American. Phytolacca de-
candria.
Nightshade, deadly. Atropa belladonna.
Nightshade, Palestine. Solanum sanctum.
Nightshade, woody. Solanum dulcamara.
NIGRI'TIES. (From niger, black.) A ca-
ries is called nigrities ossium ; a blackness of the
bones.
Nigritu'do. Melanosis.
Nihil album. Nihilum album. A name
formerly given to the flowers or oxide of zinc.
Ninzi radix. Ninzin. Sium ninsi.
NIPPLE. Papilla. The small projecting
body in the middle of the breasts of women.
See Mamma.
Nipple shield. A disk of box-wood or ivory,
made of such a figure as to fit the nipple, so
that the infant can draw milk without biting or
irritating it when ulcerated. The elevation cor-
responding to the nipple is perforated, and cov-
ered with a prepared teat made of the skin of a
cow's teat.
Nipple-wort. See Lapsana.
455
NIT
Nirles. Herpes phlyctamodes.
Ni'sus. Effort; straining.
NISUS FORMATIVUS. A creative or form-
ative effort. This phrase is used by Blumen-
bach synonymously with vital activity.
Ni'tidus. Polished; smooth; shining.
NI'TRAS. (as, atis, f.) A nitrate. A salt
of nitric acid with a salifiable base.
Nitras ammonije. Ammonia nitrata. Nitrate
of ammonia. This salt has been employed in-
ternally as a diuretic and deobstruent, and ex-
ternally as a discutient. It is also sialagogue.
But its principal use is as the source of protox-
ide of nitrogen, which it yields at a gentle heat.
Nitras argenti. See Argenti nitras.
Nitras calcis. Nitrate of lime. Calcareous
nitre. By particular treatment this salt becomes
phosphorescent. See Baldwin's phosphor us.
Nitras potasses. Nitre.
Nitras potass^: fusus. Sal prunella:. Ni-
trum tabulatum. This salt, besides the nitric
acid and potash, contains a little sulphuric acid.
Nitras sod.e. Alkali mineralc nitratum.
Nitrnm cubicum. Nitrate of soda. A neutral
salt composed of soda and nitric acid. Its vir-
tues are similar to those of nitrate of potash, for
which it may be safely substituted.
NITRATE. See Nitras.
Nitrate of potash. See Nitre.
Nitrate of silver. See Argcnti nitras.
NI'TRE. (Nirpov. Nitrum, i, n.) Salt-
■petra. Potassce nitras. Saltpetre. Nitre is
procured abundantly from natural beds in India.
It may also be made artificially by combining
decaying animal and vegetable matter with
moist earth and lime, and washing the mixture
occasionally, by which nitrate of lime is obtain-
ed, which, being treated with wood ashes, is con-
verted into nitrate of potash. When pure, it is
found in anhydrous, colorless, six-sided prisms,
with dihedral summits. It is soluble in seven
parts of water at 60°. It is fused below a red
heat, and decomposed by farther heat. It has
a cooling, saline taste ; is refrigerant and diu-
retic ; dose, gr. v. to sss. It is a powerful an-
tiseptic and detergent body, and an irritant
poison in large doses. It is an ingredient in gun-
powder and fireworks. Composition, KO,NO,->.
NI'TRIC. (Nitricus ; from nitrum.) Of, or
belonging to, nitre.
Nitric acid. Acidum nitricum. It is ob-
tained by the action of sulphuric acid and heat
on nitrate of potash or soda. When pure, it is a
colorless fluid, of a pungent odor, extremely
caustic, sp. gr. 1-5, and contains fifty-four parts
of real acid and nine of water, being a definite
compound, the anhydrous acid being unknown;
formula, NOs-f-HO. The acid is used as a
caustic to warts and indolent ulcers. Aquafortis
of commerce is impure dilute nitric acid, and
contains from 25 to 50 per cent, of acid. Dilute
acid — acidwm nitricum dilutum ( U. S.) — consists
of acid, f. 3J.; water, f. 3ix. This is farther
diluted in practice, and used in typhoid fevers,
chronic affections of the liver, and as a tonic
and febrifuge. Dose, gtt. x. to 3ss. in a glass of
water. When long used it produces ptyalism.
Nitric oxide. Deutoxide of nitrogen.
Nitric oxide of mercury. See Hydrargyri
nitrico-oxydum.
456
NOC
Nitrico-oxydum htdrargyri. See Hydras
gyri nitrico-oxydum.
NI'TROGEN. (Nitrogenium, ii, n.; from
virpov, nitre, and yevvau, to generate.) Azoto.
An elementary, colorless, inodorous gas, form-
ing four fifths of the atmosphere, irrespirable,
not supporting combustion^and having in this
state no activity. Sym., N. ; eq., 14-06 ; sp. gr.,
•972. It forms five compounds with oxygen,
of which NO, the protoxide, is the laughing
gas, and NOs, nitric acid. Nitrogen, with hy-
drogen, NH 3 , forms ammonia. This substance
abounds in animal products, and in the most
nutritious parts of vegetables.
Nitrogen, deutoxide of. A compound of
N0 2 . It is a transparent gas, and appears some-
times to act as a compound radical.
Nitrogen, protoxide of. See Nitrogen.
Nitro-leucic acid. See Leucine.
NI'TRO-MURIA'TIC ACID. Acidum nitro-
muriaticum (U. S.). Aqua rcgia. Mix nitric
acid, fiv., and muriatic acid, ?viij. They be-
come yellow, and acquire the power of readily
dissolving gold. This mixture evolves chlorine.
It is used in a very dilute state to sponge the
feet, &c, and as an internal remedy in chronic
affections of the liver and obstinate constipa-
tion, but is very irritant, and not to be used
where febrile symptoms exist. Dose, 111 v. to
HI x., in a wine-glass of water.
Nitro-sa'ccharic acid is formed by the re-
action of nitric acid on sugar of gelatine. It is
colorless, crystallized in prisms, and soluble.
Form., (C 8 H 7 N. 2 05+2N0 5 )4-4HO.— Mulder.
Nitro-salicyi.ic acid. See Salicyle. .
NI'TROUS. Nilrosus. Of, or belonging to,
nitre, or its combinations.
Nitrous acid. Acidum nitrosum. The red
fumes produced by exposing binoxide of nitro-
gen to oxygen. It may be condensed by cold
or pressure into a colorless fluid, and. consists
of NO<. It is soluble in nitric acid, but decom-
posed by water.
Nitrous oxide. Protoxide of nitrogen.
Laughing gas.
Ni'trum. Nitre.
Nitrum flammans. Nitrate of ammonia.
Nitrum purificatum. Purified nitre.
Nitrum stibiatum. Nitrum antimoniatum.
Anodynum mineralc. An old preparation, made
by dissolving the antimonium diaphorcficum in
water, and evaporating to dryness.
Nitrum vitriolatum. Sodaa sulphas.
NO'BILIS. (Quasi noscibUis; from nosco,
to know.) Noble. Some objects of natural
history, so called by way of eminence: thus
gold and silver are called noble metals, and no-
bilis is the specific name of several plants.
NOC T AM BUL A'TION. (Noctambulatio,
onis, f. ; from nox, night, and ambulo, to walk.)
Sleep-walking. Oneirodynia activa.
Noctisu'rgium. Sleep-walking.
Nocturnal blindness. See Hemeralopia
and Nyctalopia.
NOCTURNAL EMISSION. An emission of
semen during the night, from weakness of the
generative function or libidinous dreams. I*
is to be treated by tonics in the former case,
and by the antiphlogistic regimen in plethoric
youth.
NOM
Nodding. Nutans.
NODE. (Nodus, i, in. ; from anad, Hebrew,
to tie.) 1. In Surgery, a bard, circumscribed
tumor, proceeding from a bone, and caused by
a swelbng of the periosteum. Nodes appeat on
every part of the body, but are more common
on such as are thinly covered with muscles, as
the os frontis, forepart of the tibia, radius, and
ulna. As they increase in size, they become
more painful, from the distension they occasion
in the periosteum. When they continue long,
the bone becomes completely carious. Syphi-
litic nodes are treated by iodide of potassium
and frictions over the part with unguentum hy-
drargyri. 2. In Botany, the joints that have
small elevations, as observed in the stems of
grasses, &c.
Nodo'sus. Nodose; knotty.
NO'LI ME' TA'NGERE. Lupus. A species
of malignant herpes or lupus, affecting the skin,
and not uufrequently the cartilages of the nose,
very difficult to cure, because it is exasperated
by most applications. The disease generally
commences with small, superficial spreading
ulcerations, which become more or less con-
cealed beneath furfuraceous scabs. The whole
nose is frequently destroyed by the progressive
ravages of this peculiar disorder, which some-
times can not be stopped or retarded by any
treatment, external or internal.
Nodulus. A little node.
Nodus cerebri. The pons varolii.
NO'MA. (a, <b, f. ; from vefiu, to eat.) Can-
cer aquaticus. An ulcer that attacks the skin,
and often the cheek or vulva of young girls. It
appears in the form of red and somewhat livid
spots; is not attended with pyrexia, pain, or
tumor, and in a few days becomes gangrenous.
It is to be treated by caustics; and tonics inter-
nally, or, if seen early, by the antiphlogistic
plan.
NOMENCLATURE. The authorized and
methodical words of a science. In Chemistry,
a good nomenclature has been one of the most
important steps toward the rapid advance of the
science.
Nomenclature, anatomical. The terms
above, below, inside, outside, can convey correct
ideas of the relative position of the different
parts of a body only while the body and all its
Earts remain in the same position ; now this not
eing the case with the living animal body, in-
finite confusion arises from the use of such
terms. The late Dr. Barclay, of Edinburgh,
made a very praiseworthy attempt to introduce
terms which should apply equally well in all
positions of the body ; and it is a great pity that
bis "Anatomical Nomenclature" has not been
generally adopted, for it is very simple, and ad-
mjjably suited to the end in view. The follow-
ing table exhibits the names given by Dr. Bar-
clay to the different aspects of the body :
1. Aspects of the head, neck, and trunk. — A
Eerpendicular plane, dividing the body into
alves, is called the mesial plane. The aspect
of any part looking toward this plane is called
its mesial aspect ; the aspect of a part looking
to the right of this plane is its dextral aspect,
and to the left, its sinistral aspect.
2. Aspects of the head :
NOS
Inial. Looking toward the occiput (iviov}
Coronal. Toward the crown of the head.
Basilar. Toward the base of the skull.
Glabellar or antinial. Toward the space-
between the eyebrows.
3. Aspects of the neck and trunk :
Atlantal. Looking toward the atlas.
Sacral. Toward the sacrum.
Dorsal. Toward the back.
Sternal. Toward the sternum.
4. Aspects of the four extremities :
Proximal. Looking toward the end nearest
the trunk.
Distal. Toward the end farthest from the
trunk.
5. Aspects of the atlantal extremities :
Radial. Looking toward the radius.
Ulnar. Toward the ulna.
Anconal. Toward the ancon or olecranon.
Thenal. Toward the palm of the band
(devap).
6. Aspects of the sacral extremities :
Tibial. Looking toward the tibia
Fibular. Toward the fibula.
Rotular. Toward the rotula or patella.
Popliteal. Toward the poples or ham.
7. Terms of aspect common to the head, neck,
trunk, extremities, and viscera :
Dermal. Looking toward the skin.
Peripheral. Toward the circumference.
Central. Toward the centre.
All these adjective terms are converted into
adverbs by substituting d for the terminal I or r.
Thus, what is generally called the upper sur-
face of the diaphragm is the atlantal surface;
and adverbially, that surface is said to be situated
atlantad.
The under surface of the brain is its basilar
surface ; and adverbially, it is said to be situated
basilad.
Noni descendens. A branch of the ninth
pair of nerves. See Nerve.
NON-NATURALS. Res non-naturalcs. Un
der this term the old physicians comprehended
air, eating and drinking, sleep and watching, mo-
tion and rest, the retentions and excretions, and
the affections of the mind.
Nooth's apparatus. An apparatus contrived
by Dr. Nooth for impregnating water with gas-
es, particularly the carbonic acid.
No'pal. Nopalnochetzth. The cactus that
feeds the cochineal insect.
Norlandica bacca. Rubus arcticus.
NO'RMAL. Normalis. (From norma, a rule.)
According to rule ; regular ; usual.
Norris's drops. According to Dr. Paris, this
is a solution of emetic tartar in rectified spirit;
with the addition of some vegetable coloring
matter.
Norton's drops. A colored solution of cor-
rosive sublimate.
Nose. Nasus. See Nares.
Nose, bleeding of the. Epistaxis.
Nosocomia'lis. Nosocomial. Appertaining
to a hospital, as febris nosocomialis.
NOSOCOMI'UM. (um, ii, n. ; voooicofieiov ;
from voaoc, a disease, and Ko/ito, to take care
of.) Nosodochium. A hospital or infirmary for
the sick.
Noso'des. Sickly; insalubrious.
457
NOT
Nosogje'ny. The origin of diseases.
Nosodochi'um. A hospital.
NOSO'GRAPHY. Nosographia. The de-
cription of diseases.
NOSO'LOGY. (Nosologia, ce, f. ; from voooc,
NUC
and Aoyof , a discourse.) That division of med-
ical science which considers the most appro
priate names of diseases, and their methodical
arrangement or classification.
The following is Cullen's system :
CLASS I.— PYREXLE.
8. Ophthalmitis.
9. Phrenitis.
10. Cynanche.
11. Pneumonitis.
12. Carditis.
13. Peritonitis.
14. Gastritis.
15. Enteritis.
16. Hepatitis.
17. Splenitis.
18. Nephritis.
19. Cystitis.
20. Hysteritis.
CLASS II.-
4C. Chlorosis.
Obder III.
SPASMI.
47. Tetanus.
48. Convulsio.
49. Chorea.
50. Raphanin.
51. Epilepsia.
52. Palpitatio.
CLASS III.—
§ 2. Flatuostt.
70. Pneumatosis.
71. Tympanites.
72. Physometra.
§ 3. Aquosa.
73. Anasarca.
74. Hydrocephalus.
75. Hydrorachitis.
76. Hydrothorax.
CLASS IV.-
§ 2. AppetUus deficientes.
105. Anorexia.
106. Adipsia.
107. Anaphrodisia.
Order III.
DYSCYNESLE.
108. Aphonia.
109. Mutitas.
110. Paraphonia.
111. Psellismus.
112. Strabismus.
113. Dysphagia.
114. Contracture.
Order IV.
APOCENOSES.
115. Profusio.
116. Ephidrosis.
117. Epiphora.
118. Ptyalismus.
119. Enuresis.
NOSTA'LGIA. (a, ce, f. ; from vootoc, a re-
turn, and aXyoc, pain.) A vehement desire for
revisiting one's country, attended with melan-
choly, loss of appetite, and want of sleep.
Nostoc. Temella nostoc.
Nostoma'nia. The madness of nostalgia.
Nostril. See Naris.
NO'STRUM. This word means our own, and
is applied to quack or private medicines.
No'tence'phalus. (From vutoc, the back,
and eyKefyaXoc, the brain. ) A monster in which
the brain forms a hernia behind, and rests upon
the dorsal vertebrae which are open posterior-
ly.— O. St. Hilaire.
Notch. A depression, as the ethmoidal notch,
&c.
Notched. Erosus.
458
Order I.
FEBRES.
§ 1. Intermittentes.
1. Tertiana.
2. Quartana.
3. Quotidiana.
§ 2. Continues.
4. Synocha.
•6. Typhus.
6. Synochus.
Order II:
PHLEGMASIA.
7. Phlogosis.
Order I.
COMATA.
41. Apoplexia.
42. Paralysis.
Order II.
ADYNAMIA.
43. Syncope.
44. Dyspepsia.
45. Hypochondriasis.
Order I.
MARCORES.
«7. Tabes.
<58. Atrophia.
Order II.
INTUMESCENTIA.
§ 1. Adiposes.
69. Polysarcia.
Order I.
DYSESTHESIA.
90. Caligo.
91. Amaurosis.
92. Dysopia.
93. Pseudoblepsis.
94. Dysecoia.
' 95. Paracusis.
96. Anosmia.
97. Agheustia.
98. Anaesthesia.
Order II.
DYSOREXIA.
§ 1. AppetUus erronei.
99. Bulimia.
100. Polydipsia.
101. Pica.
102. Satyriasis.
103. Nymphomania.
104. Nostalgia.
21. Rheumatismus.
22. Odontalgia.
23. Podagra.
24. Arthropuosis.
Order III.
EXANTHEMATA.
25. Variola.
26. Varicella.
27. Rubeola.
28. Scarlatina.
29. Pestis.
30. Erysipelas.
31. Miliaria.
•NEURO'SES.
53. Asthma.
54. Dyspnoea.
55. Pertussis.
56. Pyrosis.
57. Colica.
58. Cholera.
59. Diarrhoea.
60. Diabetes.
CACIIEXLE.
77. Ascites.
78. Hydrometra.
79. Hydrocele.
§ 4. Solida.
80. Physconia.
81. Rachitis.
Order III.
IMPETIGINES.
82. Scrofula.
-LOCALES.
120. Gonorrhoea.
Order V.
EPISCHESES.
121. Obstipatio.
122. Ischuria.
123. Dysuria.
124. Dyspermatismus.
125. Amenorrhoea.
Order VI.
TUMORES.
126. Aneurisms.
127. Varix.
128. Ecchymoma.
129. Scirrhus.
130. Cancer.
131. Bubo.
132. Sarcoma.
133. Verruca.
134. Clavus.
32. Urticaria.
33. Pemphigus.
34. Aphtha.
Order IV.
HAMORRHAGIA.
35. Epistaxis.
36. Hemoptysis.
37. Heemorrhois.
38< Menorrhagia.
Order V.
PROFLUVIA-
39. Catarrhus.
40. Dysenteria.
61. Hysteria.
62. Hydrophobia.
Order IV.
VESANIA.
63. Amentia.
64. Melancholia.
65. Mania.
66. Oneirodynia.
83. Syphilis.
84. Scorbutus.
85. Elephantiasis.
86. Lepra.
87. Framboesia.
88. Trichoma.
89. Icterus.
135. Lupia.
136. Ganglion.
137. Hydatis.
138. Hydarthrue.
139. Exostosis.
Order VII.
ECTOPIA
140. Hernia.
141. Prolapsus.
142. Luxatio.
Order VIII.
DYALYSES.
143. Vulnus.
144. Ulcus.
145. Herpes.
146. Tinea.
147. Psora.
148. Fractura.
149. Caries.
NO'TIIUS. (NoOoc, spurious.) Spurious.
Bastard. Sec Bastard.
Notle'us. The spinal marrow.
Nouffler's remedy, Madame. A vermifuge
treatment, consisting of a decoction of aspidium
filix mas, followed by a drastic purge of calomel
scammony, and contrayerva. ^
Nube'cula. The same as nebula
Nucamentum. Amentum.
Nucesta. Myristica moschata.
NU'CHA. (a, ce, f. ; Arabic.) Nucha capitis.
The hind part or nape of the neck. The part
is so called where the" spinal marrow begins.
Nuci'sta. The nutmeg.
Nucleated cell. That which is furnished
with one or more cytoblasts or nuclei.
»NU'CLEUS. (us, i, m. ; a nuce, from the
NYC
nut.) 1. A kernel or fruit inclosed in a hard
shell. 2. When the center of growth is a glob-
ule, tumor, or morbid concretion, which has an
obvious difference from the surrounding parts.
3. A cytoblast. "
Nucleus cicatricul.*:. A granular mass
situated beneath the germinal disk in the hen's
egg, also called cumulus proligerus, or nucleus
of the germinal disk.
Nucleus germinativus. The germinal spot
found in the germinal vesicle of the ovum. It
is synonymous with macula germinativa.
Nu'cula. A little nut.
Nucula saponaria. Sapindus siiponaria.
Nu'dus. Naked.
Numidia melea'guis. The guinea-fowl.
Nummula'ria. Lysimachia nummularia.
Nut. Nux.
Nut, Barbadoes. N., purging. .Tatropha
curcas.
Nut, butter. Juglans cinerea.
Nu'tans. Nutant: drooping or nodding.
Nutmeg. Myristica moschata.
NUTRITION. (NutrUio,onis,f.) The func-
tion by which the molecular changes and de-
compositions of the body is repaired ; by which,
notwithstanding the loss which occurs in mus-
cular structure by motion, the muscle does not
waste away, but actually increases by action.
It is the result of the imbibition from the blood
of its appropriate food by each system of cel-
lules throughout the body. In a more enlarged
sense, it includes the great functions of diges-
tion, respiration, circulation, secretion, and in-
nervation, by which the appropriate food of
each organ is prepared and brought to the part.
Nutri'tion, force of. Plastic force.
Nutritive center. A cell which originates
a succession of cellules.
Nutritious. Nntricius. Capable of sustain-
ing life.
Nutri'tum unguentum. A composition of
litharge, vinegar, and oil.
NUX. (x, cis, f.) A fruit which has a hard
shell.
Nux aquatica. Trapa natans.
Nux aromatica. Myristica moschata.
Nux barbadensis. .Tatropha curcas.
Nux cathartica. N. cathartica americana.
N. medica. Jatropha curcas.
Nux metella. N. mechil. Strychnos nux
vomica.
Nux moschata. N. myristica. Myristica
moschata.
Nux fistacia. Pistacia vera.
Nux furgans. Jatropha curcas.
Nux serapioxis. Ignatia amara.
Nux vomica. Strvchnos nux vomica.
NYCTALO'PIA. \a, a, f.; from yvf, the
night, and uf, an eye.) A defect in vision, by
which the person sees little or nothing in the
day, but in the evening and night sees tolerably
well. This disease is dependent upon a pecu-
liar irritability of the retina, produced by two
very different causes : a sudden exposure to a
stronger light than the eye has been wont to
sustain, and a deficiency of the pigmentum ni-
grum.
NYS
Sedative applications, as dilute tincture of
belladonna, and the internal use of hyoscyamus
and conium, with cinchona or cascarilla, are
likely to be beneficial where the disease pro-
ceeds from an accidental irritability, taking
care to remove the causes. In old age, and an
early deficiency of the black pigment, medicine
can do but little.
Ny'ctalops. One who sees only in the night;
also, the disease called nyctalopia.
Nycthe'merum. The space of twenty-four
hours.
Nycto'basis. Walking in the sleep; som-
nambulism.
NY'MPHA. (a, a, f. ; from vvfupa, a water-
nymph.) A membranous and fleshy fold, situ-
ated just within the external labia of the female
parts of generation, one on each side.
NYMPIIjE'A. (a,«,f.) A genus of plants.
Polyandria. Monogynia. Ranunculacees. — N.
alba. The white water-lily. Formerly employ
ed as a demulcent and slightly anodyne remedy.
— N. glandifcra. Nympnoe nelumbo. — N. lotus.
The Egyptian lotus. The root is used as food.
— N. lutca. The yellow water-lily. N. major
Intra. Formerly used as the JV. alba. — N. ne-
lumbo. The pontic, or Egyptian bean. N. in-
dica. The fruit is eaten either raw or boiled,
and is a tonic and astringent.
Nymphoi'des. Resembling the water-lily.
NYMPHOMANIA, (a, a, f. ; from vv^a,
nympha, and fiavia, madness.) Excessive and
violent desire for coition in women. It is a
species of temporary madness, or a high degree
of hysterics. Its immediate cause is a preter-
natural irritability of the uterus, and nympha?,
and clitoris of women, or an unusual acrimony
of the fluids in these parts. Its presence is
known by the wanton behavior of the female;
she speaks and acts with unrestrained obsceni-
ty, and, as the disorder increases, she scolds,
cries, and laughs by turns. While reason is %
retained, she is silent, and seems melancholy,
but her eyes discover an unusual wantonness.
The symptoms are better or worse until the
greatest degree of the disorder approaches, and
then, by every word and action, her condition
is too manifest. The strong and sanguineous
require bleeding and cooling purgatives, with
an abstemious diet, to remove this disease ; and
the nervous and irritable, sedatives, tonics, and
a more generous diet. If it arise from local
causes, as acrid secretions, irritation of the
parts, the attention must also be turned to re- ,
moving these by leeches, lotions, anodynes,
&c. Marriage, or sexual intercourse, is the
most natural remedy.
NYMPHO'NCUS. (From vvfi<j>a, and oyicog,
a tumor.) A swelling of the nympha), or a tu
mor of the nymphse.
NYMPHO'TOMY. (Nymphotomia, a, f. ;
from vv/itfia, and re/ivu, to cut.) The operation
of removing the nympha, when too large or
diseased.
NYSTA'GMUS. (us, i, m. ; from vvarau, to
nod sleepily.) An involuntary movement of
the eyes, such as happens when a person is
very sleepy.
459
OBL
OBL
O.
o.
The symbol for oxygen; also, a con-
traction in medical formulae for octarium, a pint.
Oak-tree. Seo Qjuercus.
Oak, Jerusalem. Chenopodium botrys.
Oak, sea. Fucus vesiculosus.
Oak leather. Xylostroma giganteum.
Oak lungs. Lichen pulmonanus.
Oat. See Avena.
Obcorda'te. Obcordatus. Inversely heart-
shaped.
Obel^'a. The sagittal suture of the skull.
Obeli'scothe'ca. Cystus helianthemum.
OBE'SITY. {Obesitas, atis, f. ; from obesus,
fat.) See Polysarcia.
Object glass. In a microscope, the lens
nearest to the body under examination.
OBLI'QUUS. Oblique. 1. In Anatomy, a
term applied to parts Irom their direction. 2.
In Botany, it means the same, as radix obliquus,
but sometimes it means twisted. Folium obli-
quum, for example, is a leaf, one part of which
is vertical, the other horizontal ; as in Fritilla-
Ha obliqua.
Obliquus ascendens abdominis. See Ob-
liquus intcmus abdominis.
Obliquus ascendens internus. See Obli-
quus interims abdominis.
Obliquus auris. See Laxator tympani.
Obliquus capitis inferior. Seo Obliquus
inferior capitis.
Obliquus capitis superior. See Obliquus
superior capitis.
Obliquus descenders abdominis. See Ob-
liquus externus abdominis.
Obliquus descendens externus. See Ob-
liquus externus abdominis.
Obliquus externus. See Obliquus externus
abdominis.
Obliquus externus abdominis. A muscle
of the abdomen. It is a broad, thin muscle,
fleshy posteriorly, and tendinous in the middle
and lower part, and is situated immediately
under the integuments, covering all the other
muscles of the lower belly. It arises from the
lower edges of the eight, and sometimes,
though rarely, of the nine inferior ribs, not far
from their cartilages, by as many distinct fleshy
portions. From these several origins, the fibres
of- the muscle descend obliquely forward, and
soon degenerate into a broad and thin aponeu-
rosis, which terminates in the linea alba. About
an inch and a half above the pubes, the fibres
of this aponeurosis separate from each other, so
as to form an aperture, which extends oblique-
ly inward and forward, and more than an inch
in length, and is wider above than below, be-
ing nearly of an oval figure. This is what is
sometimes, though erroneously, called the ring
of the abdominal muscles, annulus abdominis,
for it belongs only to the external oblique.
This opening, or ring, serves for the passage
of the spermatic vessels in men, and of the
round ligament of the uterus in women, and is
of a larger size in the former than in the latter.
The two tendinous portions, which, by their
460
separation, form this aperture, are called the
columns of the ring. The anterior, superior, and
inner column passes over the symphysis pubis,
and is fixed to the opposite os pubis. The pos-
terior, inferior, and exterior column approaches
the anterior one as it descends, and is fixed be-
hind and below it to the os pubis of the same
side. The fibres of that part of the obliquus
externus which arises from the two inferior
ribs, descend almost perpendicularly, and are
inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the outer
edge of the anterior half of the spine of the
ilium. From the anterior superior spinous pro-
cess of that bone, the external oblique is
stretched, tendinous, to the os pubis, forming
what is called PouparVs, or Fallopius's, or the
inguinal ligament. This muscle serves to draw
down the ribs in expiration ; to bend the trunk
forward when both muscles act, or to bend it
obliquely in one side, and, perhaps, to turn it
stightly upon its axis, when either acts singly ;
it also raises the pelvis obliquely when the ribs
are fixed ; it supports and compresses the ab-
dominal viscera, assists in the evacuation of the
urine and faeces, and is likewise useful in par-
turition.
Obliquus inferior. See Obliquus inferior
capitis, and Obliquus inferior oculi.
Odliquus inferior capitis. A muscle of
the head. It is veiy obliquely situated between
the two first vertebras of the neck. It arises,
tendinous and fleshy, from the middle and outer
side of the spinous process of the second verte-
bra of the neck, and is inserted, tendinous and
fleshy, into the lower and posterior part of the
trausverse process of the first vertebra. Its use
is to turn the first vertebra upon the second, as
upon a pivot, and to draw the face toward the
shoulder.
Obliquus inferior oculi. Obliquus minor
oculi of Winslow. An oblique muscle of the
eye, that draws the globe of the eye forward,
inward, and downward. It arises, by a nar-
row beginning, from the outer edge of the or-
bitar process of the superior maxillary bone,
near its junction with the lachrymal bone, and,
running obliquely outward, is inserted into the
sclerotic membrane of the eye.
Obliquus inferior sive major. See Obli-
quus inferior capitis.
Obliquus internus. See Obliquus internus
abdominis.
Obliquus internus abdominis. A muscle of
the abdomen. It is situated immediately under
the external oblique, and is broad and thin like
that mnscle. It arises from the spinous pro-
cesses of the three inferior lumbar vertebra,
the os sacrum, from the whole spine of the ilium,
and from two thirds of the posterior surface of
Poupart's ligament ; it likewise sends off some
fibres, which descend upon the spermatic cord
as far as the tunica vaginalis of the testis, and
constitute the cremaster muscle, which sur
rounds, suspends, and compresses the testicle.
From these origins, the fibres of the interna.
OBS
oblique run in different directions, and are in-
serted into the cartilages of the fifth, fourth, and
third of the false ribs, into the lower edge of the
cartilage of the second false rib, and the linea
alba; the posterior layer is inserted into the
cartilages of the first of the false, and the last of
the true ribs, and likewise into the liuea alba.
This muscle serves to assist the obliquus ex-
ternus.
Obliquus major abdominis. See Obliquus
externui abdominis.
Obliquus major capitis. See Obliquus in-
ferior capitis.
Obliquus major oculi. See Obliquus supe-
rior oculi.
Obliquus minor abdominis. See Obliquus
interims abdominis.
Obliquus minor capitis. See Obliquus su-
per-ior capitis.
Obliquus minor oculi. See Obliquus infe-
rior oculi.
Obliquus superior capitis. This little mus-
cle, which is nearly of the same shape as the
recti capitis, is situated laterally between the
occiput and the first vertebra of the neck. It
arises from the upper and posterior part of the
transverse process of the first vertebra of the
neck, and, ascending obliquely inward and back-
ward, is inserted into the occipitis, behind the
back part of the mastoid process. The use of
this muscle is to draw the head backward, and
assist in its rotatory motion.
Obliquus superior oculi. Trochlcaris.
An oblique muscle of the eye, that rolls the
globe of the eye, and turns the pupil downward
and outward. It arises from the edge of the
foramen opticum, runs straight to the upper part
of the orbit, where a cartilaginous trochlea is
fixed to the inside of the internal angular pro-
cess of the os frontis, through which its tendon
passes, and runs a little downward and outward,
inclosed in a loose membranaceous sheath, to
be inserted into the sclerotic membrane. It
rolls the eye inward.
Obliquus superior sive minor. See Ob-
liquus superior capitis.
Obliquus superior sive trochlearis. See
Obliquus superior oculi.
OBLITERATION. In medical language,
the disappearance of any part of the animal
body that has become useless ; thus the ductus
venosus is obliterated after birth.
Obli'vion. Oblivio. Amnesia ; failure of the
memory.
Oblo'ngus. Oblong.
Oboma'sum. The fourth stomach of rumi-
nants.
Obova'te. Obovatus. Nearly of an oval
shape. Ovate, with a broader end uppermost.
OBSERVATION. Observatio. The act of
thoroughly examining and recording phenom-
ena.
Obsidia'num. 1. Obsidian. 2. Glass of an-
timony.
OBSOLETE. Obsoletus. In the language
of Botany, it is applied to parts of plants which
are by nature imperfectly developed, or of
which only a vestige remains.
OBSTETRIC. (Obstetricus; from obstetrix,
a midwife.) Belonging to midwifery.
OCC
OBSTE'TRICS. Midwifery. The art of as-
sisting women in childbirth, and treating their
diseases during pregnancy and after delivery.
Obstipa'tion. Costiveness.
Obsti'pus. Obstipitas. Wry neck.
OBSTRUCTION. Obstructs. A stoppage
or hinderance. In Medicine, it is used very
vaguely for the arrest of a function or secretion,
as obstruction of the liver.
Obstru'ctio alvi. O. intestinalis. Consti-
pation.
OBSTRUENS. (From obstruo, to shut up.)
Closing the orifices of the ducts or vessels.
Medicines supposed to have this power have
been called obstruentia.
OBTUNDENTS.- Obtundcns. (From ob-
tundo, to make blunt.) Having the property
of obviating or blunting irritation; as bland,
oily, or mucilaginous matters, which form a
covering on inflamed and irritable surfaces, par-
ticularly those of the stomach, lungs, and anus.
OBTURA'TOR. {or, oris, m. ; from obturo,
to shut up.) A stopper up, or that which cov-
ers any thing.
Obturator artery. A branch of the hypo-
gastric or epigastric, which passes out at the
obturator foramen, and is distributed to the an-
terior part of the thigh.
Obturator externus. A small, flatmuscle,
situated obliquely at the upper and anterior
part of the thigh, between the pectinalis and
the fore part ot the foramen thyroideum, and
covered by tho abductor brevis femoris. It
arises from all the inner half of the circumfer-
ence of the foramen thyroideum, and from part
of the obturator ligament. Its radiated fibres
collect and form a strong roundish tendon,
which runs outward ; and, after adhering to
the capsular ligament of the joint, is inserted
into a cavity at the inner and back part of the
root of the great trochanter. The chief uses ot
this muscle are to turn the thigh obliquely out-
ward.
Obturator foramen. The large foramen
between the ischium and pubis.
Obturator internus. A considerable mus-
cle, a great part of which is situated within the
pelvis. It arises from somewhat more than the
upper half of the internal circumference of the
foramen thyroideum of the os innominatum.
It is composed of several distinct fasciculi, which
terminate in a roundish tendon that passes out
of the pelvis through the ischiatic notch ; and
after running between the two portions of the
gemini, which inclose it as in a sheath, is in-
serted into the cavity at the root of the great
trochanter. This muscle rolls the os femoris
obliquely outward.
Obturator ligament. A fibrous membrane
which nearly covers the foramen.
Obturator nerve. A nerve of the thigh,
that is lost upon the muscles situated on the in-
side of the thigh.
Obtu'se. Oblusus. Blunt.
O C C I'P I T A L. Occipitalis. Belonging to
the occiput or back part of the head.
Occipital artery. A branch given off by
the external carotid beneath the parotid gland,
and which supplies the muscles of the occipital
bone.
461
OCT
Occipital bone. Os occipitis. This bone
forms the posterior and inferior part of the skull,
is of an irregular figure, convex on the outside,
and concave internally. Its external surface,
which is very irregular, serves for the attach-
ment of several muscles. The inferior portion
of the bone is stretched forward in form of a
wedge, and hence is called the cuneiform, pro-
cess, or basilary process. At the base of this
process are two condyles. In the inferior por-
tion is the foramen magnum. Besides this,
there are four other smaller foramina, viz., two
before, and two behind the condyles. On look-
ing over the internal surface of the os occipitis,
we perceive the appearance of a cross, formed
by a very prominent ridge, which rises upward
from near the foramem magnum, and by two
transverse sinuosities, one on each side of the
ridge. This cross occasions the formation of
four fossae, two above and two below the sinu-
osities. The os occipitis is joined, by means of
the cuneiform process, to the sphenoid bone,
with which it often ossifies. It is connected to
the parietal bones by the lambdoidal suture, aud
to the temporal bones by the additamentum of
the temporal suture.
Occipi'to-atloid. That which is connected
with the occiput and atlas.
Occipito-axoid. That which is connected
with the occiput and axis, or second vertebra.
Occipito-fronta'lis. A single broad mus-
cle, that covers the cranium, pulls the skin of
the head backward, raises the eyebrows up-
ward, and, at the same time, draws up aud wrin-
kles the skin of the forehead. It arises from
the posterior part of the occiput, goes over the
upper part of the os parietale and os frontis, and
is lost in the eyebrows.
O'CCIPUT. The back of the head.
OCCLU'SION. Occlusio. The state of being
shut ; imperforation ; as occlusion of the pupil ;
occlusion of the rectum.
Occlu'sus. Occluse; shut up; closed.
Occu'r.T. Occultus. Hidden.
Ocheteu'ma. The opening of the nostril.
O'chetus. A canal or duct.
O'cheus. The scrotum.
O'CHRA. 1. Ochre. 2. The fore part of
the tibia.
Ochra'ceus. Ochre-like; applied to desig-
nate a yellowish color striped with brown.
Ochtho'des. An indolent ulcer.
Ocima'strum. A species of basil.
O'CIMUM. («?»,«,n.) Ocymum. A genus
of plants. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. La-
bxatm. — O. basi'licum. Common or citron basil.
It is supposed to possess nervine qualities. —
O. caryophylla'tum. O. minimum. Small or
bush basil. It is mildly balsamic.
Ocob. Sal ammoniac. — Ruland.
OCO'TEA. A genus of plants. Lauracea. —
O. pichu'ria. This, as well as the Laurus pichu-
rim, is said to yield the pichurim bean. — O.
cy'mbarum. This yields the Orinoco sassafras.
O'CREA. The membrane that enfolds the
flower-stalks in Cyperus, &c.
Octahe'dron. A regular solid of eight sides.
It is the most common form of crystal, and may
be primary, or derived from the cube or from
the tetrahedron.
462
ODO
Octa'nus. An erratic intermitting fever
which returns every eighth day.
OCTA'NDRIA. Octandrous. (From oktu,
eight, and avr/p, a husband.) A class of plants-
having hermaphrodite flowers, with eight sta-
mens.
OCTA'RIUS. A piut ; the eighth part of a
gallon. It contains sixteen fluid ounces in
officinal measures.
Octavus humeri. O. humeri Placentini.
Teres minor.
OCU'LAR SPECTRES. Imaginary bodies
resembling flies, lights, spots, &c, floating be-
fore the eyes.
Ocula'ria. Euphrasia officinalis.
Ocula'ris communis. The motor oculi nerve,
Oculi adductor. See Rectus internus.
Oculi attollens. See Rectus superior.
Oculi cancrorum. See Cancer.
Oculi depressor. See Rectus inferior.
Oculi elevator. See Rectus superior.
Oculi levator. See Rectus superior.
Oculi obliquus inferior. See Obliquus in
fcrior oculi.
Oculi obliquus major. See Obliquus supe-
rior oculi.
Oculi obliquus minor. See Obliquus inferior
oculi.
OCU'LIST. One who treats diseases of the
eye especially.
Oculo-musculares. Vicq d'Azyr gives this
name to the third pair of nerves.
OCULO-MUSCULARES COMMUNES. ChaUSsier
thus calls the third pair of nerves.
Oculo-musculares externi. Chaussier
gives this name to the sixth pair of nerves.
Oculum movens primus. See Rectus inter
nus.
Oculum movens quartus. See Rectus in
ferior.
Oculum movens secundus. See Rectus ex
ternus.
Oculum movens tertius. See Rectus supe-
rior.
OCU'LUS. (us, i, m. ; from okkoc, the eye.)
The eye. See Eye.
Oculus bovinus. Hydrophthalmia.
Oculus bovis. Chrysanthemum leucanthe-
mum.
Oculus bubulus. Hydrophthalmia.
Oculus cesius. Glaucoma.
Oculus elephantinus. Hydrophthalmia
Oculus genu. The knee-pan.
Oculus lachrymans. Epiphora.
Oculus purulentus. Hypopion.
OCYTO'CIC. Oxytocic. (From of vc, quick,
and tokoc, labor.) That which expedites par-
turition ; as ergot.
Odaxe'smos. (OdaS-r/o/xoc.) A pungent itch-
ing; especially that which is felt in the gums
of children before the protrusion of the teeth.
ODOME'TER. (From ofioc, a road, and
Herpov, a measure.) A wheel, the axis of which
turns a graduated scale, so that the distance
over which it passes on a road is recorded in
feet and miles. It may be attached to a car-
riage wheel, or rolled along by the hand.
Odontago'gos. The name of an old instru
ment to draw teeth.
ODO'NTAGRA. (a, a, f. ; from oiove, a
ODO
tooth, and aypa, a seizure.) 1. An instrument
for drawing teeth. 2. A toothache arising from
retrocedent gout.
ODONTALGIA, (a, a, f. ; from oihve, a
tooth, and aXyoc, pain.) Odonlia. Odaxismus.
The toothache. A violent pain in the teeth,
most frequently in the molares. Toothache
arises from caries, inflammation of the gums,
nervous diseases, &c.; hence we have O. cario-
sa, O. scorbutica, O. catarrhalis, O. arthritic a,
O. gravidarum, O. hysterica, O. rheumatica, &c.
Many empirical remedies have been proposed
for its cure. When the affection is purely
rheumatic, blistering behind the ear will almost
always remove it ; but when it proceeds from
a carious tooth, the pain is much more obstinate.
In this case it has been recommended to touch
the pained part with a hot iron, with oil of
vitriol or creasote, in order to destroy the ach-
ing nerve ; to hold spirits or ether in the mouth;
to put a drop of oil of cloves, cajeput, or thyme
into the hollow of the tooth, or a pill made of
camphor, opium, and oleum caryophylli. Others
recommend gum mastich, dissolved in oleum
terebinthina?, applied to the tooth upon a little
cotton. But one of the most useful applications
of this kind is strong nitric acid, diluted with
three or four times its weight of spirit of wine,
and introduced into the hollow of the tooth
either by means of a hair pencil or a little cot-
ton. If the tooth be not too carious, cleaning
the cavity and filling it with gold, tin foil, dry
phosphate of lime, &c, is usually practiced.
When the pain is not fixed to one tooth, leeches
applied to the gum are of great service. But
very often all the foregoing remedies will fail,
and the only infallible cure is to draw the tooth.
Odontalgic. Odontalgicus- Relating to the
toothache.
Odo'ntia. Odontalgia.
Odonti'asis. Dentition.
ODO'NTICUS. (From o6ovc, a tooth.)
Odontic. Appertaining to the teeth.
Odon'tis. A species of lychnis.
Odontitis. Inflammation of a tooth.
Odontogly'phum. An instrument for scaling
and scraping the teeth.
ODO'NTOID. Odontoides. Tooth-like. See
Dentatus.
Odonto'lithos. The tartar upon the teeth.
ODONTOLOGY. Odontoloxia; fromoowr,
and loyoc, a discourse.) The anatomy of the
teeth.
Odontophy'ia. Teething.
Odontotri'mma. A dentifrice.
O'DOR. {Odor, oris, m.; from odeo, i. e.,
oleo, to smell.) Smell. The emanation of an
odoriferous body ; it is generally ascribed to a
portion of the body converted into vapor.
ODORI'FEROUS. ( Odoriferous ; from odor,
a smell, and fero, to bear.) Having a smell.
Odoriferous glands. Glandvla odoriferas.
Small glands which are situated around the
corona glandis of the male, and under the skin
of the labia majora and nymphse of females.
They secrete a sebaceous matter, which emits
a peculiar odor.
Odo'rin. A very pungent empyreumatic oil,
obtained by rectifying oil of bones.
• Odocs. A tooth.
(ENA
CE'a. Crataegus terminalis.
(ECONOMY. ( QHconomia, m, f. ; from oikoc,
a house, and vojioc, a law.) The conduct of
Nature, in any of her departments, in preserving
bodies and following her usual order. — GS. ani-
mal. OZconomia animalis. The aggregate of
those organs, functions, and laws on which the
life of an animal depends. — (E. vegetable. The
aggregate of the organs, functions, and laws on
which the life of a vegetable depends.
CEDF/MA. (a, atis, n. Oidnfia, oiioe ; from
oideo, to swell.) This word is sometimes used
by Hippocrates for a tumor of any kind, but it
is now restricted to a minor degree of anasarca.
See Anasarca.
(Edema arsenicalis. The puffiness of the
eyelids and face, produced by the continued
use of arsenical medicines. It is also a symp-
tom of slow poisoning by arsenic. The arse-
niureted hydrogen gas, when inspired, produces
this effect within a few hours.
(Edema cerebri. A morbid state of the
brain, in which it appears injected with a
watery fluid.
GEdema compact. 03. concrete. Induration
of the cellular tissue.
OZdema glottis. GZdc'me dela glotte. An-
gina adematosa. An o?dematous swelling of the
mucous membrane surrounding the aperture
of the glottis. It occurs chiefly in persons de-
bilitated by chronic diseases, or convalescents
from acute ones. It produces paroxysms of suf-
focation with crowing inspiration, which last a
few minutes and return at intervals. The in-
tervals become shorter as the disease advances,
and the patient dies, generally in the course of «
a few days. The affection is almost uniformly
fatal, and no known treatment makes any im-
pression on it. Tracheotomy or laryngotomy
should be performed in such cases.
(Edema hystericum. G2. fugax. GZ.
spasticum. The anasarca hystericum.
(Edema lacteum. Phlegmasia dolens.
GSdema of the lungs. The serous infiltra-
tion into the tissue of the lungs that often follows
pneumonia and the exanthemata. The respira-
tion is rendered laborious thereby, the respira-
tory murmur being almost lost, although the
thorax is distended ; there is also a slight rale
crepitant. On percussion the sound is clear.
The cough may be attended by fluid expectora-
tion, and there may be puerile respiration at
the summit of the lung. This condition usually
subsides during a well-managed convalescence,
but should be met by diuretics, exercise, and
sudorifics.
OZdema puerpe'rum. Phlegmasia dolens.
GUdema uvu'l*. See Staphyledema.
(Ede'mato'des. Like to an oedema.
GSde'mosa'rca. A tumor, partly an oedema
and sarcoma.
(ENA'NTHE. (c, es, f.) A genus of umbel-
liferous plants. Pentandria. Digynia. — CE.
crocata. The hemlock dropwort. QHnanthe.
An active poison, that has too often proved
fatal by being eaten in mistake instead of wa-
ter-parsnip. The juice, cautiously exhibited,
promises to be an efficacious remedy in invet-
erate scorbutic eruptions. It is a violent poison
in large quantities, producing convulsions, teta-
463
(ESO
nus, and death ; and is to be treated by vomit-
ing, if practicable. In smaller doses, as fss.
of the juice, it produces vertigo, vomiting, and
rigors.
(ENA'NTHIC ETHER. A volatile oily body,
to which the peculiar vinous flavor of wine is
owing ; by boiling with potash it becomes con-
verted into cenanthic acid (ChHi302,HO) and
alcohol. Liebig traces its existence to the free
tartaric and racemic acids of certain grapes,
which yield the oil by their transformation.
(Enel^'um. A mixture of oil and wine.
GENO-. A prefix (from oivoc, wine), relating
to the presence of wine ; containing wine, as
ainogala, milk and wine.
(Eno'meli. Wine sweetened with honey.
(Enosta'gma. Spirit of wine.
(Enothe'ra biennis. The evening primrose.
A common indigenous plant, said to be useful
as an external application to tinea capitis and
«jkiii diseases.
CE'nothio'nic acid. Sulphovinic acid.
(ESOPHAGjE'US. This name has been given
to the muscular fibres surrounding the upper
part of the oesophagus.
(ESOPHAGEAL. Relating to the gullet or
oesophagus.
(Esophageal cords. The long branches of
the par vagum, which descend along the oesoph-
agus.
(Esophageal glands. The mucous follicles
of the oesophagus.
(Esophageal tube. The oesophagus.
(ESOPHAGI'SMUS. (us, i, m.) A term
applied by some to inflammation of the oesopha-
gus, by others to dysphagia, and by Vogel to
spasmodic stricture of the oesophagus.
(ESOPHAGI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from ossopha-
gas, the seat of the disease, and itis, inflamma-
tion.) Inflammation of the oesophagus. It is
not a common disease, but does exist both in a
Jmlegmonous and erysipelatous form. The cel-
ular tissue that connects its coats may be the
seat of the inflammation, which, like phlegmon-
ous inflammation in any other part, may bo re-
solved, or end in suppuration. The surface of
the membrane which lines the oesophagus may
be inflamed, and extend more or less through-
out its whole extent.
The symptoms of this disease are a sense of
heat or burning in the oesophagus, with painful
and difficult deglutition, and these generally
circumscribed, or confined to a part which is
pointed out by the patient : if it be high in the
canal, it will be in the neck ; if low, in the back,
between the shoulders, and under the sternum.
As an idiopathic disease, it is veiy rare.
Dissections have found inflammation here in
fatal cases of hydrophobia. In stricture, small-
pox, measles, and tumors in the neighborhood,
it is symptomatic. The cure is to be effected
by the usual means, bleeding, saline purgatives,
and blistering ; and if the fever which attends
be of the phlogistic character, and urgent, by a
perseverance in their use, and the exhibition
of diaphoretics.
(ESOPHAGO'TOMY. (CEsophagotomia,
from oiootfiayoc, the gullet, and tejivu, to cut.)
The operation of cutting into the gullet to ex-
tract a foreign body.
464
OIL
(ESO'PHAGUS. (us, i, m. ; from out, to.
carry, and (payu, to eat : because it carries the
food into the stomach. The membranous and
muscular tube that descends from the pharynx
to the upper orifice of the stomach. It is com-
posed of three tunics or membranes, viz., a com
mon, muscular, and mucous. Its arteries are
the oesophageal branches, which arise from the
aorta. The veins empty themselves into the
vena azygos. Its nerves are from the eighth pair
and great intercostal; and it is every where,
under the internal or mucous membrane, sup-
plied with glands that separate the mucus of the
oesophagus, in order that the masticated bole
may readily pass down into the stomach.
(Estroma'nia. Nymphomania.
(E'STRUM. (From oiorpoe, venereal orgasm.)
1. The orgasm, or strong excitement experi-
enced during the operation of the appetites or
passions. — CE. venereum. The excitement dur-
ing coition. 2. The clitoris.
(E's ypos. CEsype. The oily matter from the
wool of sheep.
Offa alba. O. helmontiana. A white coag-
ulum formed by a mixture of rectified spirit of
wine with urine.
OFFTCINAL. (Officinalis; from officina, a
shop.) Any medicine directed by the Pharma-
copoeia, and receiving the assent of physicians.
Offusca'tio. Amaurosis.
OIL. See Oleum.
Oil, almond. See Oleum amygdala:.
Oil of allspice. See Oleum pimento:
Oil of amber. Oleum succini.
Oil, British. An empirical embrocation for
contusions and sprains, containing linseed oil,
oil of turpentine, and petroleum.
Oil, carron. Linimentum calcis.
Oil, castor. See Ricinus communis.
Oil of chamomile. See Anthemis nobilis
Oil of cod-liver. Oleum jecoris aselli.
Oil of corn spirit. Oil of grain. Hydrated
oxide of arayl.
Oil, Dipple's. See Oleum animale.
Oil, empyreumatic Oleum animale.
Oil of euphorbia. An expressed oil from the
ripe seeds of the Euphorbia lathyrus, or spurge
caper. When fresh it is inodorous and insipid,
but soon becomes rancid and acrimonious. Five
to ten drops are said to be powerfully purga-
tive, but it does not act uniformly.
Oil, fixed. An organic substance, fluid or
solid, readily combustible, composed of oleine,
stearine, or margarine, variously combined, and
commonly consisting of two of these. Oils are
saponifiable by alkalies, and all contain glyce-
rine. When heated they yield a variety of pro-
ducts, of which sebacic acid, margaric acid, and
acroleine are remarkable.
Oil of garlic This essential oil contains
sulphur, and is remarkable for its aoridity and
volatility. It is obtained from the bulbs. It is
a sulphuret of allyl, Cs^-f-S. A small quantity
is found in assafoetida.
Oil, Haerlem. An empirical preparation of
oil of turpentine, balsam of sulphur, &c. , used in
nephritic complaints.
Oil of linseed. See Oleum lini.
Oil of mace. See Oleum macu.
Oil of neat's-foot. Oleum bubulum.
OLE
Oil, nut. Juglans cinerea.
Oil, olive. See Olea europcea.
Oil, palm. See Cocos butyracea.
Oil of pennyroyal. See Oleum pule/pi.
Oil of peppermint. See Oleum menthce pi-
per itce.
Oil of potato. The same as oil of corn spirit.
Oil, rock. See Petroleum.
Oil of spearmint. See Mentha viridis.
Oil of spir-ea. See' Salicyle.
Oil, sulphureted. See Oleum sulphuralum.
Oil of tar. The impure, red-colored volatile
oil, resembling oil of turpentine, obtained by
distilling tar with water. Oleum picis liquidsa.
Oil of vitriol. See Sulphuric acid.
Oil, volatile. Volatile or essential oils are
altogether different, in a chemical point of view,
from fixed oils. They are not compounds of
glycerine with fat acids, but are compounds of
carbon and hydrogen, and susceptible of con-
version into acids or resins by the action of ox-
ygen. They are aromatic, pungent, and often
extremely volatile. They are divided into
three classes: 1. Those without oxygen, and
containing carbon and hydrogen in the ratio of
CsH4 ; as oil of turpentine, juniper, savine, oil
of elemi resin, oil of lemons, cedret, orange rind,
copaiba, cubebs pepper. 2. Those essential oils
which consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The formulae of these differ, but many resemble
O10H10O. To this class belong nearly all the
ordinary essential oils, except the above. 3.
This class includes those essential oils which
contain, besides the preceding elements, sul-
phur. They are extremely pungent, and often
foetid; as the essential oil of mustard, garlic,
assafcetida, &c.
Oinomania. Delirium tremens.
Ointment. See Ungucntum.
Okra'. Qkra gumbo. Hibiscus csade?Uus. A
malvaceous annual, the fruit of which abounds
in a demulcent mucilage.
OLDENLA'NDIA. (a,<c,f.) Agenusofplants.
Pentandria. Digynia. Umbclliferce. — O. umbel-
la 'la. The roots of this plant, of Coromandel,
are used by dyers and calico printers as madder.
O'LEA. (a, cc, f.) Agenusofplants. Mo-
nandria. Monogynia. Oleaccce. — O. europcea.
The olive. Oliva, and Olea saliva. The fruit
is put, while green, into salt and water for the
table, and pressed for oil when ripe. Olive oil
{oleum oliva;) is emollient, and laxative in large
doses. It is chiefly used in liniments.
OLEA DEST1LLATA. (U. S. & Ph. L.)
O. essentialia. (Ph. D.) O. volatilia. (Ph. E.)
Distilled or essential oils. These are prepared
by placing the herbs, flowers, &c, in a still,
covering with water, and distilling into a large
refrigeratory. The oil passes over with water,
and after impregnating it with some portion,
begins to separate, and is to be collected for
use and stopped in tight vessels. Essential oils
are usually very pungent, and possess the me-
dicinal property of the plant from which they are
derived. The officinal oils of the United States
Pharmacopoeia are,
Oleum anisi. Oil of anise. See Pimpinella
anisi.
Oleum cari (carui). Oil of caraway. See
Carum carui.
Gg
OLE
Oleum chenopodii. Oil of wormsoed See
Chenopodium anthelminticum.
Oleum fosniculi (O. foeniculi dulcis, PL
D.). Oil of fennel. See Anethum faniculum.
Oleum Gaultherije. Oil of partridge berry.
See Gaultheria procumbens.
Oleum hedeomjE. Oil of American penny-
royal. See Hedeoma pulegioides.
Oleum juniperi. Oil of juniper. Seejwni-
pcrus communis.
Oleum Lavandula. Oil of lavender. See
Lavandula spica.
Oleum Mentha piperita. Oil of pepper-
mint. See Mentha piperita.
Oleum menthje viridis. Oil of spearmint.
See Mentha viridis.
Oleum monardje. Oil of horsemint. See
Monarda punctata.
Oleum origani. Oil of marjoram. SeeOri-
ganum vulgare.
Oleum pimentjs. O. volatile myrti pimenta.
Oil of pimenta. See Myrtus pimenta.
Oleum pulegii. Oil of European pennyroyal.
See Mentha pulegium.
Oleum rosmarini. (U. S.) O. roris marini.
(Ph. D.) Oil of rosemary. See Rosmarinus
officinalis.
Oleum sassafras. (U. S.) O. volatile lauri
sassafras. (Ph. E.) Oil of sassafras (bark of
the root.). See Laurus sassafras.
For the other essential oils, not officinal in
the United States Pharmacopoeia, see the plants
which yield them.
Olea fixa. (U. S.) Olea expressa. O.
pinguia. Fixed or expressed oils, distinguish-
ed from the preceding by want of volatility.
They are obtained by pressing the seeds, &c,
either without previously heating them, or after
boiling or roasting. They are for the most part
bland, lighter than water, and vary in consist-
ence from tallow and suet to olive oil. By ex-
posure to air they nearly all absorb oxygen and
become rancid, or precipitate resinous bodies;
hence they are to be preserved in well-stopped
vessels. Some oils, as linseed, rape, walnut,
nut, are so prone to oxydation, especially after
heating, as to be called drying oils, from the
resinous products they yield.
Olea fugacia. Those essential oils, as of
flowers, which are extremely volatile.
Olea medicinalia. Oils in which drugs are
boiled or infused.
OLEA'CE^E. The olive tribe of dicotyle-
donous plants. Trees or shrubs with leatoes op-
posite ; flowers, regular, monopetalous, hermaph-
rodite, or dioecious; stamens, two; ovarium, sim-
ple, superior, two-celled ; seeds, pendulous.
Oleagi'nous. Eesembling oil ; oily.
Olea'men. Oleamenlum. A liniment of oils.
Olea'nder. See Ncrium oleander.
Olea'ster. The wild olive.
OLE'CRANON. (on, i, n. ; from alevt), the
ulna, and Kpavov, the head.) The elbow, or
process of the ulna, upon which a person leans.
Olefiant gas. Heavy carbureted hydrogen
Hydruret of acetyl, AcH.
Oleic acid. Acidum oleicum. An acid pro-
duced by the saponification of oleine. Form.,
C^H^O*. When distilled it yields sebacio
acid.
465
OLE
OLE
Oleine. The fluid part of fixed oils and fats ;
oleate of glycerine.
O'lene. QAevn. The cubit, or ulna.
Oleo-phosphoric acid. An acid of the brain.
See Nervous matter.
Oleo-resins. The native combinations of
resins with essential oils, which form various
terebinthinate and balsamic substances.
O'leo-ri'cinate. A salt formed by oleoricinic
acid with a base.
O'leo-rici'nic acid. Elaiodic acid. An acid
from saponified castor oil.
OLEOSACCHARUM. (urn, i, n. ; from
oleum, oil, and sacckarum, sugar.) An essential
oil, ground up with sugar.
OLERA'CEOUS. Oleraceus; from olus, a
pot-herb.) Of the nature of pot-herbs.
• Olera'cej;. Plants like beets, chenopodium,
spin a go, &c.
Olette spring. In France, department of
East Pyrenees. It is hot ; temperature 190° F.
O'LEUM. (urn, ei, n. ; from olea, the olive.)
A fat or unctuous body, either solid or fluid, in-
soluble in water, combustible with flame, and
volatile in different degrees. They are distin-
guished into fat, and essential oils. Under the
former head are comprehended oil of olives,
almonds, rape, ben, linseed, hemp, cocoa, &c.
Essential oils differ from fat oils by the follow-
ing characters : their smell is strong and aro-
matic ; their volatility is such that they arise
with the heat of boiling water, and their taste
is very acrid. They are obtained by pressure,
distillation, &c., from strong-smelling plants, as
that of peppermint, aniseed, caraway, &c. The
use of fat oils in the arts and in medicine is
very considerable : they are medicinally pre-
scribed as relaxing, emollient, and laxative
remedies; they enter into many medical com-
pounds, such as unguents, plasters, &c, and
they are often used as food. Essential oils are
employed as cordial, stimulant, and antispas-
modic remedies.
Oleum abietinum. The resinous juice which
exudes spontaneously from the silver and red
firs. It is supposed to be superior to that ob-
tained by wounding the tree.
Oleum jethereum. (U. S.) Ethereal oil.
Oleum vini. Take of alcohol, Oij. ; sulphuric
acid, Oiij. ; solution of potash, f. ?ss. ; distilled
water, f. 5j. Mix the acid and spirit cautiously,
and allow it to stand for twelve hours ; then dis-
till until a black froth arises, and immediately
remove the retort from the sand bath. Separ-
ate the supernatant liquor from the heavier,
and expose the former to the air for a day.
Add to it the solution of potash mixed with the
water, and agitate. Lastly, when sufficiently
washed, separate the ethereal oil which sub-
Bides. It is of a yellow color ; penetrating, aro-
matic odor, and somewhat sharp and bitter
taste. Its specific gravity is 1-133. It is insol-
uble in water, but soluble in alcohol and ether.
It is used only for the preparation of the spirit-
us eetherts sulpkurici compositus.
Ethereal oil is, according to Serullas and
Liehig, a double sulphate of oxide of ethyle
(ether) and etherole. Its formula is CsHsOi-f-
2SO3. Its properties seem to be similar to
those of ether in a concentrated degree.
46(5
Oleum ammoniatum. See Lin. amm. fortius..
Oleum amygdala. A very bland, well-fla-
vored oil, expressed from almonds.
Oleum animale. Oleum animate Dippelii.
An empyreumatic oil obtained by distillation
from bones and animal substances. It is some
times exhibited as an antispasmodic and diaph-
oretic in the dose of from ten to forty drops.
Oleum anthe'midis. Oil of chamomile; for
merly called Oleum c Jloribus chamameli. See
Anthemis nobilis.
Oleum anthos. Oleum rosmarini.
Oleum badia'ni. The volatile oil of stat
aniseed (Illicium anisatum). It resembles oil ot
anise, and is used to adulterate it.
Oleum balsa'mi. The balsam of Mecca, ob
tained from the Amyris gileadensis.
Oleum benzo'ini. Volatile oil of benzoin.
This rises when benzoin is heated in a sand
bath, and may then be separated from the ben-
zoic acid and empyreuma by distillation with
water. It is a perfume, and said to be sudorific
when taken internally.
Oleum berga'mii. O. bergamotm. The per-
fumed oil of the Citrus bergamiai
Oleum bubu'lum. (U. S.) Neat's-foot oil,
obtained by boiling the feet of oxen which
have been deprived of the hoof. It remain*
fluid at a low temperature.
Oleum cajupu'ti. (U. S.) Cajuput oil.
The essential oil of the leaves of the Melaleuca
cajupuli, prepared in the East Indies. It is of
a bluish-green color, camphorous odor, sp. gr
- 97, and extremely volatile. It is highly stim
ul'ant, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic. Dose,
gtt. ij. to gtt. x., in emulsion or with sugar.
Oleum calcis. Linimentum calcis.
Oleum camphoratum. See Linimentum cam
phora.
Oleum carpathicum. See Balsamum car-
pathicum.
Oleum ca'rui. O. cari. Formerly called
Oleum essentialc carui. Oleum essentiale e se-
minibus carui. The oil of caraway is an admi-
rable carminative, diluted with rectified spirit
into an essence, and then mixed with an)*
proper fluid. See Carum carui.
Oleum caryophy'lli. (U. S.) The stimu
lant and aromatic oil of the clove. Dose, gtt.
ij. to gtt. v., in mixture.
Oleum ce'drinum. Essentia de cedro. The
oil of the peel of citrons, obtained without dis»
filiation, in Italy.
Oleum cinnamo'mi. Oil of cinnamon. A
warm stimulant and pleasant stomachic. Giv-
en in the dose of from one to three drops, rubbed
down with some yolk of egg, in a little wine,
it allays disturbance of the stomach from mor«
bid instability, and is particularly serviceable
in debility of the prima; viae after cholera. It is
much used dissolved in water.
Oleum copaiba. (Ph. E.) Essential oil of
copaiba. Take of copaiba, jj. ; water, Oiss.
Distill, separate the oil from the distillate, and
return the water to the retort so long as any oil
can be separated from it. It is colorless, aro-
matic, and acrid to the taste; sp. gr., 0878.
It is isomeric with oil of turpentine : CioH g . It
has all the properties of the balsam. Dose, gtt.
x. to gtt. xx.. to be increased, given on sugar.
OLE
Oleum cornu cervi. Oil of hartshorn. An-
imal oil. This is applied externally as a stim-
ulant iii paralytic affections of the limbs.
Oleum croto'nis. Oleum tiglii.
Oleum cube'b.*. (U. S., Ph. E.) Volatile
oil of cubebs. Distill the powder of cubebs
with water. About ten and a half per cent,
of the oil is obtained. It is nearly colorless,
odorous, hot and pungent to the taste. For-
mula, Ci 5 Hi 2 . The oil, by keeping, depos-
its colorless crystals of Cubeb stearopten. It is
an admirable substitute for the powder. Dose,
at first, gtt. x. to gtt. xij., gradually increased,
to be given in emulsion or on sugar.
Oleum e vitellis. Oil of eggs. This is
obtained by boiling the yolks of eggs and press-
ing them. It is used on the Continent for oxy-
dizing mercury.
Oleum ergo't.«. The oil of ergot of the
shops is the ethereal tincture evaporated at a
Sentle heat. It is slightly colored, but becomes
ark by age ; is oily, and rather acrid. It pos-
sesses the peculiar properties of ergot in doses
of gtt. xx. to gtt. 1., given in weak spirits and
water. — Wright.
Oleum fili'cis maris. Oil of male fern. An
ethereal or alcoholic extract. It appears to be
eminently anthelmintic in doses of f. 3ss. to f.
3J., in pill, followed by castor oil or other ca-
thartics.
Oleum gabianum. See Gabianum oleum.
Oleum jatro'ph.k curca'dis. Oil of physic-
nut. It resembles croton oil in its action.
Oleum je'coris aselli. Cod-liver oil. There
are several varieties, but that which is common
is of a brown color, and has the odor of cod
liver. It contains a minute quantity of iodine
and bromine, and is used in chronic rheumatism
and scrofulous diseases. It also appears to be
beneficial in chronic skin diseases. The medi-
cine produces no apparent action, and must be
continued a long time. Dose, f. fss., increased
to f. ^iij., three times a day.
Oleum juniperi. Oleum essentiale juniperi
baccce. Oleum essentiale e baccis juniperi. Oil
of juniper. Oil of juniper berries possesses
stimulant, carminative, and stomachic virtues,
in the dose of from two to four drops, and in a
larger dose proves highly dfciretic. It is often
administered in the cure of dropsical complaints,
when the indication is to provoke the urinary
discharge. See Juniperus communis.
Oleum lava'ndul.*. Oleum essentiale lav-
endulce. Oleum essentiale e Jloribus lavendula.
Oil of lavender. Though mostly used as a per-
fume, this essential oil may be exhibited inter-
Bally, in the dose of from one to five drops, as
a stimulant in nervous headaches, hysteria, and
debility of the stomach. See Lavandula spica.
Oleum lauri. Oleum laurinum. It is ex-
pressed from bay-berries, and is sometimes
rubbed on sprains and bruises unattended with
Inflammation.
Oleum limo'nis. The essential oil of lemons
possesses stimulant and stomacnic powers, but
Is principally used externally, mixed with oint-
ments, as a perfume.
Oleum lini. Linseed oil is emollient and
demulcent in the dose of from half an ounce
to an ounce. It is frequently given in the form
OLE
of clyster in colics and obstipation. Cold-drawn
linseed oil, with lime water and extract of lead,
forms, in many instances, the best application
for burns and scalds. See Linum usitatissimum.
Oleum lini cum calce. Linimentum calcis.
Oleum lucu piscis. See Esox lucius.
Oleum macis. Oleum myristica; expressum.
Oil of mace. A fragrant sebaceous substance,
expressed in the East Indies from the nutmeg.
There are two kinds. The best is brought in
stone jars, is somewhat soft, of a yellow color,
and resembles in smell the nutmeg. The other
is brought from Holland, in flat, square cakes.
The weak smell and faint color warrants our
supposing it to be the former kind sophistica-
ted. Their use is chiefly external, in form of
plaster, unguent, or liniment.
Oleum ma'cidis. Oleum macis stillatitium.
Essential oil»of mace. It is of a pale yellow
color, and has the aromatic flavor and stimulant
properties of the mace.
Oleum malabathri. An oil similar in flavor
to that of cloves, brought from the East Indies,
where it is said to be drawn from the leaves of
the cassia-tree.
Oleum martis per deliquium. The liquid
muriate of iron was formerly so called.
Oleum menthje piperita. Formerly called
Oleum essentiale mentha piperitidis. Oil of
peppermint. Oil of peppermint possesses all
the active principles of the plant. It is mostly
used to make the simple water. Mixed with
rectified spirit, it forms an essence, which is
put into a variety of compounds, as sugar-drops
and lozenges, which are exhibited as stimu-
lants, carminatives, and stomachics. See Men-
tha piperita.
Oleum Mentha viridis. Formerly called
Oleum essentiale mentha saliva. Oil of spear-
mint. This essential oil is mostly in use for
making the simple water, but may be exhibit-
ed in the dose of from two to five drops as a
carmiuative, stomachic, and stimulant. See
Mentha viridis.
Oleum MORRiiuiE. See Oleum jecoris aselli.
Oleum myri'sticje. The essential oil of
nutmeg is an excellent stimulant and aromatic,
and may be exhibited, in every case where
such remedies are indicated, with advantage.
Oleum myristicjj expressum. Oleum macis.
Oleum neroli. See Ncroli oleum.
Oleum oliv.e. O. olivarum. See Olea eur
ropaa.
Oleum origani. Formerly called Oleum
essentiale origani. Oil of origanum. A very
acrid and stimulating essential oil. It is em-
ployed for alleviating the pain arising from
caries of the teeth, and for making the simple
marjoram water. See Origanum.
Oleum palm.*:. See Cocos butyracea.
Oleum petr*. Naphtha.
Oleum petrj. vulgare. British oil. Com-
mon oil of petre. This is variously made, but
most frequently with oil of turpentine, Barba
does tar, and oil of rosemary.
Oleum phospho'ratum. (Ph. Bor.) Phos-
phorated oil. Take of phosphorus, in small
pieces, gr. xij.; fresh almond oil, f. 5j. Melt
the phosphorus in the oil by a water bath, and
then agitate as long as it appears to dissolve
467
OLE
any. An oun< e fakes up about gr. iv. Given
as a nervous stimulant in cases of great pros-
tration from typhoid diseases. Dose, gtt. v. to
gtt. x., in emulsion, to begin with.
Oleum picis liquids. t ,Oleumpini rubrum.
Oil of tar. An impure oil of turpentine distill-
ed from tar. It is sometimes used as a topical
application in tinea and cutaneous affections, in
the form of ointment.
Oleum pimento. See Myrtus pimenta.
Oleum pini. Oleum terebinthina!.
Oleum pulegii. Formerly called Oleum es-
sentiale pulegii. Oil of Europeau pennyroyal.
A stimulant and antispasmodic oil, which may
be exhibited in hysterical and nervous affec-
tions. See Mentha pulegium.
Oleum pyr'o-ammale. Oleum animale.
Oleum ricini. See Ricinus communis.
Oleum rosmarini. Formerly«called Oleum
essentiale roris marini. Oil of rosemary. The
essential oil of rosemary is an excellent stimu-
lant, and may be given with great advantage
in nervous and spasmodic affections of the
stomach. See Rosmarinus officinalis.
Oleum sabi'na;. Oil of savine. See Juni-
pcrus sabina.
Oleum sassafras. Obtained from the root
>of sassafras by distillation with salt water. An
•agreeable stimulating carminative and sudorific.
Oleum sesa'mi. (U. S.) Oil of bennc. A
•colorless bland oil expressed from the seeds of
the Sesamum orientate, and used as food in the
East. In large doses it is laxative.
Oleum sina'peos. This is pressed from the
husks of black mustard seed. It resembles
coarse linseed oil, and has but little acrimony.
It is used as a liniment in rheumatism.
Oleum spice. An inferior oil of lavender.
Oleum su'ccim. (U. S.) Oil of amber.
Mix the amber with its weight of fine sand,
and distill from a glass retort, over a sand bath,
the heat gradually increasing. The result is an
acid liquid, an oil, and concrete acid. Separ-
ate the oil, and preserve it in well-stopped bot-
tles. Used in liniments.
Oleum succini rectifica'tum. (U.S.) Rec-
tified oil of amber. Take of oil of amber, Oj . ;
water, Ovj. Distill over four pints, and separ-
ate the oil. It is nearly colorless, or of an am-
ber color ; limpid ; a strong odor, acrid taste ;
sp. gr., 075 ; boils at 186°. Externally it is
rubefacient ; internally, stimulant, antispasmod-
ic, and emmenagogue. Dose, gtt. x. to gtt.
■xv., in emulsion.
Oleum sulphu'ratum. See Balsamum sul-
phuris.
Oleum syrije. See Dracocephalum moldav-
.icum.
Oleum tartari per deliquum. Solution of
carbonate of potash.
Oleum templi'num. Oleum templinum ve-
rum. A terebinthinate oil, obtained from the
fresh cones of the Pinus pumilio of Linnaeus.
Oleum terebinthina. Oil of turpentine.
For the uses, see the Oleum terebinthina puri-
fication.
Oleum terebinthina purificatum. Oleum
terebinthina; rectificatum. (Ph.L.) Purified oil of
turpentine. Take of oil of turpentine, a pint ;
water, four pints. Distill the oil cautiously.
468
OME
Stimulant, diuretic, and sudorific virtues are
attributed to this preparation, in the dose of
from ten drops to twenty, which are given in
rheumatic pains of the chronic kind, especially
sciatica. Its chief use internally, however, is
as an anthelmintic and styptic. In cases of
tape-worm it is given in doses of from ?ss. to fij.
eveiy eight hours, till the worm is expelled.
It is a remedy of extraordinary power in such
cases. Uterine, pulmonic, gastric, intestinal,
and other hemorrhages, when passive, are
more effectually relieved by oil of turpentine
than by any other medicine. Externally, it is
applied, mixed with ointments and other appli-
cations, to bruises, sprains, rheumatic pains,
indolent ulcers, burns, and scalds.
Oleum terra. Petroleum.
Oleum tiglii. (U. S.) Croton oil. The
expressed oil of the seeds of the Croton tig-
Hum. It is obtained from the East Indies,.and
is a brownish oil, of a disagreeable odor and
acrid taste. It is a drastic purge in doses of
one, two, or three drops, and should be given
in pill, but in mania and difficult deglutition
may be applied to the tongue ; whenever there
is intestinal irritation it should not be used. It
has also been used externally as a counter-irri-
tant, as it produces a pustular eruption.
Oleum vi.vi. Oleum tethereum.
Oleum vitrioli. Sulphuric acid.
Oleum vitrioli dulce. Oleum urthereimi.
Oleum vivum. Bitumen.
Olfa'ction. The faculty of smelling.
OLFACTORY. Olfactorius. Relating to
the sense or apparatus of smelling.
Olfactory foramina. The foramina of the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
Olfactory nerves. Ncrvi olfactorii. The
first pair of nerves are so termed, because they
are distributed to the organs of smelling.
Olfa'ctus. The sense of smell.
Oli'banum. Juniperus lycia.
OLIG-. OLIGO-. A prefix (from oXiyoc,
little, few), denoting paucity, smallness, pover
ty, as in Oligmmia, anaemia.
Oligochy'lus. Little nutritious.
Oligotrophia. Deficient nourishment
Olisthe'ma. A luxation.
Oli'va. See Oka europeca.
Oliva'ceous. Of an olive color.
OLIVA'RIS. (From oliva, the olive.) Re*
sembling the olive : applied to two eminences
on the lower part of the medulla oblongata,
called corpora olivaria.
Olive. See Olea curopcea.
Olive, spurge. See Daphne mezereum.
O'LIVILE. The name given by Pelletier to
the substance which remains after gently evap-
orating the alcoholic solution of the gum which
exudes from the olive-tree. It is a white, brill-
iant, starchy powder.
Olophly'ctis. Phlyctama.
Olopho'nia. Congenital malformation of
the vocal organs. — Good.
Olusa'trum. Smyrnium olusatrum.
O'magra. Gout in the shoulder.
Oma'sum. Omasus. The third stomach of
ruminants ; the manyplies.
OMENTFTIS. (is, idis, f. ; from omentum,
the caul.) Epiploitis. Inflammation of the
ON A
omentum or epiploon. It usually occurs only
in connection with general inflammation of the
peritoneum. See Peritonitis.
M E ' N T U M. (um, i, n. ; from omen, an
omen : so called because the soothsayers proph-
esied from an inspection of this part.) The
omentum or caul. Epiploon. It is a duplica-
ture of the peritoneum, with more or less of fat
interposed. It is distinguished into the great
omentum and the little omentum.
1. The omentum majus, omentum gastrocoli-
cum, arises from the whole of the great curva-
ture of the stomach, and even as far as the
spleen, from whence it descends loosely behind
the abdominal parietes, and over the intestines
to the navel, and sometimes into the pelvis.
Having descended thus far, its inferior margin
turns inward and ascends again, and is fastened
to the colon and the spleen, where its vessels
enter. 2. The omentum minus, or omentum hcpat-
ico gastricum, arises posteriorly from the trans-
verse fissure of the liver. It is composed of a
duplicature of peritoneum, passes over the duo-
denum and small lobe of the liver : it also pass-
es by the lobulus spigelii and pancreas, proceeds
to the colon and small curvature of the stomach,
and is implanted, ligamentous, into the oesoph-
agus. It is in this omentum that Winslow dis-
covered a natural opening, the foramen of Wins-
low.
Besides the greater and lesser omentum, some
anatomists distinguish a colic omentum, which
binds down the colon, and a gastro-splenic
omentum, which passes between the stomach
and the spleen.
OMNl'VOROUS Omnivorus. Animals
which feed both upon flesh and vegetables aro
called omnivorous.
OMO-. A prefix (from u/.(.oc, the shoulder),
pertaining to the shoulder.
O'moco'tylk. The glenoid cavity
* O'MO-HYOIDE'US. A muscle situated be-
tween the os hyoides and shoulder, that pulls
the os hyoides obliquely downward. It arises
from.the superior costa of the scapula, near the
semilunar notch, and is inserted into the base
of the os hyoides.
O'mopla'ta. The scapula.
Omoplato-hyoideus. The omo-hyoideus.
Omo'tribes. Oil from unripe olives.
Ompha'cinum. Oil from unripe olives.
Ompha'cion. Omphacium. Verjuice.
Omphaci'tes. Wine from unripe grapes.
Omphaco'meli. The juice of unripe grapes
and honey.
O'mphaloca'rfus. Galium aparine.
O'mphaloce'le. Hernia umbilicalis.
O'mphalomanti'a. The divination of mid-
wives, who pretend to foretell the number of
the future offspring from the number of knots
in the navel-string of the child that is born.
Ompha'lo-mesentekic vessels. The vitel-
line vessels ; delicate vessels which supply the
umbilical vesicles of the fcotus.
Omphalophy'ma. Omphalo'ncus. Swelling
of the umbilicus.
O'MPHALOS. The navel. See Umbilicus.
Omphalotomy. The cutting of the navel
string.
O'nanism. Onania. Masturbation.
OPE
Oncos. A tumor; hence oncoses, tumors.
ONEIRODYNIA, (a, m, f. ; from ovetpov, a
dream, and otivvn, anxiety.) Disturbed imagi-
nation during sleep. There are two species : 1.
Oneirodynia activa, walking in the sleep. 2.
Oneirodynia gravens, or nightmare. Ephialtes.
Oneiro'gmos. Oneiro' gonos. 1. A venereal
dream. 2. An emission of the semen during
sleep.
Onion. Allium cepa.
Onion, sea. Scilla maritima.
ONI'SCUS. 1. The stock-fish. 2. The slow-
worm. 3. A genus of apterous insects. — O.
asellus. The wood-louse.
Onobry'chis. Hedysarum onobrychis.
Onomatolo'gia. Nomenclature.
ONO'NIS. (is, is, f.) A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosa. — O.
spinosa. O. arvensis. The roots have a faint,
unpleasant smell, and sweetish, bitterish, some-
what nauseous taste. They are considered ape-
rient and diuretic.
ONOPO'RDIUM. (urn, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Syngencsia. Polygamia cequalis. Com-
posites. — O. acanthium. The cotton thistle.
The expressed juice has been recommended in
cancer, in the form of poultice.
ONO'SMA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Pcntandria. Monogynia. — O. echioides. The
plant, the root of which is called Anchusa lutca
It is supposed to possess emmenagogue virtues.
ONY'CHIA. (a, a, f. ; from owf, the nail.)
A whitlow at the side of the finger nail.
Onychographo'sis. Curvamre of the nails,
as in hectic.
Onychophy'ma. Thickening of the nails.
Onychoptosis. Falling off of the nails.
O'NYX. (yx, ychis, m. Ovv!;.) In Sur-
gery, an abscess, or collection of pus between
the lamellae of the cornea. The diagnostic
signs are, a white spot or speck, prominent, soft,
and fluctuating. It is sometimes superficial,
arising from inflammation ; not dangerous, for
it vanishes when the inflammation is resolved
by the use of astringent collyria.
In other instances it is a deep abscess, seated
between the lamellar of the cornea, sometimes
breaking internally, and forming a hypopium :
when it opens externally, it leaves a fistula upon
the cornea; whenever the pus is exsiccated
there remains a leucoma.
OoEi'nr.s. The aqueous humor.
OON. An egg, ovum; hence Oology, a de-
scription of ova ; Oophoron, the ovary.
Oozing tumor of the labium. A rare tumor
of the labia majora, which discharges a watery
fluid.
OPACITY. {Opacitas, alls, f.) The proper-
ty of obstructing the passage of light. Opacity
of the cornea is leucoma ; opacity of the lens or
its membrane constitutes cataract.
O'paline. Of a milky, iridescent color, like
the opal.
Opaq.uk. Opacns. Incapable of transmitting
light.
OPERA'TION. Operatio. A process requir-
ing labor ; and in common language, the action
of a purgative. In Surgery it signifies the cut-
ting or acting on parts for various purposes. In
Chemistry, the preparation of bodies.
469
or h
OPH
Operculatk. Opcrculatus. Having a lid-
like cover. Applied in zoology and botany.
OPE'RCULUM. (urn, i, n. ; a cover or lid.)
The lid or cover of the peristomum of mosses.
It is also found in some univalve shells, as a
calcareous lid to the mouth of the shell.
OPHI'ASIS. (is, is, f.) A form of porrigo
decalvans, which commences at the occiput,
and winds to each ear, and sometimes to the
forehead.
Ophidians. Animals resembling the snake.
OPHIOGLO'SSUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus
of ferns. — O.lunaria. Moon-wort. The leaves
are astringent, and used against fluxes. — O. os-
munda. Osmuuda regalis. — O. spicalum. Ad-
der's tongue. Ophioglossum vulgatum, and
Ophioglossum. Formerly n celebrated vulner-
ary.
OPHIORRHI'ZA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
?lants. Pcntandria. Monogynia. — O. mnngos.
'he root is the Radix scrpcntum of the pharma-
copoeias. Mungos radix. The bitter root is
much esteemed in Java, Sumatra, &C, as pre-
venting the effects of the bite of the naja and
the mad dog. It is also said to be a cure for
intestinal worms. ,
Ophiosco'rodon. Broad-leaved garlic.
Ophiosta'phylum. Bryonia alba.
Ophiosto'ma. A genus of intestinal worms
furnished with two lips.
OPHIO'XYLUM. (>,m, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. — O. serpen-
ii'iium. The tree yielding lignum serpentum.
It is very bitter. It is said to be efficacious in
the cure of 1 lie bite of venomous serpents, anil
malignant diseases.
O'PHRYS. (y«, os, i'. Ofpvc ; from o<j>v<;,
the eyebrow.) I. The lowest part of the fore-
head, where the eyebrows grow. 2. An herb,'
so called because its juice was used to make
the hah of the eyebrows black.
Ophthalmalgia. Paul in the eye.
OPHTHA'LMIA. (a, w. f. ; from o^aA.uor,
the eye.) A term universally applied to an in-
flammation of the membranes of the eye, or of
the whole bull) of the eye ; but which, accord-
ing to the modern nomenclature of diseases,
should bo called ophthalmitis. See Ophtkal-
OPHTHALMIC. (Ophthalmicus, i, m. ;
from oipdaX/ioc, an eye.) Relating to the eye.
Ophthalmic artery. A branch of the inter-
nal carotid, which enters the orbit through the
foramen opticum ; it supplies the eyeball and
the parts around it, and gives off branches to
the lachrymal gland, to the membrane of the
ethmoid bone, to the nose, and to the forehead.
Ophthalmic ganglion. Ganglion ophthal-
micum. Lenticular ganglion. This ganglion
is formed in the orbit by the union of a branch
of the third or fourth pair with the first branch
of the fifth? pair of nerves.
Ophthalmic nerve. Nervus ophthalmicus.
The first branch given off from the Gasserian
ganglion of the fifth pair of nerves. It divides
into the lachrymal, frontal, and nasal nerves,
and gives a filament to the great sympathetic.
Ophthalmici externi. SeeMotoresoculorum.
OPHTHALMITIS, (itit, itidis, f.; from
oQdakpoc, the eye.) Ophthalmia. An injlam-
470
mation of one or more of the membranes con-
stituting the eye, or of the whole bulb of the
eye. It has the following species :
I. Ophthalmitis conjunctiva;. — Conjunctival
ophthalmia. This is the common inflammation
of the eye, which is usually produced by a cold
wind, dust, or any external irritation, &c. It
generally begins with the appearance of a net-
work of blood-vessels on some part of the con-
junctiva of the eyeball or eyelids. The eyelids
become swollen and tender, and the redness
soon covers the whole conjunctiva; there is in-
creased discharge of tears, intolerance of light.
There is more or less of constant pain, and a
sensation as if particles of fine sand had in-
sinuated themselves under the eyelid, accom-
panied by a great heat and pricking pain. A
glutinous matter is now secreted, especially in
the night, which causes the eyelids to stick very
firmly together. It is no unusual thing for the
disease to commence in one eye, and in a day or
two to seize the other. Mild cases of conjuncti-
val ophthalmitis generally run their course in a
few days, and cease spontaneously, or are remo-
ved by the application of a few leeches to the
temples, a purgative, abstaining from the usual
diet, and remaining in a dark place. The best
local applications are a warm and filtered de-
coction of poppy-heads, or one fluid drachm of
the tinctura opii in eight fluid ounces of dis-
tilled water. The eye should bo well cleansed
from the glutinous matter with warm milk and
witter ; and when the pain abates, and the ves-
sels of the inflamed part become relaxed, solu-
tions of acetate of lead, nitrate of silver, sulphate
of alum, and zinc, will be best calculated to re-
move the disease. There is an acute form, in
which an active antiphlogistic treatment is nec-
essary.
There are three forms of conjunctivis, which
terminate rapidly in suppuration, as follows:
1 . Egyptian ophthalmia is that which prevails
in Egypt. This is extremely rapid, painful, and
unfortimate in its termination, the conjunctiva
and cornea becoming ulcerated in a few hours,
and causing the escape of the aqueous humor
and loss of vision if not checked, or granulations
form on the conjunctiva of the eyelids, and pro-
duce so much irritation as to cause loss of vis-
ion ultimately.
The treatment consists in giving full emetic
doses of tartar emetic every few hours during
the first inflammatory stage, and removing the
diseased conjunctiva of the eyelids, or the gran-
ulations, with the knife, and applying a wash of
solution of nitrate of silver or alum.
2. Gonorrheal ophthalmia presents the symp-
toms of purulent inflammation of the conjunctiva
in its most intense form. It is produced by
contact of gonorrhceal matter. The treatment
must be very active, and a solution of nitrate of
silver of gr. x. to water f. fj. is to be used at
once as a lotion.
3. Ophthalmia purulenta. O. infantum. The
purulent ophthalmia of infants occurs very soon
after birth, and is usually produced by cold,
though in some instances it may arise from the
irritation of acrimonious or specific secretions.
It usually makes its appearance within the first
week or fortnight from birth. Solution of nitrate
OPH
of silver, aqua camphors, a blister to the tem-
ple, and purgatives, are the proper remedies.
II. Ophthalmitis tarsalis. — Here the inflam-
mation is confined to the eyelids, and especial-
ly to Meibomius's glands. Psorophthalmia.
The secretion of the glands becomes acrimoni-
ous, the eyes become irritated, the lids glued
together, and the tarsal ligament ulcerated.
Treatment: dilute nitrate of mercury ointment
to the tarsus, a drop of vinum opii to the eye,
and antiphologistic measures.
III. Sclerotitis. — Inflammation of the sclerot-
ica. In this affection the inflamed vessels are
distinctly seen to be under the conjunctiva, and
-a bright red zone surrounds the cornea. The
cornea and pupil look hazy, and sometimes the
iris participates in the inflammation, but seldom
in any severe degree. The pupil, however, is
generally somewhat contracted and sluggish in
its movements. The pain becomes aggravated
toward night, and there is a considerable de-
gree of symptomatic fever and derangement of
the general functions of the system.
This form of disease has been called rheumatic
ophthalmia, but it does not appear to have any
connection with rheumatism. The treatment
is not materially different from that of conjunc-
tival ophthalmia, with this exception, that the
application of nitrate of silver, which is so emi-
nently useful in the purulent ophthalmia, is al-
ways injurious in sclerotitis.
IV. Corncitis. — Inflammation of the cornea.
This is a chronic disease, most, common in the
scrofulous constitution, and about the age of
puberty. It lasts for months, and sometimes
for years. It occupies chiefly the conjunctiva
covering the cornea, and the superficial layers
of the cornea itself. The redness of the in-
flamed part is not considerable : the inflamed
vessels are small, forming a zone round the
cornea, and sometimes ramifying toward its
center. In the early stage, the local remedies
are those adapted to acute ophthalmia; when
all active inflammation has ceased, the vinum
opii and astringent collyria are applicable.
Blisters are very useful throughout the disease.
V. Iritis. — Inflammation of the his. This
may be acute or chronic, idiopathic or symp-
tomatic, common or specific ; and according to
these circumstances the symptoms vaiy con-
siderably. The general symptoms of iritis are
a zone of a pale pink color around the cornea :
as the inflammation advances the redness of the
vessels increases, and those of the conjunctiva
also become injected ; the iris undergoes a re-
markable change of color; if it be naturally
dark it becomes reddish-brown, if naturally
light it becomes greenish. In the severer cases
lymph is effused into the chambers of the eye,
and the iris contracts adhesions to the capsule
of the lens, the cornea, or the ciliary processes;
the power of vision is much diminished, and
sometimes fails altogether ; there is deep-seated
pain in the orbit, forehead, and side of the head,
which is frequently increased at night.
Iritis arises from wounds of the iris, from
cold, and the other common causes of inflam-
mation, from syphilis, scrofula, gout, and rheu-
matism.
Notwithstanding the distinctions laid down
OPH
by authors between the several varieties of
iritis, an attentive consideration of the history
of the case will generally be found the best
means of diagnosis. There are three prominent
indications in the treatment of iritis : first, to
allay the inflammation which is to be effected
by the same means as in common cases of acute
ophthalmia; secondly, to prevent the effusion of
lymph, for which the antiphlogistic treatment is
available in some degree, but which is most ef-
fectually fulfilled by bringing the system speedi
ly under the action of mercury, the effect of
which should be induced in a strong degree,
and sustained till all danger is over ; thirdly, to
prevent adhesions, which is fulfilled by keeping
the pupil dilated with belladonna, but which
can only be effected after the acute symptoms
are subdued, as the belladonna has no effect on
the pupil while active inflammation prevails.
In the treatment of the specific forms of iritis,
we must have reference not only to general
principles, but to the particular diseased state of
the constitution of which they are symptomatic,
and select our remedies accordingly : thus col-
chicum is thought to be particularly efficacious
in the arthritic forms, and mercury in the
venereal.
VI. The choroid coat and the return are also
liable to inflammation. Choroiditis seldom oc-
curs except in connection with iritis. Retinitis
is generally the result of over-exertion of the
sight in the examination of objects," or of ex-
posure to too vivid a light. Its tendency is to
produce amaurosis more or less rapidly, as it is
more or less acute. The acute form requires
absolute rest of the eye, entire darkness, and
the antiphlogistic treatment.
Such are some of the chief phenomena of in-
flammation, as developed in the different tex-
tures of the eye. In many cases the common
forms of ophthalmia are combined in one gen-
eral inflammation of the eyeball, which, ii not
subdued, terminates in suppuration, and the
complete destruction of the organ, which bursts,
evacuates its contents, and shrinks into the
orbit.
Ophtha'lmo-blenorkhce'a. Purulent oph-
thalmia.
Ophthalmo-carcino'ma. Cancer of the
eye.
Ophthalmoce'le. Exophthalmia.
OPHTHALMODYNIA. (a, a, f. ; from
otpOatyoc, and odvvn, pain.) A vehement pain
in the eye, without, or with very little redness,
and not produced by inflammation. It may be
the result of rheumatism, gout, hysteria, &c. ; or
produced by incipient organic diseases, as can-
cer, fungus ha;matodes ; or an affection purely
of the nerves. The cure requires the removal
of the cause. When an intermittent affection,
the internal use of bark is beneficial.
Ophthalmography. Ophthalmology. A
treatise on the eye.
OPHTHALMOPLEGIA. (From o<p6a7ifioc,
and itXtjogu, to strike.) Paralysis of one or
more of the muscles of the eye.
Ophthalmopo'nia. Inflammation of the eye.
OPHTHALMOPTO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from
o^dalfioQ, and irruaic, a fall.) A protrusion of
the globe of the eye on the cheek, canthus, or
471
OPP
O RB
upward, the globe itself being scarcely altered
in magnitude.
OPHTHA'LMOS. The eye ; also a prefix
in some words, as Ophthalmoscopic^, the art of
examining the eyes for the discovery of disease.
—Ophthalmostatum, a speculum oculi for fixing
the eye. — Ophthalmotomy, extirpation of the
eye. — Ophthalmoxysis, scarification of the con-
junctival membrane.
O'piane. Another name for narcotine.
O'PIATE. Opiatum. 1. Any preparation
of opium. 2. An anodyne.
O'pion. Omov. Opium.
Opi'sthenar. The back of the hand.
Opisthocra'nium. The c.- 'jut.
Opi'sthocypho'sis. A curvature of the spine
backward.
OPISTHO'TONOS. {os, i, m. ; from oniadev,
backward, and reivu, to draw.) That form of
tetanus in which the body is bent backward.
Opisto-gastric. The cceliac artery.
O'PIUM. (mot, ii, n. Ontov, probably from
cmoc, juice.) The inspissated juice of the
poppy. See Papaver somniferum.
Opium de Rousseau. See Rousseau's drops.
Opoba'lsamum. Amyris gileadensis.
Opocalpason. See Opocarpason.
Opocarpason. Opocalpason. OnoKapxaoov.
OiroxaTinaaov. See Carpams.
OPODEL'DOC. Formerly it signified a
plaster for all external injuries, but now is con-
fined to the camphorated soap liniment.
Opodeldoc, Steer's. This is composed of
Castilesoap, rectified spirit, camphor, oilsof rose-
mary and marjoram, and solution of ammonia.
Opodeoc-e'le. An ischiatic hernia.
OPO'PANAX. {ax, acts, f.) 1. The gum-
resin of opopanax chironum. 2. A genus of
umbelliferous plants. — O. chironium. The
plant which yields opopanax by exudation from
incisions made in the root. It is brought from
Turkey and the East Indies, and is, like the
foetid gums, antispasmodic and emmenagogue.
Dose, gr. x. to 3ss.
Opo pia. The bones of the eyes.
Opoponax. Opopanax.
Opo'rice. A conserve of ripe fruits.
OPPILA'TION. (Oppilatio, onis, f.{ from
oppilo, to shut up.) Oppilation is a close kind
of obstruction.
Oppilati'vus. Shutting up the pores of the
skin.
OPPO'NBNS. Opposing. A name given to
some muscles from their office.
Opponens minimi digiti. A small muscle
attached along the inner edge of the fifth meta-
carpal bone, and inserted into the anterior an-
nular ligament of the wrist ; it draws the fifth
metacarpal bone inward, and thus tends to in-
crease the hollow of the hand.
Opponens pollicis. See Flexor ossis meta-
earpi pollicis.
Oppo'situs. Opposite to each other.
OPPRESSION. {Oppressio, onis, f.) 1. A
sensation of weight, as oppression of breathing,
when it seems to be difficult to breathe from a
sense of weight obstructing respiration ; and, in
like manner, oppressio praxordiorum, which
is a feeling of pressure about the preecordia.
i. Oppressio cerebri. Catalepsy.
472
Opsi'gonos. The dens sapiential.
Opsionu'si. Diseases of vision.
OPTIC. (Opticus; from onTopai, I see.)
Relating to vision.
Optic commissure. The union of the optic
nerves in front of the sella turcica.
Optic foramen. A foramen of the sphenoid
bone, through which the optic nerves and ves-
sels pass.
Optic nerves. Nervi optici. The second
pair of nerves of the brain. See Nerve-
OPTICS. (From onrofiat, I see.) That
branch of natural philosophy which treats of
the properties of light and vision.
Opu'ntia. Cactus opuntia.
Ora serrata. The posterior serrated edge
of the ciliary processes is so called.
Orache. Atriplex sativa.
Orange. Citrus aurantium.
Orange peas. The immature fruit of the
Curacoa orange, or Aurantia curassaventia.
ORBI'CULAR. {Orbicularis; from orbicn-
lus, a little ring.) Round.
Orbicula're os. 1. A bone of the carpus.
2. A small bone of the internal ear. SeeAuris.
Orbicularis oris. A muscle of the mouth,
formed in a great measure by those of the lips ;
the fibres of the superior descending, those of
the inferior ascending, and decussating each
other about the corner of the mouth, they run
along the lip to join those of the opposite side,
60 that the fleshy fibres appear to surround the
mouth like a sphincter. Its use is to shut the
mouth, by contracting and drawing both lips
together, and to counteract all the muscles that
assist in opening it.
Orbicularis palpebrarum. O. oculi. A
muscle common to both the eyelids. Orbicu-
laris palpebrarum ciliaris. It arises from the
outer edge of the orbitar process of the superior
maxillary bone, and from a tendon near the in-
ner angle of the eye. The fibres run round to
the outer angle of the eye, and are inserted into
the nasal process of the superior maxillary bone
by a short, round tendon, covering the anterior
and upper part of the lachrymal sac, which ten-
don can be easily felt at the inner canthus of
the eye. The use of this muscle is to shut the
eye by drawing both lids together ; the fibres,
contracting from the outer angle toward the in-
ner, press the eyeball, squeeze the lachrymal
gland, and convey the tears toward the puncta
lachrymalia.
Orbicularis palpebrarum ciliaris. See
Orbicularis palpebrarum.
Orbicula'te. Orbicularis. Round and flat.
Orbiculus ciliaris. The ciliary circle.
O'RBIT. {Orbitum, i, n.) The two cavities
under the forehead, in which the eyes are situ-
ated, are termed orbits. Each orbit is com-
posed of seven bones, viz., the frontal, maxillary,
jugal, lachrymal, ethmoid, palatine, and sphe-
noid. The use of this bony socket is to main-
tain and defend the organ of sight and its adja-
cent parts.
Orbital arc h . The upper margin of the orbit.
Orbital fissure, superior. The sphenoidal
fissure.
Orbital fissure, inferior. The maxillary
fissure.
ORG
Orbital nerve. A branch of the superior
maxillary: it subdivides into a malar and tem-
poral branch.
ORBITAR. Orlitaris. Relating to the orbit
or socket of the eye.
Orbitary foramina. See Frontis os.
Orcheoce'le. Orcheodocele. Orchiocele.
Orchitis.
Orcheoto'my. Orcheodotomy. Castration.
ORCHIDA'CEjE. Herbaceous, gynandrous
endogens, with remarkably irregular and beau-
tiful flowers; they bear bulbs containing an
agreeable farina (salep), for which the Orchis
musculo, and morio are partially cultivated.
They aro natives of calcareous soils. In the
tropics, the species and genera often become
splendid parasites.
Orchil. Archil. Lichen roccella.
O'RCHIS. (is, is, m. Opxic.) 1. A testicle.
2. (Orchis, itis, f.) A genus of plants. Gy-
nandria. Diandria. Orchidacece. — O. bifolia.
The butterfly orchis, the root of which is used
indifferently with that of themale orchis. — O.
mascula. The male orchis. The root is mu-
cilaginous, and yields bassorine, or salep. — O.
morio. The salep root. This is a farinaceous
powder imported from Turkey.
ORCHI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from opxic, a tes-
ticle.) Inflammation of the testicle. Swelled
testicle. The most common cause of it is a sup-
pression of the discharge of a clap ; but it takes
place from blows, and all the causes of inflam-
mation. When it takes place in the progress
of a clap, it is a sympathetic inflammation, and
it often follows every kind of irritation on the
urethra, whether produced by strictures, injec-
tions, or bougies. The swelling and inflamma-
tion appear suddenly, and as suddenly disap-
pear, or go from one testicle to the other. The
epididymis remains swelled, however, even for
a considerable time afterward. There is ten-
derness, pain, weakness in the loins, colic, and
sometimes vomiting.
Orchitis, with stoppage .of the discharge of
clap, is apt to be attended with strangury. A
very singular thing is, that the inflammation
more frequently comes on when the irritation in
the urethra is going off" than when at its height.
This disease requires perfect rest, and the
same treatment as inflammation of any other
viscus. General bleeding, leeches, and cold
applications are necessary. The bowels are to
be purged from time to time, and a strict anti-
phlogistic diet enforced as long as there is fever-
ish excitement. Opiates at bedtime are re-
quired when there is much pain.
O'rchos. The extremities of the eyelids,
where the eyelashes grow.
Orcho'tomy. Orchotamia. Castration.
Oreoseli'num. Athamanta oreoselinum.
Ore'xis. A desire or appetite.
ORGAN. (Opyavov. Organum, i, n.) An
organ is a part of an animal or vegetable which
has a determined office in its economy: thus
the eye is the organ of vision, and the ear of
hearing; the muscles are the organs of motion,
&c. A catenation of organs destined to one
function is called an apparatus : thus, although
the lungs be the immediate organ of respira-
tions the apparatus of respiration consists of the
OR I.
lungs, air passages, muscles, and nerves, &c., of
respiration, without which the function could
not be performed.
ORGA'NIC. Organicus. 1. Possessed of
organs; appertaining to organization, or sus-
ceptible of organization : thus we speak of or-
ganic bodies, organic functions, and organic
matter. 2. Relating *> an organ. Pathologists
call those organic diseases in which there is a
visible change in the structure of the organ, as
opposed to diseases of function, in which the
action only of the organ is changed.
Organic chemistry. The chemistry of or-
ganic matters, or such as are directly or indi-
rectly derived from plants or animals. The
investigation or analysis of such bodies is prox-
imate or ultimate : the former when the parts
are merely separated by solvents, as water, al-
cohol, ether, and acids; the latter when the
elementary composition is ascertained. Car-
bon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, combined
in binary, ternary, or quaternary compounds,
with a small amount of saline matters, form the
majority of organic bodies ; sulphur and phos-
phorus are present in a few only. The modern
process of organic analysis is briefly described
in Kane's and in Graham's Chemistry. These
manipulations require great experience and
skill. Vegetable tissues are distinguished from
animal by the great amount of nitrogen in the
latter.
Organic force. The plastic force whereby
the development of cellules is effected.
Organic molecules. Certain animated cel-
lules or monads, supposed by Spallanzani to
exist in the semen of males. These have re-
ceived the name of vital germs, spermatozoa,
homunculi, and animalcules.
ORGANISATION. Organization. Organ-
isatio. The construction of the parts of an ani-
mal or vegetable body, with reference to a de-
termined function.
O'RGANISM. This term is generally ap-
plied to the sum total of the organs and powers
which give rise to the phenomena of life in any
living being.
Organoge'ny. The formation of the organs.
Organography. A treatise on the organs
Organoto'my. Anatomy.
O'RGASM. (Orgasmus, i, m. Opyaa/ioc ;
from opyau, to desire vehemently.) A state of
excitement and vital turgescence of any organ :
applied especially to the organs of generation,
the excitement of which is termed the venereal
orgasm.
Orga'stica. Diseases affecting the orgasm.
The second order of the class Genetica of Good.
Orge'at. A drink made with syrup of al-
monds.
Ori'cia. A species of fir.
Orienta'lia folia. The leaves of senna.
Orifi'cium. The orifice or entrance of any
organ or thing.
ORFGANUM. (um, i, n. Opeiyavov.) 1.
The Origanum vulgare. 2. A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labiatm. — O.
crelicum. O. dictamnus. Dittany of Crete.
The leaves have been recommended as an em-
menagogue and alexipharmic. — O. marjorana.
Sweet marjoram. It is more fragrant than the
473
ORY
wild marjoram. — O. syriacum. Teucrium ma-
ruin. — O. vulgare. Wild" marjoram. Origa-
num heracleoticum. Origanum, This plant
has an agreeable aromatic smell, a pungent taste,
and is said to be emmenagogue, tonic, stoma-
chic, &c. The dried leaves are employed in
medicinal baths and fomentations. The essen-
tial oil is officinal. %
O'RIGIN. In Anatomy, the commencement
of a muscle, as distinguished from its insertion
into the part it moves.
Oris constrictor. Orbicularis oris.
Orleana terra. Annotto. Bixa orel-
lana.
Ormskiuk medicine. An alleged remedy for
hydrophobia, invented by a Mr.- Hill, of Orms-
kirfc.
ORNITHO'LOGY. (From opvi£, a bird, and
Aoyoc, an account.) That department of natu-
ral history which treats of birds.
Ornithopo'dium. The Ornithopus perpusil-
lus and the Ornithopus scorpioides have been
so called.
O'rnus europjEa. The modern name for
the Fraxinus ortius.
OROBA'NCHE. (e, es, f.) A genus of
plants. Gynandria and Didynamia. Angio-
spermia. — O. virginiaca is said to have been
used in Martin's cancer powder.
Orobry'chis. Orobauche.
O'ROBUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosa;. — O. tu-
bcrosus. The heath-pea. The root of this
plant is said to be nutritious.
ORPIMENT. (Orpimentum, i, a.) A sul-
phuret of arsenic. It is used as a pigment and
as a depilatory.
Orpine. Sedum telephium.
O'rrhos. Oppog. Serum; whey. Also, in
Medicine, 1. The perineum. 2. The extremity
of the sacrum.
Orris. Iris florentina.
Orseille. Lichen roccella.
ORTHO-. A prefix (from opdoc, erect,
straight), denoting the erect or straight posi-
tion.
Orthoco'lon. A stiff joint, with an extend-
ed state of the limb.
ORTHOPjE'DIA. Orthope'dic (From
opdoc, and naic, a child.) That branch of sur-
gery which relates to the correction of the de-
formities of children, especially club foot.
O R T H O P N OE 'A. (a, m, f. ; from opdoc ,
erect, and irvoi], breathing. ) Inability of breath-
ing in the recumbent posture, so that the pa-
tient is obliged to sleep propped up by pillows,
as in hydrothorax and other cases.
Orthopnea cardiaca. Angina pectoris.
Orthopnea convulsiva. Asthma.
Orthopnea cynanchica. O. membranacca.
Croup.
Orthopte'ra. Straight-winged insects ; as
the locusts, grasshoppers.
Orthotro'pal. When the embryo is straight,
and corresponds with the ends and axis of the
seed.
Orvieta'num. An old antidote to poisons.
ORY'ZA. (a, a, f. ; from orez, Arabic.) 1.
Rice. 2. A genus of plants. Triandria. Di-
gynia. Graminea. — O. sativa. The rice plant.
474
06
This grain contains little azote. Being nearly
all starch, it has a tendency to constipate those
persons who are unused to it. The decoction
is demulcent.
Os. The symbol of osmium.
OS. 1. (os, ossis, n. ; Heb., ozam, strength?)
A bone ; a hard, dry part of the body, of a
whitish color, and composed of a spongy, com-
pact, or reticular substance. Bones are long
and hollow, or flat and compact, &c. Most
have several processes and cavities ; that at the
end of a bone, if smooth and round, is called its
head; and its condyle when flattened either
above or laterally. The part beneath the head
is the neck. Rough processes are called tuber-
osities, or tubercles; but the longer and more
acute, spinous or styloid processes. Thin, broad
processes, with sharp extremities, are the crit-
tm, or sharp edges. Some are distinguished by
their form, as the alar, or pterygoid ; mamillary,
or mastoid ; dentiform, or odontoid, &c.
A liable of the Bones.
( Frontal .
Bones of the J! 8 ™* 1 , '
cranium orJ Occipital
skull . . .) lT P °-A
Lthmoid .
Sphenoid
Superior maxillary
Jugal ....
Nasal ....
Bones of the i Lachrymal . .
face . . .1 Palatine . . .
Inferior spongy
Vomer . . .
k Inferior maxillary
f Incisores . . .
Dentes or teeth < Cuspidati . »
f Molares . . .
Bones of the { TT .,
tongue . .jHyoidesos
Bones of the f Malleus .
ear, within J Incus . .
the temporal ] Stapes
bones . . (^Orbiculare
i Cervical
« f Vertebra? / Dorsal
g, ! f Lumbar
» j Sacrum .
' §5 t Coccygis os
" Sternum
Ribs
Innominata ossa
Clavicle .
Scapula .
Humeri os
Ulna . .
w ( Radius .
H C Naviculare os
j Lunare os .
{ I Cuneiforme os
( Carpus or J Orbiculare os
wrist j Trapezium os
I Trapezoides os
I Magnum os
^ Unciforme os
pq H Metacarpus
{Phalanges
The thorax
The pelvis .
The shoulder
The arm .
The forearm
\
■?<
no.
I
2
1
I
8
4
20
2
2
2
7
12
5
1
1
1
24
2
2
2
I
2
2
2
2
2
10
28
osc
tL, f The th igh . . Femur 2
i Patella 2
» TheA?«- . 3 Tibia 2
( Fibula 2
(Calcaneus .... 2
Astragalus .... 2
Cuboides os ... 2
Naviculars os . . . 2
l_ Cuneiformia ossa . . 6
Metatarsus 10
k Phalanges 28
Sesamoid bones of the thumb and great
toe, occasionally found
Total 248
Bone consists of gelatine, &c, 33*3 ; phos-
phates of lime and magnesia, 54*2 ; carbonate
of lime and other salts, of soda, &c, la^. — Ber-
zelius. But the composition of different bones
and those of various animals differ. The animal
matter may be dissolved out by hot water in a
digester ; it yields a soup containing gelatine
and fat. On the other hand, the phosphates
and earthy matter may be dissolved by strong
acids, the gelatine remaining in the shape of
the bone. By burning, the animal matter is
destroyed, and the earthy porta fall to pieces,
showing that the animal matter serves to bind
together the mineral. In mollities ossium there
is a deficiency of gelatine, and iu the ulceration
or gangrene of bones it is that part that is de-
stroyed. By distillation, bones yield an impure
ammonia.
2. (Os, oris, n.) The mouth. 1. In Anat-
omy, applied to openings of parts ; as os exter-
num and internum, os tinea:, &c.
Os externum. The entrance into the vagina
is so named, in opposition to the mouth of the
uterus, which is called the os internum.
Os internum. The orifice or mouth of the
uterus.
Os lbonis. Antirrhinum linaria.
Os sefije. The cuttle-fish bone. When
powdered, it is used as an absorbent and denti-
frice, and consists of carbonate of lime, with a
little animal matter.
Os spongiosum. The spongy bones are two
in number, ossa spongiosa inferior a. The eth-
moid bone has two turbinated portions, also
called the superior spongy bones, ossa turbinata.
They consist of a spongy lamella in each nostril.
The convex surface of this lamina is turned to-
ward the septum narium, and its concave part
toward the maxillary bone, covering the open-
ing of the lachrymal duct into the nose. From
their upper edge arise two processes : the pos-
terior hangs upon the edge of the antrum High-
morianum ; the anterior joins the os unguis, and
forms a part of the lachrymal duct. They are
lined with the pituitary membrane; and, be-
sides their connection with the ethmoid bone,
are joined to the ossa maxillaria superiora, ossa
palati, and ossa unguis. Besides the ossa spongi-
osa inferiora, there are sometimes two others,
situated lower down, one in each nostril.
Os tince. The mouth of the womb.
Osce'do. (o, inis, f.) The thrush. Also,
yawning. — Turton.
O'scheai.. Relating to the scrotum.
OST
Oschk o-c arci'soma. Chimney-sweeper's
cancer.
OSCHEOCELE, (e, es, f. ; from oaxeov, the
scrotum, and kvIv, a tumor.) 1. Any tumor of
the scrotum. 2. A scrotal hernia.
O'SCHEON. Oa X eov. The scrotum.
Oscheophy'ma. A swelling of the scrotum.
Oschi'tis. Inflammation of the scrotum.
Oscilla'tio. Boerhaave gives this name to
muscular irritability.
Oscilla'tion. Movement similar to that of
the pendulum.
OSCILLATO'RIA. Plants of the lowest or-
ganization, living in wet or damp places, and
consisting of threads, which have sometimes an
apparent movement.
O'scitant. Oscitation. Yawning or gaping.
Osculato'rius. The sphincter muscle of the
lips.
O'smazomi:. Extract of meat, having the
smell of broth. It is a proteine compound in a
changed condition.
O'sme. Odor.
OS'MIUM. A metal discovered by Tennant
among fragments of crude platina, and so called
by him from the pungent and peculiar smell of
its oxide, osmic acid.
Osmono'si. Diseases of the faculty of smell.
OSMU'NDA. (a, at, f.) A genus of ferns.—
O. lunaria. Ophioglossum lunaria. — O. regalit.
The osmund-royal. Filix Jlorida. Its root
possesses astringent and emmenagogue virtues.
Osphre'sis. The sense of smell.
O'sphys. Oo<j>v(. The loins.
Ossa incisoria. See Ossa inter maxillaria.
Ossa intermaxillaria. Quadrupeds have
two bones of the face which do not exist in man.
They are situated between the superior maxil-
lary bones, and are called ossa intermaxillaria,
ossa incisoria, or ossa labialia. These bones
contain the roots of the incisor teeth in animals
which possess these teeth, but they exist also in
the edentata.
Ossa labialia. See Ossa intermaxillaria.
Ossa spongiosa. See Os spongiosum.
Ossa usta alba. O.calcinata. Bones burned
into a white powder, consisting of a subphos-
phate of lime. It is used as an absorbent, and
in cases of rickets. Dose, gr. x. to 33s.
O'SSEOUS. Osseus. Bony.
OSSl'CULUM. {urn, i, n. ; diminutive of os,
a bone.) A little bone.
Ossicula auditus. O. auris. The small
bones of the internal ear are four in number,
viz., the malleus, incus, stapes, and os orbicu-
lare, and are situated in the cavity of the tym-
panum.
Ossicula Bertini. Cornua sphenoidalia.
The triangular processes of the sphenoid bone,
or ossa triangularia.
OSSIFICATION. (Ossiflcatio, onis, f.; from
os, a bone, and /a«'o, to make.) The formation
of bone. See Osteogeny.
Ossi'pragus. Osteocolla.
Ossi'vorus. A particular kind of tumor oc-
curring in the thigh. — Ruysch.
OST-. OSTEO-. A prefix (from oareov, a
bone), denoting the presence of a bone orosseous
matter.
OS'TAGRA. (From oareov, a bone, and
475
OST
ay pa, seizure.) A forceps to take out bones
with.
Ostea'lgia. Pain in a bone.
Ostki'tes. Osteocolla.
Ostempye'sis. Ostempyosis. Suppuration oc-
curring in the interior of a bone.
OSTEOCO'LLA. (a, as, f. ; from oareov, and
koTlTlou, to glue.) Glue-bone, or bone-binder.
A particular carbonate of lime, formerly applied
to fractured bones to promote the formation of
callus.
Osteoco'pus. Osteody'nia. Pain in a bone.
Osteogene'tic. That which favors the for-
mation of bone or callus.
Osteoge'nicus. Osteogeneticus.
OSTEO'GENY. (Osteogenia, a. f. ; from
oareov, a bone, and yeveia, generation.) The
growth of bones. In the rudimentary state
there is a gelatinous or cartilaginous tissue, more
or less of the figure of the bone ; into this, in pro-
oess of development, red blood-vessels ramify
and accumulate toward one or more points (the
points of ossification) ; they then commence the
deposition ot phosphate of lime, &c. From those,
as radii, the ossification is continued through-
out the whole texture, the vessels being soon
hidden by the deposit. In this way the con-
dyles and heads of the long bones are fonned
separately from the shaft, and not perfectly
united until the fifteenth year. From this time
throughout fife the bone is supplied with absorb-
ents as well as arteries, and the function of waste
and repair goes on slowly, but in the same way
as in other tissues.
OSTEO'GRAPHY. (Osteographia, ec, f . ;
from oareov, and ypa<j>u, to describe.) A descrip-
tion of the bones.
Osteo'hthos. Osteocolla.
OSTEO'LOGY. (Osteologia, a, f . ; from
oareov, and "koyoc, a discourse.) The doctrine
of the bones.
Osteo'ma. A bony tumor.
OSTEOMALACIA. ( From oareov, and uala-
*of, soft.) Softness of the bones. Malacosteon.
Oste'o.v. A bone.
Osteono'si. Osteoxu'si. Diseases of the
bones.
Osteofce'dion. An ossified foetus.
O'STEO-SARCO'MA. (From oareov, and
aapKufia, a fleshy tumor.) Osteo-sarcogis. 1.
Any tumor which contains a mixture of bony
and soft matter. It is most commonly applied,
however, to a tumor commencing in the me-
dullary structure of a bone, and afterward
blended with osseous matter. Such tumors
may be of a malignant character or otherwise.
2. Spina ventosa.
Osteo-sarcosis. See Osteosarcoma.
Osteo'sis. Ossification; osteogeny.
O'STEO-STEATO'MA. (From oareov, and
oreap, fat.) A tumor composed of fatty and
heny matter.
OSTEOTO'MIST. (From oareov, and reuvo,
to cut.) A strong pair of forceps, the upper ends
of which are made of a cutting oval ring, for the
purpose of cutting the bones of the foetus in utero.
Osteoto'my. The cutting of a bone.
Osthk'xia. Osthexy, or the ossific diathesis.
Osti tis . Inflammation of the membranes of
a bone.
47G
OVA
Ostia'rius. The pylorus.
OSTI'OLUM. (urn, i, n.; diminutive of
ostium, a door.) A little door. The valves of
the heart have been called ostiola. Also, the
small openings or mouths of vessels.
O'STIUM. (um, ii, n.) A door or opening.
A foramen.
Ostium abdominale. The opening of the
fimbriated end of the Fallopian tube.
Ostium uterinum. The opening of the Fallo-
pian tube into the utenis.
Ostrea edu'lis. The common oyster.
They are easy of digestion, and nutritious. The
shells ( Ostrea testes) are similar in properties to
the carbonate of lime. See Creta.
Ostrea maxima. The scallop.
Ostruthium. Imperatoria ostruthium.
Osyris alba. Poet's cassia, or gardrobe;
Poet's rosemary. Dicecia. Triandria. The
whole shrub is astringent.
Otacou'stic A synonym of acoustic.
OTA'LGIA. Otagra. (From ovc, uroc, the
ear, and ahyoe, pain.) The ear ache.
Ota'lgic. Otalgicus. Pertaining to otalgia.
Ote'nchytes. A syringe for the ears.
OTIC. O'ticus. Appertaining to the ear, as
the otic ganglion.
Otic ganglion. A ganglion of the inferior
maxillary nerve, at the inner margin of the fora-
men ovale of the sphenoid bone.
Oti'tes. The little finger.
OTI'TIS. (is, idis, f . ; from ovc, the ear.)
Inflammation of the internal ear. Otitis is
known by pain in the internal part of the ear,
confusion of sound, deafness, and more or less
fever. It is not uncommon with children, but
is seldom attended with much disturbance of
the system.
It is sometimes a serious disease, producing
much fever and even delirium, and ending in
suppuration. The treatment is by bleeding,
blisters, and purges.
Otoco'nite. A morbid calcareous concretion
found in the sack of the vestibule.
Otogra'phy. Otolo'gy. A treatise on the ear.
Otoli'th. A natural calcareous body found
in the labyrinth of fishes.
Ototo'my. A dissection of the ear
OTOPLASTY. Otoplastice. ( From ovc, the
ear, and nXaoou), to form.) An operation for
the restoration of the external ear when de-
stroyed.
Otoplatos. Otoplados. A foul ulcer behird
the ear.
OTOPYO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from ovc, and irvov
pus.) A purulent discharge from the ear.
OTORRHEA, (a, *, f. ; from ovc, and peu,
to flow. ) A discharge from the ear, usually of
puriform matter, as in chronic otitis.
Otto op roses. Oleum rosae.
Ounce. See Weights and Measures
O'uron. Ourema. Urine.
OURA'RI. A powerful poison, derived from
the Strychnos toxifera of Guayana. It produces
death by convulsions and a loss of power in the
respiratory muscles.
O'cjtre. Unusual ; strange ; not tasteful.
Ova^lis. Oval.
O V A'R IAN. ( Ovarianus ; from ovarium. >
Ovarial ; belonging to the ovarium.
ovu
OVA'RIUM. Ovary. (Diminutive of ovum,
an egg.) The ovaria are two flat, oval bodies,
about an inch in length, and rather more than a
half in breadth and thickness, suspended in the
"broad ligaments, about the distance of one inch
from the uterus, behind and a little below the
Fallopian tubes. They include a number of
vesicles, or ova, joined to the internal surface
of the ovaria by cellular threads or pedicles,
and contain a fluid which has the appearance of
thin lymph. They differ very much in their
number in different ovaria. The outer coat of
the ovaria is given by the peritoneum; and
whenever an ovum is passed into the Fallopian
tube, a fissure is observed at the part through
which it is supposed to have been transferred.
These fissures healing, leave small longitudinal
cicatrices on the surface. The corpora* lutea
are oblong glandular bodies, of a yellowish col-
or, found in the ovaria of all animals when preg-
nant, and, according to some, when they are
salacious. They are said to be calyces, from
which the impregnated ovum has dropped.
They are largest and mcst conspicuous in the
early state of pregnancy, and remain for some
time after delivery, when they gradually fade
and wither till they disappear. The ovaria are
the seat of a particular kind of dropsy, which
most commonly happens to women at the time
of the final cessation of the menses, though not
^infrequently at a more early period of life. It
is of the encysted kind, the fluid being some-
times limpid and thin, and at others discolored
and gelatinous. In some cases it has been
found contained in one cyst, often in several ;
and in others the whole tumefaction has been
composed of hydatids not larger than grapes.
The ovaria are also subject, especially a short
time after delivery, to inflammation, terminating
in suppuration, and to scirrhous and cancerous
diseases, with considerable enlargement. In
the former state, they generally adhere to some
adjoining part, as the uterus, rectum, bladder,
or external integuments, and the matter is dis-
charged from the vagina by stool, by urine, or
by an external abscess of the integuments of the
abdomen.
Ovary. The ovarium.
Ovate. Ovatus. Egg-shaped.
Ovica'psule. The membrane which en-
virons the ovule in the ovary. In the higher an-
imals it is of a different substance from the rest
of the ovary.
O'VIDUCT. (Oviductus; from ovum, and
ductus, a canal.) The duct or canal through
which the ovum, or egg, passes. In the human
species, the Fallopian tube is so called, which
runs from the ovary to the bottom of the womb.
Oviductus muliebris. The Fallopian tube.
OVI'PAROUS. (Oviparus; from ovum, and
pario, to bring forth.) Animals which exclude
their young in an egg.
Ovis aries. The common sheep.
Ovorum test.e. Egg-shells.
OVO-VIVI'PAROUS. Animals which bring
forth an egg in which the foetus is already alive,
the process of incubation being carried on in
the body of the parent. This occurs in some
of the shark family.
Ovula graafiana. The Graafian vesicle.
OVU
The serous transparent vesicles found in the
structure of the ovary, and which constitute the
ova which are to be hereafter developed.
Ovula Nabothi. Naboth's glands.
O'VULE. 1. Ovulum. 2. The rudimentary
seed inclosed in the carpels of plants. It con
tains a nucleus and two tunics, and is impregna
ted by the direct entry of the boyau of the pollen.
Ovu'liger. A kind of hydatid found in the
wrist joint. — Raspail.
. Ovu'line. The decidua reflexa.
O'VULUM. (um, i, n. ; diminutive of ovum.)
A little egg.
O'VUM. (um, i, n. ; from the Greek uov, an
egg.) An egg. In physiological language this
term is applied to the capsule containing the
prolific germ of animals. Thus the egg of a
bird, the vesicles (Graafian vesicles) found in
the ovarium of mammiferous animals, the spawn '
of fishes, ai - e all ova.
The fowl's egg is variously used in pharmacy :
the white (album ovi) to clarify fluids ; the yel-
low (vitellus ovi) to suspend camphor and resins
in emulsion ; the shell (testa ovi) as an absorb-
ent in the place of chalk, and tho oil (oleum ovi)
as an emollient.
Of the Eggs of the Human Ovarium. — Tho
vesicles in the ovarium of females are called
the eggs, ova or ovula. When fecundation
takes place in one or more of these, they pass,
after a short time, along the Fallopian tube
into tho uterus. It would appear, from recent
observations, that at the time of heat in animals,
or at the menstrual period in the human female,
a particular vesicle or more take on a certain
development, becoming a Graafian vesicle, and
rising to the surface of the ovarium ; if impreg-
nation does not take place, this merely devel-
ops an internal spherical membrane, the rudi-
ment of the yolk bag, and a germinal spot with
a pellucid center or zona pellucida, and then
bursting the ovicapsule, escapes into the uterus,
and is carried away with the menses. On the
other hand, impregnation takes place when the
spermatozoa of the male semen, reaching the
fissure over the pellucid point of the germinal
spot, becomes attached, or capable of acting
thereupon. The result of this action is the pro-
duction of two cellules in the pellucid center,
which become developed into the mulberry mass
of physiologists.
The mulberry mass, consisting of a congeries
of cellules, develops in its progress three mem-
branous tissues ; by the greater expansion of
some of its cells, these take place on the side of
the yolk cellule, or yolk bag, and are together
called the germinal membrane ; but, in reality,
consist of the rudiments of a serous layer, which
is outermost, a middle mucous layer, and an in-
ternal vascular layer. This germinal membrane
completely invests the nutritious matter of the
yolk bag, constituting a temporary stomach.
Of this development, it is only a part of the mul-
berry mass, consisting of a central cell (the area
pellucida), and the cells arranged around it, form-
ing the cicatricula, or germ spot of the germinal
membrane, which are permanent. The nucleus
of the central cell, area pellucida, or embryonic
cell, undergoes rapid development, and changes
its form from a ring to a pear-shaped body, and
477
ovu
finally appears a9 two parallel lines, inclosing
a space between them which enlarges at one
end ; this, which is the rudiment of the spinal
marrow and brain, is called the primitive trace
in the incubated egg. The latter portion of
these changes take place in the uterus of vivip-
arous animals. We have, in these parts, the
rudiments of the tissues to be developed in the
foetus: from the primitive trace, the nervous
centers ; from the vascular layer of the germinal
membrane, the vascular system, which at first
consists of an extensive set of minute vessels,
meeting in two trunks to form the omphalo-mcs-
enteric vessels of the foetus, whereby its nutrition
is secured, these being the rudiments of the um-
bilical vessels. The thickening of the trunk,
into which the two vessels unite, forms the punc-
tum saliens, or first rudiment of the heart. The
rudiment of the digestive apparatus is formed
by the approach of the ends of the mucous layer
immediately below the embryo : this fold forms
a cavity, which becomes pinched off from the
yolk bag. In mammals the separation of the
abdominal cavity from the yolk bag is delayed,
and the rudiment adhering to the umbilical cord
is known by the name of the umbilical vesicle.
In the mean time, the outer or serous layer of
the yolk bag is becoming developed into the
6ac of the amnion.
Development of the ovum in the uterus. — The
ovum, in the first moments of its abode in the
uterus, is free and unattached; in the course of
the second month it becomes covered with fil-
aments, which ramify in the manner of blood-
vessels, and are implanted into the decidua.
In the third month they are seen only on one
side of the ovum, are more deeply implanted
into the deciduous membrane, and, taken to-
gether, form the placenta. The ovum, in the
rest of its surface, presents only a. soft, floccu-
lent layer, called the decidua rcflexa.
At first its two membranes have yielded to
its enlargement while becoming thicker or
more resisting: the exterior is called the chorion,
the other the amnion. The liquid contained by
the latter augments in proportion to the volume
of the ovum. In the second month of preg-
nancy there exists also a certain quantity of
liquid between the chorion and amnion, but it
disappears during the third month.
Up to the end of the third week the ovum pre-
sents nothing indicative to the eye of the pres-
ence of the germ ; the contained liquid is trans-
parent, and partly coagulable as before. At this
period there is seen, on the side where the ovum
adheres to the uterus, something slightly opaque
and gelatinous, all the parts of which appear
homogeneous; in a short time certain points
Become opaque, two distinct vesicles are form-
ed, nearly equal in volume, and united by a
pedicle, one of which adheres to the amnion by
a small filament. Almost at the same time a
red spot is seen in the midst of this last, from
■which yellowish filaments are seen to take their
rise : this is the heart, and the principal sanguif-
erous vessels. At the beginning of the second
month the head iB very visible, the eyes form
two black points, very large in proportion to
the volume of the head ; small openings indicate
the place of the ears and nostrils ; the mouth, at
478
OVU
first very large, is contracted afterward by the
development of the lips, which happens about
the sixtieth day, with that of the ears, nose, ex-
tremities, &c.
The development of all the principal organs
happens successively until about the middle of
the fourth month ; then the state of the embryo
ceases, and that of the foetus begins, which is
continued till the termination of pregnancy.
All the parts increase with inore or less rapid-
ity during this time, and draw toward the form
which they must present after birth. Before
the sixth month the lungs are very small, the
heart large, but its four cavities are confounded,
or at least difficult to distinguish ; the liver is
large, and occupies a great part of the abdomen;
the gall-bladder is not full of bile, but of a col-
orless*fluid, not bitter; the small intestine, 1 in
its lower part, contains a yellowish matter, in
small quantity, called the meconium ; the testi-
cles are placed upon the sides of the superior
lumbar vertebra? ; the ovaria occupy the same
position. At the end of the seventh month, the
lungs assume a reddish tint which they had not
before ; the cavities of the heart become dis-
tinct ; the liver preserves its large dimensions,
but removes a little from the umbilicus ; the bile
shows itself in the gall-bladder ; the meconium
is more abundant, and descends lower in the
great intestine; the ovaria tend to the pelvis;
the testicles are directed to the inguinal rings.
At this period the foetus is capable of life, that
is, it could live and breathe if expelled from the
uterus. Every thing becomes more perfect in
the eighth and ninth months. We can not here
follow the interesting details of this increase of
the organs ; they belong to anatomy : we shall
consider the physiological phenomena that re-
late to them.
Functions of the ovum and of Ike fostus. —
The circulation is the best known of the func-
tions of the foetus: it is more complicated than
that of the adult, and is performed in a manner
quite different.
In the first place, it can not be divided into
venous and arterial ; for the foetal blood has sen-
sibly every where the same appearance, that
is, a brownish-red tint: in other respects it is
much the same as the blood of the adult ; it co-
agulates, separates into clot and serum, &c.
The placenta is the most singular, and one of
the most important organs of the circulation of
the foetus. It adheres, by its exterior surface,
to the uterus, presents irregular furrows, which
indicate its division into several lobes or cotyle-
dons. Its foetal surface is covered by the chori-
on and amnion except at its center, into which
the umbilical cord is inserted. Its parenchyma
is formed of sanguiferous vessels, divided and
subdivided: They belong to the divisions of
the umbilical arteries, and to the radicles of the
vein of the same name. The vessels of one lobe
do not communicate with those of the adjoining
lobes ; but those of the same cotyledon anasto-
mose frequently, for nothing is more easy than
to make injections pass from one to another.
The umbilical cord extends from near the
center of the placenta to the umbilicus of the
child; its length is often near two feet; it is
formed by the two umbilical arteries and the
o vu
vein, connected by a very close cellular tissue,
and it is covered by the two membranes of the
ovum.
In the first months of pregnancy, a vesicle,
which receives small vessels, being a prolonga-
tion of the mesenteric. artery and the meseraic
vein, is found in the body of the cord, between
the chorion and the amnion, near the umbilicus.
It contains a yellowish fluid, which seems to be
absorbed by the veins of its parietes.
The umbilical vein, arising from the placenta,
and then arriving at the umbilicus, enters the
abdomen, and reaches the inferior surface of
the liver ; there it divides into two large branch-
es, one of which is distributed to the liver,
along with the vena porta, while the other soon
terminates in the vena cava, under the name of
the ductus venosus. This vein has two valves,
one at the place of its bifurcation, and the other
at the junction with the vena cava.
The heart and large vessels of the fetus ca-
pable of life are very different from what they
become after birth : the valve of the vena cava
is large ; the partition of the auricles presents
a large opening, provided with a semilunar
valve, called the foramen ovale. The pulmonary
artery, after having sent two small branches to
the lungs, terminates almost immediately in the
aorta, in the concave aspect of the arch ; it is
called, in this place, the ductus arteriosus.
The last character proper to the circulating
organs of the foetus is the existence of the um-
bilical arteries, which arise from the internal
iliacs, are directed over the sides of the bladder,
attach themselves to the urachus, pass out of
the abdomen by the umbilicus, and go to the
placenta, where they are distributed as just
mentioned.
The motions of the heart are very rapid in
the foetus ; they generally exceed 120 in a min-
ute: the circulation possesses, necessarily, a
proportionate rapidity.
What are the relations of the circulation of
the mother with that of the fetus? Anato-
mists differ in this respect. It was long be-
lieved that the uterine arteries anastomosed
directly with the radicles of the umbilical vein,
and that the last divisions of the arteries of the
placenta opened into the veins of the uterus ;
but the acknowledged impossibility of making
matters injected into the uterine veins pass into
the umbilical veins, and reciprocally to cause
liquid matters injected into the umbilical arte-
ries to reach the veins of the uterus, caused
this idea to be renounced. It is, at present,
generally admitted, that the vessels of the pla-
centa and those of the uterus do not anastomose,
but that the passage of fluid is by imbibition.
The cutaneous and mucous follicles are de-
veloped, and seem to possess an energetic
action, especially from the seventh month ; the
skin is then covered by a pretty thick layer of
sebaceous matter, secreted by the follicles.
The mucus is also abundant in the two last
months of gestation.
All the glands employed in digestion have a
considerable volume, and seem to possess some
activity: the action of the others is little known.
Of the functions of the fetus little is known.
The stomach and upper intestines contain, at a
OXA
late period, a fluid somewhat resembling chyle,
and the lower bowels a toughish, yellowish-
green matter, called the meconium, but the
origin and office of these is unknown.
Ovum philosophicum. Ovtim ckymicum. A
cucurbit.
Ox. Bos taurus.
O'XACID. An acid, the active element of
which is oxygen.
Ox-eye daisy. The Chrysanthemum hucan-
themum.
Ox's tongue. Picri8 echiodes.
O'XALATE. (Oxalas, atis, f.) A salt of
oxalic acid with a salifiable base.
OX A' LIC ACID. Acidum oxalicum. A
vegetable acid apd product of the action of
nitric acid on starch or sugar. In the crystal-
lized state it is colorless; an oblique rhombic
prism; soluble in eight parts of water; in-
tensely sour. It is composed of CjOa.HO-f-
2HO; is a powerful acid, and extremely poi-
sonous, producing inflammation of the stomach
and intestines in doses of 31J. Antidote, chalk
mixture or lime water. It is not necessary in
medicine, but is much used in the arts, and is,
especially in combination with ammonia, a val-
uable test for lime.
Oxalic ether. Oxalate of ethyle. A color
less aromatic liquid ; sp. gr. 1-093, boiling at
364° F. It may be preserved under water, if
pure. It is formed by distilling four parts of su-
peroxalate of potash, five of sulphuric acid, and
four of alcohol, at 90° centig., mixing the prod-
uct with water, and washing. Its formula is
AeO,C 2 3 .
When an excess of ammonia is added to the
ether, oxamide is precipitated, a white, crystal-
line powder, insoluble in cold water. Formula,
C2O2-J-NH2, which is interesting from its being
converted into oxalate of ammonia by boiling
with a very small amount of an acid, and from
being produced from oxalate of ammonia by
heat.
When the ether, or an alcoholic solution, is in
excess, and the ammonia less in quantity, it
forms beautiful pearly crystals, formerly called
oxamethan, now considered the oxamate of
ethyle, or AeOANHaO,;.
OXALIDA'OEifi. The wood-sorrel tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants, un-
der-shrubs, or trees, with leaves alternate ; flow-
ers, symmetrical ; stamens, hypogynous ; fruit.
capsular.
0' X A L I S. (is, is, f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Pentagynia. Oxalidacete. — O. ace-
losella. Wood-sorrel. The leaves are esteem-
ed refrigerant, antiscorbutic, and diuretic. Its
sourness is derived from the presence of a
quodroxalate of potash.
Oxa'lme. A mixture of vinegar and salt.
OXALU'RIA. That condition of the urine in
which oxalates are developed. It is very fre-
quent, especially in dyspepsia, and diseases at-
tended with great loss of flesh. The oxalate of
lime forms minute octahedral crystals, readily
discovered by the microscope.
OXALU'RIC ACID. A product of the de-
composition of parabanic acid by ammonia. It
is a crystalline white powder, decomposable by
long boiling in water into oxalate of urea and
479
OX Y
free oxalic acid. Its formula is CtjNallaOT-f-HO,
and -it is one of the resultants of the continued
action of oxygen on uric acid.
Oxamide. See Oxalic ether.
Oxame'than. See Oxalic ether.
O'XIDE. (Oxydum, i, n.) A compound of
oxygen with an element or other body. Nu-
merous oxides are, however, called acids when
they become sour, or are capable of neutrali-
zing alkalies. The most powerful oxides are
protoxides ; and these are bases. A protoxide
contains one equivalent of oxygen ; a binoxide
or deutoxide, two equivalents; a sesquioxide,
three, with two equivalents of the base ; a trit-
oxide or teroxide, three equivalents of oxygen ;
a quadroxide, four equivalents ; and a peroxide
represents the highest state of oxydation, which
varies much with different bodies. A dioxide
is a compound of one equivalent of oxygen with
two of base.
Oxide of carbon, gaseous. Carbonic ox-
ide.
Oxiodic acid. Iodic acid.
Oxyalco'hol blow-pipe. See Marcd? s blow-
pipe.
Oxyca'ntha. Berberis vulgaris.
Oxyce'drus. 1. A kind of cedar. 2. Spanish
juniper.
Oxychloiuc acid. Perchloric acid.
Oxychloride. Oxychloruret. A com-
pound in which chlorine is united to a metallic
oxide.
Oxychlokide of antimony. See Al-
garoth.
Oxyco'ccos. Vaccinium oxycoccos.
Oxy'cratum. Oxycrate: dilute vinegar with
honey.
Oxycro'ceum empla'strum. An old ano-
dyne plaster.
OXYDA'TION. Oxidation. (Oxydatio,
onis, f.) The process of converting substances
into oxides by combining them with oxygen.
Oxyde'rcicus. Having the property of
strengthening the sight.
Oxydum arsenici album. See Arsenic.
Oxydum cupri viride acetatum. Verdi-
gris. See JErugo.
Oxydum ferri luteum. See Ferri sesqui-
oxydum.
Oxydum ferri nigrum. Black oxide of
iron. The scales which fall from iron, when
heated, consist of iron combined with oxygen.
This is not a protoxide, as formerly supposed,
but consists of Fe 3 0.i. These have been em-
ployed medicinally as a chalybeate, but they
are not powerful.
Oxydum ferri rubrum. Red oxide of iron ;
the peroxide. Its properties are less active
than those of the protoxide.
Oxydum hydrargyri cinereum. O. hy-
drargyri nigrum. See Hydrargyri oxydum.
Oxydum hydrargyri rubrum. See Hy-
drargyri binoxidum.
Oxydum plumbi album. See Plumbi sub-
carbonas.
Oxydum plumbi rubrum. See Minium.
Oxydum plumbi semivitreum. See Lithar-
gyrus.
Oxydum stibii album. See Antimonii oxy-
dum.
480
OXY
Oxydum stibii semivitreum. Glass of anti-
mony. See Antimonii vitrum.
Oxydum stibii sulphuratum. Crocus of
antimony. See Antimony.
Oxydum zinci sublimatum. See Zinci oxy-
dum.
OXYECOI'A. (From ofyc, and anoy, the
sense of hearing.) Preternatural acuteness of
the sense of hearing. It is generally symptom-
atic of irritation of the brain.
Oxyga'la. Sour milk.
Oxy'garum. Garum and vinegar.
O'XYGEN. (Oxygenium, ii, n. ; from o£t>c,
acid, and yevvau, to generate.) Oxygen gas is
an elastic and invisible element, without taste
or odor. Its specific gravity is ri057 ; and 100
cubic inches weigh 34*129 grains. Its equiva-
lent is 8 on the hydrogen and 100 on the oxygen
scale ; symbol, O. It is little soluble in water
It is indispensable to respiration, but produces
death by over-excitement if pure. It is the
great supporter of combustion. It combines
with every combustible body, with all the
metals, and with the greater number of vegeta-
ble and animal substances.
The act of its combining with bodies is call-
ed oxydation or oxygenation ; and the bodies
with which it is combined are either oxides or
acids.
There are a great number of bodies from
which we may, by art, obtain oxygen gas. It
is most amply obtained from the oxides of
manganese, lead, or mercury; from nitrate of
potash, chromate of potash, and from chlorate
of potash. It is procured with great ease by
warming a mixture of peroxide of manganese
and chlorate of potash.
Oxygen exists to the extent of 23 per cent,
by weight in air, forms 8 parts in 9 of water,
and is found in nearly every mineral and or-
ganic body to a large amount.
This element is the most active in nature,
producing change in metals and organic struc-
tures, bringing about the decay of minerals and
all organized bodies.
Oxygen water. Water charged with oxygen
by the pressure of three or more atmospheres.
It is said to be serviceable as a gentle stimulant
to the stomach in atonic dyspepsia.
Oxygenated muriatic acid. Chlorine.
Oxygenation. Oxydation.
Oxy'glycum. A kind of apomel.
OXY-HY'DROGEN BLOW-riPE. A form
of apparatus for the combustion of a jet of hy-
drogen in oxygen gas. Dr. Hare's blow-pipe
consists of two gasometers, in which the separ-
ate gases are stored. They each discharge
their contents through a tube furnished with a
stop-cock into a compound jet made by pass-
ing brass wire into a tube. The brass wire is
so closely packed as to hinder the passage of
the flame backward into the tubes. The name
of the oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe has a tempera-
ture far beyond the hottest available furnace,
and is capable of melting many bodies which
would be otherwise infusible, and hence is of
great service in the arts.
Oxyiode. The synonym of iodate.
Oxyla'pathum. Rumex acutiy.
O'XYMEL. (el, elis, n. ; from ofrc, acid, and
PAD
[u7u, honey.) Honey and vinegar boiled to a
syrup. Take of clarified honey, ten pounds ;
acetic acid, a pint and a half. Heat the honey,
and add the acid to it. (Ph. L.) This prepara-
tion of honey and vinegar possesses expectorant
virtues, and is given with this intention in hu-
moral asthma and other diseases of the che6t,
iu doses of one or two drachms. It is also em-
ployed in the form of gargle, when diluted
with water.
Ox y mel iEitUGiNis. O. cvpri subacctatis.
See Linimentum angiitis.
Oxymel co'lchici. Oxymel of meadow-saf-
fron is an acrid medicine, and altogether super-
seded by the Vinum colchici.
Oxymel scilla:. Take of clarified honey,
Ibiij.; vinegar of squills, Oij. Boil them in a
glass vessel, with a slow fire, to the proper
thickness. This oxymel is an excellent ex-
pectorant. In an over-dose it acts as an emetic.
The dose is from 3ss. to 31J. It is a very fre-
quent ingredient in cough mixtures.
Oxymel simplex. Oxymel.
Oxymuiuas HYDitAiiGYni. Hydrargyri chlo-
ridum corrosivum.
Oxymuiuas potass.e. Potassa? chloras.
Oxymuriate of lime. The bleaching salt
of lime. See Calcis chloridum.
Oxymuriatic acid. Chlorine.
Oxymy'rrhine. Oxymy'rsine. Myrtus com-
munis.
Oxyno'sema. Oxynosos. Oxynusos. Acute
disease.
Oxyodic Iodic.
OXYO'PIA. (a, cb, f. ; from otjvc , acute, and
uip, the eye.) The faculty of seeing more acute-
ly than is usual.
Oxyosphresia. Acuteness of smell.
PAI
Oxyphlegma'sia. An acute inflamma-
tion.
Oxyphq:'nia fructus. The tamarind.
Oxypho'nia. Paraphonia.
OXYPRO'TEIN. The tritoxide of protein,
being the substance forming the buffy coat of
inflamed blood. Formula, C 4 oH 31 N 15 -J-HO f
of Mulder. It appears to possess the neutral-
izing properties of an acid.
Oxypru'ssic acid. The chlorocyanic acid.
Oxyre'gmia. An acid eructation.
Oxyrinchus. Raia oxyrinchus.
Oxyrrho'dinon. Oil of roses and vinegar.
Oxysa'ccharum. A composition of vinegar .
and sugar.
O'xysalt. A salt in which oxygen exists
both in the acid and base.
Oxysul'phuret. The sulphuret of a metal-
lic oxide.
Oxyta'rtarus. Acetate of potash.
OXYTOCUS (OfyTOKOf;; from ofyc, quick,
and tikto), to bring forth.) Expediting de-
livery.
Oxytriphy llum. Oxalis acetosella.
O X Y U'R IS. Oxyunis. (From ofuc , sharp,
pointed, and ovpa, the tail.) The thread-worm,
or ascaris. See Entozoa.
Oyster. Ostrea edulis.
Oyster laver, green. Ulva lactuca.
OZJI'NA. {a, a, f. ; from ofy a stench.)
An ulcer situated in the nose, discharging a
fetid purulent matter, aud sometimes accompa-
nied with caries of the bones.. It is usually
connected with venereal or scrofulous dis-
ease.
Ozoxe. The odoriferous body produced by
the action of the electrifying machine.
O'zymum. See Ocymum.
P.
X • 1. The symbol for phosphorus. 2. Pu-
gillus, a pugil, or eighth part of a handful ; also,
pars or partes, a part or parts.
PA'BULUM. (um, i, n. ; from pasco, to
feed.) Food; aliment.
Pabulum vitje. The food of life. Such are
the different kinds of aliment. The animal
heat was so called.
Pachy.e'mia. Pafhcemia. A thick state of
the blood.
PACHYBLEPHARO'SIS. Pacheablepharo-
sis. (From iraxvc, thick, and (3Xe(f>apov, the
eyelid.) Morbid thickening of the eyelid from
inflammation of its tissues, or the presence of
excrescences.
PACHYDE'RMA. Pachydermata. (From
Tra^'ur, and dep/xa, the skin.) An order of mam-
mifers characterized by the thickness of their
hide, as the elephant, rhinoceros, &c.
Pachy'ntica. Medicines which have the
property of incrassating or thickening the fluids.
Pa'cinian corpuscles. Small nervous tu-
bercles found on the nerves of the hand and
foot, and rarely upon other spinal nerves or
the branches of the great sympathetic. Their
office is unknown.
Pad. A small cushion placed on splints, &c,
He
to adapt them to the limbs, or to parts subject-
ed to pressure.
Pjeda'nchonk. A fatal kind of angina pecu-
liar to children, described by some old writers.
Pje'darthro'cace. The joint evil. The
scrofulous affection of the joints to which chil-
dren are subject.
Pje'datro'phia. The emaciation of children ;
tabes mesenterica.
Pje'diatri'a. The medical treatment of
children.
PjE'DO-NOSOLOGY. Pmdonosologia.
(From Tratc, a child, vooog, a disease, and Aoyor,
a discourse.) The study of the diseases of
children.
PiEDOTRO'PHIA. (From Tratc, a child,
and rpe(pu, to nourish.) That department of
hygiene which relates to the nourishment of
infants and children.
PjEO'NIA. (a, a, f.) 1. The pseony. 2.
A genus of plants. Polyandria. Digynia.
Ranunculaceee. — P. officinalis. All parts of the
common paeony, and especially the root, were
formerly used in epilepsy, but they are now
considered almost inert.
Pa'gina. The surface of a leaf.
Paigil. Primula veris.
481
PAL
Pain.* Dolor.
PAINS, AFTER. The pains experienced
by lying-in women after the birth of the child.
They are often extremely severe, and require
the use of camphoraceous anodynes.
Pains, labour. See Parturition.
Paint, Indian. Sanguinaria canadensis.
Painter's colic. See Colica pictonum.
Pakfong. The white copper of the Chi-
nese, said to be an alloy of copper, nickel, and
zinc.
Palatal. Palatine.
Palate. See Palatum.
PALA'TI OS. The palate bone. The pal-
ate is formed by two bones of very irregular
figure. Each of these may be divided into four
parts, viz., the inferior, or square portion, the
pterygoid process, the nasal lamella^ and or-
bitar process. The square part helps to form
the palate of the mouth. The upper part of its
internal edge rises into a spine, which makes
part of the septum narium. The pterygoid pro-
cess is united with the pterygoid process of the
sphenoid bone, with which it helps to form the
pterygoid fossa). The nasal lamella is nothing
more than a very thin, bony plate, which arises
from the upper side of the external edge of the
square part of the bone. The orbitar process is
more irregular than any other part of the bone.
It has a smooth surface, when it helps to form
the orbit. This fourth part of the os palati like-
wise helps to form the zygomatic fossa on each
side, and there its surface is concave. Between
this orbitar process and the sphenoid bone a
hole is formed, through which an artery, vein,
and nerve are transmitted to the nostrils. This
hole is called the posterior palatine foramen.
Palati tensor. See Circumflexus palati.
PA'LATINE. Palatinus. Appertaining to
the palate.
Palatine arteries. There are two : 1. The
superior, or palato-maxillary, a branch of the in-
ternal maxillary, distributed to the velum palati
and nasal fossae. 2. The inferior palatine, a
small branch of the facial.
Palatine foramina. There are two, the
anterior and posterior. See Foramen incisorium
and Palati os.
Palatine nerves. These are three branch-
es derived from the sphenopalatine ganglion.
Palato-labialis. The external maxillary
artery. — Chaussier.
Pala'to-pharynge'us. A muscle situated at
the side of the entry of the fauces. It arises
from the middle of the velum pendulum palati,
at the root of the uvula, posteriorly, and from
the tendinous expansion of the circumflexus
palati. The fibres are collected within the pos-
terior arch behind the tonsils, and run backward
to the top and lateral part of the pharynx,
where the fibres are scattered and mixed with
those of the stylo-pharyngeus. It is inserted
into the edge of the upper and back part of the
thyroid cartilage. Its use is to draw the uvula
and velum pendulum palati downward and
backward, and at the same time to pull the
thyroid cartilage and pharynx upward, and
shorten it.
Palato-salpinge'us. Circumflexus palati.
Palato-sT4Philinus. See Azygos uvula.
482
PAL
PALA'TUM. (urn, i, n. ; from polo, to nedg«
in.) The palate, or roof of the mouth.
Palatum durum. The hard or bony palate.
Palatum molle. The soft palate. This lies
behind the bony palate ; and from the middle
of it the uvula hangs down.
Pa'lea. Palma. Chaff.
Palea'ceus. Paleaceous; chaffy, or covered
with chaff.
Palimpi'ssa. Dried pitch.
Palindro'mia. A regurgitation of humors to
the more noble parts ; the return of a distem-
per. — Hippocrates.
Paliu'rus. Rhamnus paliurus.
PALLA'DIUM. A metal, associated with
platina ; scarcely distinguishable from the crude
platina, though it is harder and heavier.
PALLIATIVE. ( Palliativus ; from pallio,
to dissemble.) Applied to any thing which is
given with an intent to palliate or relieve a dis-
ease, but is not capable of effecting a cure.
Pallidws morbus. Chlorosis.
PA'LLOR. (From palleo, to be pale.) Palo
ness; the appearance of the countenance in
those suffering from anoemia, chlorosis, and
some organic diseases.
Pallor virginum. Chlorosis.
Palm. See Palma.
Palm oil. The solid, fragrant oil of the elais
guiueensis. It contains a peculiar acid, the
Palmitic.
PA'LMA. (a, m, f. ; from naUu, to move.)
1. The palm ofthe hand. 2. A palm tree.
Palma ady. See Ady.
Palma Christi. Ricinus communis.
PALMA'CEiE. Palma. Palms. The chief
division of endogens. Palms attain often an al-
titude of nearly 100 feet, and are capped by a
magnificent frond of leaves. Their fruit is usu-
ally of great value, affording much sugar or oil.
Palmar arch. The radial artery forms an
arch iu the palm of the hand, which is called
the deep palmar arch, and the ulnar artery one
which is called the superficial palmar arch.
See Radial artery and Ulnar artery.
Palmar aponeurosis. See Palmaris longus.
PALMA'RIS. Belonging to the hand.
Palmaris brevis. Palmaris brevis vel caro-
quadrata of Douglas. A small, thin, cutaneous
flexor muscle of the hand, situated between the
wrist and the little finger. Fallopius tells us
that it was discovered by Cananus. Wiuslow
names it palmaris cutaneus. It arises from a
small part of the internal annular ligament and
inner edge of the aponeurosis palmaris, and is
inserted by small bundles of fleshy fibres into
the os pisiforme, and into the skin and fat that
cover the abductor minimi digiti. This mus-
cle seems to assist in contracting the palm ofthe
hand.
Palmaris cutaneus. See Palmaris brevis.
Palmaris longus. A flexor muscle of the
arm, situated on the forearm, immediately under
the integuments. It arises from the inner' con-
dyle ofthe os humeri, terminates in a long, slen-
der tendon, which, near the wrist, separates
into two portions, one of which is inserted into
the internal annular ligament, and the other
loses itself in a tendinous membrane, that is
nearly of a triangular shape, and extends over
PAN
tho palm of the hand, from the carpal ligament
to the roots of the fingers, and is called apo-
neurosis palmaris. Some of the fibres of this
expansion adhere strongly to the metacarpal
bones, and separate the muscles and tendons of
each finger. This muscle bends the hand, and
may assist in its pronation : it likewise serves to
stretch the aponeurosis palmaris.
Palma'te. Palmatus. Hand-shaped.
Pa'lmine. A white, crystalline fat, formed
by the action of nitrous acid on castor oil. It is
a palmate of glycerine.
Palmi'pides. Web-footed birds.
Pa'lmos. Palmus. A palpitation of the
•Heart.
Pa'lmula. A date.
Palo de vaca. The galactodendron utile.
PALPA'TION. Palpatio. (From palpo, to
feel.) Manual examination. Exploration.
PA'LPEBRA. (a, ce, f. ; a. palpitando, from
their frequent motion. ) The eyelid, distinguish-.
ed into upper and under; at each end they
unite and form the canthi.
Palpebr.k superioris, levator. See Le-
vator palpebrce superioris.
Palpebrarum aperiexs rectus. See Le-
vator palpebral superioris.
Pa'lpebral. Appertaining to the palpebra.
PALPITATION. (Palpitatio, onis, f. ; from
palpito, to beat, leap, or throb.) 1. A throb-
bing motion of any part, particularly of the
heart. 2. When the strokes of the heart are in-
creased in frequency or force.
Pa'lpus. Palpitation of the heart.
Palsy. Paralysis.
Palsy, lead. The paralysis of the hands
produced by lead poison.
Palsy, mercurial. Erethrismus mercuri-
alis.
Palu'dal. Relating to a marsh or swamp.
Palus sanctus. Guaiacum wood.
Palu'stris. Palustrine. Relating to a
marsh, lake, or swamp.
Pamphi'lium. A plaster of Galen.
PAMPI'NIFORM. (Papiniformis ; from
pampinus, a tendril, and forma, a likeness.)
Resembling a tendril ; applied to the spermatic
cord and the thoracic duct.
PAN-. A prefix (from nav, neuter of nac,
all), signifying all, every one, eveiy thing.
PANACE'A. (a, a;, f. ; from nav, all, and
atteouai, I cure.) A universal remedy.
Panacea anglica. P. solutiva. Magnesia.
Panacea dulcis holsatije. P. duplicata.
P. glauberi. The sulphate of potash.
Panacea lapsorum. The arnica montana.
Panacea mercurialis. Calomel.
Panacea vegetabilis. Saffron.
PANA'DA. Panata. Panatella. (Italian.)
Bread boiled in water to the consistence of
pap.
Panale'thes. An old cephalic plaster.
Pa'naris. Panaritia. Paronychia.
Pa'nary. Pertaining to bread.
PA'NAX. (ax, acis, f.) A genus of plants.
Polygamia. Diacia. Araliacea:. — P. quinque-
folium. Ginseng. The root is sweetish and
warm. The Chinese ascribe extraordinary vir-
tues to it, but it is of little value.
Panchymaoo'gum minerals. Calomel;
PAN
Panchymago'gus. An old term for medi-
cines, supposed to purge all humors.
Panc(e'nus. Synonymous with epidemic.
Pancra'tium. 1. An athletic exercise used
by the Greeks. 2. The squill. Scilla maritima.
PA'NCREAS. (as, atis, n.; from nav, all,
and icpeac, flesh.) A glandular viscus of the
abdomen, of a long figure, situated in the epi-
gastric region under the stomach. The pro-
longed portion at the right extremity has been
called. Pancreas ascllii. It is composed of
numerous small glands, the excretory ducts of
which unite and form one duct, called the pan-
creatic duct, which perforates the duodenum
with the ductus communis choledochus, and
conveys a fluid, in its nature similar to saliva,
into the intestines. The pancreatic artery is a
branch of the splenic. The veins evacuate
themselves into the splenic vein. Its nerves
are from the par vagum and great intercostal.
The use of the pancreas is to secrete the pan-
creatic juice, which is to be mixed with the
chyle in the duodenum. The precise office of
this secretion is unknown.
Pancreas asellii. See Pancreas.
TANCREA'TIC. Pancreaticus. Of, or be-
longing to, the pancreas.
Pancreatic duct. Bee Ductus pancreaticus.
Pancreatic juice. See Pancreas.
Pancreatic sarcoma. A variety of tumor
described by Abernethy, occurring among the
lymphatic glands of the subcutaneous tissue,
and having the tuberculated appearance and
color of the pancreas.
Pancreati'tis. Inflammation of the pan-
creas.
Pa'ncreatoid. Resembling the pancreas.
Pancreato'ncus. A hard tumor of the pan
creas.
Pancre'ne. The pancreas.
Pandali'tium. A whitlow.
PANDE'MIC. (Pa?idemicus ; from nav, all,
and Snpoc, the people.) Synonymous with
epidemic.
PANDICULATION. (Pandiculatio, onis, f. ;
from pandiculo, to gape and stretch.) Yawn-
ing and stretching, such as often accompanies
the cold fit of an ague.
Pandu'riform. Panduriformis. Fiddle-
shaped. A leaf which is oblong, broad at the
two extremities, and contracted in the middle.
PANI'CLE. A species of compound in-
florescence, which bears the flowers in a sort of
loose, subdivided bunch or cluster, without any
order, appearing like a branched raceme.
Panic ula'te. Panicuthtus. Like a panicle.
PA'NICUM. (um, i, n.) A genus of grasses.
— P. italicum yields the Italian millet-seed. —
P. miliaceum yields the millet-seed.
PA'NIS. (is, is, m.) Bread.
Panis cuculi. Oxalis acetosella.
Panis porci'nus. A species of cyclamen.
PANNI'CULUS. (us, i,m.; a small piece of
cloth ; from pannus, cloth . ) Applied, in Anato-
my, to the adipose membrane, panniculus adi-
posus ; and to the subcutaneous muscle of quad-
rupeds and birds, panniculus carnosus.
Panno'nica. Hypochseris maculata.
PA'NNUS. (K),t,m.; a piece of cloth.) 1.
A tent for a wound. 2. A disease of the eye.
483
P AP
See Pterygium. 3. An irregular mark upon the
skin.
Pannus lenticularis. Ephelis.
Pannus hepaticus. Diffused symptomatic
ephelis.
PaWchia. A bubo in the groin.
PANOPHO'BIA. (a, a, f. ; from Ilav, a
Greek deity, and tpo6oc, fear.) That kind of
melancholy which is principally characterized
by groundless fears.
Panophthalmitis. Inflammation of the
whole eye.
Pansy. Viola tricolor.
Pantago'gue. Expelling all morbid humors.
Panto'lmius. A troch described by
Paulus iEgineta.
Pa'nting. Anhelation.
Pantophobia. See Panophobia.
PA'NUS. (us, i, in.; « weaver's roll.) 1.
A glandular tumor or bubo. 2. Synonymous
with phygethlon.
PAPA'VER. (er, eris, n.) 1. A genus of
plants. Polyandria. Monogynia. Papaver-
acem. 2. The white poppy, papaver album.
Papaver album. P. officinale. The white
poppy. See Papaver somniferum.
Papaver erraticum. See Papaver rhosas.
Papaver nigrum. The black poppy. A
variety of the white poppy producing black
seeds.
Papaver rhceas. P. erraticum. The red
poppy. The heads of this species, like those
of the somniferum, contain a milky juice of a
narcotic quality, from which an extract is pre-
pared that has been successfully employed as a
narcotic. The flowers have somewhat of the
smell of opium, and a mucilaginous taste, ac-
companied with a slight degree of bitterness.
A syrup of the flowers is thought useful as an
anodyne and pectoral, and is prescribed in
coughs and catarrhal affections.
Papaver somni'ferum. The white poppy,
from which opium is obtained. This is the con-
creted milky juice of the capsule or head of the
poppy, and is brought from Turkey, Egypt, and
the East Indies.
It should be of a rich brown color, a tough
consistency, and a tolerably smooth and uniform
texture. Its peculiar narcotic smell should be
strong and fresh. Its taste is nauseously bitter,
and slightly warm and acrid. When good
opium is carefully dried, it becomes brittle, and
affords a yellow-brown powder. The East In-
dia opium is darker, has an empyreumatic smell,
and is not as active as the Turkey.
Opium consists of morphia, narcotine, codeine,
and other less important bases, with mucilage,
oil, &c. It yields its properties fully to alco-
hol, and partially to water. Opium is stimulant
in small doses, sedative and narcotic in larger.
It is exhibited in painful and spasmodic affec-
tions, quiets irritability of the gastric and intes-
tinal muscular coat, promotes the alterative ac-
tion of mercury, and seems to suppress abnor-
mal excess in the secretions. It is contra-indi-
cated in inflammatory affections of the brain,
and in fever before the bowels have been re-
lieved ; but under other circumstances is freely
administered. In intermittents it often breaks
up a paroxysm. In acute inflammations, given
484
PAR
in large doses, it sometimes breaks up the irri-
tation at once. In typhoid diseases and gan-
grene it acts as a cordial. In over-doses it ia
poisonous, producing tremors, torpor, and apo-
plexy. The patient is to be roused and kept
awake, and emesis produced by sulphate of
zinc or a mixture of mustard. Vomiting is to be
encouraged, and the bowels opened by enemas ;
subsequently, the strength is to be sustained by
stimulants. Dose, as a stimulant, gr. \ to gr. \ ;
as a sedative, gr. j. to gr. v.
The capsules, or heads of the poppy, are also
directed for medicinal use in the form of fomen-
tation — see Decoctumpapaveris; and the syrupus
papaveris, prepared from them, is a useful an-
odyne, which often succeeds in procuring sleep
whero opium fails : it is, however, more espe-
cially adapted to children. The seeds of this
species of poppy contain a bland oil, and in
many places are eaten as food : as a medicine,
they have been usually given in the form of
emulsion in catarrhs, stranguries, &c.
PAPAVERA'CEjE. The poppy tribe of dico-
tyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants, with
leaves divided, alternate ; flowers, polypetalous,
single on long peduncles ; petals, four, or some
multiple of four, cruciate; stamens, hypogynous;
ovarium, solitary ; seeds, numerous.
Papaw. The Carica papaya.
Papilionace.&. A name for the leguminosae.
PAPILIONACEOUS. (From papilio, a but-
terfly, which it resembles.) Papilionaceus.
Butterfly-like. Applied to the corolla of plants,
like the pea and bean.
PAPI'LLA. («, a, f. J from pappus, down.)
1. The nipple of the breast. See Mamma. 2.
The fine termination of a nerve, &c. ; as the
nervous papillce of the tongue, skin, &c.
PAriLL^E medullares. Small eminences on
the medulla oblongata.
Papillo'sus. Papillose ; pimpled.
Pappo'sus. Pappose ; furnished with a pap-
pus of seed-down.
PA'PPUS. (us, i, m. ; from naniToc.) 1. In
Anatomy, the hair on the middle of the chin. 2.
The seed-down.
PA'PULA. (a, ee, f. ; diminutive of pappa,
a nipple.) A very small and acuminated eleva-
tion of the cuticle, with an inflamed base, not
containing a fluid, nor tending to suppuration.
The duration of papulae is uncertain, but they
terminate, for the most part, in scurf.
PAPULiE. Pimples. An order in Dr. Wil-
lan's arrangement of cutaneous diseases, char-
acterized by very small and acuminated eleva-
tions of the cuticle, with an inflamed base, very
seldom containing a fluid, or suppurating, and.
commonly terminating in scurf. The order con-
tains Strophulus, Lichen, and Prurigo.
PA'R. (ar, oris, n. ; a pair.) A. pair; ap-
plied more especially to the pairs of nervea
arising from the brain.
Par cucullare. So Casserius calls the crieo'
arytcenoid muscle.
Par vagum. The eighth pair of nerves. See
Pneumogastric nerve.
PARA-. A prefix (from irapa, near, about),
signifying resemblance, diminution, or defect*
ive.
Paraba'nic acid. An animai acid, derived
PAR
from the action of nitric acid on uric acid or
alloxan. It is a colorless, crystalline body, of
the composition C e N 2 Cv2HO, and one of the
products of the. oxydation of uric acid.
PARABY'SMA. (a, atis, n.; napa6va/xa;
from irapa6vu, to intrude, to cram in, to con-
gest.) Turgesceuce. Dr. Good has applied
this term to a genus of diseases comprehended
by Cullen and others under that of physconia.
PARACELSISTS. The followers of Para-
celsus, who first introduced mineral remedies,
and laid the foundation of the present decisive
treatment in the place of the ancient mode of
exhibiting simples.
PARACENTESIS, (is, is, f. ; from irapaicev-
teu, to pierce through.) Tapping. The opera-
tion of evacuating the water in ascites, dropsy
of the ovarium, &c.
Para'cme. Decline.
PARA'COE. (From irapa, diminutive, and
okovu, to hear.) Dullness of hearing.
Paracolle'ticus. Agglutinant; causing the
union of parts pretematurally separated.
Para'cope. YiapaKOTZTj. A slight delirium. —
Hippocrates.
Paracru'sis. (Tlapanpovaig; from irapaxpov-
Ofiai, to be delirious.) A slight delirium.
PARACU'SIS. (is, is, i.; from irapa,
wrong, and aitovu, to hear. ) Depraved hearing.
There are three species: 1. P. imperfecta, or
deafness ; when existing sounds are not heard
as usual. 2. P. imaginaria; when imaginary
sounds are heard, not from without, but excited
within the ear. 3. P. acris. P. oxycoia. Pain-
fully acute hearing, a symptom in otalgia and
cerebral diseases. In attempting the removal of
deafness, the first thing to be done is to remove
from the auditory canal every thing that may
obstruct the passage to the ear, as wax, tumors,
&c, by syringing with warm water, which will
cause the person to hear. If the internal ear,
or the immediate organ of hearing, be the seat
of the cause of deafness, little can be done, be-
cause the cause is not known ; but blisters be-
hind the ear, stimulating applications to the
auditory canal and around the ear, are often
useful.
Paracy'anogen. A solid black substance,
isomeric with cyanogen, which is left in the
retort after the decomposition of the cyanide
of mercury, &c.
PARACYE'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from irapa, badly,
and kvtjolc, pregnancy.) Extra-uterine or mor-
bid pregnancy.
Paracyna'nche. Cynauche.
Paradise, grains of. Paradisi grana. See
Amomum granum paradisi.
Para'dox. A statement which appears ab-
surd and contrary to experience, but is never-
theless true.
Para'ffine. A fatty, indifferent substance,
derived from the distillation of coal-tar.
PARAGEU'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from irapa, badly,
and yevu, gustum prasbco. ) Morbid or depraved
taste.
Paraglo'ssa. A swelled, prolapsed, or dis-
placed tongue.
Parago'ge. The articulation of a bone.
Paraguay tea. Ilex paraguayensis
Parala'mpsis. Some writers use th
this word
PAR
to express a cicatrix in the transparent part of
the cornea of the eye.
Para'lias. Euphorbia paralias.
Paralla'gma. Parallaxis. The transposition
of a solid part from its proper place ; as where
one part of a broken bone lies over another.
Paralle'la. A scurfy, syphilitic eruption,
affecting only the palms of the hands, and run-
ning down them in parallel lines. — Forestut.
Paralo'phia. The lower and lateral part of
the neck, near the vertebra?.
PARA'LYSIS. (is, is, f. ; from trapalvu, to
loosen or weaken.) Palsy. A disease known by
a loss or diminution of the power of voluntary
motion, affecting any part of the body. The most
usual form of palsy is when one side of the body
is affected : it not uncommonly seizes the lower
extremities, or all parts below the pelvis ; some-
times the arms only ; and occasionally a part, as
one side of the face, one eyelid, the tongue, or
the muscles of deglutition. Cullen has four
species: 1. P. partialis, when partial, or palsy
of some particular muscle. 2. P. hemiplegica,
when it affects one side longitudinally. 3. P.
paraplegica, palsy of one half of the body, taken
transversely, as both legs and thighs. 4. P.
venenata, when it arises from the sedative effects
of poison.
Paralysis is also symptomatic of several dis-
eases ; as worms, scrofula, syphilis, &c.
It may arise in consequence of an attack of
apoplexy. It may likewise be occasioned by
any thing that prevents the flow of the nervous
power from the brain into the organs of motion ;
as tumors pressing on the spinal cord or on
the nerves. It may also be occasioned by the
metastasis of morbid actions to the head by the
suppression of usual evacuations, and by the
pressure made on the nerves by luxations, frac-
tures, wounds, or other external injuries. The
long-continued application of sedatives will like-
wise produce palsy, as we find those whose oc-
cupations subject them to the constant hand-
ling of white lead, and those who are much ex-
posed to the poisonous fumes of metals or min-
erals, are very apt to be attacked with it. What-
ever tends to relax and enervate the system
may likewise prove an occasional cause of this
disease.
It usually comes on with a 6udden and imme-
diate loss of the motion and sensibility of the
parts ; but in a few instances it is preceded by
a numbness, coldness, and paleness, and some-
times by slight convulsive twitches. When the
head * s much affected, the eye and mouth are
drawn on one side, the memory and judgment
are much impaired, and the speech is indistinct
and incoherent. If the disease affects the ex-
tremities, and has been of long duration, it not
only produces a loss of motion and sensibility,
but likewise a considerable flaccidity and wast-
ing away in the muscles of the parts affected.
When palsy attacks any vital part, such as
the brain, heart, or lungs, it soon terminates
fatally. When it arises as a consequence of
apoplexy, it generally proves very difficult to
cure. Paralytic affections of the lower extrem-
ities, ensuing from any injury done to the spinal
marrow by blows and other accidents, usually
prove incurable. Palsy, although a dangerous
485
PA R
■disease in even* instance, particularly at an ad-
vanced period of life, is sometimes removed by
the occurrence of a diarrhoea or fever.
The general indications are, to remove, as far
as possible, any compressing cause, and to rouse
the nervous system. It will sometimes be
proper, where the attack is sudden, the disease
originating in the head, with great determina-
tion of blood to that part, particularly in a pleth-
oric habit, to open the temporal artery or jugular
vein, or apply cupping-glasses to the neck, and
exhibit active purges, with the other means
pointed out under apoplexy. But where the
patient is advanced in life, of a debilitated con-
stitution, and not too full of blood, the object
should rather be to procure regular and healthy
discharges from the bowels, obviate irritation
in the brain by blisters in the neighborhood,
and procure a steady determination to the skin
by gently stimulant diaphoretics, as ammonia,
guaiacum, &0., in moderate doses, regularly per-
severed in. Emetics have been sometimes very
useful under these circumstances, but would be
dangerous where congestion in the brain exist-
ed. Certain narcotic substances have been
found occasionally successful, as aconite, arnica,
toxicodendron, mix vomica, and opium; but the
tendency of the latter to produce fullness of the
vessels of the head must greatly limit its use.
Various local means of increasing the circulation
and nervous energy in the affected parts are re-
sorted to in this complaint, often with decided
benefit. In all cases it is jiroper to keep up
sufficient warmth in the limb, or the disease
may be rendered incurable. But in addition
to this, in tedious cases, fomentations, the vapor
bath, friction, electricity, and a variety of stimu-
lant, rubefacient, or even vesicatory embroca-
tions, liniments, and plasters, may assist mate-
rially in the recovery of the patient. In those
cases where there is pain discovered over some
of the lumbal" or dorsal vertebra;, with loss of
power below the affected portions, issues, mox-
as, and other cauteries are employed over the
part, and occasionally with great advantage. A
suitable diet, according to the habit of the pa-
tient, warm clothing, the prudent use of the cold
bath, and other means calculated to strengthen
the system, must not be neglected.
Paralysis agitans. The shaking palsy.
Synclonus ballismus.
Paralysis, Bell's. The paralysis of the
face, arising from a lesion of the portio dura of
the seventh pair of nerves.
Paralysis hkrba. Primula veris.
Paralysis rachialgia. Colica pictonum.
Paralysis spinalis. Paralysis paraplegica.
See Paralysis.
Paralytic stroke. See Paralysis.
Para'lyzers. A subdivision of narcotics,
including conia, and such agents as produce
effects resembling a transient paralysis. — Pa-
reira.
PARAME'NIA. (a, m, f. ; from irapa, badly,
and ptTjv, the menses ) Disordered menstrua-
tion. The species are, Dysmenorrhea, Amenor-
rhea, Menorrhagia, and Vicarious Menstruation.
Paramenispe'rmine. A principle existing
with menispermine in the testa of cocculus in-
dicus.
486
PAR
Parame'ria. The inner part of the thigh.
Par'amesus. The ring finger.
PARARAMO'RPHIA. (From irapa, wrong,
and uoptyrj, form.) 1. Morbid structure. Ap-
plied to organic diseases. 2. Thebaine.
Parana'phthaline. A body accompanying
naphthaline in coal-tar.
Paraneuri'smus. A nervous disease.
Parance'a. Paranoia. Synonymous with
dementia.
Parape'chyum. The arm from the elbow to
the wrist.
PARAPHIMO'SIS. {is, is, f . ; from irapa,
about, and <j>i/xou, to bridle.) When the pre-
puce, being retracted, can not be returned again
over the glans, but makes a sort of ligature be-
hind the corona. Cold lotions and leeches gen-
erally reduce the inflammation and remove the
constriction; but if it does not give way to
these, and the glans is strangulated, it will be
necessary to divide the prepuce in order to set
it at liberty. See Phimosis.
PARAPHO'NIA. (a, a, f.; from irapa,
wrong, and (j>uvtj, sound.) Alteration of the
voice. Dr. Cullen makes the following species:
1. P. puberum. The voice of puberty. 2. P.
rauca. The voice hoarse and rough, from dry-
ness, or a flaccid tumor of the fauces. 3. P.
rcsonans. Rough voice, from obstruction of
the nares, with hissing sound in the nose. 4.
P. palatina. From the uvula being wanting,
or divided, and commonly attended with hare-
lip, the voice rough, obscure, and disagreeable.
5. P. clangens. An acute, shrill, and weak-
toned voice. 6. P. comatosa. A sound emitted
at inspiration, from relaxation of the velum
palati and of the glottis.
In all these instances the change of the voice
is symptomatic, and the cure depends on the
removal of the primary disease.
PARA'PHORA. (a, a, f. ; from napafopu,
to transfer. ) A slight kind of delirium, or light-
headedness in a fever. Some use this word for
a delirium in general.
PARAPHRENE'SIS. (is, is, f.) A de-
lirium ; also, a paraphrenias.
Paraphrenias. Synonym of diaphragm-
atitis.
Paraphro'nia. Delirium.
PARAPHRO'SYNE. (From irapaippoveu, to
be estranged iii mind.) Mental derangement;
used in the same sense as mania.
Paraphrosyne temulenta. Delirium
tremens.
Paraphimosis. See Paraphimosis.
PARAPLE'GIA. (a, a, f.; from irapa-
irhrjoau, to strike inharmoniously.) Palsy of
the upper or lower half of the body. See
Paralysis.
Parapleuritis. Pleurodynia.
Parapople'xia. A slight apoplexy.
PARA'PSIS. (is, is, f. ; from irapa, per-
peram, and airrouai, tango.) Dr. Mason Good's
generic name for disorders of the sense of
touch.
Pararthre'ma. A subluxation.
Pararrh'ythmos. A pulse not suitable to
the age of the person.
Parasckpa'stra. A bandage to go round
the whole head. — Galen.
PAR
Para'schide. A splinter of a broken bone.
Parasi'ta. Parasites.
Parasite. An animal or plant that is para-
sitical.
PARASl'TICAL. {Parasiticus; from irapa-
GLToe, a parasite.) Parasitic. An animal is so
termed that receives its nourishment from the
bodies of others; as worms, polypi, hydatids,
&c. A plant is so called that does not take
root in the earth, but sends its roots into other
plants.
Paras pa'dia. When the urethra opens at
the side of the penis.
Paka'sphagis. The neck near the clavicles.
PARA'STATES. ( YlapaaraTrjc ; from nape a-
TTj/ii, to stand near.) Any thing situated near
another. Applied by the Greek anatomists to
the epididymis, to the prostate gland, and to the
commencement of the vas deferens.
Parastre'mma. A convulsive distortion of
the mouth, or any part of the face.
Parasynanche. Cynanche parotidea.
Parata'rtaric acid. Racemic acid.
PARA'THENAR. («r, oris, n. ; from napa,
near, and devap, the sole of the foot.) Wins-
low called a portion of the abductor of the lit-
tle toe by the name of paralhenar major, and
the short flexor of the same toe he called para-
thenar minor.
Paratrg'phe. Imperfect or misdirected nu-
trition.
Pa'rchment sound. See Bruit dc parchemin.
Pare'ccrisis. Disordered secretion.
PAREGO'RIC. (Paregoricus ; from napa-
yopeu, to mitigate, to assuage.) Anodyne.
Paregoric elixir. The tinctura camphoraj
composita.
Parei'a. Tlapsta. The cheek.
Parei'ra brava. Cissampelos pareira.
Parence'phalis. The cerebellum.
Parenchephalocele. A hernia of tho cere-
bellum.
PARE'NCHYMA. (a, atis, n. ; from na-
oeyxvu, to strain through ; because the ancients
believed the blood was strained through it.)
1. The spongy and cellular substance or tissue
that connects parts together. It is applied to
the connecting medium of the substance of the
viscera. 2. The green, succulent layer of tho
leaf or bark.
Pa'resis. An imperfect palsy.
PAR PETAL. (Parietalis; from paries, a
wall.) Appertaining to a wall, or to the side
of an object.
Parieta'le os. The parietal bones are two
arched and somewhat quadrangular bones, sit-
uated one on each side of the superior part of
the cranium. The only foramen toward the
upper and posterior part (the parietal foramen)
serves for the transmission of a small vein to the
longitudinal sinus. On the inside of their up-
per edge is a furrow, which corresponds with
the longitudinal sinus of the dura mater ; and
lower down, toward their posterior and inferior
angle, is a smaller one for part of the lateral
sinuses.
PARIETA'RIA. (a,<c,f.) A genus of plants.
Polygamia. Monacia. — P. officinalis. The
wall pellitory. It was formerly in high esti-
mation as a diuretic.
PAR
Parietes. (The plural of paries.) A name
given to those parts which form enclosures.
Pari'lline. Pariglin. The same as smila-
cine.
PA'RIS. (it, it, {A A genus of plants. Oc-
tandria. Tetragynia. — P. quadrifolia. The
herb Paris, or true love. It is narcotic and
emetic.
PARI'STHMIA. (From napa, and urrO/uov,
tho fauces.) 1. The parts constituting the fau-
ces. 2. Inflammation of the fauces. — Hippo-
crates.
Paristhmio'tomus. An old instrument with
which the tonsils were scarified.
PARISTHMPTIS. (is, idis, f. ; from nap
ladfitov, the tonsil gland.) Inflammation of the
fauces; cynanche.
Paris white. Prepared chalk.
Park-leaves. Hypericum androsamrum.
Parodo'ntis. A painful tubercle upon the
gums.
Parody'nia. Morbid or perverted parturi-
tion.
Parodynia secundaria. dolorosa. The
after-pains.
Paroni'ria. Disturbance of the sleep by
unpleasant dreams.
PARONYCHIA, (a, a, f.; from napa,
about, and ovvi; , the nail. ) A whitlow, or whit-
loe, of the finger. These abscesses are situated
more or less deep, which has induced the
writers upon the subject to divide them into
several species : accordingly, they have ranged
them under four heads, agreeably to the places
where they are formed. The first kind is form-
ed under the cuticle, on one side of the nail,
and sometimes all round it. The second is
seated in the fat lying under the skin, between
that and the sheath which involves the flexor
tendons. The third is described by authors to
be formed within the sheath ; and they still add
a fourth species, arising between the periosteum
and the bone, which they call felon. Poultices
are particularly useful in whitlow. In all cases
where the pus is deep seated, the abscess must
be opened with the lancet.
Paro'pije. The external angles of the eyes.
PARO'PSIS. (is, is, f.; from napa, badly,
and oipic, visus, sight.) Dr. Mason Good's ge-
neric term for disorders of the sense of vision.
See Dysopia.
Paro'psis illusoria. Pseudoblepsis.
Paropsis lateralis. Lateral vision. See
Dysopia.
Taropte'sis. A provocation of sweat by a
fire or the dry bath.
Parora'sis. Weak or depraved sight.— -
Galen.
PARORCH^'DIUM. (um, ii, n. ; from napa,
and opxifitov, a testicle.) Malposition of tho
testicle, whether consisting in its detention in
the abdomen or at the groin, or in a retraction
of the organ into the groin.
Paro'rchido-enterocele. Intestinal hernia,
complicated with malposition of the testicle.—
Sauvages.
Paro'smia. Parosmis. Morbid or depraved
smell.
Paro'stia. Defective ossification.
Parotide'us. The parotid gland.
487
PAR
PAROTID GLAND. Glandula parotidea.
Parotit. A large conglomerate and salival
gland, situated under the ear, between the
mammillary process of the temple bone and the
angle of the lower jaw. The excretory duct
of this gland perforates the buccinator muscle,
and opens into the mouth opposite to the space
between the second and third molar tooth of
the upper jaw. It secretes the saliva.
Parotido'ncus. A swelling of the parotid
gland.
PARO'TIS. 1. The parotid gland. 2. An
inflammatory swelling of the parotid gland.
PAROTI'TIS. lis, idis, f. ; from parotis,
the parotid gland, and itis, inflammation.) Cy-
nanche parotidea. The mumps. An inflamma-
tion of the parotid gland. As the inflammation
takes place, the cheeks become swollen and
painful, there is difficulty iu opening the mouth
and in swallowing. Very little constitutional
derangement attends this disease. It is believ-
ed to be contagious. It attacks children, and
declines about the fourth or sixth day. It is
seldom of moment, and is treated by applying
flannel or stimulating liniment, and opening the
bowels ; but it may pass by metastasis to the
testes, mamma?, or brain. It may, however,
become malignant in scrofulous and cachectic
persons.
PA'ROXYSM. {Paroxysmus, i, m. ; from
irapol-vvu, to aggravate.) 1. An obvious in-
crease of the symptoms of a disease which lasts
a certain time and then declines. 2. A period-
ical attack or fit of a disease, as that of an ague.
Parsley. Apium petroselinum.
Parsley, black mountain. Athamanta oreo-
selinum.
Parsley, fool's. CEthusa cynapium.
Parsley, Macedonian. Bubon macedoni-
cum.
Parsley, stone. Amomum verum.
Parsnip. Pastinaca sativa.
Parsnip, cow's. Heracleum spondylium.
Parsnip, water. Sium nodiflorum.
Parthenia'strum. Parthe'nium. Matri-
caria parthenium.
Parthenium mas. Tanacetum vulgare.
Parti'te. Partitus. Cut, as it were, almost
to the base ; and, according to the number of
incisions, bipartite when two, tripartite when
three, quadripartite when four, quinque-partite
when five, &c.
Pa'rtridge-berry. Gaultheriaprocumbens.
Partu'rient. Parturiens. Pertaining to
childbed ; the lying-in state.
Parturifa'cient. That which assists or
causes parturition ; as ergot.
PART URI'TION. (Parturitio, onis, f. ; from
pario, to bring forth young.) The expulsion
of the foetus from the uterus. A viable foetus
may be born at seven months, or even before,
but this seldom occurs, it being usually nine
months old before birth ; but instances are re-
lated where the child was ten months old;
hence the French have allowed that a child
may be legitimate when born 299 days after
conception.
The physical causes that determine the exit
of the foetus are the contraction of the uterus,
and that of the abdominal muscles ; by their
488
PAR
force the liquor amnii flows out, the head of
the foetus is engaged in the pelvis, it goes
through it, and soon passes out by the vulva,
the folds of which disappear. These different
phenomena take place in succession, and con-
tinue a certain time ; they are accompanied with
pains more or less severe, with swelling and
softening of the soft parts of the pelvis and ex-
ternal genital parts, and with an abundant mu-
cous secretion in the cavity of the vagina. All
these circumstances, each in its own way, favor
the passage of the foetus.
To facilitate the study of this complicated
action, it must be divided into several periods.
The first period of childbirth. — Itis constitu-
ted by the precursory signs. Two or three
days before childbirth, a flow of mucus takes
place from the vagina, the external genital parts
swell, and become softer: it is the same with
the ligaments that unite the bones of the pelvis;
the cervix uteri flattens, its opening is enlarged,
its edges become thinner; slight pains, known
by the name oi flying pains, are felt in the loins
and abdomen.
Second period. — Pains of a peculiar kind
come on : they begin in the lumbar region, and
seem to be propagated toward the cervix uteri
or the rectum; they are renewed only after
considerable intervals, as a quarter or half an
hour. Each of them is accompanied with an
evident contraction of the body of the uterus,
with tension of its neck, and dilatation of the
opening: the finger, directed into the vagina,
discovers that the envelopes of the foetus are
pushed outward, and that there is a considerable
tumor, which is called the waters: the pains
very soon become stronger, and the contractions
of the uterus more powerful; the membranes
break, and a part of the liquid escapes; the
uterus contracts on itself, and is applied to the
surface of the foetus.
Third period. — The pains and contractions
of the uterus increase considerably; they are
instinctively accompanied by the contraction of
the abdominal muscles. The woman who is
aware of their effect is inclined to favor them,
in making all the muscular efforts of which she
is capable: her pulse then becomes stronger
and more frequent, her face is animated, her
eyes shine, her whole body is in extreme agita-
tion, and perspiration flows in abundance. The
head is next engaged in the pelvis : the occiput,
placed at first above the left acetabulum, is di-
rected inward and downward, and comes below
and behind the arch of the pubis.
Fourth period. — After some instants of re-
pose, the pains and. expulsive contractions re-
sume all their activity : the head presents itself
at the vulva, makes an effort to pass, and suc-
ceeds when there happens to be a contraction
sufficiently strong to produce this effect. The
head being once disengaged, the remaining
parts of the body easily follow, on account of
their smaller volume. The section of the um-
bilical cord is then made, and a ligature is put
round it at a short distance from the umbilicus.
Fifth period. — If the accoucheur has not pro-
ceeded immediately to the extraction of the
placenta after the birth of the child, slight pains
are felt in a short time, the uterus contracts
PAR
freely, but with force enough to throw off the
placenta, and the membranes of the ovum : this
expulsion bears the name of delivery. During
the twelve or fifteen days that follow childbirth,
the uterus contracts by degrees upon itself, the
woman suffers abundant perspirations, her mam-
mas are distended by the milk that they secrete ;
a flow of matter, which takes place from the
vagina, called lochia, first sanguiferous, then
whitish, indicates that the organs of the woman
resume, by degrees, tho disposition that they
had before conception.
Such is the course of a natural labor, the ac-
complishment of which implies the completion
of the natural term of gestation — a proper con-
firmation on the part of the mother — and a nat-
ural development and normal position of the
part of the foetus. Various deviations from
these conditions give rise to different irregular-
ities in the process of parturition, attended with
greater or less danger to the mother and child.
The subdivision of labors has been carried by
many writers to a frivolous degree of minute-
ness, especially by some French authors. The
classification adopted by Dr. Burns is perhaps
the most practically useful. It is as follows :
Class I. Natural labor. Labor taking place at
the end of the ninth month of pregnancy;
the child presenting the central portion of the
sagittal suture, and the forehead being direct-
ed at first toward the sacro-iliac symphysis ; a
due proportion existing between the size of
the head and the capacity of the pelvis : the
pains being regular and effective; the pro-
cess not continuing beyond twenty-four hours,
seldom above twelve, and veiy often not for
six. No morbid affection supervening, capa-
ble of preventing delivery, or endangering
the life of the woman.
This comprehends only one order.
Class II. Premature labor, or labor taking
place considerably before the completion of
the usual period of utero-gestation, but yet
not so early as necessarily to prevent the
child from surviving.
This comprehends only one order.
Class III. Preternatural labors, or those in
which the presentation, or position of the
child, is different from that which occurs in
natural labor ; or in which tha uterus contains
a plurality of children, or monsters.
This comprehends seven orders.
Order 1. Presentation of the breech.
Order 2. Presentation of the inferior ex-
tremities.
Order 3. Presentation of the superior ex-
tremities.
Order 4. Presentation of the back, belly,
or sides of the child.
Order 5. Malposition of the head.
Order 6. Presentation of the funis.
Order 7. Plurality of children, or mon-
sters.
Class IV. Tedious labor, or labor protracted
beyond the usual duration; the delay not
caused by the malposition of the child, and
the process capable of being finished safely,
without the use of extracting instruments.
This comprehends two orders.
Order 1. Where the delay proceeds from
PAS
some imperfection or irregularity of mus-
• cular action.
Order 2. Where it is dependent principally
on some mechanical impediment.
Class V. Laborious or instrumental labor; la-
bor which can not be completed without the
use of extracting instruments, or altering the
proportion between the size of the child and
the capacity of the pelvis.
This comprehends two orders.
Order 1. This case admitting the use of
such instruments as do not necessarily
destroy the child.
Order 2. The obstacle to delivery being so
great as to require that the life of the
child should be sacrificed for the safety
of the mother.
Class VI. Impracticable labor ; labor in which
the child, even when reduced in size, can
not pass through the pelvis.
This comprehends only one order.
Class VII. Complicated labor ; labor attended
with some dangerous or troublesome acci-
dent or disease, connected in particular in-
stances with the process of parturition.
This comprehends six orders.
Order 1. Labor complicated with uterine
hemorrhage.
Order 2. Labor complicated with hemor-
rhage from other organs.
Order 3. Labor complicated with syncope.
Order 4. Labor complicated with convul-
sions.
Order 5. Labor complicated with rapture
of the uterus.
Order 6. Labor complicated with suppres-
sion of urine, or rupture of the bladder.
The number of irregular labors, as compared
with the natural, does not amount to more than
two per cent., and those requiring the use of
instruments do not exceed four to six in a thou-
sand.
PA'RTUS. (us, us, m. ; from pario, to bring
forth young.) 1. Labor. 2. The young when
brought forth.
PARU'LIS. {is, idis, f. ; from irapa, near,
and ov?lov, tho gum.) An inflammation, boil,
or abscess in the gums. A gum-boil is often a
primary disease, depending on an inflammation
of the gums from accidental and common caus-
es, in which case the lancet, or leaving it to
nature, soon restores the gum to a healthy
state. But sometimes it arises from a carious
tooth, or from cutting the dentes sapientise.
From the first of these the gum-boil frequently
returns, and requires the removal of the tooth ;
from the latter, much irritation is often pro-
duced, and the jaw and face swell considerably.
If there be constitutional disturbance with it,
leeches and purgatives are to be resorted to.
Paru'ria. Morbid secretion or discharge
of urine.
Pa'sma. A dry powder to sprinkle over the
body. See Catapasma.
PA'SSA. 1. A grape or raisin. 2. A whit-
low. — Paracelsus.
Passa minor. Uva passa minor.
PASSIFLO'RA. («,«,f.) A genus of plants.
Gynandria. Pentandria. Passiflortz.—P. law-
rifolia. Bay-leaved passion-flower. A native
489
PAT
of Surinam. The fruit is grateful. — P. mali-
fortnis. Apple-shaped granadilla. The fruit
is esteemed a delicacy in the West Indies.
Passio. In medical language, a disease or
affection.
Passio hysterica. See Hysteria.
Passio ileaca. See lleac passion.
PASSION. (Yladmia. Passio, onis, f. ; from
potior, to suffer.) By passion is generally un-
derstood an instinctive feeling become extreme
and exclusive. The passions have great influ-
ence on health, and ai'e hence divided into de-
pressing and animating. See Pathema animi.
Passion, cceliac. Diarrhoea coeliaca.
Passion, hysteric. Hysteria.
Passion, ileac. Ileac passion.
PA'SSIVE. Passivus. A medical term ap-
plied to the varieties of disease in which the
vital force or tone of the organs seems to be
diminished, and there js little reaction. When
the affection is the result of debility, as passive
hemorrhage, it occurs by exudation of the blood.
Pa'ssula. A small raisin.
Passula major. A raisin.
Passula'tus. Applied to some medicines
in which raisins are the chief ingredients.
Pa'ssum. Raisin wine.
Pa'sta. A cake or lozenge.
Pasti'lles, fumigating. See Fumigating
pastilles.
PASTI'LLUM. (urn, i, n. ; diminutive of
pasta, a lozenge.) Pastillus. A pastil or troch.
PASTINA'CA. (a, a, f.) 1. The parsnip.
2. A genus of plants. Pentandria. Digynia.
Umbellifcra. — P. opopanax. See Opopanax. —
P. saliva. The parsnip. Its roots are sweet
and nutritious. The wild roots are used as a
diuretic.
PATE ARSENICALE. Arsenical paste.
This consists of seventy parts of cinnabar,
twenty-two of dragon's blood, and eight of
white arsenic, made into a paste with saliva at
the time of its application. It was much used in
France as a caustic to destroy cancerous tumors.
PATE'LLA. (a, a, f. ; diminutive oipatina,
a dish.) Rotula. The knee-pan. A small flat
bone, which in some measure resembles the
common figure of the heart, and placed at the
fore part of the joint of the knee. Anteriorly
it is a little convex, and rough for the insertion
of muscles and ligaments; posteriorly it is
smooth, covered with cartilage, and divided
by a middle longitudinal ridge into two slight-
ly concave surfaces, both exactly adapted to the
pulley of the os femoris.
Pa'tens. Patent. Expanding. Spreading.
PATHE'MA. (a, atis, n.) Passion; emo-
tion; affection.
Pathemata animi. Passions of the mind.
These are divided into the exciting and de-
pressing ; and each of these, again, in a medical
point of view, info such as excite suddenly and
with temporary violence, or more slowly and
permanently.
Passions are subdivided into,
1. Exciting*
a. In a violent degree; as rage, intense en-
thusiasm, b. More moderately ; as joy, emula-
tion, desire, hope, benevolence, love.
2. Depressing.
490
PD
a. In a violent degree; as terror, grief, b.
More moderately ; as fear, jealousy, envy, re-
sentment.
3. Calming ; as veneration, admiration, con-
templation.
Persons of strong, active imaginations, san-
guine in temperament, and eager in their pur-
suits and expectations, are most liable to, and
suffer most from, the violently exciting passions.
The effects are often apoplexy, palsy, hemor-
rhage, jaundice. The depressing passions are,
in different degrees, sedative. The more vio-
lent ones are sometimes fatal in a moment.
The others slowly undermine the constitution,
weaken every function, and produce indigestion
and dropsy.
PATHE'TICUS. (Pathetic; from nadoc, an
affection.) Appertaining to the passions. .
Pathetici. The fourth pair of nerves.
Patheticus musculus. The superior ob-
lique muscle of the eye.
PATHOGE'NY. Pathogenic. (From ira-
6oc, a disease, and yeveaic, generation.) That
portion of pathology which relates to the origin
PATHOGNOMONIC. (Pathognomonics ;
from 'nadoc, a disease, and yivoanu, to know. )
A term given to those symptoms which are
peculiar to a disease. They are also termed
proper or characteristic symptoms.
PATHO'LOGY. (Pathalogia, a, f. ; from
•xadoc, a disease, and Xoyoc, a discourse.) The
doctrine of diseases. That branch of medicine
which treats of the nature of diseases. It is
divided into general pathology, which regards
what is common to a number of diseases taken
as a class; and special pathology, which treats
of individual diseases.
Pathological anatomy. The dissection of
diseased structures.
Patho'mania. Moral insanity. See Insanity.
Pa'thos. Tladoc. An affection; a disease.
Patie'ntia. Patience. Rumex patientia.
Pa'tor na'rium. The sinus, cavity, or chasm
of the nose. ,
Patrum cortex. Cinchona bark.
Pa'tulous. Patulus. Open: a descriptive
term often used.
Patu'rsa. The venereal disease.
Paul's betony. Veronica officinalis.
Paulina confectio. See Aristarchi antido-
tus paulina.
PAULLI'NIA. (a, a;, f.) A genus of sapin-
daceous plants. — P. sorbilis. A plant of South
America, and especially Brazil, the seeds of
which are used in the form of extract, and call-
ed Guarana or Guarine, as a stimulating tonic.
This substance has been introduced into Euro-
pean pharmacy, and was supposed to contain
a peculiar principle termed guarine, but which
is found to be theine or caffeine, the same sub-
stance as exists in tea and coffee.
Pavana. See Croton tiglium.
Pavi'lion of the ear. The expanding por-
tion, or ala auris of the ear.
Pavo cristatus. The pea-fowl. The flesh
of this bird is delicate when young.
PA'VOR. (or,oris,m.) 1. Fear. 2. The itch.
Pb. The symbol for lead ; plumbum.
Pd. The symbol for palladium.
TEC
Pea. Pisum sativum.
Pea-fowl. Pavo cristatiis.
Peach. Amygdalus persica.
Peagle. Primula veris.
Pear. Pyrus communis.
Peari,. See Margarita.
Pearlash. An impure carbonate of potash.
Pearl barley. See Hordeum.
PEARL WHITE. The subnitrato of bis-
muth.
Pearson's solution. This consists of a so-
lution of one grain of arsenito of soda in a fluid
ounce of water.
Pe'ccant humors. Secretions or fluids in a
diseased state.
Peche'dion. Uiixetiiov. The perineum.
Pechegu'era. A pulmonary disease occur-
ring in infants of three or four months in South
America, and which is speedily fatal.
Pechurim. See Pichurim.
Pechy'agra. The gout in the elbow.
Pe'chys. ItqxvQ. The cubit, or elbow.
Pechyty'rbe. The scurvy. — Forest.
Pecquet's duct. See Thoracic duct.
PE'CTEN. (en, inis, m.) The pubes.
Pe'ctic acid. See Pcctine.
PECTINA'LIS. (So named from its arising
at the pccten, or pubes.) Pectinams of authors.
A small flat muscle, situated obliquely between
the pubes and the little trochanter, at the up-
Eer and anterior part of the thigh. It arises,
road and fleshy, from the anterior edge of the
os pectinis, or pubis, as it is more commonly
called, as far as its spine ; and, descending ob-
liquely backward and outward, is inserted, by
a short and broad tendon, into the upper and
anterior part of the linea aspera of the os femo-
ris, a little below the lesser trochanter. This
muscle serves to bend the thigh, by drawing'it'
upward and inward, and likewise assists in
rolling it outward.
Pectina'te. Pectinalus. (From pectcn, a
comb.) 1. Comb-like; having the appearance
of a comb. 2. The fasciculated muscular fibres
of the right auricle of the heart are called mus-
culi pectinali.
Pectinjeus. See Pcctinalis.
Pectinous. Relating to pectine.
PE'CTINE. A, non-azotized and indifferent
body of plants, abounding in fruits and some
roots. It closely resembles gum tragacanth,
and is gelatinous. By the action of alkalies it
yields an uncrystallizable acid, the pectic, C12
H 8 O 10 +2HO.
PECTORAL. (Pectoral-is ; from pectus, the
breast.) Appertaining to the breast. Pectoral
medicines are those which relieve diseases of
the chest.
Pectoral moss. Lichen pulmonarius.
Pectoralis major. A broad, thick, fleshy,
and radiated muscle, situated immediately un-
der the integuments, and covering nearly the
whole anterior part of the breast. It arises
from the cartilages of the fifth and sixth ribs,
almost the whole length of the sternum, and
from more than a thud of the anterior part of
the clavicle. From these origins the fibres run
in a folding manner toward the axilla, and are
inserted, by a broad tendon, into the os humeri,
above the insertion of the deltoid muscle, and
PED'
at the outer side of the groove which lodges the
tendon of the long head of the biceps. This
and the latissimus dorsi form the cavity of the
axilla, or arm-pit. Its use is to move the arm
forward, or to raise it obliquely toward the
oternum.
Pectoralis minor. A small, fleshy, and
digitated muscle, situated at the anterior and
lateral part of the thorax, immediately under
the pectoralis major. It arises from the upper
edges of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near
where they join their cartilages, and is inserted,
by a flat tendon, into the upper part of the cor-
acoid process of the scapula. The principal
use of this muscle is to draw the scapula for
ward and downward ; and when that is fixed,
it may likewise serve to elevate the ribs.
PECTORI'LOQUY. (Pectoriloquium ; from
pectus, the chest, and loquor, to speak ; so call-
ed because the voice seems as it it proceeded
directly from the chest of the patient.) When
the stethescope is applied over an excavation
of the lungs which communicates with the
bronchia?, the voice appears to come direct
through the tube of the instrument from the
chest of the patient to the ear of the auscultator.
This phenomenon is called pectoriloquy. It is
distinguished into perfect, imperfect, and doubt-
ful. The two latter are with difficulty distin-
guishable from bronchophony, and are not at
all to be depended on unless in conjunction
with the symptoms. Pectoriloquy is most fre-
quently heard in the subclavicular and axillary
regions, because vomica) are most frequently
formed in the upper part of the lungs. Pecto-
riloquy may be suspended if the bronchial
tubes, which communicate with the excavation,
be obstructed. If the morbid cavity communi-
cate with a great number of bronchia, or with
the cavity of the pleura, the pectoriloquy is
much diminished, or ceases altogether.
Pectoris os. See Sternum.
Pe'ctus. The breast or thorax.
Pectu'sculum. The metatarsus.
Peda'te. Pcdatus. Like a bird's foot.
Pede'thmus. Pedesis. A pulsation.
Pedicellate. Pcdiccllatus. Having a small
or partial stalk.
Pedice'llus. A small flower-stalk.
Pe'dicle. A little stalk.
Pedicula'ria. Delphinium staphisagria.
PEDICULA'RIS. (is, is, m.) A genus of
plants. Didynamia. Angiospermia. Louse-
wort. The P. palustris is said to kill lice. It
is somewhat acrid, and has been used in decoc-
tion as an application to indolent ulcers.
PEDICULA'TION. Morbis pcdicularis.
That disease of the body in which lice are con-
tinually bred on the skin.
PEDI'CULUS. (us, i, m.) A louse. A
genus of insects, of the order Aplera. Two
species are found on the human body, the P.
humanus, the common louse, infesting the head ;
and the P. pubis, or crab-louse, found chiefly
on the pubes. They are destroyed by mer-
curial preparations, tobacco infusion, &c.
Pedicus. Extensor brevis digitomm pedis.
PEDILU'VIUM. (From pes, the foot, and
lavo, to wash.) A bath for the feet.
Pe'dion. The sole of the foot.
491
TEL
PEL
Pedi'tio. Epilepsy.
• Pe'dora. Sordes of the e) es, ears, and feet.
PEDU'NCLE. Pedunculus A flower-stalk,
or that which springs from the stem, and bears
the flowers and fruit, and not the leaves.
Pedicellus is a partial flower-stalk, the ulti-
mate subdivision of a general one ; as in the
cowslip.
Peduncles of the brain. The crura
cerebri.
Peduncles of the cerebellum. See En-
cephalos.
Peduncles of the medulla oblongata.
The corpora restiformia.
Pedunculate. Pedunculatus. Growing on
a fruit-stalk : opposed to sessile.
Peganel^'um. Oil of rue.
PE'GANUM. (um, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Dodecandria. Monogynia. — P. ha'rmala. The
Assyrian wild rue : the same in its properties
with the common rue.
Pe'ge. UriyT). The internal angles of the
eye were called pcgce.
Pelada. A species of baldness : a shedding
of the hair from a venereal cause.
Pela'rium. A collyrium.
Peleca'nus. An instrument to draw teeth.
Pelio'ma. YleJuufia. An extravasation of
blood of a livid color.
Pelio'sis. Purpura hemorrhagica.
Pe'llis. The skin.
Pellis summa. The epidermis.
PELLA'GRA. (a, a, f.) Pelagra. Ele-
phantiasis Italica ; from its great frequency in
some parts of Milan and Padua.
About March or April, a shining red spot ap-
pears on the back of the hand, or some part of
the body, resembling the common erysipelas,
but without much itching or pain ; this elevates
the skin a little, producing numerous small tu-
bercles of different colors ; the skin becomes
dry, and cracks. At length it falls off in white
furfuraceous scales ; but the shining redness un-
derneath still continues; the health is good.
Next spring the skin disease extends; the health
now suffers slightly; headache and despond-
ency occur; in the winter every thing ap-
J)ears well again; but in the third spring, or
ater, the cerebral symptoms become very man-
ifest; vertigo, extreme melancholy, and, Anal-
ly, delirium, with great emaciation occur, com-
plicated with bulimia, or entire loss of appetite,
storpor, and frightful convulsions. Before the
latter symptoms even ten years may elapse.
It is epidemic to certain unhealthy districts,
and is to be treated by change of air, habitual
cleanliness, warm bathing, nutritious diet, and
tonics.
PELLI'CLE. Pellicula. (From pellis, the
skin.) A slender skin. In Medicine, it is ap-
plied to such an appearance on the surface of
urine ; and to very delicate membraneous pro-
ductions. In Botany, to the delicate skin which
covers some seeds and other parts. In Chem-
istry, a delicate formation of crystals, &c., on
the surface of a fluid.
Pellitory. See Parietaria.
Pellitory, bastard. Achillea ptarmica.
Pellitory of Spain. Anthemis pyre-
thrum.
492
Pe'lma. The sole of the foot.
Pelosin. A colorless body, of an alkaline re-
action, derived from the root of the Cissampelos
pareira.
Pe'lta. The shield of lichens.
Pelta'lis cartila'go. The scutiform car-
tilage of the larynx.
Pelta'te. Peltatus. Target-shaped.
PE'LVIO. Pelvicus. Pertaining to the
pelvis.
Pelvic aponeurosis. The ligamentous at-
tachments of muscles to the brim of the pelvis
and the upper part of the iliac fascia.
Pelvi-trochante'ric. That which relates
to the pelvis and great trochanter of the fe-
mur.
PELVTMETER. An instrument for meas-
uring the diameter of the pelvis in the living
body. Two French instruments bear this name,
but are not used, because the index finger is a
better pelvimeter than any mechanical contriv
ance. The first is a pair of callipers with blunt
points, the measures with which are taken on
the outside of the body; the other, called the
pelvimeter of Coutouly, is a sliding scale, which
is introduced within the vagina, and extended
so that the ends may be over the sacrum and
symphysis pubis.
PE'LVIS. {is, is, f. ; from ne?.vc, a basin. )
It is composed of the two ossa innominata, the
os sacrum, and os coccygis. It contains the
rectum and urinary bladder, the internal organs
of generation, and is lined and covered by mus-
cles and common integuments.
It is wide and expanded at its upper part,
and contracted at its inferior aperture. The
upper part is bounded by an oval ring, which
parts the cavity of the pelvis from the cavity of
the abdomen, the linea ilio-pcctinea, or su-
perior strait. This circle is denominated the
brim of the pelvis : it is formed by a continued
and prominent line along the upper part of
the sacrum, the middle of the ilium, and the
upper part, or crest of the os pubis. The low-
er part of the pelvis is denominated the out-
let or inferior strait. It is composed by the
arch of the ossa pubis, and by the sciatic nga-
ments.
In a female pelvis, the distance between the
os sacrum and os pubis, or the antero-posterior
diameter in the bone, is 4£ inches at the brim ,-
that between the two ossa ilia, 5J inches, and
the oblique diameter about 4| inches. At the
outlet the proportions are reversed, the distance
between the symphysis pubis and os coccygis
being longer than that between the ossa ilia.
The depth of the fore part of the pelvis, at the
symphysis of the pubis, measures about an inch
and a half; behind it is six inches, and at the
sides, 3i inches.
The pelvis has two axes, the direction of
which must be carefully attended to by the
obstetrician. The axis of the brim is indicated
by a straight line drawn from the umbilicus to
the point of the coccyx ; the axis of the outlet by
a straight line drawn from the first bone of the
sacrum to the orifice of the ragina.
Pelvis auris. The cochlea of the ear.
Pelvis cerebri. The infundibulum.
Pelvis of the kidneys. See Kidney.
r en
Pemphigoides. The name of a fever accom-
panied with an eruption of vesicles.
PE'MPHIGUS. (us, i, m. ; from mutf, a
bubble or vesicle.) P. helveticus, P. major, and
P. minor. An eruption, consisting of vesicles of
various sizes, from a pea to a walnut, and most-
ly attended by fever. The eruption is trans-
parent, like small bladders filled with a pellucid
or slightly-colored fluid. The vesicle is mostly
almond-shaped, and has an inflamed base, and
when it breaks the part is disposed to ulcerate.
The fever may be either synocha or typhus. It
is ushered in by sickness at stomach, great op-
pression about the pracordia, headache, lassi-
tude, and weariness on the least exertion, with
stiffness and rigidity of the joints. The erup-
tion comes out as veiy small, distinct red spots,
a little elevated above the surface of the skin,
and much resembling the first appearance of the
small-pox. It is not contagious in the simple
forms. The fever in pemphigus is mostly a
mild or malignant typhus, and requires the same
remedies — port wine and bark, with mineral
acids. The best application to the eruption,
when the vesicles break, is finely-powdered
starch.
PE'MPHIX. (ix, igis, f. ; Ile^tf, a vesicle
or bubble.) See Pemphigus.
Pkmptje'us. An ague, the paroxysm of which
returns every fifth day.
PENjE'A. (a, as, f.) A genus of plants.
Tetrandria. Monogynia. — P. mucronata and
P. sarcocolla are said to yield sarcocolla. This
is brought from Persia and Arabia in small
grains of a pale yellow color, and is a gummy
body.
Pe'ndulous. Pendulus. Pendant; hanging
down.
PE'NETRATING. Penetrans. (From pene-
tro, to pierce through.) 1. Applied to a medi-
cine supposed to pass through the pores and
stimulate. 2. To a wound which pierces the
splanchnic cavities.
Penici'llifoem. Penicilliformis. Pencil-
shaped.
PENIGI'LLUS. (us, i, m. ; diminutive of
peniculum, a brush.) Penicillum. 1. A tent or
pledget. 2. The secreting extremities of the
vena portse are called pcnicilli. See Liver.
Peni'dium. White barley-sugar.
PE'NIS. (is, is, m. ; a pendendo, from its
hanging down. ) Membrum virile. It is divided
by anatomists into the root, body, and head, or
glans penis. It is composed of common integ-
uments, two corpora cavernosa, and one corpus
spongiosum, which surrounds a canal, the ure-
thra, that proceeds from the bladder to the apex
of the penis, where it opens by the meatus uri-
narius. The fold of the skin that covers the
flans penis is termed the prepuce, and the
and which ties the prepuce to the under sur-
face of the glans is called the franum prasputii.
The arteries of the penis are from the hypogas-
tric and ischiatic. The veins of the penis form
the vena magna penis, which empties itself into
the hypogastric vein. The glands of the penis
are Cowper's glands, the prostate, muciparous,
and odoriferous glands. The nerves of the
penis are branches of the sacral and ischiatic.
Penis ce'rebri. The pineal gland.
PER
Penis mulie'bris. The clitoris.
Penniform. Penniformis. Resembling a
writing-pen or feather.
Pennyroyal. Mentha pulegium. In the
United States, the Hedeoma pulegioides has re-
ceived this name.
Pennyroyal, hart's. Mentha cervina.
Pentada'ctylon. 1. The herb cinquefoil
2. The castor-oil plant.
PENSACOLA, CLIMATE OF. This place
is one of the best situations for the valetudina-
rian in the United States, the temperature being
remarkably mild, and the position sufficiently
sheltered from severe winds.
Penta'gon. Pentagonal; five-sided.
PENTA'NDRIA. Pentandrous. (From
irevre, five, and avrjp, a husband.) The plants
which have hermaphrodite flowers and five
stamens.
Pentaneu'ron. Plantago lanceolata.
Pentapha'rmacon. Any medicine consisting
of five ingredients.
Pentaphylloi'des. Fragaria sterilis.
Pentaphy'llum. Potentilla reptans.
Pentaphy'llous. Pentaphyllus. Five-
leaved : applied to leaves, calyces, &c.
Pentapleu'rum. Plantago lanceolata.
Penta'tomum. Potentilla reptans.
Pento'robus. Preonia officinalis.
PENZANCE, CLIMATE OF. This place,
in Cornwall, England, possesses one of the most
genial and regular climates in Britain, and is a
good winter residence for the consumptive.
Peony. Fseonia officinalis.
Pepa'nsis. Pcpasmus. Maturation or con-
coction. Applied by the humoral pathologists
to the humors of the living body.
Pepa'sticus. Applied formerly to medicines
supposed to promote concoction.
Pe'pita nux. St. Ignatius's bean.
Pe'plus. Peplos. Peplion. Euphorbia peplus.
PE'PO. (From nerrro, to ripen.) A fleshy,
succulent pericarpium, the seeds of which are
inserted into the sides of the fruit. The gourd.
Pepper. See Piper.
Pepper, dulce. Fucus pinnatifidus.
Pepper, Guinea. P., Cayenne. Capsicum
annuum.
Pepper, Jamaica, ^fyrtus pimenta.
Pepper, poor man's. Polygonum hydro-
piper.
Pepper, wall. Sedum acre.
Pepper, water. Polygonum hydropiper.
Pepperidge bush. Berberis vulgaris.
Peppermint. Mentha piperita.
Pepperwort. Lepidium iberis.
PE'PSIN. Pepsine. (From ireitTU, to di-
gest. ) A substance existing in the gastric juice,
and upon which its activity depends. It is a
modification of albumen, and appears to act like
a ferment. See Digestion.
Pe'ptic Pepticus. Digestive.
PER-. A prefix denoting excess, and much
used in chemistry.
PERACU'TE. Peracutus. Very sharp : ap-
plied to diseases when very severe, or aggra-
vated beyond measure.
Pe'rca. A genus of fishes. Order, Acan
thopterygii. — P.fluvta'tilis. The perch.
Perception. See Mind.
493
PER
Perchlo'ric acid. A compound of CIO7;
it is crystalline. Hyperchloric acid.
• PERCOLA'TION. (Percolatio, onis, f . ;
strained through ; from percolo, to strain or
filter.) A term generally applied to animal
secretion, from the office of the glands being
thought to resemble that of a strainer in trans-
mitting the liquors that pass through them.
Percu'ssio. Apoplexy.
PERCU'SSION. (From percutio, to strike.)
In medical language this term signifies the
striking of any part of the surface of the body
with the hand, in order to ascertain by the
sound the healthy or diseased condition of the
subjacent parts. This mode of exploration is
applied principally to the chest and abdomen.
In order for the proper performance of per-
cussion on the chest, the patient should, if pos-
sible, be in a sitting posture, and the chest cov-
ered with a light linen garment, which prevents
the peculiar sound produced by the stroke of
the hand upon the naked chest. In striking
the chest, the fingers of the operator should be
held with their extremities in one line, and kept
firm in this position by the opposition of the
thumb. The stroke should be made with the
[)oints of the fingers, and directed perpendicu-
arly on the part ; it should also be made with
equal force in the different parts of the chest
examined. Percussion is sometimes perform-
ed with the intervention of a piece of wood,
ivory, or other sonorous body : it is then term-
ed mediate percussion. The ivory instrument
generally used for this purpose is called a plex-
imeter.
The thorax of a healthy individual gives out
a clear sound on percussion in its anterior and
lateral parts. Whenever, in the progress of dis-
ease, any denser substance takes the place of
air within the thorax, there is a corresponding
diminution of sonorousness: hence hepatiza-
tion and tubercles of the lungs, hypertrophy
of the heart, effusions of serum, lymph, or other
matters, all occasion a diminution of sound in
the regions which they respectively occupy ;
while in pulmonary emphysema, pneumo-
thorax, and large empty excavations in the sub-
stance of the lungs, the sound on percussion is
greater than natural. In percussing the abdo-
men, the patient should, be laid on his back.
See Bruit.
PERCU'TEURAMARTEAU. One of Baron
Heurteloup's lithotrity instruments, in which
the stone is crushed by the blows of a mallet
instead of the pressure of a screw.
Perde'tum. Sium sisarum.
Perdi'cium. Parietaria officinalis.
PERE'NNIAL. Perennis. Lasting natural-
ly more than two years.
Perennial worm-grass. Spigelia mari-
landica.
Perete'rion. The trepan.
PERFECT. A flower is said to be perfect
or complete that has both calyx and corolla,
and one or more stamens and pistils.
Perfo'lia'ta. Bupleurum perfoliatum.
Perfo'liate. Perfoliatus. Leaves which
eurround the stem at their base.
PE'RFORANS. See Flexor profundus per-
forans.
494
PER
Perforans casserii nervus. The external
cutaneous nerve.
Perforans profundus. See Flexor longus
digitorum pedis profundus perforans.
Perforans tertii internodii digitorum
pedis. See Flexor longus digitorum pedis pro-
fundus perforans.
Perforans vulgo profundus. P. manus.
See Flexor profundus perforans.
Perfora'ta. Hypericum perforatum.
Perfora'tio ventriculi. Perforation of the
stomach; gastrobrosis.
PERFORATION. Pcrforatio. (From per-
foro, to pierce.) A term employed to denote
a solution of continuity, from disease of the
parietes of a hollow organ, as of the intestines,
or from accidents.
/Spontaneous perforation is that which occurs
without having been preceded by any percepti-
ble modification of function, local or general.
PERFORATOR. An obstetrical instrument
for the purpose of opening the foetal head while
in utero. Smellie's forceps. See Cranium, per-
foration of.
PERFORA'TUS. (From perforo, to pierce
through.) Applied to muscles. 1. Flexor brevis
digitorum pedis and flexor sublimis perforatus.
2. The coraco-brachialis muscle.
Perforatus, seu flexor secundi internodii
digitorum pedis. See Flexor brevis digitorum
pedis perforatus sublimis.
Perfri'gio. Pcrfrigcratio. Extreme cold-
ness; shivering.
Pergame'nous. Like parchment.
PERI-. (From itept, around.) A prefix sig-
nifying around, about, or enveloping, as peri-
cardium, enveloping or surrounding the heart.
Perije'resis. A circular or curved incision
about a tumor.
Peria'mma. An amulet.
PERIA'NTH. Pcrianthium. (From nepi,
and avdoc, a flower). The calyx, especially
when colored like a corolla.
Perible'psis. That kind of wild look which
is observed in delirious persons.
Peri'bole. Round. A translation of mor-
bific humors from the center to the surface of
the body. — Hippocrates. ,
PERIBRO'SIS. (From irepi, around, and
PpuoKU, to eat.) An ulceration or erosion at
the corners or uniting parts of the eyelids. It
most frequently affects the internal commissure.
It arises from the acrimony of the tears, or from
segylops, which sometimes extends to the cor-
ners of the eyelids.
PERICARDI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from -.xtpi-
Kapdtov, the pericardium.) Inflammation of the
pericardium. See Heart, diseases of the.
PERICA'RDIUM. (urn, ii, n.J from irepi,
about, and Kap&La, the heart.) The membran-
ous bag that surrounds the heart, and the ar-
terial and venous trunks connected with it.
The pericardium consists of two layers, an ex-
ternal or fibrous, and an internal or serous.
The serous membrane lines the fibrous one,
and is reflected over the heart after the manner
of serous membranes in general. Its use is to
secrete and contain the vapor of the pericar-
dium, which lubricates the heart, and thus pre-
serves it from concreting with the pericardium.
PER
PERICA'RP. (From nepi, about, and mp-
nog, a seed.) The seed-vessel or covering of
the seed of plants.
PERICA'RPIUM. (From nepi, about, and
carpus, the wrist.) A medicine applied to the
wrist.
Perich^'tium. A scaly sheath investing
the base of the, fruit-stalk ol some mosses, as in
the genus Hypnum.
P E R 1 H O'N D R I U M . (w,«,n.; from
nepi, about, and xovdpoc, a cartilage.) The
fibrous membrane that covers a cartilage.
Perichri'sis. Perichriston. A liniment.
Peri'clasis. A compound fracture.
Pericly'menum. Lonicera periclimenum.
PERICNE'MIA. (a, m, f.; from nepi, and
itvtjutj, the tibia.) The parts about the tibia.
PERICRA'NIUM. (urn, ii, n. ; from vept,
and Kpaviov, the cranium.) The fibrous mem-
brane of the bones of the cranium.
Peridiastole. In interval of time next af-
ter the diastole of the heart.
Peri'dium. The round, membraneous, dry-
case of the seeds of some angiospermous mush-
rooms.
Peridi'dymus. The serous covering of the
testicle.
Periglo'ttis. The epiglottic gland.
Perigo'nium. The perianth, or coverings
of the stamens in flowers.
Peri'graphe. Vesalius applies this term to
the linece transversa: of the rectus abdominis
muscle.
Feri'gynous. When the petals and stamens
are attached to the sides of the calyx.
Perily'mph. The liquor of Cotunnius.
Pe'rin. Hnpiv. 1. A testicle. 2. The pe-
rineum.
Perineocele. A rupture in the perineum.
Perineus transversus. Transversus peri-
naei.
Perine'al. Relating to the perineum.
PERINE'UM. (um, i, n. ; from neptveu, to
flow round, because that part is generally
moist.) The space between the anus and or-
gans of generation.
Perine'uron. The neurilemma.
Periny'ctis. Synonymous with epinyctides.
PERIOD. (Periodus, i, m. ; nepiodog ; from
nepi, about, and odoc, a way.) A stated time.
In medical language there are said to be five
periods of a disease : the invasion, the augment,
the state or full development of the disease, the
decline, and the termination. With respect to
intermittent diseases, the term period is some-
times applied synonymously with interval, that
is, it means the time that elapses from the com-
mencement of one paroxysm to the commence-
ment of the next.
Perio'dic acid. A compound of IO7, analo-
gous to the perchloric acid, and but little known.
Periodical diseases. Diseases of which the
symptoms recur at stated intervals, as agues.
PERIODI'CITY. The disposition of certain
phenomena to recur at stated times.
Periods of life. The most remarkable pe-
riods in the life of man after birth are Infancy,
Dentition, Puberty, the Climacteric period, and
that of Decay.
Periodus lunaris. The menstrual period.
PER
Periodus sanguinis. The circulation of the
blood.
Periody'nia. An acute circumscribed pain.
— Hippocrates.
Perio'rbita. The periosteum of the orbit.
PERIO'STEUM. (um, i, n. ; from nepi, and
oareov, a bone.) The fibrous membrane which
invests the external surface of all the bones.
Periosti'tis. Inflammation of any portion
of the periosteum.
Periosto'sis. A tumor formed by a thick-
ening of the periosteum.
Periphery. The circumference; the out-
side of the body, or of any object.
Periptiimosis. Phimosis.
Peripleumo'nia. Pneumonia.
PERIPLOCA. (a, ce, f.) A genus of ascle-
piadaceous plants, of which P. indica (of Will-
denow) or Hemidesmus indicus (of R. Brown)
furnishes Indian sarsaparilla, and P. scammonia
(Linnaeus) the Smyrna scammony.
Periply'sis. A profluvium or excessive dis-
charge.
PERIPNEUMONIA, (a, cc, f. ; from nepi,
and nvevfiuv, the lung.) Peripneumony, or in-
flammation of the lungs. See Pneumonitis.
Peripneumonia notha. P.catarrhalis. Bas-
tard or spurious peripneumony. See Bron-
chitis, chronic.
PERIPYE'MA. Peripyesis. (From nepi,
and nvov, pus.) A collection of matter about
any part, as round a tooth, in the gums.
PERIRRHCE'A. (From nepippeu, to flow
about.) A reflux of humors in a dropsical or
other case to any of the larger emunctories for
its excretion.
Periscyphismus. Periscythismus.
P e r 1 s c y t h i's m u s . A surgical operation,
which consisted in making transverse incisions
in the forehead, and triangular ones above the
temples.
Perisperm. The testa of a seed.
Perispha'lsis. Circumduction.
PERISTA'LTIC. (Peristalticus ; from ne-
piareXTiu, to contract.) The vermicular motion
of the intestines, by which they contract and
propel their contents, is called the peristaltic
motion.
PERISTAPHYLI'NUS. (From nepi, about,
and OTja<t>v?.n, the uvula.) Applied to two mus-
cles connected with the uvula.
Peristaphylinus externus. The circum-
flexus palati.
Peristaphylinus internus. The levator
palati.
Perista'phylo-pharynge'us. The upper
portion of the palato-pharyngeus muscle.
Periste'rium. Verbena officinalis.
Periste'rna. The lateral portions of the
thorax.
Peristo'le. The peristaltic action.
Peristome. Peristomium. Peristoma. The
fringe-like margin of many mosses.
Peristro'ma. The mucous coat of the intes-
tines. — Pecquet.
PERISY'STOLE. (e, es, f. ; from napiarel-
/lu, to compress.) The pause or time between
a contraction and dilatation of the heart. It is
so short, a portion of time as to be scarcely per-
ceptible, except in dying persons.
495
PEE
Perithe'cium. The sac-like fructification of
some fungi.
Perito'me. A circular cut.
Peritonjeore'xis. A bursting of the peri-
toneum.
PERITONE'UM. (um, i, n. ; from irepireivu,
to extend round.) A serous membrane, by
which all the viscera of the abdomen are sur-
rounded. It begins from the diaphragm, which
it completely lines, and at the last fleshy fibres
of the ribs, and the external lumbar fibres, it
•jompletes the septum, in conjunction with the
pleura, with which it is continuous through the
various intervals of the diaphragm. Posterior-
ly, it descends before the kidneys ; anteriorly,
behind the abdominal muscles. It dips into
the pelvis from the bones of the pubes, passes
over the bladder, and descends behind ; and
being again carried backward at the entrance
of the ureters, in two lunar folds, it rejoins
upon the intestinum rectum that part of itself
which invests the loins, and in this situation
lies before the rectum. It has various prolon-
gations for covering the viscera. The shorter
productions of this membrane are called liga-
ments, and are formed by a continuous redu-
plication of the peritoneum,, receding from its
inner surface, inclosing cellular substance, and
extending to some viscus, where its plates sep-
arate, and, having diverged, embrace the vis-
cus ; but the intermediate cellular substance
always accompanies this membranaceous coat,
and joins it with the true substance of the vis-
cus. Of this short kind of production, three
belong to the liver, one or two to the spleen,
and others to the kidneys, and to the sides of
the uterus and vagina. By these means, the
tender substance of the viscera is defended
from injury by any motion or concussion, and
their whole mass is prevented from being mis-
placed by their own weight, and from injuring
themselves, being securely connected with the
firm sides of the peritoneum. It invests the
intestines, being prolonged into folds forming
the mesentery and epiploon. It is, like other
serous tissues, a complete sack.
PERITONI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from ireptTo-
vaiov, the peritoneum.) Inflammation of the
peritoneum. When inflammation takes place
in the peritoneal covering of the viscera, the
symptoms are similar to those which inflamma-
tion of the viscera produces ; and the disease
takes the name of the viscus in which the dis-
ease is: thus, inflammation of the peritoneal
covering of the liver produces symptoms of
hepatitis; that of the stomach, symptoms of
gastritis, and so on. The symptoms of pertoni-
tis, when the viscera are not affected, are, ten-
derness in the part when pressed, and fixed
pain, accompanied by fever, and, generally,
considerable disturbance of the system. It may
be produced by any of the causes of inflamma-
tion, and requires the free use of the lancet,
leeches, blisters, the warm bath, and fomenta-
tions, and the same internal remedies as reduce
inflammatory fever, and inflammation in other
parts. There is a particular form of peritonitis
incident to lying in women, which is sometimes
epidemic, and which is very violent and fatal.
See Puerperal fever. There is a chronic form
496
PER
of peritonitis, which may either be primary, or
consecutive on the acute. Its course is usually
protracted, and its symptoms obscure. It is
generally fatal.
Peritonitis, ttphoh^emic. Puerperal fever.
Peritro'pal. When the embryo of a seed
is turned from the axis nearly to a right angle.
Perityphlitis. Inflammation of the cellular
tissue about the caecum.
Periwinkle. Vinca minor.
Perizo'ma. 1. A girdle. 2. The diaphragm;
a truss.
Perkinism. See Metallic tractors.
Per'la. A pearl. Margarita.
Perlate acid. Superphosphate of soda.
Permanent. Persistent.
Permanga'nic acid. A compound of Mg 3 Or
existing in the red mineral chameleon. It may
be obtained as a crimson solution from perman-
ganate of baryta by the action of sulphuric acid.
PERMEABI'LITY. (From permeo, to pass
through.) That property of certain bodies, as
membranes, the cellular tissue, &c, of allowing
particular gases and fluids to pass through their,
substance. It is the result of a capulary or
porous texture.
PE'RNIO. (o, onis, m.) A chilblain. A
chilblain is a painful inflammatory swelling, of
a deep purple or leaden color, to which the
fingers, toes, heels, and other extreme parts of
the body are subject, on being exposed to a
severe degree of cold. Protection from cold and
stimulating embrocations are to be employed.
Perni'trate. Pernitras. A nitrate of the
peroxide of a metal, as pernitrate of iron. See
Ferri pernitras.
Perodacty'leus. The flexor longus digito-
rum pedis profundus perforans.
Perome'lia. Congenital want of any limb. —
Good.
PE'RONE. (From neipu, to fasten ; so called
because it fastens together the' tibia and the
muscles.) The fibula. ,
Perone'al. Relating to the fibula.
Peroneal artery. The fibular artery; a
branch of the popliteal.
Peroneal nerve. The external popliteal
nerve is the peroneal.
Perone'us. Hepovacoc- Belonging to the
fibula.
Peroneus anticus. See Peroneus brevis.
Peroneus brevis. This muscle is the pero-
neus secundus, seu anticus, of Douglas ; the pero-
neus medius, seu anticus, of Winslow; and the
peronaus secundus of Cowper. It arises from
the anterior and outer part of the fibula, its
fibres continuing to adhere to the lower half of
that bone. Its round tendon passes through the
groove in the malleolus externus, along with
that of the peroneus longus, after which it runs
in a separate groove to be inserted into the up-
per and posterior part of the tubercle at the
basis of the metatarsal bone that supports the
little toe. Its use is to assist the peroneus
longus.
Peroneus longus. This muscle, peroneui
primus, seu posticus, of Douglas ; peroneus max*
imus, seu posterior, of Winslow ; and peronaut
primus of Cowper, is situated somewhat ante*
riorly along the outer side of the leg. It arise*
PER
from the external lateral part of the head of the
tibia, the upper anterior surface, and outer side
of the fibula. It terminates in a long, round
tendon, which runs obliquely behind the mal-
leolus interims, where it passes through a car-
tilaginous groove in common with the peroneus
brevis, being bound down by an annular liga-
ment. When it has reached the os calcis, it
quits the tendon of the peroneus brevis, and
runs obliquely inward along a groove in the os
cuboides, under the muscles on the sole of the
foot, to be inserted into the outside of the pos-
terior extremity of the metatarsal bone that sup-
ports the great toe. Near the insertion of this
muscle we find a small bursa mucosa. This
muscle draws the foot outward, and likewise
assists in extending it.
Peroneus maximus. P. posticus. P. primus.
See Peroneus longus.
Peroneus medius. P. secundus. See Pero-
neus brevis. -0
Peroneus tertius. This is the name given
by Albinus to a muscle, which by some writers
is called nonns Vesalii, or Vesalius's ninth mus-
cle of the foot, but by most considered in the
present day as a portion of the extensor longus
digitorum pedis. It is situated at the anterior,
inferior, and outer part of the leg, along the out-
er edge of the last-described muscle, to which
it is intimately united. It arises, fleshy, from the
anterior surface of the lower half of the fibula,
and from the adjacent part of the interosseus
ligament. Its fibres run obliquely downward
toward a tendon which passes under the annu-
lar ligament, and then running obliquely out-
ward, it is inserted into the root of the metatar-
sal bone that supports the little toe. This mus-
cle assists in bending the foot.
PERO'XIDE. The highest state of oxydation
of any compound without acid properties.
Perosfla'nchnica. Congenital want of a
portion of the viscera. — Good.
Perry. A vinous liquor made from pears.
Pe'rsea. The name given to the genus
Laurus by Sprengel.
Pe'rsica. The peach. Amygdalus persica.
Persica'ria. Polygonum persicaria.
Persi'cus ignis. Persian Jire. Anthrax.
Persi'mmon. Diospyros virginiana. •
Persi'stent. Persistens. Permanent.
Persistens febris. A regular intermitting
fever, the paroxysms of which return at con-
stant and stated periods.
Persona'ta. Arctium lappa.
PERSONATE. Personatus. (From persona,
a mask.) A term applied to a gaping blossom
or monopetalous corolla, when irregular, and
closed by a kind of palate, as in Antirrhinum.
PERSPIRATION. (Pcrspiratio, onis, f.)
The fluid secreted by the sudoriparous follicles.
These are very minute follicles, situated in the
adipose cellules below the corium, and termi-
nating in the ridges of the skin by a single spi-
ral or tortuous tube. The number averages
twenty-eight hundred in a square inch of the
skin, and seven millions over the whole body.
Their secretion is usually thrown off as a vapor,
being heated by the body ; but, under a high
dew-point, and when in great excess, it be-
comes a fluid. In these two states it is called
Ii
PER
insensible and sensible perspiration, or sweat.
This fluid consists chiefly of water ; it also con-
tains lactic acid, epithelium scales, carbonic
acid, salts of soda, potash, and phosphates, the
solid contents varying from J to 1$ per cent.
The total amount from the body varies with the
temperature, amount of water drank, and dew-
point, from 1£ pounds to five or more pounds
daily. Besides this there is exhaled, by com-
mon evaporation from the lungs, about eighteen
ounces of fluid daily, which is called the pulmo-
nary exhalation, and is a fixed quantity. It ap-
pears that upward of 100 grains of effete azo-
tized matter is discharged from the skin daily.
The kidneys act vicariously with the skin m
the amount of fluid thrown off in the day, and
under different circumstances. Besides the
sudoriparous glandulce, certain parts of the skin
are furnished with sebaceous follicles, especially
the axilla?, &c. These glands are of the same
general structure as the foregoing, but often
more complex ; they secrete the oily and odor-
ous matter of the skin, which mixes with the
perspiration.
Perspiration varies in respect to, 1. The tern'
perature of the atmosphere. — Thus men have a
more copious, viscid, and higher-colored sweat
in summer than in winter, and in warm coun-
tries than in colder regions. 2 . Sex. — The sweat
of a man is said to smell more acrid than that
of a woman. 3. Age. — The young are more
subject to sweat than the aged, who, during
the excessive heat of the summer, scarcely sweat
at all.
In disease, the importance of perspiration is
made very apparent, fevers being associated
with its absence or diminution, and a favorable
crisis being frequently seen in connection with
its re-establishment. Hence the importance of
diaphoretics in medicine.
Persu'lphate. Persulphas. The sulphate
of a peroxide, as persulphate of iron. See Ferri
persulphas.
PERTURBATION. (From perturbo, to dis-
turb.) In Medicine, disturbance of the natural
progress of a disease by therapeutic agents.
Pcrturbating medicine, a term applied to a mode
of treating diseases by very active means, fitted
to change their natural course or arrest their
progress.
PERTU'SSIS. (is, is, f. ; from per, much, and
tussis, cough.) The hooping-cough. A disease
known by a convulsive strangulating cough,
accompanied with a peculiar sonorous inspira-
tion or whoop, returning by fits, that are usually
terminated by vomiting ; and by its being con-
tagious.
It attacks children ; occurs but once ; the fits
are most violent at night and morning; and it
usually lasts six weeks or more ; but if it con-
tinues during a longer time, change of air is
necessary. Hooping-cough usually subsides
without danger, but it may induce inflammation
of the bronchia), convulsions, hydrocephalus,
and other fatal affections of the brain or lungs.
When vomiting occurs naturally, nature adopts
the most effective treatment, and the disease is
of short duration. In plethoric patients bleed-
ing may be necessary, but the principal de-
pendence is in nauseating doses of ipecacuanha*
497
PES
The bowels should be kept open, a blister em-
ployed in severe cases, and assafoetida and sed-
atives where the complaint does not readily give
way, and the convulsive symptoms are severe.
Warm clothing, and a mild, abstemious diet,
are necessary.
Peruvian balsam. Myroxylon peruiferum.
Peruvian bark. Peruvianus cortex. See
Cinchona.
Peruvian ipecacuanha. The root of the
Psychotria emetica : it is exported from Cartha-
gena, and constitutes the striated or black ipe-
cacuanha.
Peruvianus cortex flavus. Cinchona cor -
difolia.
Peruvianus cortex ruber. Cinchona ob-
longifolia.
PERVE'RSION. Perversio. 1. A change
which is of a morbid nature. 2. A diseased
state of the humors.
P E R V I G PL I U M. ( urn, ii, n. ; from per,
much, and vigilo, to watch.) Watching, or a
want of sleep.
Pervi'nca. Vinca minor.
PES. (es, cdis, m. ; a foot.) The foot. It
consists of the tarsus, metatarsus, and toes. It
has its proper muscles and tendons, arteries,
veins, and nerves.
Pes accessorius. A swelling on the outer
wall of the cornu ammonis, somewhat resem-
bling the hippocampus major, but of smaller size.
Pes alexandrinus. Anthemis pyrethrum.
Pes anseri'nus. The radiated expansion of
the portio dura on the side of the face.
Pes cati. Gnaphalium dioicum.
Pes colombi'nus. Geranium rotundifolium.
Pes equinus. Club foot.
Pes hippocampi. Two columns at the end
of the fornix of the brain, which diverge poste-
riorly. See Encephalos.
Pes leonis. Alchemilla vulgaris.
Pes tigridis. A species of Ipomeaa.
PE'SSARY. (Pessarium, ii, n.; from neaaoc,
a small stone.) An instrument made of wood,
ivory, caoutchouc, or other materials, introduced
into the vagina to support the uterus in cases
of prolapsus, or in vaginal hernia?. Pessaries
are of various forms; as the globe pessary, the
ring pessary, the conical pessary, &c.
Pessu'lus. Pessus. A pessary.
Pestile'nce. A plague.
PESTILE'NTIAL. (Pestilentialis ; from
pettis, the plague.) A disease which is epi-
demic and malignant.
Pestile'nt-wort. Tussilago petasites.
Pestilo'chia. Aristolochia virginiana.
PE'STIS. ( From perdo, to destroy.) Peslis
contagiosa. P. orientalis. The plague, a disease
characterized by typhoid fever, which is con-
tagious in the extreme ; prostration of strength,
vomiting of bilious matter, buboes, and carbun-
cles; petechiae, hemorrhage, and colliquative
diarrhaia. It is miasmatic, requires a high tem-
perature for its development, and is remarkably
fatal, running its course in four or five days,
sometimes less. There is little hope from treat-
ment, but that for severe typhus is the best,
with every exertion to maturate the buboes
when they appear ; and the most rapidly fatal
cases occur without these abscesses. The dis-
498
PET
ease is peculiarly malignant in the Levant and
Egypt.
Dissections have discovered the gall bladder
full of black bile, the liver very considerably
enlarged, the lungs, kidneys, and intestines be-
set with carbuncles. They have likewise dis-
covered all the other appearances observed in
typhus fever. The plague may be communica-
ted by inoculation with the matter of the buboes.
Pestis bellica. Typhus gravior.
Pestis nigra. The black pestilence, or black
death of the fourteenth century. It originated
in Asia, and passed over the world, and is said
to have destroyed a fourth part of the people of
that time. It was a true Eastern plague, with
black petechia?, and attended by a typhoid
pneumonia.
PE'TAL. {Pelalum, i, n.) The name of
the colored leaflets of the corolla of a flower.
Petaloi'des. 1. Resembling a petal. 2.
Urine which has in it flaky suMltances resem-
bling leaves. — Hippocrates-
Peta'sites. Tussilago petasites.
PETE'CHIA. (a, <c, f.) Peticula. A red
or purple spot, which resembles a flea-bite. It
arises from a small extravasation of blood under
the skin. When the extravasation is larger, so
as to resemble a bruise, it is called a vibex.
Petechia? and vibices are common in malignant
fevers.
Petechia sine febre. Purpura simplex.
Pete'chial. Having, or resembling, pete-
chia?.
Petechial scurvy. Scorbutus.
Peti'olar. Petiola'ris. Fixed to the peti-
ole or leaf-stalk.
Peti'olate. Petiola'tus. Leaves which are
furnished with a stalk.
PETI'OLUS. (us, i, m. ; from petalum, a
leaf.) A petiole. The leaf-stalk of a plant.
Petra'pium. Bubon macedonicum.
PETRO'LEUM. Petrelm'um. (From nerpa,
a rock, and oleum, oil.) A natural liquid bitu-
minous substance.
Petroleum barbadense. Barbadoes tar. A
veiy dark-colored liquid bitumen, brought from
Trinidad and other places.
Petroleum rubrum. A species of naphtha
from the village of Gabian in Languedoc.
Petroleum sulphuratum. See Balsamum
sulphuris barbadense.
Petromyzon fluviatilis. The lesser lam-
prey. — P. bronchialis. The lampem. — P. ma-
rinus. The true lamprey.
Petro-occipital. Belonging to the petrous
portion of the temporal bone and the occipital
bone, as the suture between these.
Petro-pharyngjeus. The constrictor pha-
ryngis superior.
Petro-salpingo-pharyngeus. The levator
palati mollis muscle.
Petro-salpingo staphylinus. The levator
palati.
Petrosal sinus. See Sinus.
Petroseli'num. P. vulgare. Apium. — P.
macedonicum. Bubon macedonicum.
Petro-sphenoidal suture. The small su-
ture situated between the anterior margin of
the petrous portion of the temporal bone and
the posterior margin of the sphenoid bone.
PHA
Petro-staphylinus. The levator palati mol-
lis muscle. — Chaussier.
PETRO'SUS. Petrous. (From nerpa, a
rock.) A portion of the temporal bone is the
os petrosum, or petrous portion, on account of
its great hardness. See Temporis os.
Petrous ganglion. Petrosal ganglion. See
Ganglion petrosum.
PEUCE'DANUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Umbellifcrce.
— P. officinale. Hog's fennel. The root has a
fetid smell, and an acrid, unctuous, bitterish
taste. The dried juice yields a gum-resin.
Both are recommended as nervine and anti-
hysteric. — P. si'laus. Meadow saxifrage. The
roots, leaves, and seeds have been commended
as aperients, diuretics, and carminatives.
Pewter. An alloy of 17 parts of antimony
to 1 00 parts of tin, with a little copper.
PEYER'S GLANDS. Peyeri glandulm.
The clustered mucous glands of the small intes-
tines, especially the ileum. See Brunner's
glands, and Intestines.
PEZI'ZA. (a, a, f.) A genus of fungi. —
P. auricula. Jew's ears. A membranaceous
fungus resembling the human ear. It is astrin-
gent.
PHA'CIA. (Qania, a lentil.) A cutaneous
spot or blemish, called by the Latins lentigo
and lenticula.
Phaci'tis. Inflammation of the crystalline
lens. *
Phacohymeni'tis. Inflammation of the cap-
sule of the crystalline lens.
PHAGEDENA, (a, ee, f.; from <j>ayu, to
eat.) A species of ulcer that spreads very rap-
idly.
Phagedena gangrenosa. Hospital gan-
grene.
Phagede'nic. Phagedtenicus. 1. An ulcer-
ation which spreads very rapidly. 2. An es-
charotic body.
Phalacro'sis. Baldness.
Pha'lacrum. A probe. — Turton.
Phala'nges. The plural of phalanx.
Phalango'sis. 1. An affection of the eye-
lids, where there are two or more rows of hairs
upon them. 2. Ptosis.
PHA'LANX. (a;, gis, f. ; from (jtarKay^, a
battalion.) The small bones of the fingers and
toes are distinguished into the first, second, and
third phalanges.
PHA'LARIS. (is,idis,i.) A genus of plants.
Gramincce. — P. canariensis. Canary grass.
The seed are ground into meal, and make a
coarse sort ofVbread in the Canaries.
Phallo'carcino'ma. Cancer of the penis.
PHA'LLUS. (us, i, m.) 1. The penis. 2.
A genus of fungi. — P. csculenlus. The morel
fungus. It grows on moist banks and wet pas-
tures in May, and is used as a delicacy, in the
same manner as the truffle, for gravies and
stewed dishes, but has an inferior flavor. — P.
impudicus. The stinkhorn.
PHANEROGA'MOUS. Phancrogamia.
(From tyavtpog, distinct, and yapoc, marriage.)
Those plants which bear perfect flowers, as dis-
tinguished from the cryptogamia.
PHANTA'SMA. Phantasm. (From <f>av-
Ta£u, to make appear.) The imaginary per-
PH A
ception of an object. It may arise from disease
of the eye or of the sensorium.
PHARMACEU'TIC. (Pharmaceutics;
from (jiap/xaKevu, to exhibit medicines.) Be-
longing to pharmacy.
Pharmaceu'tice. Pharmacy.
Pharmaci'en. (French.) An educated
druggist.
Pharmacochy'mia. Pharmaceutic chemis-
try.
Pharmacodynamics. That branch of ma-
teria medica which treats of the effects or
power of medicines.
Pharmacogno'sia. That part of pharmacy
which treats of the simple drugs.
PHARMACOLOGY. (Pharmacologia, a,as,
f. ; from fyapuanov, and Tioyoc, a discourse.) The
study of Pharmacy.
PHARMACOPOEIA, (a, ce, f. ; from $ap-
uaKov, and noieu, to make.) 1. The art of pre-
paring medicines. 2. A dispensatory.
Pharmacopo'la. A druggist.
Pharmacopo'lium. A drug store.
Pharmacopo'sia. A liquid medicine.
Pharmacothe'ca. A medicine chest.
Pharma'cum. A medicine or poison.
PHARMACY. (Pharmacia, ee, f. ; from (j>ap~
uanov, a medicine. ) The art of preparing rem-
edies for the treatment of diseases.
Pharynge'thron. The pharynx, or fauces.
PHARYNGE'AL. (Pharyngeus ; from
cjiapvy!;, the pharynx.) Belonging to, or affect-
ing the pharynx.
Pharyngeal arteries. The superior or
pterygopalatine artery is a branch of the in-
ternal maxillary. The inferior arises from the
external carotid on a level with the facial artery,
and divides into a pharyngeal and meningeal
branch.
Pharyngeal nerve. A branch of the pneu-
mogastric or eighth pair, distributed to the
pharynx. This nerve, uniting with the glosso-
pharyngeal, the superior laryngeal, and with
branches from the first cervical plexus, form the
network of nervous filaments called the pharyn-
geal plexus.
PHARYNGI'TIS. (a, idis, f. ; from pharynx,
and if is, inflammation.) An inflammation of the
membrane which forms the pharynx. It is
known by the unnatural florid color of the
pharynx, especially about the lower part of the
fauces; and this is accompanied by feverish-
ness of the inflammatory kind, which is seldom
considerable. In most cases of phlegmonous
tonsillitis the pharynx is also affected. Dr. Cul-
len declares that he never saw a case in which
the inflammation was confined to the pharynx t
it constantly spreads in a greater or less degree
to the tonsils and neighboring parts. The mode
of treatment is the same as in tonsillitis.
Pharyngitis, diphtheric Inflammation of
the pharynx, with the formation of false mem-
brane. '
Pharyngitis, follicular. Inflammation of
the mucous follicles of the pharynx, sometimes-
extending to the larynx, and constituting one
variety of the clergyman's sore throat.
Pharyngo'cele. A morbid enlargement of
the pharynx and gullet.
PHARYNGOPLE'GIA. (From ^apvjf, and
499
PHI
nXeaau, to strike.) Pkaryngolysis. Paralysis
- of the pharynx, a symptom of general paralysis
or of approaching death.
Pharyngo-staphyli'nus. A muscle origi-
nating in the pharynx, and terminating in the
uvula. The palato-pharyngeus.
Pharyngo'tome. Pharyngotomus. A spring
lancet furnished with a case, for scarifying the
tonsils.
PHARYNGOTO'MIA. (a, a, f.; from
Qapvyi;, and te/ivu, to cut.) 1. The operation
of cutting into the pharynx. 2. Scarification
of the tonsils.
PHARYNX, (x, git, f. _ Atto tov <j>epu, be-
cause it conveys the food into the stomach.)
The muscular bag at the back part of the
mouth. It is shaped like a funnel, adheres to
the fauces behind the larynx, and terminates in
the oesophagus. Its use is to receive the masti-
cated food, and to convey it into the oesophagus.
PHASE'OLUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminoscc.
— P. cre'ticus. Cajan. Cayan. A decoction
of the leaves is said to restrain bleeding from
piles. — P. vulgaris. The kidney-bean.
Phasianus co'lohicus. The pheasant. — P.
gallus. The common or domestic fowl.
Pha'tnium. The socket of a tooth.
Phausi'nges. A blister or pustule produced
by heat.
PHELLA'NDRIUM. (um,ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Umbelliferee.
— P. aquaticum. Water-iennel, or fine-leaved
water-hemlock. It possesses narcotic and pois-
onous qualities, which are best counteracted by
acids, after clearing the prima3 via?.
Phenecin. A purple substance obtained by
Mr. Cram from indigo ; the hydrate of indigo.
Pheni'gmus. ' A disease accompanied with a
red color of the skin without fever. — Sauvagcs.
PHENOMENON. In the plural phenomena.
(From tyaivojiat, to appear.) A remarkable oc-
currence. The phenomena of a disease are its
symptoms.
Phi'ala. A phial, or small bottle of one, two,
or a few ounces contents.
Philadel'phus. Galium aparine.
Philia'tros . An amateur, or student of med-
icine.
Philonium londinense. Confectii opii.
Philosopher's stone. Lapis philosopho-
rum.
PHILLY'RIA. (a,a,{.) A genus of plants.
Diandria. Monogynia. Mock privet. The
P. media and P. latifolia yield a peculiar crys-
talline principle of a bitter taste and supposed
tonic properties, called phillyrine.
PHl'LTRUM. (um,i,n.; from^t^ew,tolove.)
1. A philtre, or medicine to excite love. 2. The
groove between the nose and the upper lip.
Phimo'sicus. Relating to phimosis.
PHIMO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from <j>i/wu, to tie
or bind up.) A constriction of the extremity
of the prepuce, which, preventing the glans
from being uncovered, is often the occasion of
many troublesome complaints. If the constric-
tion can not be overcome by leeches, poultices,
-or the hot bath, the prepuce is to be divided by
a bistoury passed along a director previously
introduced.
500
PHL
Phlebecta'sia. Dilation of a vein. — Alibert.
Phlebes aetioi. The temporal veins.
Phle'bion. A vein.
PHLEBI'TIS. (From <j>lef, a vein, and itis,
the terminal denoting inflammation.) Inflam-
mation of a vein. Veins are liable to two forms
of inflammation, namely, the circumscribed and
the diffuse. The first occurs only from injuries,
and we have continual examples of it in the
healing of wounded veins, which takes place
by adhesive inflammation, as in other textures.
The diffuse inflammation of veins may arise
spontaneously or from injuries. It has most
frequently been observed in consequence of the
operation of venesection. A striking instance
of its idiopathic occurrence is presented in the
case of uterine phlebitis. See Puerperal fever.
Diffuse inflammation of veins gives rise to the
most formidable symptoms. The patient is af-
fected with adynamic fever, and extreme rest-
lessness, anxiety, and depression. Severe and
frequent rigors take place, and secondary in-
flammations occur in various parts of the body,
which terminate rapidly in effusion of pus or
lymph ; more frequently the former. It gen-
erally terminates in death, preceded by a high-
ly typhoid state, a black tongue, fluttering
pulse, and low delirium. It was, till lately,
supposed that the fatal effects of inflammation
of a vein arose from the extension of the dis-
eased action to the heart ; but it is now«ascer-
tained that the bad symptoms arise from the in-
troduction of pus into the blood, which acts as
a poison, and is a frequent cause of abscess in
the viscera and other parts. It has been further
proved that the abscesses in the viscera, joints,
&c, which occasionally follow great surgical
operations, and which have hitherto appeared
so unaccountable, have their real origin in phle-
bitis. Diffuse inflammation of veins, though
generally suppurative, is not necessarily so:
and veins, as well as arteries, have sometimes
had a portion of their canal obliterated by ad-
hesive inflammation. The treatment of diffuse
phlebitis, arising from injury, must at first be
decidedly antiphlogistic, as the only chance of
preventing suppuration and its formidable con-
sequences resides in the early subjugation of
the inflammatory action. It is not easy to de-
termine how far general bleeding is likely to
be serviceable in this case, because, although it
be the most powerful of all the means of arrest-
ing the primary inflammation, it is calculated
rather to accelerate than to retard the progress
of suppuration, if this have actually commenced
in any part distant from that first affected.
When pus has been taken into the blood and
contaminated the whole system, and given rise
to secondary suppuration, much need not bo
said about the treatment, as the evil is quite be-
yond our control. The only remedies indicated
are stimulants, opium, &c, as in the worst form
of typhus.
Phlebitis crural. Phlegmasia dolens.
Phlebitis uterine. Puerperal fever.
PHLE'BOLITE. (Phlebo'lithus; fromtfaeV,
a vein, and Xidoc, a stone.) A venal calculus.
Small calculi, varying in. size from that of a
millet-seed to that of a pea, have been found in
different veins, most frequently in those of the
PHL
uterus, bladder, prostate gland, and rectum.
They appear to be generally of an oval form, a
yellow color, a concentric lamellated texture,
and calcareous or phosphatic composition.
PHLEBORRHA'GIA. (From ftop, and
pijywfti, to break out.) A rupture of a vein.
Phleborrhe'xis. Synonym of phleborrha-
gia.
Phlebotome. A fleam or lancet.
PHLEBO'TOMY. (Phlebotomia, a,f. ; from
pTittf), and re/ivu, to cut.)" The opening of a
vein. See Venesection.
PHLEGM. (Phlegma, atis, n.) 1. One of
% the primary humors of the body, according to
the Greek physiologists. 2. Inflammation. —
Hippocrates. 3.* The viscid mucus expecto-
rated.
Phlegmago'gue. Expectorant.
PHLEGMASIA. ' (a, ce, f. ; from fksya, to
burn.) Inflammation.
Phlegmasia dolens. Phlegmasia lactea. P.
alba. A disease which mostly occurs to women
soon after delivery ; and hence it has been call-
ed the puerperal tumid leg. The disease usu-
ally appears from ten to sixteen days after par-
turition : the symptoms are pyrexia, stiffness of
the thigh ; pain and weight, mostly on one side ;
the thigh becomes hot, tender, and white ; the
pain becomes excruciating, and extends along
the leg ; there is oedema ; the crural veins can
frequently be traced as a hard cord ; the swell-
ing extends, and the pain diminishes. The
limb may become of thrice its natural size; it
does not pit, but is unyielding, and presents hard
knots in various parts. This state of things
lasts for several weeks, when the limb returns to
its natural state, the affection ending in resolu-
tion. This disease is now well known to be an
inflammatory affection of the crural and uterine
veins, arising from the presence of the gravid
uterus, &c, the swelling being due to an effu-
sion of serum and coagulable lymph, which is
reabsorbed. But it sometimes ends in suppu-
ration, and the formation of ulcers difficult to
heal, or in gangrene. Some of the veins are
often obliterated.
The cure is to be attempted first by leeches
applied down the course of the limb, poppy-
head fomentations, and alvine evacuants; and
afterward, as soon as the inflammatory symp-
toms have abated, by local stimulants, so as to
excite the torpid absorbents to increased action,
of which the volatile liniment, with laudanum,
may be advantageously used by frictions. Mer-
curial liniment is occasionally beneficial. The
chronic weakness is to be removed by a con-
tinuation of the friction, bathing, an elastic band-
age round the limb, pure air, and, if necessary,
bark, cascarilla, and a generous diet.
PHLEGMASIA. Inflammations. The sec-
ond order in the Pyrexia; of Cullen, character-
ized by pyrexia, with topical pain and inflam-
mation ; the blood, after venesection, exhibiting
a buffy coat.
Phlegmatopy'ra. Adeno-meningeal fever.
Phlegmatorrha'gia. A cold.
Phlegmhymeni'tis. Phlegmymenitis. In-
flammation of a mucous membrane.
PHLE'GMON. (on, onis, m. ; from ^Keyu,
to burn.) Phlegmone. An inflammation of that
PH(E
kind which is otherwise called healthy inflam*
motion ; such as attacks the cellular tissue, end-
ing in resolution or suppuration, as in an ab-
scess.
Phle'gmonoid. Resembling phlegmon.
Phlegmonoid erysipelas. Erysipelas.
Phlegmonous. Of the nature of phlegmon.
Phlegmonous inflammation. Inflammation
leading to suppuration.
PHLOGI'STIC. (Phlogisticus ; from 0?lo-
ytfu, to burn.) Inflammatory.
Phlogi'ston. A supposed general inflamma-
ble principle of Stahl.
Phlogisticated air. Nitrogen gas.
PHLOGO'SIS. (From Qloyou, to inflame.)
Inflammation. See Inflammation.
Phlogo'tic Phlogoticus. Inflammatory.
PHLORI'DZINE. (From floioc, bark, and
pi&, a root.) A crystalline principle closely re-
sembling salicine, and having tonic and febri-
fuge properties, extracted from the bark of the
root of the apple, pear, plum, &c, trees. The
crystals are deposited from a decoction of these
barks as it cools ; *hey have a sp. gr. of 1-429,
and are readily soluble in water at 70° F., or
above, or in alcohol, and but little soluble in
cold water or ether. The composition of phlo-
ridzine is C42H23O18+6HO ; hence it only differs
from salicine in containing two atoms more of
oxygen.
It has been found very serviceable in inter-
mittents, ten to twenty grains arresting a par-
oxysm.
By the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid
it is converted into a resinous body, Phloretine,
C30H15OK)? When moist phloridzine is ex-
posed to the action of air and ammonia, it is con-
verted into a deep red color, which dissolves in
ammonia, and may be precipitated by acids:
this is called Phtoridseine, and has the compo-
sition C43H29N2O26, or phloridzine plus eight
equivalents of oxygen and two equivalents of
ammonia. When dried, it forms a rich blue
coloring matter, similar to indigo.
P H L Y C T M'N A. (a, m, f. QXvuraivai,
small bladders; from ty"kv&, to boil.) A small
pellucid vesicle, that contains a serous fluid.
Phly'ctenoid. Resembling a phlyctama.
Phlycti'dium. A circular pustule encircled
by an inflamed zone, as in the small-pox. f
Phly'ctis. A tumor with great heat.
Phly'sis. 1. Phlyctama. 2. A whitlow.
Phlyza'cium. See Pustule.
Phlyzacion. Ecthyma.
Phobodi'psia. (a, a, f. ; from $o6eu, to fear r
and diipij, thirst.) Fear of drinking.
Phocenic acid. See Phocenine.
PHOCE'NINE. M. Chevreuil found in the
oil of the porpoise (Delphinium phocana) a pe-
culiar fatty matter mixed with elaine. This he
named Phocenine. When saponified it yields •
a volatile odoriferous acid, called the Phocenic
acid.
Ph(eni'ceus. Crimson.
Ph<enici'smus. The measles. — Plouquet.
Ph(ENIci'tes lapis. The lapis judaicus.
Phceni'cius morbus. The tubercular ele-
phantiasis.
Phosni'gmus. 1. A red eruption on the skin,
without fever. 2. A rubefacient.
501
PHO
PHCE'NIX. (ix,icis,f.) A genua of palms.
—P. dactyli'fera. The date-tree.
PHO'NICUS. (From <j>uvv, the voice.) Re-
lating to the voice.
Pho'nica. Phonono'si. Diseases of the vo-
cal organs.
Phora. Gestation.
Pho'sgene gas. Chloro-carbonic acid.
PHO'SPHATE. (Phosphas,^tis,l) A salt
of phosphoric acid with a base.
Phospha'tic acid. Phosphoric acid.
Phosfhatic diathesis. A morbid state of
the constitution, tending to the formation of cal-
culi of the phosphates.
Pho'sphite. Phosphis. A salt of phosphor-
ous acid.
PHOSPHORESCENCE. Phosphorescentia.
The luminous appearance which is presented
by phosphorescent bodies.
Phosfhore'scent. Having the property of
being luminous in the dark.
PHOSPHORIC ACID. Acidum phosphori-
cum._ The acid compound of phosphorus and
oxygen, POs; equiv., 71-4. *It exists in three
forms : bibasic (pyrophosphoric acid) acid ; gla-
cial, or metaphosphoric acid, obtained by fusing
the hydrated ; and, 3dly, the hydrated, or tn-
basic acid. The glacial acid is used to a small
extent in medicine: it is intensely sour, very
soluble, and deliquescent; sp. gr., 2-68. It is
sparingly used as a febrifuge in the form of
lemonade, and as an injection, but does not
seem to be superior to other acids. Phosphoric
acid exists abundantly in bones, the urine, and
most animal fluids, in combination with bases.
It is also found in the mineral and vegetable
kingdom.
Phosphorous acid. Acidum phosphor osum.
It is very sour, reddens vegetable blues, and
neutralizes bases ; is deliquescent, and a pow-
erful deoxydizing agent. Formula, P0 3 ;.eq.,
55-4.
PHO'SPHORUS. (us, i, m. ; from Que, light,
and <j>epo, to bear.) An extremely combustible
element, of a grayish-yellow color, consistence
of wax; sp. gr., 1-77, melting at 113°, and boil-
ing at 572° F. ; phosphorescent in the dark,
and emitting a white smoke in the air. It may
_be distilled if air be absent, otherwise it in-
flames and becomes oxydized. It is insoluble
in water, but dissolves in oils and ether. Its
symbol is P; eq., 31*4. This element is ob-
tained by decomposing bones, and it is present
in nearly every tissue of the human body/com-
bined with proteiue, &c. It forms four com-
pounds with oxygen; P 2 Oj the oxide; PO,
hypophosphorous acid ; PO3, phosphorous acid ;
and the phosphoric acid, P0 6 . It also com-
bines with the metals, forming phosphurets, and
% with chlorine, &c. With hydrogen it yields
two gaseous bodies, of which one is self-inflam-
mable in the air, the phosphureted or perphos-
phureted hydrogen. It is soluble in ether, and
the JEther phosphoralus (q. v.) is one mode
of administering it. It is a powerful nervous
stimulant, but may cause death from inflamma-
tion of the stomach; hence it is rarely employ-
ed. Begin with a dose of Jyth to £th of a grain,
"in ether or emulsion, during the day. It often
acts as a stimulus to the generative function.
502
PHR *
Pho'sphuret. Phosphuretum. A combina-
tion of phosphorus with a metal.
Phosphureted hydrogen. See Phosphorus.
Photoge'nic Produced by the action of
light. The Daguerreotype (which see) is some-
times called a photogenic drawing.
PHOTOGRAPHY. (From Que, fmdypa<pn,
a painting.) The art of painting with light, as
in the case of the Daguerreotype. There are
many processes of photography, all of which
resolve themselves into the production of a per-
manent impression on the surface of a metal or
paper, by the decomposing action of light, usu-
ally the sun's light, on chemical preparations ,
covering the surface. The Cyanotypc of Sir J.
F. Herschel, in which the painting is of a deli-
cate blue color on paper, is one of the best
phototypes after the Daguerreotype. The Col-
lotype of Mr. Talbot is of a neutral tint, and
is produced by the tanno-gallate of silver.
Photo'meter. An instrument for measuring
the intensity of light. Dr. Ritchie's instrument
is best known ; there is also a valuable photo-
meter by Sir' J. Herschel.
Photoma'nia. A fit of insanity produced by
the action of light.
PHOTOPHOBIA, (a, a-, f. ; from 90c, light,
and <j>u6eu, to dread. ) Such an intolerance of
light that the eye, or, rather, the retina, can
scarcely bear its irritating rays. Such patients
generally wink or close their eyes in light,
which they can not bear without exquisite pain
or confused vision. The proximate cause is too
great a sensibility in the retina. It is a particu-
lar symptom of internal ophthalmia. When 8
symptom of any disease, it requires the treat,
ment of that disease; and when a mere nervous
affection, cold bathing, cold applications to the
eyes, and tonics are proper.
PHOTO'PSIA. (a, a. f . ; from fug, and
oipic, vision.) Lucid vision. An affection of
the eye in which the patient perceives luminous
rays, ignited lines, or coruscations.
Phototy'pe. A drawing or engraving pro-
duced by the action of light. See Photography.
Phragmi'tes. Arundo phragmites.
Phra'gmus. The rows of teeth.
PHRE'NES. (From typrjv, the mind; be-
cause the ancients imagined that the mind was
seated there.) 1. The pracordia. 2. The di-
aphragm.
Phrene'sis. Phrenetiasis. Cephalitis.
Phre'nic. Phrcnicus. Belonging to the di-
aphragm.
Phrenic arteries. See Diaphragmatic ar-
teries.
Phrenic nerve. Diaphragmatic nerve. It
arises from a union of the branches of the third,
fourth, and fifth cervical pairs on each side,
passes between the clavicle and subclavian ar-
tery, and thence descends by the pericardium
to the diaphragm.
Phrenic veins. See Diaphragmatic veins.
PHRENI'CA. (From <ppnv, the mind.) An
order of diseases of Dr. Good, characterized by
error, perversion, or debility of one or more of
the faculties of the mind.
PHRENI'TIS. (is, idis, f. Qpevmc; from
<j>pqv, the mind.) Phrensy. Inflammation of
the brain. See Encephalitis.
• PHT
Phrenitis latrans. Hydrophobia.
PHRENO'LOGY. (Phrenologia,<e,U from
^prjv, the mind, and loyog, a discourse.) That
system of mental philosophy which regards the
brain as made up of numerous (42) parts, each
subservient to a particular affection, instinct, or
quality. The development of each of these
qualities is associated with the relative size of
the organ in different brains. Of the general
principle that the size of the brain and its pe-
culiar development is connected with the intel-
ligence of an individual, there is little doubt,
but the location of 42 organs is probably very
premature. The following are the organs :
1. Conservation.
2. Alimentation.
3. Destruction.
4. Cunning.
5. Courage.
6. Choice of places.
7. Concentration.
8. Attachment for life, or
marriage.
9. Attachment.
10. Reproduction.
11. Philoprogbnitiveness.
12. Property.
13. Circumspection.
14. Perception of substance
or objects.
15. Configuration.
16. Size.
17. Distance.
18. Geometrical sense.
19. Resistance.
20. Localities.
21. Numbers.
22. Order.
23. Time.
24. Language.
25. Coloring.
26. Eventuality.
27. Talent for construc-
tion.
28. Musical talent.
29. Talent for imitation.
30. Comparison.
31. Causality.
32. Discrimination.
33. Vanity.
34. Self-esteem.
35. Firmness, persever-
ance.
36. Conscience.
37. Veneration.
38. Hope.
39. Benevolence.
40. Sentiment of the mar-
vellous.
41. Poetical sentiment.
42. Sentiment of the beau-
tiful in arts.
Phrensy. See Phrenitis.
Phrice'. $ptKTj. An intense sensation of
cold ; a shivering.
Phrico'des febius. Febris horrificus.
Phtha'rma. A generic term for the diseases
of the eye ; hence P. calligo is calligo, P. cat-
aracta is cataract, &c.
Phtheiriasis. See Phthiriasis.
Phtheiro'ctanum. Phtheirium. Delphini-
um staphisagria.
PHTHIRIA'SIS. (is, is, vel cos, f. ; from
■ <j>6etp, a louse.) Morbus pcdiculbsits. Pedicu-
latio. Phtheiriasis. A disease in which sev-
eral parts of the body generate lice, which often
puncture the skin, and produce little sordid ul-
cers.
Phthi'sicus. Phthinodes. Phthisical. Re-
lating to consumption or phthisis.
Phthisiolo'gy. Phthisiologia. A treatise
on phthisis.
Phthisi-pneumoxia. Phthisis pulmona-
lis.
PHTHPSIS. (is, is, or cos, f. $0iair, from
tydio, to consume.) Wasting of the frame, from
whatever cause; but in the medical language
of the present day the term is restricted to the
disease commonly called pulmonary consump-
tion, or phthisis puhnonalis.
Phthisis is often confounded with other dis-
eases of the lungs, especially chronic bronchi-
tis, but is now confined to the disease produced
by the development of tubercles in the lungs.
This is, for the most part, a hereditary disease
of cold, changeable climates, which may be ex-
cited by almost every cause, and usually ap-
pears between the fourteenth and twenty-fifth
PHT
year. Those laboring under the tubercular di-
athesis have usually a fair or sallow complex-
ion, small chest, light eyes and hair, swollen
upper lip, large veins, Blight frame; are usually
irritable, sensitive, and often of an active and
brilliant nature. Such persons, even from child-
hood, are subject to a form of dyspepsia (stru-
mous dyspepsia). There is a constant furred
tongue, with red papilla?, flatulence, clayey
stools, foetid breath, thirst, night sweats, cold
hands and feet, restlessness at night. The
complexion becomes pasty ; the child languid,
irritable ; the throat is liable to irritation ; the
tonsils are often permanently enlarged ; epistax-
is may occur ; the bowels are irregular, and dis-
charges of mucus and blood, with undigested
food, occur ; in other words, the tubercular or
strumous cachexia is established.
A cold, or almost any cause, gives rise to the
production of tubercles, and true phthisis arises.
In this there are three stages: 1st, there is a
dry, almost constant cough ; constriction of the
chest, weight in the sternum, dyspnoea, languor,
loss of appetite, dejection. The patient con-
tinues thus a long time, and is very subject to
colds. 2d. The cough becomes very harassing,
especially at night and morning ; there is an ex-
puition of puriform matter ; the dyspnoea is very
oppressive, the emaciation great ; the pulse is
full, hard, and frequent (120) ; there is fever in
the morning and evening, colliquative sweats,
irregular bowels, often haemoptysis. 3d. Con-
finned hectic is established ; colliquative sweats
and diarrhoea occur ; aphtha? of the fauces ; ex-
cessive debility and emaciation ; the feet swell
and become cold ; nails of a livid color, and in-
curved; the mind is often clear and hopeful to
the last few days, when a slight delirium often
occurs. This course is run in from three to
eighteen months. The disease, when confirm-
ed and extensive, is nearly always fatal ; recov-
eries do, however, occur when the tubercles
are few in number.
The physical signs of these three stages are,
1 st. A slight dullness on percussion toward the
summit of one or both lungs; the respiratory
murmur is there weaker, and the voice and
cough more resonant, with wheezing. 2d. The
inspiration is bronchial, the sound on percussion
is duller, the expiration loud, the resonance of
the voice and cough increased. 3d. The tu-
bercles being softened, there is unusual reso-
nance of the voice ; the percussion becomes clear
in some parts ; there is a subcrepitant rale, and
even a gurgling sound, and then pectoriloquy ;
there is also cavernous tracheal inspiration and
expiration.
Treatment. — If it be recognized early, a suit-
able diet to overcome the dyspepsia, warm
clothing, pure air and exercise, and a removal
to a genial climate, as that of Madeira, the
Azores, some portions of Florida, and the West
Indies, is the most certain means of treatment,
and may save the patient. If this stage be
past, there is nothing left but palliatives, and
reliance on the natural energy of the system.
Counter-irritation, digitalis, and antimony are
used in the inflammatory stage ; subsequently
the treatment consists in alleviating urgent
symptoms, as the cough, diarrhoea, and sweats,
503
PHY
by anodynes, antacids, and the last by the min-
eral acids. The strength is to be sustained.
Dr. W. Philip calls the rapidly fatal form of
phthisis, in which the dyspeptic symptoms are
very obvious, Dyspeptic Phthisis.
Phthisis cancerous. Cancer, or enceph-
aloid tumor of the lung.
Phthisis dorsalis. See Tabes dor salts.
Phthisis dyspeptic See Phthisis.
Phthisis laryngea. The wasting and hectic
occasioned by ulceration of the larynx in the
worst cases of chronic larnygitis.
Phthisis mesenterica. See Tabes mesen-
terica.
Phthisis pulmonalis. P. scrofulosa. P.
tuberculosa. See Phthisis.
Phthisis trachealis. A chronic inflamma-
tion of the trachea, producing ulcerations, hec-
tic, and wasting.
Phthisu'ria. Diabetes mellitus.
Phthoe. $0on. The same as Phthisis.
Phthore'. Fluorine.
PHTHO'RIUS. (*0opio f ; fr° m <l> e °P a > an
abortion.) Promotive of abortion.
Phu. Valeriana phu.
Phycoma'ter. The gelatinous matter found
on the ground, on trees, &c, in which the
sporules of algffi and fungi vegetate.
PHYGE'THLON. (^vyedlov; from <pvu,
to grow.) Inflammation of the subcutaneous
lymphatic glands.
Phylacte'ry. An amulet.
PHYLLA'NTHUS. (us, i, f.) A genus of
plants. Monmcia. Monadclphia. — P. cmblica.
The Indian tree from which the emblic myro-
balan is obtained.
Phylli'tis. Scolopendrium vulgare.
Phyllo'dium. A leaf-like petiole.
PHY'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from Qvu, to pro-
duce.) 1. A tubercle or phlegmon on any ex-
ternal part of the body. 2. A genus of cuta-
neous diseases in Willan, including terminthus,
epynictis, furunculus, and anthrax.
Phymato'sis. An excrescence.
Phymo'sis . Synonym of phimosis.
PHY'SALIS. (it, is, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Solanacea:. — P. al-
kekengi. The winter-cherry, or Alkekengi.
The berries are recommended as a diuretic in
dropsical and calculous diseases. They were
also thought sedative ; the dose is five or six of
the fruit, or fj. of the juice. — The P. viscosa,
which is indigenous, is said to be a remarkable
diuretic.
Phy'scia islandica. The Cetraria islandica.
PHYSCO'NIA. (a, a, f. ; from tyvonuv, a big-
bellied fellow.) Any enlargement of the abdo-
men: known by a tumor occupying chiefly one
part of the abdomen, increasing slowly, and nei-
ther sonorous nor fluctuating. The species are,
1. Physconia hepatica. — Enlarged liver, which
may arise from morbid turgescence of the bile-
ducts, scrofula in children, or from tumors.
2. Physconia peritonei. — Tumefaction of the
peritoneum. One instance of this was from
the acephalocyst, or headless bladder-worm.
3. Physconia splenica. An obvious increase
of the size of the belly. Enlarged spleen may
occur in agues, or from tumors and morbid
conditions.
504
PHY
4. Physconia omentalis. — Enlarged omentum
from tumors and morbid growths.
5. Physconia renalis. — An enlargement of the
kidney produced by morbid growths.
6. Physconia uterina. — This is, perhaps, the
most frequent case of physconia. The uterus
itself, and its appendages, are often diseased,
and so enlarged as to cause a great swelling of
the abdomen, and often at a period and under
circumstances to favor the opinion of the female
being pregnant. The swelling may be caused
by restrained menses, from obstruction in the
vagina; by other secretions into the uterus or
its appendages ; by depositions of morbid sub-
stances, either cartilaginous, cephalomatous, or
of other natures ; by many diseased states of
the ovaria; by ovarial, tubal, or extra-uterine
foetation, &c. In the first case, the obstruction
is to be removed by the knife, or suitable
means.
7. Physconia mesenterica. — Many cases are
recorded of glandular enlargements of the mes-
entery causing this disease, but they are rare.
8. Physconia intcstinalis. — Pendulous or pot
belly. A laxity of the intestinal canal produ-
ces an enlargement of the belly, which is cured
by tonics, diet, and exercise. Morbid growths
of the intestines also occasionally cause phys-
conia.
PHYSE'MA. Physesis. (From (j>v(rau, to
inflate.) 1. A windy tumor. 2. Tympanitis.
Physeter macroce'phalus. The sperma-
ceti whale. Spermaceti, called in the pharma-
copoeia Cetaccum, is an oily, concrete, crystal-
line, semitransparent matter, obtained from the
cavity of the cranium of several species of
whales, but principally from the Physeter ma-
crocephalus, or spermaceti whale. It is emol-
lient, and mostly used in cerates, ointments, &c.
PHYSIC. (hvaiKTi; from <]>vcnc, nature.) A
term originally signifying natural philosophy,
but in modern language restricted to that branch
of medicine which forms the province of the
physician, as opposed to that of the surgeon.
Physic, Indian. Gillenia trifoliata.
Physic-nuts . The nuts of the Jatropha cur-
cas.
Physical. Relating to the external or tan-
gible properties or effects of things.
PHYSICIAN. One who is empowered to
practice physic by the laws of the land, or who
is furnished with a diploma of doctor of medi-
cine.
Physici'en. (French.) One who is inti-
mately acquainted with physics, that is, with
natural philosophy.
PHYSICS. (From <j>voic, nature.) The sci-
ence of the laws of nature, more especially of
the movements, pressure, and sensible proper-
ties of things. The word is now used to des-
ignate natural philosophy.
PhYsio-autocratia. The vis medicatrix
naturae.
PHYSIOGNOMY. (Physio gnomia ; from.
<pvotc, nature, and yivuoKu, to know.) The
art of judging of the characters of individuals
by their countenances, gestures, and other ex-
ternal peculiarities. There is a kind of physi-
ognomy which is of great importance in the
practice of medicine, and which embraces the
THY
expression of the countenance as affected by
certain diseased states : the complexion of the
face and of the whole surface of the body, the
attitude of the patient, and his manner of speak-
ing and moving. The practitioner, who has a
discerning and experienced eye in medical
physiognomy, will attain, in many cases, to a
readiness of diagnosis, and a certainty of prog-
nosis, which will astonish those who have neg-
lected this study. The reader will find many
accurate remarks on the physiognomy of dis-
ease in Dr. Marshall Hall's work on Diagnosis.
The principal traits observable in the coun-
tenance are,
1. The oculo-zygomatic trait, commencing at
the greater angle of the eye, and lost a little
below the projection formed by the cheek
bone. This is the index of disorders of the
cerebro-nervous system.
2. The nasal trait, beginning at the upper
part of the ala nasi, and embracing in a semi-
circle, more or less perfect, the outer line of the
orbicularis oris. A trait is sometimes observed
toward the middle of the cheek, forming a kind
of tangent with the nasal trait, and sometimes
constituting the dimple of the cheeks; this is
called the gcnal trait. These indicate disorders
of the digestive passages and abdominal viscera.
3. The labial trait, beginning at the angle of
the lips, and lost on the lower portion of the
face. It indicates diseases of the heart and air
passages.
4. To these may be added the face grippee,
or pinched-in face, a term applied by the French
to the expression of the countenance in peri-
tonitis; the features are altered, and appear
drawn up toward the forehead, which is wrin-
kled, and the nose pointed.
PHYSIO'LOGY. (Physiologia, ce, f. *i»crt-
oXoyta; from (jivotc, nature, and "koyoc, a dis-
course.) This term, in its original meaning, is
synonymous with natural philosophy, and in
this sense it was used by the Greeks. It is now
restricted, however, to that branch of natural
knowledge which relates to the laws of life and
the functions of living beings. Physiology is
divided into general and special, the former
having for its object the general laws of life,
the latter the functions of particular organs. It
is also divided, like anatomy, into human, which
relates to man, and comparative, which relates
to the inferior animals and to vegetables.
Phy'sis. <i>voie. Nature; life.
Physock'lia. Tympanitis.
Physoce'le. Pneumatocele.
Physoce'phalus. Emphysema of the head.
PHYSOME'TRA. (a, a, f. ; from Qvoaw, to
inflate, and finrpa, the womb.) Hysterophyse.
A windy swelling of the uterus. A tympany
of the womb, characterized by a permanent
elastic swelling of the hypogastrium, from flatu-
lent distension of the womb. It is a rare dis-
ease, and seldom admits of a cure.
Physo'ncus. A windy tumor.
Physotho'rax. Pneumothorax.
Phyte'lephas. A genus of plants inhabiting
America. The Tagua plant. Caleza de Negro.
Buttons are made of the hardened albumen of
the fruit, or vegetable ivory.
PHYTEU'MA. (a, atit, n.) A genus of
PIC
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. — P. orotcu-
lare. Horned rampions. By some supposed
efficacious in the cure of syphilis.
Phytogra'phy. Phytographia. A descrip-
tion of plants.
PHYTOLA'CCA. (a, ce, f.) A genus of
plants. Decandria. Decagynia. Phytolacca.
— P. decandra. Poke-weed. Poke-berry.
American nightshade. The root and berries
are said to have an anodyne quality, and the
juice of the root is violently emetic and ca-
thartic. It is used in rheumatism and some
cutaneous affections. Dose of the dried root,
gr. j. to gr. v. ; and as an emetic, gr. xx. to 3ss.
PHYTO'LOGY. (Phytologia, a, f. ; from
ipvrov, an herb, and Xoyoc, a discourse.) The
natural history of plants. Botany.
Phytoto'my. Phytotomia. An account of
the internal texture of plants.
PI'A MA'TER. Localismcm.br ana. Meninx
tenuis. A thin membrane, almost wholly vas-
cular, that is firmly accreted to the convolu-
tions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla ob-
longata, and medulla spinalis. Its use appears
to be, to distribute the vessels to, and contain
the substance of, the cerebrum.
Pian. Framboesia.
Piar. n*ap. Fat.
PIARHiEMIA. (From map, fat, and aipa,
blood.) A morbid condition of the blood, in
which it contains uncombined fat. Fat has
been found in the blood more especially in
Asiatic cholera, pneumonia, and hepatitis. In
this case the serum is milky, and fat globules
are readily discovered by the microscope. Dr.
Sion found in a case of mammary abscess 11*7
per cent, of fat in the blood, and, according to
some writers, this proportion was exceeded in
some cases of Asiatic cholera.
PI'CA. («, a, f.) Depraved appetite, with
strong desire for unnatural food. It is very
common as a symptom of disease in pregnancy,
dyspepsia, and chlorosis.
Picaci'smus. Pica.
PICA'MAR. (From in pice amarum.) A
colorless oil existing with creasote in the heavy
oil of tar. It has a specific gravity of 1-10, and
is very pungent and bitter; it boils at 510° F.
It has an acid reaction.
Picatio. Pica.
Pi'cea. Pinus picea.
PIOHU'RIM CORTEX. A highly aromat-
ic bark, the produce of a species of Laurus pi-
churim. The odor is like that of cinnamon
It is much esteemed in the cure of dysenteries,
and for allaying obstinate vomitings.
Pichdris. Faba pichurim.
PiCRiE'NA excelsa. The tree which yields
the Jamaica quassia wood.
Picria. Bitterness.
PICRIC ACID. Nitro-picric acid. A prod-
uct of the action of nitric acid on indigo, silk r
aloes, &c. It forms pale yellow scales of a
silvery lustre, soluble in hot water, and of a
very bitter taste. It is fusible and volatile, and'
its salts are crystalline, and explode when heat-
ed. Its formula is Cis \ „p,2L > 0,HO.
Picrin. A bitter substance obtained from
foxglove, and 6aid to be the impure Digitaline-
505
PIL
PI'CRIS. (is, idis, f.) A genus of plants.
Syngenesia. Polygamic/, aquales. Composites.
— P. echoides. The common ox-tongue. The
leaves are said to relax the bowels.
Picrogly'cion. Impure solanine derived
from the dulcamara.
Picroliche'nine. An intensely bitter non-
azotized crystalline body found in Variolara
amara.
Pi'cromel. Bilin rendered impure by the
action of acetic acid.
P I C R O T O'X I N. Picrotoxia. Picrotoxic
acid. The poisonous principle of the cocculus
indicus. It crystallizes in white, brilliant, semi-
transparent four-sided prisms, which are bitter
and soluble ; they produce a kind of intoxica-
tion: about ten grains will kill a dog. This
substance is, according to Pelletier and Couerbe,
a feeble acid, and not an alkaloid. Its compo-
sition is O12H7O5, but this is doubtful.
Piedmont truffle. Lycoperdon tuber.
Pie'strum. An Instrument to compress the
head of a dead fetus, for its more easy extrac-
tion from the womb.
Pig-nut. Bunium bulbocastanum.
Pigmenta'rius. A druggist.
Pigment cells. Cellules, wherever situated,
which contain coloring matter, as the pigment
cells of the pigmentum nigrum.
PIGME'NTUM. (urn, i,x\.; from pingo, to
paint.) A pigment. This name is given by
anatomists to a mucous substance found in the
eye, which is, 1. The pigment of the iris, which
covers the posterior surface of the iris, and is
called also uvea, from the resemblance of its
color to that of the grape. 2. The pigment of
the choroid membrane, a black or brownish
mucus, which covers the anterior surface of the |
choroid membrane, and is called pigmentum
PIL
of copper and moistened card, placed alternate
ly. These have no power of developing elec-
tricity by their own action, but are capable of
receiving a charge by being placed in the cir-
cuit of a powerful voltaic battery, and of thus
acquiring, though in an inferior degree, the
properties of the battery itself.
PILES. Hemorrhoids. Piles are small tu-
mors produced by the dilatation of the hemor-
rhoidal Veins and cellular coat of the rectum,
whereby erectile tumors of a spongy nature are
formed ; these are either internal or extruded,
and discharge mucous or blood.
Piles occur mostly in sedentary persons of a
relaxed habit, and are produced from violence
at stool and during pregnancy. They are ac-
companied by uneasiness in the loins and rec-
tum, inability to use exercise without distress,
costiveness, and general ill health.
Treatment. — Rest, the horizontal posture,
laxatives, abstinence, and the topical applica-
tion of the unguentum gallae compositum. If
there be great irritation, leeches, cooling lo-
tions, and more active astringents may be used,
as solutions of sulphate of zinc ; iron, or alum
combined with opium, where the pain is se-
vere.
The most common arrangement of piles is
into,
1. The blind piles, or internal piles, as they ex-
ist in their simplest state, consisting of nothing
more than a varicose state of the veins, with
more or less thickening of the internal mem-
brane of the bowel.
2. The mucous piles, in which the mucous
follicles are excoriated, and pour out a quantity
of mucus, which mixes with some pus or sanies,
and is discharged.
3. The bleeding piles, which are attended with
nigrum. This substance is the same as the bjeeding, from excoriation, stricture, &c.
black matter of melrena, the lungs, freckles,
«fec. The depth of its shade varies with the
color of the hair and skin.
Pigmentum indicum. Indigo.
Pike. The esox lucius.
Pi'la hy'stricis. The bezoar hystricis.
Pi'la mari'na. A globular mass of marine
plants, formerly esteemed in scrofula and as an
anthelmintic.
Pila're malum. Trichiasis. An unnatural
condition of the hair.
Pila'tio. A capillary fracture of the skull.
Pilchard. The clupea pilchar.dus.
PILE, GALVANIC. An apparatus for ex-
hibiting the phenomena of galvanism, and con-
sisting of a pile or column of metallic plates of
zinc and copper, and discs of wet card, placed
in succession to each other in the same regular
order throughout the series.
Pile of De Luc. — An electrical column, con-
structed of pieces of paper, silvered on one side
by means of silver leaf, and alternating with
thin leaves of zinc, the silvered surfaces of the
paper discs being always in the same direction.
Dry pile.— The inappropriate name of an ar-
rangement of pairs of metallic plates, separated
by layers of farinaceous paste, mixed with com-
mon salt. The apparatus evidently owes its
efficacy to the moisture of the paste.
Secondary piles. — Piles formed simply of discs
506
4. The excrescenlial, in which there are fleshy
excrescences about the verge of the anus or
within the gut. These are mostly large, loose,
and flabby within the bowel, and of great size ;
and externally they are of various shapes, re-
sembling, as it was supposed, figs, on which
account they have been denominated fid, con-
dylomata. They are to be removed by the
knife.
Pile'ous. Pilosus. Relating to the hair.
PI'LEUS. 1. The cap of a gymnospermous
fungus, which forms the upper round part or
head, as in Boletus and Agaricus. 2. A kind of
nipple-shield.
Pilewort. Ranunculus ficaria.
Pill. See Pilula.
Pill, blue. Piluke hydrargyri.
Pill, compound calomel. P., Plummer's.
See Pilula: hydrargyri chloridi composite.
Pill, mercurial. Pilulae hydrargyri.
Pilose'lla. Hieracium pilosella.
Pilosella major. Hypochaeris minima.
Pilo'sus. Hairy.
Pilous. Pilosus. Hairy.
PILU'LA. (a, a, f. ; diminutive of pila, a
ball.) A medicine of a globose form, subsolid
consistence, and about five grains weight. The
consistence of pills is best preserved by keep-
ing the mass in bladders, and occasionally moist-
ening it. The mass for a number of pills being
PIL
ascertained, it may be divided by a role on a
tile, or by a machine.
Pilule alepha'nginjE. Piluloe aloephanginee.
■Pills composed of aloes and aromatics.
Pilule aloes. (U. S.) P. aloeticce. (Ph.
E.) Aloetic pills. Take of powdered aloes
and soap, each, fj. Beat with water into a
proper mass, and divide into 240 pills. Dose,
from two to four pills, as a cathartic.
PiLULfi ALOES ET ASSAFffiTIDfi. (U. S. &
Ph. E.) Pills of aloes and assafoetida. Take
of assafoetida, aloes, and soap, each, gss. Beat
with water into a proper mass, and divide into
180 pills. Used in costive dyspepsias. Dose,
two or three pills.
PiLULfi ALOES COMPOSITE. (Ph. L. & D.)
Compound aloetic pills. Take of aloes, pow-
dered, fj. ; extract of gentian, jss. ; oil of cara-
way, forty minims; simple syrup, sufficient.
Form a uniform mass. From fifteen to twenty-
five grains prove moderately purgative and
stomachic.
PiLULfi ALOES ET FERRI. (Ph. E.) Fills of
aloes and iron. Take of sulphate of iron, three
parts ; aloes, two parts ; aromatic powder, six
parts; confection of roses, eight parts. Mix
thoroughly, and divide into five grain pills. A
valuable emmenagogue in atonic states. Dose,
from one to three pills.
Pilule aloes et myrrhs. (U.S.) P. aloes
cum myrrha. (Ph. L. & D.) Aloetic pills with
myrrh. Take of aloes, jij. ; saffron, ?ss. ; myrrh,
5 j. ; simple syrup, sufficient. Beat into a uni-
form mass. From ten grains to a scruple of this
pill prove stomachic and laxative, and are cal-
culated for delicate females, especially where
there is uterine obstruction.
PiluljE Asiatics. Asiatic pills. Arsenious
acid, gr. lv. ; black pepper, powdered, 3ix. ; gum
arabic, sufficient to make 800 pills. Extensively
used in the East Indies in syphilis, elephantiasis,
&c. Each pill contains gr. T j of arsenic.
Pilule ASSAF<ETiDfi. (U. S.) Assafoetida
pills. Take of assafoetida, §iss. ; soap, f ss. In-
corporate with water, and divide into 240 pills.
Antispasmodic. Dose, from two to three pills.
Pilule assafo:tid.#:. (Ph. E.) P. assafmti-
da composites. Pilulae galbani compositre.
PlLUL.fi CAMBOGIfi COMPOSITE. (Ph. L.)
Compound gamboge pills. Take of gamboge,
powdered, 3J. ; aloes, powdered, 3iss. ; ginger,
powdered, 33s. ; soap, two drachms. Mix.
Active purgative. Dose, from gr. x. to 3j.
Pilulae cathartics; composite. (U. S.)
Compound cathartic pills. Take of compound
extract of colocynth, in powder, ?ss. ; extract
of jalap,, in powder, and calomel, of each, 3iij. ;
gamboge, in powder, 9ij. Form into a mass
with water, and divide into 180 pills. Dose,
from two to three pills.
PlLUL.fi CALOMELANOS ET OPII. (Ph. E.)
Calomel and opium pills. Take of calomel, three
parts; opium, one part; confection of roses,
sufficient. Mix, and divide into pills, each con-
taining gr. ij. of calomel. Each pill contains
two thirds of a grain of opium. Valuable in
rheumatism, and various inflammatory and pain-
ful diseases, and to produce ptyalism.
PiLULfi cochije. P.coccicB. P . colocynthidis .
These are made from the Edinburgh receipt for
PIL
colocynth, and contain more aloes than the ex-
tract of the London Pharmacopoeia.
PlLUL.fi COLOCYNTHIDIS ET HYOSCYAMI. (Ph.
E.) Pills of colocynth and henbane. Take of
compound extract of colocynth, two parts; ex-
tract of hyoscyamus, one part. Mix. The
henbane diminishes the pain and griping of the
purge. Dose, gr. v. to gr. x.
Pilule conh coMPosiTfi. (Ph. L.) Com-
pound pills of hemlock. Take of extract of
hemlock, 3V. ; ipecacuanha, powdered, 3J. ; mu-
cilage, sufficient to make into mass. Antispas-
modic, slightly narcotic, and expectorant, and
used in spasmodic coughs, &c. Dose, gr. y. to
gr. x., three times a day.
PiLULfi copA'iBfi. (U. S.) Copaiba pills.
Take of copaiba balsam, § ij. ; fresh magnesia,
3J- Mix, and let the mass solidify ; this requires
several hours. Divide into 200 pills. Dose,
from two to six pills.
PiLULfi CUPRI AMMONIATI. (Ph. E.) P. CU-
pri ammoniureti. Take of ammoniated copper,
powdered, one part ; bread crumb, six parts ;
solution of carbonate of ammonia, sufficient.
Beat into a proper mass, and divide into pills,
each containing half a grain of the ammoniated
copper. Antispasmodic, and used in chorea,
epilepsy, &c. Dose, from one to five or more
pills, gradually increased.
PiLULfi de caccio'nde. Astringent pills
containing catechu.
PiLULfi de cynoglosso. A French formula.
They contain opium, hyoscyamus, myrrh, oliba-
num, saffron, castoreum, &c. Anodyne.
PlLUL.fi DIGITALIS ET SCILLfi. (Ph. E.) Pills
of foxglove and squill . Take of digitalis leaves,
squill root, dried and powdered, each, one part ;
aromatic electuary (powder), one part. Beat
into a proper mass with syrup, and divide the
mass into four grain pills. Diuretic. Used in
dropsies arising from disease of the heart. Dose,
one or two pills.
PiLULfi FERRI CARBOXAT1S. (U. S.) Pills of
carbonate of iron. Take of sulphate ofiron, fiv. ;
carbonate of soda, fv. ; clarified honey, fiiss. ;
syrup and water, sufficient. Dissolve the iron
and soda each in a pint of water ; add to each
a f. §j. of syrup, and then mix them in a quart
bottle well stoppered ; set it by for the precipi-
tate to subside ; collect the precipitate, wash it
with warm water sweetened with syrup (f. jj.
to the Oj.) so long as it acquires a saline taste.
Place the precipitate on a flannel cloth, express
as much water as possible, and mix the mass
with the honey. Lastly, warm the mixture
over a water bath until it has a proper consist-
ence.
PiLULfi FERRI COMPOSIT.fi. (U. S., Ph. L., D.,
& E.) P. ferri cum myrrha. Compound iron
pills. Pills of iron and myrrh. Take of myrrh,
powdered, 31J. ; carbonate of soda, sulphate of
iron, of each, 3J- '. syrup, a sufficient quantity.
Rub the myrrh with the carbonate of soda; add
the sulphate of iron, and rub them again ; then
beat the whole together, and divide into 80 pilla.
These pills answer the same purpose as the
mistura ferri composita. The dose is from ten
grains to one scruple.
PiLULfi FERRI SULPHATIS. (Ph. E.) Pills
of sulphate of iron. Take of dried sulphate of
507
PIL
iron, two parts ; extract of taraxacum, five parts ;
confection of roses, two parts ; liquorice root,
powdered, three parts. Beat together, and di-
vide into five grain pills. Each pill contains
five sixths of a grain of the salt of iron. An
astringent and stimulating tonic. Dose, from
one to three pills.
PlLULJE GA'lbANI COMPOSITJE. (U. S., Ph. L.
& D.) Compound galbanum pills. Take of
galbanum, jj. ; myrrh, sagapenum, of each, f isa. ;
assafoetida, fss. ; simple syrup, sufficient. Beat
until they form a uniform mass, of which make
480 pills. A stimulating antispasmodic and
emmenagogue. Dose, from 9j. to 38s.
Pilulje gummi. P. gummosa. Pilulic gal-
bani composite.
Pilule ex helleboro et myrrha. A French
vermifuge and emmenagogue* pill.
Pilule hydrargyri. (U. S., Ph. L. & D.)
Mercurial pills. Blue pill. Take of mercury,
5j. ; confection of roses, jiss. ; liquorice root,
powdered, §89. Rub the mercury with the con-
fection until the globules disappear ; then add
the liquorice root, and beat the whole together.
Divide into 480 pills. Dose, from five grains to
a scruple. Three grains of the mass contain one
of mercury.
Pilule hydrargyri chloridi composite.
P. hydrargyri submuriatis composites. Com-
pound pills of chloride of mercury. Take of
calomel, oxysulphuret of antimony, each, 31J. ;
guaiacum resin, powdered, ^ss.; treacle, 31J.
Rub until they are incorporated. It is exhibited
as an alterative in a variety of diseases, espe-
cially cutaneous eruptions, pains of the venereal
or rheumatic kind. Dose, from five to ten grains.
In about five grains of the mass there is one
grain of calomel.
PlLULJE HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDI MITIS. (U. S.) j
Calomel pills. Take of calomel, § ss. ; gum ara-
ble, powdered, 3J. Mix together, and then add
syrup, q. s. Mix, and make 240 pills. Each
pill contains one grain.
PlLULJE HYDRARGYRI IODIDI. (Ph. L.) Pills
of iodide of mercury. Take of iodide of mer-
cury, 3J. ; confection of dog-roses, siij. ; ginger,
powdered, 3J. Beat them until they are in-
corporated. Dose, from five to ten grains. For
the virtues, see Hydrargyri iodidum.
Pilulje IPECACUANHA COMPOSITE. (Ph. L.)
P. ipecac, cum opio. Compound pills of ipecac-
uanha. Take of compound powder of ipecac-
uanha, 3iij.; squill, fresh dried, ammoniacum,
each,3J.; mixture of gum acacia, sufficient. Beat
until incorporated. These pills are anodyne,
diaphoretic, and expectorant. Dose, from five
to ten grains.
Pilule orii. (U.S.) Pills of opium. Take
of opium, powdered, 3J. ; soap, gr. xij. Mix,
and make 60 pills. Dose, one pill.
Pilulje plumbi opiate. (Ph. E.) Acetate
of lead and opium pills. Take of acetate of lead,
Bix parts ; opium, powdered, one part ; confec-
tion of roses, one part. Make into four grain
I nils; each contains three grains of acetate of
ead and half a grain of opium. Valuable in
dysentery, profuse secretions, or hemorrhage of
the bronchial mucous membrane, and severe
diarrhoea. Dose, from one to three grains.
Pilulje quinije sulphatis. (U. 8.) Pills
508
PIL
of sulphate of quinine. Take of sulphate (di
sulphate) of quinine, 5 j. ; gum arabic, powdered,
3\j- ; syrup, q. s. Mix, and divide into 480
pills. Each contains one grain.
Pilulje rhei. (U. 8.) Pills of rhubarb.
Take of rhubarb, powdered, 3VJ. ; soap, 31J.
Mix, and make 120 pills. Each contains three
grains of rhubarb.
Pilulje rhei compositje. (U. S. & Ph. E.)
Compound pills of rhubarb. Take of rhubarb,
powdered, §j.; aloes, powdered, 3vj.; myrrh,
powdered, Jss. ; soap, 3J. ; oil of peppermint,
388. ; syrup, sufficient. Mix the powders to-
gether, then beat the whole until incorporated,
and divide into 240 pills. These pills form a
good stomachic laxative. Dose, from gr. x. to
gr. xx.
Pilule rhei et ferri. (Ph. E.) Pills of
rhubarb and iron. Take of dried sulphate of
iron, four parts ; extract of rhubarb, ten parts ;
confection of roses, five parts. Make into five
grain pills. Tonic and stomachic. Dose, from
two to four pills.
Pilulje rufi. PiluUe aloes et myrrha?.
Pilulje subcarbonatis sodje. (Ph. E.)
Take of the carbonate of soda, dried, four parts;
hard soap, three parts. Make into pill mass.
Antacid.
Pilulje thebaicje. Opium pills.
Pilulje veratrije. (Turnbull.) Veratria
pills. Take of veratria, gr. j. ; extract of hy-
oscyamus, liquorice powder, of each, gr. xij.
Make 12 pills, of which one may be taken every
three hours. May be used in neuralgia, gout,
rheumatism.
Pilulje sagape'ni compositje. (Ph. L.)
P. aloes et assafmtida. (Ph. E.) Compound
pills of sagapenum. Take of sagapenum, jj. ;
aloes, 3SS. ; syrup of ginger, sufficient. Beat
them until incorporated. These are laxative and
antispasmodic. Dose, from five to ten grains.
Pilulje sapo'nis compositje. (U. S.,Ph. L.)
P. saponis cum opio. (Ph. D.) Pills of soap
and opium. P. saponacece. Take of opium,
powdered, fss. ; soap, jij. Beat together un-
til incorporated, and divide into 240 pills. Five
grains of the mass contain one of opium.
Pilulje scillje compositje. (U. S.) P.
scUlae cum zingiberis. Compound squill pills.
Take of squill root, powdered, 3J. ; ginger root,
powdered, ammoniacum, powdered, of each,
3y.; soap, 3iij.; syrup, sufficient. Mix, and
divide into 120 pills. An expectorant and
diuretic pill, mostly administered in the cure
of asthma and dropsy. Dose, from ten grains
to a scruple.
Pilulje sty'racis compositje. (Ph. D.)
P. e styracc. Compound pills of storax. Take
of purified storax, 3iij. ; opium, powdered, saf-
fron, each 3J. Beat them together until incor-
porated. These pills are balsamic, stimulant,
and slightly expectorant. They are used in
chronic pulmonary affections. Dose, from gr.
iii. to gr. x.
PI'LUS. (Ilt/loc, wool cajrded.) The short
hair which is found all over the body. The
hair of the head, eyebrows, and eyelids are
termed pili congeniti; and that which grows
from the surface of the body after birth, pilt
postgeniti.
PIN
Pimele. Fat.
Pimeli'tis. Inflammation of the adipose
tissue.
PIMELO'SIS. (From trtfukri, fat.) The
conversion of any texture into fat by disease ;
as Pimelosis hepatica, fatty degeneration of the
liver.
Pime'nta. Pime'nto. Myrtus pimenta.
Pimpernel. Anagallis arvensis.
Pimpernel, water. Veronica beccabunga.
PIMPINE'LLA. (a, <e, f.) A genus of
plants. Pcntandria. Digynia. Umbelliferee.
— P. alba. A variety of the P. magna.— P.
ani'sum. The anise plant. Anisnm. A native
of Egypt. Anise seeds have an aromatic smell,
and a pleasant, warm, and sweetish taste. An
essential oil and distilled water are prepared
from them, which are employed in flatulencies
and gripes, to which children are more especial-
ly subject: also hi weakness of the stomach,
diarrhoeas, and loss of tone in the primae viae.
Dose of the oil, gtt. iij. to gtt. x. — P. italica.
Sanguisorba officinalis. — P. magna. The great-
er pimpinella. P. nigra. The root has been
extolled by some in the cure of erysipelatous
ulcerations, tinea capitis, rheumatism, and other
diseases. — P. nigra. Pimpinella magna. — P.
saxi'fraga. Bumet saxifrage. The roots have
an unpleasant smell, and a hot, pungent, bit-
terish taste ; they are recommended by several
writers as a stomachic and stimulant.
Pimple. Papula.
Pinaste'llum. Peucedanum silaus.
Pinchbeck. An alloy of copper and zinc,
made to imitate gold foil, and called Dutch
gold.
Pinckne'ya pubens. See Georgia bark.
Pine. See Pinus.*
Pine-apple. Bromelia ananas.
Pine-thistle. Atractylis gummifera.
Pinea. Pinus pinea.
Pi'neal. Like the fruit of the pine.
PINEAL GLAND. Glandula pincalis. A
small heart-shaped gland, about the size of a
pea, situated immediately over the corpora
quadrigemina in tho brain. See Encephalos.
Pineus purgans. Jatropha curcas.
PINGUE'DINOUS. (Pinguedinosus ; from
pinguis, fat.) Fatty; greasy.
Pingue'do. Fat.
PINGUI'CULA. (a, a, f.) 1. A form of
pterygium. 2. A genus of plants. Diandria.
Monogynia. — P. vulgaris. Butterwort. Sani-
cle. The leaves are cathartic, and applied to
chaps.
Pinhones indici. Jatropha curcas.
Pinic acid. An acid found in colophony.
It crystallizes in triangular plates, and reacts
like an acid.
Pink, Indian. P., Carolina. P. root. Spi-
gelia marilandica.
PI'NNA. (a,a;, f. Tlivva, awing.) 1. The
name of the latter and inferior part of the nose,
and the broad part of the ear. 2. The leaflet
of a pinnate leaf.
Pinna'culum. A pinnacle: applied former-
ly to the uvula, from its shape.
Pinna'te. Pinnatus. A leaf which has
several leaflets proceeding laterally from one
stalk.
PIN
Pin n ati fid. Pinnatifidus. Leaves which
are cut transversely into several oblong parallel
segments.
Pi'nnula. The leaflet of bipinnate and tri
pinnate leaves.
Pint. Octarius. A measure of the eighth
of a gallon : the imperial pint of sixteen fluid
ounces contains 34-659 cubic inches.
PI'NUS. (us, i, and us, f.) A genus of
gymnospermous plants. Monwcia. Monadel-
phia. Conifera.
Pinus abies. The Norway spruce-fir, which
affords the Burgundy pitch and common frank-
incense. 1. Pix burgundica. P. abietis. (U.
S.) P. arida. The prepared resin. When
genuine it has a very peculiar odor; and, al-
though brittle in cold weather, it assumes a te-
nacious viscidity when gently heated or knead-
ed in the warm hand. It therefore forms an
excellent adhesive and gently stimulating plas-
ter, exciting some degree of irritation, and oft-
en a slight serous exudation from the parts to
which it is applied, and is used in pulmonary
affections, rheumatisms, &c. 2. Abietis resina.
Thus. Common frankincense. This is a spon-
taneous exudation. It is applicable to the same
purposes as Burgundy pitch.
Pinus australis. P. paluslris- The long-
leaved Southern pine.
Pinus balsamea. The balsam of Gilead fir-
tree. Canada balsam. The Canada balsam is
one of tho purest turpentines. For its proper-
ties, see Turpentine.
Pinus canadensis. The hemlock pine. The
pitch derived from it, Pix canadensis, is also
called hemlock gum.
Pinus cedrus. The true cedar.
Pinus cembra. This affords the Carpathian
balsam and Briancon turpentine, and the shoots
the Riga balsam, by distillation. This balsam,
called Oleum Germanis and Oleum Carpaihir
cum, is obtained both by wounding the young
branches and boiling them. It is mostly dilut-
ed with turpentine, and comes to us in a very
liquid and pellucid state, rather white.
Pinus larix. The tree which yields the
larch agaric, and Venice turpentine. The larch-
tree. The Venice turpentine issues spontane-
ously through the bark. It is thin ; of a clear
whitish or pale yellowish color; a hot, pun-
gent, bitterish, disagreeable taste, and a strong
smell, without any thing of the aromatic flavor
of the Chian kind. Orenburgh gum and Bri-
ancon manna exude from the bark of this tree.
Pinus mughos. The pinus pumilio.
Pinus picea. The silver fir, or common fir.
From it is obtained the Strasburgh turpentine,
by puncturing the small vesicles of the bark in
which it is contained, and common turpentine
by larger incisions.
Pinus pinaster. The cluster pine, which
yields Bordeaux turpentine, &c.
Pinus pinea. The stone pine-tree. Tho
young and fresh fruit are eaten ; they are nutri-
tive, aperient, and diuretic.
Pinus pumi'lio. Mountain pine. Mughos
pine. The turpentine, Hungarian balsam, ex-
udes from this tree.
Pinus rigida. Tha, barren pine. A pine
which yields much turpentine and tar.
509
PIS
Pinus sylvestris. The Scotch fir. Com-
mon turpentine is the fluid which flows out on
the tree being wounded in hot weather; by
distillation with water it yields the Oleum tere-
Mnthinee, the residue being common resin. The
white, harder turpentine of winter is the Resina
fiava, or R. alba. The Pix liquida, or tar, is
produced by cutting the wood into pieces,
which are inclosed in a large oven constructed
for the purpose. It is well known for its eco-
nomical uses. Tar water, or water impregna-
ted with the more soluble parts of tar, was
some time ago a very fashionable remedy in a
variety of complaints, but in the present prac-
tice it is not much used. Common pitch is tar
inspissated ; it is now termed in the Pharmaco-
poeia, Pix nigra.
PFPER. (er, eris, n.) Pepper. A genus
of plants. Diandria. Trigynia. Piperacece.
Piper album. See Piper nigrum.
Piper angustifolium. The matico plant of
Peru.
Piper betel. The leaf of this plant is chew-
ed by the Malays.
Piper brasihanum. P. calecuticum. Cap-
sicum annuum.
Piper caryophyllatum. Myrtus pi-
menta.
Piper caudatum. Piper cubeba.
Piper cobe'ba. The plant yielding cubebs.
It is a warm spice, of a moderately pungent
taste, imported from Java. Of late cubebs have
been successfully given internally in the cure of
the common gleet and clap. Dose, 3SS., in pow-
der. There is an oil extracted from them, the
Oleum cubeba. Dose, gtt. x.
Piper decorticatum. White pepper.
Piper favasci. The clove-berry-tree.
Piper guineense. P. hispanicum. P. indi-
«un. Capsicum annuum.
Piper jamaicense. Myrtus pimenta.
Piper longum. Long pepper. The berries
are gathered while green. They possess the
same qualities as the Cayenne pepper, in a
weaker degree.
Piper lusitanicum. Capsicum annuum.
Piper methyeticum. The cava plant of the
Sandwich Islands, the root of which is inebri-
ating.
Piper murale. Sedum acre.
Piper nigrum. P.aromaticum. Black pep-
per. Black and white pepper are obtained
from the same plant, but the latter is cleared of
the black covering which gives color to the
former. They owe their aromatic pungency
to an oily resin, and contain a white, crystalline
substance, called Piperine, which is an anti-
periodic, and used in intermittent fever like
quinine.
PI'PERINE. Piperina. A white, crystalline
principle of pepper; form., C34H19NO6. See
Piper nigrum.
Piperi'tus. Peppered.
Pipsi'ssewa. Chimaphilla umbellata.
PISA, CLIMATE OF. Pisa, in Italy, has
been long celebrated for its mild and moist cli-
mate ; it is, however, relaxing and somewhat
oppressive. It is a favorable residence for con-
sumptive patients and those laboring under
chronic bronchitis.
510
PIT
PISCI'DIA ERYTHRINA. The Jamaica
dogwood-tree, a small tree of the West Indies.
Diadelphia. Decandria. The fruit is used to
poison fish, and is acrid and narcotic.
PISCES. (Plural of piscis, a fish.) One of
the great subdivisions of the vertebrata, includ-
ing the fishes which respire in water.
Pisi'form. Pisiformis. Pea-like.
PISIFO'RME OS. The fourth bone of the
first row of the carpus.
Pismire. Formica rufa.
Piss-a-bed. Leontodon taraxacum.
Pissaspha'ltus. Bitumen.
Pisseljelium. Petroleum. I
PISTA'CIA. (a, ce,f.) A genus of plants.
Dicecia. Pentandria. Terebinthcecea. — P. len-
tiscus. The tree which affords mastich. — P.
terebinthus. The tree which gives out the Cy-
prus, Ohio, or Chian turpentine. — P. vera. The
tree which affords the pistachio nut. The nut
is sweet and oily.
Pistachio nut. See Pistacia vera.
PISTI'L. PistUlum. The female organ of
a flower ; also the ovary.
Pistilli'ferous. Pistil-bearing: applied to
flowers or florets which contain one or more
pistils, but no stamens. .
Pistolo'chia. Birthwort. Aristolochia pis-
tolochia.
Pisum sativum. The common pea. A very
nutritious, but somewhat flatulent article of
food, of which there are many varieties.
Pit of the stomach. The epigastrium.
Pitai'na. A new crystalline alkaloid ob-
tained from the Pitaya cinchona.
Pitaya bark. One of the false cinchonas,
the history of which is very obscure.
Pitch. Pinus sylvestris.
Pitch, Burgundy. Pinus abies.
Pitch, Jew's. Bitumen judaicum.
Pitch-tree. See Pinus abies.
Pitcher-shaped. Urceolate. Ascidiatus.
Pittacal. A blue coloring matter of heavy
oil of tar, resembling indigo, and probably azo-
tized.
Pitta'cium. A pitch plaster.
Pitto'ta. Medicines containing pitch.
PITTSBURG SPRING. A chalybeate and
saline spring, situated at about four miles from
the city.
PITUI'TA. (a, a.f.) Phlegm; that is, vis-
cid mucus.
Pitu'itary. Pituitarius. Of, or belonging
to mucus.
Pituitary body. See Pituitary gland.
Pituitary fossa. The sella turcica of the
sphenoid bone.
Pituitary gland. Olandula pituitaria.
Corpus pituitarium. A process of the brain,
situated in a duplicature of the dura mater, in
the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. See
Encephalos.
Pituitary membrane. Membrana pituitaria.
Schneiderian membrane. The mucous mem-
brane that lines the nostrils, and sinuses com-
municating with the nose, is so called, be-
cause it secretes the mucus of those parts, to
whioh the ancients assigned the name of Pitu~
it a.
PITYRI'ASIS. (is, is, f. ; from mrvpov, bran ;
PL A
co named from its branny-like appearance.) A
genus of scaly diseases. It consists of irregular
Jmtches of small thin scales, which repeatedly
brm and separate, but never collect into crusts,
nor are attended with redness or inflammation,
as in the lepra and scaly tetter.
1 . Pityriasis capitis. — Dandriff. Cleaning
theparts with soap and water, and combing, are
necessary.
2. Pityriasis rubra. — The cuticle is at first
only red and rough, but soon becomes mealy
or scurfy, and exfoliates, leaving a similar red
cuticle underneath, which undergoes the like
process, the scaliness becoming greater as the
exfoliation is repeated. This complaint is at-
tended with a dry and unperspiring surface, a
troublesome itching, and a feeling of stiffness.
There is also a general languor and restlessness.
When the redness and scales disappear, the
patches are left of a yellowish or sallow hue.
It is treated by sarsaparilla and gentle altera-
tives.
3. Pityriasis versicolor. Chloasma. — It chief-
ly affects the arms, chest, and abdomen. It is
diffused very irregularly, and being of a brown
color, it exhibits a singular checkered appear-
ance on the skin, and usually lasts for years.
Pity'ron. Bran.
PIX. (ix, ids, f . ; from niaca.) Pitch.
See Pinus sylvestris.
Pix abietis. P. alba. See Pinus abies.
Pix arida. See Pinus abies.
Pix bru'tia. A thick and resinous kind of
pitch'used by the ancients.
Pix burgundica. See Pinus abies.
Pix canadensis. See Pinus canadensis.
Pix liquida. Tar. See Pinus sylvestris.
Pix nigra. P. alra. Pitch.
Pix sicca. P. solida. Pitch.
Pi, Platinum.
PLACE'BO. (I will please.) An epithet
given to any medicine adapted rather to please
than benefit the patient.
PLACE'NTA. (From nlanovcs a cake.) P.
uterina. The after-birth. A soft, spongy organ,
formed of the uterine decidua, chorion, and
numerous vessels from the umbilical cord. The
vessels are arranged in tufts, consisting of loops
of capillaries. These, being covered by the de-
cidua, push themselves into the venous sinuses
formed by the uterine vessels of the mother,
and by contact with her oxygenized blood, the
fluid they convey becomes arterialized. The
placenta, therefore, serves as the organ of res-
piration for the foetus as well as a means of
supply of blood by penetration. The placenta
is ovoidal, about six inches across and one
thick. It is, for the most part, attached to the
anterior and upper part of the uterus, but occa-
sionally lies over the os uteri, producing dan-
gerous hemorrhage before and at the time of
labor. It is subject to various diseases of struc-
ture intimately connected with the death of the
foetus and miscarriage.
Placenta febrilis. Theaguecake. See Ague.
Placenta prjevia. When the placenta lies
over the mouth of the womb.
Placenta sanguinis. The coagulum of the
blood.
Placenta, vegetable. A cellular tissue
P L A
within the carpels of plants, and from which
the ovules arise.
Place'ntula. A rudimentary placenta.
Plada'rotes. A soft, discolored tumor with-
in the eyelid.
PLAGUE. See Pestis.
Plague, black. See Pestis nigra.
Plague, cold. A congestive fever of the
Southern States, in which there is little or no
reaction. It may be a pneumonia, or of a bil-
ious character.
Pla'gula. A compress, pledget, or splint.
Plaice. The pleuronectes platessa.
Plaited. Plicate.
Plana'ria latruscu'la. The distoma he-
patica.
Planche's roTioN. Mistura scammonii fla-
vored with cherry-laurel water.
PLANE. (From planum, flat.) A superfi-
cies, or surface without curvature, every point
of which falls within a series of straight linen.
Plane'tes. JlXavTjTtjc. Erratic; wander-
ing : sometimes applied to intermittent fevers.
PLANT. (Planta, m, f.) An organized
body belonging to the vegetable kingdom.
PLA'NTA. 1. A plant. 2. The lower part
of the sole of the foot, comprehended between
the tarsus and toes.
PLANTA'GO. {o, inis, f.) 1. The Planta-
go major. 2. A genus of plants. Tetrandria.
Monogynia. Plantaginem. — P. coro'nopus.
Buck's-horn plantain. Its medicinal virtues
are the same as other plantains. — P. latifolia.
Plantago major. — P. major. The broad-leaved
plantain. The leaves have an austere, bitter-
ish, subsaline tasto, and are said to be refriger-
ant, attenuating, astringent, and diuretic. — P.
psy'llium. The branching plantain, or flea-
wort. The decoction of the seeds is recom-
mended in hoarseness and asperity of the fau-
ces.
Plantain. Plantago major.
Plantain-tree. Musa sapientum.
Plantain, water; Alisma plantago
P L A'N TAR. Plantaris. Appertaining to
the sole of the foot.
Plantar aponeurosis. The strong, tendi-
nous expansion which lies under the integu-
ments in the sole of the foot.
Plantar arteries. Two branches of the
posterior tibial.
Plantar ligaments. The ligaments on the
under side of the foot, which unite the tarsal
and metatarsal bones.
Plantar nerves. There are two: 1. The
internal plantar, derived from the posterior
tibial, and supplying the first three toes, &c.
2. The external plantar, which is distributed
to the outer side of the fourth and the fifth toe,
and the muscles of the outer side of the foot.
PLANTA'RIS. The plantar muscle. A
muscle of the foot, situated on the leg, that as-
sists the soleus, and pulls the capsular ligament
of the knee from between the bones. It arises
from the upper and back part of the outer con-
dyle of the os femoris. It adheres to the cap-
sular ligament of the joint ; and, after running
obliquely downward and outward for the space
of three or four inches, along the Second origin
of the gastrocnemius internus and under the-
511
PLE
gastrocnemius externus, terminates in a long,
thin, and slender tendon, which adheres to the
inside of the tendo Achillis, and is inserted into
the inside of the posterior part of the os calcis.
Its use is to assist the gastrocnemii in extend-
ing the foot.
Planti'grada. Plantigrade animals. Mam-
mifers which walk on the sole of the foot.
PLANUM OS. The orbitary plate of the
ethmoid bone is so called from its plane surface.
Pla'nus. Flat; smooth.
PLASMA. (From Trlaaou, to form.') The
liquor sanguinis. The fluid portions of living
blood in which the corpuscles float. It is not
to be confounded with the serum of the blood,
inasmuch as it differs from serum in the pres-
ence of soluble fibrin.
Plaster. See' Emplastrum.
Plaster of Paris. Gypsum.
PLASTIC. Plastieus. (From 7r?,aaau, to
form.) 1. Having the power of forming or
producing parts ; as Plastic force, the formative
power ; Plastic element, that from which growth
takes place. 2. That which may be molded,
as Plastic clay.
Pla'ta. The shoulder-blade.
Plati'asmus. A defect of sf>eech, produced
by an excessive development or broadness of
the lips, as in the negro.
PLATI'NUM. Platina. A white, brilliant,
malleable, and ductile metal; almost infusible;
sp. grav., 21/5. It is not acted upon by ordina-
ry solvents, but is dissolved by aqua regia, be-
ing converted into the chloride. Symbol, Pt;
equivalent, 9868. It is of great value in
chemistiy for crucibles, from its infusibility and
indestructibility. The bichloride, PtCl2, is a
test for potash, and forms interesting double
6alts with the alkaline salts. The bichloride
and chloride of platinum and sodium have
been used in medicine in the same way as the
corresponding salts of gold, but without any
particular advantage.
Platinum, spongy. A porous kind of plati-
num, obtained by heating the chloride of plati-
num and ammonium to redness. It possesses
the remarkable property of causing hydrogen
and oxygen to unite, and other similar changes
to take place.
Platinum, black. A black, pulverulent
preparation of platinum, similar in its effects to
spongy platinum.
Platyco'ria. An enlarged pupil.
Platyophtha'lmum. Antimony.
PLATY'SMA-MYOIDES. Mmculus cuta-
neus of Winslow. A thin muscle on the side of
the neck, immediately under the skin, that as-
sists in drawing the skin of the cheek down-
ward ; and when the mouth is shut, it draws
all that part of the skin to which it is connected
below the lower jaw upward.
Ple'ctan*. The cornua uteri.
Ple'ctrum. The styloid process of the tem-
poral bone ; also the uvula.
PLEDGET. A small compress of lint, to be
applied over wounds, ulcers, &c, to protect
them, or absorb the discharge.
Plenck's solution. Mercury rubbed with
■mucilage until it is so far divided as to become
«uspended in the mixture.
512
PLE
Ple'res archo'nticum. An old cephalic
powder mentioned by Lemery.
Plero'sis. Ple'smone. See Plethora.
PLESIOMO'RPHISM. (From nXijococ,
near, and fiopfq, form.) A term used to denote
a similarity between different crystals in their
angles, but not an identity.
PLETHORA, (a, m, f. lUtfflwpa; from
ir?i.T)du, to fill.) An excessive fullness of the
blood-vessels. This may be conceived to arise
from an increased quantity of blood, or a di-
minished capacity of the vessels ; in the former
case it is called plethora ad molem ; in the lat-
ter, plethora ad spatium. When the quantity
of blood is too great for the strength of the ves-
sels, it is called plethora ad vires. Plethora
may arise from a highly entonic state of the ar-
terial system, and is called sanguine plethora ;
or from a lax and weak state of the arterial sys-
tem, in which case it is called serous plethora
or atonic plethora.
Pleumonia. See Pneumonitis.
PLEU'RA. (a, m, f. Tlkevpa, a rib, or the
side of the chest.) The serous membrane
which lines the internal surface of the thorax,
P. costalis, and covers its viscera, P. pulmona-
lis. The cavity of the thorax is every where
lined by this membrane, which consists of two
distinct portions or bags, which, by being appli-
ed to each other laterally, form the septum call-
ed the mediastinum: this divides the cavity
into two parts, and is attached posteriorly to
the vertebne of the back, and anteriorly to the
sternum. The two lamina? of the septum do
not every where adhere to each other ; for at
the lower part of the thorax they are separated,
to afford a lodgment to the heart; and at the
upper part of the cavity they receive between
them the thymus gland. The pleura is plenti-
fully supplied with arteries and veins from the
internal mammary and the intercostals. Its
nerves, which are veiy inconsiderable, are de-
rived chiefly from the dorsal and intercostal
nerves. The surface of the pleura, like that of
the peritoneum and other membranes lining
cavities, is constantly bedewed with a serous
moisture, which prevents adhesions of the vis-
cera.
Pleura'lgia. Pleurodynia.
Pleurenchy'ma. The woody, or fusiform
tissue of plants.
Pleu'risy. Pleuritis.
Pleurisy, false. Pleurodynia.
Pleurisy root. Asclepias tuberosa.
Pleurisy, rheumatic. Pleurodynia.
PLEURI'TIS. (it, idis, f. ; from nlevpa, the
pleura. ) Pleurisy or inflammation of the pleura.
It assumes an acute and a chronic form.
1. Acute pleurisy. — In some instances the in-
flammation is partial, or affects one place in par-
ticular, which is commonly on the right side ;
but, in general, the morbid action is communi-
cated throughout its whole extent. The disease
is occasioned by exposure to cold, and by all
the causes which usually give rise to other in-
flammatory complaints; and it attacks chiefly
those of a vigorous constitution and plethoric
habit. In consequence of the previous inflam-
mation, it is apt, at its departure, to leave be-
hind a thickening of the pleura, or adhesions to
P LE
the ribs and intercostal muscles, which either
lay the foundation of future pneumonic com-
plaints, or render the patient more susceptible
of the changes of the atmosphere than before.
It comes on with an acute pain in the side,
which is much increased by making a full in-
spiration, and is accompanied by flushing in the
face, increased heat over the whole body, rigors,
difficulty of lying on the side affected, together
with a cough and nausea, and the pulse is hard,
strong, and frequent, and vibrates under the
finger, when pressed upon, not unlike the tense
string of a musical instrument If blood is
drawn and allowed to stand for a short time, it
will exhibit a thick, buffy coat on its surface.
If the disease be neglected at its onset, and the
inflammation proceeds with great violence and
rapidity, the lungs themselves become affected,
the passage of the blood through them is stop-
ped, and the patient is suffocated ; or, the in-
flammation goes on to suppuration, and an ab-
scess is formed ; or an effusion of pus or serum
in the pleural cavity. When the substance of
the lungs as well as the pleura is affected, the
case is called pleuro-peripneumony. Tho prog-
nosis in pleurisy must be drawn from the se-
verity of the symptoms. If the fever and in-
flammation have run high, and the pain should
cease suddenly, with a change of countenance,
and a sinking of tho pulse, great danger may be
apprehended ; but it the heat and other febrile
symptoms abate gradually, if respiration is per-
formed with greater ease and less pain, and a
free and copious expectoration ensues, a speedy
recovery may be expected. If the case come
early under treatment, and vigorous practice be
used, the prognosis in pleurisy may almost al-
ways be favorable, as it is more under the con-
trol of the lancet than any other case of inflam-
mation.
The treatment of pleurisy consists in large
bleedings from the arm, repeated if necessary,
with the application of leeches or cupping-
glasses; purgatives, diaphoretics, blisters, and
a strict antiphlogistic regimen.
2. Chronic pleurisy. — This is principally a
disease of advanced life, and seems most fre-
quent in those addicted to tho use of ardent
spirits. It is very obscure in its symptoms, and
is generally fatal, bronchitis supervening toward
the termination. Chronic inflammation of tho
pleura gives rise to the thickening of the mem-
brane, extensive adhesions, hydrothorax, and
empyena. Occasional leeching and counter-ir-
ritation by blisters form the only treatment
likely to do any good.
Pleuritis bronchialis. P. humida. Bron-
chitis.
Pleuritis spuria. Pleurodynia.
* Pleuroce'le. Hernia of the pleura.
Pleuro-colle'sis. An adhesion of the
pleura.
PLEURODYNIA. (a, a, f. ; from nlevpa,
and odvvT], pain. ) A pain in the side, but chiefly
used for rheumatism over the intercostal mus-
cles. It is removed by warm flannel, dry cup-
ping, or a blister.
Pleuropa'thia. A disease of the lungs.
Ple u'ro-pneumo'nia. Pleuro-peripneumo-
nia. •
Kk
PLD
PLEU'RO-PERIPNEUMO'NIA/ (From
irXevpa, and nepinvm/iovia.) Inflammation of
the pleura and substance of the lungs existing
together.
Pleuro'rrhiea. A false term intended to
signify a discharge from the lungs.
FLEURORTHOPNiE'A. (a, m, f. ; from
n?.evpa, the pleura, opdoc, upright, and ttveu, to
breathe.) A pleurisy in which tho patient can
not breathe without keeping his body upright.
Pleurostho'tonos. Pleurothotonos.
PLEUROTHO'TONOS. (From nl.evpo6ev,
to ono side, and reivu, to bend.) That form
of tetanus in which the body is bent to one
side.
PLEXI'METER. (From ^Irj^ic, percussion,
and fierpov, a measure.) The name given by
M. Piorry to the ivory plate which he uses in
mediate percussion. The middle finger of the
left hand is the best pleximeter.
PLEX'US. (us, ms, m. ; from plccto, to twine
or knit.) A network : applied to blood-vessels,
absorbents, and nerves, when many are near
together, the branches crossing and intertwin-
ing in the form of a net.
Plexus cardi'acus. The cardiac plexus of
nerves which is formed by the union of the
eighth pair of nerves with the great sympathetic.
Plexus choroi'des. Choroid plexus. A
plexus of vessels situated in the lateral ventricle
of the brain. See Encephalos.
Plexus glandulosi peyert. Peyer's glands.
Plexus, median. The 6olar plexus.
Plexus pampinifo'rmis. The plexus of
blood-vessels about the spermatic cord.
Plexus pulmo'nicus. The pulmonic plexus
of nerves which is formed by the union of the
eighth pair of nerves with the great sympa-
thetic.
Plexus reticularis. The network of ves-
sels under the fornix of the brain.
Plexus retiformis. The spongy tissue of
the vagina. .
Plexus, solar. P. Solaris. An assemblage
of ganglia, and interlaced and anastomosing fila-
ments, surrounding the two semilunar ganglia
of the abdomen. It gives off numerous fila-
ments, which accompany, under the name of
plexuses, all the branches given off by the ab-
dominal aorta. Thus, from the solar plexus are
derived the phrenic, the gastric, the hepatic,
plexus, &c.
PLI'CA. (a, a:, f. ; from plico, to entangle.)
A plait or fold : applied by anatomists to the
longitudinal folds of the mucous membrane
(plica? longitudinales).
Plica polonica. Plaited hair. A disease
of the hairs, in which they become long and
coarse, and matted and glued into inextricable
tangles. It is peculiar to Poland, Lithuania,
and Tartary.
Plica semilunaris. A slight doubling of the
conjunctiva on the outer side of the caruncle.
Plica'ria. Lycopodium clavatum.
Plicate. Plica'tus. Plaited; folded.
Plin'thius. Hkivdioc. The fourfold band-
age.
FLUGGING. The introduction of lint or
pieces of rag into a wound, the vagina, uterus,
Sec., to stop hemorrhage or sustain the parts.
513
PLU
The tampon or plug may be rendered astrin-
fent by immersion in a cold decoction of oak
ark, solution of acetate of lead, &c., or other-
wise medicated.
Plum. Prunus domestica.
Plum, Malabar. Eugenia jambos.
Plumace'olus. A pledget.
Plumba'gin. A principle detected by Du-
long in the root of the Plumbago curopma.
PLUMBAGO, (o, inis, f.) 1. A native
form of carbon, of an unctuous and soft con-
sistency, metallic brilliancy, and nearly incom-
bustible; used for lead pencils, crucibles, &c.
2. A genus of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia.
Plumbaginece. — P. europaa. Toothwort. The
root was formerly esteemed as a cure for the
toothache, arising from caries.
Plumbi ace'tas. P. supcracetas. Acetate
of lead. Sugar of lead. It possesses sedative
and astringent qualities in a very high degree.
It is constantly used in lotions, and, combined
with opium, is useful in hemorrhages. The
dose is from one to three grains. It is poison-
ous only when it is decomposed and deposits
the carbonate.
Plumbi diacetatis liquor. Plumbi acctatis
liquor. Plumbi subacetalis liquor. (U. S.)
Solution of diacetato of lead. Goulard's ex-
tract. Take of acetate of lead) §xvj. ; oxide of
lead, powdered, fixss. ; water, 4 pints. Boil
for half an hour, agitating frequently, and when
the liquor is cool, add as much distilled water
as will make it up to six pints, and strain. This
has long been a celebrated refrigerant applica-
tion in cases of local inflammation. It is to be
mixed with distilled water in the proportion of
from one to two drachms to a pint of water.
Plumbi diacetatis liquor dilutus. Liquor
plumbi acelatis dilutus. Aqua vegeto mineralis.
Aqua lithargyri acetati composita. Diluted so-
lution of diacetate of lead. Take of solution
of diacetate of lead, a fluid drachm and a half;
distilled water, a pint ; weak spirits, two fluid
drachms. Mix. This is an unnecessary for-
mula, as every surgeon dilutes the Goulard's
extract with water according to his own dis-
cretion.
Plumbi chlo'ridum. Chloride of lead.
Take of acetate of lead, nineteen ounces ; boil-
ing distilled water, three pints ; chloride of so-
dium, six ounces. Dissolve the acetate of lead
and chloride of sodium separately, the former
in three pints of distilled water, and tfye latter
in one pint. The liquors being then mixed to-
gether, wash the precipitate, when cold, with
distilled water, and dry it. It is used for pre-
paring the hydrochlorate or muriate of morphia.
Plumbi iodi'dum. (Ph. L.) Iodide of lead.
Take of acetate of lead, nine ounces; iodide of
potassium, seven ounces ; distilled water, a
gallon. Dissolve the acetate of lead in six
pints of the water, and filter. Add to the solu-
tion the iodide of potassium, dissolved in two
pints of the water; wash the precipitate, and
dry it. The iodide of lead, as obtained by the
above process, is a bright yellow powder, little
soluble in cold water, but readily so in boiling
water, from which it is again deposited, on
cooling, in the form of crystalliue scales.
This medicine has been found very effectual
514
PNE
in resolving scrofulous tumors, and in the hands
of M. Velpeau has succeeded when iodine and
its other compounds have failed. The dose is
from half a grain to four grains. An officinal
ointment is now prepared from it. See Tin-
guentum plumbi iodidi.
Plumbi oxydum hydra'tum. Hydrated ox-
ide of lead. Take of solution of diacetate of
lead, six pints; distilled water, three gallons;
solution ot potash, six pints, or as much as may
be sufficient to precipitate the oxide. Mix.
Wash the precipitate with water until nothing
alkaline remains. This is used for preparing
the disulphate of quinine.
Plumbi oxidum semivitreum. See Lithar-
gyrum.
Plumbi oxidum (oxydum) rubrum. Red
lead.
Plumbi carbo'nas. Plumbi subcarbonas.
Subcarbonate of lead ; commonly called cerusse,
or white lead. This article is made in the large
way in white-lead manufactories, by exposing
thin sheets of lead to the vapor of vinegar. This
preparation is seldom used in medicine or sur-
gery but for the purposo of making other prep-
arations, as the acetate. It is sometimes em-
ployed medicinally in form of powder and oint-
ment, to children whose skin is fretted. It
should, however, be cautiously used, as there is
great reason to believe that complaints of the
bowels of children originate from its absorption.
Plumbi subcarbonas. See Plumbi carbonas.
PLU'MBUM. (wm, i, n.) Lead. In cases
of poisoning by the preparations of lead, the
best antidote is a solution of a sulphate, as
Epsom salt, sulphate ofsoda, or dilute sulphurk
acid. See Colica pictonum.
Plumbum candidum. Tin.
Plumbum cinereum. Bismuth.
Plumbum nigrum. Black lead.
Plumbum rubeum. The philosopher's stone
is so called in some old books.
Plumbum ustum. Burnt lead.
Plumme'ri pilulje. Plummer's pills. See
Pilules hydrargyri chlondi composites.
Plumo'se. Plumosus. Feathered.
Plu'mula. A little feather. The upper part
of the embryo.
Plunket's cancer remedy. Take of ranun-
culus fiammula, one handful ; dog's fennel,
three sprigs, both well pounded; brimstone, in
powder, three middling thimbles-full; white
arsenic, the same quantity : incorporate all in
a mortar, and make into small balls the size of
a nutmeg, and dry in the sun. These balls
must be powdered and mixed with the yolk of
an egg, and laid over the sore or cancer upon
a piece of bladder, which must be cut to the
size of the sore, and smeared with the yolk of
an egg. The plaster must not be stirred until
it drops off of itself, which will be in a week.
Clean bandages are often to be put on.
Pluviome'ter. A rain gauge.
PNEUMA. (From nvevp, nvevfiaToc, wind,
air, gas.) Denoting the presence of air.
Pneumarthro'sis. (From izvevjia, and ap-
6f)ov, a joint.) The secretion of air into an
articular cavity. It may occur after articular
rheumatism, and usually disappears spontane-
ously in a few days or hours.
PNE
PNEUMA'TIC. (Pneumaticus ; from nvev-
pa, wind ; relating v. air.) Of, or belonging to,
air or gas.
Pneumatic trough. Any wooden or metal-
lic vessel used for the purpose of making ex-
periments with gases. For this purpose it is
nearly filled with water, mercury, or some
other fluid.
Pneuma'tica. Disease of the air passages.
— Good.
PNEUMATICS. (From nvevpa, air.) The
science which investigates the physical proper-
ties of air and elastic fluids.
P NEUMATOC E'L E. (e, cs, f. ; nvevpa,
wind, and Krjhj, a tumor.) A tumor distended
with air or gas. It has been applied especially
to a distension of the scrotum with gas, which
may happen when there is a scrotal hernia, and
the intestine is distended with gas, or when the
scrotum is emphysematous.
Pneumato'meter. A graduated gasometer,
by which the quantity of inspired air can be
measured.
Pneumato'mphalus. A hernia distended
with gas.
PNEUMATOSIS. (From irvevpaTou, to in-
flate.) Emphysema. Windy swelling. The
species are,
1. Pneumatosis spontanea, without any mani-
fest cause.
2. Pneumatosis traumatica, from a wound.
•i. Pneumatosis venenata, from poisons.
4. Pneumatosis hysterica, with hysteria.
Pneumatosis is known by a collection of air
in the cellular texture under the skin, render-
ing it tense, elastic, and crepitating. Air in
the cellular membrane is confined to one
place ; but in a few cases it spreads universal-
ly over the body, and occasions a considerable
degree of swelling. It sometimes arises spon-
taneously, which is, however, a very rare oc-
currence, or comes on immediately after child-
birth, in consequence of rupture of the lungs ;
but it is most generally induced by some wound
or injury done to the thorax, and which affects
the lungs, in which case the air passes from
these, through the wound, into a surrounding
cellular membrane, and from thence spreads
over the whole body.
Pneumatosis is attended with an evident
crackling noise, and elasticity upon pressure;
and sometimes with much difficulty of breath-
ing, oppression, and anxiety.
We are to consider it as a disease by no means
unattended with danger; but more probably
from the causes which give rise to it, than any
hazard from the complaint itself. In every
species the air may be let out by very small
punctures with a lancet, and a bandage ap-
plied where it can be used. The poisonous
species require the internal administration of
the antidote for the particular poison ; and the
other species are cured by anti-hysterical reme-
dies.
Pneumatosis abdominis. Tympanitic.
Pneumatosis enterica. P. ventriculi. Flat-
ulence.
Pneumatotho'rax. Pneumothorax.
PNEUMOGA'STRIC NERVE. (Yvovairvtv-
uuv , the lung, and yaornp, the belly, so named
PNE
from its distribution.) Nervus vagus. Par va-
gum. A nerve which arises on each side by
many filaments, from the lateral part of the
medulla oblongata, immediately below the or-
igin of the glosso-pharyngeal nerve. It passes
out of the cranium along with the glosso-pha-
ryngeal nerve, through the foramen lacerum
posterius. Immediately after quitting the cra-
nium it is slightly enlarged for about an inch
of its course, forming what is called its gangli-
onic enlargement. It descends in the neck at
the outer and back part of tne common carotid
artery, in the cellular sheath of which it is in-
cluded. In the neck it gives off the pharyngeal
branch, the superior laryngeal, and twigs which
contribute to form the cardiac plexus. It pass-
es into the chest between the subclavian artery
and vein, girding off the inferior laryngeal or
recurrent nerve, which twines round the sub-
clavian artery on the right side, and the aorta
on the left. In the chest it sends twigs con-
tributing to the formation of the pulmonary and
oesophageal plexuses. Lastly, entering the ab-
domen, it is finally dispersed on the stomach,
sending twigs to the omentum and to the
neighboring abdominal plexuses.
Pneumography. A description of the lungs.
Pneu'-mo-h^morrha'gica. Hemorrhage from,
the lungs, as opposed to broncho-hamorrhagia,.
or hemorrhage* from the bronchia.
Pneumolo'gy. A treatise on the lungs.
Pneumon. The lungs.
Pneumo'nia. See Pneumonitis.
Pneumonia, typhoid. P., bilious. P., ery-
sipelatous. Inflammation of the lungs, accom-
panied with inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane.
Pneumonica. Diseases affecting the lungs.
— Good.
Pneumoni'tic Relating to pneumonitis.
PNEUMONITIS, (is, idis, f . ; from irvev-
puv, the lung, and itis, inflammation.) Inflam-
mation of the lung. It is characterized by
fever, difficulty of breathing, cough, and a sense
of weight and pain in the thorax. It attacks
principally those of a robust constitution and
plethoric habit, and occurs most frequently in
the winter season and spring of the year. At
the commencement of the disease the pulse is
usually full, strong, hard, and frequent; but in
a more advanced stage it is commonly weak,
soft, and often irregular. In the beginning the
cough is frequently dry and without expec-
toration; but in some cases it is moist, even
from the first, and the matter spit up is various
both in color and consistence, and is often
streaked with blood.
If relief is not afforded in time, and the in-
flammation proceeds with such violence as to
endanger suffocation, the vessels of the neck
will become turgid and swelled ; the face will
alter to a purple color; an effusion of blood
will take place into the cellular substance of the
lungs, so as to impede the circulation through
that organ, and the patient will soon be de-
prived of life ; or suppuration, apoplexy, or en-
gorgement of blood. Coagulable lymph may
also be thrown out, and produce hepatization ;
or gangrene may occur.
Physical Signs. — At first there is dullness
POD
on percussion, and a crepitant rale ; the voice
is rather more resonant than usual. If it end in
suppuration, there is coarse mucous rale, with
increased dullness on percussion. If hepatiza-
tion occur, the percussion is veiy dull; there
is no rale, but bronchial respiration, and great
resonance of the voice and cough.
Our opinion as to the event is to be drawn
from the symptoms which are present. A high
degree of fever, attended with delirium, great
difficulty of breathing, with acute pain, and dry
cough, denote great danger; on the contrary,
an abatement of the febrile symptoms, and of
the difficulty of breathing and pain, taking
place on the coming on of a free expectoration,
or the occurrence of any other critical evacua-
tion, promise fair for the recovery of the pa-
tient It usually comes to a favorable crisis in
about twelve days.
In the early period of this disease we may
hope, by active measures, to bring about im-
mediate resolution; but when it is more ad-
vanced, we must look for a discharge by ex-
pectoration, as the means of restoring the part
to a healthy state. Wo should begin by large
and free bleeding. The bowels must be well
evacuated in the first instance, and subsequent-
ly kept regular ; and antimonials may be given
with great advantage, to promote the dischar-
ges from the skin and lungs. This is one of
the cases in which the use of veiy large doses
of emetic tartar has been especially advocated.
Digitalis is proper, also, as lessening the activity
of the circulation. The antiphlogistic regimen
is to bo observed, except that the patient will
not bear too free exposure to cold. After the
urgent febrile symptoms have subsided, coun-
ter-irritation is very useful.
PNEUMO'NIC. {Pneumonicus ; tomitveth
(iuv, the lung.) Appertaining to the lungs.
Pneumono'ses. Diseases of the lungs.
Pneumopericardium. Effusion of air into
the cavity of the pericardium. — Lacnncc.
Pneu'mo-pleuri'tis. An inflammation of the
lungs and pleura.
Pneumorrha'gia. Haimoptysis.
Pneumotho'e. Phthisis pulmonalis.
PNEUMOTHORAX. Pneumatolhorax.
(From irvevuav, and dupa!;, the chest.) An in-
filtration of air, usually with some fluid, into
the cavity of the pleura. It is usually connect-
ed with pleurisy, or other diseases of the lungs,
occurring suddenly, and being fatal in its re-
sult. Where the amount of gaseous matter is
great, the affected side is distended ; it also
emits a clear sound on percussion. If there be
a communication by ulceration between the
bronchial tubes aud the pleura, there will be
metallic resonance on auscultation, and metal-
lic tinkling when there is both gas and fluid in
the pleural cavity.
Pneumoto'my. Dissection of the lungs.
Pneu'sis. Respiration.
Pniga'lium. The nightmare.
Pnigopho'bia. Suffocation; angina pec-
toris.
Pnix. A sense of suffocation.
Pny'ma. A boil.
Pod. Siliqua.
>PO'DA6RA. (From Trove, the foot, and
51C
POI
aypa, a taking or seizure.) Gout in the foot.
See Gout.
Podagra'ria. iEgopodium podagraria.
Podarthkoca'ce. Caries of the articulation
of the foot.
Pode'cium. The peculiar foot-stalk of the
tubercles in the cup lichens.
Podogy'nium. The stalk on which the ovaiy
is placed in the passion-flower, &c.
Podoni'ptrum. A bath for the feet.
PODOPHY'LLUM. (urn, i, n.) A genua
of plants. Polyandria. Monogynia. Podo-
phyllm. — P. pelta'tum. May-apple. The fruit
is edible, and the root cathartic in the dose of
a scruple. The leaves are said to be poisonous.
Podospe'rm. The funicle or little stalk of
the ovule and seed by which it is attached to
the placenta of the carpel.
Podothe'ca. An anatomical preparation of
the scarf-skin of the foot.
Poeci'ua. The piebald skin.
Pogo'n. A beard.
Pogo'nia. A beard on a female.
POISON. Vencnum. Toxicum. That which,
when applied externally, or taken into the hu-
man body, uniformly effects such a derange-
ment in the animal economy as to produce dis-
ease, may be defined a poison.
Poisons are divided, with respect to the
kingdom to which they belong, into animal,
vegetable, mineral, and aerial.
When a substance produces disease, not only
in mankind, but in all animals, it is distin-
guished by the term common poison; as arsenic,
corrosive sublimate, &c. ; while that which is
poisonous to man only, or to animals, and oft-
en to one genus merely, is said to be a relative
poison; thus aloes is poisonous to dogs and
wolves ; the Phcllandrium aquaticum kills hor-
ses, while oxen devour it greedily, and with
impunity. Stramonium is a favorite food of
goats, but poisonous to man.
Poisons have been arranged by Orfila into
four classes, namely, irritant, narcotic, narcoti-
co-acrid, and. septic, or putrefiant. Dr. Christi-
son excludes the last, or septic class, thus reduc-
ing poisons to three classes. The following
enumeration of poisons is taken from his excel-
lent treatise on poisons :
I. Irritant Poisons.
The characteristic operation of these is to
excite inflammation of the alimentary canal in
some part, or throughout the whole of its course.
To this class belong
The mineral acids.
Phosphorus.
Sulphur.
Chlorine.
Iodine.
Hydriodate of potash.
Bromine.
Oxalic acid.
The fixed alkalies.
Nitre.
Alkaline and earthy chlo-
rides.
Lime.
Ammonia and its salts.
Alkaline sulphurets.
The compounds of arsenic.
The compounds of mercu-
The compounds of cop-
per.
The compounds of t
ny.
The compounds of tin, sil-
ver, gold, platinum, bis-
muth, chrome, and zinc.
The compounds of lead
and of baryta.
Euphorbia.
Castor oil seeds.
Physic-nut.
Bitter cassadn.
Manchineel.
Croton oil.
Bryony.
Colocynth.
Elaterium.
Ranunculus.
Anemone.
Caltha.
Clematis.
POI
Trollius.
Cantharidcs.
Mezereon.
Poisonous fish.
Arum.
Venomous serpents and in-
Gamboge.
sects.
Daffodil.
Diseased and decayed ani-
Jalap.
mal matter.
Sarin.
Mechanical irritants.
II. Narcotic Poisons.
These are such as produce, chiefly or solely,
symptoms of disorder of the nervous system.
To this class belong
Opium.
Hyoscyamus.
Lactuca.
Solan um.
Hydrocyanic acid.
The vegetable substances
which contain hydrocy-
anic acid: Bitter almonds
— Cherry-laurel — Peach
— Cluster cherry — Moun-
tain ash.
Nitric oxide gas.
Chlorine gas.
Ammoniacal gas.
Muriatic acid gas.
Sulphurated hydrogen.
Carbureted hydrogen.
Carbonic acid.
Carbonic oxide.
Nitrous oxide.
Cyanogen.
Oxygen.
III. Narcotico-acrid Poisons.
These possess a double action, being both
local irritants, like those of the first class, and
producing a remote effect on the nervous sys-
tem, like those of the second. To this class
belong
Nightshade.
Thorn-apple.
Tobacco.
Lobelia.
Hemlock.
Water hemlock.
Hemlock dropwort.
Fool's parsley.
Monk's-hood.
Black hellebore.
Ipecacuanha.
Squill.
White hellebore.
Meadow saffron.
Foxglove.
Strychnia.
Nux vomica.
.St. Ignatius's bean.
False angustura.
Camphor.
Cocculus indicus.
Upas antiar.
Coriaria myrtifolin.
Poisonous fungi.
Poisonous mosses.
Secale cornutum.
Mouldy bread.
Darnel grass.
Seeds of lathyrus cicera.
Seeds of the bitter vetch.
Seeds of the common la-
burnum.
Alcohol.
Ether.
Some empyrcumatic oils.
Method of detecting Poisons.
When sudden death is suspected to have been
occasioned by the administration of poison,
either willfully or by accident, the testimony
of the physician is occasionally required to con-
firm or invalidate this suspicion. He may also
be sometimes called upon to ascertain the cause
of the noxious effects arising from the presence
of poisonous substances in ai'ticles of diet ; and
he should, therefore, learn the simplest and
most practicable modes of obtaining, by exper-
iment, the necessary information.
The only poisons, however, that can be clear-
ly and decisively detected by chemical means
are those of the mineral kingdom. Arsenic
and corrosive sublimate are most likely to be
exhibited with the view of producing death ;
and lead and copper may be introduced unde-
signedly, in several ways, into our food and
drink. The continued and unsuspected opera-
tion of the two last may often produce effects
less sudden and violent, but not less baneful to
health and life, than the more active poisons;
and their operation generally involves, in the
pernicious consequences, a greater number of
sufferers.
Method of detecting Arsenic. — This is detailed
under the head of Arsenious acid.
Method of detecting Corrosive Sublimate. — It
POI
may be collected by treating the contents of
the stomach in the manner described under
arsenic ; but as it is more soluble than arsenic,
no more water must be employed than is barely
sufficient, and the washings must be carefully
preserved for examination.
If a powder should be collected by this oper-
ation, which proves, on examination, not to be
arsenic, it may be known to be corrosive sub-
limate by the following characters :
a. Expose a small quantity of it, without any
admixture, to heat in a glass tube. Corrosive
sublimate will be ascertained by its rising to
the top of the tube, lining the inner surface in
the form of a shining white crust.
b. Dissolve another portion in distilled wa
ter; and it may be proper to observe how
much of the salt the water is capable of taking
up.
c. To the wateiy solution add a little lime-
water. A precipitate of an orange-yellow color
will instantly appear.
d. To another portion of the solution add a
single drop of a dilute solution of subcarbonate
of potash. A white precipitate will appear;
but, on a still farther addition of alkali, an or-
ange-colored sediment will be formed.
e. The carbonate of soda has similar effects.
f. Sulphureted water throws down a dark-
colored sediment, which, when dried and
strongly heated, is wholly volatilized, without
any odor of garlic.
For the detection of corrosive sublimate, Syl-
vester has recommended the application of
galvanism, which exhibits the mercuiy in a
metallic state. If a gold wire be used, it is
stained white.
Carbonate of Baryta. — It is soluble in muri-
atic acid, and may be precipitated as a white
powder by any soluble sulphate, and this pow-
der is insoluble in acids.
Method of detecting Copper or Lead. — Copper
and lead sometimes gain admission into articles
of food, in consequence of the employment of
kitchen utensils of these materials.
1. If copper be suspected in any liquor, its
presence will be ascertained by adding a solu-
tion of pure ammonia, which will strike a beau-
tiful blue color. It is also easily detected by a
galvanic circle.
2. Lead is occasionally found, in sufficient
quantity to be injurious to health, in water that
has passed through leaden pipes, or been kept
in leaden vessels, and sometimes even in pump
water, in consequence of that metal having been
used in the construction of the pump. Acetate
of lead has also been known to be fraudulently
added to bad wines.
Lead may be discovered by adding to a por-
tion of the suspected water about half its bulk
of water impregnated with sulphureted hydro-
gen gas. If lead be present, it will be mani-
fested by a dark brown or blackish tinge. This
test is so delicate, that water condensed by the
leaden worm of a still-tub is sensibly affected
by it. Lead is also detected by a similar effect
ensuing on the addition of sulphuret of ammo-
nia, or potash. A solution of chromate of pot-
ash produces a yellow precipitate, as does also-
iodide of potassium.
517
POI
Treatment of Poisoning.
As general preparatives to the treatment of
poisoning, it is a good rule to administer muci-
laginous or oily draughts, and use the stomach-
pump or emetics ; if, however, we know at first,
the particular poison, its antidotes are to be used
Antidotes are of two kinds. One kind takes
away the deleterious qualities of the poison be-
fore it comes within its sphere of action, by al-
tering its chemical nature. The other controls
its poisonous action after it has begun, by ex-
citing a contrary action in the system. In the
early ages of medicine almost all antidotes were
believed to be of the latter description, but, in
fact, very few of the kind are known.
In the instance of external poisoning, the
main object of the practitioner is to prevent the
poison from entering the blood, or to remove it
from the local vessels which it has entered.
One mode, which has been known to the pro-
fession from early times, and, after being long
in disuse, was lately revived by Dr. Barry, and
applied with success to man, is the application
of cupping-glasses to the part where the poison
has been introduced. This method may act in
various ways. It certainly prevents the farther
absorption of the poison by suspending for a
time the absorbing power of the vessels of the
part covered by the cup. It also sucks the
blood out of the wound, and, consequently,
washes the poison away with it. But possibly
it likewise compresses the nerves around, and
prevents the impression made by the poison on
their sentient extremities from being transmit-
ted along their filaments.
Another mode is by the application of a lig-
ature between the injured part and the trunk,
so as to check the circulation. This is a veiy
ancient practice in the case of poisoned wounds,
and is known even to savages. But as usually
practiced it is only a temporary cure. As soon
as the ligature is removed the effects of the
poison begin. It may be employed, however,
for many kinds of poisoning through wounds,
so as to effect a radical cure. We have seen
that most poisons of the organic kingdom are
in no long time either thrown off by the system
or decomposed in the blood; hence, if the
quantity given has not been too large, recovery
will take place. Now, by means of a ligature,
which is removed for a short time at moderately
distant intervals, a poison, which has been in-
troduced into a wound beyond the roach of ex-
traction, may be gradually admitted into the
system in successive quantities, each too small
to cause death or serious mischief, and be thus,
in the end, entirely removed and destroyed.
Such is a practical application which may be
made of some ingenious experiments performed
not long ago by M. Bouillaud with strychnia,
the poisonous principle of mix vomica.
The last mode to be mentioned is by a com-
bination of the ligature with venesection, de-
duced by M. Verniere from his experimental
researches. Suppose a fatal dose of extract of
nux vomica has been thrust into the paw of a
dog : M. Verniere applies a tight ligature round
the limb, next injects slowly as much warm
water icto the jugular vein as the animal can
safely bear, and then slackens the ligature.
518
POI
The state of venous plethora thus induced com
pletely suspends absorption. The ligature if
next tied so as to compress the veins without
compressing the arteries of the limb, and a vein
is opened between the wound and the ligature
in such a situation that the blood which flows
out must previously pass through, or at least
near, the poisonous wound. When a moderate
quantity has been withdrawn, the ligature may
be removed with safety ; and the extraction of
the poison may be farther proved by the blood
that has been drawn being injected into the
veins of another animal, for rapid death by te-
tanus will be the result. It is not improbable
that in this plan the preliminary production of
venous plethora may be dispensed with, and
then the treatment may be easily and safely ap-
plied to the human subject.
The following is a brief sketch of the treat-
ment in cases oi the effects of some of the prin-
cipal poisons.
Arsenic. — For the treatment of poisoning by
arsenic, see Arscnious acid.
Bismuth. — No specific antidote is known for
the oxide or for the subnitrate of this metal.
Milk and mucilaginous diluents should be given
along with purgatives.
Salts of Copper. — The sulphurets of the al-
kalies, sugar, and albumen have all gained rep-
utation as antidotes to these poisons ; the alka-
line sulphurets are now entirely disregarded;
albumen and sugar have each been made the
subject of recent experiments, and both appear
to be of some utility, though neither have any
claim to rank as specifics.
Emetic Tartar. See Antimonium tartariza-
turn.
Preparations of Lead. — The antidote to these
is Epsom or Glauber's salts, the acid of which
forms an insoluble aud harmless sulphate.
Preparations of Mercury. — The only one of
these much known as a poison is the coiTosive
sublimate. Its antidote is albumen : as soon,
therefore, os it is known to have been swallow-
ed, the white of eggs should bo given, mixed
with water, every two or three minutes. If
eggs can not be obtained, largo draughts of
milk may be useful as a substitute. Inflamma-
tion is to be combated by the ordinary means,
as also the ptyalism occasioned by this in com-
mon with the other preparations of mercury.
Preparations of Silver. — Of these the nitrate
only requires to be noticed. It is decomposed
by muriate of soda. A table-spoonfull of com-
mon salt may be dissolved in a pint of water,
and a wine-glassfull given every five minutes.
This may be followed by mucilaginous drinks.
Preparations of Tin. — These are decomposed
by all vegetable infusions and animal fluids.
Milk is as good an antidote as any.
Zinc. — The sulphate of zinc, or white vitriol,
will generally prove an antidote to itself, being
one of the most powerful emetics known. The
vomiting should be encouraged by diluents, and
any bad consequences that may ensue treated
on ordinaiy principles.
Little is known of the effects of the oxide ;
it is, however, poisonous.
The Mineral Acids. — When the sulphuric, nit-
ric, or muriatic acid has been swallowed, cal-
r oi
clued magnesia, mixed with water, should be
immediately administered ; or, if this be not at
hand, chalk or soap, which can always be pro-
cured in one form or another, may be substitu-
ted for it. Neither chalk nor the alkaline car-
bonates are to be preferred, on account of the
great extrication of gas occasioned by their de-
composition, but may be given in the absence
of the more appropriate antidote. Bland dilu-
ents are to be used when the acid is neutralized.
Inflammation is to be obviated by the ordinary
means.
Oxalic Acid. — The antidote for this is cal-
cined magnesia or chalk, which give rise to the
formation of insoluble salts. Alkalies are better
than useless, but they form with it soluble salts,
which are themselves irritant poisons, though in
a less degree than the acid.
Hydrocyanic Acid. — In any considerable dose
this is almost immediately fatal. The exhibi-
tion of strong stimuli, as ammonia, &c, cold
affusion, bleeding from the jugular vein, and a
mixture of carbonate of potash and the proto
and per sulphate of iron. See Hydrocyanic acid.
Alkalies and their Carbonates. — These are
best neutralized by vinegar.
Nitre. — Mucilaginous diluents and opium are
most serviceable : bleeding may also be re-
quired.
Lime. — For this also the best antidote is vin-
egar.
Baryta and its Salts. — Sulphate of magnesia
causes the formation of an insoluble sulphate,
and should therefore be given largely diluted
with water.
Muriate of Ammonia. — Vomiting is to bo en-
couraged by large draughts of warm water, and
inflammatory or nervous symptoms to be treat-
ed in the ordinary way.
Phosphorus. — No antidote is known for this.
Large draughts of water or demulcents are nat-
urally indicated, and emetics.
Alcohol. — The effects of excessive intoxication
from alcoholic liquors are best counteracted by
the immediate use of a strong emetic, as the
sulphate of zinc or copper, and the stomach-
pump. Vomiting should be encouraged by
draughts of warm water, and the intestines
stimulated by saline enemata. Should there
appear to be great determination of blood to
the head, venesection, and the application of
cold to the head, are indicated.
Acrid vegetable Poisons. — For these we have
no specific antidotes. The same general treat-
ment is applicable in all cases of poisoning by
acrid vegetable substances. If the poison has
occasioned vomiting, it is to be encouraged by
large draughts of warm water ; and if the sen-
sibility of the stomach has been overpowered,
vomiting is to be excited by the sulphate of
zinc or other active emetic, or the stomach-*
pump is to be used, and the intestines stimula-
ted by purgatives which are not «f an acrid
character. Inflammation of particular textures
is to be treated on the usual principles.
Narcotic and narcotico-acrid vegetable Poisons.
— The first indication is to evacuate the stom-
ach. When the poison is evacuated, a strong
infusion of coffee or vinegar, diluted with water,
may be given with advantage. Determination
POL
of blood to the head, and inflammation of par-
ticular textures, are to be obviated by the usual
means, but with due reference to the depressed
state of the nervous power. If the surface be-
come cold, friction, and the application of
warmth, are indicated, and the internal use of
ammonia may sometimes be useful.
Poison of Fish. — The symptoms arising from
eating poisonous fish are so anomalous and
variable that general rules for their treatment
can hardly be given, and the practitioner is
thrown on his individual judgment in each par-
ticular case ; vomiting and purging, and dilu-
ents, are indicated to get rid ol the offending
matter, and weak alkaline solutions have been
thought useful. Spasm is to be allayed by opi-
um, and inflammation by the ordinary means.
Cantharides. — Sweet oil should be given in
largo quantity to excite vomiting, and linseed
tea or milk as a demulcent. Emollient ene-
mata are to be administered. Inflammation of
the intestinal canal or urinary passages is to be
treated on ordinary principles.
Bite of venomous Serpents. — The first indica-
tion is to prevent the absorption of the poison,
which is fulfilled by the instantaneous applica-
tion of a tight ligature above the wound. The
bitten part is then to be cut out, or destroyed
by caustic. The application of a dry cupping-
glass may suspend the absorption of the poison ;
but such an apparatus is seldom at hand, under
circumstances in which persons are liable to be
bitten by serpents, and it also requires to be
removed before the knife or caustic can be ap-
plied to the part; the ligature is, therefore,
every way preferable. Immediately sucking
the wound is an efficacious mode of extracting
at least some of the poison, and it may be done
with impunity if the cuticle of the lips and
lining membrane of the mouth be every where
entire. The second indication is to support the
system against the effect of the virus, if absorb-
ed : this is to be attempted by the use of pow-
erful stimulants, especially ammonia combined
with diaphoretics. The Tanjore pill, so ceh>
brated in India as an antidote to the bites of
serpents, is said to consist of arsenic, pepper,
mercury, and the juice of the Asclepias gigantea.
The inflammation of the surrounding parts,
which follows the bite of some serpents, is of
the unhealthy kind, tending to gangrene, and
is to be treated accordingly.
Venomous Insects. — Hartshorn and oil may
be gently rubbed on the injured part; and if
much inflammation ensue, an emollient poultice
may be applied.
See, also, the particular substances for their
therapeutical action and antidotes.
Poison berry. The melia azedarac.
Poison fangs. The hollow teeth in the up-
per jaws of vipers, rattlesnakes, &c., through
which the poison is discharged into the wounds
they make. Only such snakes as have poison
fangs are venomous.
Poison nut. Strychnos mix vomica.
Poison oak. Rhus toxicodendron.
Poison vine. Rhus radicans.
Poke-berry. P. weed. Phytolacca decandra.
Polar. Having reference to poles or polar-
ity.
519
POL
POLA'RITY. That property of bodies in
consequence of which, when free, they arrange
themselves in certain determinate directions, as
in the case of the magnetic needle.
Polariza'tion. The state of a body or agent
which exhibits polarity. Thus light, heat, &c.,
are susceptible of polarization.
Polarized light. See Light.
. POLEMO'NIUM. {urn, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. Polemoni-
acccc. — P. cezruleum. Greek valerian, or Ja-
cob's ladder. The root is astringent.
Polenta. A farinaceous food.
POLES. In Geometry, the extremities of
the axis of rotation of a sphere or spheroid.
Hence, in Chemistry, we speak of the poles of
atoms in the phenomena of cohesion and affin-
ity, denoting thereby the points on their surfaces
where union occurs under these and other for-
ces. In Electricity and Galvanism, the poles
are the points or parts which develop the phe-
nomena of attraction and repulsion. These
are termed the north and south, or austral and
boreal poles, in the magnet. In the galvanic
circle or battery, the poles or discharging wires
are termed respectively the negative or positive
pole, or the anode and cathode.
Poley-mountain. Teucrium montanum.
Polia'ter. A physician authorized to prac-
tice in a town. — Castelli.
POLICE, MEDICAL. All that relates to
the preservation of health in towns, and during
epidemics. The questions of quarantine, the
establishment of sanatory cordons, the registra-
tion of births and deaths, belong to this depart-
ment of medicine.
POLIO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from ttoAoc, candi-
dus, white or hoaiy.) A disease of the hairs,
in which they are prematurely gray or hoary.
Polium creticum. Teucnum creticum.
Polium montanum. Teucrium montanum.
Pollack. Gadus pollacius.
PO'LLEN. The fertilizing powder which
adheres to the anthers of the flowers of plants,
and is thrown out chiefly, in warm, dry weather.
Pollen tube. The boyau, or delicate tubu-
lar extension of the pollen grain after it reaches
the surface of the stigma. The tube passes
down the lax tissue of the stigma to the ovule,
and conveys thereto the fovilla, or internal fluid
of the granule.
Po'llenin. A peculiar substance, insoluble,
and extremely combustible, obtained from the
pollen of tulips.
Po'llex. The thumb, or great toe.
POLLUTION. Pollutio. In Medicine, the
involuntary emission of semen at night during
sleep. This may be the result of a plethoric
state of the organs of generation, or a want of
tone arising from excess of venery, or masturba-
tion, and is to be treated according to the cause.
Pollution, self. Masturbation.
POLY-. (From irolvc, many.) A prefix
signifying fullness ; a large number.
POLYADE'LPHIA. Polydclphous. (From
no2.vc, many, and aielfyoe, a brother.) Plants
with' hermaphrodite flowers, in which several
stamina are united by their filaments into three
or more distinct bundles.
Poly-si'mia. Plethora.
520
POL
POLYA'NDRIA. Polyandrous. (From
ttoTlvc, many, and avnp, a husband.) Planta
with hermaphrodite flowers, furnished with
several stamina, that are inserted into the con>
mon receptacle of the flower.
Polycho'lia. Excess of bile.
Polychre'stus. Polychrest. Having many
virtues or uses.
Poly'chroite. The coloring matter of saf-
fron.
POLYCHRO'ME. A crystalline body found
in quassia and some other vegetables, which
imparts to water a singular opaline play of
colors. Its formula is CieHaO^flO.
Polyda'ctylus. Having a supernumerary
finger or toe.
POLYDI'PSIA. (a, a, f. ; from mtXvg. much,
and diipn, thirst.) Excessive thirst. It is most-
ly symptomatic of fever, dropsy, excessive dis-
charges, or poisons.
POLY'GALA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Diadelphia. Octandria. Polygalece.
— P. amara. A bitter plant. Its virtues are
balsamic, demulcent, and corroborant. — P. ru-
bella (U. S.) is veiy similar. — P. senega. The
rattlesnake milkwort. Seneka. The root of
this plant was formerly much esteemed as a
specific against the poison of the rattlesnake,
and as an antiphlogistic in pleurisy, pneumonia,
&c. It is expectorant and diuretic. Its dose
is from ten to thirty grains. — P. virginiana.
See Poly gala senega. — P. vulgaris. Common
milkwort. The root of this plant is somewhat
similar in taste to that of the seneka, but much
weaker.
POLYGA'LEjE. The milkwort tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Shrubs or herbaceous
plants with leaves generally alternate ; flowers,
polypetalous, unsymmetrical ; stamens, hypogyn-
ous ; ovarium, two-celled ; fruit, dehiscent.
Poly'galic acid. An acrid acid found in the
Polygala senega, and other species. It is the
active principle, and is soluble in water. Form-
ula, C22H18O11.
Poly'galine. Polygalic acid.
POLYGA'MIA. Polygamous. (From iroAvc,
many, and yafioc, a marriage.) A class of
plants, consisting of plants having hermaphro-
dite flowers, and likewise male and female
flowers, or both. The orders of this division
are Monacia, Diacia, and Triascia.
Polyga'strica. A class of infusorial animal-
cules, having many alimentary pouches.
POLYGO'NACE,E. The buckwheat tribe
of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants
with leaves alternate ; flowers, occasionally uni-
sexual ; stamens, definite ; ovarium, superior ;
seed, with farinaceous albumen.
Polygo'natum. Convallaria.
POLYGO'NUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Octandria. Trigynia. Polygonacea.
— P. aviculare. The knot-grass. This plant
is said to lje useful in stopping hemorrhages,
diarrhoeas, &c. — P. bacci'ferum. A species of
equisetum. — P. bistorta. The officinal bistort.
Bistorta. Every part manifesto a degree of styp-
tic action on the taste, and the root is a pow-
erful astringent. The common dose of bistort
root, in substance, is fifteen or twenty grains ; in
urgent cases it is extended to a drachm. Its
POL
astringent matter is totally dissolved both by
water and rectified sphits. — P. divaricatum.
The Eastern buckwheat plant. The roots, re-
duced to a coarse meal, are an ordinary food of
the Siberians. — P. fago'pyrum. The buck-
wheat. — P. hydro' piper. Poor-man's pepper,
biting arsesmart, lake-weed, and water pepper.
Hydropiper. The leaves have an acrid, burn-
ing taste. They have been recommended as
possessing antiseptic, aperient, diuretic virtues ;
and given in scurvies and cachexies, asthmas,
hypochondriacal and nephritic complaints, and
wandering gout. The first leaves have been
applied externally, as a stimulating cataplasm.
—P. latifolium. Polygonum aviculare. — P.
mas. Polygonum aviculare. — P. minus. Her-
niaria glabra. — P. perskaria. Pcrsicaria. This
plant is said to possess vulnerary and antiseptic
properties ; with which intentions it is given in
wine to restrain the progress of gangrene.
POLYME'RIC. (From tzoavc, fiepoc, a part.)
A name given to a compound in which the ratio
of the elements is the same with another body,
but the number of atoms is greater.
Polymeri'smus. An excess in the organs or
parts of the body.
Polyo'psia. A defect of vision, iu which a
person sees more objects than are present.
Polyperia. Congenital misconstruction. —
Good.
Polype'talous. Polypetahis. Many-pe-
taled.
Polyphagia. Pica.
Polyphy'llous. Polyphyllus. Many-leaved.
Polypla'stic Passing through several
changes of form.
POLYPO'DIUM. (?«, ii, n.) A genus of
ferns. — P. aculeatum. Spear-pointed fern. — P.
calaguala. The root Radix calaguala has been
exhibited internally, with success, in dropsy;
and it is said to be efficacious in pleurisy, con-
tusions, abscesses, &c. — P. filix mas. Aspid-
ium filix mas. — P. quercinum. Polypodium
vulgare. — P. vulgare. Polypody of the oak.
The root has a sweetish taste : a decoction of
it was formerly used as a purgative.
Polypody, male. Aspidium filix mas.
Polypody of the oak. Polypodium vul-
gare.
Polypo'id. Like a polypus.
Polypo'sia. Great thirst.
PO'LYPUS. (us, i, m.) 1. A genus of
zoophytes. 2. A tumor, most commonly met
with in the nose, uterus, or vagina, but also ex-
isting in the pharynx, liver, and other organs.
It assaults the mucous membranes chiefly, is
more or less pyriform in figure, and suspended
from a stalk.
Polypi vary from each other, according to the
different causes that produce them, and the
alterations that happen in them ; they may be
mucous, soft, fleshy, scirrhous, or cancerous.
The polypus of the uterus is of three kinds
in respect to situation: it either grows from
the fundus, the inside of the cervix, or from the
lower edge of the os uteri. The first case is*
the most frequent, the last most uncommon.
Polypi of the uterus are shaped like a pear,
and have a thin pedicle. They are almost in-
variably of that species which is denominated
POM
fleshy or membranous, hardly ever being scir-
rhous, cancerous, or ulcerated. These tumors,
if they resist the action of astringents, are to be
removed by the knife, ligature, or caustic.
3. The coagulated substance which is found
in the cavities of the heart of those who are
some time in articulo mortis, is improperly
called a polypus. m
Polypus bronchialis. A membranous se-
cretion thrown off from the bronchial tubes,
and produced by inflammation.
POLYSA'ROIA. (a,m,U from itoavc, much,
and cap!;, flesh.) Troublesome corpulency,
obesity, or fatness.
Polyse'palous. Having many sepals.
Polysoma'tia. Corpulency.
Polyspa'stum. A forcible instrument for
reducing luxations.
Polyspe'rmous. Polyspcrmus. Havingmany
seeds.
POLY'STOMA. (a, atos, n. ; from -koavc,
many, and aro/na, a mouth.) A genus of worms.
— P. pinguicula. This species has been found
by Treutler in a fatty tumor covering the ovary
of a female.
POLY'TRICHUM. (urn, i, n.) Polytrycon.
A genus of mosses. — P. commune. The golden
maidenhair. It possesses, in an inferior degree,
astringent virtues.
POLYTRO'PHIA. (From jtoavc, and rpe^w,
to nourish.) Excessive nutrition of an organ or
part, whereby it acquires a state of hypertrophy.
Polyu'ria. Polyure'sis. Diabetes.
POMA'CE^E. The apple tribe of dicotyle-
donous plants. A subdivision of rosacea;. Trees
or shrubs with leaves alternate ; flowers, polypet-
alous ; stamens, perigynous ; fruit, a pomum,
one to five celled.
Poma'ceum. Cider.
Poma'mbra. Pomum ambrce. An odoriferous
ball made of ambergris, musk, civet, aromatics,
&c. It was used by embalmers to put into the
orbits, after taking out the eyes.
Poma'tum. A fragrant ointment.
Pomegranate. Punica granatum.
Pommade d'Alyon. Unguentum acidi nitrici.
Pommade d'Autenrieth. Tartar emetic oint-
ment, made with 3J. of tartar emetic to 3vij. of
lard. A severe vesicant.
Pommade de gondret. Vesicating pomatum
of ammonia. Take of lard, 3vj. ; almond oil,
3ij. ; suet, 31J- Melt together, and, while hot,
pour into a phial, and add of liq. ammonia, 3xij.,
and shake together. This produces blistering
in four or five minutes.
PO'MPHOLYX. (yx, ygis, f. ; from no/Kpoc,
a bladder.) I. A small vesicle or bubble. II.
A cutaneous disease described by Dr. Willan as
an eruption of bullae, appearing without any in-
flammation round them, and without fever, and
therefore differing most materially from the
pemphigus described by nosologists. There are
three varieties:
1. Pompholyx benignus exhibits a succession
of transparent bullae, about the size of a pea, or
sometimes of a hazel-nut, which break in three
or four days, discharge their lymph, and soon
heal. They appear chiefly on the face, neck,
and extremities; and occur in boys in hot
weather, in infants during dentition, and in
521
POP
youug persons of irritable habit from eating
acrid vegetable substances, or from swallowing
a few grains of mercury.
2. Pompholyx diutinus is a tedious and pain-
ful disorder, and is usually preceded for some
weeks by languor and lassitude, headache, sick-
ness, and pains in the limbs. Numerous red
pimple-like elevations of the cuticle appear,
with a sensation of tingling, which are presently
raised into transparent vesications, that become
as large as a pea within twenty-four hours, and
if not broken, afterward attain the size of a wal-
nut. If they are rubbed off prematurely, the
excoriated surface is sore and inflamed, and does
not readily heal. The bullae continue to arise
in succession on different parts of the body, and
even reappear on the parts first affected, in
some cases for several weeks. <it chiefly attacks
aged and debilitated persons, and is to be treated
by bathing, tonics, cordials, and diuretics. It
is also symptomatic in some fevers.
3. Pompholyx solltarius is a rare form of the
disease, which seems to affect only women.
One large vesication appears usually in the
night, after a sensation of tingling in the skin,
and rapidly distends itself, so as to contain some-
times a tea-cupfull of lymph : within forty-eight
hours it breaks, discharging its fluid, and leaving
a superficial ulceration. Near this another bulla
arises in a day or two, &c. Cinchona internally,
and linseed poultices, followed by light dress-
ings to the sores externally, were employed with
advantage in three cases seen by Dr. Willan.
III. The oxide of zinc.
Po'mphos. A bladder of air or wateiy fluid.
PO'MUM. (mot, i, n.) 1. An apple. 2. A
fleshy pericarpium, containing a ca2>sule within
it, with several seeds; a fruit resembling an
apple.
Pomum Adami. Adam's apple. The pro-
tuberance in the anterior part of the neck,
formed by the fore part of the thyroid gland.
Pomum amoris. Solanum lycopersicum.
PONDE'RABLE. (From pondus, weight.)
That which possesses weight, as distinguished
from imponderable matter, such as light, heat,
and electricity.
Pondo. A pound weight.
PO'NS. (s, tis, m.) A bridge.
Pons hepatis. The lobulus anonymus of
the liver.
Pons taiuni. A layer of grayish substance,
connected oil either side with the crura cerebri,
and forming the locus perforatus of the floor of
the third ventricle.
Pons varo'lii. Varolius's bridge. An em-
inence of the medulla oblongata, the tuber an-
nulare : called pons from its arched appearance.
See Encephalos.
Ponticum mel. A poisonous kind of honey.
Poor-man's pepper. Polygonum hydropiper.
Poplar. See Populus.
Poplar, American. The liriodendron tuli-
piferum.
PO'PLES. (es, ids, m.) The ham, or back
part of the knee joint.
Poplite'al. Poplitcus. Appertaining to the
ham.
Popliteal aneurism. Aneurism in the ham.
See Aneurism.
522
TOR
Popliteal artery. Arteria poplitea. The
continuation of the crural arteiy through the
hollow of the ham.
Popliteal nerves. The two branches into
which the sciatic divides in the popliteal space.
POPLITE'US. A small muscle which rises
from the external condyle of the femur and
back part of the capsular ligament of the knee
joint, and is inserted into the ridge at the up-
per and inner part of the tibia, a little below
the head. The use of the popliteus is to assist
in bending the leg, and to rotate it inward when
bent; also, to prevent the capsular ligament
from being pinched in the motions of the knee
joint.
Poppy. See Papaver.
Poppy, horned. Argemone.
Poppy, red corn. Papaver rhoeas.
Poppy, white. Papaver somniferum.
POPU'LINE. A silky, light, perfectly white
crystalline principle, obtained from the bark
and leaves of the Populus tremula. It is not
known to contain nitrogen, but appears to play
the part of an alkaloid, being dissolved by acids
and precipitated by alkalies. It has a bitter
and sweetish taste ; melts, when heated, into a
colorless fluid, and is very little soluble even
in hot alcohol. It is supposed to be allied to
salicine, which exists with it in the bark of the
aspen. The febrifuge properties of the aspen
are supposed to depend upon this principle.
PO'PULUS. (us, i, f.) 1. The Populus ni-
gra. 2. A genus of trees. Dicecia. Octaii'
dria. Ameiitacem. — P. balsamifera. One of
the trees supposed to produce tacamahaca. —
P. nigra. The black poplar. The young
buds were formerly employed in an officinal
ointment. They have a yellow, unctuous,
odorous, balsamic juice. — P. tremula, the Eu-
ropean aspen, and P. tremuloides, the American
aspen. The properties of these are similar:
the bark is febrifuge and tonic, and has been
used with advantage in the form of decoction
in agues. Braconnot has found an alkaloid in
the bark of the aspen, which he names Populine.
Porca'te. Grooved; a surface which has
many parallel ridges running across it.
Porce'lain. Decomposed feldspar, of which
fine ware is made. Porcelain capsules and
vessels are highly esteemed by chemists, from
their capacity to resist a high temperature.
Porcela'inous. Having the gloss and hard-
ness of porcelain.
PORCE'LLIO. A genus of apterous insects,
or, more properly, of isopodous annelides. — P.
scaler. Sclater. The same virtues have been
ascribed to it as to millepedes.
Porcupine disease. Ichthyosis.
Po'rcus. A hog. Sus scrofa.
PORE. (Poms, i,m.) A passage. 1. The
minute opening of the exhalant and absorbent
vessels, whereby exhalation and absorption are
supposed to take place. 2. The capillaries and
intercellular passages are called pores.
Po'ri bilia'rii. The biliary pores or ducts
|hat receive the bile from the penicilli of the
liver, and convey it to the hepatic duct. See
Liver.
Poroce'le. A hard tumor of the scrotum.
Poro'mphalum. A hard tumor of the navel.
FOB
POROSITY. (From porus, a passage.) The
property of bodies whereby they transmit fluids
through their pores.
POROTIC. Poroticus. (From nupoc, cal-
lus.) A medicine or other body having the
property of assisting the formation of callus.
, Porphyra. See Scorbutus.
Porphyra hemorrhagica. Purpura he-
morrhagica.
Porphyro'xix. A new alkaloid, supposed
to exist in Bengal apium.
Porphyry. A hard granitic stone.
Porra'ceous. Of a green color, like a leek.
Porrect. Extending.
Porret. Allium porrum.
PORRI'GO. (o, o?iis, f . ; d porrigendo I
from its spreading abroad.) Ring- worm of the
*;calp. Scald head. A genus of disease in Dr.
Willau's arrangement, which is contagious, and
principally characterized by an eruption of the
pustules called favi and achorcs, unaccompa-
nied by fever. The species are,
1. Porrigo larvalis. Crustaiactea. This
is almost exclusively a disease of infancy. It
commonly appears first on the forehead and
cheeks, in an eruption of numerous minute and
whitish achorous pustules, which are crowded
together upon a red surface. These soon break,
and discharge a viscid fluid, which concretes
into thin yellowish scabs. As the pustular
patches spread, the discharge is renewed, and
continues also from beneath the scabs, increas-
ing their thickness and extent, until the fore-
head, cheeks, and even the whole face, become
enveloped as by a mask, whence the epithet
larvalis, the eyelids and nose alone remaining
exempt from the incrustation. When the scab
ultimately falls off and ceases to be renewed,
;i red. elevated, and tender cuticle, marked
with deep lines, and exfoliating several times,
is left behind ; differing from that which suc-
ceeds to impetigo, inasmuch as it does not
crack into deep fissures. The eruption is
sometimes extended to the neck and breast,
but it is most commonly unaccompanied with
constitutional disturbance, subsiding without ill
effects. The irritation, however, may, in weak-
ly children, produce a cachectic state, ending
in hectic. The treatment, in the early stage,
consists in ablutions to the surface and gentle
laxatives, with alterative doses of calomel. A
mild astringent ointment may be used as the
discharge ceases; and when it has passed away,
a diluted ointment of nitrate of mercury to gen-
tly stimulate the skin. Chalybeates and bark
will be found useful to restore the child's
health, and avert a second attack. The hy-
drargyrum cum creta and preparations of sul-
phur are great favorites in the treatment of this
disease.
2. Porrigo furfurans. In this form of the
disease, which commences with the eruption
of small achorcs, the discharge from the pus-
tules is small in quantity, and the excoriation
slight : the humor, therefore, soon concretes,
and separates in innumerable thin laminated
scabs, or scale-like exfoliations. At irregular
periods, the pustules reappear, and the dis-
charge being renewed, the eruption becomes
moist; but it soon dries again, and exfoliates.
POR
It is attended with a good deal of itching, and
some soreness of the scalp, to which the dis-
ease is confined ; and the hair, which partially
falls off, becomes then less strong in its texture,
and sometimes lighter, in its color. Occasion-
ally the glands of the neck are swelled and
painful. This affection attacks adult females
chiefly, and is not to be mistaken for lepra,
psoriasis, or pityriasis, in which there is no dis-
charge. In the treatment, it is useful to shave
the head, and apply, during the inflammatory
stage, ointment of zinc or acetate of lead, with
frequent ablutions; but in the inactive state,
stimulating ointments, containing nitrate of
mercury, the nitric oxide, tar, creasote, sulphur,
or the oiutment of nitric acid, will be found
severally useful in different cases.
3. Porrigo lupinosa is characterized by the
formation of dry, circular scabs, of a yellowish-
white color, set deeply in the skin, with elevated
edges, and a central indentation or depression,
sometimes containing a white, scaly powder,
and resembling, on the whole, the seeds of lu-
pines. These scabs are formed upon small
separate clusters of achorcs, by the concretion
of the fluid which exudes when they break; and
they acquire, when seated on the scalp, the size
of a sixpence. Frequently there is also a thin,
white incrustation, covering the intervening
parts of the scalp, which commonly exfoliates ;
but, if allowed to accumulate through inatten-
tion to cleanliness, it forms an elevated crusta-
ceous cap. The disease, however, is not exclu-
sively confined to the head, but sometimes ap-
pears on the extremities, where the little white
and indented scabs do not exceed two lines in
diameter. This variety of porrigo is liable to
increase much if neglected, and is usually tedi-
ous and of long duration.
The use of soap and water, or a weak solu-
tion of potash or muriatic acid, will be necessary
in removing the scabs. When this is effected,
the application of an ointment, containing the
powder of cocculus indicus (3ij. to gj, of lard),
is found veiy serviceable ; this may be followed
by the stimulating ointments mentioned under
the previous species.
4. Porrigo scutulata, ringworm of the scalp.
It appears in distinct and even distant patches,
of an irregular circular figure, upon the scalp,
forehead, and neck. It commences with clus-
ters of small, light yellow pustules, which soon
break, and form thin scabs over each patch,
which, if neglected, become thick and hard by
accumulation. If the scabs are removed, how-
ever, the surface of the patches is left red and
shining, but studded with slight, elevated points
or papulae, in some of which minute globules
of pus again appear in a few days. By these
repetitions of the eruption of ackores, the in-
crustations become thicker, and the areas of
the patches extend, often becoming confluent,
if the progress of the disease be unimpeded, so
as to affect the whole head. As the patches
extend, the hair covering them becomes lighter
in its color, and sometimes breaks off short; and,
as the process of pustulation and scabbing is re-
peated, the roots of the hair are destroyed, and
at length there remains uninjured only a narrow
border of hair round the head.
523
POR
This very unmanageable form of porrigo gen-
erally occurs in children of three or four years
old and upward, and often continues for several
years. Whether the circles remain red, smooth,
and shining, or become dry and scurfy, the pros-
pect of a cure is still distant ; for the pustules
will return, and the ulceration and scabbing
will be repeated. It can only be considered as
about to terminate when the redness aud exfol-
iations disappear together, and the hair begins
to grow of Its natural color and texture.
The disease originates in cachectic children,
especially where cleanliness is neglected, and
is, like the other species, communicated by con-
tact of the ichor. The treatment is to be con-
ducted on the same principles as in the P. fur-
furans, but it is much more intractable. In
the irritable state, sedatives and slightly astrin-
gent lotions and ointments, with frequent ab-
lution, are necessary. An ointment containing
calomel will be found very useful in producing
desiccation. In the inactive stage the stimula-
ting ointments are employed, and occasionally
a lotion of six to ten grains of nitrate of silver to
f. 5j. of water, is extremely valuable. In ca-
chectic children internal medicines will be ne-
cessary, especially the vinum ferri.
.5. Porrigo decalvans. This singular variety
of the disease presents no appearance whatever
except patches of simple baldness, of a more or
less circular form, on which not a single hair
remains, while that which surrounds the patches
is as thick as usual. The surface of the scalp
within these area? is smooth, shining, and re-
markably white. It is probable, though not
ascertained, that there may be an eruption of
minute achores about the roots of the hair in
the first instance, which are not permanent, and
do not discharge any fluid. The disease, how-
ever, has been seen to occur, in one or two
instances, in a large assemblage of children,
among whom the other forms of the porrigo
prevailed. But in other cases, and also in
adults, it has appeared where no communica-
tion could be traced or conjectured. The area?
gradually enlarge, and sometimes become con-
fluent, producing extensive baldness, in which
condition the scalp remains many weeks, espe-
cially if no curative measures are adopted. The
hair, which begins to grow, is of a softer texture
and lighter color than the rest ; and in persons
beyond the middle age, it is gray. The only
treatment found of service in this obstinate af-
fection is shaving the head, and applying stim-
ulating liniments and ointments until the new
hair has a healthy appearance.
6. Porrigo favosa. This species of the
disorder consists of an eruption of the large,
soft, straw-colored pustules denominated favi.
These are not, in general, globular, with a regu-
larly circular margin, but somewhat flattened,
with an irregular edge, and surrounded by a
slight inflammation. They occur on all parts
of the body : sometimes on the scalp alone, and
sometimes on the face, or on the trunk and ex-
tremities only ; but most commonly they spread
from the scalp, especially from behind the ears
to the face, or from the lips and chin to the
scalp, and occasionally from the extremities to
the trunk and head. They are usually accom-
524
POR
!>anied with considerable itching. Children
rom six months to four years of age are most
liable to this eruption ; but adults are not un-
frequently affected with it. The pustules, es-
pecially on the scalp, appear at first distinct,
though near together ; but on the face and ex-
tremities they generally rise in irregular clus-
ters, becoming confluent when broken, and dis-
charging a viscid matter, which gradually con-
cretes into greenish or yellowish semi-trans-
parent scabs.
The ulcerating blotches seldom continue long
or extend far before the lymphatic system ex-
hibits marks of irritation, probably from the
acrimony of the absorbed matter. When the
scalp or face is the seat of the disease, the glands
on the sides of the neck enlarge and harden,
being at first perceived like a chain of little tu-
mors lying loose under the skin ; and the sub-
maxillary and parotid glands are often affected
in a similar manner. At length some of them
inflame, the skin becomes discolored, and they
suppurate slowly, and with much pain and irrita-
tion. The eruption, in these situations, is like-
wise very often accompanied by a discharge
from behind the ears, or from the ears them-
selves, with a tumid upper lip, and inflamma-
tion of the eyes, or obstinate ulcerations of the
edges of the eyelids. When the eruption ap-
pears on the trunk, although the pustules there
are smaller and less confluent, and the scabs
thinner and less permanent, the axillary glands
are liable to be affected in the same way.
The duration of this form of porrigo is very
uncertain; but it is, on the whole, much more
manageable than the porrigo scutulata and de-
calvans. Ymmg infants often suffer severely
from the pain and irritation of the eruption, and
of the glandular affections which it induces ;
and those who are bred in large towns, and are
ill fed and nursed, are thus sometimes reduced
to a state of fetal marasmus.
The treatment is both internal and external ;
the former resembles that laid down for P.
larvalis, while the external is that recommend-
ed in P. decalvans. But change of air, exer-
cise, and a course of sulphur waters will be
found particularly useful.
Po'rrum. Po'mts. The leek. Allium por-
rum.
Port wine. See Vinum.
PO'RTA. {a, tc, f. : a door or gate : « por-
tando, because through it the blood is carried
to the liver.) 1. That part of the liver where
its vessels enter. 2. The vulva.
Portje vena. Portal vein. See Vena
porta:.
Portaiguille. The French name for the
acutcnaculum, a small pair of forceps to cany
a needle.
Portal blood. The blood of the portal
veins. It is of a darker color, less coagulable and
firm than ordinary venous blood. On analysis,
it is found to contain more fat, hasmatin, and
ha^maphaein, and less fibrin than venous blood.
Its circulation through the liver is principally
for the separation of the excess of the three first
substances, from which the bile is in a great
measure formed.
Portal circulation. The circulation of
POS
the venous blood derived from the abdominal
viscera through the liver.
Porter. A kind of beer made with dark
malt, molasses, &c. If of good quality, as the
London and Philadelphia porter, it is one of the
best stimulating tonics for convalescents and
cachectic persons that we possess; but the in-
ferior acid kinds, drugged with cocculus in-
dicus, are to be avoided.
PO'RTIO. (o,onis,f.) A portion or branch:
applied to two nerves.
Portio dura. One branch of the seventh
pair of nerves is called portio dura, the hard
portion, from its being of a firm consistence ;
and the other the portio mollis, or soft portion,
from its softer consistence. The portio dura, or
facial nerve, arises near the pons, from the cms
of the brain, enters the petrous portion of the
temporal bone, gives otf a branch into the tym-
panum, which is called the chorda tympani, and
then proceeds to form the pes anserinus on the
face, from which the integuments of the face
are supplied with nerves. See Auris.
Portio mollis. Auditory nerve. Acoustic
nerve. This nerve arises from the medulla ob-
longata and fourth ventricle of the brain, enters
the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and is
distributed on the internal ear by innumerable
branches, not only to the cochlea, but also to
the membrane lining the vestibulum and semi-
circular canals, and is the immediate organ of
hearing. See Auris.
Portland arrow-root. P. sago. The fee
ula of the arum maculatum.
Portland powder. An old and celebrated
gout remedy, consisting of equal parts of gen-
tian, birthwort, the tops and leaves of german-
der, ground-pine, and lesser centaury, dried,
powdered, and sifted. It is now fallen into
disuse.
Portona'rium. The pylorus, or right orifice
of the stomach. Also, the duodenum.
PORTULA'CA. (a,ee,{.) 1. The purslane.
Portulaca oleracea. 2. A genus of plants. Do-
decandria. Digynia. Portulaccee. — P. oleracea.
Edible purslane. The plant abounds with a
watery and somewhat acid juice, and is often
put into soups, or pickled with spices. It is
said to be antiseptic and aperient.
PO'RUS. (ws, i, m.) A pore or duct, as of
the skin
Porus opticus. The opening in the re-
tina through which the arteria centralis retinae
Po'sca. Vinegar and water mixed.
Pose. Common catarrh.
POSO'LOGY. Posologia. (From noooc,
quantity, and loyoc, a discourse.) That de-
partment of therapeutics which treats of the
quantities of medicines to be prescribed.
POSSE'TUM. (urn, i, n.) Posset. Milk
curdled with wine, treacle, or any acid.
POSTE'RIOR. Parts are so named from
their relative situation.
Posterior annularis. Musculus posterior
annularis. An external interosseal muscle of
the hand, that extends and draws the ring
finger inward.
Posterior auris. The retrahens auris.
Posterior indicis. P. indicts manus. Mits-
POT
cuius posterior indicis. An internal interosseal
muscle of the hand, that extends the fore finger
obliquely, and draws it outward.
Posterior indicis pedis. The abductor
indicis pedis.
Posterior medii. P. medii digiti manus.
An external interosseal muscle of the hand, that
extends the middle finger, and draws it out-
ward.
Posterior medii digiti manus. The ab-
ductor medii digiti pedis.
Posterior tertii digiti. The adductor
tertii digiti.
Positive electricity. Excess of electrici-
ty. See Electricity.
POSTHE. (From noaOiov, the prepuce.)
The prepuce of the glans penis. The word is
used in the composition of a few infrequent
terms ; as Posthioplasty, the formation of a new
prepuce by an operation; Posthitis, inflamma-
tion of the prepuce ; Posthoncus, a swelling of
the prepuce.
POSTI'CUS. Situated behind. Applied to
muscles, from their position; as Serratus pos-
ticus ; Tibialis posticus.
POST-MORTEM. After death ; applied to
autopsies or post-mortem examinations for the
detection of the changes of structure produced
by disease, or the causes of death.
Po'table. Pota'bilis. Fit to be drank.
PO'TASH. {Potassa, as, f.) Vegetable al-
kali. Kali. The hydrated protoxide of potas-
sium. See Potassium.
The pure hydrate of potassa, or potassa fusa,
is solid, white, and extremely caustic; in mi-
nute quantities, changing the- purple of violets
and cabbage to a green, and yellow turmeric
to a reddish-brown. It rapidly attracts hu-
midity from the air, passing into the oleum tar-
tari per deliquium. The composition of hy-
drate of potash is one equivalent of protoxide
of potassium (47-17) -f- one equivalent of water
(9) = 5G # 17. The water readily gives way to
most acids, and there are produced the salts of
potash.
It is used in surgery as the potential caute-
ry for forming eschars; and was formerly em-
ployed in medicine, diluted with broths, as a
lithontriptic. For surgical purposes it is cast
into cylindrical sticks. In Chemistry it is very
extensively employed, both in manufactures
and as a reagent in analysis. It is the basis of
all the common soft soaps. For the important
salts of potash, see Potassa, Potasses, and Po-
Potashes, commercial. The washed or lix-
iviated ashes of trees, especially of oaks, hick-
ories, and the maples. The ash, mixed with
lime, is leached in'barrels or vats, and the clear
solution, being drawn off, is evaporated in large
iron pots set in a furnace. When the fluid be-
comes black and of the consistence of thick
molasses, it is subjected to the highest heat of
a wood fire for some hours; by this means
much of the combustible matter is burned. As
soon as the fused matter becomes quiet, it is dip-
ped out by iron ladles into iron pots, where it
congeals ; this, broken into pieces and barreled,
forms commercial potash. Pearlash is made
by transferring the black potash into a rever-
525
POT
beratory furnace, and stirrni g it while hot : this
is continued until it acquires a whitish color.
Composition. — American potash consists of
85*7 parts caustic potassa, 15*4 sulphate of po-
tassa, 2-0 common salt, 11-9 carbonic acid and
water, and 2 insoluble matter in 115 parts.
Pearlash contains 75"4 caustic potash, 8'0 sul-
phate, 0'4 common salt, 30 - 8 carbonic acid and
water, 06 insoluble matter in 115 parts.
Potassa cum calce. Calx cum kali puro.
Causticum commune fortius. Take hydrate of
potash, lime, of each an ounce. Rub them to-
gether, and preserve in a well-stopped bottle.
This is the caustic in common use with surgeons
for making issues, and for other purposes.
Potassa fusa. P. caustica. See Potash.
Potassa impura. See Potashes, Commercial.
Potassa: acetas. Acetate of potash. Kali
acctatum, sal diureticus. Take of carbonate of
potash, a pound; acetic acid, tweuty-six fluid
ounces; distilled water, twelve fluid ounces;
add the carbonate of potash to the acid, pre-
viously mixed with the water, to saturation,
then strain. Evaporate the liquor in a sand
bath, the heat being cautiously applied, until
the salt is dried. Acetate of potash is consid-
ered a good diuretic, and it is, perhaps, as good
and as uncertain as most medicines of this class.
The dose is from ten grains to two scruples
every eight hours.
Potassa: antimonio tartras. Tartar emet-
ic. Antimonium tartarizatum.
Potass.*: arsenias. See Arsenic acid.
Potassa arsenis. Arsenite of potash. See
Arsenic and Arscnicalis liquor.
Potassa: bicarbonas. Bicarbonate of pot-
ash. Supercarbonate of potash. This salt is
now in general use for all purposes in which it
is desirable to disengage the greatest quantity
of carbonic acid, and it is made in considerable
quantity for the market. It crystallizes in
square prisms; has a urinous, but not caustic
taste; changes the syrup of violets green ; boil-
ing water dissolves five sixths of its weight, and
cold water one fourth. Its specific gravity is
2*012. When it is very pure and well crystal-
lized, it effloresces on exposure to a dry atmo-
3 mere, though it was formerly considered as
eliquescent. It is antacid, and may be used
in effervescing draughts. Dose, gr. x. to sss.
Potassa bisulphas. Potassa; supersulphas.
Bisulphate of potash. Take of the salt which
remains after the distillation of nitric acid, two
pounds; sulphuric acid, one pound; boiling
water, six pints. Dissolve the salt in the water,
and add the acid to it, and mix. Lastly, boil
down and set aside, that crystals may be formed.
This salt consists of two equivalents of sul-
phuric acid, one of water, *and two of potash.
It has a very acrid, bitter taste, and is very sol-
uble in water. It is styptic, tonic, refrigerant,
and purgative, and is given in combination with
other medicines of that class, especially rhubarb,
in the dose of from ten grains to a drachm.
Potass m bitartras. See Potassd supertar-
tras.
Potass .as carbonas. P. carbonas purus.
Carbonate of potash. Kali prmpapatum. Po-
tassa; subcarbonas. Sal absinthii. Sal tartari.
Subcarbonate of potash. Take of impure car-
526
POT
bonate of potash, two pounds; distilled water
a pint and a half. Dissolve the impure carbo-
nate of potash in the water, and strain; then
pour it off into a proper vessel, and evaporate
the water, that the liquor may thicken ; then
stir it constantly with a spatula until the salt
concretes.
This salt contains one equivalent of each in<-
gredient. It is antacid and diuretic. The dose
is from ten grains to half a drachm. It is in
common use for forming the effervescent saline
draught, in the proportion of a scruple to the
juice of one lemon. It is more accurately neu-
tralized by seventeen grains of citric acid. The
citrate of potash thus formed is a slight dia-
phoretic.
Potass a chloras. Chlorate of potash.
Formerly called oxymuriate of potash. This
has been recommended as an alterative and
anti-scrofulous medicine, but appears to have
but little virtue. It may be given with bark
and bitters, in the dose of from ten grains to a
scruple, three times a day. It is extensively
used in the laboratory for obtaining oxygen.
Potassa: et ferri tartras. See Ferri po-
tassio-tartras.
Potassa; et soda tartras. See Soda po-
tassio-tarlras.
Potassa; hydras. See Potash.
Potassa: hydriodas. See Potassii iodidum.
Potassa; liquor. Solution of potash. Aqua
potassa. A. kali purl. Take of carbonate of
potash, fifteen ounces ; lime, eight ounces; boil-
ing distilled water, a gallon. Dissolve the car-
bonate of potash in half a gallon of the water ;
sprinkle a little of the water upon the lime in
an earthen vessel, and when the lime is slacked,
add the rest of the water. The liquors being
immediately mixed together in a close vessel,
shake them frequently until they are cold.
Then set by, that the carbonate of lime may
subside. Lastly, keep the supernatant liquor,
when poured off, in a green glass bottle, well
stopped.
This preparation is antacid and diuretic, and
possesses great power in allaying irritability of
the mucous membranes, especially those of the
intestinal canal and urinary passages. The
dose is from fflx. to 3., in almond emulsion, or
some other bland liquid.
Potassa: murias. See Potassii chloridum.
Potassa: nitras. See Nitre.
Potassa: oxymurias. See Potassa chloras.
Potassa; quodroxalas. P. oxalas. P. s«-
peroxalas. Quodroxalate of potash. Salt of
wood-sorrel. Binoxalate of potash. Salt of lem-
ons. It is crystallized in oblique prisms, and
consists of one atom of potash, with four of ox
alic acid. It is sour and soluble. It is used to
remove ink stains, and in the arts, and has
been introduced into medicine as a refrigerant,
but is not of any particular value, and has oc-
casionally produced poisonous effects.
Potassa subcarbonas. See Potassa; carbo-
nas.
Potassa: subcarbovas impurus. Potash of
commerce.
Potassa sulphas. Formerly called Kali
vitriolatum, Sal polychrestus. Take of the salt
which remains after the distillation of nitric
POT
acid, two pounds ; boiling water, two gallons.
Ignite the salt in a crucible uutil the excess of
sulphuric acid is entirely expelled, then boil it
in the two gallons of water until a pellicle floats,
and the liquor being strained, set it aside that
crystals may be formed. The liquor being
poured off, diy them. The crystals are in hex-
ahedral prisms, terminated by hexagonal pyra-
mids, but susceptible of variations. Its crys-
tallization by quick cooling is confused. The
taste of this salt is bitter, acrid, and a little sa-
line. It is soluble in five parts of boiling water,
and 16 parts at 60°. In the fire it decrepitates,
and is fusible by a strong heat. It consists of
one equivalent of sulphuric acid and one of
potash.
The virtues of this salt are cathartic, diuretic,
and deobstruent ; with which intentions it is
administered in a great variety of diseases, as
constipation, suppression of the lochia, fevers,
icterus, dropsies, milk tumors, &c. The dose
is from one scruple to half an ounce.
POTASSjE SULPHAS CUM SULPHURE. This is
formed by deflagrating uitre with sulphur, and
possesses similar properties with the sulphate.
PotassjE sulphuretum. See Potassii sul-
phuretum.
Potassje supersulphas. See Potassa bi-
sulphas.
Potasses supertautras. Now called Po-
tasses bitartras. Supertartrate of potash. Bi-
tartrate of potash. Cream of tartar. This is
made by purifying the tartar of commerce. See
Tartar. It consists of two atoms of tartaric
acid, one of potash, and one of water. It is of
a pleasant acid taste, and little soluble in wa-
ter. It is given internally as a refrigerant,
diuretic, and purgative ; and in the latter char-
acter, formed into an electuary with a little
jalap and ginger, it is, perhaps, as certain and
as good a hydragogue as we possess. The
dose, as a diurectic, is 33s., often repeated ; as
a cathartic, 31J. to jvj.
Potass.k tartras. Tartrate of potash ; for-
merly called Kali tartarizatum. Take of bitar-
trate of potash, powdered, three pounds ; car-
bonate of potash, sixteen ounces, or as much as
may be sufficient; boiling water, six pints.
Dissolve the carbonate of potash in boiling wa-
ter, then add the bitartrate of potash, and boil.
Strain the liquor, and afterward boil it down
until a pellicle floats, and set it aside that crys-
tals may be formed. The liquor being poured
off, dry these, and again evaporate the liquor
that crystals may be produced.
This is a mild and excellent purgative, and
is also diuretic; the dose is from one to six
drachms. It is most frequently given in com-
bination with senna, or the resinous cathartics,
the operation of which it accelerates and ren-
ders milder.
Potassii buo'midum. Bromide of potassium.
Hydrobromate of potash. Take of bromine,
two ounces ; carbonate of potash, two ounces
and one drachm ; iron filings, an ounce ; dis-
tilled water, three pints. First add the iron,
and afterward the bromine, to a pint and a
half of the distilled water. Set them by for
half an hour, frequently stirring them with a
spatula. Apply a gentle heat, and when a
POT
greenish color appears, pour in the carbonate
of potash dissolved in the remainder of the wa-
ter. Strain, and wash what remains in two
pints of boiling distilled water, and again strain.
Let the mixed liquors be evaporated, so that
crystals may be formed.
This is a stimulant and deobstruent medi-
cine, somewhat resembling the iodide of potas-
sium in its action, but more powerful. M.
Magendie has used it in scrofula, amenorrhea,
and hypertrophy of the heart, and Dr. Robert
Williams has found it beneficial in cases of en
larged spleen. The dose is from five to ten.
grains twice or thrice a day, in solution.
Potassii chlo'ridum. Chloride of potassium.
Muriate of potash. Hydrochlorate of potash.
Sal febrifugus Sylvii. Sal digcslivus. This
salt is laxative and diuretic. It was formerly
in high esteem for the cure of intermittents.
Dose, twenty grains.
Potassii cyanidum. P. cyanuretum. Cyan-
ide or cyanuret of potassium. Hydrocyanate
of potash. It is made by keeping the ferro-
cyanide of potassium at a red heat, in a close
vessel, for some hours, and then washing the
residue, filtering, and setting aside to crystal-
lize. It is used to form hydrocyanic acid, or as
a substitute, in doses of one fourth of a grain.
Potassii ferrocyanuretum. P. ferrocya-
nidnm. See Fcrrocyanide of potassium.
Potassii hydrargyro-iodidum. See Iodo-
hydrar gyrate of potassium.
Potassii iodidum. P. ioduretum. Iodide
of potassium. Hydriodate of potash. Take of
iodine, six ounces ; carbonate of potash, four
ounces; iron filings, two ounces; distilled wa-
ter, six pints. Mix the iodine with four pints
of the water, and add the iron, stirring them
frequently with a spatula for half an hour.
Apply a gentle heat, and when a greenish col-
or occurs, add the carbonate of potash, first dis-
solved in the two pints of water, and strain.
Wash what remains with two pints of boiling
distilled water, and again strain. Let the mix-
ed liquors be evaporated, so that crystals may
be formed.
This is always given in solution. It is given
in the same cases as iodine, and generally in
solution with it, as it has the property of ren-
dering iodine more soluble in water. The
dose is one grain, gradually increased to two-,
or somewhat more, three times a day. Exter-
nally, it is applied in the form of an ointment.
See Ungucntum potasses hydriodatit.
Potassii iodidi liquor compositus. Com-
pound solution of iodide of potassium. Take
of iodide of potassium, ten grains ; iodine, five
grains ; distilled water, a pint. Mix, that they
may bo dissolved.
This mixture is also called lodureted iodide
of potassium. The dose is from two to six
drachms'.
Potassii sulphure'tum. Hepar sulphuris.
Kali sulphuralum. Sulphuret of potassium.
Liver of sulphur. Take of sulphur, an ounce ;
carbonate of potash, four ounces. Rub them
together, and place them upon the fire in a
covered crucible until they have united.
Sulphuret of potassium is inodorous when
dry, but when moistened with or dissolved in
527
POT
water, a partial decomposition of both the water
and the sulphuret takes place, and sulphurated
hydrogen gas is evolved. The sulphuret of po-
tassium has an acrid, bitter taste; it is hard,
brittle, of a liver color, and stains the skin
brown. By exposure to the air it attracts
moisture ; its color changes to a pale green ; it
exhales sulphureted hydrogen.
The liver of sulphur has been employed in
gouty and rheumatic cases, in cutaneous dis-
eases, and as an expectorant. It is very disa-
greeable, and should bo largely diluted. Dose,
3ss. It is chiefly employed in baths, and lotions
to be used for tinea, itch, and other cutaneous
ulS6ilS6S
POTA'SSIUM. (urn, ii, n.) The metallic
basis of potash. If a thin piece of solid hydrate
of potash be placed between two discs of plati-
num, connected with the extremities of a vol-
taic apparatus of 200 double plates, four inches
square, it will soon undergo fusion ; oxygen
will separate at the positive surface, and small
metallic globules will appear at the negative
surface. These consist of the substance called
potassium, discovered by Sir II. Davy early in
October, 1807.
Potassium is possessed of very extraordinary
properties. It is lighter than water, its sp. gr.
being - 865. At common temperatures it is
solid, soft, and easily molded by the fingers.
At 150° F. it fuses, and in a heat a little be-
low redness it rises iu vapor. It is perfectly
opaque. When newly cut, its color is splen-
dent white, like that of silver, but it rapidly
tarnishes in tho air. To preserve it unchanged,
it is inclosed in a small phial with pure naphtha.
Its equivalent is 39 # 15; symbol, K, fromKalium.
It conducts electricity like tho common metals.
When thrown upon water, it acts with great
violence, and swims upon the surface, burning
with a beautiful light of a red color, mixed
with violet. The water becomes a solution of
pure potash. When moderately heated in the
air it inflames, burns with a red light, and
throws off alkaline fumes. Placed in chlorine,
it spontaneously burns with great brilliancy.
It combines in two proportions with oxygen,
and forms the protoxide KO, or potash, which
can only be procured in the pure state by burn-
ing potassium in dry air, and the peroxide KO3.
Potassium will deprive nearly all bodies of
their oxygen at ordinary temperatures. It also
combines with great avidity with all the haloid
bodies, with hydrogen, &c. It is used by the
chemist as a deoxydizing agent.
Potassiureted hydrogen. A self-inflamma-
ble gas, consisting of potassium and hydrogen.
Potato. The solanum tuberosum.
Potato, Spanish. Convolvulus batatas.
Potential cautery. See Cautery.
POTENTI'LLA. (a, m, f.) 1. The poten-
tilla anserina. 2. A genus of plants. Icosan-
dria. Polygynia. Rosacea:. — P. anseri'na.
The silver weed, or wild tansy. Argentina.
The leaves of this plant possess mildly astringent
and corroborant qualities, but are seldom used.
— P. reptans. The common cinquefoil, or five-
leaved grass. The roots of this pftmt have a
bitterish, styptic taste. They were used by
the ancients in the cure of intermittents. and to
528
PRE
arrest hemorrhage ; and in later times they
have been in esteem as an astringent in diarrhoea
and other fluxes. — P. tormentilla. See Tor
mentilla.
POTE'RIUM. (urn, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Monoscia. Polyandria. — P. sangui
sorba. The Burnet saxifrage, the leaves ot
which have an astringent quality.
Potio calcis carbonatis. Mistura creta;.
POTION. {Potio, ionis, f.; from poto, to
drink.) A medicated drink, the same as e
mixture in pharmacy. See Mistura.
Potion, pectoral. A mixture consisting o
15 drops of dilute hydrocyanic acid with f gij.
of infusion of ground ivy, and f. fj. of syrup ot
althaea. Dose, f. z]-, every six hours. — Magcndie.
POTT'S DISEASE OR CURVATURE. An
gular curvature of the spine forward, resulting
from caries of the bodies of the vertebra, or de
struction of the intervertebral cartilage.
Potus. Drink.
Potus antatrophicus. A drink made ot
the yolk of an egg beaten in a quart of water,
with a little salt. Hufeland recommends this
as an ordinary drink in the mesenteric diseases
of children.
POUCH. 1. In Anatomy, sacculus, a mor-
bid dilatation of any part of a canal ; as the in-
testine. 2. In Botany, a silicula.
Poultice. See Cataplasma.
Pounce. Powdered gum sandarach.
Pound. See Weights and Measures.
Poupart's ligament. Ligamentum Pou-
partii. See Obliquus exlcrnus abdominis.
POWDER. Tho preparation of a medicine
by simple pulverization, or by mixing the pow-
der of several drugs for the officinal species.
See Pulvis.
Powder, antimoxial. See Antimonialis
pulvis.
Powder of burned hartshorn with opium.
See Pulvis cornu usti cum opio.
Powder, compound, of chalk. See Pulvis
creta; compositus.
Powder, compound, of chalk, with opium.
See Pulvis creta; compositus cum opio.
Powder of faynard. A styptic powder,
said to consist of the charcoal of beech wood.
Powders of castillon. They are made of
sago, tragacanth, chalk, and cochineal, and have
been much recommended in simple diarrhoea.
Power, tonic See Irritability.
Pox. P., French. Syphilis.
PRiE-. Before ; in advance of. A prefix,
but now usually spelled without the diphthong,
as preparation.
PRjECO'RDIA. («, orum, n. pi. ; from pree,
before, and cor, the heart.) The fore part of
the region of the thorax.
Prjemo'rse. Pramorsus. Truncated; bitten
off.
Prjepara'ntia vasa. The spermatic vessels
of the testicles.
Pra'sinus. Prasine. A grass-green color
of the purest tint.
Pra'sium. MaiTubium vulgaro.
Pra'sum. The leek.
PRA'XIS. (is, eos, f. ; from npaaau, to per-
form.) The practice of any thing, as of med-
icine.
PRE
Precipitant. That which precipitates.
Precipitate, red. Preecipitatum rubrum.
See Hydrargyri nitrico-oxidum.
Precipitate, white. Preecipitatum album.
See Hydrargyrum ammoniatum.
PRECIPITA'TION. {Prcecipitatio, onis, U
from pracipito, to cast down.) The separation
from a solution of a powder by the addition of
a peculiar chemical compound, called the pre-
cipitant.
PRECO'CITY. Precocity. Premature de-
velopment of any faculty.
P R E C U'R S O R Y. Pracursorins. That
which precedes.
Predisposing cause. Predisposition. Causa
prmdisponens. The causes connected with the
constitution, temperament, and malformation of
a person, and tending to disease. See j*Etio-
logia.
PREDISPOSITION. Prcedispositio. That
constitution, or state of the solids or fluids, or
both, which disposes the body to assume any
particular diseased action.
PRE'GNANCY. Gestatio uterina. The
state of being with child. The ordinary term
, of pregnancy is 280 days, but may be protract-
ed to 300 days. There is usually but one foetus,
or product of conception, but there may be two
(twins) or three {trigeminal pregnancy). The
development of the germ may also be in the
parietes of the uterus {interstitial pregnancy) ;
in the Fallopian tube {tubal pregnancy) ; in the
ovary {ovarian pregnancy), or in the abdominal
cavity {abdominal pregnancy) ; all which are
cases of extra-uterine pregnancy, and are ex-
tremely rare.
Signs of Pregnancy. — During the first four-
teen or fifteen weeks, the signs of pregnancy
are very ambiguous, and can not be depended
on; for, as they proceed from the irritation of
the womb on other parts, they may be occasion-
ed by every circumstance which can alter the
natural state of that organ.
The first circumstance which renders preg-
nancy probable is the suppression of the period-
ical evacuation, which is generally accompanied
with fullness in the breasts, headache, flushings
in the face, and heat in the palms of the hands.
The abdomen, some weeks after pregnancy,
becomes flat, from the womb sinking, and hence
drawing down the intestines along with it ; but
this can not be looked upon as a certain sign
of pregnancy, because an enlargement of the
womb from any other cause will produce the
same effect.
Many women, soon after they are pregnant,
become very much altered in their looks, and
have peculiar irritable feelings, inducing a dis-
position of mind which renders their temper
easily ruffled, and inciting an irresistible pro-
pensity to actions of which, on other occasions,
they would be ashamed. There is also morn-
ing sickness, with a tendency to vomiting, and
often intractable emesis.
In such cases, the features acquire a peculiar
sharpness, the eyes appear larger, and the
mouth wider than usual ; and the woman has
a particular appearance, which can not be de-
scribed, but with which women are well ac-
quainted. And there is often a dark areola
L L
PRE
around the nipple ; but this is a sign of little im-
portance.
From the fourth month the signs of preg-
nancy are less ambiguous, especially after the
womb has ascended into the cavity of the ab-
domen. In general, about the fourth month,
the motions of the child begin to be felt by the
mother ; and hence a sign is furnished at that
period called quickening.
After the fourth month tho womb rises grad-
ually from the cavity of the pelvis, enlarges the
abdomen, and pushes out the navel. The pro-
gressive increase of the abdomen, along with
suppression of the menses, after having been
formerly regular, and the consequent symp-
toms, together with the sensation of quickening
at the proper period, and the secretion of milk
in the breasts, afford the only true marks of
pregnancy.
As every practitioner must naturally wish to
distinguish pregnancy from disease, the disor-
ders which resemble it should be thoroughly
understood, and also their diagnostics. Gen-
erally speaking, there is no difficulty in ascer-
taining whether a woman be pregnant or not
after the fifth month; but before this period,
the most skillful examination may not be able
to resolve the point; and a judicious practi-
tioner, in case of doubt, will be careful not to
commit himself by a rash decision. One of the
most certain signs of pregnancy is the ballotte-
ment, or passive motion of the foetus, when the
uterus is acted upon by the hands in a particu-
lar manner. See Ballottemcnt. Toward the
end of the fifth month tho active movements
of the foetus may often be excited by striking
with the finger on the cervix uteri ; this is un-
equivocal. The signs of pregnancy derived
from auscultation are quite conclusive where
they exist ; but the converse of the proposition
does not hold, and we must by no means decide
that a woman is not pregnant because the aus-
cultatory signs are absent. See Auscultation.
Pregnancy, afcetal. P., false. False preg-
nancy, in which tho germ is converted into a
mole, hydatid, or some abnormal product, or in
which the uterus is developed from morbid
growths without conception.
Pregnancy, complex. Where there is a
mole, hydatids, or other morbid products along
with a foetus.
Pregnancy, extra-uterine. When the de-
velopment of the ovum takes place elsewhere
than in the uterus. See Pregnancy.
Pregnancy, morbid. Diseased pregnancy,
from disturbance of the uterus or general system.
Prehe'nsile. Adapted for seizing upon*
The hand is a prehensile organ.
Prehe'nsio. Catalepsy.
PREHE'NSION. (From prehendo, to sur-
prise.) The act of seizing upon.
Prelu'mbar. In front of the loins.
Premature labor. See Abortion.
Premo'nitory. That which admonishes be-
fore, or prepares.
PREPARA'TION. Prceparatio. An object
made ready by some process: as a pharma-
ceutical preparation ; an anatomical preparation,
that is, a skeleton, or part of the body, intend-
ed to exhibit its organization.
529
PEE
PEE'PUCE. (Prceputium, ii, n.) The cu-
taneous fold that covers the glans penis. The
clitoris of the female has the same covering in
miniature, called praputium clitoridis.
PRESBYO'PIA. (a, ee, f.; from npeo6vc,
old, and uip, the eye ; because it is frequent
with old men.) Long-sightedness. That de-
fect of the sight by which objects close are seen
confusedly, but at remoter distances distinctly.
1. It is sometimes caused by a flatness of the
cornea. Forasmuch as the cornea is flatter, so
much the less and more tardy it refracts the
rays into a focus. This may arise, 1st. From a
want of aqueous or vitreous humor. 2d. From
a cicatrix, which diminishes the convexity of
the cornea. 3d. From a natural conformation
of the cornea.
2. Another cause of it is too flat a crystalline
lens; this evil is most common to the aged —
or it may happen from a wasting of the crystal-
line lens.
3. It may likewise be produced by too small
density of the cornea or humors of the eye.
The best remedy for supplying the deficient
convexity of the cornea, as well as the deficient
irritability of the iris, is convex spectacles;
adapting their power to the precise demand of
the eye, and increasing it as the demand grows
more urgent.
Presby'tia. Presbyte. Presbyopia.
PRESCRIPTION. Prmscriptio. A recipe
or formula for the exhibition of medicines. We
distinguish in prescriptions, 1. The basis, or
active ingredient. 2. The adjuvant, or that
which promotes the operation of the former.
3. The corrigens, or that which corrects any
thing injurious or unpleasant in the operation
of the active ingredient. 4. The constituent,
or that which gives the whole a commodious
or agreeable form.
Prescriptions, abbreviations of. The fol-
lowing abbreviations are much used in writing
prescriptions :
A. Aa. Ana, of each ingredient.
Abdom. Abdomen, the belly.
Abs. febr. Absente febre, in the absence of
fever.
Add. Adde et addantur, add, let there be
added; addendus, to be added; addendo, by
adding.
Ad def. animi. Ad defectionem animi, to
fainting.
Ad 2 vie. Ad duas vices, at twice taking.
Ad gr. acid. Ad gratam aciditatem, to an
agreeable sourness.
Ad lib. Ad libitum, at pleasure.
Admov. Admove, apply ; admoveatur or ad-
moveantur, let there be applied.
Ad redd, preec. Ad recidivum praecavendum,
to prevent a relapse.
Adst. febre. Adstante febre, when the fever
is on.
Aggred. febre. Aggrediente febre, while the
fever is coming on.
Altern. horis. Alternis horis, every other
hour.
Aliquant. Aliquantillum, a very little.
Alvo adst. Alvo adstricta, when the bowels
are bound.
Amp. Ampins, large.
530
PRE
Anodyn. Anodynus, anodyne.
Apert. Apertus, clear, open.
Applic. Applicetur, let there be applied.
Aq. bull. Aqua bulliens, boiling water.
Aq. coram. Aqua communis, common water.
Aq. dest. Aqua destillata, distilled water.
Aq.ferv. Aqua fervens, boiling water.
Aq.font. Aqua fontana, spring water.
Aq. marin. Aqua marina, sea water.
Aq. pluv. Aqua pluvialis, rain water.
Aq. pur. Aqua pura, pure water.
B. A. Balneum arenae, a sand bath.
Bain, marice. Balneum mariae, a salt-water
bath.
Bain. tep. Balneum tepidum, a warm bath.
Bain. vap. Balneum vaporis, a vapor bath.
Bib. Bibe, drink.
Bis ind. Bis indies, twice a day.
Bol. Bolus, a bolus.
Bull. Bulliat, let it boil.
Bitty. Butyrum, butter.
Cap. Capiat, let him take.
Ceerul. Cajruleus, blue.
Cat. Cataplasma, a cataplasm.
Cath. Catharticus, cathartic.
C. C. Cucurbitula cruenta, a cupping-glass.
C. M. Cras mane, to-morrow morning.
C. N. Cras nocte, to-morrow night.
Coch. ampl. Cochleare amplum, a large
spoon.
Cochl. infant. Cochleare infantis, a child's
spoon.
Cochl. magn. Cochleare magnum, a large
spoon.
Cochl. mod. Cochleare modicum, a dessert
spoon.
Cochl. med. Cochleare medium, the same as
cochleare modicum.
Cochl. parv. Cochleare parvum, a small
spoon.
Col. Colatus, strained.
Colat. Colatur, let it be strained ; colatura?,
of or to the strained liquor.
Colent. Colentur, let them be strained.
Comp. Compositus, compounded.
Conf. Confectio, a confection.
Cong. C. Congius, a gallon.
Cont. rem. Continuantur remedia, let the
medicines be continued.
Cort. Cortex, bark.
Cop. Copiosus, abundant.
Coq. Coque, boil; coquantur, let them be
boiled.
Crast. Crastinus, for to-morrow.
C. V. Cras vespere, to-morrow evening.
Cucurb. cruent. A cupping-glass.
Cuj. Cuj us, of which.
Cujnsl. Cujuslibet, of any.
Cyath. them. Cyatho these, in a cup of tea.
Deanr. pil. Deaurentur pilulae, let the pills
be gilded.
Deb. spiss. Debita spissitudo, a proper con-
sistence.
Decub. Decubitus, of lying down.
i>e d. in d. De die in diem, from day to day.
Dec. Decanta, decanted.
Dej. alvi. Dejectiones alvi, stools, feces.
Dep. Depuratus, purified.
Det. Detur, let it be given.
Dext. lat. Dextra lateralis, right side.
PRE
Dicb. alt. Diebus alternis, every other day.
Dieb. tert. Diebus tertiis, every third day.
Dig. Digeratur, let it be digested.
Dil. Dilutus, diluted.
Diluc. Dilucolo, at day-break.
Dim. Dimidium, one half.
Dir. prop. Directioae propria, with a proper
direction.
Dist. Distillata, distilled.
Diuturn. Diuturnus, long continued.
Div. Divide, divide.
Donee alv. bis dej. Donee alyus bis dejiciat,
until two stools have been obtained.
Donee alv. sol. fuer. Donee alvus soluta
fuerit, until a stool has been obtained.
Drach.. Drachma, a drachm.
Ed. Edulcora, sweeten.
Efferv. Effervescentia, effervescence.
Ejusd. Ejusdem, of the same.
Elect. Electuarium, electuary.
Emp. Emplastrum, a plaster.
Enem. Enema, a clyster ; enemata, clysters.
Ex. vel extr. Extractum, extract.
Exhib. Exhibe, give, or exhibiatur, let it be
given.
Ext. sup. alut. Extende super alutam, spread
upon leather.
F. ft. Fiat, let a be made.
F. S. A. Fiat secundum artem, let it be made
according to the rules of art.
F. h. Fiat haustus, let a draught be made.
F. pil. xij. Fac pilulas duodecim, make 12
pills.
Feb. dm: Febre durante, during the fever.
Fern, intern. Femoribus intends, to the inner
part of the thighs.
F. venas. or F. V. S. Fiat vena;sectio, bleed.
Filt. Filtra, filter.
Fist. arm. Fistula armata, a clyster pipe and
bladder fit for use.
Flor. Flores, flowers.
Fl. Fluidus, liquid ; also, by measure.
Fol. Folium, a leaf, or folia, leaves.
Fontic. Fonticulus, an issue.
Fot. Fotus, a fomentation.
Fruct. Fructus, fruit.
Frust. Frustillatim, in small pieces.
Garg. Gargarisma, a gargle.
Gel. quav. Gelatina qu&vis, in any kind of
jelly.
G. G. G. Gummi gutta? Gambiae, gamboge.
Gr. Granum, a grain ; grana, grains.
Gtt. Gutta, a drop ; guttae, drops.
Gum. Gummi, gum.
Gult. quibusd. Guttis quibusdam, with a few
drops.
Guttat. Guttatim, by drops.
Har. pil. sum. iij. Harum pilularum suman-
tur tres, let three of these pills be taken.
Haust. Haustus, a draught. *
Hb. Herb a, the plant.
H. d. or hor. decub. Hora decubitus, at going
to bed.
Hebdom. Hebdomada, a week.
Hestern. Hestemus, of yesterday.
Hirud. Hirudo, a leech ; hirudines, leeches.
H. 8. or hor. som. Hora somni, just before
going to sleep ; or, on retiring to rest.
Hor. «n. spatio. Horae umus spatio, at the
end of an hour.
PRE
Hor. interm. Horis intermediis, at the inter-
mediate hours between what has been ordered
at stated times.
Inc. Incide, cut.
Ind. Indies, from day to day, or daily.
In pulm. In pulmento, in gruel.
Inf. Infusum, infusion.
Inj. enem. Injiciatur enema, let a clyster be
given.
Inject. Injectio, an injection.
Jul. Julepus, a julep or mixture.
Lot. del. Lateri dolenti, to the side affected.
lb. Libra, a pound weight, or wine pint:
when preceded by Arabic figures, avoirdupois
weight is meant; but when succeeded by Ro-
man numerals, troy weight, or pint measures.
Lim. Limones, lemons.
Liq. Liquor, liquor.
Lot. Lotio, lotion.
M. Misce, mix ; mensura, by measure ; man-
ipulus, a handful.
Mac. Macera, macerate.
Man. Manipulus, a handful.
Mane pr. Mane primo, very early in the
morning.
Mass. Massa, a mass.
Mediet. Medietas, half.
Me^dioc. Mediocris, middle sized.
Mi. pan. Mica panis, crumb of bread.
Min. Minimum, the 60th part of a drachm
measure.
Mist. Mistura, a mixture.
Mitt. Mitte, send ; mittatur or mittantur,
let there be sent.
Mitt. sang, ad $xij. salt. Mittatur sanguis
ad uncias duodecim saltern, take away at leasl
12 ounces of blood.
Mod. prces. Modo prascriptio, in the manner
directed.
Mor. sol. More solito, in the usual way.
Mucil. Mucilago, mucilage.
N. Nocte, at night.
Narthec. Narthecium, a gallipot,
No. Numero, in number.
N. M. Nux moschata, a nutmeg.
0. Octarius, a pint.
01. Oleum, oil.
Ol. lini s. i. Oleum lini sine igne, cold-
drawn linseed oil.
Omn. alt. hor. Omnibus alternis horis, every
other hour.
Omn. hor. Omni hora, every hour.
Omn. bid. Omni biduo, every two days
Omn. bih. Omni bihorio, every two hours
Omn. man. Omni mane, every morning.
Omn. noct. Omni nocte, every night.
Omn. quadr. hor. Omni quadrante hone,
every quarter of an hour.
O. O. O. Oleum olivaj optimum, best olive
oil.
Ov. Ovum, an egg.
Oxym. Oxymel.
P. Pulvis, powder; pondere, by weight;,
pilula, pill.
P. jE. Partes requales, equal parts.
Ph. D. Pharmacopoeia Dublinensis.
Ph. E. Pharmacopoeia Edinensis.
Ph. L. Pharmacopoeia Londinensis.
Paracent. aid. Paracentesis abdominis, top-
ping.
591
PRE
Part. off. Partem affectam, the part affected.
Part, dolent. Partem dolentem, the part in
pain.
Part. vie. Partitis vicibus, to be given in
divided doses instead of all at once.
Per. op. emet. Peracta operatione emetici,
when the operation of the emetic is finished.
Per salt. Per saltum, by leaps, i. e., from an
artery.
Pit. Pilula, a pill ; or pilulao, pills.
Plen. riv. Pleno rivo, in a full stream.
Post sing. sed. liq. Post singulas sedes liqui-
das, after every loose stool.
Ppt. vel prep. Preeparata, prepared.
P. r. n. Pro re nata, according as circum-
stances may require.
P. rat. cet. Pro ratione aetatis, according to
the age of the patient.
Pro pot. com. vel pro pot. ord. Pro potu com-
muni vel ordinario, for a common drink.
Prox. Inc. Proxima luce, the day before.
Pug. Pugillus, a gripe between the finger
and thumb ; pug. lit., a little fist.
Pulp. Pulpa, the pulp.
Pulv. Pulvis, powder.
Q. p. Quantum placet, as much as you
please.
Q. Q. H. vel quad, quart, hor. Qu&que
quarta hora, every four hours.
Q. s. Quantum sufficiat, as much as is suf-
ficient.
Quadrihor. Quadrihorio, every four hours.
Quadrupl. Quadruplicate, four times as much.
Quamp. Quamprimum, immediately.
Qudq. vel quisq. Quaque or quisque, every
one.
Qnor. Quorum, of which.
Q. V. Quantum volueris, as much as you
wish.
R. Recipe, take.
Rad. Radix, root.
Ras. Rasura;, shavings.
Rect. Rectificatus, rectified.
Red. in pulv. Redactus in pulverem, pow-
dered.
Redig. in pulv. Redigatur in pulverem, let
it be reduced into powder.
Reg. hep. Regio hepatis, region of the liver.
Reg. umb. Regio umbilici, region of the
navel.
Repet. Repetatur or repetantur, let it or
them be repeated.
S. A. Secundum artem, according to art.
Saceh. Saccharum, sugar.
Scap. Scapula, the shoulder-blade.
Scrob. cord. Scrobiculus cordis, the pit of
'the stomach.
■ Sed. Sedes, a stool.
Sem. Semen, seed.
Semidr. Semidrachma, half a drachm.
Setnih. Semihora, half an hour.
Sept. Septimana, a week.
Serv. Serva, keep or preserve.
Sesunc. Sesuncia, an ounce and a half.
■ Sesquih. Sesquihora, half an hour.
Setae. Setaceum, a seton ; also a sieve.
Seq. luce. Sequenti luce, the following day.
Si n. val. Si non valeat, if it does not an-
swer.
Si op. sit. Si opus sit, if there be occasion.
532
PRE
Si vir. perm. Si vires permittant, if the
strength will bear it.
Sign. n. pr. Signetur nomine proprio, write
upon it the usual name, not the trade name.
Signat. Signatura, a label.
Sing. Singulorum, of each.
S. S. S. Stratum super stratum, layer upon
layer.
Sol. Solutio, solution.
Solv. Solve, dissolve.
S. O. S. vel si op. sit. Si opus sit, if there
be occasion.
Spt. Spiritus, spirit. ♦
Sq. Squama, scale.
Ss. Semis, a half.
St. Stet, let it stand ; stent, let them stand.
Sub Jin. coct. Sub finem coctionis, when the
boiling is nearly finished.
Subsulph. Subsulphas, a subsulphate.
Subtep. Subtepidis, lukewarm.
Succ. Succus, juice.
Sum. Sumo, to take ; sumendus, to be taken.
Sum. tal. Sumat talem, let the patient take
one like this.
S. V. Spiritus vinosus, ardent spirit of any
strength.
S. V. R. Spiritus vinosus rectificatus, spirit
of wine.
S. V. T. Spiritus vinosus tenuis, proof spirit,
or half and half spirit of wine and water.
Syr. Syrupus, syrup.
Tempt, dext. Tempori dextro, to the right
temple.
T. O. Tinctura opii, tincture of opium ;
generally confounded with laudanum, which is,
properly, the wine of opium.
T. O. C. Tinctura opii camphorata, pare
goric elixir.
TV. vel linct. Tinctura, tincture.
Trit. Tritura, triturate.
Troch. Trochiscus, a troch or lozenge.
Ult. prcescr. Ultimo praescriptus, the last
ordered.
Umb. Umbilicus, the navel.
Ung. Unguentum, ointment.
list, ut liq. anim. Usque ut liquerit animus,
until fainting is produced.
U. S. Pharmacopoeia of the United States.
Utend. Utendus, to be used.
Vent. Ventriculus, the stomach.
V. O. S. Vitello ovi solutus, dissolved in
the yolk of an egg.
Vom. urg. Vomitione urgente, when the
vomiting begins.
V. S. Venaesectio, bleeding.
Zz. Zingiber, ginger.
HI . Minimum, a minim.
Gr. Grana, a grain.
9. Scrupulum, a scruple, equal to 20 grains
troy.
3- Drachma, a drachm, equal to three scru-
ples; or, in liquids (f. y.), the Jth part of an
ounce measure.
5. Uncia, an ounce troy; or, in liquid*
(£ ?j-)» tne -j^j-th P art of a wine pint.
fi>. Libra, a pound.
ss. Semissis, half.
j., one ; ij., two ; iij., three, &c.
PRESENTA'TION. In Obstetrics, the part
of a foetus which is situated immediately over tho
PBI
os uteri : this is to be discovered by an exami-
nation per vaginam. The presentation is said
to be natural when the vertex of the head, the
feet, knees, or breech presents; and a preter-
natural, or cross presentation, when any other
part presents. In most preternatural cases,
turning is necessary to put the child into a nat-
ural position.
Prespinal. Prcespinalis. The anterior sur-
face of the spine ; before the spine.
Pre tibial. Prcctibialis. In front of the
tibia.
Priapeia. Nicotiana rustica.
Priapi'scus. (From ■npianoe, the penis.)
1. A tent made in the form of a penis. 2. A
bougie.
PRI'APISM. Priapismus. A continual erec-
tion of the penis, arising from morbific causes.
The application of cold lotions, with the ad-
ministration of camphor and opium, sometimes
removes it.
Pria'pus. The penis.
Prickle. See Aculeus.
Prickly. See Aculeatus.
Prickly ash. Aralia spinosa and xanthoxy-
lam fraxineum.
Prickly heat. See Lichen tropicus.
Pride op China. P. of India. Melia aze-
darach.
PRIMLE VIM. The first passages. The
stomach and the intestinal tube. The lacteals
are called the sccundce vice, and, lastly, the blood-
vessels, which are supplied by the lacteals, are
the via: tertiee.
PRIMARY. Primarius. A term in very
general use in Pathology. It is applied to dis-
eases, to their symptoms, causes, &c, and de-
notes priority in opposition to what follows, or
"what is secondary : thus, when inflammation of
the diaphragm produces furious delirium, the
primary disease is the paraphrenitis ; so when
gall-stones produce violent pain and vomiting,
which are followed by jaundice, white faeces,
brown urine, &c, the pain and vomiting are
primary symptoms, the jaundice and white
stools are secondary.
Primary teeth. See Teeth.
Primine. The outermost envelope of the
ovule of plants.
PRIMI'PARA. (From primus, first, and
pario, to bring forth.) A woman for the first
time in the parturient state.
Primi'tijE. The first discharge of waters in
parturition.
Primrose, evening. Oenothera biennis.
PRI'MULA. (a, w, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Primulacea. The
primrose genus. The P. verus, or cowslip, has
an agreeable flavor. The P. vulgaris, or prim-
rose, is said to be sternutatory.
Pri'nceps alexipharmacorum. The angelica.
PRINCIPLE. Principium. A term some-
what vaguely used by chemists. Sometimes it
means a component part ; thus we speak of the
constituent principles of bodies. At other times
it means a substance, on the presence of which,
certain qualities, common to a number of bod-
ies, depend ; thus we speak of an acidifying
principle. Lastly, the substances peculiar to
animal and vegetable bodies, which result from
PRO
particular modes of combination of ordinary
matter, are termed the proximate principles of
animal and vegetable bodies.
PRINOS VERTICILLATUS. Black alder.
An indigenous shrub. Hexandria. Monogy-
nia. The bark is tonic and astringent. It is
much used in domestic medicine in intermit-
tents, diarrhoea, and gangrenous sores, in the
form of decoction. Dose of the bark, 3ss. to <y.
Priono'des. 1. Serrated. 2. The sutures.
PRFOR. The first. A term applied to some
muscles and various parts from their order.
Prior annularis. Musculus prior annula-
ris. Fourth interosseous of Winslow. An in
ternal interosseous muscle of the hand.
Prior indicis. Extensor tertii internodh
indicis of Douglas. An internal interosseal
muscle of the hand, which draws the fore finger
inward toward the thumb, and extends it ob-
liquely.
Prior medii. Musculus prior medii. Secoftd
interosseous of Douglas. An external interos-
seous muscle of the hand.
PRISM. A solid contained by planes, of
which the two that are opposite are equal, simi-
lar, and parallel, and all the rest parallelograms.
Prisms take particular names from the figures
of their ends, or opposite, equal, and parallel
sides. When the ends are triangles, they are
called triangular prisms; when the ends are
pentagonal, pentagonal prisms; and so on. A
right prism has its sides perpendicular to its
ends; an oblique prism is that in which the
sides are oblique to the ends. The solid con-
tent of a prism is found by multiplying the area
of the base into the perpendicular altitude;
hence all prisms are to one another in the ratio
compounded of their bases and altitudes. The
optical prism is of three similar sides.
Prisma'tic. Prismaticus. 1. Prism-shaped.
2. The colors which arise from the action of a
transparent prism on the solar beam are called
prismatic colors. These are red, orange, yel-
low, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
PRO-. (From npo, before.) A common pre-
fix, meaning in front of, in advance of.
PRO RE NATA. A term frequently used
in extemporaneous prescriptions, and implying
occasionally, as circumstances may require.
PRO'BANG. A flexible piece of whalebone,
with an oval piece of ivory or a piece of sponge
fixed to the end. It is used by surgeons to
push down into the stomach foreign bodies
which stick in the oesophagus.
PROBE. (From probo, to try.) A surgical
instrument, of a long and slender form, used to
try the depth of wounds.
Pro'bole. An apophysis.
Probo'scis. A snout or trunk.
Proca'rdium. The pit of the stomach.
PROCATA'RCTIC. (Procatarcticus; from
irpoKarapxu, to go before.) Occasional: ap-
plied to a remote cause of disease ; as exposure
to cold, unusual exertion, &c.
PRO'CESS. (Processus, us, m. ; from proce-
do, to go before.) In Anatomy, a production
of any part.
Proce'ssus a cerebello ad testes. Two
processes which pass from the corpora quadri.
eemina to the cerebellum.
533
PRO
Processus annularis. The pons varolii.
Processus cmci vermiformes. See Intes-
tine.
Processus caudatus. See Liver.
Processus ciliaris. See Eye.
Processus mamilla'res. A name formerly'
applied to the bulbs of the olfactory nerves.
PROCIDE'NTIA. (a, ce, f. ; from procido,
to fall down.) A complete falling down of any
part; thus, procidentia ani, 'uteri, vaginas, &c.
See Prolapsus.
Proco'ndylus. The first joint of the finger
next the metacarpus.
PROCTALGIA, (a, ce, f. ; from npuKrog,
the fundament, and aXyoc, pain.) A violent
pain in the anus. It sometimes takes place
suddenly from exposure to cold, from irritating
faeces, but it is mostly symptomatic of some
disease, as piles, scirrhus, prurigo, cancer, &c.
Proctatre'sia. Imperforate anus.
flPRO'CTICA. (From npunroc, the anus.)
Diseases of the anus without primary inflamma-
tion. — Oood.
Pkocti'cus. Appertaining to the anus.
PROCTI'TIS. (is, idis, f . ; from irpunTog,
the anus.) Inflammation of the internal or mu-
cous membrane of the lower part of the rectum.
Proctoce'le. Prolapsus ani.
Pro'ctocystoto'mia. When the operation of
lithotomy is performed by cutting into the
bladder through the septum, lying between
the bladder and rectum.
Pro'ctoleucoiirike'a. A purging of white
mucus.
Proctorrhos'a. A purging of mucus.
Proctos. HpuKToc. The anus.
Puocu'mbent. Procumbent. Trailing, and a
little bent upward.
Prodro'mus. The period immediately be-
fore the attack of a disease.
Productio. An apophysis.
Produ'ctiox. 1. A process. 2. That which-
is produced.
Proegu'minos. Proeguminal. Precedent:
the Bame as predisposing.
Proeo'tia. Genital precocity.
PROFLU'VIA. Fluxes. The fifth order of
Cullen's class Pyrexia.
Profmjvii cortex. See Nerium antidysen-
tericum.
PROFLU'VIUM. (urn, ii, n. ; from projluo,
to flow out.) A flux.
Profundus. 1. Deep seated. 2. The Flex-
or profundus perforans.
PROFU'SIO. A flow of any of the fluids,
not attended by fever ; as a loss of blood.
Progi.o'ssis. The tip of the tongue.
PROGNO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from npo, before,
and yivooitu, to know.) The foretelling the
event of diseases from their symptoms.
Prognostic. Prognosticus. 1. Adjectively,
relating to prognosis. 2. Substantively, a prog-
nosis.
Projectu'ra. An apophysis.
Prola'bium. The membrane of the lips.
PROLA'PSUS. (us, i, m.; from prolabor,
to slip down.) A protrusion or falling down
of a part of a viscus: applied to the uterus,
anus, &c.
Prolapsus ani. A falling down of the low-
634
PRO
er part or extremity of the bowel. It is a very
common occurrence in infancy, and, indeed,
not uncommon at any period of life. It is a
prominent protrusion of the internal membrane
of the gut, through the sphincter, beyond what
is natural ; for a small portion always protrudes"
every time the faeces are expelled, and goes
back as the sphincter contracts. In most in-
stances this protruded part is easily returned
by gentle pressure with the fingers. Cold and
astringent lotions and stimulants mostly effect
a cure after removing the apparent causes : if
these should fail, clipping off a small portion of
the relaxed and protruded membrane will be
beneficial, or applying a ligature, if there should
be any fear of hemorrhage. Where such treat-
ment is not deemed improper, an instrument
must be contrived to keep the bowel in its
place.
Prolapsus iridis. Protrusion of the iris, or
a part of it, through a wound of the cornea.
Staphyloma iridis.
Prolapsus uteri. A fulling down of jthe
womb. When the relaxation is so great that
the uterus protrudes through the external parts,
the case is called Procidentia uteri. It arises
from loss of tone of the parts, and is to be rem-
edied by keeping the patient in the horizontal
posture, and the use of astringent injections.
A pessaiy or suitable truss is often useful. An
operation has been proposed for the l'estoration
of the parts, where these means ai - e without
effect. It consists in diminishing the outlet of
the vagina, by producing the union of a portion
of the labia pudendi. The strength of the pa-
tient should be^ in all cases improved as far as
possible.
Prolapsus uvulae. (Edema of the uvula.
Prolapsus vaginae. When one portion of
the vagina subsides into a lower portion. It
may be merely relaxation of the vagina; pro-
lapsus; or procidentia, when a portion pro-
trudes at the os externum.
Prole'pticus. Applied to those diseases,
the paroxysms of which anticipate each other,
or return after less and less periods of intermis-
sion.
Prolecta'tion. The choosing or separating
of the finer or better pai'ts from the worse.
Pro'licide. The destruction of one's chil-
dren.
Pro'lifer. Prolific, or proliferous : applied
to those stems which shoot out new branches
from the summit of the former ones.
PROLI'FIC. Prolificus. (From proles, a
child, and facio, to make.) The capacity of
begetting children or offspring.
Prolige'rous. Proligerus. Bearing the
offspring.
Prometopi'dium. Prometopis. The skin
upon the forehead.
Prominent. Prominent. Projecting.
Prominentia. A protuberance.
Promontory. Promontorium. A projection
of the inner ear. See Auris.
PRONATION. Pronatio. The act of turn-
ing the palm of the hand downward.
PRONA'TOR. (or, oris, m.) A name given
to two muscles of the hand, the pronator radii
quadratus and pronator radii teres, the use of
'
PRO
which is to perform the opposite action to that
of the supinators, viz., pronation.
Pronator quadratus. See Pronator radii
quadratus.
Pronator radii urevis. See Pronator ra-
dii quadratus.
Pronator radii quadratus. Pronator
quadratus of Douglas and Albinus. Pronator
quadratus sive transversus of Winslow. Pro-
nator radii brcvis sen quadratus of Cowper.
This, which is named from its use and its shape,
is a small fleshy muscle, situated at the lower
and inner part of the forearm, and covered
by the tendons qf the flexor muscles of the
hand. It arises, tendinous and fleshy, from
the lower and inner part of the ulna, and
runs nearly in a tranverse direction, to be in-
serted into that part of the radius which is op-
posite to its origin, its inner fibres adhering to
the interosseous ligament. This muscle assists
in the pronation of the hand, by turning the
radius inward.
Pronator radii TXRE8. Pronator teres of
Albinus and Douglas. Pronator teres, sive obli-
quus, of Winslow. A small muscle situated at
the upper and anterior part of the forearm. It
is called teres, to distinguish it from the prona-
tor quadratus. It arises, tendinous and fleshy,
from the anterior and inferior part of the outer
condyle of the os humeri ; and tendinous from
the corouoid process of the ulna, near the inser-
tion of the brachialis interims. The median
nerve passes between these two portions. From
these origins the muscle runs obliquely down-
ward and outward, and is inserted, tendinous
and fleshy, into the anterior and convex edge
of the radius, about the middle of that bone.
This muscle, as its name indicates, serves to
turn the hand inward.
Pronerva'tio. A tendon or aponeurosis.
Pro'nus. Having the face downward. Ap-
plied to the under surface of a leaf.
Proof spirit. Dilute alcohol of sp. gr. - 930.
Prop. Fulcrum.
PROPA'GO. (o, inis, f.) A slip, layer, or
cutting of a plant. Some anatomists have call-
ed the smaller branches of vessels and nerves
propagines.
PROPHYLA'CTIC. (Prophylactic™ ; from
■xpotyvTiaaou, to guard against.) Any means
used with a view to guard against diseases are
to called.
Prophyla'xis. Preventive treatment.
Pro'prius. Proper.
PROPTO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from irpoirnTTu, to
fall down.) Proptoma. 1. A protrusion or fall-
ing down of any part : applied, like prolapsus,
to the uterus, rectum, &c. 2. A relaxation of
parts, as the scrotum, breasts, &c.
Propye'ma. A premature collection of pus.
Pro'ra. The occiput.
Prosarthro'sis. Syn. with Diarthrosis.
PROSE'CTOR. (From proseco, to cut. )
The person who dissects the subject for ana-
tomical demonstration.
Prosenchy'ma. Fusiform or woody tissue.
Prosopalgia. Facial neuralgia.
Pro'sopon. TLpoouirov. The face.
Prospe'gma. A fixing of humors in one
spot.
PRO
Pro'sphysis. 1. Adhesion. 2. Adhesion of
the eyelids.
Prostasis. An abundance of morbid hu-
mors.
PROSTATE. (Prostatus; from npoiaTV\u,
to stand before. ) Standing before ; jutting out.
Prostate gland. Glandula prostata. A
very large, cordate, firm gland, situated be-
tween the neck of the urinary bladder and the
bulbous part of the urethra. It secretes the
white fluid, which is emitted into the urethra
during coition by ten or twelve ducts, that open
near the verumontanum. This gland is very
liable to inflammation, scirrhus, and cancer.
Prostate, inferior muscle of the. See
Transversus perinei alter.
Prosta'tic. Prostaticus. Appertaining to
the prostate gland.
Prostatic concretions. Calculi of the pros-
tate gland, according to Dr. Wollaston con-
sisting of phosphate of lime tinged wjjh the
prostatic fluid.
Prostatic urethra. That portion of the
urethra which passes through the prostate gland :
it is the most dilated.
Prostaticus superior. The compressor
prostatic.
Prostatitis. Inflammation of the prostate
Prostato'ncus. Swelling of the prostate.
Prosta'te. Prostratus. Depressed.
PROSTRA'TION. Prostratio. A great loss
of voluntary power over the muscles ; great de-
pression of strength. The asthenic or adynamic
state.
PRO'TEINE. (From npurevu, to hold the
first place.) The basis of albumen, fibrin, ca-
sein, and other important and nutritious azotized
principles. It is procured from these bodies
by making a solution of them in a gentle heat
with potash, until their sulphur is entirely re-
moved, and afterward adding acetic acid, which
precipitates the proteine. It is a gelatinous
solid of a gray color while hydrated, but by
drying becomes of the texture and appearance
of transparent horn, but brittle. Fresh proteine
is very soluble in the acetic and phosphoric
acids; it also dissolves in hot concentrated hy-
drochloric acid, forming a deep blue or purple
solution, which becomes black by boiling. It
combines both with acids and alkalies. Mul-
der, to whom wo are indebted for the discov-
ery of this most important body, proposes for it
the formula C40H31N6O12 ; Liebig imagines that
C48H36N6O14 is a more useful formula for theo-
retical purposes.
Proteine is therefore the organic basis of the
principles albumen, fibrin, casein, and is also
the body from which nearly all the azotized an-
imal tissues are derived. The above principles
are compounds of proteine with sulphur and
phosphorus: thus, 10 atoms of proteine (Pr)
-j-S-i-P is albumen derived from the egg;
Frio-t-Sa-J-P is another form of albumen, de-
rived from the blood ! Prio-j-S.P is fibrin ;
Pno-f-S is casein ; and Pri5-f-S is globulin. Be-
sides these direct compounds of proteine, it ap-
pears that all the varieties of animal tissues may
be traced to changes impressed upon proteine.
Thus, according to Liebig, muscular flesh is
Pr,HO,H ; arterial membrane, Pr,2HO ; mucus.
535
PRU
PRU
Pr,3H0; chondrin, Pr,4HO,20; horny tissue,
Pr,NH 3 ,30 ; gelatinous tissue, 2Pr,3NH 3 ,HO,70 ;
from which it would appear that the changes
are of the nature of oxidation, and the combi-
nation of water and ammonia.
When fibrin or albumen are boiled a long
time with access of air, they become resolved
into a soluble and insoluble body ; the first is
the tritoxide of proteine, and is the same as the
buffy coat of the blood ; the other is a binoxide.
Prote'inous. Proteina'ceous. Pertaining to
proteine. Applied to those alimentary princi-
ples which contain proteine, or those bodies
which are derived from proteine.
Prothe'sis. That part of surgery which re-
lates to the employment of additional parts to
repair injuries, as the use of the glass eye, &c.
Protid. A product of the action of potash
on proteine. It is of a bright yellow color, pul-
venzable, and soluble in water and alcohol.
Its formula is C13H9NH4.
PROTO-. (From irpuroc, the first.) A pre-
fix, signifying the first degree, precedence. It
is much employed in chemistry to mark the
principal combination of bodies, when they
combine in the proportion of one atom of each
substance, as protoxide, protiodide.
Proto'gala. The colostrum.
PROTOPA'THIC. (Protopathicus ; from
■rrpaToe, first, and nadoc, a disease.) Applied to
the symptoms of diseases in the same sense as
primary.
Pro'tosalt. The salt of a protoxide.
PROTRA'CTOR. In Surgery, an instrument
for drawing extraneous bodies out of wounds.
PROTUBBRA'NTIA. 1. A protuberance on
any part. 2. An apophysis.
Protcberantia annularis. The pons va-
rolii.
Protuberantia cylindrica. P.cylindroides.
The comu ammonis.
PRO'XIMATE. Proximus. The next in
order.
Proximate analysis. That kind of analysis
which consists in the determination of the com-
pound bodies present, and not of the elements,
which latter constitutes the ultimate analysis.
Proximate cause. Causa proximo; so
called, because, when the exciting cause begins
to have effect, it is the proximate, or next thing
that happens. The proximate cause of a dis-
ease is the disordered action in which the dis-
ease consists : in other words, the disease itself.
Proximate principle. See Principle.
Pru'na. The carbuncle.
Prune. The primus domestica.
PRUNE'LLA. (a, <e,f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labiata. — P.
vulgaris. It was recommended as an astrin-
gent in hemorrhages and fluxes, as also in gar-
gles against aphtha: and inflammation of the
fauces.
Pru'num. A plum or prune.
Prunum gallicum. Prunus domestica.
Prunum sylvestre. Prunus spinosa.
PRU'NUS. (us, i, f.) A genus of plants.
Icosandria. Monogynia. Rosacea. — P. arme-
niaca. The apricot. — P. avium. The black
cherry-tree. — P. cerasus. The red cherry-tree.
—P. domestica. The plum or damson tree. —
536
P. lauro-cerasus. The poison laurel, cherry
laurel, bay laurel, and Alexandrian laurel. The
leaves have a bitter, styptic taste, with a flavor
of bitter almonds. The leaves have been em-
ployed for culinary purposes, and especially in
custards, &c. ; but as the poisonous quality of
this laurel is now known to be the prussic acid,
the public ought to be cautioned against its in-
ternal use. — P. padus. The wild cluster, or
bird-cherry tree. Padus. The bark and ber-
ries of this shrub are used medicinally. The
former, when taken from the tree, has a fra-
grant smell, and a bitter, subastringent taste,
somewhat similar to that of bitter almonds.
Made into a decoction, it cures intennittents.
and it has been recommended in the cure of
several forms of syphilis. The berries are said
to cure the dysentery. — P. spinosa. The sloe-
tree. P. sylvestris. The fruit is employed
in gargles, in tumefactions of the tonsils and
uvula, and, from its astringent taste, was for-
merly much used in hemorrhages, &c.
Prunus virginiana. The wild cherry. An
indigenous tree, officinal in the U. S. Pharma-
copoeia. The bark is bitter, and aromatic to
the taste, and possesses tonic and sedative prop-
erties ; the latter in consequence of the presence
of an oil resembling the oil of bitter almonds.
It is a medicine of great value hi cases of de-
bility of the gastric mucous membrane, with
nervous instability, which so often occurs in
dyspepsia. It reduces the pulse in large doses.
It has also been used in intennittents. The
dose of the powder is 3SS. to 3J. The infusion is
officinal.
PRURI'GO. (o, inis, f. ; from prurio, to
itch.) Pruritus. Prurigo is a papulous erup-
tion. As it arises from different causes, or at
different periods of life, and exhibits some va-
rieties in its form, it is described by Dr. Willan
under the titles of prurigo mitis, prurigo formi-
cans, and prurigo senilis. In these the whole
surface of the skin is usually affected ; but there
are likewise many causes of local prurigo, which
will be afterward noticed according to their
respective situations.
1. The prurigo mitis originates without any
previous indisposition, in young persons, gener-
ally in spring, or the beginning of summer. It
is characterized by soft and smooth elevations
of the cuticle, somewhat larger than the papulae
of the lichen, from which they also differ by
retaining the usual color of the skin; for they
seldom appear red, or much inflamed, except
from violent friction. They are not, as in the
other case, accompanied with tingling, but with
a sense of itching almost incessant. This is,
however, felt more particularly on undressing,
and often prevents rest for some hours after
getting into bed. When the tops of the papula?
are removed by rubbing or scratching, a clear
fluid oozes out from them, and gradually con-
cretes into thin black scabs.
When persons affected with it neglect wash-
ing the skin, or are uncleanly in their apparel,
the eruption grows more inveterate, and at
length, changing its form, often terminates in
the itch. A steady perseverance in tepid lotion*
of water, and of the warm bath, is mostly of in-
finite service. Sulphur, magnesia, soda, nitrate
PRU
of potash, are useful internally, and also, where
there is debility, the internal use of cinchona
and the mineral acids.
2. The prurigo formicans is a much more ob-
stinate and troublesome disease than the fore-
going. It usually affects persons of adult age.
Its duration is from four months to two or three
years, with occasional short intermissions. The
papulce are sometimes larger, sometimes more
obscure, than in the preceding species ; but are,
under every form, attended with an incessant,
stinging, and almost intolerable itching. They
are diffused over the whole body, except the
face, feet, and palms of the hands : they appear,
however, in greatest number on those parts
which, from the mode of dress, are subjected to
tight ligatures, as about the neck, loins, and
thighs.
Although the prurigo formicans is never, like
the former species, converted into the itch, yet
it does occasionally terminate in a pustular dis-
ease, not contagious. For the most part, it is
necessary, in attempting the cure of this spe-
cies, to attend to, and remove, if possible, some
hepatic or other visceral obstruction, by an al-
terative course of medicine. When there is a
state of debility, tonics, with mineral acids and
nourishing diet, must be resorted to. Steel is
also serviceable. Chlorine, soda, and bitters,
with saline aperients, are, in common cases, of
great benefit. Veiy dilute ammoniacal lotions,
or weak sulphur waters, applied externally,
tend to allay the itching.
3. Prurigo senilis. — This affection does not
differ much in its symptoms and external ap-
Eearances from the prurigo formicans, but has
een thought by medical writers to merit a dis-
tinct consideration, on account of its peculiar
inveteracy. The prurigo is perhaps aggravated,
or becomes more permanent in old age, from
the dry, condensed state of the skin and cuticle
which often takes place at that period. Those
who are affected with it in a high degree have
little more comfort to expect during life, being
incessantly tormented with a violent and uni-
versal itching. The state of the skin in the
prurigo senilis is favorable to the production of
an insect, the pediculus humanus, more especi-
ally to the variety of it usually termed body-lice.
Warm bathing gives temporary ease in this
complaint. Sulphur waters are beneficial. Lo-
tions of nitric and oxymuriatic acid are very
useful ; thirty minims of the former to ten fluid
ounces of pure water, and as much muriatic
acid in addition when the former fails. Sea-
water bathing, and the application of sea water,
are also very beneficial. Internally, such med-
icines must be given as are calculated to meet
constitutional defects. Tonics, with mineral
acids, are in most cases useful ; and, when dys-
pepsia exists,, bitters with alkalies.
In connexion with the foregoing aeries of
complaints, Dr. Willan mentions some prurigin-
ous affections which are merely local, as follows:
Prurigo podicis. — Ascarides in the rectum
excite a frequent itching and irritation about
the sphincter ani, which ceases when the cause
is removed by proper medicines. A similar
complaint often arises, independently of worms,
hemorrhoidal tumors, or other obvious causes,
PRU
which is mostly found to affect persons engaged
in sedentary occupations, and may be referred
to a morbid state of secretion in the parts, found-
ed, perhaps, on a diminution of constitutional
vigor. The itching is not always accompanied
with an appearance of papula? or tubercles: it
is little troublesome during the day time, but
returns every night soon after getting into bed,
and precludes rest for several hours. The com-
plaint continues in tins form during three or
four months, and has then an intermission, till
it is produced again by hot weather, fatigue,
watching, or some irregularity in diet. The
same disease occurs at the decline of life, under
a variety of circumstances.
Women, after the cessation of the catamenia,
are liable to be affected with this species of pru-
rigo, more especially in summer or autumn.
The skin between the nates is rough and papu-
lated, sometimes scaly, and a little humor is dis-
charged by violent friction. Along with this
complaint there is often an eruption of itching
papula; on the neck, breast, and back; a swell-
ing and inflammation of one or both ears, and a
discharge of matter from behind them, and from
the external meatus autlitorius.
The prurigo prccputii is owing to an altered
state of secretion on the glans penis and inner
surface of the prasputium. If the fluid be se-
creted in too large a quantity, that excess may
be restrained by washes made with the liquor
plumbi acetatis, or by applying the unguentum
plumbi acetatis.
Prurigo urethralis. — Avery troublesome itch
ing sometimes takes place at the extremity ot
the urethra in females, without any manifest
cause. Probably, however, the itching may be
occasioned by a morbid state of the neck of the
bladder, being, in some instancy connected
with pain and difficulty of making^ater.
An itching at the extremity of the urethra in
men is produced by calculi, and by some dis-
eases of the bladder. '
Prurigo pubis. — Itching papula? often arise on
the pubes, and become extremely sore if their
tops are removed by scratching. They are oc-
casioned sometimes by neglect of cleanliness,
but more commonly by a species of pediculus,
which perforates the cuticle, and thus derives
its nourishment, remaining fixed in the same
situation. These insects are termed by Lin-
naeus, &c, pedicuh pubis : they do not, how-
ever, affect the pubes only, but often adhere to
the eyebrows, eyelids, and axillae.
Prurigo scroti. — The scrotum is affected
with a troublesome and constant itching from
ascarides within the rectum, from friction by
violent exercise in hot weather, and very usual-
ly from the pediculi pubis. Another and more
important form of the complaint appears in old
men, sometimes connected with the prurigo
podicis, and referrible to a morbid state of the
skin, or superficial gland of the part. The
scrotum, in this case, assumes a brown color,
also becoming thick, scaly, and wrinkled. The
itching extends to the skin covering the penis,
more especially along the course of the urethra,
and has little respite either by day or night.
The Prurigo pudendi muliebris is somewhat
analogous to the prurigo scroti in men. It it
537
PSE
often a symptomatic complaint in the lichen and
lepra ; it likewise originates from ascarides irri-
tating the rectum; and is, in some cases, con-
nected with a discharge of the fluor albus.
A similar affection arises in consequence of a
change of state in the genital organs at the time
of puberty, attended with a senes of most dis-
tressing sensations.
Deep ulcerations of the parts seldom take
place in the prurigo pudendi, but the appear-
ance of the aphthae on the labia and nympha? is
by no means unusual. From intercourse with
females, under these circumstances, men are
liable to be affected with small ulcerations on
the glans, and inside of the praputium, which
prove troublesome for a length of time, and
often excite an alarm, being mistaken for
chancres.
Women, after the fourth month of their preg-
nancy, often suffer greatly from the prurigo
fradendi, attended with aphtha;. These, in a
ew cases, have been succeeded by extensive
ulcerations : such instances are, however, ex-
tremely rare. The complaint has, in general,
some intervals or remissions; and the small
ulcers usually disappear soon after delivery,
whether at the full time or by a miscarriage.
PRURFTUS. (us, us, m. ; from prurio, to
itch.) See Prurigo.
Prussian blue. A compound of a rich blue
color well known as a pigment. See Fori fcr-
'•o-sesquicyanidum.
Pru'ssiate. A cyanide or ferrocyanide.
Prussiate ok iron. Prussian blue.
Prussiate of mercury. See Hydrargyri
cyanuretum.
Prussiatk of potash. See Ferrocyanide. of
Potassium.
Pru's subacid. Acidum prussicum. See
HydrocyaWl acid and Acidum hydrocyanicum.
Pru'ssine. Cyanogen.
PSALLOFDES. (From ipal'Aoc, a stringed
instrument, and el5oc, s» likeness.) An appear-
ance on the under surface of the fornix of the
brain is called corpus psalloides.
Psalte'rium. The corpus psalloides. See
Encephalos.
Psammo'des. Sand-like. Applied to urine
which deposits a sandy sediment.
PSELLFSMUS. (us, i, m. ; from ipeMifr,
to stammer or hesitate in speech.) Defect of
speech, in which the articulation is imperfect
or depraved. Cullen has the following species:
1. Pscllismus balbuticns. — Lisping ; vicious
multiplication of labials.
2. Psellismus emollicns. — Vicious substitution
of soft for harsher letters.
3. Pscllismus lallans. — Lullaby-speech; vi-
cious pronunciation of the letter I.
4. Psellismus ringens. — Rotacismus; vicious
pronunciation of the letter r.
5. Pscllismus lagostomatum. — Vicious pro-
nunciation occasioned by hare-lip.
6. Pscllismus acheilos. — Vicious pronuncia-
tion arising from defect of lip.
7. Psellismus hwsitans. — Hesitation.
Psellismus metallicus. The stammering
which sometimes attends mercurial erythrismus.
Pse'llotes. Psellismus.
PSEUD-. PSEUDO-. (From ^eviric, false.)
538
PSO
A very frequent prefix, denoting a false, spun
ous, or apparent thing.
Pseudaco'ia. Pseudacoe. Pseudacutis-
False, perverted, or imaginary audition.
Pseuda'corus. Iris pseudacorus.
PSEU'D^ESTHE'SIA. (a, a, f. ; from ^evioc ,
false, and aiadavo/iai, to feel.) Imaginary or
false feeling, or imaginary sense of touch in or-
gans which have no existence.
Pseudarthro'sis. A false joint.
PSEUDOBLE'PSIS. {it, is, f. ; from ^evdrjc,
false, and /3/lei/uc, sight.) Imaginary vision of
objects, characterized by depraved sight, cre-
ating objects, or representing them different
from what they are.
The appearances constituting false sight are
mostly symptomatic or sympathetic, and ao
cpmpany inflammation of or about the eyes or
brain ; also fever*, hysteria, syncope, lethargy,
apoplexy, &c.
Pseudo-croup. Laryngismus stridulus.
Pseu'do-cye'sis. False conception.
Pseu'do-mela'nthium. Agrostemma githago.
PSEUDO-ME'MBRANE. A false mem-
brane, or organized layer of lymph, effused in
consequence of inflammation.
Pseudo-mo'rphia. Pscudomorphinc. An in-
active base, forming crystalline scales, found in
some kinds of opium.
Pseudo-phthi'tis. Emaciation without tu-
bercles of the lungs.
Pseudo-pleuritis. Pleurodynia.
Pseudo-pyre'thrum. Achillea ptannica.
Pseudore'xia. Perverted appetite.
Pseudo-syphilis. See Syphilis.
Pseudotoxin. A substance obtained by
Brandes from the watery extract of belladonna.
It is yellow, soluble, and colored green by the
salts of iron.
Pseudy'men. A false membrane.
PSFDIUM. A genus of plants. Icosandria.
Monogynia. — P. pomi'ferum. P. pyrifcrum.
Tho apple gaava. A tropical fruit.
Psilo'thra. Applications to remove the
hair.
Psilo'thrum. Bryonia alba.
Psimmy'thium. Cerusse, or white lead.
PSO'iE. (Voai, the loins.) Alopeces. Ne-
phrometra:. Neurometeres. 1. The loins. 2.
The name of two pairs of muscles in the loins.
PSO'AS. (From ipoai, the loins.) Belong-
ing to the loins.
Psoas abscess. See Lumbar abscess.
Psoas magnus. Psoas, seulumbarisinternuB,
of Winslow. This is a long, thick, and very
considerable muscle, situated close to the fore
part and sides of the lumbar vertebra?. It arises
from the bodies of the last vertebra? of the back,
and of all the lumbar vertebra; laterally, as well
as from the anterior surfaces of their transverse
processes, by distinct tendinous and fleshy slips,
that are gradually collected into one mass. It
unites with the iliacus internus, descends along
with that muscle under the ligamentum Fal-
lopii, and goes to be inserted at the bottom of
the trochanter minor, and a little below that
process. Between the tendon of this muscle
and the ischium we find a considerable bursa
mucosa. This muscle, at its origin, has some
connection with the diaphragm, and likewise
PSO
with the quadratus lumborum. It is one of the
most powerful flexors of the thigh forward,
and may likewise assist in tuming.it outward.
When the inferior extremity is fixed, it may
help to bend the body forward; and in an
erect posture it greatly assists in preserving the
equilibrium of the trunk upon the upper part
of the thigh.
Psoas parvus. This muscle is situated upon
the psoas magnus, at the anterior part of the
loins. It arises from the side of the uppermost
vertebra of the loins, and sometimes, also, from
the lower edge of the last vertebra of the back,
and from the transverse processes of each of
these vertebra) ; it then extends over part of
the psoas magnus, and terminates in a thin, flat
tendon, which is inserted into that part of the
brim of the pelvis where the os pubis joins the
ilium. From this tendon a great number of
fibres are sent off, which form a thin fascia,
that covers part of the psoas magnus and ilia-
cus intemus, and gradually loses itself on the
fore part of the thigh. In tho human body this
muscle is very often wanting. Its use seems
to be to assist the psoas magnus in bending the
loins forward; and when we are lying upon
our back, it may help to raise the pelvis.
Psoas sive lumbaris internus. See Psoas
magnus.
Psoitis. Inflammation of the psoas muscles.
It may terminate in lumbar abscess.
Psolo'ncus. A swelling of the penis, or the
glans penis.
Pso'ra. "irupa. The itch. See Scabies.
Psora leprosa. P. squamosa. Psoriasis.
PSORA'LEA. (a, a, f ) A genus of plants.
Diadelphia. Dccandria. — P. glandulosa is a
Chilian shrub, esteemed vulneraiy. — P. penta-
phy'lla. The Mexican contrayerva, Contra-
ycrva nova, which is by many as much esteemed
as the Dorstenia. It was introduced into Eu-
rope soon after the true plant, from Guiana as
well as Mexico.
P S O R I 'A 8 I S. (is, is, f. ; from ipupa, the
itch.) The disease to which Dr. Willan gives
this title is characterized by a rough and scaly
state of the cuticle, sometimes continuous, some-
times in separate patches, of various sizes, but
of an irregular figure, and for the most part ac-
companied with rhagades or fissures of the skin.
From lepra it may be distinguished, not only
by the distribution of the patches, but also by
its cessation and recurrence at certain seasons
of the year, and by the disorder of the consti-
tution with which it is usually attended. Dr.
Willan gives the following varieties:
1. Psoriasis guttata. — This complaint ap-
pears in small, distinct, but irregular patches
of laminated scales, with little or no inflamma-
tion round them. The patches very seldom
extend to the size of a sixpence. The scale
formed upon each of them is thin, and may bo
easily detached, leaving a red, shining base. The
patches are often distributed over the greatest
Eart of the body, but more particularly on the
ack part of the neck, the faoi, breasts, arms,
loins, thighs, and legs. The psoriasis guttata
often appears on children in a sudden eruption,
attended with a slight disorder of the constitu-
tion, and spreads over the body within two or
PSO
three days.. In adults it commences with a
few scaly patches on the extremities, proceeds
very gradually, and has a longer duration than
in children. Its first occurrence is usually in
the spring season, after violent pains in the
head, stomach, and limbs. During the summer
it disappears spontaneously, or may be soon
removed by proper applications, but it is apt to
return again early in the ensuing spring, and
continues so to do for several successive years.
There is a syphilitic variety of this species.
2. The Psoriasis diffusa spreads into large
patches, irregularly circumscribed, reddish,
rough, and fissured, with scales interspersed.
It commences, in general, with numerous mi-
nute asperities, or elevations of the cuticle,
more perceptible by the touch than by sight.
Upon these, small, distinct scales are soon after
formed, adhering by a dark central point, while
their edges may be seen white and detached.
In the course of two or three weeks all the in-
tervening cuticle becomes rough and fissured,
appears red, raised, and wrinkled, the lines of
the skin sinking into deep furrows. The scales
which form among them are often slight, and
repeatedly exfoliate. Sometimes, without any
previous eruption of papula;, a large portion of
the skin becomes dry, harsh, cracked, reddish,
and scaly, as above described. The parts most
affected by psoriasis diffusa are the cheeks,
chin, upper eyelids, and comers of the eyes,
the temples, the external ear, the neck, the
fleshy parts of the lower extremities, and the
forearm, from the elbow to the back of tho
hand, along the supinator muscle of the radius.
The fingers are sometimes nearly surrounded
with a loose, scaly incrustation ; the nails crack
and exfoliate superficially. When limited to
the back of the hand, where it often appears in
bakers, it is called the baker's itch. The scaly
patches likewise appear, though less frequently,
on the forehead and scalp, on the shoulders,
back, and loins, on the abdomen and instep.
The psoriasis diffusa is attended with a sensa-
tion of heat, and with a very troublesome itch-
ing, especially at night.
As the complaint declines, the roughness, fis-
sures, scales, &c, disappear, and a new cuticle
is formed, at first red, dry, and shriveled, but
which, in two or three weeks, acquires the
proper texture. The duration of the psoriasis
diffusa is from one to four months.
3. The Psoriasis gyrata is distributed in nar-
row patches or stripes, variously figured : some
of them are nearly longitudinal ; some circular
or semicircular, with vermiform appendages;
some are tortuous or serpentine ; others like
earth-worms or leeches : the furrows of the cuti-
cle being deeper than usual, make the resem-
blance more striking, by giving them an annu-
lated appearance. There is a separation of
slight scales from the diseased surface, but no
thick incrustations are formed. The psoriasis
gyrata has its remissions and returns, like the
psoriasis diffusa ; it also exhibits, in some cases,
patches of the latter disorder on the face, scalp,
or extremities, while the trunk of the body is
checkered with the singular figures above de-
scribed.
4. Psoriasis palmaria. — This very obstinate
539
PSO
species of tetter is nearly confined to the palm
of the hand. It commences with a small, harsh,
or scaly patch, which gradually spreads over the
whole palm, and sometimes appeal's in a slighter
degree on the inside of the fingers and wrist.
The surface feels rough from the detached and
raised edges of the scaly laminae ; its color often
changes to brown or black, as if dirty ; yet the
most diligent washing produces no favorable
effect. The cuticular iurrows are deep, and
cleft at the bottom longitudinally, in various
places, so as to bleed on stretching the fingers.
A sensation of heat, pain, and stiffness in the
motions of the hand, attend this complaint. Tt
is worse in winter or spring, and occasionally
disappears in autumn or summer, leaving a soft,
dark red cuticle ; but many persons are troubled
with it for a series of years, experiencing only
very slight remissions. Shoemakers have the
psoriasis palmaria locally, from the irritation of
the wax they so constantly employ. In braziers,
tinmen, silversmiths, &c, the complaint seems
to be produced by handling cold metals.
5. Psoriasis labialis. — The psoriasis some-
times affects the lip without appearing on any
other part of the body. Its characteristics are, as
usual, scaliness, intermixed with chaps and fis-
Bures of the skin. The scales are of a consid-
erable magnitude, so that their edges are often
loose, while the central points are attached; a
new cuticle gradually forms beneath the scales,
but is not durable. In the course of a few hours
it becomes dry, shriveled, and broken; and,
while it exfoliates, gives way to another layer
of tender cuticle, which soon, in like manner,
perishes.
6. Psoriasis scrotalis. — The skin of the scro-
tum may be affected in the psoriasis diffusa like
other parts of the surface of the body; but some-
times a roughness and scaliness of the scrotum
appears as an independent complaint, attended
with much heat, itching, tension, and redness.
The above symptoms are succeeded by a hard,
thickened, brittle texture of the skin, and by
painful chaps or excoriations, which are not
easy to be healed.
7. Psoriasis infantilis. — Infants between the
ages of two months and two years are occasion-
ally subject to the dry tetter. Irregular scaly
patches, of various sizes, appear on the cheeks,
chin, breast, back, nates, and thighs. They are
sometimes red, and a little rough or elevated ;
sometimes excoriated, then again covered with
a thin incrustation ; and, lastly, intersected by
chaps or fissures. The general appearances
nearly coincide with those of the psoriasis dif-
fusa ; but there are several peculiarities in the
tetters of infants which require a distinct con-
sideration.
8. The Psoriasis invcterata is characterized
by an almost universal scaliness, with a harsh,
dry, and thickened state of the skin. It com-
mences with a few irregular though distinct
patches on the extremities. Others appear af-
terward on different parts, and, becoming con-
fluent, spread at length over all the surface of
the body, except a part of the face, or sometimes
the palms of the hands aud soles of the feet.
The skin is red, deeply furrowed or wrinkled,
stiff and rigid, so as somewhat to impede the
540
PTE
motion of the muscles and of the joints. So
quick, likewise, is the production and separa-
tion of scales, that large quantities of them are
found on the bed on which a person affected
with the disease has slept. They fall off in the
same proportion by day, and, being confined
within the linen, excite a troublesome and per-
petual itching.
Treatment. — The*same general plan is appli-
cable to the different modifications of psoriasis,
the period of its duration and the degree of
irritability being carefully attended to. In the
commencement of the eruption, when it appears
suddenly, and the constitution is obviously dis-
ordered, a moderate antiphlogistic treatment
must be pursued. A gentle purgative should
be administered, and the diet made light by
abstracting every thing stimulant. This regi-
men, indeed, is requisite throughout the course
of the disease. When the constitutional dis-
turbance has subsided, the use of alkalies, com-
bined with sulphur or with an infusion of cin-
chona, together with tepid washing, will grad-
ually remove the complaint. A decoction of
bran, a little cream, or oil of almonds, sometimes
produces case to the itching; but any admixture,
even of the oxide of zinc, or preparations of
lead, with these liniments, is commonly detri-
mental. But the more local and less inflamma-
tory eruption of psoriasis is considerably alle-
viated by local expedients. The palmar aud
scrotal varieties are deprived of the dryness and
itching by exposure to the vapor of hot water,
and by the application of dilute unguentum
hydrargyri nitratis. In the psoriasis of the lips,
nothing acrid can be borne ; and much of the
cure depends upon securing the parts from irri-
tation, even from heat and cold, by a constant
covering of some mild ointment or plaster.
Pso'ric. Psoricus. Appertaining to psora.
PSOROPHTHA'LMIA. (a,«,fj from ipapa,
the itch, and o<j>6a?Lfioc, the eye.) Fsorophthal-
my. An inflammation of the eyelids, attended
with ulcerations, which itch very much. The
cause is an acrimony secreted by the glands of
the eyelids. See Ophthalmitis.
PSYCHAGO'GUBS. (From ipvxv, the mind,
and ayu, to move.) Applied by Schneider to
medicines which have the power of restoring
the senses ; as volatiles and stimulants, which
recover a patient from syncope.
Psyche. The mind or soul.
Ps'ychical. Relating to the mind.
PSYCHOLOGY. (Ptyehohgia, <c, f. ; from
ipvxv, the soul, and Aoyog, a discourse.) The
doctrine of the mind or soul. Mental philos-
ophy.
Psycho'tkia EMETIC A. One of the plants
yielding ipecacuanha, which see.
Psychromj'tkum. A cold bath.
Psy'chticus. Refrigerant.
PSYDRA'CIUM. (urn, ii, n.; from >t>;yor,
cold.) A species of pustule. See Pustule.
Psyoracia. Ecthyma. — Frank.
Psy'ixium. Plantago psyllium.
Pta'rmica. * So called because it irritates
the nose. Achillsea ptarmica.
PTA'RMICUS. (UTapfitKos; from Trraipu,
to sneeze.) Ptarmic. Sternutatory.
PTB'RIS. (is, idis, f.) So called from the
PTE
likeness of its leaves to wings. A genus of ferns.
— P. aquili'na. The common brake, or female
fern. Filix fmmina. The root was esteemed
an anthelmintic.
PTEROCA'RPUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Diadelphia. Dccandria. Lc gummosa.
— P. draco. This is one of the species which
yields dragon's blood. — P. crina'ceus. The tree
wMch is supposed to yield the African kino. —
P. marsupium yields the East Indian kino. — P.
santali'nus. The red sanders-tree. Red San-
ders has been esteemed as a medicine ; but its
only use attaches to its coloring property. The
juice of this tree, like that of some others, af-
ibrds a species of sanguis draconis.
PTERY'GIUM. Pterygion. (Hrepv!;, a
wing.) 1. In Pathology, a membraneous ex-
crescence which grows upon the internal can-
thus of the eye chiefly, and expands itself over
the albuginea and cornea toward the pupil. It
appears to be an extension or promulgation of
the fibres and vessels of the canine ula lachry-
malis, or semilunar membrane, appearing like a
wing. It is sometimes a pellucid pellicle, thin,
of a cineritious color, and unpainful, growing
out from the caruncula lachrymalis. In other
cases it is thick, of a red color, attended with
fullness of the vessels on the white of the eye,
and stretches over the cornea like fasciculi of
vessels. This was called pannus : this pannus
is occasionally of various colors, painful and
cancerous. The pterygium pingue, or pinguic-
ula, is a small substance, like lard or fat, soft,
without pain, and of a light yellow color, which
commonly is situated in the external angle of
the eye, and rarely extends to the cornea, but
often remains through life. 2. In Botany, a
wing. See Ala.
Pterygopalatine. That which relates to
the pterygoid process and the palate, as the
ptery go-palatine canal and the ptery go-palatine
artery, or superior. pharyngeal.
Pte'rygo-pharynge'us. See Constrictor
pharyngeus superior.
Pte'rygo-staphyli'nus exte'rnus. See Le-
vator palati.
PTE'RYGOID. (Pterygoides. Pterygoide-
us ; from nrepvt;, a wing, and Eidog, resem-
blance.) Resembling the wing of a bird.
Pterygoid artery. 1. The superior pharyn-
geal artery, a branch of the internal maxillary.
2. The branches furnished to the pterygoid
muscles.
Pterygoid canal. Pterygoid fossa. See
Sphenoides os.
Pterygoid nerves. 1. The vidian nerve.
2. The branches of the inferior maxillary nerve
distributed to the pterygoid muscles.
Pterygoid processes. The wing-like pro-
cesses of the sphenoid bone. See Sphenoides os.
Pterygoideum os. See Sphenoides os.
Pterygoide'us externus. (Pterygoideus;
from its belonging to the processus pterygoides.)
Pterygoideus minor of Winslow. Musculus
cdaris externus. A muscle placed, as it were,
horizontally along the basis of the skull, be-
tween the pterygoid process and the condyle
of the lower jaw. It usually arises by two
distinct heads, one from the outer wing of the
pterygoid process and a small part of the os
PTY
maxillare adjoining to it; the other, from a
ridge in the temporal process of the sphenoid
bone. From these origins the muscle forms a
strong fleshy belly, which descends almost
transversely outward and backward, and is in-
serted, tendinous and fleshy, into a depression
in the fore part of the condyloid process of the
lower jaw, and into the anterior surface of the
capsular ligament that surrounds the articula-
tion of that bone. When both the muscles act
together, they bring the jaw horizonally for-
ward. When they act singly, the jaw is moved
forward, and to the opposite side. The fibres
that are inserted into the capsular ligament
serve likewise to bring the movable cartilage
forward.
Pterygoideus internus. Ptery goideus ma-
jor of Winslow. This muscle arises, tendinous
and fleshy, from the whole inner surface of the
external ala of the pterygoid process, filling all
the space between the two wings; and from
that process of the os palati that makes part of
the pterygoid fossa. Thence the muscle de-
scends obliquely downward, forward, and out-
ward, and is inserted, by tendinous and fleshy
fibres, into the inside of the lower jaw, near its
angle. Its use is to raise the lower jaw, and to
pull it a little to one side.
Pterygoideus major. See Pterygoideus in-
ternus.
Pterygoideus minor. See Pterygoideus ex-
ternus.
Pte'rygo-staphyh'nus. Chaussier's name
for the circumflexus palati muscle.
Pteryx. HrepvS;. A wing ; ala.
Ptilo'sis. (From tttiXoc, bald.) See Ma-
PTI'SANA. (a, a, f. ; from -ktkjcu, to de-
corticate, bruise, or pound.) A ptisan. A de-
coction made of decorticated barley, raisins,
liquorice, or other vegetable matters. The
French physicians use a variety of ptisans. See
Tisane.
PTO'SIS. (is, is, f.; from irnrru, to fall.)
A falling down of the upper eyelid. See Ble-
pharoptosis.
Ptosis iridis. Prolapsus iridis. .
PTYA'LAGOGTJE. (Ptyalagogus ; from
iTTvaXov, spittle, and ayu, to excite.) A medi-
cine, or any thing which promotes a discharge
of the saliva or causes salivation.
PTYALINE. An albuminous constituent of
saliva, having the power of a ferment. It forms
less than 0'5 per cent, of the secretion. It does
not appear to be materially different from pep-
sine, and dissolves both amylaceous and pro-
teinous bodies, according as it is alkakine or
acid.
PTY'ALISM. (Ptyalismus, i, m. ; from
"KTvaXil^u, to spit.) A ptyalism; salivation, or
increased secretion of saliva. This is often pro-
duced by the expectation of agreeable food, and
is symptomatic of diseases of the mouth and
salivary gland.
Ptyalism, mercurial. In whatever mode
introduced into the system, quicksilver often
produces salivation, and that after a short time,
and even from a small quantity. The discon-
tinuance of mercury is the cure : it soon sub-
sides : but it is often attended with much irt-
541
PUP
convenience, ae a high degree of irritation, not
only of the mouth and fauces, but of the system
generally. The common course of symptoms
is this : the mouth feels uncommonly hot, and
there is a coppery or metallic taste ; the lingual
and sublingual glands swell ; aphthous vesicles
appear, and terminate in minute and offensive
ulcerations ; the tongue swells ; the throat be-
comes sore ; feverishness and sleeplessness su-
pervene, and are often present from an early
period of the disease ; and there is an eruption.
See Eczema rubra.
In attempting the cure of mercurial salivation,
the attention is to be directed to the local state
of the fauces, and the general state of the sys-
tem. The bowels are to be kept soluble with
saline aperients. Acidulated gargles of barley-
water, with nitre, citric acid, and the like, will
often be sufficient, or very dilute compound in-
fusion of roses ; but the best of all gargles by
far is the chloride of soda or lime, so diluted as
not to produce more than just a sensible sting-
ing in the mouth.
Ptyali'smus. See Ptyalism.
Ptyali'smus iners. Slavering.
Pty'alum. The mucus ejected from the
bronchia.
Pitsmaco'cus. Ptysmagoguc. Expec-
torant.
PU'BERTY. The transition from childhood
to youth ; or that period of life when the indi-
vidual acquires the power of propagation.
PU'BES. (<?s, is, f.) The external part of
the organs of generation of both sexes, which,
after puberty, is covered with hair.
Pube'scence. Pubcsccntia. The down or
hairs of leaves.
Pube'scent. Pubesccns. Clothed with a
soft wool or hair.
PUBIC. PubiiEus. Relating to the pubis,
either the bone or the soft parts about it.
PUBIS OS. A separate bone of the foetal
pelvis. See Innominatum os.
Pu'ccoon. Sanguinaria canadensis.
Pude'ndagra. Any disease of the genital
organs.
PUDE'NDUM. (urn, i, n. ; from pudeo, to
be ashamed.) Pudenda. The parts of gener-
ation.
Pudendum muliebre. The female parts of
generation.
PU'DIC. (Pudi'cus; from pudor, shame.)
Belonging to the pudenda.
Pudic arteries. Arteria: pudi 1 cat. Pudendal
arteries. The arteries which supply the parts
of generation. These are, 1 . The internal pu-
dic. Sometimes simply called the pudic, which
is a branch of the internal iliac, and gives off
the external hemorrhoidal and perineal arteries,
and those of the penis. 2. The external pudic
arteries, varying m number, and rising from the
common femoral artery.
Pudic nerve. This is formed on each side
by fibrils from all the cords which enter into
the constitution of the great sciatic nerve. It
arises in two fasciculi, which pass through the
lower part of the iliac notch, and between the
sacro-sciatic ligaments to join the pudic artery,
the branches of which they accompany, bearing
the same names.
542
PUE
PU'ERILE. Puerilis. (From pucr, a boy
or child.) That which is childish. Applied
to the sonorous respiration of children. See
Auscultation.
Pueri'lis morbus. The epilepsy.
PU'ERPERA. (From puer, and pario, to
bring forth. ) A lying-in woman ; one who has
recently been delivered.
PUE'RPERAL. Puerperalis. Appertaining
to child-bearing; as puerperal convulsions,
puerperal fever, &e.
Puerperal convulsions. See Convulsions.
Puerperal fever. Several distinct affec-
tions have been treated of under this name, the
principal of which are,
1. Peritonitis.
2. An adynamic febrile disease, supposed to
bo of a contagious nature, and of which peri
toneal inflammation is a prominent feature.
3. Inflammation of the uterus or its append-
ages.
4. Inflammation of the uterine veins and
lymphatics.
Puerperal Peritonitis. — The peritoneum lin-
ing the abdomen, or that covering the intes-
tines, may be inflamed alone, or the disease
may be combined with inflammation of the
uterus.
Peritoneal inflammation may be caused by
violence during delivery, or the application of
cold, or the injudicious use of stimulants. Those
who have suffered from uterine hemorrhage
after delivery are most liable to this disease,
as well as to inflammation of the uterus. It
may not come on for three weeks after delivery,
but it usually appears on the second day ; and
it may often be observed that the pulse contin-
ues frequent from the time of delivery. It is
preceded or attended by shivering, and sickness
or vomiting, and is marked by pam in the belly,
which is sometimes very universal, though in
other cases it is at first confined to one spot.
The abdomen very soon becomes swelled and
tense, and the tension rapidly increases. The
pulse is frequent, small, and sharp, the skin hot,
the tongue either clean, or white and dry, the
patient thirsty ; she vomits frequently, and the
milk and lochia usually are obstructed. These
symptoms often come on very acutely, but they
may also approach insidiously. But, whether
the early symptoms come on rapidly or slowly,
they soon increase, the belly becomes as large
as before delivery, and is often so tender that
the weight of the bedclothes can scarcely be
endured ; the patient also feels much pain when
she turns. The respiration becomes difficult,
and sometimes a cough comes on, which ag-
gravates the distress; or it appears from the
first, attended with pain in the side, as a prom-
inent symptom. Sometimes the patient has a
great inclination to belch, which always gives
pain. The bowels are either costive, or the
patient purges bilious or dark-colored fa;ces.
These symptoms are more or less acute, accord-
ing to the extent to which the peritoneum is
aflected. They are, at first, milder and more
protracted in those cases where the inflamma-
tion begins in the uterus, and in such, the pain
is often not very great nor very extensive for
some time. In fatal cases, the swelling and
PUE
tension of the belly increase, the vomiting con-
tinues, the pulse becomes very frequent and ir-
regular, the fauces are aphthous, the extremities
become cold, and the pain usually ceases rather
suddenly. The patient has unrefreshing slum-
ber, and sometimes delirium mite, but she may
also remain sensible to the last. The disease
usually proves fatal within live days, but may
be protracted for eight or ten days, or even
longer. Sometimes this disease ends in suppu-
ration, and the nbscess points and bursts ex-
ternally.
The patient is only to be saved by vigorous
means and great attention. If the pulse con-
tinue above a hundred in the minute for
twenty-four hours after delivery, there is reason
to apprehend that some serious mischief is
about to happen; and, therefore, unless the
frequency depend decidedly on debility, pro-
duced by great hemorrhage, &c, we ought to
open the bowels freely, and give a diaphoretic.
We must carefully examine the belly, and if it
be full, or painful on pressure, or if the patient
be inclined to vomit, we ought instantly to open
a vein, and use purgatives. One copious bleed-
ing, on the very invasion of the disease, is more
useful than ten afterward; and the delay of
two hours may be the loss of the patient, whose
danger, even under the most active practice, is
extreme. In peritoneal inflammation, blood-
letting is imperiously called for at a very early
period; and the evacuation is to be repeated
or not, according to its effects, and the constitu-
tion of the patient. If she have borne it ill,
and not been relieved, when it was used first,
there is reason to apprehend that the case has
not been simple peritoneal inflammation, but
malignant puerperal fever. If she bear it well,
and the pulse becomes slower and fuller, and
the pain abate, we are encouraged to repeat it.
After the lancet has been early used, if pain
continue, many leeches, or the scarificator,
should be applied to the most painful part.
The abdomen should then be covered by a warm
poultice. A large dose of opium, that is, three
grains, is to be administered after the bleeding,
and repeated according to circumstances, in
smaller doses. The bowels are, at the very
first, to be opened freely with calomel, or some
other purgative, which ought to be given in a
large dose, particularly calomel, for ordinary
doses do no good. After effusion has begun,
and debility is produced, cordials, of which
wine is the best, should be given, and anodyne
clysters are to be administered. There are one
or two cases recorded where the fluid has been
either spontaneously discharged by an opening
taking place in the intestine, or artificially, by
paracentesis, and with a good effect.
A modification of this disease is not unfre-
quent, in which the inflammatory affection, in
bo far as traces are left after death, is apparent-
ly very limited in extent, as well as inconsider-
able in degree. The pain seems to arise more
from high sensibility of the nerves than from
actual inflammation of the parts, and it often
shoots in the direction of some particular ab-
dominal nerve; for instance, the ilio-pubal.
There is, at first, either circumscribed pain, or
wandering pain, like gripes. Dr. Gooch has
PUE
detailed several cases of this disease, which, in
some instances, seemed to proceed from the
griping operation of a brisk purgative ; in others,
from severe after-pains, more especially when
the patient, in her ordinary state, was delicate
and nervous.
Chronic inflammation of the peritoneum is
not very unfrequent, and may last for somo
weeks. It is attended with constant pain in .
some parts of the abdomen, but it is not un-
bearable ; the belly is -tender, the pulse fre-
quent, the thirst urgent, and, often, the mind
is affected as in hysteria, or a train of hysterical
symptoms supervenes, which may lead off the
attention from the seat of the disease. It re-
quires, at first, blood-letting, and then the fre-
quent use of laxatives, with repeated blisters.
Malignant Puerperal Fever. — There can be
no doubt that in particular seasons a contagion
has prevailed, inducing fever in the puerperal
state, attended with the symptoms of the pre-
ceding inflammatory diseases, in some instances
proving fatal rather from mere exhaustion than
from inflammation ; in others, leaving marks of
great inflammation or of suppuration. It is not,
therefore, to be expected that either the post-
mortem examination, or the individual symp-
toms during life, should be very different from
peritonitis, &c, the chief distinction being in
the complication with a malignant influence,
and in the patient being neither benefited by,
nor bearing depletion so copiously as should
have been both warranted and useful hi the
simple affection.
The description, therefore, in many of the
essential points, must be much the same as that
of hysteritis, &c.
i Malignant puerperal fever sometimes begins
in an insidious manner, without that shivering
which usually gives intimation of the approach
of a serious malady. But, generally, shivering
is perceived, and varies considerably in degree,
being either slight or pretty severe. The first
symptoms, independent of the shivering, are,
frequency of pulse, oppression, nausea, or retch-
ing, pain in the head, particularly over the eye-
brows. The night is passed with little sleep,
much confusion, and, occasionally, some delir-
ium. It must not, however, be unnoticed that,
in many instances, there is no headache in any
stage of the disease, nor any sickness or vomit-
ing in the beginning. In some, the temper is,
from the first, uncommonly irritable ; in others,
there is much timidity, or listlessness, or apathy.
Hysterical symptoms not unfrequently super-
vene. From the beginning of the attack, or very
soon afterward, pam is felt in the belly, at first
slight, but it presently increases ; and, in some
instances, the abdomen becomes so tender that
even the weight of the bedclothes is produc-
tive of distress. There is great distention of
the abdomen. The degree of pain, its seat,
and period of accession, vary in different cases.
In some, it evidently begins in the uterus, nev-
er going entirely off, yet being subject to severe
exacerbation, accompanied, with sense of bear-
ing down. Sometimes severe pain, like spasm,
attacks the iliac region, and extends down the
thigh, and toward the bladder and pubis. The
face is sometimes flushed at first, or the cheeks
513
PUE
are suffused ; but the countenance, in general,
is pale and ghastly, the eyes are without ani-
mation, and the lips and angles of the eyes are
white. When the face is flushed, the cheeks
are generally covered with a broad patch of
deep red, while the brow and other parts are
cadaverous, or covered with perspiration. The
whole features indicate anxiety, if not terror,
and great debility. Vomiting frequently occurs
at the very commencement, and, in that case,
it is bilious. In the course of the disease, it
sometimes becomes so frequent that nothing
will stay in the stomach, and, toward the con-
clusion of the fever, the fluid thrown up is dark
colored, and frequently fetid. There is a great
dejection of mind, languor, with general debil-
ity of the muscular fibres, and the patient lies
chiefly on her back ; or there is so much list-
lessness that she sometimes makes little com-
plaint. The skin is not veiy hot, but is rather
clammy and relaxed. The tongue is pale or
white at first, but presently becomes brown,
and, uniformly, aphtha? appear in the throat,
and extend down the oesophagus, and over all
the inside of the mouth. From the irritability
of the stomach and bowels, it is probable that
these organs participate in the tender state;
and from the cough which is excited, the upper
part of the larynx seems also to be affected. It
lias already been mentioned that, from the first,
the pulse is very frequent, and is, at that pe-
riod, fuller than in simple peritoneal inflamma-
tion, but it soon becomes feeble. The thirst is
not always great; at least, the patient often is
careless about drink. The bowels are often,
at first, bound, but afterward, especially about
the third day, they usually become loose, and
the stools ai-e dark, fetid, and often frothy.
This evacuation seems to give relief. It is, in-
deed, peculiarly deserving of remark, that often
in this disease, either from spontaneous or arti-
ficial evacuation, or sometimes without any
perceptible cause, there is a delusive calm, and
the patient is supposed to be better. The urine
is dark colored, has a brown sediment, and is
passed frequently, and with pain. The lochial
discharge is diminished, and has a bad smell,
or is changed in appearance, or gradually ceas-
es ; and it is observable that the reappearance
of the lochia, if they had been entirely sup-
pressed, which is not common, is not critical.
The secretion of milk stops, and tho patient
inquires very seldom about the child. In some
cases pleuritic symptoms occur. As the disease
advances, the pulse becomes more frequent,
and weaker, or tremulous. In bad cases, the
swelling of the belly increases rapidly ; but the
pain does not always keep pace with the swell-
ing, being sometimes least when the swelling
is greatest, and in the end it generally goes en-
tirely off. The breathing becomes laborious
in proportion as the belly enlarges. The strength
sinks; the pulse, always frequent, becomes
weak and tremulous ; the throat and mouth
become sloughy ; perhaps the stools are passed
involuntarily ; hiccough sometimes takes place ;
and the patient usually dies before the fifth day
of the disease, but in some cases not until the
fourteenth; in others, so early as the second
day. In some instances, death is preceded by
544
TUB
low delirium or stupor. In others, the mind
continues unimpaired till within a few minutes
of dissolution, and the patient is earned oft
after a fit of a convulsive kind.
This fever attacks generally on the second,
or sometimes on the third day after delivery,
but it has also occurred so late as after a week.
The earlier it attacks, the greater is the danger,
and few women recover who have the belly
much swelled.
It is most frequent and most fatal in hospitals.
In private practice it is less malignant, though
still very dangerous. It is sometimes epidemic,
and in some instances it has been easy to trace
the contagion from one woman to another.
When this fever is prevalent, women, after
abortion, are liable to it, as well as those who
have reached the full time. Unmarried women
who attended the sick have also died with
many of its symptoms.
The treatment of the low fever of lying-in
women does not differ materially from that of
epidemic typhus, complicated with local inflam-
mation. Venesection, to a moderate extent, is
sometimes useful at the commencement of the
disease; but large or repeated bleedings can
never be borne, nor must bleeding be practiced
at all in an advanced stage of the disease.
Leeches to the abdomen are more useful than
general blood-letting. The bowels should at
first be cleared out by a full dose of calomel and
a saline purgative, and laxatives may afterward
be given as they are required ; but, as the dis-
ease advances, diarrhoea is more common than
constipation. There is, perhaps, no medicine
so serviceable in this disease as opium. It allays
pain and irritation, checks the vomiting, which
gs so frequent and distressing, and obviates
diarrhoea. Opiate enemata are frequently ser-
viceable in allaying tenesmus. Blisters to the
abdomen are recommended by some practition-
ers, but objected to by others as increasing irri-
tation. Cloths wet with warm oil of turpentine
seem to be much preferable, and often produce
a very soothing effect on the internal pain, while
they excite a degree of counter-irritation on the
surface. In the advanced stage of the disease,
stimulants are indicated, and wine, camphor,
and the sulphate of quinine may be adminis-
tered ; but when the powers of the constitu-
tion begin to sink in this disease, it is hardly
possible to rally them, and the case is almost
always fatal.
Inflammation of the Uterus or its Appendages.
— A general description of this will be found in
the article Hysteritis.
Inflammation of the Veins and Lymphatics of
the Uterus. — Uterine phlebitis is an affection
which has only attracted attention of late years.
An interesting account of it has been given by
Dr. Robert Lee, from which the following is
taken. Dr. Lee considers a large proportion of
the cases called typhoid puerperal fever as re-
ferrible to uterine phlebitis.
In women who have enjoyed good health
during pregnancy, and in whom the process of
parturition has been easily accomplished, uter-
ine phlebitis occasionally commences within
twenty-four hours after delivery, with pain,
more or less acute, in the region of the uterus,
PUE
accompanied or followed by a severe rigor, or
a succession qf rigors, a suppression of the lo-
chial discharge, acceleration of the pulse, head-
ache, or slight incoherence of intellect, with
most distressing sensation of general uneasiness,
and sometimes by nausea and vomiting. These
symptoms, after a short duration, are succeeded
by increased heat of the body, tremors of the
muscles of the face and extremities, rapid, feeble
pulse, anxious and hurried respiration, great
thirst, with bupvvn, dry tongue, and frequent
vomiting of green-colored matters. The sen-
sorial functions usually become much affected,
and there is a state of drowsy stupor or violent
delirium and agitation, which is followed by
symptoms of extreme exhaustion; the whole
surface of the body not unfrequently assumes a
deep and peculiar sallow or yellow color ; the
abdomen sometimes becomes swollen and tym-
Eanitic, and some of the remote organs of the
ody, such as the lungs, heart, brain, liver, and
spleen, or the articulations and cellular mem-
brane of the extremities, suffer disorganization
from congestion, or a rapid and destructive in-
flammation.
There is scarcely an organ of the body which
has not been observed to become secondarily
affected from suppuration of the uterine veins.
The vessels of the brain sometimes become
greatly congested, and lymph is effused upon
the surface of the pia mater, or serum into the
ventricles; portions of the brain have become
softened and disorganized, or purulent infiltra-
tions have taken place into the cerebral sub-
stance.
In other individuals, whoso lungs had pre-
viously been healthy, a rapid and destructive
inflammation of the pleura has taken place, or
portions of the pulmonary texture have become
condensed, of a dark red color, or infiltrated
with pus. In three cases where there had only
been obscure pain in the chest during life, with
slight cough and dyspnoea, a copious effusion of
lymph and serum was found to have taken place
into the cavities of the thorax ; the pleura was
covered with false membranes, and portions of
the lung had fallen into a state of complete gan-
grene. In one individual the pleura had given
way by sloughing, and the light side of the chest
was distended with air.
In uterine phlebitis, the mucous membrane
lining the stomach has also been observed by
M. Dance to have been reduced to the state of
a diffluent pulp, and the substance of the spleen
has been extensively softened and disorganized ;
the eyes have also become suddenly affected
with destructive inflammation, and the vision
has been lost many days before the termination
of life.
Deposits or infiltrations of pus, of enormous
extent, also take place in the cellular membrane,
between the muscles of the extremities, and
often in the neighborhood of the joints; the
cartilages of the joints themselves become ul-
cerated, and pus is formed within the capsular
ligaments.
All these affections appear to have a common
origin, and can not be referred to any other
cause than to the morbid condition of the veins
of the uterus. The purulent or other secretions,
M M
PUE
formed by inflammation within the cavities of
these vessels, probably produce the whole of
the injurious effects now described, by entering
the system, and contaminating the mass of blood
in like manner as poisons do when absorbed in
the body.
The effects of inflammation in the uterine
veins are the formation of adventitious mem-
branes on their inner surface, and the deposition
of coagula of lymph or of purulent matter with-
in their cavities.
Coagula of the fibrin of the blood, which
often extend a considerable distance into the
uterine veins, are formed in the orifices of these
vessels after every labor, and are the principal
means employed by natui - e for the permanent
suppression of uterine hemorrhage. These may
be distinctly perceived for a long period after
delivery, and they have a form and color differ-
ent from the coagula produced by inflamma-
tion.
The inflammation may be limited to the veins,
but not unfrequently the muscular tissue con-
tiguous to them participates in the inflammation,
and becomes of a dark red or blackish brown
color, and of an unusually 6oft consistence. The
peritoneal covering may also be affected, and
the usual consequences of puerperal peritonitis
then ensue.
Inflammation having once begun, either in
the spermatic or hypogastric veins, it is liable
to spread continuously to the veins of the whole
uterine system, to those of the ovaria, of the
Fallopian tubes, and broad ligaments. The
vena cava itself does not always escape, the in-
flammation spreading to it from the iliac or from
the spermatic veins. This occurrence seldom
takes place to a great extent through'the medi-
um of tho spermatic, the inflammation usually
terminating abruptly at the opening of the sper-
matic into it on the right side, or of the renal
on the left. If it pursues, as it sometimes does,
the direction of tho kidneys, the substance of
these organs, as well as their veins, may be in-
volved in the disease.
When the inflammation affects the hypogas-
tric veins, it may extend from these to the iliac
and femoral veins, and thus give rise to all the
phenomena observed in phlegmasia dolens.
Though it is a most dangerous disease, it is
not invariably fatal.
With respect to the treatment of uterine
phlebitis, Dr. Lee states, that, in cases where
venesection at the invasion of the disease has
been employed, the relief obtained has only-
been temporary, if at all experienced, and, in
some instances, the abstraction of only a few
ounces of blood from the arm has produced
alarming syncope. When the local pain is se-
vere, leeches and warm fomentations seem to
be the appropriate remedies ; but, as far as our
observations go, we are in possession of no re-
medial means which effectually control these
varieties of inflammation of the deeper-seated
structures of the uterus, which we have attempt-
ed to describe. The French practitioners have
great confidence in the action of mercury push-
ed quickly to salivation. Dr. Lee states that
he gave this practice a fair trial, and that it
failed, although he earned it to a great extent,
545
PUL
and brought the system under the influence of
mercury in less than twenty-four hours : yet
the progress of the symptoms was not arrested,
and the patients died, as others had done where
the remedy had not been administered.
Inflammation of the uterine absorbents is not
a common case. Dr. Robert Lee has given
four examples of it, in one of which the absorb-
ents were found filled with pus. The local
symptoms are often so obscure as altogether to
escape detection during life ; while the consti-
tutional affection, which often strikingly resem-
bles the effect of a specific poison, is so violent
as to yield to no treatment, however early or
vigorously employed.
Puffball. See Lycoperdon.
Pu'ffinkss. An inflated condition of the in-
teguments, arising from the infiltration of gas
or serum.
P U G I ' L L U S. (us, i, m. ; and urn, i, n. ;
from pugnus, the fist.) A pugil, or eighth part
of a handful. A very indefinite measure.
Phle'gium. Mentha pulegium.
Pulegium cervi'num. Mentha cervina.
Pu'lex. A genus of apterous insects, of
which the P. irritans is the flea, and P. pene-
trans the chigoe.
Pulica'ria. Plantago psyllium.
Pulicularis morbus. Typhus has been so
named from the petechia?, resembling flea-bites,
which accompany it.
PU'LMO. (o, onis, m. Uvev/iuv.) The
lung. See Lung.
P'ULMONA'RIA. (a, «, f.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. Lung-wort.
— P. arbor ea. See Lichen pulmonarius. — P.
lutea. See Hypochajris. — P. officinalis. The
spotted lung-wort. Jerusalem cowslips. P.
maculata. The leaves have no peculiar smell,
but, in their recent state, manifest a slightly
astringent and mucilaginous taste: they have
been supposed to be demulcent and pecto-
ral.
PU'LMONARY. Pulmonalis. Belonging to
the lungs.
Pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery,
arteria pulmonalis, arises from the right ventri-
cle of the heart, and soon divides into the right
and left branches, which ramify throughout the
lungs, and form a beautiful network on the air
vesicles, where they terminate in the veins, ve-
na pulmonales, whose branches at length form
four trunks, which empty themselves into the
left auricle of the heart.
Pulmonary circulation. The lesser circu-
lation through the lungs. See Circulation.
Pulmonary consumption. See Phthisis.
Pulmonary plexus. Bronchial plexus. The
E lex us of nerves formed at the back of the
ronchia by the par vagum and great sympa-
thetic. See Trachea.
Pulmonary transpiration. The aqueous
vapor which is thrown out in expiration.
Pulmonary vein. See Pulmonary artery.
Pulmo'nic. Pulmonicvs. Of, or belonging
to, the lungs.
Pulmoni'tis. Pneumonitis.
Pulp. Pvlpa. The soft, succulent portions
of plants, fruits, &c.
Pulpo'sus. Pulpy; soft.
546
PUL
Puls. Pultes. Pulpa. A thick porridge,
or panada. ^
Pulsatilla nigricans. Anemone praten-
sis.
PULSA'TION. Pulsatio. The beating of
the pulse, or any movement resembling it.
Pulsative. Pulsativus. Applied to a pain
accompanied with throbbing.
PULSE. Pulsus. The beating of the heart
and arteries. ■ The pulse is generally felt at the
wrist, by pressing the radial artery with the
fingers. The action depends upon the impulse
given to the blood by the heart : hence physi-
cians feel the pulse to ascertain the quickness
or tardiness of the blood's motion, the strength
of the heart, &c.
Pu'lsele'ssness. A peculiar failure or spas-
modic cessation of the pulse, often accompanied
by pain in the epigastrium ; the Entasia aero-
tismus of Dr. Good.
Pulsilo'gium. Pulsileginm. An instrument
for measuring the pulse.
Pulsima'ntia. Prognosis by the pulse.
Pulsus cordis. The impulse of the heart.
Pulsus dicrotus. A rebounding pulse,
which conveys the impression of a double pul-
sation.
Pulsus venosus. P. venarum. The venous
pulse. A pulsation occasionally noticed in the
jugular veins, and arising from the regurgita-
tion of a portion of the blood from the right
ventricle to the right auricle. It may denote
obstruction of the pulmonary arteries.
Pulta'ceous. Having the consistence of
ptds, or porridge.
Pulveru'lent. In the state of powder.
Pulvi'llus. A pad.
Pulvi'nar. Pulvinarium. A medicated
cushion, as of hops.
PU'LVIS. (is, ens, m.) A powder. This
form of medicine is either coarse or very fine,
simple or compound. In the compounded
powders the intimate and complete admixture
of the several ingredients, and more especially
in those to which any of the more active sub-
stances, as opium, scammony, &c., are added,
can not be too strongly recommended ; and for
this purpose it may be proper to pass them, af-
ter they are mixed mechanically, through a fine
sieve. Compound powders were formerly call-
ed species.
Pulvis aloes compositus. (Ph. L.) Com-
pound powder of aloes. Pulvis aloes cum gua~
iaco. Take of aloes, jiss. ; guaiacum resin, fj. ;
compound powder of cinnamon, fss. Powder
the aloes and guaiacum separately; then mix.
The dose is from gr. x. to 9j. It is a warm,
aperient, laxative powder.
Pulvis aloes et canell^:. . (U. S.) P. aloes
cum canclla. (Ph. D.) Powder of aloes and
canella. Hicra picra. Take of aloes, fly. ; ca-
nellabark, fiij. Powder. Emmenagogue and
cathartic. Dose, gr. x. to 3j.
Pulvis aloes cum ferro. This possesses
aperient and deobstruent virtues, and is mostly
given iu chlorosis and constipation.
Pulvis aluminis compositus. (Ph. E.) Com-
pound powder of alum. Take of alum, four
parts; kino, one part. Rub into a powder
Astringent and styptic. Used in hemorrhages,
P U L
»nd externally to indolent ulcers. Dose, gr. v.
to 9j.
Pulvis antily'ssus. A nostrum for hydro-
phobia.
Pulvis antimonialis. P. antimonii compos-
itus. See Antimonialis pulvis.
Pulvis aroma'ticus. (U. S. & Ph. B.) Aro-
matic powder. Take of cinnamon, cardamoms,
and ginger, each, ?ij. Make a fine powder.
Stimulant and carminative. Chiefly used as an
adjuvant. Dose, gr. x. to jss.
Pulvis arthriticus Ducis Portlaxdi. See
Portland powder.
Pulvis arthriticus Turneri. Turner's
gout powder. This consisted of turbeth min-
eral, hennodactyl, scammony, and the berries
of the dwarf elder, of each, equal parts. It
was given at intervals with a view of prevent-
ing the return of the gout. Dose, from gr. xv.
to 3ij.
Pulvis asari compositus. (Ph. D.) Com-
!>ound asarabacca powder. Take asarabacca
eaves, dried, §j. ; lavender flowers, dried, 3J.
Make a powder. Powerfully errhine. Dose,
gr. v. to gr. viij.
Pulvis basilicus. Basilic powder. Royal
powder. This consisted of diagryJium, cream
of tartar, and calomel, of each, equal parts. It
was used principally as a vermifuge for children,
in a dose of from six to fifteen grains.
Pulvis Capucinorum. Powdered covadilla.
Used to destroy lice in the head.
Pulvis Carthusianorum. Antimonii sul-
phuretum rubrum.
Pulvis cephalicus. There are many pow-
ders prepared under this name, and most of
them contain some agreeable aromatic, and
many some asarabacca.
Pulvis cerussj; compositus. This is most-
ly used in the form of collyrium, lotion, or in-
jection, as a mucilaginous sedative.
Pulvis chelarum cancri compositus. An
antacid and astringent powder, mostly given to
children with diarrhoea and acidity of the pri-
mae via?.
Pulvis cinnamomi compositus. (Ph. L.)
Compound powder of cinnamon. Take of cin-
namon bark, §ij.; cardamom seeds, giss. ; gin-
ger root, fj. ; long peppers, fss. Rub them
together, so as to make a very fine powder.
The dose is gr. x. to xv. An elegant stimu-
lant, carminative, and stomachic powder.
Pulvis Cobbii. Pulvis tunguinensis. Cobb's
powder. Tonquin powder. This once cele-
brated powder consists of sixteen grains of
musk, and forty-eight grains of cinnabar, to be
taken mixed in a gill of arrack. It was regard-
ed as a specific in hydrophobia.
Pulvis Comitis Warwice.vsis. See Corna-
ehinus pulvis.
Pulvis comitiss^;. Cinchona powder.
Pulvis contrayerva compositus. Take
of contrayerva root, powdered, § v. ; prepared
shells, Ibiss. Mix. A febrifuge diaphoretic.
Obsolete.
Pulvis cornu usti cum opio. P. opiatus.
Powder of burned hartshorn with opium. Not
now officinal.
Pulvis cretx compositus. (Ph. L. & D.)
Compound powder of chalk. Pulvis e bolo
PUL
compositus sine opio. Take of prepared chalk,
Ibss. ; cinnamon bark, ?iv. ; tormentil root, aca-
cia gum, of each, f j. ; long peppers, § ss. The
dose is from 3ss. to 9j. An astringent, car-
minative, and stomachic powder.
Pulvis cret,e compositus cum opio. (Ph.
L. & D.) P. crcta opiatus. Compound pow
der of chalk with opium. Take of compound
powder of chalk, sjviss. ; hard opium, powder-
ed, 9iv. Mix. An anodyne astringent. The
dose is from one scruple to two in diarrhoeas-.
Pulvis diaphoreticus. Pulvis ipecacuanha?
cum opio.
Pulvis Doveri. Pulvis ipecacuanha? cum
opio.
Pulvis escharotica arsexicalis. The pate
arsenicale.
Pulvis ipecacuanha cufo opio. (U.S.) P.
ipecacuanha; compositus. Compound powder of
ipecacuanha. Take of ipecacuanha, root, pow-
dered, hard opium, powdered, of each, 3J. ; sul-
phate of potash, powdered, §j. Mix. A di-
aphoretic powder, similar to that of Dr. Dover,
which gained such repute in the cure of rheu-
matisms, and other diseases arising from ob-
structed perspiration and spasm. The dose is
from five grains to a scruple.
Pulvis Jacob i. See Antimonialis pul-
vis.
Pulvis jalaps compositus. (U. S., Ph. E.
& D.) Compound powder of jalap. Take of
jalap, 3 iij . ; bitartrate of potash, gvj. A hydra-
gogue purgative. Dose, from one to two scru-
ples.
Pulvis Jesuiticus. Cinchona powder.
Pulvis kino compositus. (Ph. L. & D.)
Compound powder of kino. Take of kino,
3xv. ; cinnamon bark, ?ss. ; hard opium, 3J. :
make a very fine powder. The proportion of
opium this astringent coutains is one part in
twenty. The dose is from five grains to a
scruple in chronio diarrhoea.
Pulvis myrrh* compositus. A stimulant,
antispasmodic, and emmenagogue powder of
myrrh, rue, savine, and castor.
Pulvis parturiens. P. parturifaciens. P.
partam accclerans. Powder of ergot.
Pulvis pro cataplasmate. (Ph. D.) Pow-
der for a poultice. Take of linseed meal, one
part; oatmeal, two parts. (Corn meal would
be much better.)
Pulvis rhei compositus. (Ph. E.) Com-
pound powder of rhubarb. Take of magnesia,
Ibj. ; powdered ginger, § ij. ; powdered rhu-
barb, ?iv. Mix thoroughly. Antacid, and a
mild stomachic laxative for children. Dose,
for adults, 3j. to 3SS.
Pulvis sali'nus compositus. (Ph. E.&D.)
Compound saline powder. Take of common
salt, sulphate of magnesia, each, four parts ; sul-
phate of potash, three parts. Apeiient* Dose,
3ij. to 3iij-
Pulvis scammonii compositus. (Ph.L.&D.)
Compound powder of scammony. Take of
scammony, hard«extract of jalap f of each, fij. ;
ginger root, f ss. : reduce separately to a very
fino powder, and mix. -From ten to fifteen
grains or a scruple are exhibited as a stimula-
ting cathartic. Used in worm coses.
Pulvis scammonii cum aloe. A stimulating
547
PUN
PUR
cathartic, in the close of from ten to fifteen
grains.
PULVIS SCAMMONII CUM CALOMELANE. Scam-
mony powder with calomel. Scammony, 3J. ;
calomel and sugar, each 388. A vermifuge ca-
thartic, in the dose of from ten to fifteen grams.
Pulvis SEN'S* compositus. Compound
powder of senna. Take of senna leaves, super-
tartrate of potash, of each, §ij. ; scammony gum-
resin, 5SS. ; ginger root, jij.: make a very fine
p'owder. A hydragogue stimulating cathartic.
Dose, 3j. to 3j.
Pulvis spongije ustjE. (Ph. D.) Powder
of burned sponge. Dose, 3J. to jij. Iodine is
now substituted.
Pulvis stanni. (U. S.) Powder of tin.
Take of tin any quantity. Melt in an iron ves-
sel, and, while it is cooling, stir until it is re-
duced to a powder, which is to be passed through
a sieve. Used as an anthelmintic. Dose, 3J.
to 3ij., with honey or molasses, to be followed
in a few hours by a brisk cathartic.
Pulvis sternutatorius. Pulvis asari com-
positus.
Pulvis stypticus. Pulvis alumnus com-
positus.
Pulvis stitticus Helvetic. See Stypticnm
llelvetii.
Pulvis tragaca'nth;e compositus. (Ph. L.
& E . ) Compound powder of tragacanth. Take
of tragacanth, powdered, acacia gum, powder-
ed, starch, of each, §iss. ; sugar, f iij. : powder.
A demulcent vehicle.
Pumex. Pumice.
Pumice. A porous volcanic substance.
Pumilio. Pumilus. Dwarf.
Puna. The vcta, or sensation of sickness and
depression experienced in the elevated places
of the Andes.
Puncta lachrymalia. Sec Lachrymal ap-
paratus.
Pu'nctate. Puncta'tus. Dotted.
Puncti'cul*. Petechia;.
PU'NCTUM. (urn, i, n. ; from pungo, to
prick.) A point. Applied, in anatomy, to
several minute objects.
Punctum aureum. Formerly, when a hernia
of the intestines was reduced by an incision
made through the skin and adipose membrane,
quite down to the upper part of the spermatic
vessels, a golden wire was fixed and twisted
there so as to prevent the descent of any thing
down the tunica vaginalis. This operation was
called Punctum aureum.
Punctum lachrymale. See Lachrymal ap-
paratus.
Punctum saliens. The first appearance of
the heart in the embryo. See Ovum.
Punctu'ra. 1. A puncture. 2. Paracentesis.
PUNCTURED WOUND. A wound made
■with a long instrument, and having considera-
ble depth. It is a dangerous wound, from the
number of textures involved.
Pungent. Sharp and stinging.
PU'NICA. {a, <e, f.) A genus of plants.
.Tcosandria. Monogynia. — P. grana'tum. The
pomegranate. Granatum. The rind of the
iruit, and the flowers called Balaustine flotoers,
are the parts directed for medicinal use. They
■are very astringent, and have successfully been
548
employed as such in diseases, both internally
and externally. The bark of the fruit is also
considered an excellent vermifuge. Dose, 3J.
in decoction.
Puni'ceus. Puniceal, or of a fine bright red
color.
PUPIL. (Pupilla, a, f. ; from pupa, a babe ;
because it reflects the diminished image of the
person who looks upon it, like a puppet.) The
round opening in the middle of the iris. See
Eye.
Pupil, artificial. 1. The operation of cut-
ting through the iris when it is closed. 2. The
operation by which a new pupil is formed when
the natural aperture has become useless from
an opacity of the cornea or other causes.
Pupil, closed. See Synizesis.
PUPILLA'RIS. (From pupilla, the pupil.)
Of, or belonging to, the pupil.
Pupillaris membrana. Pupillary membrane :
See Membrana pupillaris.
Pupilla: velum. See Membrana pupil-
laris.
Purblindness. Myopia.
Purgame'ntum. A purge.
PtJRGA'TioN. Purgatio. Catharsis. The ac-
tion of a purge ; an evacuation.
Purga'tiones. The menses.
PURGATIVE. Applied adjectively and sub-
stantively to whatever increases the peristaltic
motion of the bowels, so as to considerably in-
crease the alvino evacuations. See Cathartic.
Purge. A purgative.
Purging flax. Linum catharticum.
Purging-nut. Jatropha curcas.
PU'RIFORM. {Puriformis ; from pus, and
forma, resemblance.) Resembling pus.
Purl. A beverage prepared by infusing com-
mon wormwood in ale.
Purple powder of Cassius. See Aurum
stanno paratum.
Purples. Purpura hannorrhagica.
PU'RPURA- («, cc, f. Tlop<j>vpa, or purpura,
a purple color.) An efflorescence consisting of
small, distinct, purple specks and patches, at-
tended with general debility, but not always
with fever, which are caused by an extravasa-
tion of the vessels under the cuticle. It is di-
vided into the five following species :
1. Purpura simplex. — This has the appear-
ance of petechia?, without much disorder of the
constitution, except languor, pain in the limbs,
and a sallow complexion. The petechia? are
most numerous on the breast, inside of the arms
and legs, and are of various sizes, and common-
ly circular. There is no itching or other sensa-
tion attending the petechia?.
2. Purpura hemorrhagica. Land, scurvy.
This is considerably more severe : the petechia*
are of larger size, and interspersed with vibices
and ecchymoses, resembling the marks left by
the strokes of a whip, or by violent bruises. They
appear first on the legs, and afterward on the
thighs, arms, and trunk of the body ; the hands
being more rarely spotted with them, and the
face generally free. They are of a bright red
color when they first appear, but 60011 become
purple or livid, and when about to disappear
they change to a brown or yellowish hue : the
cuticle over them appears smooth and shining,
PUR
but is not sensibly elevated; in a few cases,
however, it has been seen raised into a sort of
vesicle, containing black blood. This more
particularly happens in the spots which appear
on the tongue, gums, and palate, and inside of
the cheeks and lips, where the cuticle is ex-
tremely thin : the gentlest pressure on the skin,
even feeling the pulse, will often produce a pur-
ple blotch, like that which is left after a severe
bruise.
There is a great tendency to hemorrhage,
which may be fatal. The bleeding occurs from
the gums, nostrils, throat, inside of the cheeks,
tongue, and lips, and sometimes from the lining
membrane of the eyelids, the urethra, and ex-
ternal ear; and also from the internal cavities
of the lungs, stomach, bowels, uterus, kidneys,
and bladder.
There soon arises a cachectic state with ex-
treme languor. The disease may last a few
days, or be prolonged to months or years. It
attacks both sexes, usually before puberty, and
especially those who are confined in unhealthy
and close rooms.
In the slighter degrees of purpura occurring
in children who are ill fed and nursed, and who
reside in close places, or in women shut up in
similar situations, and debilitated by anxiety;
the use of tonics, with the mineral acids, and
wine, will be adequate to the cure of the dis-
ease, where a good diet and exercise are super-
added ; but in those who are well fed, and en-
joy a pure air, it is probably associated with
some congestion; and mercurial alteratives, the
mineral acids, chalybeates, and general altera-
tives will be necessary.
3. Purpura urticans is distinguished by com-
mencing in the form of rounded and reddish
elevations of the cuticle, resembling wheals,
without tingling or itching. These tumors
gradually dilate ; but within one or two days
they subside to the level of the surrounding
cuticle, and their hue becomes darker, and at
length livid. They are most common on the
legs, where they appear with petechia;, but
also appear on the arms, thighs, breast, &c.
It usually occurs in summer and autumn, and
lasts from three to five weeks. Some oedema
of the extremities usually accompanies it, and
it is occasionally preceded by a stiffness and
weight of the limbs. The same rules of treat-
ment apply to this as to the preceding varieties
of the disease.
4. Purpura senilis appears principally along
the outside of the forearm, in elderly women,
in successive dark purple blotches, of an ir-
regular form, and various magnitude : eacli of
these continues from a week to ten days, when
the extravasated blood is absorbed.
Tonics or any other expedient do not appear
to exert any influence over the eruption.
5. Purpura contagiosa is an eruption of pete-
chia? which occasionally accompanies typhoid
fevers: where they occur in close situations,
they are merely symptomatic, and are very
rarely seen.
Purpura alba. Purpura rubra. Many
writers term the miliary fever, when the pus-
tules are white, purpura alba ; and when they
are red, purpura rubra.
PUS
Purpura nautica. Sea scurvy.
Purpura scorbutica. The dark-colored
blotches which appear on tho skin in scurvy.
Purpurate of ammonia. Murexide.
PURPU'REUS. Purple: applied to desig
nate a particular color. See Color.
Purpu'ric acid. Murexan.
PURPU'RINE. The uro-erythrine of Simon.
A red pigment of urine, made very apparent
by adding hydrochloric acid to the warm ex-
cretion. It is abnormally developed in ob-
structions of the portal system, rendering the
urine of a pink color, or giving pink deposits. —
Golding Bird.
PU'RRING TREMOR, A peculiar vibration,
compared to the purring of a cat, communica-
ted to the hand in those states of the heart or
arteries in which the bellows or rasp sound is
detected by auscultation. It is the Bruissement
of Corvisart, and tho Frcmisscment cataire of
Laennec. It requires a stronger current of the
blood than is necessary to produce the bellows
sound, and exists only in hypertrophies, or
where there is a regurgitation of blood from the
ventricles into the auricles, or from the arteries
into the ventricles.
Pu'rsiness. Obesity; and especially the
short breathing of fat persons.
Purslane. Portulaca oleracea.
PU'RULENT. (Purulens; from pus.) Of
the nature of pus.
Purulent ophthalmia. See Ophthalmitis.
PUS. (us, uris, n. ; pi. pura. Ylvoc.) Mat-
ter. A whitish, bland, cream-like fluid, heavier
than water, found in abscesses, or on the surface
of sores. It is distinguished, according to its
nature, into laudable or good pus, .scrofulous,
serous, and ichorous pus, &c.
Pus taken from a healthy ulcer, near the
source of circulation, as on the arm or breast,
readily separates from tho surface of the sore,
the granulations underneath being small, point-
ed, and of a florid red color, and has the follow-
ing properties: it is nearly of the consistence
of cream ; is of a white color, and, when cold,
is inodorous, but when warm, has a peculiar
smell. Examined by a microscope, it is found
to consist of two parts — of globules, and a trans-
parent colorless fluid, the liquor puris; the
globules are probably white, at least they ap-
pear to have some degree of opacity, and are
larger than those of the blood.
Pus is readily distinguished from mucus by
the presence of globules, and by the action of
potash, as this agent dissolves mucus, but only
concretes pus into a ropy mass.
Pusillatum. Pusulatum. A coarse powder.
Pustula oris. See Aphtha.
PU'STULE. (Pustula, a little pustule ; from
pus, matter.) An elevation of the cuticle, from
inflammation of some of its parts, sometime*
globate, sometimes conoidal in its form, and
containing pus or lymph, which is, in general,
discolored.
Pustules are various in their size, but the di-
ameter of the largest seldom exceeds two lines.
There are many different kinds of pustules,
properly distinguished in medical authors by
specific appellations, as,
1. Phlyzacium, a small pustule containing
549
P YO
pus, and raised on a hard, circular, inflamed
base of a vivid red color. It is succeeded by a
tbiok, hard, dark-colored scab.
2. Psydracium, according to Dr. Willan, a
minute pustule, irregularly circumscribed, pro-
ducing but a slight elevation of the cuticle, and
terminating in a laminated scab. Many of
these pustules usually appear together, and be-
come confluent. When mature, they contain
pus, and, after breaking, discharge a thin, wa-
tery humor.
The genera impetigo, porrigo, ecthyma, va-
riola, and scabies, which Dr. Willan includes
under the order of pustuluc, have nothing in
common in their character, except the appear-
ance of pustules in some stage of their progress ;
for some aro contagious and others not, some
are acute and others chronic. See, also, Achor
and Favus.
Pustule, malignant. An exceedingly fatal
adynamic disease, induced by a peculiar virus
occasionally found in the bodies of diseased
cattle and in anatomical subjects. It is highly
contagious, and produces a universal gangrene.
It is called malignant pustule from the appear-
ance of a livid pustule on the body in some
stage of the disease.
PUTA'MEN. (en, inis, n. ; from pvto, to
cut.) The bark or paring of any vegetable, as
the walnut.
Putre'do. Hospital gangrene.
PUTREFA'CTION. (Putref actio ; bommf
trefacio, to make rotten, to cause to putrefy.)
Putrid fermentation. Putrefaotivo fermenta-
tion. The decomposition of animal and vege-
table matters attended with a fetid exhalation.
The solid and the fluid matters are resolved
into gaseous compounds and vapors, which es-
cape ; and into earthy matters, which remain.
It is a species of fermentation, which see.
Putrid fever. See Typhus.
P YE LPT IS. (From nvelot, the pelvis.)
Inflammation of the pelvis and calyces of the
kidney.
Pyelonephritis. Inflammation of all the
parts of the kidney.
Pye'sis. Suppuration.
PY'INE. (From irvov, pus.) A substance
soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, and non-
coagulable by heat, derived by Giiterbock from
pus. It is identical with the tritoxide of pro-
teine according to Mulder, but does not appear
to be a uniform constituent of pus.
Pylemphra'xis. (From irvXn, a gate (porta),
and efuf>pai;tc, obstruction.) Obstruction of the
vena porta).
PYLO'RIC. (Pyloricus; from pylorus.)
Belonging to the pylorus.
Pyloric artery. Artcria pylorica. A
branch of the hepatic artery, distributed to the
pylorus and lesser curvature of the stomach.
PYLO'RUS. (its, i, m. ; from irvkv, an en-
trance, and upeu, to guard : because it guards,
as it were, the entrance of the bowels.) The
inferior aperture of the stomach, which opens
into the intestines.
Pyo'des. Purulent.
PYOGE'NESIS. Pyogenia. (From Trove,
and yeveaic, generation.) The ibrmation or
elaboration of pus. This appears to be a reg-
550
P YE
ular secretion from the blood, formed by the
false membrane occupying the surface of the
wound or the sides of the abscess. It is an in-
teresting fact that pyine, a peculiar component
of pus, is highly oxydized fibrin, and agrees with
the matter of the buffy coat of the blood (the
tritoxide of proteine).
Pyoge'nic. Pyogenicus. Related to the
formation of pus ; suppurative.
PYOH'jE'MIA. (From irovc, and aifia,
blood.) A morbid state of the blood, in which
pus globules occur therein. This is the case in
hectic fevers, phlebitis, and, according to Gul-
liver and others, whenever there is suppuration
going on in the system. The presence of pus
in the blood is best ascertained by the micro-
scope, the pus globules being yellowish-white,
tuberculated with three to five nuclei, larger
than the chyle globules, and usually grouped
in threes, (burs, and fives, whereas chyle glob-
ules are perfectly spherical, and swim singly.
If there be a large amount of pus, Donne's test
will detect it in the blood. This consists of the
addition of ammonia, which forms a clear solu-
tion with blood, but converts the pus into a
stiff jelly.
Pyon. Hove. Pus.
PYOPOIE'TIC. (From irvov, pus, and rroieu,
to make.) Suppurative.
Pyophtha'lmus. Hypopyon.
PYORRHCE'A. (From irvov, pus, and peu,
to flow.) A purulent discharge.
Pyo'sis. A suppuration.
PYOU'RIA. (From irvov, pus, and ovpov,
urine.) Pyuria. A purulent state of the urine.
Pyracid. An acid which is most active at a
red heat, as the silicic, phosphoric, boracic.
PY'RAMID. Pyramis. 1. A geometrical
solid, the surfaces of which are triangular planes,
and the sections polygons, decreasing in size
from the base to the apex. The pyramid is said
to be triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal,
&c, according to the number of its angles.
Most prismatic crystals are terminated with
pyramids. 2. A conical bony projection in the
cavity of the tympanum.
PYRA'MIDAL. (Pyramidalis : so called
from its form.) Of the figure of a pyramid.
Pyramida'le -os. The cuneiform bone.
Pyramidalia corpora. See Corpus pyram.-
idale.
PYRAMID A'L IS. Pyra midalis Fallopii.
Pyramidalis vel succcnturiatus. A muscle in
the front of the abdomen. It is a very small
muscle, situated at the bottom of the fore part
of the rectus, and is covered by the same apo-
neurosis that forms the anterior part of the sheath
of that muscle. It arises, by short, tendinous
fibres, from the upper and fore part of the oh
pubis. From this origin, which is seldom more
than an inch in breadth, its fibres ascend some-
what obliquely, to be inserted into the linea
alba, and inner edge of the rectus, commonly
at about the distance of two inches from the
pubes. Its use seems to be to assist the lower
part of the rectus.
Pyramidalis faciei. See Levator labii su-
perioris alceque nasi.
Pyramidalis nasi. A few fibres of the oc
cipito-frontalis muscle, which descend over the
PYR
Basal bones, and are inserted into the compres-
sor nasi.
PYRE'CTICA. (From nvperoc, fever.) The
family of fevers; the first order in the class
Hcematica. — Good.
Py'rene. A colorless, crystalline body, ob-
tained from pitch. — Laurent.
Pyrenoides. Kernel-shaped : applied to
the odontoid process of the second vertebra.
Pyrete'rium. The fire-hole of a furnace.
Pyrethri'n. An acrid, resinous body found
in the bark and root of the pellitory of Spain,
Anacyclus (anthcmis) pyrcthrum.
Pyre'thrum. Anthemis pyrethruin.
Pyreturum sylvestre. Achillea ptarmica.
PYRE 'TIC (Pyreticus; from xvp, fire.)
Appertaining to fever.
Pyre 'tine. A yellow sublimate which
cornea over toward the end of the distillation
of amber.
Pyrkto'logy. Pyretologia. The doctrine
of fevers.
Pyre'tos. Uvperoc. A fever.
PYRE'XIA. (a, as, f.; from vvp, fire.)
Fever.
PYREXIAE. Febrile diseases. Tho first
class of Cullen's Nosology; characterized by
frequency of pulse after a cold shivering, with
increase of heat, and especially, among other
impaired functions, a diminution of strength.
Pyre'xial. Pyre.cialis. Febrile. Apper-
taining to fever.
PYRPFORM. (Pyriformis; from pyrus, the
pear, and forma, likeness.) Pear-like; pear-
shaped.
PYRIFO'RMIS. Pyriformis, seu iliacus ex-
ternus. Pyriformis sive pyramidalis of Wins-
low. A small, radiated muscle of the pelvis,
situated under the glutams maximus, along the
inferior edge of the gluteus minimus. It arises,
by three or four tendinous and fleshy origins,
from the anterior surface of the second, third,
and fourth pieces of the os sacrum. P'rom these
origins the muscle grows narrower, and, passing
out of the pelvis below the niche in the poste-
rior part of the ilium, from which it receives a
few fleshy fibres, is inserted by a roundish ten-
don into the upper part of the cavity, at the
root of the trochanter major. The use of this
muscle is to assist in moving the thigh outward,
and a little upward.
Pyrites. Minerals of a metallic appear-
ance, especially the sulphurets of iron and cop-
per.
PYRMONT. A village in Westphalia, Ger-
many, which has a celebrated acidulous cha-
lybeate water. Pyrmont water, Aqua Pyrmon-
tana, is of an agreeable, though strongly-acidu-
lated taste, and emits a large portion of gas : it
contains muriates of soda and magnesia; sul-
})hates of soda and magnesia ; carbonates of iron,
ime, and magnesia ; and a quantity of free car-
bonic acid.
Pyrmont water, artificial. Take of sul-
phate of magnesia, gr. xv. ; common salt, gr. v. ;
carbonate of magnesia, gr. x. ; iron filings, gr. v. ;
water, Oiij. Impregnate with carbonic acid
under three atmospheres of pressure.
PYRO- PYR-. (From nvp, fire.) A pre-
fix, denoting the action or presence of fire or of
P YE
heat. Chemical principles which have passed
through the ordeal of fire are often adorned with
this prefix.
PYRO-ACETIC SPIRIT. Pyro-acetic tether.
Acetone. A substance obtained along with acetic
acid by the destructive distillation of the ace-
tates. When pure, it is a colorless limpid
liquid of a peculiar penetrating odor. It is
highly inflammable ; sp. gr., 0792. It boils at
132°. It mixes readily with water, alcohol,
ether, and turpentine. Its formula is C3H3O,
or hydrated oxide of mesityle {Kane). It has
been used in phthisis and pulmonary com-
plaints.
Py'ro-digitali'na. The empyreumatic oil
obtained by distilling dried foxglove leaves.
It seems to be an active poison, producing
paralysis, &c.
Pyro-ga'llic acid. An acid which sublimes
when gallic acid is heated to 420° F. It forms
white soluble crystals; form., C6H3O3.
Pyro-ki'nic acid. An acid obtained by the
action of heat on kinic acid.
Py'rola. See Chimaphilla.
Pyroligneous acid. Acidum pyrolignosum.
Acetic acid distilled from wood. See Acetic
acid.
Pyroligneous ether. Methylic ether.
Pyroligneous spirit. Pyroxylic spirit.
Pyro-ma'lic acid. Maleic acid.
Py'ro-meco'nic acid. An acid obtained
from meconic acid by tho aid of heat; form.,
C lp H 3 5 ,HO.
Pyro'meter. An instrument to measure the
higher degrees of heat, to which the thermom-
eter can not be applied . Daniell's pyrometer is
the only one of any value.
Pyro-mucic acid. One of the products of
the distillation of mucic acid : it forms brilliant
white scales, fusible at 266°, and volatile : it is
readily soluble. Formula, CioH 3 05,HO.
Pyro'phorus. An artificial product, which
takes fire or becomes ignited on exposure to
the air.
Py'ro-phosphoric acid. Bibasic phosphoric
acid, containing two atoms of water. It may
be formed by heating phosphoric acid to 417°
P'. for some time.
PYRO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from irvpoa, to burn.)
Water-brash ; black water. A burning pain in
the stomach, attended with copious eructation,
generally with watery fluid. This fluid has been
found by Mr. Goodsir to contain the acetic and
lactic acids, and a peculiar cryptogamic plant,
called by him the Sarcina ventriculi. See Car-
dialgia.
Pyro-tartaric and pyro-racemic acids.
Products of the distillation of tartaric acid.
Pyrote'chnia. 1. Formerly applied to
chemistry. 2. The art of making fireworks.
Pyrotho'nide. Empyreumatic oil of paper
or rags.
Pyuo'tica. Caustics.
Pyroxa'lic spirit. An alcoholic spirit ob-
tained from the distillation of wood ; sp. gr.,
•786 ; boils at 152°. Formula, hydrated oxida
of methyle.
PY'RUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Icosandria. Ptntagynia. Pomacece. — P. an-
cuparia. The mountain ash, the leaves of
551
QUA
which, when distilled, are said to yield prussic
acid. — P. communis. The pear-tree. Pears,
when ripe, are easy of digestion ; the fermented
juice is perry. — P. cydonia. The quince-tree.
The fruit is termed Cydonium malum, or quince.
Quince seeds are used in decoction in aphthous
affections, and excoriations of the mouth and
fauces. — P. malus. The apple-tree. Apples,
in general, when ripe, afford a pleasant and
easuy-digestible fruit ; but, when the stomach
is weak, they are very apt to remain unaltered
for some days, and to produce dyspepsia. They
are gently laxative to some persons.
QUA
Pyu'lca. Medicines which draw pus to-
ward the surface.
Pyu'lcum. A syringe used to extract pus
from the cavity of any sinuous ulcer. — Ambrose
Pare. Galen mentions a pyulcum, but it is not
clear what sort of an instrument it was.
Pyuria. See Pyoturia.
Pyxaca'ntha. The barberry.
Pyxidium. A compound fruit, dehiscing by
a transverse suture.
PY'XIS. {is, idis, f. ; from jrufoc , the box-
tree.) 1. A box. 2. A pill-box. 3. The
acetabulum.
Q.
Q.
P. An abbreviation of quantum placet,
as much as you please. See Prescriptions.
Quack. A charlatan.
Quadra'ngular. Quadrangularis. Four-
cornered.
Qua'drans. A quarter.
Quadrates. See Depressor labii inferioris.
QUADRA'TUS. (From quadra, a square:
so called from its figure.) Square-figured.
Quadratus dorsi. The qudratus lumborum.
Quadratus femoris. A musole of the thigh,
situated on the outside of the pelvis. It is a
flat, thin, and fleshy muscle, but not of the
shape its name would seen to indicate. It is
situated immediately below the gemini. It
arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the external
surface and lower edge of the tuberosity of the
ischium, and is inserted by short tendinous
fibres into a ridge which is seen extending from
the basis of the trochanter major to that of the
trochanter minor. Its use is to bring the os
femoris outward.
Quadratus gen.e. See Platysma myoidcs.
Quadratus labii inferioris. See Depressor
labii inferioris.
Quadratus lumborum. Quadratus, seulum-
baris extcrnus, of Wiuslow. A muscle situated
laterally, at the lower part of the spine. It
arises, tendinous and fleshy, from about two
inches from the posterior part of the spine of
the ilium. From this broad origin it ascends
obliquely inward, and is inserted into the trans-
verse processes of the four superior lumbar ver-
tebrae, into the lower edge of the last rib, and,
by a small tendon that passes up under the dia-
phragm, into the side of the last vertebra of the
back. When this muscle acts singly, it draws
the loins to one side ; when both muscles act,
they serve to support the spine, and perhaps to
bend it forward. In laborious respiration, the
auadratus lumborum may assist in pulling down
le ribs.
Quadratus maxilla inferioris. See Pla-
tysma myoides.
Quadratus radii. See Pronator radii quad-
ratus.
Quadridenta'tus. Four-toothed.
Quadri'fid. Four-cleft.
Quadrige'mina tube'rcula. The corpora
quadrigemina, or nates and testes of the brain.
See Encephalos.
Quadrige'minus primus. The pyramidalis
552
muscle. — Q. secundus ct tertius. The ischio-
trochanterianus.
Quadriloba'te. Four-lobed.
Quadrilocula'r. Four-celled.
Quadritarti'te. With four divisions.
Quadriva'lve. With four valves.
QUADRU'MANA. {Quatnor, four, and
manus, a hand.) An order of mammiferous
animals which have four hands, as monkeys.
Qua'druped. An animal having four feet.
Quadru'plici. Fourfold.
QUARANTINE. (From the Italian qua-
rantina, which is from quaranta, forty, because
forty days is its ordinary duration.) The term
during which persons or goods coming from an
infected port are kept from landing, or confined
in a lazaretto. The term of the quarantine is
often not nearly so long as forty days.
Quars. A gall-stone. — Ruland.
QUARTAN. {Quartanus, fourth.) Occur-
ring every fourth day. See Ague.
Quarta'rius. The fourth part of a gallon;
a quart.
Quartern. A fourth part of a pint; a gill.
QUASSIA, (a, m, f.) 1. The bitter wood of
the Quassia excelsa or Picrama excelsa. 2. A
genus of plants. Decandria. Monogynia. Si-
marubacea;. — Q. amara. The Surinam quassia
tree. It is almost the same in properties as the
next. — Q. excelsa. Picrwna excelsa. The
Jamaica or W. Indian quassia. Quassia wood
has no sensible odor ; its taste is that of a pure
bitter, more intense and durable than that of
almost any other known substance ; it imparts
its virtues more completely to watery than to-
spirituous menstrua. The watery extract is
from a sixth to a ninth of the weight of the
wood, the spirituous about a twenty-fourth.
This bitter extract has been considered as a
principle sui generis, and named quassina, or
quassile. The medicinal virtues ascribed to
quassia are those of a tonic, stomachic, anti-
septic, and febrifuge. It has been found very
effectual in restoring digestion, expelling flatu-
lencies, and removing habitual costiveness, pro-
duced from debility of the intestines, and com-
mon to a sedentary life. It may be given in in-
fusion, or in pills made from the watery extract:
the former is generally preferred, in the propor-
tion of three or four scruples of the wood to
twelve ounces of water.
Quassia simarouba. Simarouba officinalis.
QUI
Quassin. Quasstte. See Quassia.
Quate'rnary. Having four parts or ele-
ments.
Qua'tiuo. The astragalus.
Queen of the meadow. Spiraea ulmaria.
Queen's root. Stillingia sylvatica.
Quercera. Epialus.
Quercitanus pulvis. Calomel.
Quercitron bark. See Quercus tmc-
toria.
Que'rcula. Teucrium chamaxlrys.
QUE'RCUS. (us, us, f.) 1. The oak. 2.
A genus of trees. Monascia. Polyandria. Gu-
puliferce. — Q. alba. The white oak is officinal
in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, but the Spanish
oak, Q. falcata, and Q. prinos, are also used.
The bark of these is very astringent, and some-
what tonic and febrifuge ; the decoction is also
much used as a topical application to relaxed
tissues, indolent ulcers, prolapsus ani et uteri,
hemorrhoids, &c. Dose of the powder, 33s. to
5_j. — Q. cerris. See Quercus infectoria. — Q.
e'sculus. — The Italian oak, the acorns of which
are esculent. — Q. infecto'ria. Q. cerris. The
gall oak. Galla, Galla maxima orbiculata, and
Nux galla, or gall-nut. Galls are of various
forms and sizes, and no less different with re-
gard to their internal structure. The best are
heavy, knotted, and of a bluish color, and are
obtained from Aleppo. They are nearly en-
tirely soluble in water, with the assistance of
heat. From 500 grains of Aleppo galls, Sir
Humphrey Davy obtained, by infusion, 185
grains of solid matter, which, on analysis, ap-
peared to contain 130 of tannin. Oak-galls are
supposed to be the strongest astringent in the
vegetable kingdom. Both water and spirit
take up nearly all their virtue, though the spir-
ituous extract is the strongest preparation. The
powder is, however, the best form; and the
dose is from a few grains to half a drachm. —
Q. marina. Sea oak. Tho Fucus vesiculosus.
— Q. phellos. The willow-leaved oak, the
acorns of which are much sweeter than chest-
nuts, and much eaten by the Indians. — Q. ro-
bur. The English oak-tree. Its medical prop-
erties are the same, as those of the Q. alba. —
Q. suber. The cork-tree. The bark or cork,
when burned, is applied as an astringent appli-
cation to bleeding piles, and to allay the pain
usually attendant on hemorrhoids, in the form
of ointment. Pessaries and other surgical in-
struments are also made of it. — Q. tinctoria.
The black oak. This species is a native of the
United States, and yields the quercitron bark,
used as a yellow dye.
QUI'CKENING. The period of pregnancy
when the motion of the child first becomes
perceptible to the mother; also, the peculiar
effects which are frequently observed when the
uterus quits the pelvis, and rises into tho ab-
dominal cavity, viz., fainting, sickness, &c.
The usual period of quickening is the eighteenth
week after conception.
Quicklime. Fresh-burned lime.
Quicksilver. See Mercury, and Hydrargy-
rum. •
Quid pro quo. These words are applied
synonymously with succedaneum, or one thing
made use of to supply the defect of another.
QUI
QUI'NA. («, a>, f.) Quinine. Quinia. The
alkali obtained from the bark of the Cinchona
cordifolia and other species.
As tho sulphate of quina is now prepared on
a large scale for medical use, the readiest way
of obtaining the quina is to decompose a solu-
tion of the sulphate by means of ammonia.
Quina, when pure, is of a white color. Its
taste is intensely bitter. It is very sparingly
soluble in water, even when boiling. It is
readily soluble in boiling alcohol, which, when
evaporated, leaves it in the form of a viscid
mass. It is distinctly alkaline, and forms salts
with the acids. It crystallizes with difficulty ;
but M. Pelletier has obtained it crystallized in
fine silky flocculi, by submitting to spontaneous
evaporation a very pure alcoholic solution. Its
composition is C20H12NO2.
The medicinal properties of quina agree as
nearly as possible with those ot its sulphate;
and as the latter is more readily prepared, the
uncombined alkali is seldom used.
A number of new salts of quinine have of late
been introduced into medicine, as the citrate,
tartrate, acetate, phosphate, &c., but more es-
pecially the valerianate of quinine, which is
thought to be a valuable tonic in cases where
there is want of nervous tone, and in the de-
pression of typhoid diseases. The citrate of
iron and quinine, a preparation which adds
chalybeate properties to the tonic action of qui-
nine, is also highly recommended in scrofula
and chlorosis.
The other salts of quina, as the acetate, ci-
trate, &c, have the properties of the sulphate,
but in an inferior degree. The disulphate of
quina is accordingly the only preparation of
this alkali in general use. See Quina: disulphas.
Quinia blanca. Copalche bark.
Quina-quina. See Cinchona.
QuinjE disulphas. (Quinia; sulphas. U.S.)
Disulphate of quina. The commercial sulphate
of quinine, prepared on a large scale in France,
and imported from thence. This preparation
is a hydrated disulphate of quina, and consists
of two atoms of quinine +S03-f-8HO. a.s a
medicine, it possesses the febrifuge power of
tho cinchona bark in the highest degree, and it
is applicable to every instance in which the
bark is exhibited, except as a stomachic bitter
in dyspepsia, in which case it often proves too
stimulating, and is inferior in efficacy to a de-
coction of the bark. - The dose is from one
grain to ten. In cases of ague, after the primae
viae have been properly cleared, three grains
of the sulphate given every three hours during
the intermission will prevent the access of the
paroxysm with a .certainty that seems almost
magical. It appears, also, to act as a prophy-
lactic against intermittents, if taken occasion-
ally.
Quin.*: sulphas. Sulphate of quina. Quina
combines with sulphuric acid in two propor-
tions, forming a neutral sulphate and a disul-
phate. The former consists of one equivalent
of the acid and of the alkali, and eight of water;
the latter of one equivalent of acid, two of qui-
na, and eight of water.
Qu'inary. Quinarius. Of the number five
Quince. Pyrus cydonia.
553
RAD
Quincunx. An arrangement of five bodies,
so that four are placed at the four angles of a
square, and one in the centre.
Quinetine. A red or violet coloring matter
derived from sulphate of quinine.
Quinsy. Cynanche.
Quinia. Quinina. See Quina.
Quinine, sulphate of. See Quina: disul-
pkas.
Qo'inoa. Cheuopodiuin quinoa.
QU'INOGEN. The hypothetical radical of
the cinchona alkaloids : its formula is C20H12N,
and cinchonine, quinine, and aricineare the first,
second, and third oxide.
Qui'noline. An artificial base of an oily con-
R AD
sistence, and volatile, obtained by distilling qui-
nine, cinchonine, or strychnine. It is supposed
to be identical with leukol. Formula, CigHgN.
Quinon. Quinoyle. A product of the dis-
tillation of kinic acid. It is a compound radical.
Formula, CmHgOg.
Quinquefo'lium. Potentilla reptans.
Quinquina. See Cinchona.
Quinquina, Mexican. Iva frutescens
Quinta essentia. The quintessence.
Quintan. An ague, the paroxysms of which
occur every fourth day. See Ague.
Quotidian. An intermittent, the paroxysms
of which occur every day. See Ague.
QuiNTu'ruci. Five-fold.
R.
R.
The symbol for rhodium.
R. Recipe; take. See Prescriptions.
Rabbit. Lepus cuniculus.
RA'BIES. (es, ei, f.) Madness: generally
applied to the disease in dogs, otherwise called
hydrophobia. See Hydrophobia.
Rabies canina. Hydrophobia.
Racemic acid. Paratartaric acid.
RACE'MUS. (us, i, m. ; from ramus.') A
raceme, cluster, or bunch. A species of inflo-
rescence, being a pedunculated spike.
Rachia'lgia. See Rhachialgia.
Rachi'dian. Pertaining to the rhachis or
spinal column.
Rachis. See Rhachis.
Rackasi'ri balsamum. Balsamuin rackasiri.
Raco'sis. A relaxation of the scrotum.
RA'DIAL. (Radialis; from radius, the name
of a bone.) Belonging to the radius.
Radial artery. Arteria radialis. A branch
of the humeral artery that runs down the side
of the radius.
Radial nerve. The musculo-spinal nerve.
It is derived from the four inferior branches of
the brachial plexus, and is distributed to the
muscles of the arm and hand.
Radialis externus brevior See Extensor
carpi radialis brevior.
Radialis externus longior. See Extensor
carpi radialis longior.
Radialis externus primus. See Extensor
carpt radialis longior.
Radialis internus. See Flexor carpi radi-
alis.
Radialis secundus. See Extensor carpi
radialis brevior.
RADIATED. Radiatus.. Radiate. Ar-
ranged in diverging lines ; stellated.
RADIATION. (From radius, a ray.) The
emission of light, heat, &c, from a center, in
straight lines, to every point of a sphere.
RA'DICAL. (Radicalis; from radix, the
root or base.) 1. In Chemistry, applied to that
which is considered as constituting the distin-
guishing part of an acid, by its union with oxy-
gen or some other acidifying principle ; or to
that which is capable of combining with ele-
mentary agents. It is called a compound rad-
ical when it consists of more than one element.
554
2. In Botany, a leaf which springs from toe
root.
Ra'dicant. Radicans. A stem which cUngs
to another body for support by means of root-
like processes.
Radi'cle. Radicula. A radicle, rootlet, or
little root.
Radio-carpal. Belonging to the radius and
wrist.
Radish, garden. Raphauus sativus.
Radish, horse. Cochlearia armoracia.
RA'DIUS. (us, ii, m.) 1. In Anatomy, a
bone of the forearm. Like the ulna, it is of a
triangular figure, but it differs from that bone
in growing larger as it descends. Of its two
extremities, the uppermost and smallest is
formed into a small, rounded head, furnished
with cartilage, and hollowed at its summit, for
an articulation with the little head at the side
of the pulley of the os' humeri. The round
border of this head, next the ulna, is formed for
an articulation with the lesser sigmoid cavity of
that bone. This little head of the radius is sup-
ported by a neck, at the bottom of which, lat-
erally, is a considerable tuberosity, into the pos-
terior half of which is inserted the posterior
tendon of the biceps. Immediately below this
tuberosity the body of the bone may be said to
begin. We find it slightly curved throughout
its whole length, by which means it is enabled
to cross the ulna without compression. The
lowest part of the bone is formed into an oblong
articulating cavity, divided into two by a slight
transverse rising. This cavity is formed for an
articulation with the bones of the wrist. To-
ward the anterior and convex surface of the
bone, this cavity is defended by the styloid pro-
cess of the radius, which is covered with a car-
tilage that is extended to the lower extremity
of the ulna; a ligament is likewise stretched
from it to the wrist. Besides this large cavity,
the radius has another much smaller one, oppo-
site its styloid process, which is lined with car-
tilage, and receives the rounded surface of the
ulna. 2. In Botany, the margin of the disk of
a flower. 3. A line stretching from, the centre
of a circle to its circumference.
RADIX, (ix, ids, f.) A root. 1. In Bot-
any, that part of a plant which imbibes its
RAN
RAP
nourishment, producing the herbaceous part
and the fructification, and which consists of the
eaudex, or body, and radicles. — Linnams. 2.
In Anatomy, the term radix is applied to some
fiarts which are inserted into others ; as the
angs of the teeth, the origin of some of the
nerves, &c.
Radix bengale. See Cassumnniar.
Radix bkasiliensis. Callicocca ipecacu-
anha.
Radix dui.cis. Glycyrrhiza glabra.
Radix Indiana. Callicocca ipecacuanha.
Radix rosea. Rhodiola rosea.
Radix kubka. Rubia tiuctoruui.
Radix ursina. iEthusa meum.
Ra'dula. A wooden spatula or scraper.
Radzygk. Norwegian leprosy, said to re-
«-emblo framboesia.
Ragwort. Senecio .Tacobuca.
Ra'ia. A genus of fishes. Chondropterygia.
The following are sometimes eaten as food:
R.batis. The skate. — R.clacata. The thorn-
back. — R. oxyri'nchus. The sharp-nosed ray.
Raia torpe'do. The torpedo or electric ray.
This inhabits the Mediterranean. The touch
of this fish conveys an electric shock. It is
hard of digestion, and seldom eaten.
Rainbow worm. The herpes iris.
Raisin. See Vitis vinifera.
Rale. See Rlwnchus.
Rama'lis vena. The vena porta;.
RAME'NTA. (a, a, f. ; a radcndo.) Fil-
ings, as those of iron, zinc, &c.
Rame'ntum. A species of pubescence of
plants.
Ra'mex. A rupture.
RAMIFICATION. Ramificalio. The sub-
division and branching of arteries, nerves, and
other parts.
RAMOLLI'SSEMENT. (French.) A term
applied by the French pathologists to morbid
softening of the texture of an organ ; as Ramol-
lissement du cervcau, softening of the substance
of the brain.
Ra'mose. Ramcus. Ramosus. Branched.
Ramosi'ssimus. Much brdnched.
Ra'muxus. Ramusculits. A little branch.
RA'MUS. (us, i, m.) A branch, or pri-
mary division of a stem into lateral stems.
RA'NA. A genus of animals. Amphibia.
Rcptilia. The frog. — R. csculenta. The
French edible frog ; the flesh is nutritious, and
easily digested.
Rajici'dity. The change which oils and
fats undergo by oxydation from exposure to
the air.
Rani'nus. Raninc. 1. Appertaining to a
frog. 2. The name of an artery, called, also,
Arteria ranina. Sublingual artery. The sec-
ond branch of the external carotid.
RA'NULA. (a, m, f . ; from rana, a frog:
said to be so called because the tumor resem-
bles a frog, or because the patient croaks like a
frog ; neither of which, however, is true.) Ba-
trachos. Hypoglossus. Hypoglossum. Rana.
An inflammatory or indolent tumor under the
tongue. These tumors are of various sizes and
degrees of consistence, seated on either side of
the framum. Children, as well as adults, are
sometimes affected with them. Their contents
are various : in some they resemble the saliva
in others, the glairy matter found in the cells
of swelled joints. Sometimes it is said that a
fatty matter has been found in them ; and in
by far the greatest number of cases, we find
that the contents resemble the saliva itself.
This, indeed, might be expected, for the cause
is to be looked for in an obstruction of the sali-
vary ducts. Obstructions here may arise from
a cold, inflammation, and from obstruction by
a stony matter, seemingly separated from the
saliva. As these tumors are not usually attend-
ed with much pain, they are sometimes neglect-
ed till they burst of themselves, which they
commonly do when arrived at the bulk of a
large nut. As they were produced originally
from an obstruction in the salivary duct, and
this obstruction can not be removed by the
bursting of the tumor, it hence happens that
they leave an ulcer extremely difficult to heal,
nay, which can not be healed at all till the
cause is removed.
RANUNCULA'CFJE. The crowfoot tribe
of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants,
with divided leaves, opposite or alternate; ca-
lyx, of 3-6 sepals ; petals, 5-15, hypogynous ;
stamens, hypogynous, indefinite in number;
fruit, distinct ; simple carpels, and albuminous
seeds. They are nearly all acro-narcotic.
Ranunculoi'des. Caltha palustris.
RANU'NCULUS. (us, i, m.) 1. The plant
called Ranunculus bulbosus. (U. S.) 2. A ge-
nus of plants. Polyandria. Polygynia. Ra-
nanculacea;. The great acrimony of most of
the species of ranunculus is such, that, on be-
ing applied to the skin, they excite itching,
redness, and inflammation, and even produce
blisters, tumefaction, and ulceration of the part.
On being chewed, they corrode the tongue ;
and, if taken into the stomach, may bring on
all the deleterious effects of an acrid poison.
The most virulent of the Liiuiicun 6pecies are
the R. bulbosus, sccleratus, acris, arvensis, thora,
and illyricus. They are very seldom employ-
ed, but may be used as vesicants where better
substances are not at hand. Their activity de-
pends upon a volatile principle, lost by drying
or heating. In cases of poisoning, the general
plan appropriate to acrid medicines is to be
followed, that is, emetics succeeded by dilu-
ents, and emollient and mucilaginous prepara-
tions, to be given by the mouth and injection.
The species treated of by medical writers are
as follows: JR. aborlivus. R. acris. R. pra-
tensis. The meadow crowfoot. — R. albus.
The plant which bears this name in the phar-
macopoeias is the Anemone nemorosa of Lin-
naeus. — R. bulbosus. Bulbous-rooted crowfoot.
— R. ficaria. R. vermis. The pilewort. — R.
flammula. The smaller water crowfoot, or
spearwort. — R. sceleratus. Marsh crowfoot.
RAPE. Carnal connection with a woman
by violence and against her will.
RAPHA'NIA. Convulsio raphania. Crip-
ple disease. A genus of disease in the class
Neuroses, and order Spasmi, of Cullen ; charac-
terized by a spasmodic contraction of the joints,
with convulsive motions, and a most violent
pain returning at various periods. It begins
with cold chills and lassitude, pain in the head,
555
R AS
REC
and anxiety about the prsecordia. These symp-
toms are followed by spasmodic twitchings in
the tendons of the fingers and of the feet, dis-
cernible to the eye, heat, fever, stupor, delir-
ium, sense of suffocation, aphonia, and horrid
convulsions of the limbs. After these, vomiting
and diarrhoea come on, with a discharge of
worms, if there are any. About the eleventh
or the twentieth day, copious sweats succeed,
or purple exanthemata, or tabes, or rigidity of
all the joints.
Raphani'strum. Raphanus raphanistrum.
RA'PHANUS. (us, i, m.) 1. The radish.
2. A genus of plants. Tetr adynamia. Silicu-
losa. CrucifercB. — R. rusticans. Cochlearia
armoracia. — R. salivus. R. hortcnsis. R. ni-
ger. The radish. The several varieties of this
plant are said to have been employed medicin-
ally in the cure of calculous affections. The
juice, made into a syrup, was given to relieve
hoarseness. Mixed with honey or sugar, it was
administered in pituitous asthma; and, as an
antiscorbutic, its efficacy is generally acknowl-
edged. — R. sylvestris. Lepidium sativum.
RA'PHE. (e, es, f. Patpn, a suture.) A
suture. Applied to parts which appear as if
they were sewed together.
Raphe cerebri. R. corporis callosi. The
longitudinal eminence of the corpus callosum
of the brain is so called, because it appears
somewhat like a suture.
Raphe scroti. R.perinei. The rough em-
inence which divides the scrotum, as it were,
in two. It proceeds from the root of the penis
inferiorly and along the perineum.
RAPHIANCISTRON. (From pa<j>iov, a nee-
dle, and ayniorpov, a hook.) An instrument
consisting of a needle and hook combined, used
for the formation of an artificial pupil.
Ra p h id e s . The small acicular crystals found
in the texture of some plants, usually oxalates
of lime.
Rapi'strum. Crambe orientalis and hispa-
nica.
RA'PTUS. (us, us, m. ; from rapio, to seize
violently.) A sudden or violent seizure.
Raptus h.emorrhagicus. The outbreaking
of a hemorrhage.
Raptus nervorum. The cramp.
Raptus supinus. Opisthotonos.
Ra'pum. 1. The turnip. Brassica rapa. 2.
The Campanula rapunculus.
Rapu'nculus. Campanula rapunculus.
Rapunculus corniculatus. Phyteuma or-
biculare.
Rapus. Brassica rapa.
RAREFA'CTION. (From rarefacio, to make
thin. ) The diminution of the density of a body ;
as of a gas, by the agency of caloric.
Rash. See Exanthema.
RASP SOUND. Bruit de rape. Bruit de
lime a bois. An auscultatory sound resembling
rasping on a piece of wood. A rougher sound
of the same kind is called the saw sound, Bruit
de scie. These sounds are a high degree of the
bellows sound, and nearly always indicate or-
ganic disease of the heart. They are most de-
veloped in those cases where the orifices of the
heart are contracted from disease of the valves.
R\SPATO'RIUM. (From rado, to scrape.)
55fi
Rasortum. Scalprum. A raspatory. An in-
strument for rasping bones.
Raspberry. Rubus idams.
RASU'RA. (a, m, f. ; from rado, to scrape.)
1. A rasure or scratch. 2. The raspings or
shavings of any substance.
Ratifi'a. A liquor prepared by imparting
to ardent spirits the flavor of various kinds of
fruits.
Ratio. 1. Proportion. 2. A reason or ex-
planation.
RATIONAL TREATMENT. In Medicine,
that course of treatment of a disease which is
founded on reason and ratiocination, and is not
merely the result of routine or experience.
The latter is empirical treatment.
Rattle. Rale. See Rhonchus.
RATTLES. A term very generally applied
by nurses to the rattle-like, noisy breathing oft-
en heard in persons who are in the act of death,
and which arises from an accumulation of mu-
cus in the air passages.
Rattlesnake. Crotalus horridus.
Rattlesnake-root. Polygala senega.
RAUCE'DO. (o, onis, f. ; from, rancus.
hoarse.) Raucitas. Hoarseness. A rough-
ness of the voice, arising from some disease of
the larynx or trachea, as catarrh, &c.
Raucedo paralytica. Aphonia.
RAY. The emanation of an imponderable
body, as a ray of light, heat, &c. , A calorific
ray is that which is capable of impressing thu
sensation of heat ; a luminous ray, the impression
of light; a chemical ray, that which accom-
plishes chemical changes on certain surfaces.
Ray of a flower. The margin of the disc
of a composite flower.
REA'CTION. An effort to overcome the
force or action of an external agent. In Medi-
cine, the vital excitement which follows de-
pression, whether produced by disease or ex-
ternal agents.
REA'GENT. Test. A substance used in
chemistry to detect the presence of other
bodies.
REA'LGAR. Protosulphuret of arsenic.
RECEIVER. A chemical vessel adapted to
the neck or beak of a retort, alembic, or other
distillatory vessel, to receive and contain the
product of distillation.
RECEPTA'CULUM. Receptacle. (From
recipio, to receive.) 1. In Anatomy, a name
given by anatomists to a part of the thoracic
duct. See Reccptaculum chyli. 2. In Botany,
the common basis or point of connection of the
other parts of the fructification of plants ; by
some called the Thalamus and the Placenta.
. Receptaculum chyli. Reccptaculum Pec-
queti, because Pecquet was the fir6t to describe
it. A dilatation at the commencement of the
thoracic duct, generally opposite the third lum-
bar vertebra. This dilatation varies in size in
different subjects, and in some there is none at
all. J
Recipe. R\ Take.
RECLINA'TION. One of the operations
used for the cure of cataract. See Cataract.
Reclina'tus. Reclining.
RECREMENTI'TIAL HUMORS. Those
secretions which are again absorbed and em-
REC
ployed in the economy, as bile, saliva, gastric
juice.
Recrude'scence. The aggravation of a dis-
ease after a partial remission.
RECTIFICA'TION. (Rectificatio, onis, f.;
from rectus, right, and fio, to be made.) A
second distillation, by which volatile substances
are farther purified.
Recto-vaginal. Belonging to the rectum
and vagiua, as the recto-vaginal septum or
fistula.
RE'CTUM. (um, i, n. ; so named from an
erroneous opinion that it was straight.) The
last portion of the large intestines, terminating
in the anus. See Intestine.
RE'CTUS. (us, i, m.) Straight. Several
parts of the body, particularly muscles, are so
called from their direction.
Rectus abdominis. A long and straight
muscle, situated near its fellow, at the middle
and fore part of the abdomen, parallel to the
linea alba, and between the aponeurosis of the
other abdominal muscles. It arises sometimes
by a single broad tendon from the upper and
inner part of the os pubis, but more commonly
by two heads, one of which is fleshy, and origi-
nates from the upper edge of the pubis, and the
other tendinous, from the inside of the symphysis
pubis, behind the pyramidalis muscle. From
these beginnings, the musclo runs upward the
whole length of the linea alba, and becoming
broader and thinner as it ascends, is inserted by
a thin aponeurosis into the edge of the cartilago
ensiformis, and into the cartilages of the fifth,
sixth, and seventh ribs. This aponeurosis is
placed under the pectoral muscle, and some-
times adheres to the fourth rib. The fibres of
this muscle are commonly divided by three ten-
dinous intersections, which were first noticed
by Berenger, or, as ho is commonly called,
Carpi, an Italian anatomist, who flourished in
the sixteenth century. One of these intersec-
tions is usually where the muscle runs over the
cartilage of the seventh rib ; another is at the
umbilicus ; and the third is between these two.
Sometimes there is one, and even two, between
the umbilicus and the pubes. When one or
both of these occur, however, they seldom ex-
tend more than halfway across the muscle. As
these intersections seldom penetrate through
the whole substance of the muscle, they are all
of them most apparent on its anterior surface,
where they firmly adhere to the sheath : the
adhesions of the rectus to the posterior layer of
the internal oblique are only by means of cel-
lular membrane, and of a few vessels which
pass from one to another.
The use of the rectus is to compress the fore
part of the abdomen : it may likewise serve to
bring the trunk forward, and to raise the pelvis.
Rectus abducens oculi. See Rectus ex-
ternus oculi.
Rectus adducens oculi. See Rectus inter-
ims oculi.'
Rectus arterior brevis. See Rectus capitis
* intemus minor.
f Rectus anterior longus. See Rectus capi-
tis intemus major.
Rectus attollens oculi. See Rectus supe-
rior oculi.
REC
Rectus capitis anticus longus. SeeRectm
capitis intemus major.
Rectus capitis internus major. A muscle
situated on the anterior part of the neck, close
to the vertebra;. Rectus internus major of Al-
binus, Douglas, and Cowper. Rectus anterior
longus of Winslow. It is a long muscle, thick-
er and broader above than below, where it is
thin, and terminates in a point. It arises, by
distinct and flat tendons, from the anterior
points of the transverse processes of the five in-
ferior vertebrae of the neck, and, ascending ob-
liquely upward, is inserted into the anterior
part of the cuneiform process of the occipital
bone. The use of this muscle is to bend the
head forward.
Rectus capitis internus minor. Reclusin-
tcrnus minor. Winslow calls it rectus anterior
brevis. It is in part covered by the rectus ma-
jor. It arises, fleshy, from the upper and fore
part of the body of the first vertebra of the
neck, near the origin of its transverse process,
and, ascending obliquely inward, is inserted
near the root of the condyloid process of the
occipital bone, under the last-described muscle.
It assists in bending the head forward.
Rectus capitis lateralis. Rectus lateralis
Fallopii of Douglas. Rectus lateralis of Cow-
per. This muscle is somewhat larger than the
rectus minor, but resembles it in shape, and i3
situated immediately behind the internal jugu-
lar vein, at its coming out of the cranium. It
arises, fleshy, from the upper and fore part of
the transverse process of the first vertebra of
the neck, and, ascending a little obliquely up-
ward and outward, is inserted into the occipital
bone, opposite to the stylo-mastoid hole ot the
os temporis. This muscle serves to pull the
head to one side.
Rectus capitis posticus major. This mus-
cle, which is the rectus major of Douglas and
Winslow, and the rectus capitis posticus minor
of Albinus, is small, short, and flat, broader
above than below, and is situated, not in a
straight direction, as its name would insinuate,
but obliquely, between the occiput and the
second vertebra of the neck, immediately un-
der the complexus. It arises, by a short, thick
tendon, from the upper and posterior part of
the spinous process of the second vertebra of
the neck ; it soon becomes broader, and, ascend-
ing obliquely outward, is inserted, by a flat
tendon, into the external lateral part of the
lower semicircular ridge of the os occipitis.
The use of this is to extend the head, and pull
it backward.
Rectus capitis posticus minor. This is the
rectus minor of Douglas and Winslow. It is
smaller than the last-described muscle, but re-
sembles it in shape, and is placed close by its
fellow, in the space between the recti majores.
It arises, by a short, thick tendon, from the up-
per and lateral part of a little protuberance m
the middle of the back part of the first vertebra
of the neck, and, becoming broader and thinner
as it ascends, is inserted, by a broad, flat tendon,
into the occipital bone, immediately under the
insertion of the last-described muscle. The use
of it is to assist the rectus major in drawing lha
head backward.
557
RE
Rectos cruris. See Rectus femoris.
Rectus deprimens oculi. See Rectus in-
ferior oculi.
Rectus externus oculi. The outer straight
muscle of the eye : called, also, Abductor oculi,
Iracundus, and Indignabundus. It arises from
the bony partition between the foramen opticum
and lacerum, being the longest of the straight
muscles of the eye, and is inserted into the
sclerotic membrane, opposite to the outer can-
thus of the eye. Its use is to move the eyes
outward.
Rectus femoris. A straight muscle of the
thigh, situated immediately at the fore part.
Rectus sivc gracilis anterior of Winslow.
Rectus cruris of Albums. It arises from the
os ilium by two tendons. The foremost and
shortest of these springs from the outer surface
of the inferior and anterior spinous process of
the ilium ; the posterior tendon, which is thick-
er and longer than the other, arises from the
posterior and outer part of the edge of the coty-
loid cavity, and from the adjacent capsular liga-
ment. These two tendons soon unite, and form
an aponeurosis, which spreads over the anterior
surface of the upper part of the muscle ; and
through its whole length we observe a middle
tendon, toward which its fleshy fibres run on
each side in an oblique direction, so that it may
be 6tyled a penniform muscle. It is inserted,
tendinous, into the upper edge and anterior sur-
face of the patella, and from thence sends off a
thin aponeurosis, which adheres to the superior
and lateral part of the tibia. Its use is to ex-
tend the leg.
Rectus inferior oculi. The inferior of the
straight muscles of the eye. It arises within
the socket, from below the optic foramen, and
passes forward to be inserted into the sclerotic
membrane of the bulb on the under part. It
pulls the eye downward.
Rectus internus femoris. See Gracilis.
.Rectus internus oculi. The internal
straight muscle of the eye. It arises from the
inferior part of the foramen opticum, between
the obliquus superior and the rectus inferior,
being, from its situation, the shortest muscle of
the eye, and is inserted into the sclerotic mem-
brane opposite to the inner angle. Its use is
to turn the eye toward the nose.
Rbctus lateralis Fallopii. See Rectus
capitis lateralis.
Rectus major capitis. See Rectus capitis
posticus major.
Rectus superior oculi. The uppermost
straight muscle of the eye. It arises from the
upper part of the foramen opticum of the sphe-
noid bone, below the levator palbebrao superi-
oris, and runs forward to be inserted into the
superior and fore part of the sclerotic membrane
by a broad and thin tendon.
RECU'RRENT. Rccurrens. Running back.
A term applied to the branches of arteries,
nerves, &c., which send branches upward from
their place of origin.
Recurrent nerve. Nervus recurrens. A
branch given oft" from the par vagum, on each
side, in the cavity of the thorax, is so called.
The right is given off near the subclavian artery,
which it surrounds, and is reflected upward to
558
REG
the thyroid gland ; the left a little lower, and
reflected around the aorta, to the oesophagus, as
far as the larynx. They are both distributed
to the muscles of the larynx and pharynx.
Recurved. Recu'rvus. Rccurvatus. Bow-
ed, or turned backward.
Red antimony. See Antinionii vitrum.
Red gum. Red gowti. See Strophulus.
Red liquor. A solution of crude acetate of
iron.
Red precipitate. See Hydrargyri oxydum
rubrum.
Red sanders. Fterocarpus sautalinus.
Re'ddle. A species of red ochre.
REDU'CTION. 1. In Surgery, the return-
ing of a dislocated bone into its proper place.
2. In Chemistry, the operation of producing a
metal from its ores or compounds.
•REFLECTION. (From refleclo, to bend
back.) 1. In Anatomy, a duplicature, or fold
of membrane. 2. In Optics and Mechanics, the
rebound, or motion in a new direction, which
takes place when a moving body impinges on
a resisting surface. The direction of the new
motion is always related to that of the incidence,
the angles being equal,
REFLEX. Reflex action or function. This
name has been given to those instances of nerv-
ous action in which an impression made on the
extremity of one nerve is propagated to the ex-
tremity of another, through the intervention of
the nervous centers.
Refle'xed. Rejlcxus. Reflected; bentback-
ward.
REFRA'CTION. (From refraclus, broken
back.) A change in the course of a ray, pro-
duced by its passage from a rare to a dense
medium, or the reverse. The amount of re-
fraction depends upon the degree of difference
between the media.
Refraction, double. A phenomenon pro-
duced by Iceland spar and other minerals. A
ray of light falling upon these crystals in cer-
tain directions, is divided into two parts, and
hence produces two images.
Refra'ctus. Bent back, as if broken.
REFRI'GERANT. (Refrigerans ; from re-
frige ro, to cool.) Possessed of the property of
allaying the heat of the body or of the blood.
Refrigerato'ry. A vessel filled with wa-
ter, or surrounded with ice, to condense vapors,,
or to make cool any substance which passes
through it.
Regeneration. The reproduction of injur-
ed parts.
RE'GIMEN. {en, inis, f. ; from rega, to
govern.) A term employed in medicine to ex-
press the regulation of the diet and habits of an
individual, with a view to the preservation of
health or the cure of disease.
Regina prati. Spiraea ulmaria.
REGION. Regio. In Anatomy, certain ar-
tificial spaces on the body, marked out for the
convenience of description.
RE'GIUS. (From rex, a king.) Royal : ap-
plied, 1. In Pathology, to the jaundice. 2. In.
Chemistry, to the noble metals, especially gold,
and to a preparation, the aqua regia, which has *
the power of dissolving gold.
Regma. A three-celled dehiscent fruit
REM
REGULAR. Rcgularis. In Pathology, ap-
plied to diseases which observe their usual
course, in opposition to irregular, in which the
course of symptoms deviate from what is usual;
as regular gout, regular small-pox, &c.
Regular gout. See Gout.
Regular small-pox. See Variola.
RE'GULUS. Metallic matters when separ-
ated from other substances by fusion.
Regulus antimonii martialis. Martial reg-
ulus of antimony. An old preparation, made
by heating purified iron filings in a crucible,
adding sulphuret of antimony, fusing them, then
adding nitre, fusing the whole together, cool-
ing, and separating the regulus from the scoriae,
then fusing a second and third time, with the
addition of some more nitre each time.
Regulus of antimony. See Antimony.
Regulus ok arsenic. See Arsenic.
Regulus jovialis. An alloy made by fusing
antimony and tin.
Regulus veneris. An alloy of antimony
and copper.
REGURGITATION. Regurgitalio. The
act by which a canal, or reservoir of the body,
throws back its contents to relieve itself from
repletion. The puking of milk by infants is
also called regurgitation.
RE'LAPSE. The return of a disease soon
after its cessation.
RELAXATION. In Pathology, diminution
of the natural and healthy tone ot parts.
REMEDY. Remc'dium. (a re, and medcor,
to cure.) A remedy, or that which is employ-
ed with a view to prevent, palliate, or remove
a disease.
Remedium divinum. Imperatoria.
REMI'SSION. Remisio. A partial cessation
of febrile symptoms in the course of a remittent
or other fever.
Remittens icterodes. Yellow fever.
REMITTENT. {Remittens; from remitto,
to assuage or lessen.) Applied to diseases, the
symptoms of which diminish very considerably,
but return again, so as not to leave the person
free from the disease until it changes its charac-
ter or vanishes.
Remittent fever. — Aremittent fever ischar-
acterized by the usual symptoms of febrile ac-
tion, which becomes much more intense once
or oftener every four-and-twenty hours, and
then remits. This exacerbation is widely differ-
ent from the paroxysm of an intermittent. In
a remittent, however marked the diminution
of the fever, there is still a considerable degree
of it, and nothing like au apyrexial state. This
genus of fever sometimes exists in a mild form,
sometimes in the most malignant. It is a com-
mon disease with infants, and it may be observ-
ed that the febrile affections of children have
almost always more or less tendency to the re-
mittent type. The infantile remittent is gener-
ally produced by intestinal irritation; but re-
mittent fevers in general are caused by marsh
miasmata, and by peculiar poisons of vegetable
and animal origin. The malignant remittent of
v warm climates is called bilious remittent, from
the great disorder of the hepatic system ; yellow
fever, from the yellow tinge which it commu-
nicates to the skin ; and jungle fever, from the
REM
origin of the poison which produces it in swamps
and jungles.
1. Mild remittent fever. — In this the pulse
is very frequent (90 to 100), but regular through-
out; the debility is not considerable, and the skin
soon becomes relaxed, and perspires freely. It
attacks young persons of relaxed habits, who
are weakly, and commences mostly with some
disturbance of the bowels. It occurs at all sea-
sons of the year, but more frequently in the au-
tumn. Fatigue, cold, or long exposure to the
sun's heat often bring it into action. The pa-
tient complains of drowsiness, and is very lan-
guid ; is occasionally chilly, and afterwardflush-
ed, but without perspiration ; the thirst is con-
siderable, and attended by nausea and total loss
of appetite. In the course of the day, but usu-
ally toward evening, the pulse quickens, the
heat increases, and at length terminates in a
sweat, whicli after a time goes off, leaving the
skin hot and dry, and the pulse still very quick.
This exacerbation sometimes occurs at noon,
and sometimes also in the night. If the disease
be left to itself, the symptoms augment in se-
verity daily; the head occasionally, but more
frequently the liver, or some other abdominal
viscus, gives proof of being loaded and oppress-
ed, and the restlessness is intolerable ; or a sud-
den bilious purging or vomiting supervenes, and
carries pff the complaint by a salutary crisis..
It generally gives way to purgatives, especi-
ally mercurial ones, followed by saline purga-
tives with senna, and the febrile symptoms be-
ing mitigated in the intervals by saline sudorifics.
The diet should consist of very little more than
farinaceous drinks. As soon as the pulse sinks,
or the sweat is considerable, and the skin moist
and not much heated, mild tonics, especially the
mineral acids, with a light infusion of colum-
ba, gentian, quassia, chamomile, cascarilla, or
cinchona, will complete the cure, though the
disease usually runs on for ten days or a fort-
night.
2. Infantile remittent. It is usually as-
cribed to worms, which are occasionally its
cause; but the most common by far is crude
accumulations in the bowels, from which the
digestion proceeds imperfectly, producing great
general irritation, and considerable languor.
The belly becomes tumid and painful, and the
food is nauseated. The head becomes hot,
heavy, and often comatose, the disease simi-
lating in this stage the commencement of hy-
drocephalus, with which it is very frequently
confounded. See Hydrocephalus. The skin is
pale or livid, with occasional flushes in the
cheeks. Remittents in the infantile andjuvenile
periods of life are almost always accompanied
by a sluggish state of the bowels, and require
the exhibition of calomel, with jalap and scam-
mony; and if this do not act, its operation
must be assisted by the infusion of senna, with
sulphate of magnesia or potash. Until the
bowels are well cleared, the fever goes on in-
creasing ; but under a course of brisk cathartics,
in conjunction with perfect quiet, good ventila-
tion, and light farinaceous drinks and diet, it
wifl usually give way in a week or a fortnight.
Particular symptoms are to be opposed by their
appropriate remedies : thus, if there be much
559
REM
coma, the head should be bathed with a cold or
evaporating lotion of dilate acetic acid or spirit,
or the feet fomented ; if there be bilious diar-
rhoea," the purgative plan is to be abandoned,
and the pains of the bowels allayed by absorb-
ents, demulcents, and mild anodynes ; if there
be bilious or other vomitings, carbonic acid wa-
ter, with very mild aperients, until the irrita-
bility of the stomach is allayed.
3. Bilious or autumnal remittent. — Au-
tumnal remittents commence with lassitude, a
general soreness over the body, yawning, in-
quietude, and most of the other concomitants
of febrile action. As some of the larger organs
have been more affected by the influence of the
miasm than the rest, wo find them giving way
in proportion: hence the head is sometimes
severely affected with pain or heaviness; the
bowels are overloaded with bile ; or the stomach
is exquisitely irritable, and rejects whatever is
introduced into it. Generally the stomach suf-
fers more disturbance than any other organ;
and, along with the sickness, there is in many
cases a troublesome looseness. Sometimes,
however, the bowels are costive, and the stom-
ach but little affected. The violence of the
symptoms is commonly in proportion to the vio-
lence of the incursion. The exacerbation ordi-
narily takes place at noon, or early in the after-
noon, and consists in an increase of heat and of
the pulse ; for there is rarely any preceding chill,
and as rarely any salutary moisture when the
heat diminishes. The night is passed under
extreme restlessness, vomiting, and mild delir-
ium ; and thus the fever continues, with strong
exacerbations about noon or night, and obvious
remissions.
At the very commencement of this fever, an
emetic is generally found serviceable, as it not
only clears the stomach of vitiated secretions,
but is one of the best means of determining to
the skin. The use of the lancet must depend
on the circumstances of the particular case.
Where the onset is violent, and particularly
where the patient is plethoric, or of a vigorous
habit, it may be employed with advantage in-
stantly and freely ; for without it, from the ur-
gency of the symptoms, there can be little doubt
that some large organ or other will soon become
locally affected with congestion or effusion,
■which is always to be avoided as one of the
worst symptoms that can occur; and if thei'o be
reason to suspect that such local affection exist
at the time of the attack, and more especially
that it be the cause of it, copious depletion will
be still more necessary ; for in this case not
only is the fever to be contended with, but an
inflammation of the affected organ to be guard-
ed against. Except in these cases there is no
eall for the lancet, but, on the contrary, the loss
of blood is injurious. This is particularly true
in the Southern States, and in the case of South-
erners just removed to the north.
The common saline diaphoretics, either effer-
vescing or not, will commonly take off the burn-
ing heat of the skin ; or where the stomach is
not in an irritable state, the antimonial powder,
or small doses of the tartarized antimony, may
be given ; and with such remedies, and pedilu-
via or fomentation to the feet at night, the fever
560
REM
will mostly be diminished. Dilute acids are
highly useful in form of drinks: as imperial,
lemonade, oranges, the subacid fruits, and infu-
sions of mint, balm, &c, where the bowels are
not irritable. Mild aperients of rhubarb, sul-
phate of potash, infusion of senna, or cassia
electuary, are the best aperients from time to
time, unless the bilious or constipated. condition
of the bowels demand calomel, or the more
active purgatives.
4. Malignant remittent. — The yellow and
jungle fevers owe their production unquestion-
ably to marsh miasm; and hence they are so
common in the swampy soils and morasses of
the warm regions. Dr. Mosely gives an ex-
cellent account of these malignant remittents:
" When a new comer is seized with a sudden
loss of strength, and a desire of changing for rest
into every position, without finding it in any*
those symptoms which constitute the endemial
fever may be expected. The following day,
but sometimes within twelve hours from the
first indisposition, the violence of the disease
will commence thus : There will be a faiiitness,
and generally a giddiness of the head, with a
small degree of chilliness and horror, but never
a rigor. Then immediately will succeed a high
degree of fever with great heat, and strong beat-
ing in all the arteries of the body, particularly
observable in the carotid and temporal arteries;
flushings in the face, gaspings for cool air, white
tongue, but tinged with yellow, after the vomit-
ing has commenced; excessive thirst, redness,
heaviness, and burning in the eyes ; heaviness
and darting pains in the head and small of the
back, and often down the thighs; pulse quick,
generally full and strong, in some cases quick,
low, and vacillating ; skin hot and dry, some-
times with a partial and momentary moisture ;
sickness of stomach from the first, which in-
creases with the disease ; and, immediately after
any thing is taken to quench the thirst, vomit-
ing succeeds, iu which bilious mat* er is brought
up ; anxiety and stricture, soilness, and intense
heat about the praccordia; great restlessness,
heavy respiration, sighing, urine deep colored,
and but little in quantity. This is the first stage
of the fever, and may continue twenty-four,
thirty-six, forty-eight, or sixty hours; and this
constitutes its inflammatory period.
" The second stage begins with the abatement
of many of the preceding symptoms, and the
rise of others ; sometimes with a deceiving tran-
quillity, but with perturbation if the patient
should fall into a sleep ; then a yellow tinge is
observed in the eyes, neck, and breast; the heat
subsides, and sometimes with a chilliness ; but
not with that sort of strong rigor which, when *
it happens, terminates the disease by sweat, or
by copious bilious evacuations upward and
downward. The retchings are violent, and turn
porraceous; the pulse flags, but is sometimes
high and sometimes soft; the skin soft and
clammy; the urine in small quantity, and of a
dark, yellowish-brown color; the tongue, in
some cases, is dry, harsh, and discolored; in
others, furred and moist ; there ia confusion in
the head, and sometimes delirium, with the eyes
glassy. This stage of the disease sometimes
continues only for a few hours ; sometimes for
REM
twelve, twenty-four, thirty-six, or forty-eight
hours, but never longer.
" In the third and last stage of the fever, the
pulse sinks, and becomes unequal and intermit-
tent, sometimes very quick ; frequent vomiting,
with great straining and noise in vomiting, and
what is brought up now is more in quantity, and
has the appearance of the grounds of coffee, or
is of a slate color. Nothing can be retained in
the stomach ; difficult breathing, black tongue,
cold, clammy sweats, eyes hollow and sunk,
yellowness round the mouth and temples, and
soon after over the whole body.
" The symptoms become gradually more ag-
gravated, accompanied with subsultus tendi-
num, black urine, deadly coldness of the limbs,
delirium, falteriug speech, hemorrhage, or ooz-
ing of blood from the mouth and nostrils, cor-
> ners of the eyes and ears, black bloody vomit-
ing and stools, vibices, hiccough, muttering,
coma, death."
After the first prostration of strength, the dis-
ease runs on violently till the sensorial power is
exhausted. Through its entire course, till the
{>atient is sinking, the intellect is not particu-
arly disturbed, and the organs principally af-
fected are the abdominal. In some cases the
disease opens with great violence, and rushes
forward at once to its acme, and the patient is
cut off in four-and-twenty hours. Though the
remittents, in hot climates, generally pursue the
course of febrile action that has been described,
it is sometimes otherwise, and even in milder
climates ; for it sometimes commences more
like an intermittent, and sometimes it more re-
sembles a continued fever, in which it has term-
inated, and occasionally in an intermittent.
It would appear that in the case of plethoric
persons coming from the north, a copious bleed-
ing, with from ten to twenty grains of calomel
every four hours, is necessary at the outset:
this treatment is to be assisted by diaphoretics
and saline purges, and counter-irritation, and as
soon as the inflammatory stage has subsided , qui-
nine and mineral acids are to be administered.
This treatment does not, however, answer in
the cose of those long under the influence of
marsh miasm and a high temperature. In such
cases bleeding brings about fatal results ; calo-
mel and saline medicines are first given, and
followed as soon as possible by quinine, &c.
In all cases where the remission is without
any inflammatory condition — in alt cases where
there is a flabby state of the fibre, and more
especially where there is a septic diathesis, bit-
ters, such as calumba, serpentaria, and quassia,
with mineral acids, will be required ; and in a
more decided malignant state, quinine, cascaril-
la, cinchona, and the like, as directed against
typhus, should be administered, with brandy
and cordials ad libitum.
Particular symptoms call for particular rem-
edies.
a. Where there is congestion in the vascular
system of an organ, topical bleedings are nec-
essary, in addition to general blood-letting ; and
cold applications also, especially iced water,
diluted spirit, and evaporating lotions to the
shaved head, the epigastric region, or wherever
the congestion may be.
Nn
KEN
b. Nausea and vomiting will be best opposed
by mild aperients in the effervescing state ; by
carbonic acid from yeast, beer, or soda-water j
but the best remedy against continued vomiting
of porraceous, chocolate-ground-like, or slate-
colored fluids from the stomach, is a punch
made with brandy, lemon-juice, and Cayenne
pepper, from the last of which the. benefit is
said to result.
c. Comatose states call for stimulating cata-
plasms and fomentations, and cold, evaporating
lotions to the head. Blisters have very seldom
been useful.
5. Ardent remittent. Burning remittent.-
A form of malignant remittent, which appears
to be the same disease with the causus of the
ancients. It is characterized by extreme heat,
violent thirst, a rough and black tongue, the
complexion inclined to yellowness, and the sal-
iva bilious. There is commonly an acute ach-
ing in the head, nausea, great anxiety of the
praccordia, with frequently a gnawing pain at
the stomach. The bowels aie unusually cos-
tive, particularly at the commencement of the
disease. The tongue, mouth, nostrils, and, in-
deed, the whole surface of the body, is parched
and fiery hot; the pulse is full and strong; the
voice hoarse ; the breath short and quick ; oc-
casionally delirium. It chiefly attacks the
young and vigorous, who bear it better than
old persons. The treatment of this fever is
precisely that of a synocha.
C. Typhoid remittent. Asthenic remittent.
— The several forms of remittent fevers which
have been described, have shown a tendency
to a synochous or mixed type. There is, how-
ever, another, which clearly evinces a typhoid
tendency from the very commencement ; for it
is ushered in by extreme debility, both of the
action of the heart, of the mental faculties and
moving powers, and the common symptoms of
typhus in the most aggravated form. It occurs
in localities where the marsh miasm is more
than usually malignant and concentrated, or
where its effects on the system are favored by
other depressing influences, as in the case of
dispirited and ill-provided armies in unhealthy
localities, or of a crowded, squalid, and ill-fed
population. The disease then assumes the ap-
pearance of a highly congestive typhus, and
the remedies which are applicable in the one
are equally so in the other.
Re'mora. 1. Ononis spinosa. 2. The name
of two old instruments, not now used.
REMOTE. In Pathology, applied to the
more distant causes of diseases. See ^Etiology.
REN. (e«, enis, m. Ren, airo tov peiv ; be-
cause through them the ujine flows.) The
kidney. See Kidney.
RE'NAL. (Renalis; from ren, the kidney.)
Appertaining to the kidney.
Renal artery. See Emulgent.
Renal gland. Renal capsule. Supra-renal
gland. The supra-renal glands are two hollow
bodies, placed one on each side upon the kid-
ney. They are covered by a double tunic, and
their cavities are filled with a liquor of a brown-
ish-red color. Their figure is triangular, and
they are larger in the fcetuS th^i the kidneys ;
but in adults they are less than the kidneys.
561
RES
The right is affixed to the liver, the left to the
spleen and pancreas, and both to the diaphragm
and kidneys. They have arteries, veins, lym-
phatics, and nerves; their arteries arise from
the diaphragmatic, the aorta, and renal arteries.
The vein of the right supra-renal gland empties
itself into the vena cava, that of the left into
the renal .vein : their lymphatic vessels go di-
rectly to the thoracic duct: they have nerves
common alike to these glands and the kidneys.
Thoy have no excretory duct, and their use is at
present unknown.
Renal vein. The emulgent vein.
Renes succenturiati. The renal capsules.
Re'niform. Reniformis. Kidney-shaped.
Re'nnet. It is obtained by macerating the
dried, salted stomach of the calf in water. The
solution possesses the power of coagulating
milk.
Re'nuens. The rectus anticus capitis minor
muscle.
Repa'ndus. Repand: waved; serpentine.
RBPE'LLENT. (Repellens ; from repello,
to drive back.) Applications are sometimes so
named which make diseases or an inflammation
recede, as it were, from the surface of the body;
as ice, astringents, &c.
Re'pent. Rcpens. Creeping.
REPERCU'SSION. The overcoming or res-
olution of a tumor, abscess, or eruption by the
action of repellents.
Replicate. Replica'tus. Folded ; plaited
bo as to form a groove or channel.
REPRODUCTION. (From reproduco, to
produce again.) The function by which living
animals reproduce their like. Generation.
REPTI'LIA. ( From rcpo, to creep. ) A
class of vertebrated animals, containing the
snakes, frogs, lizards, &c.
REPULSION. (Repulsio, onis, f. ; from re-
pello, to repel.) All matter possesses a power
which is in constant opposition to attraction.
This agency, which is equally powerful and
equally obvious, acts an important part in the
phenomena of nature, and is called the power
of repulsion. Repulsion, or the separation of
atoms, is also an effect of heat, whereby fluids
are converted into vapors, &c.
Res naturai.ks. The naturals. According
to Boerhaave, these are life, the cause of life,
and its effects.
Res non-naturales. See Non-naturals.
Res venerea. Coition.
RESE'CTION. An operation for the removal
of false joints or the ends of carious bones by
the saw.
RESE'DA. (a, w, f.) A genus of plants.
Dodecandria. Trpzynia. — R. luteola. The
dyers' weed. Dioscorides mentions it as useful
in jaundice.
RESIN. (Resina, a, f. ; from peu, to flow ;
because it flows spontaneously from the tree.)
The name resin is used to denote solid, brittle,
semi-translucent, and inflammable substances,
of vegetable origin, with a bright fracture, solu-
ble in alcohol, and usually affording much soot
by their combustion. They are likewise solu-
ble in oils, but not at all in water; and act as
icids toward t^e alkalies. They are oxides of
-the volatile oils, but not volatile themselves.
562
RES
Resin, black. See Resina nigra.
Resin of bile. See Biliary resin.
Resin of copper. Protochloride of copper,
Resin, elastic Caoutchouc.
Resin, white. See Resina alba.
Resin, yellow. See Resina fiava.
Resina alba. The inspissated juice of the
Finns sylvestris, &c. The residuum of the dis-
tillation of oil of turpentine is also called, by
some, white resin.
Resina flava. Yellow resin is that which
remains in the still after distilling oil of turpen-
tine from common turpentine mixed with wa-
ter. It is of very extensive use in surgery as
an active detergent, and forms the base of the
ceratum resina.
Resina nigra. Colophony. The most com-
mon resin which remains in the retort after dis-
tilling oil of turpentine from common turpentine. .
Resina novi belgii. Botany Bay gum.
Resinatum vinum. Wine impregnated with
the resin of fir. Anciently used as a stomachic.
Resolutio nervorum. Palsy. — Celsus.
RESOLUTION. (Resolutio; from resolvo,
to loosen.) 1. A termination of inflammation,
in which the disease disappears without any
abscess, mortification, &c. See Inflammation.
2. The dispersion of swellings, indurations, &c.
RESOLVENT. (Resolvens; from resolvo, to
loosen.) This term is applied by surgeons to
such substances as discuss inflammatory and
other tumors.
RESONANCE OF THE VOICE. The aus-
cultatory observation of the sounds of the voice
See Auscultation.
Reso'rption. The reabsorption of an excre-
tion or secretion.
Re'spirable. Capable of being respired
without injury.
' RESPIRA'TION. (Respiratio, onis, f. ; from
respiro, to take breath.) The process of the
inhalation and expiration of air into the lungs.
The process consists of two operations : the ac-
tion of the muscles in dilating and contracting
the thorax, whereby the air is drawn in and ex-
pelled, and, secondly, the changes impressed
upon atmospheric air in the lungs.
The number of inspirations in a minute av-
erages from 18 to 20, but differs with the indi-
vidual, and the state of rest or activity. It is
supposed that the lungs may contain 280 cubic
inches of air, and that 40 are changed in each
inspiration. It does not appear that there is
any increase of air expired over that respired,
although it is usually warmer, and contains
much more moisture.
The air diffused into the cavities of the lungs
comes in contact with the bounding membraue
of the cellules, over which the minute branches
of the pulmonary artery and vein ramify. A
change is impressed on the blood of these ves-
sels by the penetration of the oxygen of the air,
and this is accompanied by the passage out-
ward, by common capillary action or exosmose,
of carbonic acid from the blood ; the quantities
interchanged are nearly, if not quite, equal. The
moisture of the lungs also rises into the air, and,
with the carbonic acid, are thrown out by ex-
piration. Hence expired air contains but from
seventeen to eighteen per cent, of oxygen, and
RET
from three to four per ceiit. of carbonic acid,
and is not longer fit to sustain life. According
to Sir H. Davy and Lavoisier, thirty-two cubic
inches of oxygen are consumed in a minute by
a healthy man, but the quantity varies with the
sex, strength, activity, and state of disease of
different persons.
Respiration, artificial. The establishment
of a process resembling respiration in asphyx-
iated persons. See Asphyxia. 9
Respiration, proof of. See Docimasia.
Respiration, puerile. See Auscultation.
RESPIRATOR. A little frame consisting of
several layers of fine silver wire, to be adjusted
before the mouth. It is intended to warm the
inspired air, and is used by persons subject to
chronic bronchitis and pulmonary affections.
RESPIRA'TORY. Relating to respiration.
* Respiratory murmur. Puerile respiration.
See Auscultation.
Respiratory nerves. A set of nerves pro-
ceeding from a narrow white bundle between
the corpus olivare and corpus restiforme.
Respiratory tract. A narrow band of
white substance, situated behind the corpus
olivare, and descending along the side of the
medulla oblongata. — C. Bell.
Rest-harrow. Ononis spinosa.
Re'sta bo'vis. Ononis spinosa.
Resupinate. Resupina'tus. Reversed.
When the upper surface is turned downward.
RESUSCITATION. (Resuscitatio, onis, f. ;
from resuscito, to rouse or awake ) Revivifica-
tion. The restoring of persons apparently dead
to life. See Asphyxia. •
Retching. An ineffectual effort to vomit.
RE'TE. (e, is, n. ; so called a. retinendis
piscibus.) A net: a term applied very gen-
erally, in Anatomy and Natural History, to cel-
lular membrane, nerves, vessels, and other parts
which appear like a net or web.
Rete Malpighi. The rete mucosum.
Rete mirabile. The network of blood-ves-
sels at the basis of the brain of quadrupeds.
Rete mucosum. A mucous substance situa-
ted between the cuticle and true skin.
Rete vasculosum. The plexus retiformis.
Rete vasculosum testis. A network formed
by the vasa recta at the upper and back part of
the testis.
RETENTION. {Rctentio, onis, f. ; from re-
Unco, to keep back.) The keeping back of any
thing which should be expelled : applied to the
excretions, but particularly to the urine. See
Suppression.
Retention of the menses. Amenorrhea.
Retention of urine. Rctentio urina;. A
collection of urine within the bladder, the per-
son not being able to expel it. This is some-
times partial, and sometimes total. This state
occurs in old age from debility: it is frequently
the result of an affection of the nerves of the
bladder, over-distension of the bladder, inflam-
mation, hernia, and other displacements of the
abdominal viscera; pressure on the neck of the
bladder from several causes, and from strict-
ures; and pressure of tumors in the course of
the urethra, as enlarged prostate gland, uterus,
&c. ; and from foreign bodies lodging in the
urethra. For the cure of this disease, attention
REV
must be given to the removal of those diseases
from which it arises, and to the removal of all
obstructions. The palliative cure is drawing
off the urine by a catheter. A want of tone in
the bladder is most relieved by chalybeates and
bark, and spasmodic stricture by fomentations*
warm bath, and cinchona and opium.
RETI'CULAR. {Reticularis; from rete, a
net.) Rcticulatus. Interwoven like a web..
Reticulatus. Reticular.
Reti'culum. A little net or web.
Re'tiform. Retiformis. Net-like.
RETINA, (a, a, f. ; from rete, a net.) The
fourth or innermost membrane of the eye, ex-
panded within the choroid coat to the ciliary
ligament. It is the true organ of vision, and is
formed by an expansion of the pulp of the optic
nerve. See Eye and Vision.
RETINA'CULUM. 1. An old instrument
for keeping the bowels in their place during the
operation for hernia, or castration. 2. A com-
press used in amputation. 3. Certain little
bands which attach the ovulum to the sides oi
the Graaffian vesicle. ,
RETINITIS, (is, idis, f. ; from retina, the
name of the part, and the terminal His, which
imports inflammation.) Inflammation of the re-
tina. See Ophthalmitis.
RETORT. A chemical vessel employed in
distillation. They differ in form and material ;
and when pierced with a hole in their roof, are
called tubulated retorts. They are made of
common glass, stone-ware, iron, &c.
Retra'ction. The state of being retracted
or drawn up.
RETRA'CTOR. A muscle, the office of
which is to retract the part into whioh it is in-
serted.
Retractor anguli oris. See Buccinator.
RETRAHENS. Drawing back.
Retrahens auris. Retrahens auricula of
Albinus. Retrahens auriculam of Cowper. Two
small bundles of muscular fibres which arise
from the external and posterior part of the mas-
toid process of the temporal bone, immediately
above the insertion of the stemo-cleido-mas-
toideus muscle. They are inserted into that
part of the back of the ear which is opposite to
the septum, which divides the concha and
scapha. Their use is to draw the ear back-
ward, and stretch the concha.
RETROCE'DENT. Relroce'dens. Retrv
gradus. When a disease that moves about from
one part to another, and is sometimes fixed, has
been some time in its more common situation,
and retires from it, it is said to be retrocedent.
Retrocedent gout. See Arthritis.
Rethoce'ssion. The transference of a dis-
ease from the surface to the interior.
Retrograde. Retrocedent.
RETROVERSION. Retroversio. Turning-
back : applied to the uterus, bladder, and other
organs.
Retroversion of the uterus. See Uterus,
retroversion of.
Retu'se. Retusus. Indented.
REVE'LLENT. Derivative : that which
draws inflammatory or diseased action from a
part.
Reverberatory furnace. See Furnace.
563
RHA
Revert Aphelxia.
Revivifica'tion. Resuscitation; restoration.
Revolu'te. Revolntus. Rolled back.
REVULSION. {Revulsio; from revello, to
draw away.) 1. An old term, signifying the
drawing of humors a contrary way. 2. Deriva-
tion.
Revu'lsive. Revellent. Derivative.
Reynolds's specific. The vinum colchici.
Rhaba'rbarum. Rhubarb. See Rheum. —
R. album. Convolvulus mechoacan. — R. mon-
achorum. Rumex patientia.
Rhaba'rberin. Rhabarberic acid. The yel-
low, crystalline coloring matter of rhubarb.
RHACHIA'LGIA. Rachialgilis. (From
paxig, the spine, and aXyoc, pain.) A pain in
the spine ; spinal irritation. Formerly applied
to the Colica pictonum.
Rhachip ara'l ysis . Paraplegia.
Rhachiphy'ma. A tumor on the spine.
Rhachirrhe'uma. Lumbago.
RHA'CHIS. {is, eos, f. Faxes, tho spine of
the back.) 1. In Anatomy, the spine. See
Spine. 2. In Botany, the common stalk of
flowers.
RHACHISAGRA. {a, a, f. ; from pa X '.c , the
3 pine of the back, and ay pa, a seizure.) A sud-
en pain in the spine : applied to gout fixed in
the spine of the back.
Rhachitje. Rhachicci. Tho spinal mus-
cles.
RHACHI'TIS. {is, idis, f. ; from pa%ic, the
spine of the back.) The rickets. A disease
known by a large head, prominent forehead,
protruded sternum, flattened ribs, big belly, and
emaciated limbs, with great debility. It is
usually confined in its attack between the two
periods of nine months and two years of age,
seldom appearing sooner than the former, or
showing itself for tho first time after the latter
period. The bones and spine of the back are
variously distorted, and disinclination to muscu-
lar exertion follows.
In the treatment of rickets, besides altering
any improprieties in the regimen and residence
which may have co-operated in producing it,
those means should be employed by which the
system may be invigorated. Where the bones
are inclined to bend, care must be taken not to
throw the weight of the body too much upon
them.
Rhagades ani. See Anus, fissure of.
RHA'GAS. {as, adis, f. ; from pnyvvfii, to
break or bruise.) 1. A common fissure, chap,
or cleft. 2. A malignant, dry, and deep cu-
taneous fissure.
Rhagoi'des. Applied to the uvea of the
eye.
RHAMNA'CEjE. The buckthorn tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with
leaves alternate; flowers, axillary or terminal,
polypetalous ; petals, cucullate; stamens, pe-
rigynous; ovarium, superior ; seeds, albuminous.
RHA'MNUS. {us, i, m. Yap,voc.) 1. The
buckthorn. 2. A genus of plants. Pentandria.
Monogynia. Rhamnacece. — R. catharticus.
Buckthorn. Purging buckthorn. The berries
of this shrub contain a pulpy, deep green juice,
of a faint, unpleasant 'smell, a bitterish, acrid,
nauseous taste, which operates briskly by stool,
564
RHE
producing thirst, dryness of the mouth and fau
ces, and severe gripings : at present it is rarely
Srescribed, except as a drastic purge. The
ose is said to be about twenty of the fresh
berries in substance. The syrup is officinal.
See Syrupus rhamni. — R . frangula. The black
alder. All the parts of this shrub are astringent
and bitter. The bark is most astringent; a
decoction of it has cured agues, and is often
used to re\)el inflammatory tumors of the throat,
by way of gargle. The inner yellow bark of
the trunk or root, given to 3ij., vomits, purges,
and gripes; but joined with aromatics, it op-
erates more agreeably. The berries are very
similar to those of the buckthorn. — R. infec-
torius yields the Avignon, or yellow berries.
They are used by dyers when unripe. — R. pali-
urus, Christ's thorn, is diuretic and astringent.
— R. zizyphus. The tree which affords the
jujube. A half-dried fruit of. the plum kind,
about the size and shape of an olive.
Rhapo'nticin. A yellow, crystalline, and
tasteless body, deiived from some specimens of
European rhubarb.
Rhapo'nticum. Rhapontic rhubarb.
Rhaponticum vulgare officinarum. Cen-
taurea centaurium.
Rhatany root. Rhafania. See Crameria
triandria.
Rhe'gma. A laceration.
Rhe'in. The name given by M. Vaudin to
a substance procured by treating rhubarb with
ether, Rhabarberin.
% RHEOME'TER. (From peu, to flow, and
lierpov, a measure.) A small machine for break-
ing and re-establishing the electrical current of
an electro-magnetic or galvano-magnetic instru-
ment.
Rheum. See Rhevma.
RHE'UM. («?», i, n.) 1. A genus of plants.
Enneandria. Trigynia. Polygonaccm. 2.
Rhubarb ; a well-known and highly-valued
drug. Good rhubarb is bitter, slightly astrin-
gent, and aromatic. It is laxative, stomachic,
and astringent. The infusion possesses the
purgative properties more fully than the tinc-
ture or powder. It is particularly useful in
diarrhoeas and dyspepsia, from its tendency to
restore the tone of the mucous membrane.
Dose of the powder, as a tonic and stomachic,
gr. v. to 3ss. ; as an aperient, 3j. to ri.
There are several kinds of rhubarb in the
market, of which the Russian, Bucharian, or
Turkey, and Chinese, or East Indian, are the
best kinds. There is also an English, French,
and German rhubarb, somewhat inferior. The
Chinese, which is most frequent among us, is
of a paler color and less aromatic than the Rus-
sian, but also cheaper and quite as good in
quality.
The sources of the Chinese and Russian rhu-
barbs are unknown; they are supposed to be
derived from more than one plant, and the
Rheum palmatum yields a root most nearly re-
sembling that imported.
The European rhubarb is derived from the
root, usually five years old, of Rheum palmatum,
undulatum, compactum, and rhaponticum.
Some specimens of rhubarb, derived from
the Himalayan Mountains, are produced from
RHE
Rheum emodi, Webbianum, Moorcroftianum,
and spiciforme.
Rhapontic rhubarb, which was used by the
ancients, is from the R. rhaponticum, which is
indigenous in Thrace : it is now cultivated also
in France, but is inferior. It has a reddish-gray
color outwardly, and is marbled with red and
white in a radiated manner, the rays proceed-
ing from the center outwardly. It is mucilagin-
ous, astringent, and of a disagreeable odor.
RHE'UMA. (a, atis, n. ; from pcu, to flow.)
1. Rheum. The discharge from the nostrils, or
air passages, arising from cold. 2. Any mucous
discharge ; v&Rheuma gastros (Galen), diarrhoea.
— Rhemna uteri, leucorrhoea.
Rheumata'lgia. Chronic rheumatism.
RHEU'MATISM. (Rhcumatismus, i, m. ;
pevfiaTicfioc, from psv/iari^u, to be afflicted with
defluxions. ) Rheumatism is an affection of the
extremities and external coverings of the hu-
man body, occupying the muscular, tendinous,
and fibrous textures, and characterized by pain,
stiffness, and swelling of a joint, with or with-
out fever, according to the violence of the dis-
order. In common life, a threefold distinction
is made, viz., into rheumatism, the rheumatic
gout, and the rheumatic fever.
Acute rheumatism. Rheumatic fever. — It
is ushered in by a sudden attack of rigors, fol-
lowed by the usual symptoms of pyrexia, and
is particularly distinguished by the great pain
and swelling which affect one or more joints,
coupled with an utter inability to move them,
and veiy commonly with considerable redness.
The affected joints are acutely tender to the
touch. The pains are aggravated toward night,
and for the most part, at all times, by external
heat. The swelling does not commonly take
the form of the joint, but is diffused over the
cellular membrane in its neighborhood. Several
joints are commonly affected at the same time,
and there is rapid metastasis.
In this fever the pulse seldom exceeds 100,
and is full, soft, and round ; the skin is usually
moist, and there is seldom any cerebral affec-
tion. There is thirst, but seldom nausea. The
inflammation also usually terminates without
any effusion, but is extremely liable to re-
lapses from exposure. In very severe cases
there is an extension to the heart, producing
carditis.
Rheumatism is certainly the most tedious of
all the acute inflammations. In many cases it
appears to run a defined course, which does not
admit of being shortened by any process of
treatment, and in a certain length of time to
wear itself out. This is seldom less than a
month, or longer than six weeks. That the
acute sometimes terminates in a state of chronic
rheumatism can not be doubted; but, instead
of being a frequent occurrence, as is often im-
agined, this is, in fact, rare; and though the
recovery from genuine acute rheumatism is te-
dious, it is usually perfect.
Rheumatic «out. Arthritis, or inflammation
of synovial membrane. — In some instances, the
swelling will be found to take the exact form
of the joint, or of a bursa in its neighborhood.
This affection is simple inflammation of the sy-
novial membrane. By some pathologists it is
RH E
imagined that such a disease is altogether dis»
tinct from true rheumatism, and the term or
thritis has been applied to it. It occurs both
with and without fever. It is said to differ
from rheumatism in its causes, progress, and
treatment, as well as in the character of its
symptoms. It is this form of fibrous inflamma-
tion which occurs as a secondary effect of gon-
orrhoea. It is frequently confined to a single
joint, as the knee or the elbow. It exhibits
less tendency to shift its situation from one
joint to another. Lastly, it has been observed
that the synovial or bursal rheumatism is more
under the control of local remedies, especially
leeches and blisters, than the more common or
diffuse form.
Treatment. — Acute rheumatism is at all times
a tedious, and rarely a dangerous disease; a
large proportion of cases recover with very
slight care; and in many, medical treatment
is of little farther service than as obviating the
tendency to internal inflammation.
Three plans of treatment have been advised
in the acute rheumatism. 1. The usual anti-
phlogistic system, consisting of blood-letting,
purgatives, saline and antimonial medicines. 2.
Calomel and opium. 3. Bark. It will be
found, however, that bleeding in the com-
mencement, and the use of an antiphlogistic
diet, are the most efficacious means. The fur-
ther treatment of the disease may commonly
be intrusted to purgatives, calomel and opium,
antimony, colchicum, and the common saline
diuretics ; but venesection must bo again had
recourse to, at any period, if symptoms of car-
diac or other internal inflammation supervene.
Local applications, whether warm, cold, or
stimulating, seem to be rather injurious than
otherwise.
Chronic rheumatism. — In the great majori-
ty of cases, primary rheumatism is of the chro-
nic kind. Indeed, the very rarity of acute
rheumatism is sufficient to point out that the
chronic is not often the sequel of the acute
form of the disease. Chronic rheumatism is
characterized by pain of the joints, aggravated
by motion, stiffness of the joints, thickening of
the several structures in their vicinity, or in-
creased effusion into the synovial bags. It is
readily distinguished from the acute rheuma-
tism by the absence of inflammatory fever, and
of redness in the affected part.
1. Three species of true rheumatism may be
distinguished. The first is that which is con-
nected with a certain degree of obscure febrile
excitement in the system, and which would be
more correctly designated by the term subacute
rheumatism. It is known by the pains occa-
sionally shifting their situation suddenly, as in
the acute form of the disease, and by their being
increased by warmth, and especially, at night,
by the warmth of the bed. The frequent oc-
currence of oedema along with the affection of
the joints may serve to distinguish this from
the other species of the disease. Those joints
which are surrounded by a large mass of mus-
cular substance, and which are the most con-
stantly exerted, are especially liable to it, such
as the hip, and the joints of the lumbar verte-
bra;. This state of chronic rheumatism is ac-
565
RHE
companied by a white tongue, thirst, a quick-
-ened pulse, and a costive state of the bowels.
2. The second species of chronic rheumatism
is marked, not by any degree of excitement in
the system, but by the absence of constitutional
symptoms. Hence it is not unreasonable to
believe that there may be a loss of tone in the
affected part. It is not so common as the pre-
ceding species, but it sometimes follows it.
Stiffness of the joint is here the prominent
symptom. Pain, in this form of the complaint,
is often not at all felt except on motion, or on
occasion of changes in the heat or moisture of
the atmosphere. It is relieved rather than in-
creased by the warmth of bed. The pain and
stiffness do not shift from joint to joint. Spon-
taneous coldness of the limb, and even a degree
of paralytic torpor, are often complained of by
the patient. The pulse is seldom quick, or the
tongue white.
3. The third species of chronic rheumatism
is attended with permanent derangement in
the structure of the joint. This form chiefly
affects the fingers, but it has been seen, also, in
the knees and ankles. It is principally met
with in women, after they have passed the
period of menstruation. It is attended with
pain of the joint, particularly severe at night.
Chronic rheumatism is generally thought to
be an affection of the fibrous tissues, but is un-
questionably often purely nervous. It is pro-
duced by exposure to partial currents of air, to
moisture, arises from sprains, and is among the
effects of syphilis and the abuse of mercury. It
is very tedious, but never fatal of itself.
Treatment. — No general rules of much im-
portance can be laid down for the guidance of
the student in the treatment of chronic rheu-
matism, but the following points are worthy of
notice:
1. In some of the forms of subacute rheu-
matism, particularly lumbago and sciatica, the
local abstraction of blood by cupping will bo
productive of great benefit. Where the pains
are very severe, it may be even necessary to
take blood from the arm, which in this state
of disease will always be found cupped and
buffy.
2. The cure of chronic rheumatism may oc-
casionally be effected by promoting diaphoresis.
The warm bath may be directed twice in the
week, provided the pulse be perfectly free from
all activity. In the same description of cases
which are benefited by diaphoretics, the vinum
colchici may be given with great advantage.
Where this irritates the bowels, it should be
omitted, and a common saline effervescing
draught substituted.
3. Great benefit is experienced in all forms
of chronic rheumatism by strict attention to the
bowels.
"4. Where great torpor and debility of the
general system prevail, stimulant and tonic med-
icines of different kinds have been administered
with advantage. The good effects of all these
remedies will be considerably aided by the
diligent use of stimulating embrocations (such
as the compound camphor or soap liniment),
friction alone appearing to be a powerful means
of exciting the languid action of the vessels.
56fi
RHE
The following formula is strongly recommend
ed by Dr. Bardsley :
#. Linimenti saponis compositi, fij.
Liquoris ammonia;,
Tincturae cantharidis,
— opii, sing., 3ij. Misce.
Fiat linimentum.
In all cases of chronic rheumatism of long
standing, permanent stiffness of the joint is
chiefly to be dreaded, to which nothing con-
tributes so much as neglect of the due exercise
of the j oint . Exercise, therefore, should always
be strongly recommended to a rheumatic pa-
tient. In a few cases, where torpor and stiff-
ness predominate, the introduction of needles
into the skin and subjacent cellular membrane
has proved serviceable. This practice is called
acupuncturation.
5. Mercury, pushed so as to affect the mouth,
is very effectual in the cure of rheumatic affec-
tions of a chronic nature. The best mode of
administration is five grains of Plummer's pill,
taken every night at bedtime.
C. No one remedy, perhaps, is of such gener-
al application in the treatment of chronic rheu-
matism as warm bathing, general and topical.
In that severe form of the disease which has
been called nodosity of the joints, scarcely any
thing else can be relied on to soothe the pain
and relax the rigid fibres. The efficacy of the
wann mineral waters, even in very obstinate
cases, is generally acknowledged. They are
applicable, however, only in that species of
rheumatism which is unattended by inflamma-
tory excitement. The vapor bath is a remedy
of very decided efficacy, when there is effusion
into the joints of long standing, which the usual
antiphlogistic measiu'es have failed to reduce.
7. In all cases of chronic rheumatism, pain
is, if possible, to be relieved ; and, generally,
opium will be found the only effectual resource.
The best forms of administering opium in this
disease are Dover's powder (pulv. ipecac, com-
pos.), in the dose of ten grains every night at
bedtime. Where opium in every form dis-
agrees with the system, the extracts of conium
or hyoscyamus may be substituted ; but the
relief they afford is very trifling. It is to be
observed, however, that the exhibition of drugs
is quite a secondary matter in the treatment of
common rheumatism. Our chief dependence
is in suitable clothing ; flannel should be worn
next to the skin; great care should be taken
not to expose the person to draughts of air, in
the dewfall, or to wet; and, in addition, the diet
must be very plain and nutritious, the exercise
considerable, and the residence in a mild, uni-
form, and dry air. Hence change of residence
is one of the chief means of breaking up an old
rheumatism.
There are three forms of chronic rheumatism
which have acquired specific denominations.
They are sciatica, or rheumatism about the hip
joint; lumbago, rheumatism in the loins and
back ; and pleurodynia, rheumatism in the in-
tercostal muscles.
Rheuma'tismus. 1. Rheumatism. 2. Diar-
rhoea. — Alex, of Thralles.
Rheuma'tismus cancro'sus. R. larvatus.
Tic douloureux ; facial neuralgia.
RHO
Rheumatophv'ra. Acute or febrile rheuma-
tism.
Rheu'mic acid. Oxalic acid.
Rhe'umin. The rhabarberin of Gieger.
Rhe'xls. P»?fic. A rupture, or bursting of
any part.
Rhin. Piv. The nose.
Rhinje'us. The compressor lnuis.
Rhina'lgia. Pain in the nose.
Rhine'nchytes. A syringe for the nose.
Rhinopho'nia. The nasal voice.
RHINOPLA'STIC OPERATION. (From piv,
the nose, and nlaoou, to form.) The operation
of restoring a mutilated nose. It is clone by
, paring away the edges of the injured orgau, and
then cutting a flap of skin from the forehead of
sufficient size to make good the mutilation, and
adjusting it to the nose by means of sutures.
The flap is not entirely severed from the fore-
head, but its connection is maintained over a
small surface for the supply of blood.
Rhinorrha'gia. Epistaxis. Bleeding at the
nose.
Rhisokkha'phv. The removal of a portion
of the skin of the nose, and uniting the cut
edges, as in epicanthus.
Rhiza. Ptfa. A root.
Rhi'zagra. An instrument lor taking out
the roots or stumps of teeth. A punch.
Rhiza'nths. Rhizanthec. A small group of
plants resembling the fungi, but having distinct
sexes.
RHIZOME. Rhizoma. A root-stock ; a pros-
trate stem, which throws out roots from the un-
der side. •
RHIZO'PHORA. (a, cr, f.) A genus of
plants. Dodecandria. Monogynia. — R. gym-
norhi'za. The mangrove, the juice of the root
of which is applied in the East to the bites of
serpents.
Rhodia. See Rhodiola.
RHODIOLA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Dicecia. Octandria. — R. rosea. Rosewort.
The Radix rhodia. When thy, it has a very
pleasant smell, like the damask rose. Poultices
in which this root enters as a chief ingredient
are said to allay violent pains of the head.
RHO'DIUM. A rare metal found in crude
platina. It is a hard white metal. Specific
gravity, 11-0 ; equivalent, 52*2 ; symbol, R.
Rhodium lignum. Rosewood.
RHODIZO'NIO ACID. An important body
obtained from carbonic oxide. When this gas
is heated with potassium, union takes place,
and there is formed a dark olive powder, con-
sisting of C7O7+K3; this is termed the oxycai'-
buret of potassium. If placed in water, hy-
drogen is thrown off", and then results the Rho-
dizonatc of potash, CSOj-f-SKO. The salts of
rhodizonic acid are of a red color. When the
rhodizonate of potash is heated in solution, it is
resolved into Oxalate of potash, free potash, and
Croconate of potash. Thus, C 7 07-l-3KO=KO-|-
C 2 3 ,KO+C 5 4 ,KO.
RHODODE'NDRON. (on,i,n.) A genus of
plants. Decandria. Monogynia. Ericaceee. —
R. chrysanthemum. The yellow rhododendron.
The leaves of this Siberian plant are remark-
ably sedative in their effects', and have been
recommended in rheumatism. The dose is 3J.
RHO
to 3ij., of the dried leaves, in decoction. In
over-doses they are an acro-narcotic poison.
Rhodo'meli. Honey of roses.
Rhodome'nia. A genus of seaweeds.. The
R. palmata is the fucus saccharatus.
Rhcsa'deje. The Papaveracce.
Rhce'as. (as, ados, m.) Papaver rhoeas.
Rhombohe'dron. A solid, the sides of
which are rhombs.
RHOMB. Rhombus. A plane quadrilateral
figure, the angles of which are never 45°, and
in which the sides are equal.
Rhomboid. Rhomboidal. A plane, differing
from the rhomb only in the circumstance that
the sides are in pairs, and not all equal.
RHOMBOIDE'US. The name of a muscle
of the scapula. Rhomboidcus major and minor.
This muscle is situated immediately under the
trapezius. We find it usually, though not al-
ways, divided into two portions, which Albums
describes as two distinct muscles. The upper-
most of these, or rhomboideus minor, arises, ten-
dinous, from the spinous processes of the three
inferior vertebra) of the neck, and fi - om the liga-
mentum colli; the lowermost, or rhomboideus
major, arises, tendinous, from the spinous pro-
cesses of the back : the former is inserted into
the basis of the scapula, opposite to its spine ;
the latter into all the basis of the scapula below
its spine. Its use is to draw the scapula ob-
liquely upward and directly backward.
RHO'NCHUS. (us,i, m. Yoyxoc, rhonchus,
slertor.) A rattling or wheezing sound. The
term is applied in auscultation to any preter-
natural sound accompanying respiration, occa-
sioned either by the passage of the air through
fluids obstructing the bronchia or air cells, or
by constriction of the bronchial tubes. It is
also called rattle — rale of the French writers.
There are five species of rattle or rhonchus :
1. The crepitous. Rale crepitant. — This is
produced by the successive bursting of minute
bubbles of a uniform size, and resembles in
sound the decrepitation of salt over a gentle
fire. It takes place when the air cells are fill-
ed with blood, or some fluid of similar consist-
ence; hence it is observed in the first degree
of pneumonia, in oedema of the lungs, and in
the state called engoument.
2. The mucous. Rale muqueux. — This is
similar to the sound heard in the windpipe of
dying persons. It is produced by the passage
of air through a liquid of some tenacity forming
bubbles, varying in size and number ; hence the
sound of the mucous rattle varies considerably,
according to circumstances. It occurs when
the bronchia are obstructed with blood, mucus,
pus, or a mixture of these. Hence it is met
with in bronchitis, hajmoptysis, phthisis, and
pneumonia. When the mucous rattle occurs
in an excavation of the lungs, arising from an
abscess or any other cause, the sound is aug-
mented, and it is called cavernous rattle.
3. The sonorous. Rale sonore. — This is a
sound which, when slight, resembles the coo-
ing of a dove, but when stronger, is not unlike
the sound of snoring. It arises from narrow-
ing of the bronchial tubes. It is heard in bron-
chitis.
4. The sibilant.
Rale sibilant. — This has a
567
RIB
RIS
great variety of sound : sometimes it resembles
a slight chirping, or the clicking of a small valve ;
at others it is like whistling, more or less sharp
or grave. It arises from narrowing of the small-
er bronchial tubes, or from their obstruction by
very viscid muous. It is therefore heard in
bronchitis.
5. The crackling. — This resembles the sound
caused by the inflation of a dry bladder. It is
heard only during inspiration, and arises from
the penetration of air into dry and unequally
dilated cells. It is heard in pulmonary em-
physema.
The different rattles above described are
heard during coughing as well as breathing,
and are then generally more distinct.
Rhopalo'sis. Plica.
Rhubarb. See Rheum.
Rhubarb, monk's. Rumex patientia.
RHUS, (us, i, f. and m.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Trigynia. Terebinthacem. — R.
coriaria. Italian sumach. Elm-leaved sumach.
A small tree of the south of Europe. This ap-
pears to be perfectly innocent. Both the leaves
and berries are used medicinally, as astringents
and tonics. — R. glabrum. Common indigenous
sumach. (U. S.) The fruit is refrigerant and
tonic, the leaves astringent. — R. metopium.
The hog-gum-tree of the West Indies yields a
resinous juice resembling copaiba when fresh,
and used as a diuretic and topical application
by the natives. — R. radicans. Rhus toxicoden-
dron. — R. toxicodendron. R. radicans. Poi-
son oak, or sumach. The dried leaves have
been used in paralysis and herpes, but in the
fresh state are very poisonous. The dose of the
dried leaves may be from half a grain, gradual-
ly increased to four grains, two or three times
a day. — R. vemix. Swamp sumach. This
and the former are well known for their nox-
ious effects upon some persons. They produce
an erysipelatous inflammation, which, howev-
er, usually subsides without injury.
Rhuthe'nium. A supposed new metal in
Ural ia n platina.
RHY'AS. (as,adis,i. Pvac.) A disease of
the eye, consisting in a decrease or defect of the
lachrymal caruncle. The defect may becongeni-
tal, or it may originate from excision, erosion, or
acrimony. It induces an incurable epiphora.
RHYTHM. (From pvdfioc, regular move-
ment.) In Medicine, the regular pulsations of
the heart, and the pulse, which are said to be
in rhythm when equable in force, &c.
RHYTIDO'SIS. PvTidumc. Corrugation of
any part. Atrophy or shriveling up of the eye-
ball.
Rib. See Costa.
RI'BES. (es, is, n.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Monogynia. Grossulacea. — R.
nigrum. The black currant. It is said to be
peculiarly useful in sore throats, and to possess
a diuretic power in a very considerable degree.
— R. rubrum. The red currant. It is esteem-
ed to be moderately refrigerant, antiseptic, at-
tenuant, and aperient. It may be used with
considerable advantage to allay thirst in most
febrile complaints, to lessen an increased secre-
tion of bile, and to correct a putrid and scorbutic
etate of the fluids.
568
Riblkss. Enervis.
Ribwort. Plantago lanceolata.
Rice. Oryza sativa.
RICHARDSO'NIA. (a, «, f.) A genus of
rubiaceous plants, of which R. braztticnsis vel
scabra yields the undulated, or white ipecac-
uanha.
Richweed. Acta?a racemosa.
RI'CINUS. (us, i, m.) 1. The castor-oil
plant. 2. A genus of plants. Moncecia. Mon-
adelphia. Euphorbiacem. — R. communis. R.
vulgaris. The castor-oil plant. The seeds of
this plant are a drastic cathartic, but the oil ex-
pressed from them is mild, thick, of a nauseous
taste, and a safe and speedy cathartic in doses .
of f. 3iv. to f. §j. The disagreeable taste of cas-
tor oil is in a measure removed by brandy or
alcohol; and it may be advantageously com-
bined with one third of the tinctura sennse
composita.
Ricinub major. Jatropha curcas.
Rickets. See Rhachitis.
RI'CTUS. (its, us, m. ; from ringo, to grin.)
The grinning mouth, or opening between the
two lips of a ringent or personate flower.
Riga balsam. The balsamum carpathicum.
Rigid. Rigidus. Hard, with some degree
of inflexibility or brittleness.
RI'GOR. (or, oris, m. ; from piyeu, to shiver.)
A sudden coldness, attended by a shivering,
more or less perfect ; a symptom which ushers
in many diseases, especially fevers and acute
inflammations of internal parts : it also is pro-
duced by nervous complaints, and by some op-
erations, as passing a bougie, &c.
Rigor mortis. The muscular rigidity which
takes place a few hours after death.
RI'MA. (a, a, f.) A fissure or opening.
Rima glo'ttidis. The opening of the larynx,
through which the air passes in respiration.
Rimo'sus. Full of cracks.
RIMU. A taxaceous tree of New Zealand,
the Dacrydium cuprcssinum : the extract of the
bark resembles kino.
Ri'mula. A small fissure.
Ring. Annulus.
RING, FEMORAL. An opening bounded in
front by Poupart's ligament, behind by the
pubes, on the outer side by the femoral vein, on
the inner by Gimbernat's ligament.
Ring, external abdominal. A triangular
opening above the crest of the pubes, formed
by separation of the fibres of the aponeurosis
of the obliquus externus.
Ring, internal abdominal. An oblique
opening ia the fascia transversalis, about half
an inch above Poupart's ligament.
Ring-worm. Herpes circinatus.
Ring-worm of the scalp. See Porrigo.
Ri'ngent. Ringens. Gaping: applied to
the corolla of flowers.
RIPOGO'NIUM PARVIFLO'RUM. The
kareao, or sarsaparilla of New Zealand. A plant
of the family Smilacea, said to possess the
same properties as sarsaparilla: it yields 12 per
cent, of extract.
Risagon. Cassumuniar.
Risigallum. An old name of orpiment.
Risorius. A- portion of the platysma my-
oides. — Santorini.
R08
RI'SUS. (us, us, m.) Laughter.
Risus caninus. See Spasmus cynicus.
Risus sardonicus. R. spasticus. Sardonic
laugh. Sardiasis. A kind of convulsive grin,
observed chiefly in cases of tetanus and inflam-
mation of the diaphragm. It gives a peculiarly
horrible aspect to the countenance.
ROASTING. A chemical process, generally
performed in crucibles, by which mineral sub-
stances are divided, some of their principles
being volatilized, and others changed, so as to
prepare them for other operations.
ROB. (Rob, dense. Arabic.) An old term
for an inspissated juice.
Rob antisyphilitique. A French medicine,
which consists of a rob or syrup, made of the
Arxmdo phragmites, sarsaparilla, and aniseed,
with the addition of corrosive sublimate.
ROBI'NIA. (a, <c, f.) A genus of trees.
Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosce. — R.
amara of Cochin China yields tonic roots, much
used in diarrhoEa. — R. pseudacacia. The com-
mon locust-tree. The flowers are said to be an-
tispasmodic.
Ro'borant. Roborans. Corroborant.
Roc cell a. Lichen roccella.
Roche alum. Alumen rupeum.
Roche's embrocation. A celebrated nos-
trum for the hooping-cough. It consists of olive
oil, mixed with about half its quantity of the
oils of cloves and amber.
Rochelle salt. Soda tartarizata.
Rockambole. The allium scorodoprasum.
Rock oil. Petroleum.
Rocket. R., Roman. R., wild. Brassica
eruca.
RODE'NTIA. An order of mammalia, in-
cluding the rats, squirrels, rabbits, and gnaw-
ing animals.
Rod-shaped. Virgate.
ROLLER. A long, narrow cotton or linen
bandage, in common use with surgeons.
Roman vitriol. Sulphate of copper.
ROME, CLIMATE OF. The climate of
Rome is veiy genial, and remarkably still and
equable ; it is hence highly commended by Sir
James Clark as a place of residence for the
phthisical, especially during winter.
Root. Radix.
Rorella. Drosera rotundifolia.
ROS. (os, oris, ra..; from the Hebrew.) Dew.
Ros calabrinus. Calabrian manna.
Ros marinus. Rosmarinus officinalis.
Ros solis. Drosera rotundifolia.
RO'SA. (a, a, f.) 1. Sometimes used for
erysipelas. 2. A genus of plants. Icosandria.
Polygynia. Rosacea. — jR. alba. The white
rose. The flowers have inferior virtues to those
of the damask. — R.canina. R. sylvestris. The
dog-rose, or wild brier. The fruit, called heps
or hips, has a sourish taste, and obtains a place
in the pharmacopoeias in the form of conserve.
It is employed to give form to more active
remedies, in pills, boluses, linctuses, &c. — R.
eentifolia. The damask, cabbage, or hundred-
leaved rose. R. damascena. R. pallida. The
pharmacopoeias direct a syrup to be prepared
from the petals of this rose, which is found to
be a pleasant and useful laxative for children,
or to obviate costiveness in adults. This flower
ROS
yields the rose oil and water .—R . galliea. The
red or French rose. R. rubra. The flowers are
used for their astringent qualities, which are
most considerable before the petals expand;
and, therefore, in this state they are chosen for
medicinal use, and ordered in different prepa-
rations, as those of a confection, a honey, an in-
fusion, and a syrup. The infusion of roses (in
fusum rosce) is a grateful, cooling subastringent,
and is useful in hannoptysis and other haomor-
rhagic complaints; its efficacy, however, de-
pends on the sulphuric acid added.
ROSACEA. The rose tribe of dicotyledo-
nous plants. Herbaceous plants and shrubs,
with leaves alternate; flowers, polypetalous ;
stamens, perigynous ; ovaria, superior, solitary,
or several ; fruit, one-seeded nuts, or acini, or
follicles containing several seeds.
Rosa'ceus. Rose-like; rose-colored
Rosacic acid. There is deposited from the
urine of persons laboring under gout and in-
flammatory fevers, especially intermittents, a
sediment of a rose color. It was called rosacic
acid by Proust, but is only uric acid stained
with uro-erythrine.
ROSA'LIA. (a, m, f.) A name which seems
to have been applied both to measles and scar-
latina.
Rose. See Rosa; also, Erysipelas.
Rose, Christmas. Helleborus niger.
Rose-rash. Roseola.
Rose-root. Rosea radix. Rhodiola rosea.
Ros ebay willow-herb. Epilobium angus-
tifolium.
Rosemary. Rosmarinus officinalis.
ROSE'OLA. (a, ce, f. ; from rosa, a rose : so
called from the color of the rash.) A rose-col-
ored efflorescence, variously figured, without
wheals or papula;, and not contagious. It is
mostly symptomatic, occurring in connection
with different febrile complaints, and requiring
no deviation from the treatment respectively
adapted to them.
Its principal varieties are: 1. Roseola mstiva.
This appears first on the face and neck, and in
the course of a day or two is distributed over
the whole body, producing a considerable de-
gree of itching and tingling. It wholly disap-
pears by the fifth day. Light diet and acidula-
ted drinks, with occasional laxatives, palliate the
symptoms. 2. The Roseola autumnalis occurs
in children in the autumn, in distinct circular
or oval patches, which gradually increase to
the size of a shilling, and ore of a dark damask*
rose hue. 3. The Roseola annulata occurs on
almost every part of the body, in rose-colored
rings, with central areas of the usual color of
the skin. 4. Roseola infantilis is a closer rash,
occurring in infants during the irritation of den-
tition, ot disordered bowels, and in fevers. 5.
Roseola variolosa occurs previously to the erup-
tion both of the natural and inoculated small-
pox, but seldom before the former. It appears
in the inoculated disease on the second day of
the eruptive fever, which is generally the ninth
or tenth after inoculation. It is first seen on
the arms, breast, and face, and on the follow-
ing day it extends over the trunk and extrem-
ities. It continues three days. G. Roseola
vaccina appears generally in a congeries of dots
ROU
and small patches, but is sometimes diffuse, like
the former ; it takes place on the ninth or tenth
day after vaccination, at the place of inocula-
tion, and at the same time with the areola that
is formed round the vesicle, from whence it
spreads irregularly over the whole surface of
the body. 7. Roseola miliaris often accompa-
nies an eruption of miliary vesicles after fever.
Ro'seus. Of a rose-red color.
Rosewood. A beautiful wood well known
in commerce. It is said by Don to be the
produce of the Physocalymnia floribunda. The
powder has been used as an errhine.
Rosewort. Rhodiola rosea.
Rosin. The resin of the turpentine pines.
Colophony.
ROSMARINUS, (us, i, m.) 1. Rosemary.
2. A genus of plants. Diandria. Monogynia.
LabiatecB. — R. officinalis. R. hortensis. The
common rosemary. The leaves and tops of this
plant have a fragrant, aromatic smell, and a
bitterish, pungent taste. They are said to be a
nervous stimulant. The oil {Oleum rosmarini)
is officinal ; it is used in the compound spirit of
lavender and soap liniment. Dose of the oil,
gtt. ij. to gtt. vj.
Rosmarinus sylvestris. Ledum palustre.
Roste'llum. A little beak. See Corculum.
Rostrate. Rostra' lus. Having a bill.or
beak.
ROS'TRUM. (um, i, n. ; from rodo, to gnaw;
because birds use it to tear their food with.)
1. A beak. 2. The flesh which hangs between
the divisions of the double hare-lip is called
Rostrum leporinum.
Rosy-drop. Acne rosacea.
Rota'ceous. Rotaceus. Wheel-like.
Rotaci'smus. The harsh or aspirated vibra-
tion of the letter r or p.
Rotang. Calamus rotang.
ROTA'TION. Rotatio. A revolving motion.
I. The motion of a limb around its joint. 2. In
Obstetrics, the spontaneous and circular motiou
of the fetus upon the planes of the pelvis.
ROTA'TOR. (or, oris, m. ; from roto, to
turn.) A muscle, the office of which is to ro-
tate the part upon which it acts.
Rotate. Rotatus. Wheel-like.
ROTI'FERA. An order of infusory animals,
furnished with circular ciliated organs near the
mouth, which appear to be constantly moving.
Ro'tula. 1. The patella. 2. A lozenge.
Rotundus. Round.
Rouge. See Cartkamns tinctorius.
ROUND. Rotundus. Many parts of ani-
mals and vegetables receive this name from
their shape; as round ligaments, round fora-
men, &c, and leaves, stems, seeds, &c.
Round-leaved sorrel. Rumex scutatus.
Round ligament. Ligamentum rotundum.
A bundle of vessels and fibres contained in a
duplicature of the peritoneum, that proceeds,
one from each side of the uterus, through the
abdominal rings, and is attached to the pubis.
Roup. Croup.
Rousseau's drops. Gouttes de I' Abbe Rous-
seau. Laudanum Abbalis Rousseau. Vinum
opii fermentalione paratum. Take of honey,
Jxij. ; warm water, Ibiij. ; set it in a warm place
till it begins to ferment, then add opium, 1 iv.,
570
RUB
dissolved in jxij. of water ; let it ferment for a
month ; evaporate it to f x. ; strain, and add
rectified alconol, s=ivss.
Royal preventive. A quack lotion, consist-
ing of a solution of acetate of lead. It is sold
as a preventive against the venereal disease.
Royal stitch. An old operation for the
cure of inguinal hernia, which consisted in put-
ting a ligature round the neck of the sac, where-
by adhesive inflammation was excited.
RUBE'DO. (o, inis,i.; from ruber, red.) A
diffused, but not spotted, redness in any part of
the skin, such as that which arises from blush-
ing.
RUBEFACIENT. (Rubefaciens ; from ru-
befacio, to make red.) Any substance is so
called which, when applied a certain time to
the skin, induces a redness without blistering.
RUBE'OLA. (a, ee, f. ; from rubeo, to be-
come red.) The measles; called, also, Mor-
billi. This disease is known by inflammatory
fever, hoarseness, dry cough, sneezing, drowsi-
ness; about the fourth day, eruption of small
red points, discernible by the touch, which,
after three days, end in mealy desquamation.
The blood, after venesection, exhibits an inflam-
matory crust. In addition to the symptoms al-
ready related, it is remarkable that the eyes
and eyelids always show the presence of this
disease, being somewhat inflamed and suffused
with tears. The fever continues during the
whole progress of the disease. In systems of
nosology, several varieties of measles are men-
tioned, but they may all be comprehended un-
der two heads : the one attended with more or
less of the symptoms of general inflammation,
the other accompanied by a typhoid diathesis.
The measles may prevail at all seasons of the
year as an epidemic, but the middle of winter
is the time they are usually most prevalent ; and
they attack persons of all ages, but children are
most liable to them. They prove most unfa-
vorable to such as are of a plethoric or scrofu-
lous habit. Like the small-pox, they very sel-
dom affect persons more than once during life.
Their contagion appears to be of a specific na-
ture. On the ninth or eleventh day, no trace
of redness is to be found, but the skin assumes
its wonted appearance ; yet, unless there have
been some considerable evacuations, either by
the skin or by vomiting, the patient will hardly
recover strength, but the cough will continue,
the fever return with new violence, and bring
on great distress and danger.
In the more alarming cases, spasms of the
limbs, subsultus tendinum, delirium, or, what
more frequently happens, coma, supervene.
This last symptom so frequently attends the
eruptive fever of measles, that by some prac-
titioners it is regarded as one of its diagnostics.
The measles, even when violent, do not gen-
erally manifest a typhoid tendency; but it some-
times happens that such a disposition prevails,
both in the course of the disease and at its
termination. In such cases, petechia are to
be observed interspersed among the eruptions ;
and these last become livid, or assume almost a
black color. Hemorrhages break out from dif-
ferent parts of the body ; the pulse becomes
frequent, feeble, and perhaps irregular; nni-
RUB
versal debility ensues, and the patient is destroy-
ed.
In those cases where there is much fever,
with great difficulty of breathing, and other
symptoms of pneumonic inflammation, or where
there is great debility, there will always be
considerable danger ; but the consequences at-
tendant on the measles are in general more to
be dreaded than the immediate disease ; these,
which are termed the sequela; of measles, are
hectic, pneumonia, the development of phthisis
or scrofula, ophthalmia, diarrhoea, dysentery,
and sometimes dropsy.
Willan has pointed out a spurious kind of
measles, Rubeola sine catarrho, in which there
is little fever or catarrh, and which is not a
preservative against the attack of true measles.
Treatment. — As it usually appears, the object
is to moderate the accompanying fever, and at-
tend to the state of certain organs, particularly
the lungs and the bowels. When there are no
urgent local symptoms, it will be commonly
sufficient to pursue the general antiphlogistic
plan, avoiding, however, too free or sudden
exposure to cold, keeping the bowels open, and
encouraging diaphoresis by mild antimonials,
&c. Sometimes, however, in plethoi'ic habits,
especially where the lungs are weak, it will be
proper to begin by a moderate abstraction of
blood. Where the eruption has been impru-
dently checked, much distress usually follows,
and it will be advisable to endeavor to bring it
out again by the warm bath, with other means
of increasing the action of the cutaneous ves-
sels. Should an inflammatory determination to
the lungs occur, more active evacuations must
be practiced. (See Pneumonitis.) The cough
may be palliated by expectorants, demulcents,
&c. ; and an occasional emetic will be proper
when there is much wheezing. Where diar-
rhoea takes place, it is better not to attempt to
suppress it at once ; but, if troublesome, mod-
erate it by small doses of opium, assisted, per-
haps, by astringents. At the decline of the dis-
order, much attention is often required to pre-
vent phthisis pulmonalis supervening. Should
the disorder ever put on a typhoid character,
the general plan pointed out under Typhus
must be pursued.
Ru'ber. Red.
RU'BIA. {a, ee, f.) A genus of plants.
Tetrandria. Monogynia. Rubiacem. — R. tinc-
torum. The madder plant. Dyer's madder.
The roots were formerly considered as a deob-
struent, detergent, and diuretic, but are now
very seldom used.
RUBIACE'jE. The cinchona tribe of dico-
tyledons. Trees, shrubs, and herbs with leaves
simple, entire, opposite, rarely verticillate ;
flowers, rather unisexual by abortion, gamope-
talous, perigynous, four to five divisions; sta-
mens, alternate, with lobes of corolla; fruit,
baccate, capsular, or drupaceous ; one or many
celled, the cells one or many seeded ; seeds with
large albumen.
Rubi'ginous. Rubiginosus. Of a rusty color.
RUBI'GO. (o, inis, f. ; a colore rubro, from
its red color.) 1. Rust. 2. The red mildew
or rust of grain plants. ,
Rubigo cupri. Verdigris.
RUM
Rubigo fkkri. Ferri sesquioxydum.
Rdbi'nus. R. verus. Anthrax.
Ru'brin. Haematosin.
Ru'bula. The yaws. — Good.
RU BUS. {us, i, m.) A genus of plants
Icosandria. Polygynia. Rosacea: — R. arcti
cus. The shrubby strawberry. The berries,
Baccce norlandicte, are recommended by Lin-
naeus as possessing antiseptic, refrigerant, and
antiscorbutic qualities. — R. ceesius. The dew-
berry plant, the fruit of which resembles the
blackberry in appearance and qualities. — R.
chamamorus. The cloudberry or knotberry.
The fruit is said to be refrigerant and antiscor-
butic. — R. fruticosus. The common bramble.
The blackberry. The hemes are wholesome
and gently aperient. — R. idaus. The raspber-
ry. The fruit allays heat and thirst, and pro-
motes the natural excretions. A syrup was
formerly officinal. — R. tHvialis, low black-
berry or American dewberry, and R. villosus,
hedge blackberry, are officinal in the United
States. Both theso plants yield an astringent
and tonic root, very useful in the simple diar-
rhoea of the summer. Dose of the small roots,
or of the bark of the larger, 9j. to 3ss., in pow-
der or decoction.
Ru'ctus. (us, us, m.) An eructation.
Ruk. Ruta graveolens.
Ruk, goat's. Galega officinalis.
Rue, wall. Asplenium murale.
Kufi pilule. Rufus's pills. A compound
very similar to the pilula aloes cum myrrha.
Ru'fus. Of a brownish-red orange color.
Ru'ga. (a, </>, f.) A wrinkle.
Ru'gine. An instrument to remove the dis-
eased parts of bones.
Rugo'se. Rugosus. Rugged ; wrinkled.
RUM. Spirilus Jamaicensis. A spirituous
liquor distilled from molasses.
Ru'men. The first stomach of ruminants;
the paunch.
RU'MEX. (ex, icis, m.) 1. The dock. 2.
a genus of plants. Hexandria. Trigynia.
Polygonacem. — R. acetosa. The common sor-
rel. Sour dock. The leaves are sour, but not
the root, which is bitter. — R. acutus. The
sharp-pointed wild dock. The decoction of the
root of this plant is used in Germany to cure
the itch, and in leprous and impetiginous affec-
tions. It is astringent, tonic, and perhaps al-
terative. — R. alpinus. The monks' rhubarb.
The root is laxative. — R. aquaticus. Rumex
hydrolapathum. — R. britannicus. Yellow-root-
ed dock. (U. S.) The root of this is very sim-
ilar to that of the Rumex hydrolapathum. — R.
crispus. — The crisp-leaved dock, formerly used
as an antiscorbutic. — R. hydrolapathum. R.
aquaticus. The leaves manifest considerable
acidity, and are said to possess a laxative qual-
ity. The root is strongly astringent, and has
been much employed, both externally and in-
ternally, for the cure of some diseases of the
skin, as scurvy, lepra, lichen, &c. The root,
powdered, is said to be an excellent dentifrice.
Dose, 3J. of the dried root, in decoction. — R
obtusi/olius. Blunt-leaved dock (U. S.) re-
sembles in properties the Rumex alpinus. — R.
patientia. The garden patience.' The root of
this plant is supposed to possess the virtues of
571
EUP s
rhubarb, but iii an inferior degree. It is ob-
viously more astringent than rhubarb, but comes
very far short of its purgative virtue. — R. san-
guineus. The bloody dock, the root of which
has an austere and astringent taste, and is some-
times given in the cure of diarrhoeas. — R. scu-
tatus. The French sorrel. Its virtues are sim-
ilar to those of common sorrel. Rumex acetosa.
RUMINA'NTIA. . Ruminants. Those ani-
mals which chew the cud; as the ox, deer,
RUMINA'TION. {Ruminatio, onis, f.) A
second mastication, or the chewing of the food
that has been swallowed and is again brought
up into the mouth. Chewing the cud. Among
quadrupeds, this function is peculiar to the or-
der of animals called Pecora by Linnaeus, and
Ruminantia by Cuvier, which have four stom-
achs. A less perfect kind of rumination is ob-
served in some fish, and, as a morbid phenom-
enon, it sometimes occurs in the human species.
Runcinate. Runcina'tus. Notched, with
the segments turned back.
Rundlet. An umbellule.
Runner. The sarmentum.
Rupellensis sal. Soda tartarizata.
Rupert's drops. Pyriform drops of unan-
nealed glass, which burst into atoms when any
part is broken off.
R U P I A. . (a, a, £ ; from pvaoc, sordes, as
indicative of the ill smell and sordid condition
of the diseased parts.) An eruptive disease,
characterized by an appearance of broad and
flattish vesicles, in different parts of the body,
which do not become confluent : they are slight-
ly inflamed at the base, slow in their progress,
and succeeded by an ill-conditioned discharge,
which concretes into thin and superficial scabs,
that are easily rubbed off, and presently regen-
erated ; which circumstance serves to mark the
distinction between rupia and ecthyma. It
appeal's under several forms :
1. Rupia simplex consists of little vesications,
containing, on their first appearance, a clear
lymph, and appearing on many parts of the
body. They leave the surface of a livid or
blackish color, as if from a thickening of the
rete mucosum.
2. Rupia promincns is distinguished by ele-
vated conical scabs, which are gradually formed
upon the vesicated bases. A fluted scab is first
generated, and with some rapidity (e. g., in the
course of the night), as the fluid of the vesica-
tion concretes. This extends itself by the suc-
cessive small advancement of the red border,
upon which a new scab arises, raising the con-
cretion above it, so as ultimately to form a
conical crust, not unlike the shell of a small
limpet.
These varieties of rupia are to be combated
by supporting the system, by means of good,
light, nutritious diet, and by the use of altera-
tive and tonic medicines, such as Plummer's
pill, cinchona, and sarsaparilla.
3. Rupia escharotica affects only infants and
young children, when in a cachectic state ;
whence, among the poor, where it is common-
ly seen, it often terminates fatally. The vesi-
cles generally occur on the loins, thighs, and
lower extremities, and appear to contain a cor-
572
RYT
rosive sanies : many of them terminate with
gangrenous eschars, which leave deep pits.
Rupia syphilitica. See Syphilis.
Rupture. Ruptura. Hernia.
Rupture-wort. Herniaria glabra.
RU'SCUS. {us, i, m.) 1. The Ruscus acu-
leatus. 2. A genus of plants. Diacia. Syn-
genesia. — R. aculeatus. The butcher 's-broom.
Knee-holly. The root, which is somewhat
thick, knotty, and furnished with long fibres,
externally brown, internally white, and of a
bitterish taste, has been recommended as an
aperient and diuretic in dropsies, urinary ob-
structions, and nephritic cases. It is seldom
used. — R. hypoglossum. The Vvularia. This
plant was formerly used against relaxation of
the uvula, but is now laid aside for more astrin-
gent remedies.
Rush. The plants of the genus Cyperus, Ca-
rex, &c, are called rushes.
Rush-nut. Cyperus esculentus.
Rush, sweet. The andropogon schsenan-
thus and acorus calamus.
Ruspini's styptic. According to Dr. A. T.
Thomson, this consists chiefly ot a solution of
tannic acid in alcohol, diluted with rose water.
Ruspini's tincture. This consists of orris
root, cloves, and ambergris, digested in alcohol.
It is intended to preserve the teeth.
Russia ashes. The impure potashes.
Rust. The oxide or crust which forms on
metals, especially iron, when exposed to the
air.
RU'TA. (a, m, f.) 1. Common rue. 2. A
genus of plants. Decandria. Monogynia. Ru-
taccm. — R. grave 'olens. The common rue. It
has a strong, unpleasant smell, and a bitter,
hot, penetrating taste ; the leaves are so acrid,
that, by much handling, they have been known
to irritate and inflame the skin. It is, doubt-
less, a powerful stimulant, and is considered,
like other fetid medicines, as possessing atten-
uating, deobstruent, and antispasmodic pow-
ers. The dose of the leaves is from fifteen
grains to two scruples.
Ruta muraria. Asplenium murale.
RUTACE'iE. The rue tribe of dicotyle-
donous plants. Herbaceous plants with leaves
alternate, dotted ; flowers, symmetrical ; petals,
alternate with the divisions of the calyx ;
stamens, hypogynous; ovarium, entire, celled;
fruit, capsular.
Ruta'ceum. An infusion of rue in vine-
gar.
Ruthe'nium. A new metal found by M.
Claus in platinum ores, and nearly resembling
iridium and rhodium.
Ru'tula. A small species of rue.
Ruyschia'na tu'nica. The internal surface
of the choroid membrane of the human eye,
which Ruysch imagined was a distinct lamina
from the external surface.
Rye. Secale cereale.
Rye, spurred. Secale cornutum.
Rymer's cardiac tincture. This consists
of capsicum, camphor, cardamom seeds, rhu-
barb, aloes, and castor, infused in proof spirit,
with the addition of a very small quantity of
sulphuric acid.
Rytis. Pun?. A wrinkle.
SAC
SAC
s.
s.
The symbol for sulphur.
S. A. The contraction of secundum artem.
See Prescriptions.
Sabadilla. Veratrum sabadilla.
Sabadilline. See Veratria.
SABBA'TIA. (a, a, f.) 1. The American
centaury. 2. A genus of plants. Pentandria.
Monogynia. Gentianacece. — S. angularis. An
indigenous bitter herb, resembling gentian in
properties. Dose, 3ss. to $j., in infusion.
Sabi'na. (a, <b, f.) Juniperus sabina.
SA'BULOUS. (Sabulosus; from sdbulum,
fine gravel.) Gritty; sandy. Applied particu-
larly to the phosphatic matter in urine.
SABU'REA. \a, as, f.) Dirt ; sordes ; filth.
Foulness of the stomach, of which authors men-
tion several kinds, as the acid, the bitter, the
empyreumatic, the insipid, the putrid.
SACCA'TUS. Saccated: encysted, or con-
tained in a bag-like membrane. Applied to
dropsical tumors, &c.
Saccharic acid. An acid produced by the
action of dilute nitric acid on sugar. It is isom-
eric with mucic acid.
Saccharomy'ces. Syn. of toruhe.
SA'CCHARUM. (um,i,n.) 1. Sugar. 2. A
genus of plants. Triandria. Digynia. Gra-
minaceee. — S. acernum. Maple sugar. — 8. al-
bum. Refined sugar. — 8. aluminis. Alum
mixed with dragon's blood and dried. — S. can-
adense. Maple sugar. — S. candidum. Sugar
candy. — S. non purificatum. Brown or unpuri-
fied sugar. — S. officinale. The cane from which
sugar is obtained. — 8. purificatum. Refined or
loaf sugar. — S. saturni. Plumbi acetas.
Saccho-lactic acid. Mucic acid.
Sacculi adiposi. The bursae mucosa) of the
joints.
SA'CCULUS. {us, i, m. ; diminutive of sac-
cus, a bag. ) A little bag.
Sacculus chyliferus. The receptaculum
chyli.
Sacculus cordis. The pericardium.
Sacculus lachrymalis. The lachrymal sac.
Sacculus laryngis. A pouch extending up-
ward from the ventricle of the larynx to the
upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
Sacculus mucosus. A mucous sac lying be-
hind the tendon of the rectus femoris.
Sacculus proprius. The smaller of the two
sacs of the vestibulum, formed by the expan-
sion of the auditory nerve. The large sac is
called utriculus communis.
SA'CCUS. (us, i,m.) A bag.
Saccus lachrymalis. The lachrymal sac.
SA'CER. (From sagur, secret, Heb.) Sa-
cred. 1. Applied to some diseases : hence
Morbus sacer, the epilepsy ; Ignis sacer, the ery-
sipelas, &c. 2. Sacer musculus, the transver-
salis lumborum.
Sack. Sherry wine.
Saclactic acid. Mucic acid.
Sacra herba. Verbena officinalis.
Sacra tinctura. A tincture made of aloes,
canella alba, and mountain wine.
SA'CRAL. Sacratts. Of, or belonging to,
the sacrum, as sacral arteries, veins, nerves, &c .
Sa'cro-coccyce'us. A muscle arising from
the sacrum, and inserted into the os coccygis.
Sacro-coxalgia. Rheumatism of the hip
joint.
Sacro-iliac. Relating to the os sacrum and
ilium.
Sacro-ischiatic. Belonging to the sacrum
and ischium.
SA'CRO-LUMBA'LIS. Sacro-lumbaris of
authors. A long muscle extending from the os
sacrum to the lower part of the neck, under the
serrati postici, rhomboideus, trapezius, and latis-
simus dorsi. It arises from the posterior part
of the os sacrum; from the posterior edge of
the spine of the ilium ; from all the spinous pro-
cesses; and from near the roots of the transverse
processes of the lumbar vertebra?. At the bot-
tom of the back it separates from the longissimus
dorsi, with which it had before formed, as it
were, only one muscle, and ascending oblique
ly outward, gradually terminates above in a
very narrow point. Its tendinous side sends
off as many long and thin tendons as there are
ribs. The lowermost of these tendons are
broader, thicker, and shorter than those above ;
they are inserted into the inferior edge of each
rib, where it begins to be curved forward to-
ward the sternum, excepting only the upper-
most and last tendon, which ends in the pos-
terior and inferior part of the transverse pro-
cess of the last vertebra of the neck. From the
upper part of the five, six, seven, eight, nine,
ten, or eleven lower ribs (for the number,
though most commonly seven or eight, varies
in different subjects), arise as many thin bun-
dles of fleshy fibres, which, after a very short
progress, terminate in the inner side of this mus-
cle, and have been named by Steno musculi ad
sacro lumbalem accessorii. Besides these, we
find the muscle sending off a fleshy slip from its
upper part, which is inserted into the posterior
and inferior part of the transverse processes of
the five inferior vertebrae of the neck, by as
many distinct tendons. This is generally de-
scribed as a distinct muscle. Diemerbroeck,
and Douglas and Albinus after him, call it cer-
vicalis descendens ; Winslow names it transver-
salis collateralis colli. Morgagni considers it
as an appendage to the sacro-lumbalis. The
uses of this muscle are to assist in erecting the
trunk of the body, in turning it upon its axis
or to one side, and in drawing the ribs down-
ward. By means of its upper slip, it serves to
turn the neck obliquely backward or to one
side.
Sa'cro-scia'tic ligaments. The ligaments
which connect the ossa innominata with the os
sacrum.
Sacro-vertebral. Belonging to the os sa-
crum and the vertebra.
SA'CRUM. («m, i, n.) Os sacrum. The
os sacrum derives its name from its being offer-
ed in sacrifice by the ancients, or perhaps from
573
SAF
its supporting the organs of generation, which
they considered as sacred. In young subjects
it is composed of five or six pieces, united by
■ cartilage ; but in more advanced age it becomes
one bone, in which, however, we may still easily
distinguish the marks of the former separation.
Its shape has been sometimes compared to an
irregular triangle ; and sometimes, and perhaps
more properly, to a pyramid flattened before
and behind, with its basis placed toward the
lumbar vertebra?, and its point terminating in
the coccyx. We find it convex behind, and
slightly concave before, with its inferior portion
bent a little forward. Its anterior surface is
smooth, and affords four, and sometimes five
transverse lines, of a color different from the
rest of the bone. These are the remains of the
intermediate cartilages by which its several
pieces were united in infancy. Its posterior
convex surface has several prominences, the
most remarkable of which arc its spinous pro-
cesses : these are usually three in number, and
gradually become shorter, so that the third is
not so long as the second, nor the second as the
first. This arrangement enables us to sit with
ease. Its transverse processes are formed into
one oblong process, which becomes gradually
smaller as it descends. At the superior part of
the bone we observe two oblique processes, of
a cylindrical shape, and somewhat concave,
which are articulated with the last of the lum-
bar vertebrae. At the base of each of these ob-
lique processes is a notch, which, with such an-
other in the vertebra; above it, forms a passage
for the twenty-fourth spinal nerve. In view-
ing this bone, either before or behind, we ob-
serve four, and sometimes five holes on each
side, situate at each extremity of the transverse
lines which mark the divisions of the bone. Of
these holes, the anterior ones, and of these again,
the uppermost, are the largest, and afford a
passage to the nerves. The posterior holes are
smaller, covered with membranes, and destined
for the same purpose as the former. Sometimes
at the bottom of the bone there is only a notch,
and sometimes there is a hole common to it and
the os coccygis. The cavity between the body
of this bone and its processes, for the lodgment
of the spinal marrow, is triangular, and becomes
smaller as it descends, till at length it terminates
obliquely on each side at the lower part of the
bone. Below the third division of the bone,
however, the cavity is no longer completely
bony, as in the rest of the spine, but is defend-
ed posteriorly only by a very strong membrane ;
hence a wound in this part may be attended with
the most dangerous consequences. This bone
is articulated above with the last lumbar ver-
tebrae ; laterally, it is firmly united, by a broad,
irregular surface, to the ossa iunominata, or hip
bones ; and below it is joined to the os coccygis.
In women the os sacrum is usually shorter,
broader, and more curved than in men, by
which means the cavity of the pelvis is more
enlarged.
Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius.
Saffron. Crocus sativus.
Saffron, bastard. S. flower. Carthamus
tinctorius.
Saffron, meadow. See Colchicum.
574
SAL
Saffron of antimony. See Antimonu vi-
trutn.
Saffron of steel. A red oxide of iron.
SAGAPE'NUM. (wwi, i, n.) A gum-resin
from an unknown umbelliferous plant. Saga-
penum is brought from Persia and Alexandria
in large masses, externally yellowish, internal-
ly paler, and of a horny clearness. Its taste is
hot and biting, its smell of the alliaceous and
fetid kind, and its virtues are similar to those
which have been ascribed to assafcetida, but
weaker, and, consequently, it is^less powerful in
its effects.
Sage. Salvia officinalis.
Sage of Bethlehem. S. of Jerusalem. See
Pulmonaria.
Sage of virtue. Salvia hortensis minor.
SAGI'TTAL. (Sagittalis; from sagitta, an
arrow.) Shaped like an arrow.
Sagittal suture. (Sutura sagittalis; bo
named from its lying between the coronal and
lambdoidal sutures, as an arrow betwixt the
string and the bow.) Sutura virgata, obelcea,
rhabdoides. The suture which unites the two
parietal bones.
SAGITTA'RIA. («, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Monacia. Polyandria. — S. alexir
pharmaca. The name of the plant called Ma-
lacca, cultivated in the West Indies for its root,
which is supposed to be a remedy for the wounds
of poisoned arrows. The root of this species,
called Radix malacca, is sometimes used medi-
cinally. — S. sagittifolia. The common arrow-
head, the roots of which are esculent, but not
very nutritious.
Sagittate. Sagitta'tus. Arrow-shaped.
Sago. Sagu. The starchy farina of the
cycas circiualis and other palm-like plants.
St. Anthony'b fire. Erysipelas.
St. Ignatius's bkan. Ignatia amara.
St. James's wort. Senecio jacobaea.
St. John's wort. St. Peter's wort. Hyperi-
cum perforatum. .
St. Vitus's dance. Chorea.
SAINT AUGUSTINE, CLIMATE OF. This
sea-port, in Florida, possesses a mild climate, but
its equability is somewhat disturbed by winds,
which nyike it less desirable for the consump-
tive invalid than Tampa Bay or Mobile.
SAL. (al, alts, m., and, rarely, neut.) Salt.
A compound, in defiuite proportions, of an acid,
with an alkali, earth, or metallic oxide. When
the proportions of the constituents are so ad-
justed tliat the resulting substance does not af-
fect the color of infusion of litmus, it is then
called a neutral salt. When the predominance
of acid is evinced by the reddening of these in-
fusions, the salt is said to be acidulous, and the
prefix super or hi is used to indicate this ex-
cess of acid. If, on the contrary, the acid mat-
ter appears to be in defect, or short of the quan-
tity necessary for neutralizing the alkalinity of
the base, the salt is then said to be with excess
of base, and the prefix sub is attached to its.
name.
Sal absinthii. Potassae carbonas.
Sal acetosell.*:. See Oxalis acctosella,
Sal jegyptiacum. Nitre.
Sal alembroth. See Alcmbroth.
Sal alkahnus fixus. See Alkalifixum.
SAL
Sal alkalinus volatilis. Sesquicarbonate
of ammonia.
Sal ammoniac. See Ammonite murias.
Sal ammoniacum acetosum. See Ammonia
acetatis liquor.
Sal ammoniacum liquidum. See Ammonia
acetatis liquor.
Sal ammoniacum martiale. Sec Fcrri am-
monio-chloridum.
Sal ammoniacum secretum glauberi. See
Sulphas ammonia.
Sal ammoniacum vegktabile. See Ammonia
acetatis liquor.
Sal ammoniacus fixus. Calcii chloridum.
Sal ammoniacus nitrosus. See Nitras am-
monia.
Sal anglicum. Epsom salts.
Sal antimonii. Antimonium tartarizatum.
Sal argenti. Argenti nitras.
Sal catharticus amarus. See Magnesia
tulphas.
Sal catharticus anglicanus. See Mag-
nesia sulphas.
Sal catharticus Glauberi. See Soda sul-
phas.
Sal chalybis. Sulphate of iron.
Sal communis. See Sodii chloridum.
Sal cornu cervi volatilis. See Ammonia
sesquicarbonas.
Sal culinaris. See Sodii chloridum.
Sal de duobus. See Potassa sulphas.
Sal digestivus. Chloride of potassium.
Sal digestivus sylvii. Acetate of potash.
Sal diureticus. See Potassa acefas.
Sal epsomensis. See Magnesia sulphas.
Sal febrifugus sylvii. Chloride of potas-
sium.
Sal fontium. S.fossilis. S. gemma. Com-
mon salt.
Sal Glauberi. See Soda sulphas.
Sal herbarum. See Potassa carbonas.
Sal marinus. See Sodii chloridum.
Sal martis. See Fcrri sulphas.
Sal martis mi?riaticum sublimatum. See
Ferri ammonio-ckloridum.
Sal mirabilis Glauberi. See Soda sul-
phas. •
Sal muriaticus. See Sodii chloridum.
Sal perlatum. Phosphate of soda.
Sal plantarum. See Potassa carbonas.
Sal polychrestus. Bee Potassa sulphas.
Sal polychrestus Glaseri. See Potassa
sulphas.
Sal polychrestus Seignetti. See Soda
tartarizata.
Sal prunell.*:. Nitrate of potash, cast into
flat cakes or round halls.
Sal Rupellensis. See Soda tartarizata.
Sal Saturni. See Plumbi acetas.
Sal sedativus. See Boracic acid.
Sal seidlicensis. Sulphate of magnesia.
See Sedlitz.
Sal Seignetti. See Soda tartarizata.
Sal succini. See Succinic acid.
Sal tartari. See Tartaric acid.
Sal thkrmarum carolinarum. See Mag-
nesia sulphas.
Sal vegetabilis. See Potassa tartras.
Sal volatilis. See Spiritus ammonia aro-
vtaticus and Ammonia subcarbonas.
SAL
Sal volatilis sahs ammoniaci. See Am-
monia sesquicarbonas.
Salaam convulsion. A convulsion attend
ed with bowings of the head.
Sala'ciousness. Salacitas. Inordinate pur
suit of venery.
Sale p. Salap. See Orchis morio.
Salica'ria. Lythrum salicaria.
SA'LICINE. Salicina. A principle discov-
ered in the bark of most species of willow. It
crystallizes in fine, silky, colorless scales; is
neutral; soluble in warm water and alcohol.
Sulphuric acid changes it to a red color. Its
formula is C42H23O16-J-GHO. It is an intense
bitter, and for a time gained reputation as a
substitute for quinine in ague, which, however,
it has failed to maintain. It is a very valuable
stomachic bitter, and often agrees with the
stomach where quinine proves too stimulating.
Dose, gr. iv. to gr. vj.
SALICO'RNIA. \a,a,f.) A genus of plants.
Monandria. Monogynia. Chcnopodiacea. — S.
europaa. The jointed glasswort. This plant
is gathered and sold for samphire, and forms 'a
good pickle with vinegar.
SALICY'LE. A hypothetical radical, of the
form. Ci 4 H 5 0.i; symbol, Sa. The hydurct, or
Salicylous acid, SaH., is found in the essential
oil of the meadow-sweet. It is colorless, oily,
fragrant, pungent; sp. gr., 1-173; boiling at 380°.
It combines with the haloid bodies and bases.
Salicylic acid is formed when the above is heated
with hydrate of potash. Its formula is Sa0 2 II.
It is crystalline, and very similar to benzoic
acid.
Salifiable. Having the property of forming
a salt.
SALI'NE. (Salinus; from sal, salt.) Of a
salt nature.
Saline draught. Take of bicarbonate of
potash or soda, 3j. to 33s.; tartaric or citric acid,
gr. xv. to gr. xxv.; water, with syrup, Jviij.
Salinuca. Valeriana celtica.
Salire'tine. A resinous body produced by
the action of dilute sulphuric acid on salicine.
Formula, OsoHitO^HO.
SALI'VA. {a, a, f. ; a salino sapore, from its
salt taste, or from oiaXoc, spittle.) The fluid
secreted by the salivary glands. These are the
parotid glands, the submaxillary glands, the
sublingual glands.
The saliva has little odor, scarcely any taste ;
sp. gr., 1 -008. It is opalescent.and rather viscid:
about twelve ounces are secreted daily. 1000
parts contain about 11 of solid matter, of which
two are ptyaline; there is about - 5 of fat, the
rest being epithelium scales, mucus, saline mat-
ter, with - 9 sulphocyanide of potassium. M ialhe
announces the presence of a substance resem-
bling, in its action, diastase ; and Leuchs has al-
ready converted starch into sugar by the action
of saliva.
Saliva encloses a considerable volume of ox-
ygen, which no doubt becomes serviceable in
digestion. It is also alkaline, and may give tone
to the stomach. During a meal three or four
ounces are produced.
Sali'val. Salivalis. Of, or belonging to, the
saliva.
Salival ducts. The excretory ducts of the
575
SAL
salival glands. That of the parotid gland is
called the Stenonian duct; those of the sab-
maxillary glands, the Warthonian ducts; and
those of the sublingual, the Rivinian ducts.
Salival glands. Those glands which se-
crete the saliva are so termed. See Saliva.
Sali'vans. Productive of salivation.
Saliva'ria. Anthemis pyrethrum.
Sa'livary. The same as salival.
Salivary calculi. Concretions, chiefly of
phosphates with animal matter, found in the
salivary glands or their ducts.
SALIVATION. (Salivalio, onis, f.; from
saliva, the spittle.) See Ptyalism.
SA'LIX. (ix, ids, f. ; from sala, Heb.) A
genus of plants. Dimcia. Diandria. Amen-
tacecc. — S. alba. Salix fragilis. — S. caprea. The
systematic name of a species of willow, the bark
of the branches of which possesses the same vir-
tues with that of the fragilis. — S. fragilis- The
systematic name of the common crack willow.
The bark of the branches of this species mani-
fests a considerable degree of bitterness to the
taste, and is very astringent. It is recommend-
ed as a good substitute for Peruvian bark, and
is said to cure intermittents and other diseases
requiring tonic and astringent remedies. Not
only the bark of this species of salix, but those
also of several others, possess similar qualities,
particularly of the Salix alba and Salix pentan-
dra, both of which are recommended in some
pharmacopoeias. But Dr. Woodville is of opin-
ion that the bark of the Salix triandra is more
effectual than that of any other of this genus.
The dose is from 9j. to jj. of the powdered
bark. See Salicinc.
Sa'lmo. A genus of fishes, of the order Ab-
•dominales. The salmon.
Salpingo-cyesis. Tubal pregnancy. The
development of the foetus in the Fallopian tube.
SALPI'NGO-PHARYNGE'US. (From oal-
Trty!;, a trumpet, and fyapvy!;, the pharynx.)
This muscle is composed of a few fibres of the
palato-pharyngeus, which it assists in dilating
the mouth of the Eustachian tube.
Salpi'ngo-staphyli'nus. (From oahntyt;, a
trumpet, and aratyvXri, the uvula.) See Levator
palati.
Salpingo-stafhylinus internus. See Le-
vator palati.
Salpinx. SaXniy!;. A tube or trumpet.
Salsepa'rin. Smilacine.
Salsify. Tragopogon pratense.
SALSO'LA. (a, a, f ) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Digynia. Chenopodiacea. Sev-
eral species are collected and burned for barilla.
— S. kali. A plant which affords barilla.
Salt. See Sal.
Salt, common. Chloride of sodium.
Salta'tio. Dancing : hence Salt alio Sancti
Vili for chorea.
Saltpetre. Nitre.
Saltus Viti. Chorea.
Saltwort. Salsola kali.
Salubri'ous. Salubritas. Healthy.
SALVATE'LLA. The vein which runs along
the little finger, unites on the back of the hand
with the cephalic of the thumb, and empties its
blood into the internal and external cubital
veins. »
576
SAN
Salve. The common name for an ointment.
See Unguentum.
Salver-shaped. Hypoc'rateriform.
SALVIA, {a, as, f.) 1. Salvia officinalis,
or sage. 2. A genus of plants. Diandria.
Monogynia. Salviaeea. — S. hortensis minor
The small sage, or sage of virtue. — S. lyrata.
Cancer weed. — S. officinalis. The garden sage.
In ancient times sage was celebrated as a rem-
edy of great efficacy. It has a fragrant, strong
smell, and a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste,
like other plants containing an essential oil. —
S. sclarea. The garden clary. Sclarea hispa-
nica. The leaves and seeds are recommended
as corroborants and antispasmodics. They have
a bitterish, warm taste, and a strong smell, of
the aromatic kind. The seeds are infused in
white wine, and imitate muscadel.
Samara. A species of capsule of a com-
pressed form, and dry, coriaceous texture, with
one or two cells.
SAMBU'CUS. (us,i,f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Trigynia. Caprifoliacecc. — S-
e'bulus. The dwarf- elder, or danewort. S-
humilis and S. herbacea. The root, interior
bark, leaves, flowers, berries, and seeds of this
plant have been administered medicinally, in
moderate doses, as resolvents and deobstruents,
and, in larger doses, as hydragogues. — S . nigra.
S. vulgaris. S. arborea. The elder-tree. This
plant has an unpleasant narcotic smell. The
parts proposed for medicinal use are the inner
bark, the flowers, and the berries. These parts
are aperient, and said to be deobstruent and
sudorific,
Samian earth. Sami terra. A kind of clay
from Samos.
Samphire. Crithmum maritimum.
Sampsu'chum. Sampsuchus. Amaracum.
Sana'bile. Sanabilis. Curable.
Sanatio. Curation.
SANATIVE. (From sano, to cure.) That
which cures diseases.
Sancti Antonii ignis. See Erysipelas.
Sanctum semen. The wormseed, or santo-
nicum.
Sandalifo'rmis. Sandal or slipper like.
SA'NDARACH. {Sandaracha, m, f. ; from
saghad narak, Arabic.) This name has been
given to a kind of gum-resin, and also to real-
gar, or sulphuret of arsenic.
Sandara'cha a'rabum. Gum sandarach.
See Juniperis communis.
Sandaracha grje'corum. Realgar.
Sand-bath. See Bath.
Sanders. Pterocarpus santalinus.
SANGUIFICA'TION. (Sanguificatio; from
sanguis, blood, and facio, to make.) A natural
function of the body, by which the chyle is
changed into blood.
Sanguifluxus. Hemorrhage.
Sanguina'lis. Polygonum aviculare
SANGUINARIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Polyandria. Polygynia. Papavera-
cece. — S. canadensis. Blood-root. Puccoon.
An indigenous perennial plant, the root of
which is an acrid stimulating emetic and nar-
cotic. The powdered root has been used in
rheumatism, pulmonary affections, and as an es-
charotic to fungoid growths. The dose as an
SAN
emetic is gr. x. to 9j. ; but it is not recom-
mended for this purpose, as it reduces the pulse
in the same way as digitalis.
Sangui'narine. An alkaline principle said
to exist in the root of the Sanguinaria cana-
densis, and, probably, the same as cheleryth-
rine.
SANGUI'NEOUS. (Sanguineus; from san-
guis, blood.) Bloody ; appertaining to the
blood. 1. In Natural History, a red or blood
color. 2. In Physiology and Pathology, applied
to certain conditions of the body, to diseases,
and to appearances of the solids and fluids ; as
sanguineous temperament, sanguineous apo-
plexy.
Sanguineous apoplexy. See Apoplexy.
Sanguinis missio. Blood-letting.
Sangui'nolent. Tinged with blood ; bloody.
Sanguipu'rgium. A gentle fever, or such a
one as, by its discharges, was supposed to puri-
fy the blood.
SA'NGUIS. (is, inis, m.) Sec Blood.
Sanguis draconis. Dragon's blood.
SANGUISO'RBA. (a, m, f.) A genus of
plants. Triandria. Monogynia. — S. officinalis.
The Italian pimpernel, which was formerly
much esteemed as an astringent, but is not now
hi use.
Sanguisu'ga. The leech. See Leech.
Sanguisugum. A barbarous term for a con-
gestion of blood in the heart.
Sanicle. Sanicula europaja.
Sanicle, Yorkshire. Pinguicula vulgaris.
SANI'CULA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Digynia. Umbeliifercc. — S. ebo-
race7isis. Pinguicula vulgaris. — S. europaa.
The sanicle. Sanicula mas. This plant was
formerly recommended as a mild astringent.
Its sensible qualities are a bitterish and some-
what austere taste, followed by an acrimony
which chiefly affects the throat.
Sanido'des. Saniodcs. One with a narrow,
flat chest.
SA'NIES. (es, ei, f.) A thin, unhealthy
discharge, with or without an admixture of
blood or pus, from fistula; or ill-conditioned sores.
Sa'nitas. Health.
SANTA CRUZ. This West Indian island is
often selected as a place of residence for the
consumptive, Hut is, on the whole, inferior to
the other West Indian Islands.
SA'NTALUM. (mot, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Tetrandria. Monogynia. Sanders.
— S. album. The white and yellow sanders:
called, also, Santalum citrinum and Santalum
pallidum. The yellow sanders has an agree-
able odor, like roses, and is much esteemed in
the East as a perfume.
Santalum rubrum. Pterocarpus santa-
linus.
Santoli'na. Artemisia santonica.
Santolina cham-e-cyparissus. The sys-
tematic name of the lavender cotton.
Santo'nicum. Artemisia santonica.
Santonin. A non-azotized crystalline body,
derived from the artemisia santonica.
SANTORI'NI FISSU^RjE. The fissures or
interruptions in the cartilaginous portion of the
meatus auditorius externus are so named, after
Santorini.
Oo
SAP
Santorini tubercula. The little projec-
tions on the top of the arytenoid cartilages
which support the ligaments of the glottis.
Santorini ven.e emissorls:. See Emissoria
santorini.
Sap. The ascending unelaborated fluid of
plants, which is little more than the water of
the soil.
Saphada. A name given by Paracelsus to a
scaly disease of the hairy scalp, resembling tinea,
except that the scales are reddish.
SAPHE'NA. (From aatync, conspicuous.)
Vena saphena:. The two large veins of the leg,
which ascend from the toes over the external
and internal ankle, and evacuate part of the
blood from the foot into the popliteal veins.
Sapid. Possessed of taste ; not insipid.
SAPI'NDUS. (us, i, f.) A genus of plants.
Octandria. Digynia. The soap-tree. — S. sa-
ponaria. The plant which affords the soap-
nuts, or soap-berries ; called, also, Baccaibsrmu-
denscs. A globular fruit, about the size of a
cherry, yellow, glossy, and so transparent as to
show the spherical black nut within. The tree
grows in Jamaica. It is said that the cortical
part of this fruit has a bitter taste, that it raises
a soapy froth with water, and that it is a medi-
cine of singular and specific virtue in chlorosis.
SA'PO. (o, onis, m.) Soap. A compound,
in definite proportions, of certain acids in oils,
fats, or resins, with a salifiable base, usually soda
or potash. These oily and fat bodies are com-
pounds of the stearic, oleic, margaric, &c., acids,
with glycerine, and by the action of alkalies are
decomposed, and stearates, &c, of the alkalies
formed.
The medicinal soap, Sapo amygdalinus, is
made with oil of sweet almonds, and half its
weight of common potash. Common or soft
soap, Sapo mollis, is made of potash and oil or
tallow. Spanish, or Castile soap, Sapo durus,
of oil of olives and soda or barilla. Soap was
formerly much used in jaundice, but is now
seldom employed except externally as a resolv-
ent and detergent.
Sapo terebi'nthinje. Starkey's soap. This
is made of one part of dried and warm subcar-
bonate of potash, and three parts of oil of tur-
pentine. The heated alkali is to have the oil
of turpentine gradually blended with it in a
warm mortar. Indolent swellings were for-
merly rubbed with this application, and some
chronic affections of the joints might be bene-
fited by it.
SAPONA'RIA. (a, m, f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Digynia. Caryophyllacea. — S.
nu'cula. The soap-nut. See Sapindus. — S.
officinalis. The soapwort, or bruisewort. The
root is employed medicinally ; it has no pecu-
liar smell ; is sweetish, glutinous, somewhat bit-
ter, and slightly acrid. It is said to be altera-
tive, and was formerly used in syphilis, gout,
rheumatism, and jaundice, in the form of de-
coction.
Sapo'nka. The name of a pectoral modi
cine, prepared with infusion of violets, sugar
and oil of almonds.
Saponification. The act of submitting oily
bodies to the action of a strong solution of pot
ash or soda, with* heat.
577
S AR
SAPONULE. Saponulus. A combination
of a volatile or essential oil with different bases ;
as Saponule of ammonia, &c.
Sapo'ta. Achras sapota.
Sappan lignum. Ctesalpinia sappan.
Sapropy'ra. Typhus gravior.
Sapros. "Lanpog. Foul; putrid.
Saracen's consound. Solidago virgaurea.
SARATO'GA SPRINGS. StateofNew
York. There are numerous springs, but the
principal is the Congress Spring. This contains
carbonates of soda, in ignesia, lime, and iron ;
and it is said, also, iodides of sodium and po-
tassium. It is highly charged with carbonic
acid gas. Some of the springs contain sulphu-
reted hydrogen ; but, on the whole, they may
be considered very valuable saline springs.
Sarcimina'lis. The allantoid.
Sarcina ventriculi. A minute (-pJ^th of
an inch) square, transparent, yellowish cryp-
togamic plant, found by Mr. Goodsir in the
fluid of Pyrosis.
Sarci'tks. Anasarca.
SA'ROIUM. Sarcion. (D'uninutivo of
aap!;, flush.) A caruncle, or small fleshy excres-
cence.
Sarcocarp. The fleshy part of fruits.
SAUCOCE'LE. (e, es, f . ; from aap?, flesh,
and KifAr), a tumor.) Hernia carnosi. Scir-
rhus or cancer of the testicle. It commences
a3 a hard tuinir, more or less tuberculated, and
may be nearly free from pain. In this state
it may remain for years; but in other cases it
takes on the inflammatory state very rapidly.
There is darting pain, reaching to the loins,
and the parts run into an ulcerated state, which
finds its way through the integuments. A
phagedenic ulcer is produced, with hard edges,
or there is a bleeding fungus.
Sometimes an accumulation of water takes
place in the tunica vaginalis, producing that
mixed appearance called the hydro-sarcocelc.
At other times there is no fluid in the cavity
of the tunica vaginalis; but the body of the
testicle itself is formed into cells, containing
either a turbid kind of water, a bloody sanies,
or a purulent fetid matter. Sometimes the dis-
order seems to bo merely local, that is, confined
to the testicle, not proceeding from a tainted
habit, nor accompanied with diseased viscera,
the patient having all the general appearances
and circumstances of health, and deriving his
local mischief from an external injury. At
other times, a pallid, leaden countenance, in-
digestion, frequent nausea, colicky pains, sud-
den purgings, &c.. sufficiently indicate a vitiated
habit and diseased viscera, winch diseased visce-
ra may also sometimes be discovered and felt.
The progress, also, which it makes from the
testis upward, toward the spermatic cord, is
Yery uncertain; the disease occupying the tes-
ticle only, without affecting the cord, in some
subjects for a great length of time; while in
others it totally spoils the testicle very soon,
and almost as soon seizes on the spermatic
cord. The only efficacious remedy is extirpa-
tion of the testicle before the disease has af-
fected the neighboring parts.
Sarcoco'lla. See Pen<ea mncrpnata.
Sarcoco'lune. A principh: of Sarcocolla.
578
S AR
It may be obtained by evaporating to dryness
an alcoholic or watery solution.
S a' r c o-e p i p l o c e'l e. An omental hernia
complicated with a fleshy tumor.
Sarco-hydrocele. See Sarcocele.
Sarcole'mma. The myolemma.
Sarco'log Y. The anatomy of the soft parts.
SARCO'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from aaoKOu), car-
ncum reddo.) A fleshy tumor or excrescence.
Sarcoma scroti. Sarcocele.
Sarco'matous. Sarcomatosum. Fleshy tu-
mors are called sarcomatous tumors
Sarco'mphalus. A fleshy excrescence about
the navel.
Sarcophyi'a. A fleshy excrescence.
Sarcophy'llk. The fleshy or cellular por-
tiou of the leaf.
SARCO'PTES. A genus of minute insects,
of which S. scabici or S. hominis is the itch in-
sect. See Acarus scabiei.
Sarcopyo'dks. Having the appearance of
flesh and pus mixed together.
SARCO'SIS. (is, is, f.; aapnuoic.) 1. The
generation of flesh. 2. A fleshy tumor.
Sarcosto'sis. The same as Osteosarcoma.
Sarco'tic. Synonymous with incarnative.
Sarcous. Fleshy; pertaining to flesh.
Sardi'asis. Risus sardonicus.
Sardius lapis. Sarda. Carnelian.
Sardonic laugh. Risus sardonicus.
Sarma'tica lu'es. The plica polonica
Sarmknta'ckous. Sarmentaceus. Having
twigs or runners.
Sarmentosk. Trailing, or having runners.
SARMK'NTUM. (urn, i, n. ; from sarpo, to
prune, lop, or cut off.) A twig; a runuer.
SARSAPARl'LLA. (a, a, f . ; from sarza,
a brier, and parilla, a little vine — Spanish: a
thorny little vine.) The root of several species
of smilax. It is bitterish, mucilaginous, aud
slightly flavored. Sarsaparilla is regarded as
alterative, demulcent, and diuretic, but its me-
dicinal properties are somewhat questionable.
The officinal preparations are the decoction and
syrup, which see. The commercial varieties
are,
Jamaica sarsaparilla. — Red-bearded sarsa-
parilla, perhaps the root of the Smilax officina-
lis. Its bark has a red tint, and its roots are
furnished with numerous fibrous ■rootlets called
the beard. It is imported in bundles of spi-
rally-folded roots, and is hence called Sarsapa-
rilla rotunda.
Brazilian sarsaparilla. — Lisbon, Portugal, or
Rio Negro sarsaparilla, said to be the root of
the Smilax syphilitica. It is brought unfolded,
with its roots tied iu buudles in a parallel di-
rection, and hence called Sarsaparilla lonea.
Lima sarsaparilla. — Formerly brought from
Lima, now from Valparaiso ; probably the root
of the Smilax officinalis. It is imported folded.
Honduras sarsaparilla- — Mealy sarsaparilla,
so termed from the mealy appearance which it
presents when broken ; probably the root of
the Smilax officinalis. It is imported folded.
This is the variety used in the United States.
Vera Cruz sarsaparilla. — The root of the
Smilax medica. It is imported unfolded. — Pc-
reira.
Sarsaparilla, false. Aralia nudicaulis.
SAX
Sarsaparilla germanica. Carex hirta.
Sarsaparillin. Saleeparin.
SARTO'RIUS. Sartorins seu longissimus
femoris of Cowper. This flat and slender mus-
cle is situated immediately under the integu-
ments, and extends obliquely from the upper
and anterior part of the thigh, to the upper, an-
terior, and inner part of the tibia, being inclosed
by a thin membraneous sheath, which is de-
rived from the adjacent fascia lata. It arises
by a tendon from the outer surface and inferior
edge of the anterior superior spinous process of
the ilium, and is inserted, by a thin tendon, into
the inner part of the tibia, near the inferior part
of its tuberosity, and for the space of an inch or
two below it. This tendon sends off a thin
aponeurosis, which is spread over the upper
and posterior part of the leg. This muscle
serves to bend the leg obliquely inward, or to
roll the thigh outward, and at the same time
to bring one leg across the other, on which
account Spigelius first gave it tho name of Sar-
torins, or the tailor's muscle.
Sarx. Sflpf. Flesh.
Sarza. Sarsaparilla.
Sa'ssafras. Lauras sassafras.
. Sassafras, swamp. Magnolia glauca.
Satanus devorans. Antimony.
Sate'llites. The veins which accompany
the arteries are called Vena: satellites.
Sa'the. Eadn. The penis.
Satura'ntia. Medicines which neutralize
acid in the stomach.
B ATU R A' T I ON. (Saturatio, axis, f. ) A
term employed, in Chemistry and Pharmacy,
to express that state of a body in which it has
dissolved as much of another body as it is ca-
pable of doing, or in which the acrid.' acid, or
caustic properties of an agent are subdued and
lost by union.
SATUREI'A. («, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospcrmia. Salvia ceee. — S.
capitata. The ciliated savory. It possesses
similar virtues to thyme, but in a stronger de-
gree. — S. hortensis. S. sativa. The summer
aavory. It has a warm, aromatic, penetrating
taste, and smells like thyme, but is milder.
Satu'rnus. Saturn. Lead.
SATYRIASIS. (««,&» m.; from Sanger, a
eatyr; because they are said to be greatly ad-
dicted to venery.) Excessive and violent de-
sire for coition in men.
Sat y'ri o n. Saty'rium. Orchis mascula.
Sauce-alone. Erysimum alliaria.
Saucer. Scutella.
Sauer-kraut. Cabbage preserved in brine.
It is considered highly antiscorbutic.
Saunders. Snntalnm album.
Saunders, red. Pterocarpus santalinus.
Sau'nia. An old demulcent medicine.
SAURIA. Savrians. (From aavpa, a liz-
ard.) The order of reptiles including the liz-
tjds, crocodiles, alligators, &c.
Savine. Savina. Juniperus sabina.
Savinf. ointment. Ceratum sabina;.
Savory. Satureia hortensis.
SAXI'FRAGA. {a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Digynia. Saxifragea;. — S. an-
flica. Peucedanum silaus. — S. crassifolia.
'he root of this species of saxifrage is extolled
SC A
by Professor Pallas as an antiseptic. — S. gran~
ulata. S. alba. The white saxifrage. Sup-
posed to bo diuretic, but probably without me-
dicinal properties.— S. rubra. Spiraea filipen-
dula. — S. vulgaris. Peucedanum silaus.
Saxifrage. See Saxifraga.
Saxifrage, burnet. Pimpinella saxifraga-
Saxifrage, English. S., meadow. Peuce
danum silaus.
Saxifrage, white. Saxifraga granulate.
Saxifragus. Lithontriptic.
Saxon blue. The sulphate of indigo.
S a x o'n i c u s pu'lyis. A powder formerly
thought alexipharmic. It consisted of the roots
of wild and cultivated angelica, of vincetoxi
cum, marshmallow, polypody of the oak, net
tie, and valerian, with the bark of mezereon
root, and seeds of herb Paris.
SAW. A surgical instrument, like the com-
mon saw, for cutting through bones and osse-
ous tumors.
Saw, chain. See Chain-saw.
Saw, Hey's. A small saw with a curved
cutting edge, used in removing pieces of de-
pressed bone in fractures of the skull. The
curvature is in the perpendicular plane, and
not in every plane, as in the case of the tre-
phine.
Sb. Antimony.
SCAB. A hard substance covering super-
ficial ulcerations, and formed by a concretion
of the fluid discharged from them.
Sca'bkr. Rough to the touch.
SCA'BIES. (<% ci, f . ; from scabo, to
scratch.) Psora. The itch. This disease is
characterized by an eruption of pustules or of
small vesicles, wh'ch are subsequently inter-
mixed with, or terminate in, pustules; it is ac-
companied by constant and distressing itching,
but not with fever, and is in all varieties conta
gions. It appears occasionally on every part
of the body, the face only excepted; but most
abundantly about the wrists and fingers, the
fossa of the nates, and the flexures of the joints.
Willan has four species:
1. The Scabies papuliformis, or rank itch,
consists in an extensive eruption of minute itch-
ing vesicles, which ate slightly inflamed and
acuminated, resembling papula? when examined
by the naked eye ; they are at all periods most
numerous, and often intermixed with a few
phlyzacious pustules, containing a thick yellow-
matter.
2. The Scabies lymphalica, or watery itch, Is
distinguished by an eruption of transparent
vesicles, of a considerable size, and without any
inflammation at their base. They arise in suc-
cession, with intense itching, chiefly round the
wrists, between the fingers, on the back of the
hands, and on the feet and toes; they often oc
cur, also, about the axilla?, the Hams, the bend
of the elbows, and fossa of the nates, where
they are intermixed with pustules ; but they
do not frequently appear, like the papuliform
species, over the breast and epigastrium, nor
on the thighs and unper parts of the arms.
In a day or two the vesicles break, and some
of them heal, under the little scab that concretes
upon them : but others inflame, and become
pustules, which discharge, at length, a yellow
579
SC A
matter, and extend into small ulcerated blotch-
es, over which a dark scab is ultimately form-
ed ; so that, during the progress of the erup-
tion, all these appearances are intermixed with
each other: the vesicles and pustules, the ex-
coriated blotches discharging pus, the minute
dry scabs, and the larger ones succeeding the
ulceration, may be observed at the same time.
This circumstance constitutes one of the points
of diagnosis between this and other vesicular
diseases.
3. The Scabies purulenta, or pocky itch, con-
sists of distinct prominent yellow pustules,
which have a moderate inflammation round
their bases, and which maturate and break in
two or three days, and then ulcerate, with in-
creasing pain and inflammation.
4. Scabies cachectica. This variety of scabies
exhibits, in different parts of the body, all the
appearances which belong to the three forego-
ing species. It is occasionally, also, combined
with patches resembling lichen, psoriasis, or
impetigo, especially in adults, or young persons
approaching the term of puberty; whence it
assumes an ambiguous character. In several
instances, this form of scabies has been obvious-
ly contagious in its double character ; and, after
the_ scabious affection has disappeared, the im-
petiginous patches have remained for some time
in a drier form, and yielded very slowly to med-
icine ; for, although this form of scabies does
not so readily spread by contagion, it is much
more obstinate, under the use of remedies, than
the preceding.
Some writers have ascribed the origin of the
itch, in all cases, to the presence of a minute in-
sect breeding and burrowing in the skin, while
others have doubted the existence of such an
insect. Both these opinions appear to be*in-
correct; and, probably, that of Sauvagesis right,
who considers tho insect as generated only in
soine cases of scabies, and, therefore, speaks of
a Scabies vcrmicularis as a separate species.
Among the remedies appropriated to the cure
of scabies, sulphur has long been deemed to
possess specific powers. It may be assisted by
frequent bathing and saline medicines in the
cachectic and inveterate forms.
SOABIO'SA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Telrandria. Monogynia. — S. arvensis. The
common field scabious. This plant possesses
a bitter and subastringent taste, and was for-
merly much employed in tho cure of some lep-
rous affections and diseases of the lungs. — S.
tucci'sa. The devil's-bit scabious. It has sim-
ilar properties with the preceding species.
Scabious . Erigeron heterophyllum and phil-
adelphium.
Scabri'deus. Rough: applied to plants.
Scabri'ties. Roughness ; lichen.
SCA'L A A ladder or staircase.
Scala ty'mpani. The superior spiral cavity
of the cochlea. See Auris.
Scala vesti'buli. The inferior spiral cavity
of the cochlea. See Auris.
Scald. See Ambustio.
Scald-head. Porrigo favosa.
SCALE. Squama. 1. In Natural History,
the small lamina; which cover the surface of
fishes, serpents, &c. 2. In Pathology, a lamina
580
SC A
of morbid cuticle, hard, thickened, whitish, and
opaque, of a very email size, and irregular, often
increasing into layers, denominated crusts
Both scales and crusts repeatedly fall off, and
are reproduced in a short time.
Scale, dry. Psoriasis.
SCALE'NUS. (From onafyvoc, irregular or
unequal.) A muscle situated at the side of tho
neck, between the transverse processes of the
cervical vertebra? and the upper part of the
thorax. The ancients, who gave it its name
from its resemblance to an irregular triangle,
considered it as one muscle. Vesalius and Wins-
low divide it into two, Fallopius and Cowper
into three, Douglas into four, and Albinus into
five portions, which they describe as distinct
muscles. Without deviating in the least from
anatomical accuracy, it may be considered as
one muscle divided into three portions. The
anterior portion arises commonly from the trans-
verse processes of the six inferior vertebrae of
the neck, by as many short tendons, and, de-
scending obliquely outward, is inserted, ten-
dinous and fleshy, into the upper side of the first
rib, near its cartilage. The axillary artery passes
through this portion, and sometimes divides it
into two slips, about an inch and a half above
its insertion. The middle portion arises, by
distinct tendons, from the transverse processes
of the four last vertebras of the neck, and de-
scending obliquely outward and a little back-
ward, is inserted, tendinous, into the outer and
upper part of the first rib, from its root to within
the distance of an inch from its cartilage. The
space between this and the anterior portion af-
fords a passage to the nerves going to the upper
extremities. It is in part covered by the third
or posterior portion, which is the thinnest and
longest ofthe three. This arises from the trans-
verse processes of the second, third, fourth, and
fifth vertebras of the neck by distinct tendons,
and is inserted into the upper edge of the second
rib, at the distance of about an inch and a half
from its articulation, by a broad, flat tendon.
The use of the scalenus is to move the neck to
one side when it acts singly, or to bend it for-
ward when both muscles act; and, when the
neck is fixed, it serves to elevate the ribs and
dilate the chest.
Scalenus primus. See Scalenus.
Scalenus secundus. See Scalenus.
Scalenus tertius. See Scalenus.
Scallop. Ostrea maxima.
SCALPE'L. Scalpellum. (From scalpo, to
scratch or carve. ) A scalpel or common dissect-
ing knife.
Sca'lprum. A denticular raspatory, used in
trepanning.
Scaly. See Squamose.
SC AMMO'NIUM. A purgative resinous body
resembling jalap, derived from the Convolvuht*
scammonia, which see.
Scammony. Convolvulus scammonia.
Scammony, Montpellier. Cynanchum mont«
peliacum.
Sca'ndens. Scandent. Climbing : applied
to stems.
SCA'NDIX. (ix, icis, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Digynia. Umbelliferce. — S. cere-
folium. The officinal chervil. It is slightly
SC A
aromatic, and gently aperient and diuretic. —
<S. odorata. The sweet cicely, or Myrrhis, pos-
sesses virtues similar to the common chervil.
SCA'PHA. (From cuanTu, to make hollow.)
1. The cavity of the external ear, between the
helix and antihelix. 2. The name of a double-
headed i - oller.
SCA'PHOip. (ScapJioides ; from aaa^n, a
boat, and eidoc, resemblance.) Boat-like. See
Navicularc os.
Sc a'phium oculare. The shell used for arti-
ficial eyes. See Artificial eye.
Sca'ptin. A brown extractive matter, slightly
acrid, obtained from foxglove by Radig.
SCA'PULA. (a, <r,f.) The shoulder-blade.
This bone, which approaches nearly to a tri-
angular figure, is fixed to the upper, posterior,
and lateral part of the thorax, extending from
the first to about the seventh rib. The anterior
and internal surface is irregularly concave, from
the impression of the sub-scapulaiis muscle. Its
posterior and external surface is convex, and
divided into two unequal fossa) by a consider-
able spine, which, rising small from the pos-
terior edge of the scapula, becomes gradually
higher and broader as it approaches the ante-
rior and superior angle of the bone, till at length
it terminates in a broad and flat process at the
top of the shoulder, called the acromion. This
bone also presents an articulating surface, the
glenoid cavity; and has a long process, called
the coracoid process, which arises from the su-
perior edge.
Scapulary. • Scapula'ria. (a, m, f . ; from
scapula, the shoulder bone.) A bandage for the
shoulder blade.
SCA'PULAR. (Scapularis; from scapula,
the shoulder bone.) Belonging to the scapula ;
as the scapular arteries and veins, which are
branches of the subclavian and axillary.
Scapulo-hu MKiiAt. Pertaining to the scapula
and humerus. The shoulder joint is the scapulo-
humeral articulation.
SCA'PUS. "The scape, or a stalk which
springs from the root, and bears the flowers and
fruit, but not the leaves.
Scar. See Cicatrix.
Scarborough. The name of a town in York-
shire, noted for its ferruginous springs.
Scarf-skin. See Cutis.
SCARIFICATION. (Scarificatio; fromscar-
ijico, to scarify.) A superficial incision niado
with a lancet, or a surgical instrument called
a scarificator, for the pui-pose of taking away
bk)od or letting out fluids, &c.
SCARIFICATOR. An instrument used by
surgeons to evacuate blood. It is made in the
form of a box, in which are fitted ten, twelve, or
more lancets. The instrument is so construct-
ed that the depth to which the lancets penetrate
may be made greater or less, at the option of the
operator. See Cupping.
Scari'ola. S. gallorum. Lactuca 6cariola.
Sca'rious. Scariosus. Applied, in Botany,
to any part of a plant which is thin, dry, and
semi-transparent.
SCARLATI'NA. (a, «•, f.; from scarlatlo,
the Italian for a deep red.) The scarlet fever.
A disease characterized by contagious fever, the
lace swelling, and a scarlet eruption appearing
SC A
on the skin in patches, which, after three ot
four days, ends in the desquamation of the cuti-
cle. It usually assails youth in the spring, and
seldom occurs again in the same person. It
has two species :
1. Scarlatina simplex, S. benigna, the mild
2. Scarlatina cynanchica or anginosa, with
ulcerated soi-e throat.
Dr. Willan has added to these a third, called
maligna, which is now generally believed to be
the same disease with the Cynanclic maligna
or malignant sore throat. See Tonsillitis.
Scarlatina simplex resembles the measles,
but is to be distinguished by the absence of the
cough, watoiy eye, running at the nose, and
sneezing. In some cases, however, the diag-
nosis is very difficult; so much so that the dis-
ease almost appears to be hybrid between
scarlet fever and measles.
It begins, like other fevers, with languor,
lassitude, confusion of ideas, chills, and shiver-
ings, alternated by fits of heat. The thirst is
considerable, the skin dry, and the patient is
often incommoded with anxiety, nausea, and
vomiting. About the third day, the scarlet ef-
florescence appears on the skin, which seldom
produces, however, any remission of the fever.
On the departure of the efflorescence, which
usually continues out only for three or four
days, a gentle sweat comes on, the fever sub-
sides, the cuticle or scarf-skin then falls oft' in
small scales, and the patient gradually regains
his former strength and health.
On the disappearance of the efflorescence in
scarlatina, it is, however, no uncommon occur-
rence for an anasarcous swelling to affect the
whole body ; but this, in most cases, yields
easily to proper treatment.
Scarlatina anginosa, in several instances, ap
preaches very near to the malignant form. The
patient is seized, not only with a coldness and
shivering, but likewise with great languor, de-
bility, and sickness, succeeded by heat, nausea,
vomiting of bilious matter, soreness of the
throat, inflammation and ulceration in the ton-
sils, &c, a frequent and laborious breathing,
and a quick and small depressed pulse. When
the efflorescence appears, which is usually on
the third day, it brings no relief; on the con-
trary, the symptoms are much aggravated, and
fresh ones arise.
On the first attack the fauces are often much
inflamed ; but this is usually soon succeeded by
grayish sloughs, which give the parts a speckled
appearance, and render the breath more or less
fetid. The patient is often cut off iu a few
days J and, even if he recovers, it will be by
slow degrees ; dropsical swellings, or tumoi's of
the parotid and other glands, slowly suppura-
ting, being very apt to follow.
Scarlatina maligna. — This is a stage of the
preceding more than a new variety. The
symptoms at first are pretty much the same,
but some of the following peculiarities are after-
ward observable: the pulse is small, indistinct,
and irregular ; the tougue, teeth, and lips cov-
ered with a brown or black incrustation ; a dull
redness of the eyes, with a dark red flushing of
the cheeks, deafness, delirium, or coma ; the
breath is extremely fetid ; the respiration rat-
581
SC A
thng and laborious, partly from viscid phlegm
clogging the fauces ; the deglutition is constrict-
ed and painful ; and there is a fulluess and livid
color of the neck, with retraction of the head.
In an advanced stage of the disease, where
petechia;, and other symptoms characteristic
of putrescency, are present, hemorrhages fre-
quently break forth from the nose, mouth, and
other parts.
When scarlatina is to terminate in health, the
fiery redness abates gradually, and is succeed-
ed by a brown color ; the skin becomes rough,
and peels off' in small scales; the tumefaction
subsides, and health is gradually restored. On
the contrary, when it is to terminate fatally, the
febrile symptoms run very high from the first
of its attack ; the skin is intensely hot and dry ;
the pulse is very frequent, but small; great
thirst prevails ; the breath is very fetid ; the ef-
florescence makes its appearance on the second
day, or sooner, and about the third or fourth is
probably interspersed with large livid spots ;
and a high degree of delirium ensuing, or hem-
orrhages breaking out, the patient is cut off
about the sixth or eighth day. In some cases
a severe purging arises, which never fails to
prove fatal. Some, again, where the symptoms
do not run so high, instead of recovering, as is
usual, about the time the skin begins to regain
its natural color, become dropsical, fall into a
kind of lingering way, and are carried off in the
course of a few weeks.
Treatment. — In the scarlatina simplex, little
is required except clearing the bowels, and
observing the antiphlogistic regimen. But
where the throat is affected, and the fever
runs higher, more active means become neces-
sary, varying according to the type of this,
whether synochial or typhoid. In general, we
may begin by exhibiting a nauseating emetic,
which, besides its effect on the fever, may be
useful in checking inflammation in the throat ;
and occasionally the repetition of such a reme-
dy, after a time, may answer a good purpose ;
but commonly it will be better to follow up the
first by some cathartic remedy of sufficient ac-
tivity. Then, so long as the strength will al-
low, we may endeavor to moderate the fever
by mercurial and antimonial preparations, or
other medicines promoting the several secre-
tions, by steadily pursuing the antiphlogistic
regimen, and occasionally applying cold water
to the skin, when this is very hot and diy.
Sometimes severe inflammation in the throat,
at an early period, may render it advisable to
apply a few leeches externally, or blisters be-
hind the ears ; and gargles of nitrate of potash,
the mineral acids, &c, should bo used from
time to time. But where the disorder exhibits
the typhoid character, with ulcers in the throat,
tending perhaps to gangrene, it is necessary to
support the system by a nutritious diet, with a
moderate quantity of wine, and tonic or stimu-
lant medicines, as the cinchona, calumba, am-
monia, &c. ; the acids will also be very proper,
from their antiseptic as well as tonic power; and
stimulant antiseptic gargles should be frequent-
ly employed, as the mineral acids sufficiently
diluted, with the addition of tincture of myrrh,
or these mixed with decoction of bark, &c.
582
SCI
Scarlet fever. See Scarlatina.
Scarred. Cicatrisatus.
Scelos. 2/ceAof. The leg. Hence Scelon*
cus, a swelled leg.
Sceloty'rbe. 1. Chorea; shaking palsy.
2. Sauvages makes Scelotyrbe an order of d:s-
eases, including chorea and shaking palsy
Scheele's green. Arsenite of copper.
Scheelium. Tungsten.
Scherli'evo. Mai de Schcrlicvo. A viruv
lent syphilis said to prevail in Croatia.
Scheroma. Dry inflammation of the eye.
Schindylesis. An immovable articulation.
Schinel.k'um. Oil of mastich.
SCHI'NUS. A genus of plants of the order
Terebinthina. — S. mnlli yields the Peruvian
mastich.
Schneider's membrane. See Membrana
Schneider ma.
Schcenan'thus. Andropogon schcenanthus.
Schcenolagu'rus. Trifolium arvense.
^ SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN. This place, in
New Jersey, has a chalybeate and saline-mineral
spring much resorted to.
Schwann, white substance of. The ex-
terior cylinder of white nervous matter in which
the fibrous variety is inclosed. See Nervous
matter.
SCIA'TIC. (Sciaticus; from ischiaticus.)
Belonging to the ischium.
Sciatic artery. The ischiadic artery.
Sciatic nerve. The sacro-sciatic nerve.
Sciatic notch. See Innomipatum os.
SCIATICA. Two very different diseases
have been confounded under this name — rheu-
matism, or rheumatic gout in the hip joint, and
neuralgia of the sacro-sciatic nerve.
Sciatica cresses. Lepidium iberis.
SCI'LLA. («,«, f.) 1. Squill. 2. A genus of
plants. Hexandria. Monogynia. Liliacca;.—
S. Jiispanica. The Spanish squill. — S. maritima.
The officinal squill. Squilla. A native of Si-
cily, Spain, and Syria, growing on the sea-coast.
The fresh bulb is extremely acrid and poison-
ous, but becomes somewhat milder by drying.
The dried root is bitter, nauseous, and some-
what acrid ; it yields its virtues to alcohol, vin-
egar, and water. It is diuretic and expectorant
in doses of gr. j. to gr. iij., and emetic and pur-
gative in doses of gr. x. to gr. xv. In dropsical
cases it has long been esteemed the most cer-
tain and effectual diuretic with which we are
acquainted; and in asthmatic affections, or dysp-
noea, occasioned by the lodgment of tenacious
phlegm, it has been the expectorant usually em-
ployed. Its activity is said to depend on a prin-
ciple called Scillitine. — S. nutans. This plant
was, until very lately, called Hyacinthus non
scriplus. It is well known by the name of blue-
bells, and is said to be an inferior astringent.
Scilli'tes. A wine impregnated with squills.
SCI'LLITINE. Scillitina. A white, trans-
parent, deliquescent acrid substance, of a resin-
ous nature, extracted by Vogel from squills.
Sci'ncus. The Nile lizard, formerly used in
medicine.
Scirrho'ma. Scirrhocele. Scirrhus.
Scirrhous sarcoma. Abernethy gave this
name to an indurated, smooth, painless, and vas-
cular tumor of glandular structures.
SCO
SCI'RRHUS. (us, i, m. ; from oiuppou, to
harden.) Scirrhoma. Scirrhosis. This term
has been applied to any very hard glandular
tumor, but it is now usually restricted to the
early or occult stage of cancer. See Cancer.
Scirrhus scroti. Sarcocele.
SCI'SSORS. In Surgery, the blades of the
scissors are variously curved, to answer different
purposes.
Scissu'kje. Rhagades; fissures.
SCITAMI'NE.E. The ginger tribe of mon-
ocotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants with
a creeping, often-jointed rhizome; leaves, sim-
ple, sheathing ; flowers, tripetaloideous ; sta-
mens, three, distinct ; ovarium, three-celled ;
fruit, capsular, three- celled, many - seeded ;
seeds, with or without an arillus.
Scitami'neus. Scitamineous ; dainty.
ScLA'nEA. Salvia sclarea.
Sclkrectomia. The removal of a portion of
the sclerotic coat to form an artificial pupil.
Sclere'mus. Sclercmia. Induration of the
cellular tissue.
Sclerencephalia. Preternatural induration
of the brain.
SCLERI'ASIS. (From aiclripou, to harden.)
.Scleroma. Sclerosis. A hard tumor or indu-
ration ; a scirrhus.
SCLERO-. (From on/jjpoc, hard.) A pre-
fix, indicating hardness.
SCLEROPHTHA'LMIA. (a, a, f . ; from
CKkvpoc, hard, and o<pda%/j,og, the eye.) A dry,
painful state of the eye and eyelids, accom-
panied with swelling and hardness.
Sclkeo-sarcoma. A hard, fleshy excres-
cence.
Sclerosis. See Scleriasis.
SCLERO'TIC. (Sclerotic ns; from ontojpou,
to harden.) Hard: applied to a membrane of
the eye.
Sclerotic coat. Tunica sclerotica. Mem-
brana sclerotica. Sclcrotis. The membrane of
the eye, situated immediately under the con-
junctiva. See Eye.
Scleroticony'xis. Scleronyxis. The per-
foration of the sclerotic coat of the eye.
Sclerotis. The sclerotic coat.
Sclerotitis. Inflammation of the sclerotic
coat.
Sclero'tium ci.avus. Ergot.
Sclery'sma. Induration.
Sclopetaria aqua. Eau d'arquebusade.
Sclopetopla'ga. A gun-shot wound.
SCOBS. The filings, scales, or raspings of
any metal or wood.
SCOLI'OSIS. (From oko'Alou, to twist.) A
distortion of the spine: rhachitis.
Scolloped. Crenate.
SCOLOPAX. A genua of bird3 of the order
Gratia. — S. gallina'go. The common snipe.
— S. rusti'cola. The woodcock.
Scolopk'nt>ria. Asplenium ceterach.
SOOLOPE'NDRIOM. (««,«, n.) A genus
of ferns. — 5. vulgar e. Asplenium scolopendri-
um. It has a slightly astringent and mucilagin-
ous sweetish taste, and is pectoral and demul-
cent.
Scolopomachm'rium. An incision-knife.
Sco'lymus. Cinara scolymus.
SCOMBER. A genus of fishes, of the order
SCO
Thoracici. — S. scomber. The common mackflr
rel. — S. thynnus. The tunny fish.
SCOOP. A surgical instrument like a spoon,
to remove foreign bodies with.
Scopa regia. Ruscus aculeatus.
Scoracra'sia. Involuntary evacuation of the
faeces.
Scorbu'tic Affected with scorbutus or
scurvy.
SCORBU'TUS. (us, i, m. ; from schorboet,
Germ.) -Porphyra of Dr. Good. The scurvy.
A disease characterized by extreme debility;
complexion pale and bloated; spongy gumB;
livid spots on the skin ; breath offensive ; cede-
matous swellings in the legs; hemorrhages;
foul ulcers ; fetid urine ; and extremely of-
fensive stools. The scurvy is a disease of an
adynamic character, much more prevalent hi
cold climates than in warm ones, and which
chiefly affects sailors, and such as are shut up
in besieged places, owing, as is supposed, to
their being deprived of fresh provisions, and a
due quantity of acescent food, assisted by the
prevalence of cold and moisture, and by such
other causes as depress the nervous energy, as
intemperance, confinement, want of exercise,
neglect of cleauliness, much labor and fatigue,
sadness, despondency, &c.
The scurvy comes on gradually, with heavi-
ness, weariness, and unwillingness to move
about, together with dejection of spirits, consid
erable loss of strength, and debility. As it ad
vances in its progress, the countenance becomes
sallow and bloated, respiration is hurried on the
least motion, the teeth become loose, the gums
are spongy, the breath is very offensive, livid
spots appear on different parts of the body j old
wounds, which have been long healed up, break
out afresh ; severe wandering pains are felt, par-
ticularly by night; the skin is dry, the urine small
in quantity, turning bluo vegetable infusions to
a green color; and the pulse is small, frequent,
and, toward the last, intermitting; but the in-
tellect is, for the most part, clear and distinct.
By an aggravation of the symptoms, the dis-
ease, in its last stage, exhibits a most wretched
appearance. The joints become swelled and
stiff, the tendons of the legs are rigid and con-
tracted, general emaciation ensues, hemorrha-
ges break forth from different parts, fetid evac-
uations are discharged by stool, and a diarrhoea
or dysentery arises, which soon terminates the
life of the patient.
Scurvy, as usually met with on shore, or
where the person has not been exposed to the
influence of the remote causes before enume-
rated, is unattended by any violent symptoms :
slight blotches, with scaly eruptions on different
parts of the body, and a sponginess of the gums,
are the chief ones to be observed.
In the cure as well as the prevention of scur-
vy, much more is to be done by regimen than
by medicines, obviating, as far as possible, the
several remoto causes of the disease, but par-
ticularly providing the pationt with a more
wholesome diet, and a large proportion of fresh
vegetables; and it has been found* that" those
articles are especially useful which contain a
native acid, as oranges, lemons, &c. Vinegar,
sauer-kraut, and acid substances have been used
583
SCR
with much advantage : also brisk fermenting
liquors, as spruce beer, cider, and the like.
Horseradish and cruciferous plants are highly
commended, and vegetables generally. The
spongy state of the gums may be remedied by
washing the mouth with some of the mineral
acids sufficiently diluted, or perhaps mixed with
the decoction of cinchona. The stiffness of the
limbs which remains may be removed by the
warm bath, and friction with the flesh-brush.
Sco'rdium. Teucrium scordium.
SCORIAE, (a, m, f. ; from CKup, excrement.)
Dross ; the refuse of metals. The refuse or use-
less parts of any substance.
Scoro'doprasum. Allium scorodoprasum.
Sco'rodu*. Garlic.
Scorpioi'des. Scorpiii rus. Myosurus scor-
pioides.
SCORPION. A genus of insects, the sting of
which is highly poisonous. The proper treat-
ment is to apply a dilute lotion of ammonia to
the wounded part, and if symptoms of prostra-
tion come on, to use alcoholic drinks and the
carbonate of ammonia.
SCORZONE'RA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Syngcncsia. Polygamiaaqualis. Com~
positm. — /S. hispanica. The esculent viper's
grass. — S. humilis. The officinal viper's grass.
Goat's grass. Viper's grass. The root has been
employed medicinally in hypochondriacal dis-
orders and obstructions of the viscera.
SCOTODI'NUS. (ns,i,m.; onorodivoc; from
okotoc, darkness, and Sivoe, a giddiness.) Sco-
todinia. Scotoma. Scolodinos. Scotodinc. Gid-
diness, with impaired sight. This may arise
from some disease of the brain ; but it is most
commonly symptomatic of disorder of the di-
gestive organs. It is frequently accompanied
with ringing in the ears.
Scoto ma. See Scotodinus.
Scott's acid bath. The nitro-muriatic acid
bath. See Balneum.
Scrobicula'te. Scrobiculus. Hollowed;
having deep, round foramina.
SCROBI'CULUS. (us, i, m. ; diminutive of
scrobs, a ditch. ) A hollow : the pit of the stom-
ach is called Scrobiculus cordis.
Scro'fa. The sow. Sua scrofa.
SCRO'FULA. (a, cc, f. ; from scrofa, a sow,
because hogs are supposed to be much affected
by it.) Scrofula is a disease very difficult to
define : it consists in hard, indolent tumors of
the conglobate glands in various parts of the
body, but particularly in the neck, behind the
% ears, and under the chin, which, after a time,
suppurate and degenerate into ulcers, from
which, instead of pus, a white curdled matter,
somewhat resembling the coagulum of milk, is
discharged. It is most common between the
third and seventh year of childhood, but it may
arise at any period between this and the age of
puberty.
The scrofulous diathesis, when strongly
marked, is generally indicated by certain ex-
ternal peculiarities of appearance. The greater
part of scrofulous persons have a fair and soft
skin, and rosy complexion, large blue eyes, and
a tumid upper lip ; their constitution is languid
and yet irritable ; the muscles are slender and
, deficient in tono, and there is a general irrita-
584
SCR
bility of the mucous membranes. A smallei
class of scrofulous individuals are characterized
by a dark, sallow complexion, black hair, a
harsh skin, and a torpid constitution, and in
such it is very inveterate. It is, for the most
part, hereditary.
Dr. Cullen supposed scrofula to depend upon
a peculiar constitution of the lymphatic system.
Whatever may be the proximate cause of scrof-
ula, the most certain indication of its existence
is the deposition of that kind of morbid matter
called tuberculous matter. There is scarcely any
organ of the body which is not occasionally the
seat of scrofulous tubercle. In children, the
lymphatic and mesenteric glands arc most fre-
quently affected. In those past pub'erty the
lungs are most liable to tubercles, which give
rise to the disease called tubercular phthisis.
See Phthisis.
The remote causes of scrofula arc all of a de-
bilitating nature, and embrace every thing that
lowers or reduces the tone of the living fibre,
and puts the system out of that state of firm and
vigorous action which keeps the scrofulous diath-
esis most effectually in a state of subjection ;
and hence the common debilitating powers of
cold and damp, low and unwholesome food,
want of cleanliness, and a close and suffocating
atmosphere, are the most usual incidental
sources or excitants of scrofula. But for these
causes the scrofulous predisposition might be
overcome, or remain dormant in the constitution
through life, and show itself in the next gener-
ation, without having in the least disturbed the
present.
The first appearance of the disorder is com-
monly in that of small oval or spherical tumors
under the skin, unattended by any pain or dis-
coloration. These appear, in general, upon the
sides of the neck, below the ear, or under the
chin ; but, in some cases, the joints of the el-
bows or ankles, or those of the fingers and
toes, are the parts first affected. In these in-
stances we do not, however, find small mova-
ble swellings, but, on the contrary, a tumor
almost uniformly surrounding the joint, and in-
terrupting its motion. After some length of
time, the tumors become larger and more fixed;
the skin which covers them acquires a purple
or livid color, and being much inflamed, they at
last suppurate and break into little holes, from
which, at first, a matter, somewhat puriform,
oozes out ; but this changes, by degrees, into a
kind of viscid serous discharge, much inter-
mixed with small pieces of a white substance,,
resembling the curd of milk.
The tumors subside gradually, while the ul
cers at the same time open more, and spread
unequally in various directions. After a time
some of the ulcers heal, but other tumors quick
ly form in different parts of the body, and pro-
ceed on, in the same slow manner as the for-
mer ones, to suppuration. In this manner the
disease goes on for some years ; and appearing
at last to have exhausted itself, all the ulcers
heal up, without being succeeded by any fresh
swellings, but leaving behind them a scar of
considerable extent. This is one of the mildest
forms under which scrofula presents itself In
more virulent cases, the eyes are particularly
SCR
the seat of the disease, and are affected with
ophthalmia, giving rise to ulcerations in the
tarsi, and inflammation of the tunica adnata,
terminating not unfrequently in an opacity of
the transparent cornea.
In similar cases the joints become affected;
they swell, and are incommoded by excruciating
deep-seated pain, which is much increased upon
the slightest motion. The swelling and pain
continue to increase, and the muscles 6i the
limb become at length much wasted. Matter
is soon afterward formed, and this is discharged
at small openings made by the bursting of the
skin. If the progress of the disease be not ar-
rested, it extends to the ligaments and car-
tilages, and produces a caries of the neighbor-
ing bones. Hectic fever at last arises, and, in
the end, often proves fatal.
When scrofula is confined to the external sur-
face, it is by no means attended with danger,
although, on leaving one part, it is apt to be re-
newed in others ; but when the ulcers spread,
erode, and become deep, without showing any
disposition to heal; when deep-seated collec-
tions of matter form among the small bones of
the hands and feet, or in the joints, or tuber-
cles in the lungs, with hectic fever, arise, the
consequences will be fatal.
Cullen distinguishes four species of scrofula:
1 . Scrofula vulgaris, when it is without other
disorders, external, and permanent.
2. Scrofula mesenterica, when internal, with
Joss of appetite, pale countenance, swelling of
the belly, and an unusual fetor of the excre-
ments. • See Tabes mesenterica.
3. Scrofula fugax. This is of the most sim-
ple kinds it is seated only about the neck, and,
for the most part, is caused by absorption from
sores on the head.
4. Scrofula Americana, when it is joined
with the yaws.
In conducting the treatment of this disease,
we must always recollect that it is one of de-
bility, so that our chief dependence must be on
a tonic and stimulating plan, so modified as to
meet the patient's age, idiosyncrasy, and man-
ner of life. It is of the utmost importance to
select a dry, equable, and salubrious situation
for the residence of the patient. The diet
should be as invigorating as the stomach will
bear, and consist of a free use of tender beef
and mutton, dilute wine, and good porter. The
use of the cold bath is very useful. Tonic and
stimulant medicines are to be exhibited regu-
larly, either alone, or in combination with al-
kalies or acids, or some of the antiscrofulous
remedies, among which the principal are the
preparations of iodine, cinchona, chalybeates,
the compound calomel pill, alterative mercuri-
als, not, however, to be pushed to salivation,
the alkalies, with decoctions of sarsaparilla, and
colt's-foot. Hyoscyamus and conium are prefer-
red to opium where there is much pain ; they
are also applied in poultices. The clothing is
to be regulated so as to keep the body warm,
but not heated.
Scrofula mesenterica. Tabes mesenterica.
SCROPHULA'RIA. (a, m, f.) A genus of
plants in the Linnaean system. Didynamia.
Angiosperrnia. Scrofulariacece. — S. aqualica.
SC Y
Greater water figwort. Water betony. The
leaves were formerly in high estimation against
piles, tumors of a scrofulous nature, inflamma-
tions, &c. — S. minor. Ranunculus ficaria. — S.
nodosa. The figwort. Scrophularia vulgaris.
Scrophularia. Common figwort. The root
and leaves of this plant have been celebrated
both as an internal and external remedy against
inflammations, the piles, scrofulous tumors, and
old ulcers ; but they are not now used.
SCROPHULARIA'CE^E. The figwort
tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Hei'baceous
plants with leaves opposite ; flowers, irregular,
unsymmetrical ; stamens, 2 or 4, didynamous;
fruit, capsular; seeds, albuminous.
SCROTAL. Scrotalis. Belonging to the
scrotum.
Scrotal hernia. A protrusion of any of the
contents of the abdomen into the scrotum.
See Hernia.
Scrotifo'rm. Purse-like; bag-like.
Scrotoce'le. A scrotal hernia.
SCRO'TUM. (iim, i, n. ; quasi scorlcum, a
leather coat.) The bag of common integu-
ments which covers the testicles.
Scrotum cordis. The pericardium.
SCRU'PLE. A weight of twenty grains.
SCUDAMORE'S GOUT MIXTURE. Take
of magnesia, gr. xv. to 3j.; sulphate of mag-
nesia, 3J. to 3ij. ; vinegetr of squill (Acctum col-
chici), 3J. to 3ij.; mix with f. §j. of any pleas-
ant aromatic water. This draught is to be
repeated every four or six hours.
SCURF. Furfura. Small exfoliations of the
cuticle, or scales like bran, which occur natu-
rally on the scalp, and take place after some
eruptions on the skin, a new cuticle being
formed underneath during the exfoliation.
Scurvy. Scorbutus.
Scurvy-grass. Cochlearia officinalis.
Scurvy, land. S., f.lcchial. Purpura ha>
morrhagica.
Scurvy of the Alps. Pellagra.
SCU'TIFORM. Sculiformis. (From scutum,
a shield, and forma, likeness.) Shield-like.
Scutiform cartilage. The thyroid cartilage.
SCUTE'LLA. A little dish or cup. Applied
to the round, flat, or shallow conceptacle of"
lichens.
SCUTELLARIA, (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labia'
tece. — S. galericula'ta. The skull-cap. It has a
bitter taste and a garlic-like smell, and is said
to be serviceable against ague. — S. hyssopifolia
and S. integrifolia are veiy bitter, and may _ *
prove tonic. — S. laterifldra. This plant was sup-
posed to be prophylactic against hydrophobia.
Scute'llum. A small scutella.
S C Y ' B A L A. (Plural of scybalum ; from
oicv6a?L0v, faices.) Dry, hard excrement: ap-
plied to such as has become hard, and formed
into small rounded nodules.
Scymetar-shape. Acinaciform
Scy'phiform. Goblet-shaped.
Scyphopho'rus pyxidatus. The Lichen pyx-
idalus.
Scy'phus auditorius. S. Vieussenii. The
infundibulum of the cochlea.
Scyphus cerebri. The infundibulum of the
brain.
385
SEC
Scythica uadix. Liquorice root.
Scytode'fsic acid. Tannic acid.
Se. The symbol of selenium.
SEA. Mare. The air of the sea, the effects
produced on the system by the motion of a ves-
sel, the water of the ocean, and its contents, all
come under the attention of the physician.
1. Sea air is prescribed in a variety of ca-
chectic complaints, especially external scrofula.
It is more stimulating than the air of the coun-
try.
2. Sea sickness. — An intense nausea, with
violent retching, which varies, in respect of
daration, in different persons, upon their first
Soing to sea. The chief, if not the only reme-
y, is to accommodate the body to the motion
of the ship, retaining the vertical position, and
not vibrating with the vessel.
3. Sea water — This is arranged among the
simple saline waters. Bathing m tho sea is one
of the most powerful tonics we possess, and
owes its efficacy no less to the free exposure of
the body to the bracing sea breeze than to the
quality of the water. The disorders for which
tho internal use of sea water has been and may
be resorted to, are, in general, the same for
which all the simple saline waters may be used.
The peculiar power of sea water and sea salt as
a discutient, employed either internally or ex-
ternally, in scrofulous" habits, is well known,
and is attended with considerable advantage
when judiciously applied.
Sea-belts. Fucus saccharinus.
Sea green. Glaucous.
Sea-holly. Eryngium maritimnm.
Sea-moss. Conferva rupestris and coralline
officinalis.
Sea-oak. Fucus vesiculosa.
Sea-onion. Scilla maritima.
Sea-salt. Sodii chloridum.
Sea-wrack. Fucus vesiculosa.
Sealed earth. Sigillata terra.
Seam. See Suture.
Searching. See Sounding.
SEBA'CEOUS. (Sebaceus; from sebum,
suet.) Suety : applied to glands which secrete
a suety humor, and to the matter secreted.
Sebaceous glands. Follicles, or pyriform,
hollow glands, situated over the skin, about the
prepuce and labia majora, which throw out a
thick, oily secretion, destined to lubricate the
skin.
SEBA'CIC. (Scbacicas; from sebum, suet.)
Of, or belonging to, suet, or such fat-like sub-
stances.
Sebacic acid. The sebacic acid may be ob-
tained by distilling suet, lard, See., and boiling
the product with water, when it is deposited
on cooling. It is inodorous; taste slight; its
crystals are small white needles ; its formula is
C/ioH8C>3,HO. It combines with earthy, alka-
line, and metallic bases, and forms salts called
sebates.
Sebadilla. See Cevadilla.
Se'bate. A salt of sebacic acid.
Sebesten. Sebestina. Cordia myxa.
SECA'LE. (c, i, n.) 1. Rye. 2. A genus
of plants. Triandria. Digynia. Gramina-
■cew. — S. cercale. The rye plant. Rye corn is
principally used as an article of diet, and for
586
SEC
distilling whisky. Rye is said to be less nour-
ishing than wheat, but is a sufficiently nutritive
and wholesome grain.
SECALE CORNUTUM. Secale cornicula-
turn. Ergot. Spurred rye. A black, curved,
morbid excrescence, like the spur of a fowl,
which is found in the spike of the rye, espe-
cially in hot climates, when a great heat sud-
denly succeeds to much moisture. This dis-
eased state is produced by the attack of a
parasitic fungus, the JLrgotceiia abort if aciens.
Ergot has a mealy, and then a rancid, nause-
ous, and biting taste, which remains a long
time, and causes the mouth and fauces to be-
come dry.
The secale cornutuin has a singular effect
on the animal economy. The meal or flour
sprinkled on a wound excites a heat and then
a numbness in the part, and soon after in the
extremities. When eaten, it produces lassitude,
formication, weakness of the joints, with con-
vulsive movements occurring periodically (ra-
fhania, or convulsiones ccrcales). Of those so
affected, some become maniacal; others epi-
leptic or tabid ; and some have a thirst not to
be quenched; and livid eruptions and cutane-
ous ulcers are not uncommon. The disease
continues from ten days to two or three months,
and longer. It also terminates in loss of sensa-
tion, and diy gangrene, more or less complete,
constituting the Necrosis cerealis.
As a medicine, the secale comutum is given
internally to excite the action of the uterus in
an atonic state of that organ ; and, during par-
turition, to excite the contraction of the uterus
when this is insufficient. It is observed that
the uterine contractions brought on by the use
of ergot are quite different in their character
from ordinary labor-pains, being highly spastic,
and continued almost without intermission till
delivery is effected. Hence, before its use, we
must be carefiil to adjust the child in a natural
position, and see that the pelvis is well shapen, or
a rupture of the uterus may be the consequence.
The ergot has been used in powder, tincture,
decoction, and infusion. The powder is given
in the dose of from gr. x. to 9j., in any appro-
priate vehicle. The decoction may be made
with 3iij. to §xij. of water, boiled down to one
half, and given in doses of ji., at intervals of
ten minutes, according to the effect. The in-
fusion, which is the form generally preferred,
may be made with half a drachm to half a pint
of boiling water, and one half administered at
a time. The tincture is little used. The med-
icine must be fresh, and well preserved in
close vessels, or it wifi have lost its efficacy. A
great part of the ergot found in the shops is
good for nothing. Ergot has also been found
useful in leucorrhoea, and is capable of produc-
ing abortion. It is also thought to be anti-
hemorrhagic.
The antidote to the ill effects produced in the
mouth and fauces by eating bread which has
this poison, is milk. Against the convulsions —
vomits, saline purgatives, glysters, submuriate
of mercury as a purgative, are first to be given :
and, after the prima? viae have been duly clean-
ed, stimulants of camphor, ammonia, and ether
with opium. In the necrosis, rectified oil of
SBC
turpentine is very beneficial in stopping its prog-
ress, and then warm, stimulating Fomentations
and poultices.
SECE'RNENTS. (From sccerno, to separ-
ate.) The secernents are a supposititious set of
capillaries, which convey and deposit matters
separated from the blood and nutritious fluids
of the body, for the repair and reproduction of
parts ; they are opposed to tho absorbents.
SECONDARY. Something that acts as sec-
ond, or in subordination to another. Thus, in
diseases, we have secondary symptoms.
Secondary amputation. When, in cases of
compound fracture, or other severe injury, am-
putation is immediately performed, it is called
■primary amputation; but when it is deferred
till the immediate effects of the injury on the
constitution have passed away and suppuration
is established, it is called secondary amputation.
Secondary fever. That febrile affection
which arises after a crisis, or the discharge of
some morbid matter, as after the declension of
the small-pox or the measles.
Secondary hemorrhage. Hemorrhage oc-
curring after wounds or operations, not imme-
diately, but at a time when, supposing a healthy
state of the parts, it would not have happened.
Thus, after amputation, when the arteries have
been tied, the stump has been dressed, and the
patient been in bed some hours, a hemorrhage
will sometimes take place from the small ves-
sels. Again, after the ligature of an aneurismal
artery, the vessel may ulcerate, and hemorrhage
ensue. These cases arc called secondary hem-
orrhage.
SECRE'TION. (Secretio, onis, f.) A func-
tion in a living body, arranged by physiologists
under the head of natural actions. It is by this
function that a part of the blood escapes from
the organs of circulation, and diffuses itself, ei-
ther preserving its chemical properties, or dis-
persing after its elements have undergone an-
other order of combinations.
The animal secretions are arranged by Bos-
tock into the aqueous, albuminous, mucous, gelat-
inous, fibrinous, oleaginous, resinous, and saline.
Magendie's arrangement is into three sorts :
1. The exhalations, such as the ha lit us of the
serous membranes, of the synovial membranes,
of the mucous membranes, and the insensible
and sensible perspiration.
2. The follicular secretions, as the secretion
of mucus by the mucous membrane, the secre-
tion of sebaceous matter by the skin, of cerumen
hi the ear, and of odoriferous matters by the
glandulaa odorifera, &c.
3. The glandular secretions, as tho secretion
of bile, the pancreatic, salivary, gastric, seminal,
urinary, and other elaborated fluids, which are
the result of a much more complete alteration
of the blood than the exhalations.
SECTIO. (to, ionis, f.) A section; an in-
cision. The different operations in which there
is a deep cut made into a cavity were formerly
termed sectio; as Seclio vesicalis, Sectio alta,
&c., for lithotomy.
Sectio C^sauea. The Ciesarian opera-
tion.
SE'CUNDINES. The after-birth, and mem-
branes which are expanded from its edge, and
SEG
which form a complete envelope of the foetus
and its waters, go under the name of seen?'
dines.
SECUNDUM ARTEM. According to art.
A term frequently used in prescriptions.
Secu'riform. Shaped like an ax.
SE'DATIVE. (Sedati'ms; from sedo, to
ease or assuage.) Applied adjectively and sub-
stantively to medicines or other means which
dimmish the animal energy, without destroying
life.
Sedative salt. Boracic acid.
Sedentaria oss a. The bones on which one
sits — the os coccygis and ischia.
Sedes. The anus; the fasces
Sedge. Iris pseudacorus.
SE'DIMENT. The heavy parts in liquids
which fall to the bottom.
Sediment, lateritious. See Lateritious.
SE'DLITZ. Scidlitz. Seydschutz. A vil-
lage of Bohemia. Its water contains a large
quantity of sulphate of magnesia, sulphates of
soda and lime, carbonic acid, carbonates of
lime and magnesia. It is a simple saline.
Sedlitz powders. These consist of two dif-
ferent kinds of powders : one consists of a mix-
ture of tartrate of soda, 3ij., and bicarbonate of
soda, 3ij. ; the other consists of tartaiic acid,
grs. xxxv. For a dose, dissolve the former
powder in half a pint of water, and the latter
in a wine-glassfull ; then mix the solutions, and
drink while effervescing. It is a cooling ape-
rient.
SE'DUM. (um, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Pentagynia. Crassulacece. — S.
acre. S. minus. This plant is, in its recent
state, extremely acrid ; hence, if taken in large
doses, it is both emetic and cathartic, and, if
applied to the skin, frequently produces vesica-
tions and erosions. It has been much recom-
meded in the form of decoction as an antiscor-
butic and in intermittents. It has also been
applied externally as a vesicant. — S. majus.
Sempervivum tectorum. — S. minus. Sedum
acre. — S. telephium. Telephium. It was for-
merly ranked as an antiphlogistic, but is now
forgotten.
Seed. See Semen.
Seed-bud. The germen.
Seed-lobe. The cotyledon.
Seed-vessel. The pericarp.
Seeds, cold. The seeds of cucumber, gourd,
melon, and water-melon, were called the four
cold seeds; the seeds of endive, lettuce, pur-
slane, and succory, were called the four lesser
cold seeds, in the old pharmacy.
Seeds, hot. The old pharmaceutists called
the seeds of anise, caraway, cummin, and fen-
nel, the four greater hot seeds; the seeds of bish-
op's weed, stone parsley, smallage, and wild
carrot, were called the four lesser hot seeds
Seeing. See Vision.
Sega'line. Ergotine.
Se'gment. Scgmentum. Applied to the
parts of divided leaves.
Segmoid valves. The valves of the pulmo-
nary artery have been so called, from their re-
sembling segments of circles.
Segregata. Applied to the last order of the
class Syngenesia. See Syngenesia.
587
SEM
Seignette's salt. The tartrate of potash
and soda. See Soda potassio-tartrat.
Seiriasis. The coup de soleil.
Sela'go. Lycopodium selago.
Selatus. Solat. Quicksilver.
Sele'nic acid. A volatile and crystallizable
acid, consisting o§Se03-
SELE'NIUM. {urn, ii, n.) An elementary
body resembling sulphur. Its equivalent is
39'6 ; symbol, Se.
Self-heal. Prunella vulgaris.
Seli'bra. Half a pound.
SELI'NE. (e,cs, f. ; from atknvn, the moon ;
because it is opaque, and looks like a little
moon.) A disease of the nails, in which white
spots are occasionally seen in their substance.
Seli'num galbaniferum. A synonym of
Bubon galbcmum. The Greek name of parsley.
SE'LLA TU'RCICA. (So called from its
supposed resemblance to a Turkish saddle.)
Ephippium. Sella equina. A cavity in the
sphenoid bone, containing the pituitary gland,
surrounded by the four clinoid processes.
SELTZER A place in Germany, about ten
miles from Frankfort on the Maine, where there
is a mineral water containing muriate of soda,
carbonates of magnesia, soda, and lime, and a
large quantity of free carbonic acid. It is ape-
rient, and slightly tonic.
Seltzer water, artificial. Take of hy-
drochloric acid, itlxxxv. ; dissolve in water, Oj. ;
add of white marble, gr. iij. Stop the bottle.
Then add of carbonate of magnesia, gr. v., and
carbonate of soda, gr. xxxij. Stop until wanted.
Sembe'lla. Haifa pound.
SEMECA'RPUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Pcntandria. Trigynia. — $. anacar-
dium. The marking-nut-tree. The nut is used
to mark linen.
Semeio'l'ogy. Semeiotics.
Semeio'sis. See Semeiotics.
SEME 10' TIC. Scmciolicits. Sauriosis.
Relating to the signs of disease.
SEMEIO'TICS. Scmciotice. (Vrom oijfieiov,
a sign.) That part of medicine which consid-
ers the signs of disease. All the circumstances
of the patient's constitution and habits ; the
knowledge of what may have formerly taken
place and what now exists, form a part of se-
meiotics ; for, without such inquiry and con-
sideration, the judgment is not likely to be
correctly formed as to the probable tendency,
duration, or termination of a disease. It is di-
vided, therefore, into, 1. The diagnosis, or a
consideration of the signs or nature of the
symptoms of any disease, with a view of ascer-
taining what the disease is ; and which signs
are called diagnostic. 2. The j)rognosis, or
the judgment respecting the course, tendency,
and termination of a disease.
SE'MEN. (en, inis, n. ; from scro, to sow.)
1. A seed. 2. The seed or prolific liquor of
animals secreted in the testicles, and carried
through the epididymis and vas deferens into
the vesicuhe seminales, to be emitted sub coitu
into the female vagina, and there to penetrate
and impregnate the ovule in the ovarium.
Semen consist's of two parts, a milky fluid
derived from the prostata gland, and a thicker
mucilaginous portion secreted by the testes.
SEM
There is about Bix per cent, of solid matter in
it, consisting of fibrous particles, formerly call-
ed spermatozoa (see Spermatozoon) and semi-
nal granules. It exhales a peculiar odor, for-
merly called the aura seminis, and supposed to
be of great importance in producing concep-
tion ; has an alkaline reaction, and is denser than
water. The animal matter is said to be pecu-
liar, and is called spermatin by some authors.
It is a well-established fact that chastity is
peculiarly conducive to the development of the
body and mind, and that venereal excesses, or
masturbation, are followed by debility, tabes
dorsalis, and a state of languor and inanity
nearly allied to idiotcy.
Semen adjowaen. A seed imported from
the East, of a pleasant smell, a grateful, aro-
matic taste, somewhat like savory. It pos-
sesses exciting, stimulating, and carminative
virtues, and is given in the East in nervous
weakness, dyspepsia, flatulency, and heartburn.
It is the produce of the Ammi copticum.
Semen agave. An East Indian seed exhibit-
ed in atonic gout.
Semen contra. A strong aromatic bitter,
derived from the artcmisia sieberi or artemisia
santonica.
Semen sanctum. Artemisia santonica.
Semen psyllii. The mucilaginous seeds of
the plantago psyllium and other species.
Semen veneris. Scales of brass. — Ruland.
SEMI-. (From semis, half.) A common pre-
fix signifying half: it is often written ss. in pre-
scriptions.
Se'mi-ami>lexica'ul. A leaf, which half, or
in part only, embraces the stem.
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. These canals
arc three in number, and take their name from
their figure. They belong to the organ of hear
ing, are situated in the petrous portion of the
temporal bone, and open into the vestibulum
See Auris.
SEMICU'PIUM. (urn, ii, n.) A half-bath,
or such as receives only the hips or extremities.
Se'micyli'ndrical. That which is flat on
one side and round on the other.
Semi-interosseus indicis. The abductor
indicis manus.
Semi-interosseus tollicis. The opponens
pollicis.
SEMI L U'N A R. Semilunaris. Half-moon
shaped. The ganglia formed by the great sym-
pathetic nerve on its entrance into the abdo
men, from which nerves are sent to all the
viscera. See Intercostal nerve.
Semilunar fibro-cartilages. Two falci-
form fibro-cartilages, situated around the head
of the tibia, and between it and the femur.
Semilunar valves. The three valves at the
beginning of the pulmonary artery and aorta are
so termed, from their half-moon shape.
SE'MI-MEMBRANO'SUS. A muscle of the
thigh. It arises from the outer surface of the
tuberosity of the ischium, rims at first under
the long head of the biceps, and afterward be-
tween that muscle and the semi-tendinosus. At
the lower part of the thigh it becomes narrow-
er again, and terminates in a short tendon, which
is inserted chiefly into the upper and back part
of the head of the tibia, but some of its fibres
SEM
are spread over the posterior surface of the
capsular ligament of the knee. Between this
capsular ligament and the tendon of the muscle
wo find a small bursa mucosa. The tendons
of this and the last-described muscle form the
inner hamstring. This muscle bends the leg,
and seems likewise to prevent the capsular liga-
ment from being pinched.
Se'minal. Pertaining to a seed or the semen.
Semini'ferous. Bearing seeds or semen.
Semi-neuvosus. The semi-tendinosus.
Skminis ejaculator. The accelerator urine.
* Semiolo'gy. Semeiotics.
Se'mi-orbi'cular. Semi-orbicularis. Having
the shape of half a globe.
Semi-orlicularis oris. The orbicularis
oris.
SEMI-SPIN ALIS COLLI. Semi-spinalis she
transverso-spinalis colli of Winslow. Spinalis
ccrvicis of Albinus. Spinalis colli of Douglas.
Transversalis colli of powper. A muscle -sit-
uated on the posterior part of the neck, which
turns the neck obliquely backward and a little
to one side. It arises from the transverse pro-
cesses of the uppermost six vertebra) of the
back by as many distinct tendons, ascending
obliquely under the complexus, and is inserted
into the spinous processes of all the vertebrae of
the neck except the first and last.
Semi-spinalis dorsi. Scmi-spinalis cxternus
seu transverso-spinalis dorsi of Winslow. Semi-
spinatus of Cowper. A muscle situated on
the back, which extends the spine obliquely
backward. It arises from the transverse pro-
cesses of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth
vertebrae of the back, by as many distinct ten-
dons, which soon grow fleshy, and then become
tendinous again, and are inserted into the spi-
nous processes of all the vertebra) of the back
above the eighth, and into the lowermost of the
neck, by as many tendons.
Semi-spinalis externus. See Semi-spinalis
dorsi.
Semi-spinatus. See Semi-spinalis dorsi.
Semi-tendinosus. This muscle, which is the
semi-nervosus of Douglas and Winslow, is sit-
uated obliquely along the back part of the
thigh. It arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the
inferior, posterior, and outer part of the tuber-
osity of the ischium, in common with the long
head of the biceps cruris, to the posterior edge
of which it continues to adhere, by a great
number of oblique fibres, for the space of two
or three inches. Toward the lower part of the
os femoris it terminates in a round tendon,
which passes behind the inner condyle of the
thigh bone, and, becoming flat, is inserted into
the upper and inner part of the ridge of the
tibia, a little below its tuberosity. This ten-
don sends off an aponeurosis, which helps to
form the tendinous fascia that covers the mus-
cles of the leg. This muscle assists in bending
the leg, and, at the same time, draws it a little
inward.
Semoli'n a. Fine flour rolled into little masses
by the assistance of water.
Sempe'rvirens. Evergreen.
SEMPERVPVUM. {urn, i,n.) A genus of
plants. Dodecandria. Polygynia. Crassu-
lacece. — S. acre- Sedum acre. — S. tectorum.
SEN
The house-leek or sengreen. The leaves of
this plant have a slight subacid austerity: they
are frequently applied by the vulgar to bruises
and old ulcers.
SENE'CIO. (o, onis, m. ) A genus of plants.
Syngcncsia. Polygamia superjlua. Composita:.
— S. Jacobwa. St. James's wort. Ragwort.
The leaves have a roughish, bitter, subacrid
taste, extremely nauseous. The root is of an
astringent nature. A decoction of it was for-
merly deemed good for wounds and braises. —
S. madraspatanus. Seuecio pseudo-china. — S.
pseudo-china. Bastard china. This plant grows
in Malabar. The root greatly resembles the
China root in appearance and qualities. — S. vul-
garis. Groundsel. Scnecio. This plant is fre-
quently applied bruised to inflammations and
ulcers, as a refrigerant and antiscorbutic.
Senecionideje. A subdivision of the family
Composita), inclftding the genera Anthemis, Se-
necio, Artemisia, &c.
Senectus. Old age. See Age.
Se'nega. Polygala senega.
Senega milkwort. Polygala senega.
Senegal gum. Acacia vera.
Se'negine. The polygalic acid.
Seneka. Polygala senega.
Seneka oil. Petroleum.
Sengreen. Sempervivum tectorum.
SE'NNA. (a, <e, f. ; from senna, an Arabic
word, signifying acute.) The senna of com-
merce is the produce of several plants of the
genus Cassia. The following sorts aro known
in commerce:
1 . Tinnevelly senna. The leaves of the Cassia
elongata, the finest senna of commerce. 2.
Acute-leaved senna. The leaves of the Cassia
acutifolia ; the principal part of the senna con-
sumed in Great Britain is produced by this
species; it is, however, much adulterated. 3.
Mecca senna. The leaves of the Cassia lance-
olata, according to Forskhal. 4. Tripoli senna.
The leaves of the Cassia athiopica, of very uni-
form appearance. 5. Aleppo and Italian senna.
The leaves of the Cassia obovata, of inferior
quality : this species is probably identical with
the Cassia obtusa of Roxburgh. 6. Alexandria
senna. The leaflets of Cassia acutifolia, C.
obovata, and sometimes C. mihiopica, always
mixed with the leaves of Cynanchum argel,
and other plants. This is the kind mostly found
in the shops.
The odor of senna leaves is faint, rather dis-
agreeable, and sickly ; the taste slightly bitter,
aromatic, sweetish, and nauseous. The active
principle of senna is Cathartine. It is uncrystal
lizable, of a reddish-yellow color, and has a bit-
ter, nauseous taste. It is soluble in alcohol and
in water, but insoluble in ether.
Senna is purgative, generally operating un-
der four hours after it is taken; and is well
adapted for all cases in which the bowels re-
quire to be certainly, yet moderately evacuated.
It should be combined with an aromatic, as it
frequently produces griping. The dose of the
leaves is from 3j. to $j., given in infusion, &c.
Senna, American. The leaves of the Cassia
marilandica : they are very similar to senna, and
act in doses one third larger.
Senna pauperum. Senna, bladder. Colutea
589
SEP
arborescens of Linnaeus, the leaves of which
purge and vomit.
Senna scorpium. Coronilla emerus.
SENSA'TION. Sensatio. When an impres-
sion made on the extremity of a nerve is com-
municated to the sensorium, so as to excite the
consciousness of the mind, it is called a sensation.
SENSES. The channels of communication
by which the mind derives the material of
thought from the external world, and the exer-
cise of which depends on the property of sen-
sibility modified by particular organs to especial
ends. Man is generally considered to be en-
dowed with five senses, namely, sight, hearing,
smell, taste, and touch. Besides these, we have
a very distinct consciousness of the action of our
own muscles, or a muscular sense, which was
first pointed out and ingeniously commented on
by Dr. Browne. The several powers of the
mind, as memory, imagination* judgment, the
passi6ns, &c, have been called internal senses.
SENSIBI'LITY. Scnsibilitas. That faculty
of living parts by which they are capable of re-
ceiving impressions, which increase, diminish,
alter, or suspend their actions. Sensibility is
usually divided into animal sensibility, which
gives rise to sensations, and organic sensibility,
which calls into action the organic contractility.
Sensorial. Appertaining to the sensorium.
SENSO'RIUM. {urn, ii, n.) The common
centre at which all the impressions of sense arc
received. This common centre is the brain.
Sensorium commune. The brain.
Sensory. Sentient; endowed with sensa-
tion.
Se'nsus. A sense.
Sentico'sus. Thorny; brier-like.
SE'NTIENT. Sentiens. This term is applied
to those parts which are more susceptible of feel-
ing than others, as the sentient extremities of
the "nerves, &c.
Sentis. A thorn.
Sentis caninus. See Rosa canina.
Se'pal. The divisions of the calyx are called
sepals.
SEPARATO'RIUM. (From separo, to sepa-
rate.) 1. An instrument for separating the pe-
ricranium from the skull. 2. A chemical vessel
for separating essential parts of liquids.
Sepedonoge'nesis. Sept do genesis. Aseptic
tendency, as in typhus and putrid diseases.
SE'PIA. (a, a, f.) A genusof cephalopodous
mollusca. — S. officinalis. The cuttle fish. Sepi-
um. The bone, or, more properly, the internal
shell of this animal, consists of membranous lay-
ers hardened by carbonate of lime. It was
frrmerly used in medicine, but is now only em-
ployed as a dentifrice. The animal also fur-
nishes a brown pigment.
8epi.« os. Sepia officinalis.
Sepium. Sepia officinalis.
8k'psis. annate. Putrefaction.
Septfoil. Tormetilla erecta.
SE'PTIC. (Septicns; from ennu, to putrefy.)
Relating to putrefaction.
Septici'dal. That form of dehiscence in
which the lateral junction of the carpels is torn
apart.
Septifra'gal. When the fissure is along the
dorsal suture of the carpels.
590
SER
Septopy'ra. Typhus gravior.
SE'PTUM. (km, i, n. ; from aepto, to separ
ate.) 1. A partition : applied to membranes,
bones, &c, which divide parts ; as Septum na-
rium, &c. 2. In Botany, the dissipement formed
by two cohering carpels.
Septum auricu'larum. The partition be-
tween the auricles of the heart.
Septum cerebelli. A process of the dura
mater, dividing the cerebellum perpendicularly
into two principal parts.
Septum cerebri. The falciform process of
the dura mater is sometimes so called.
Septum cordis. S. ventriculorum. The par-
tition between the two ventricles of the heart.
Septum encephali. The tentorium.
Septum lucidum. S.pcllucidum. S. medium
cerebri. The thin and tender portion of the
brain, dividing the lateral ventricles from each
other.
Septum narium. Th* partition between tho
nostrils,
Septum pectiniforme. The imperfect pec-
tinated partition which runs along the middle
of the corpus cavernosum penis.
Septum pellucidum. The septum lucidum.
Septum scal.e. The lamina spiralis of the
internal ear.
Septum scroti. The division formed by tho
dartos, whereby the scrotum is divided into two
unequal parts.
Septum thoracis. The mediastinum.
Septum transversum. The diaphragm.
SEQUE'LA. (a, a, f. ; from scqnor, to fol-
low.) In Medicine, any secondary affection
which follows upon a disease. Thus the sequela:
of scarlet fever or measles arc anasarca, the de-
velopment of phthisis, scrofula, &c.
SEQUE'STRUM. (urn, i, n. ; from sequestro,
to detach.) The dead portion of bone cast off
by necrosis.
Sera'pias. The dried root of the Orchis
mono.
Sf.rapinum. Sagapenum.
Serene drop. Amaurosis.
Seri'cf.us. Silky.
SERI'CUM. 1. Silk. When bumed, it had a
place in the dispensatories under the name of
Scricum tostum. 2. A fine pubescence on plants.
Sericum anglicum. Court-plaster.
Se'ris. "LepLc. Endive.
Sermountain. Laserpitium montanum.
SEROLIN. A peculiar fatty matter of the
blood, non-saponifiable, and but little soluble in
hot alcohol. It forms flocks of a fatty, nacreous
appearance, is perfectly neutral, melts at 97° F.,
and may be partially distilled.
Serosity. Synonymous with serum.
SE'ROUS. (Scrosus; from serum.) Relating
to serum.
Serous apoplexy. See Apoplexy.
Serous membranes. Delicate tissues of the
form of a closed sack, and secreting a thin hali-
tus, but not pouring out an excretion, except
when inflamed. The peritoneum, arachnoid,
pleura, &c, are of this kind.
Serous plethora. See Plethora.
Serpenta'ria. Aristolochia serpentaria.
Serpentaria braziliensis. See Cainca.
Serpentaria gallorum. Arum europaeura.
SER
Serpentaria viiuu.ma.na. Aristolochia Ber-
pentaria.
Serpentum lignum. Ophioxylum.
Serpentum radix. Ophiorrhiza.
Serpiginous. Resembling serpigo ; any tet-
ter or ulceration that cicatrizes in one part as it
extends in another.
SERPI'GO. (From serpo, to creep ; because
it creeps on tho surface of the skin by degrees.)
A ringworm or tetter. Herpes exedens.
Serpy'llum. Thymus serpyllum.
Serpyllum vulgare. Thymus vulgaris.
Serra'ta. See Serratula.
Se'rrate. ' Sera'tus. Serrated. Having the
margin or edge divided into teeth like those of
a saw.
SERRA'TULA. (a,a:,f.) A genus of plants.
Syngenesia. Polygamia aqualis. Composite.
— 3. amara. A species of saw-wort, which is
said to cure agues. — 8. arvcnsis. The creeping
way-thistle. This plant was formerly used as
an application to resolve scirrhous tumors, and
is now considered useful against piles.
SERRATUS. (From serra, a saw.) Ser-
rated. 1. Applied to leaves when the teeth are
pointed, and resemble those of a saw. 2. In
Anatomy, applied to muscles and other parts,
from their serrated appearance.
Serratus anticus. See Pectoralis minor.
Serratus magnus. Serratiis major anticus
of Douglas and Cowper. Serratus major of
Winslow. It is a broad, fleshy muscle, of a very
irregular shape, and is in part covered by tho
subscapularis, pectoralis, and latissimus dorsi.
It arises, by fleshy digitations, from the eight su-
perior ribs, and is inserted, fleshy, into the whole
basis of the scapula internally, between the in-
sertion of the rhomboides and the origin of the
subscapularis, being folded, as it were, about
the two angles of the scapula. This muscle
may easily be divided into two or even three
portions. The latter division has been adopted
by Winslow. The first of these portions is the
thick and short part of tho muscle that arises
from the first and second ribs, and is inserted
into tho upper angle of the scapula, its fibres
ascending obliquely backward. The second
portion arises from the second rib, behind the
origin of the first portion, and likewise from the
third and fourth ribs: this portion is thin and
short, and its fibres run nearly in a horizontal
direction, to be inserted into the basis of the
scapula. The third and most considerable por-
tion is that which arises from the fifth, sixth,
seventh, and eighth ribs, and is inserted into the
lower angle of the scapula. The serratus mag-
nus serves to move the scapula forward ; and it
is chiefly by the contraction of this muscle that
the shoulder is supported, when loaded with
any heavy weight. The ancients, and even
many of the moderns, particularly Douglas and
Cowper, supposed its chief use to be to dilate
the thorax, by elevating the ribs ; but it can
only do this when the scapula is forcibly raised.
Serratus major anticus. See Serratus
magnus.
Serratus minor anticus. See Pectoralis
minor.
Serratus posticus inferior. This is a thin
muscle, of considerable breadth, situated at the
SES
bottom of the back, under the middle part or
the latissimus dorsi. It arises by a broad, thin
tendon, in common with that of the last-men-
tioned muscle, from the spinous processes of
the two, and sometimes of the three inferior
dorsal vertebra;, and from three, and sometimes
four, of those of the lumbar vertebra?. . It then
becomes fleshy, and, ascending a little oblique-
ly outward and forward, divides into three, and
sometimes four fleshy slips, which are inserted
into the lower edges of the three or four infe-
rior ribs, at a little distance from their cartilages.
Its use seems to be to pull the ribs downward
backward, and outward.
Serratus superior posticus. This is a
small, flat, and thin muscle, situated at the up
per part of the back, immediately under tho
rhomboideus. It arises, by a broad, thin ten-
don, from the lower part of the ligamentum
colli, from the spinous process of the last ver-
tebrae of the neck, and the two or three upper-
most of the back, and is inserted into the sec-
ond, third, fourth, and sometimes fifth ribs, by
as many distinct slips. Its use is to expand
the thorax, by pulling tho ribs upward and out-
ward.
Skrre'-arte're. An instrument of Des-
champs for compressing an artery.
Skrre'-NCEUD. A French instrument, intend-
ed to assist in tying a knot on art.ories.
Seurui-a'tus. Serrulate, or minutely serrato.
Sertula camtana. Trifolium melilotus.
Sertu'lum. A simple umbel.
SE'RUM. (ttiB, i, n.) 1. The whey of
milk. 2. The yellowish fluid which separates
from the blood when cold and at rest. See
Blood.
Serum aluminosum, Alum whey. Made
by boiling 31 j. of alum in a pint of cow's milk,
and straining. This was formerly esteemed as
an astringent in the different proiluvia.
Serum oatharticum. Purging whey. Take
of fresh damask rose buds, picked, an ounce ;
put them into two pounds of common whey
over night, and strain and drink it next morn-
ing.
Serum lactis. Whey.
Serum scohbuticum. Take of the leaves of
succory and sorrel, of each, twelve handfulls;
fir tops, scurvy grass, and water-cresses, of each,
four ounces ; coriander seeds, one ounce. When
bruised, add to them of orange juice, four oun-
ces, and common whey, four pounds. Let them
stand for a little, then press out the liquor,
sweeten it with a little refined sugar, and clar-
ify for use. This used to be drunk as an anti-
scorbutic, in the quantity of two or three pinta
a day. It will not keep, and therefore must
be made as it is wanted.
Serum sinapinum. Mustard whey. Thisis
made by boiling a pint of milk with half an
ounce of bruised mustard seed, and straining.
This is sometimes used as a diuretic in dropsy,
in the dose pf a quarter of a pint three times a
day.
Service-tree. Sorbus nucuparia.
SE'SAMOID. (Sesamoidevs ; from atinn/tti,
a kind of grain, and eufac, likeness.) Like the
sesamum seed. Applied, in Anatomy, to sev
eral parts, from their shape.
591
SEV
SHO
Sesamoid bones. Ossa sesamoidea. The
little bones which are found at the articulations
of the great toes, and sometimes at the joints
of the thumbs ; now and then we meet with
them upon the condyles of the os femoris, at
the lower extremity of the fibula, under the os
cuboides of the tarsus, &c.
Sesamoidea corpora. See Corpora sesa-
moidea.
SE'SAMUM., (mot, i, n.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Angiospermia. Bignoniaccm. —
S. orientalc. Scsamum. The seeds yield a
bland oil on expression. The feeds of the S.
indicum are very similar.
SE'SELI. (Gen. Scsclcos; n. Zeoeli.) A
genus of plants. Pcntandria. Digynia. Um-
bellifercc. — 8. cre'licum. The seeds are said to
be diuretic. — S. marsiliense. Seseli tortuosum.
— S. torhiosnm. The hartwort of Marseilles.
The seeds of this plant are directed for medici-
nal use, and have a warm, biting taste, and a
greater degree of pungency than those of the
Laser pitium.
SE'SQUI. This word, joined with any num-
ber, weight, measure, &c, signifies one and a
half; as Sesqui granum, a grain and a half.
SE'SSILE. (Scssilis, setting close.) A term
applied to any part of a plant that is not eleva-
ted on a kind of stalk : hence Flores scssiles,
Folia scssilia, &c.
SE'TA. (a, ce, f. ; from ,\'flt~a, a bristle.) A
bristle. 1. In Anatomy, a long, rigid hair, such
as is on the neck of swine. 2. A bristle, applied
in botanical language to a hollow, rigid, sharp-
pointed hair.
SETAEQUINA. The horse-hair worm.
Helminthus gordii. It very much resembles a
horse-hair ; is four to six inches long, and found
in marshy and putrid waters. It is remarkably
common in Lapland, and, being swallowed
with the water, is said to produce a distressing
colic, the Colica lapponica.
Seta'ceum. A seton.
Seta'ceous. Setaceus. Bristly.
Setifo'rm. Sctiformis. Bristly. Applied
to parts of plants ; as the nectary of the Peri-
ploca greeca.
SE'TON. Setaceum. An artificial sinus
made under the skin by means of the seton-
needle, which carries with it a portion of thread
or silk, a part of which is drawn through daily,
and thus keeps up a constant irritation. Setons
were formerly much used to establish a perma-
nent derivative action in obstinate chronic in-
flammations and irritations, as in phthisis, oph-
thalmia, epilepsy, &c, but are not now much
used.
Setose. Seto'sus. Bristly.
Setterwort. Helleborus foetidus
SEVEN DAYS' DISEASE. An epileptic
affection of South America, said to seize upon
infants of seven days of age, and supposed to
be similar to the Trismus infantilis of the West
Indies. ,
SE'VUM. Suet. The fat of the omentum.
That of the sheep and ox is in common use for
various purposes.
Sevum ceti. Spermaceti.
Sevum ovile. S. ovillum. Mutton suet.
Sevum prjeparatum. Mutton suet melted
592
over a slow fire, and strained through linen.
It is demulcent and emollient.
SEX. Sexus. The distinction between ani-
mals of the same species in their generative ap-
paratus.
Sexes of plants. The stamens and pistils:
the former are the male organs, the latter the
female.
Sextans. Sextant. 1. A sixth part of a
pound. 2. A sixth part of a circle.
Sextarius. A Roman measure equal to a
pint and a half.
SEXUAL. Scxualis. Appertaining to the
sexes.
Sexual actions. Sexual functions. Those
functions proper to each sex, by which the spe-
cies is propagated ; as the excretion of semen
in men; menstruation, conception, the evolu-
tion of the fhitus, parturition, &c, in women.
Sexual organs. The organs of generation.
Sexual system of plants. The system in-
vented by Linnaeus, and founded on the parts
of fructification.
Shaddock. The fruit of the Citrus decuma
na.
Shaft. Styltis. The style of the flower
Shaggy. See Hirsute and Chorion.
Shaking palsy. Synclonus agitans
Shallot. Allium ascalonicum.
SHAMPOO'ING. Massage. Kneading. _ A
process which consists of kneading or pressing
the muscles, and extending the joints, with fric
tion. It is done after the bath by assistants
and is a matter of luxury, as well as a thera
pontic means, among Eastern nations.
Sheath. See Vagina and Spatha
Sheathing. See Vaginans.
Shedding. See Caducus.
Shedding-teeth. See Teeth.
Sheep-laurel. Kalmia angustifolia.
SHELL. The hard covering or external
skeleton of testaceous and crustaceous animals,
and of insects. The shells of the testaceous
mollusca consist of carbonate of lime and animal
matter ; those of the Crustacea, of a mixture of
carbonate and phosphate of lime, with animal
matter.
Shell lac. A resinous body which exudes
from several East Indian trees, as the Croton
lacciferum, Ficus indica, &c. It is found wher-
ever the twigs are punctured by the Coccus
lacca.
SHERBE'T. (An Arabic word.) A cooling
summer drink, prepared with the juice of fruits
and water variously sweetened and flavored.
Sherbets are much used in the East.
Shield-laver. Ulva umbilicalis.
Shin. The anterior part of the tibia.
Shingles. Herpes zoster.
Shoot. Surculus.
Sho'rea camphorifera. A sy nonym of the
Dryobalanops aromatica.
Short-sightedness. Myopia.
Shoulder-blade. The scapula.
SHOW or SHOWS. Labor-show. The name
given by midwives to the mucous secretion
which precedes parturition. It commences
usually some two days before, and is attended
with trifling pains.
Shower-bath. See Balneum.
SIC
Shrimp. Cancer crangon.
SHRUB. 1. A low, bushy tree. 2. A li-
queur, consisting of acid fruits, sugar, and vari-
ous substances to give flavor, digested in rum
or brandy.
Shrubby. Fruticose.
SHUDDERING. An involuntary and some-
what spasmodic movement, usually arising as a
precursor of shivering, but being also produced
by mental operations. See, also, Fremitus.
Si. Silicon.
Si'agon. liayuv. The jaw.
Siago'nagra. The gout in the jaw.
SIA'LAGOGUE. (Sialago'gus; from oialov,
saliva, and ayu, to expel.) Medicines are so
called which excite an uncommon flow of sali-
va : such are mercurial preparations, pyrethrum,
&c.
Siali'sma. Sialorrhasa. Salivation.
Sia'lon. liaTiov. Saliva; spittle.
SI'BBENS. Sivvens. A disease which is
endemic in some of the western counties of
Scotland. It strikingly resembles the yaws in
many respects, but entirely differs in others.
It is propagated, like syphilis, by the direct ap-
Elication of contagious matter. This disease
as not yet been thoroughly investigated.
Si'ccation. Siccatio. Drying.
SI'CCATIVE. Si'ccans. (From sicco, to
diy.) Having a drying property: applied to
desiccative medicines.
Siccha'sia. "ZiKxaot-a- The lassitude, de-
bility, and anorexia peculiar to women with
child.
SICKNESS. 1. A disease of any kind. 2.
A particular state of the stomach, which occurs
under three forms, nausea, retching, and vom-
iting.
Nausea is a tendency to vomit, but there is
no rejection. It depends on a disposition in the
peristaltic motion of the stomach and bowels
to become inverted : if the inversion take place,
retching and vomiting result ; but if it do not,
the effect is merely a nausea. Nausea lowers
the pulse, contracts the small vessels, occasions
cold perspiration, severe rigors, and trembling,
and diminishes, as long as it lasts, the actions,
and even the general powers of life. The act
of retching, and.vomiting more especially, on
the contrary, rouses rather than depresses, puts
to flight all the preceding symptoms, and often
restores the system to itself.
Nausea and vomiting are sometimes idio-
pathic affections, but more frequently sympto-
matic and sympathetic : hence they occur in
colic, cholera, in the accession of fevers, repell-
ed gout, and many affections of the head.
From such a variety of causes, it is but nat-
ural to conclude the remedies must be very
vaiious. The sympathetic and symptomatic
affections require the removal of the primary
disease. The best palliatives against all nausea
and vomiting are carbonic acid gas, in the form
of an effervescing saline draught ; and small do-
ses of opium. Lemon ice, or very cold lemon-
ade, is often serviceable, and more especially
if made with a strong infusion of mint.
Sickness, country. 8., home. See Nostalgia.
Si'cula. The beet.
Sicyo'ne. A cucurbit.
Pp
SIL
Sida abu'tilon. This malvaceous plant is
mentioned by Avicenna. It is mucilaginous.
SIDERA'TIO. ( , onis, f. ; from sidus, a
planet ; because it was thought to be produced
by the influence of the planets.) 1. An apo
plexy. 2. A palsy. 3. A slight erysipelas.
Siderum. Phosphuret of iron.
Sidhee. Sidje. Gunjah.
SIFFLE'MENT. (French.) Whistling.
An auscultatory sound; the sifflcmcnt module,
See Auscultation of the heart.
SIGAU'LTI AN OPERATION. The pro-
posed operation of Sigault to divide the sym-
physis pubis in those cases where the pelvic
diameters were deficient. It should never be
done.
SIGESBE'CKIA. («, a-, f.) A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia swperfi.ua.
Compositce. — S. orientalis. A plant which is said
to be useful in removing strangury, and in cal
culous diseases, gout, and fluor albus.
Sight. See Vision. .
Sight by day. See Hemeralopia.
Sight by night. See Nyctalopia.
Sight, dimness of. See Caligo.
Sight, lateral. See Dysopia.
SIGILLA'TUS. Sealed: applied formerly
to several earths, which were formed into little
cakes, and stamped or sealed, and were called
Terrce sigillatw.
SIGI'LLUM. {urn, i, n. ; diminutive of sig-
num, a sign.) A seal or image.
Sigillum beat.*: marijs. Tamus commu-
nis.
Sigillum hermeticum. The hermetic seal.
Sigillum Solomonis. Convallaria polygona-
tum.
Sigillum virginitatis. The hymen.
SPGMOID. (Sigmoides; from the Greek
letter f , sigma, and udoc, a likeness. ) Resem-
bling the Greek letter sigma. Applied to sev-
eral parts ; as the valves of the heart, the car-
tilages of the trachea, the semilunar cavities of
the bones, and the flexure of the colon.
Sigmoid flexure. A fold of the colon, where
the rectum commences. See Intestine.
Sigmoid valves. The semilunar valves of
the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Signa critica. See Crisis.
Signa diagnostica. See Diagnosis
SIGNATURES, DOCTRINE OF. A hy
pothesis which prevailed in medicine until the
last century, that the medical virtues of plants
were indicated by marks on the root, stem,
leaves, &c, and that they were proper reme
dies for diseases similarly distinguished.
Si'gnum. A sign. See Semeiotics.
SILENE VIRGINICA. The Catchfiy, an
indigenous caryophyllaceous plant, the roots of
which are said to be anthelmintic.
Siler. Laserpitium siler.
Silex. Flint. See Silica.
SI'LICA. Flint. Silicic acid. A compound
of silicon with three atoms of oxygen. It is one
of the most common bodies in nature in the
free state, and combined in the silicates. Its
combining number is 47*21 ; equivalent, SiOs.
Si'licate. A compound of the silicic acid
with a base. See Silica.
Sili'cium. Silicon.
593
SIN
SILICON. The basis of silicic acid ; a brown
Jiowder, spontaneously inflammable. Equiva-
ent, 22-18; symbol, Si.
SILFCULA. (a, te, f.) A pouch or pod,
that is scarcely longer than broad.
SILICULC/SA. The name of the first order
of the class Tetradynamia of the Linnrean sys-
tem of plants, containing such as have a broad,
short pod.
SI'LIQUA. (a, cb, f.) A long, dry, mem-
branaceous pericarpium, pod, or seed-vessel, of
two valves, separated by a linear receptacle,
along the edges of each of which the seeds are
arranged alternately.
Siliqua'strum. The capsicum.
SILIQUO'SA. The name of the second or-
der of the class Tetradynamia of the Linnaeau
system of plants, containing such as have long
pods.
Siliquo'sj-:. Cruciferaj.
Siliquosa indica. Its juice is said to be
alexipharmic.
Siliqco'sus. Siliquose. Having pods.
Silk-weed. Asclepiaa syriaca.
Si'lphium. (Zalaph, Arabian.) Assafcetida,
or the plant which affords it.
Silver. See Argentum.
Silver, nitrate of. Argenti nitras.
Silver-weed. Potentilla anserina.
Silvic acid. One of the acids present in
rosin.
SIMAROU'BA. (a, ec, f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Monogynia. Simaroubaccat. — S.
officinalis. Quassia simarovba. Mountain dam-
son. The tree which yields the simarouba
bark. It is a native of Carolina, the West In-
dies, and South America. The medicinal part
is the bark of the root; the wood, though enu-
merated in the Materia Medica of the Dublin
College, is entirely inert. It is tonic, and con-
tains a peculiar bitter principle named Qvassine.
The dose of the powder is from 3j. to 388. ; that
of the infusion, one to two ounces See Infu-
sum simarovba:.
SIMARUBA'CEiE. The quassia tribe of di-
cotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with
leaves alternate ; flowers, polypetalous ; stamens,
twice as many as the petals, hypogyuous ; ova-
rium, four or five celled ; fruit, indehiscent
drupes.
Simple bitters. Those bitters, as calumba,
quassia, &c, which are destitute of astringency.
Simple substance/ See Element.
Simples. Medical herbs.
Sinamine. See Thiosinnamine.
Sin ape'. Sinapis nigra.
Sinapelje'um. Oil of mustard.
Sinapi. Sinapis nigra.
SINA'PIS. (is, is, f., and e, is, n., and t, n.,
indeclinable.) 1. Sinapis nigra. 2. A genus
of plants. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. Cru-
eifera. — S. alba. The white mustard plant.
It is somewhat less pungent than the black
species. — S. nigra. Common black mustard.
Binape and Sinapi. The seeds have an acrid,
pungent taste, and, when bruised, this pungency
•hows its volatility by powerfully affecting the
organs of smell. The active principle of black
mustard is due to a volatile oil, which does not
pre-exist in the seed, but is developed in the
594
SIN
same way as hydrocyanic acid from bitter al-
monds by the action of water. It is the pro-
duct of the action of myrosyne on myronic acid,
and is a powerfully acrid, vesicating, and vola-
tile body; sp. gr., 1-01; boiling at 298 F. ;
formula, CnHsNSj ( Gregory). This is not to be
confounded with the expressed oil, which is
bland. Mustard is considered as capable of pro-
moting the appetite, assisting digestion; and by
stimulating the fibres, it proves a general rem-
edy in paralytic affections. Joined to its stim-
ulant qualities, it frequently, if taken in consid-
erable quantity, opens the body, and increases
the urinary discharge; and hence it has been
found useful in dropsical complaints. In the
dose of a table-spoonfull, the powder acts as a
stimulating emetic, and is employed for this pur-
pose in cases of poisoning by opium. Exter-
nally, flour of mustard, made into poultice, is
frequently used as a stimulant or sinapism.
Sinapi'sine. A crystalline, fatty body of
black mustard, not to be confounded with the
essential oil of mustard.
SINAPFSM. Sinapismus. (From sinapis,
of which it is made.) Cataplasma sinapi. A
mustard poultice. A name given to a mixture
of mustard and warm water, or vinegar, in the
form of poultice, generally applied to the calves
of the legs or soles of the feet, as a stimulant,
and employed in low states of fevers and other
diseases, and intended to supersede the use of a
blister. See Cataplasma sinapis.
Sina'pium. An infusion or decoction of mus-
tard seed.
Sinapo'line. An artificial base formed by
the action of moist hyd rated oxide of lead on
essential oil of mustard. It is soluble in hot
water, alcohol, and ether, and consists of
C, 4 H| 2 N,0. 2 .
Sl'NClPUT. (ut, itis, n.) The fore part of
the head. See Caput.
Si'ne pa'ri. Azygos.
Sinkw. A tendon.
SINGU'LTUS. (us, us, m.) The hiccough.
A convulsive motion of the diaphragm and parts
adjacent. The most common cause is some ac-
cidental irritation of the stomach from food or
wind, and hence it is so common among chil-
dren. It is also produced by the irritation of
worms, acidity, and a bilious condition of the
stomach. It is usually removed in children by
warm carminatives, and in youth and adults
by a little cold water, camphor julep, volatile
alkali, or a sudden fright.
It is sometimes, however, very troublesome,
and is then mostly a symptomatic or sympa-
thetic affection. In the latter state, it results
from gall-stones, hepatic diseases, ulcers of the
stomach, and many diseases of the abdominal
viscera. Hiccough is one of the nervous symp-
toms which sometimes becomes habitual, and
will not yield to remedies.
Sintoe bark. The bark of the Cinnamomum
sintoe, very similar in properties with the Culil-
awan bark. See Cinnamomum.
Sinua'te. Sinvatus. Indented. Having a
waved and irregular outline.
Si'nuous. Sinuosus. Having an irregular,
winding course ; tortuous. Applied to some
fistulous wounds or ulcers.
SIR
SINUS, (us, us, m.) 1. A cavity or de-
pression. 2. In Surgery, a long, narrow, hol-
low track, leading from some abscess, diseased
bone, &c. 3. The veins of the dura mater are
termed sinuses. They are several in number,
the principal of which are, 1. The longitudinal
sinus, which rises anteriorly from the crista
galli, ascends and passes between the two lam-
ina of the falciform process to where this pro-
cess ends. It then opens into, 2. Two lateral
sinuses, distinguished into right and left, which
lie in the crucial spine of the os occipitis. 3.
The inferior longitudinal, which is a small sinus
situated at the acute inferior margin of the falx.
4. The torcular Herophili, or fourth sinus. 5.
The cavernous sinuses.
Sinus aortici. The depressions situated be-
tween the semilunar valves and the trunk of
the aorta.
Sinus arteriosus. The left auricle of the
heart.
Sinus coronarius. S. circularis. A small
sinus nearly surrounding the pituitary fossa.
Sinus cox.e. The acetabulum.
Sinus falciformis. The longitudinal sinus.
Sinus gen.e pituitarius. See Antrum High-
morianum.
Sinus, lateral. See Lateral sinuses.
Sinus, longitudinal. See Longitudinal
sinus.
Sinus maxillary. See Antrum.
Sinus muliebris. The vagina.
Sinus pocularis. A little depression at the
commencement of the caput galliuaginis.
Sinus renum. The pelvis of the kidney.
Sinus terminalis. A circular venous canal,
which surrounds the area vasculosa of the in-
cubated egg.
Sinus urogenitals. A duct running into
the urachus in the foetus, and receiving the ex-
cretory ducts of the Wolffian bodies, ureters,
and generative apparatus.
Sinus uteri. Sinuses of the uterus. The
large veins contained within the walls of the.
uterus. During gestation they become im-
mensely enlarged.
Sinus vesm portarum. Sinus of the vena)
porta. The entrance into the liver.
Sinus venarum cavarum. Sinus of the vena
cava. The right auricle of the heart.
Sinus venarum pulmonalium. The left au-
ricle of the heart.
Sinus venosus. The right auricle.
Sinuses, frontal. See Fronlis os.
Sinuses of the dura mater. See Sinus.
Sinuses of the larynx. The ventricles of
the larynx.
Sinuses of Morgagni. Minute openings on
the mucous membrane of the urethra.
Sinuses of Valsava. Depressions behind
the semilunar valves of the aorta and pulmonary
artery.
Sinuses, pulmonary. The depression be-
, hind the semilunar valves of the pulmonary
artery.
Sinuses, vertebral. The two large veins
which run the whole length of the spinal canal.
Bee Spinal cord.
Siphita parva. Chorea. — Paracelsus.
SIRI'ASIS. (is, is, f. ; fromatpoc, the cavity
8LE
of the fontanella.) An inflammation of the
brain, said to be peculiar to children, and at
tended with a hollowness of the eyes and de-
pression of the fontanella: it is described by
Paulus.
Si'saruji. Si'scr. Sium sisarum.
SI'SON. (on, i, n. Stffwv.) A genus of
plants. Pcntandria. Digynia. Umbclliferee.
— S. ammi. The plant which affords the Ammi
vcrum. The seeds have a grateful smell, some-
what like that of origanum, aud were formerly
administered as a carminative.
SISYMBRIUM, (aw, it, n.) A genus of
plants. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. Crucifera.
— S. nasturtium. The water-cress. This plant
grows plentifully in brooks and stagnant waters.
The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, like
that of mustard seed, but much weaker. They
are considered highly antiscorbutic. — S. sophia.
The herb sophia. Sophia chirurgorum. It was
formerly given internally in hysterical affections
and uterine hemorrhages, and the seeds are
said to bo efficacious in destroying intestinal
worms.
Sitio'logy. Sitiologia. Synonymous with
Dietetics.
Sition. Iiitlov. Aliment; food.
Sitis. (is, is, f.) See Thirst.
SI'UM. (um, i, n.) A genus of plants. Pcn-
tandria. Digynia. Umbellifera:. — S. aromati-
cum. The amomum is sometimes so called. —
S. ninsi. The root is called Radix ninsi, Ninzin,
and Nindsin. It possesses similar, though weak
er properties than ginseng. — S. nodifiorum.
The creeping water-parsnip. This plant is
thought to be antiscorbutic. — S. sisarum. The
siser or skirret. The root of this plant is edi
ble, but now out of use.
SIZE. 1. In the Arts, an impure hydrated
gelatine. 2. In Medicine, this word is often
used to designate the buffy coat of the blood.
Skate. Raia batis.
SKELETON. Sceletos. When the bones of
the body are dried and preserved in their natu-
ral situation, and deprived of the flesh, the as-
semblage is called a skeleton; and the assem-
blage of all the bones of the animal, when hung
in their respective situations by means of wire,
is denominated an artificial skeleton, in oppo-
sition to a natural one, when the bones are re-
tained in their proper places by means of their
natural ligaments. See Os.
Skin. See Cutis.
Skin, scarf. The epidermis.
SKIN-BOUND DISEASE. A disease of in-
fancy, attended with a hard, tightly stretched,
cold, aud swollen skin : it originates in chronic
inflammation of the subcutaneous cellular tissue.
Skink. See Scincus.
Skirret. Sium sisarum.
Skull. Cranium.
Skull-cap. The genus Scutellaria.
Skunk cabbage. Dracontium faetidum.
Slavering. Driveling.
SLEEP. Somnus. That state of the body-
in which the exercise of the external senses is
suspended according to a natural law, and in-
dependently of any diseased state. The end
and design of sleep is both to renew the vital
energy which has been exhausted through the
595
SMI
day, and to assist nutrition. In sleep the cere-
bral hemispheres and ganglia of special sense
are inactive, but the medulla oblongata, spinal
cord, and ganglia of the great sympathetic ex-
hibit considerable activity, although not so
much as during the day.
Sleep-walking. Somnambulism.
Sleeplesness. Agrypnia.
SLING. A bandage suspended around the
neck for the purpose of sustaining the forearm.*
Sloe. Primus sylvestris.
SLOUGH. A portion of mortified substance
adhering to an ulcer or gangrenous sore : it is
in a moist state, and not dried, as in the case of
an eschar.
Smallage. Apium graveolens.
Small-pox. Variola.
Smalt. A blue pigment derived from cobalt.
Smara'gdine. Of an emerald color.
Sme'ctica. Detergents.
Sme'gma. SfiTjypa. Soap.
Smegma preputii. The sebaceous matter
secreted by the prepuce and glans.
SMELL. Olf actus. There escapes from
almost eveiy body in nature certain particles
of an extreme tenuity, which are carried by the
air often to a great distance. These particles
constitute odors. The sense of smell is destined
to perceive and appreciate them.
The olfactory apparatus may be represented
as a sort of sieve, placed in the passage of the
air, and intended to stop and examine every
foreign body that may be mixed with the air,
particularly the odors. This apparatus is com-
posed of the pituitary membrane which covers
the nasal cavities, of the membrane which cov-
ers the sinuses, and of the olfactory nerve.
The pituitary membrane covers the whole
extent of the nostrils, and is continued beyond
their edges, so that the air can not traverse the
nostrils but in a long, narrow direction. Its sur-
face presents an infinity of small projections,
which have been considered by some as nerv-
ous papilla:, by others as mucous follicles, but
which, according to all appearance, are vascu-
lar. Over every part of this tissue the olfactory
nerve is distributed, to take cognizance of odors,
and convey their effects to the brain.
Smellome's eye salve. This consists of
half a drachm of verdigris, finely powdered,
and rubbed with oil, and then mixed with an
ounce of yellow basilicon.
Smelt. Salmo eperlanus.
SMILA'CEiE. A family of endogenous
climbing shrubs, of which the genus Smilax is
the type.
Smi'lacine. A non-azotized, crystalline
principle detected hi the root of Sarsaparilla.
Formula, C16H13O5.
Smilaspekic acid. An acid obtained from
the hemidesmus indicus.
SMI'LAX. (ax, acts, f.) A genus of plants.
Dimcia. Octandria. Smilacece. — S. china.
The systematic name of the China root tree.
China. Smilax aspera chinensis. China root.
It was formerly in esteem in the cure of the
venereal disease, and cutaneous disorders. — S.
Chinese. Smilax china. — S. sarsaparilla. One
of the plants formerly supposed to yield sarsa-
parilla. See Sarsaparilla.
596
SOD
Smi'le. 2/iiA.n. A curved bistoury, sharp oa
both edges.
Smy'rna. 2/zvpva. Myrrh.
Smyrnion hortense. Imperatoria ostru-
thium.
SMY'ENIUM. (urn, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Digynia. Umbelliferm.
— S. olusa'trum. Alexanders. This plant was
formerly cultivated in gardens for culinary use,
but is now superseded by celery. The seeds
are bitter and aromatic, and the roots are more
powerfully bitter. — S. rotundifolium. The
blanched leaves of this species are said to be
more agreeable than those of the olusatrum.
Sn. Tin.
Snail. See Helix.
Snail-seeded glasswort. Salsola kali.
Snake, rattle. Crotalus horridus.
Snake-killing birthwort. Aristolochia an-
guicida.
Snakeroot. Aristolochia serpentaria and
polygala senega.
Snakeroot, black. Aetata racemosa.
Snakeroot, button. Eryngium aquaticum.
Snakeroot, Canada. Asarum canadense.
Snakeweed. Polygonum bistorta.
Snakewood. Colubrinum lignum.
Snap-dragon. Antirrhinum majus.
Sneezewort. Achillea ptarmica.
SNEEZING. Sternutatio. A convulsive ac
tion of the muscles of the chest, arising com-
monly from irritation of the nostrils. It very
seldom requires medical assistance. It some
times, however, is otherwise; and cases are
recorded in foreign, and particularly German
works, of its having been sometimes both per-
manent and violent, sometimes periodical and
fatal. These severe cases are usually produced
by sympathy with some remote part, as the
lungs and stomach.
Snipe. Scolopax gallinago.
Snoring. Stertor.
Snuff, cephalic Pulvis asari composirus.
Snuffles, morbid. Coryza maligna.
Soap. Sapo.
Soap-berry. Soapwort. Saponaria offici-
nalis.
Sob. A spasmodic inspiration and expiration.
SOCIA PAROTIDIS. A lobe of the parot-
id gland, sometimes separated from the princi-
pal mass of the gland.
SO'DA. (a, m, f. ; an Arabic word.) The
name now universally given to the mineral al-
kali, or natron. Soda is the protoxide of so-
dium, a white, caustic powder scarcely known,
the caustic soda of chemists being the hydrate
of soda. Its formula is NO ; equivalent, 40-32.
Soda, in the form of an impure carbonate, is
procured in a limited quantity by the incinera-
tion of seaweeds (Kelp) and sea-shore plants
(Barilla) ; but the principal supply is from the
sulphate of soda, obtained by decomposing sea
salt. It is a powerful base, and isomorphous
with potash. i|
Soda, acetate of. See Soda: acetas.
Soda, borate of. See Soda biboras.
Soda boracicata. See Sodce biboras.
Soda, carbonate of. See Sodce carbonas.
Soda caustica. The hydrated protoxide of
soda.
SOD
Soda hispanica. See Soda impura.
Soda hispanica purificata. See Soda car-
bona*.
Soda, hydrate of. Soda caustica. Hy-
drated protoxide of soda. It is prepared from
the carbonate by caustic lime, in the same way
as potassa. It is a white, deliquescent, highly
caustic body, very similar to potassa. Its formula
isNaO+HO; equivalent, 40-32.
Soda, hyperoxymuriate of. See Soda chlo-
ras.
Soda impura. Impure soda. Soda. Barilla.
The produce of the incineration of sea-shore
plants. It is used in soap-making and for coarse
purposes, and consists chiefly of carbonate of
soda. The soda ash of the present day is, how-
ever, very superior to the old soda impura, being
a fair carbonate of soda.
Soda, impure. See Soda impura.
Soda muriata. See Soda: nutria*.
Soda, muriate of. See Soda: murias.
Soda muriatica. See Soda: murias.
Soda, nitrate of. This salt, also called cubic
or Peruvian nitre, is found abundantly in Peru.
*It crystallizes in rhombohedrons, and is deli-
quescent ; in other respects it has precisely the
same qualities as nitrate of potash.
Soda, phosphate of. See SoiUc pkosphas.
Soda phosphorata. See Soda: phosphas.
Soda powders. These are sold as an ex-
temporaneous substitute for soda water. They
are put up in blue and white papers, tho former
containing half a drachm of carbonate of soda,
mid the latter twenty-five grains of tartaric
acid. They form a refreshing saline draught.
Soda, protoxide of. See Soda.
Soda, Spanish. Sep Soda impura.
Soda, subcarboxate of. See Soda: carbonas.
Soda, subcarboxate of, dried. See Soda:
carbonas exsiccata.
See Soda: .sulphas.
See Soda: polassio-lar-
See Soda: jiolassio-lar-
Seo Soda; potassio-tar-
Soda, sulphate of.
Soda tartarizata.
tras.
Soda, tartarized.
tras.
• Soda, tartrate of
tras.
Soda water. This refreshing drink is formed
by dissolving carbonate of soda in water, and
supersaturating it with carbonic acid, under
pressure. It affords a salutary stimulus to the
stomach, and is useful in cases of debility of that
organ, accompanied with acidity. That com-
monly sold for soda water is, however, little
more than water saturated with carbonic acid,
or a solution of carbonate of soda , into which air
is condensed.
Sodje acetas. Acetate of soda. A salt formed
of a combination of acetic acid with the soda.
Its virtues are similar to those of the acetate of
potash.
Sodje 1UB0RA3. Sod&bora.s. Biborate of soda.
Borate of soda. Borax.
Borax is found native in tho East, and like-
wise in South America, and purified in the la-
boratories.
Purified borax, or biborate of soda, is white,
transparent, in the form of six-sided prisms, ter-
minating in three-sided or six-sided pyramids.
Its taste is styptic. When exposed to heat it
SOD
swells up, boils, loses its water of crystalliza-
tion, and becomes converted into a porous,
white opaque mass, commonly called calcined
borax. It requires about eighteen times its
weight of water to dissolve it at the tempera-
ture of 60° F. ; but water at the boiling heat
dissolves three times this quantity.
The biborate of soda is rarely used internally
in modern practice. It is supposed by some
to be, in doses of half a drachm or two scruples,
diuretic and emmenagogue. Its solution is in
common use as a cooling gargle, in cases of
aphtha?. It may be used in the proportion of
3j . to 3ij . to a pint of water. The officinal honey
of borax is used in the same cases. See Mel
boracis.
Sodje bicarboxas. The bicarbonate of soda
may be formed by passing a stream of carbonic
acid gas through a strong solution of the car-
bonate of soda. In its medicinal qualities it
agrees with the carbonate.
Sodje boras. See Soda; biboras.
Sodje carbonas. Carbonate of soda. This
salt is in common use as an antacid in the dose
offrom grs. x. to 3SS. ; combined with the resin-
ous purgatives, it renders their action milder.
Sodje carbonas exsiccata. Take of car-
bonate of soda, a pound ; expose it to a proper
degree of heat hi a vessel until it is dry ; then
heat it to redness ; and, lastly, rub it to powder.
By the above process the carbonate of soda is
deprived of its water of crystallization, and, con-
sequently, of its disposition to e ffloresce . Hence
it can bo given in pill, which the hydrated car-
bonate can not.
Sodje chloras. The chlorate of soda; a
salt formed in the same way, and having simi-
lar properties with the chlorate of potash. It
is seldom used medicinally.
Sodje chlorinatje liquor. See Liquor so-
dee chlorinata; (U. S.).
Sodje hydriodas. See Sodii iodidum.
Sodje hyfochloris. Hypochlorite of soda,
the basis of the disinfecting liquid. See Liquor
soda; chlorinates.
Sodje liquor kffervescens. Soda water is
directed under this name in tho last London
Pharmacopoeia-. See Soda water.
Sodje murias. See Sodii chloridum.
Sodje phosphas. Phosphate of soda. Tri-
basic phosphate of soda. Phosphorated soda.
A compound of phosphoric acid and soda, ob-
tained by saturating with carbonate of soda
the impure phosphoric acid separated from
calcined bones by sulphuric acid, and then fil-
tering the liquor, evaporating, and crystallizing.
The phosphate of soda is cathartic, and, having
little taste, is termed tasteless purging salt.
The dose is from fss. to fj.
Sodje potassio-tartras. Soda tartarizata.
Potassio-tartratc of soda. Sodio-tartratc of pot-
ash. Take of subcarbonato of soda, twenty
ounces ; supertaitrate of potash, powdered, two
pounds ; boiling water, ten pints. Dissolve the
subcarbonato of soda in the water, and add
gradually the supertartrate of potash ; filter the
solution through paper, and evaporate it until a
pellicle forms upon tho surface ; then set it by
that crystals may form. Having poured away
the water, dry these ciystals upon bibulous pa-
597
SOL
per. It possesses mildly cathartic, diuretic, and
deobstruent virtues, and is administered in do-
ses of from one drachm to an ounce as a ca-
thartic, and in the dose of twenty to thirty
grains as a diuretic.
Soo-E sesquicarbonas. An imperfect bicar-
bonate, resulting from a mixture of the carbon-
ate and bicarbonate.
Sodje subboras. See Soda biboras.
Sod-E sur.CAUBONAs. See Soda; carbonas.
SoDiE subcarbonas kxsiccata. See Soda
carbonas cxsiccala.
Soda; sulphas. Sulphate of soda. Glau-
ber's salt. Sulphate of soda is bitter and saline
to the taste. It is soluble in 2*85 parts of cold
water, and 0-8 at a boiling heat. It crystal-
lizes in hexagonal prisms, beveled at the ex-
tremities, sometimes grooved longitudinally,
and of very large size, when the quantity is
great. These effloresce completely into a white
powder if exposed to a dry air, or even if kept
wrapped up in paper in a dry place ; yet they
retain sufficient water of crystallization to un-
dergo the aqueous fusion on exposure to heat,
but, by urging the fire, melt. It possesses ca-
thartic and diuretic qualities, and is esteemed
as a mild cathartic. The dose is from one
drachm to one ouuce.
Sodii auro-terchloridum. Sec Auri ct so-
dii ckloridum.
Sodii chloridum. Sodii chlorurctum. Chlo-
ride of sodium. Muriate of soda. Common
salt. This useful substance is very abundant in
nature, both as a mineral and in salt springs,
and the ocean. It is a compound of one equiv-
alent of chlorine with one equivalent of sodium.
It possesses antiseptic, tonic, emetic, cathartic,
and resolvent qualities, and is frequently em-
ployed in form of clyster, fomentation, lotion,
pediluvium, and bath, in obstipation, against
worms, gangrene, scrofulous tumors, herpetic
eruptions, arthritis, &c.
Sodii iodi'dum. Iodide of sodium. Hydri-
odate of soda. This possesses nearly the same
medicinal properties as the iodide of potassium,
but is little employed.
SO'DIUM. (um, it, n.) The metallic base
of soda. This metal closely resembles potas-
sium, and is obtained in the same way. It is
soft, of the appearance of silver; sp.gr., "934;
melts at 194° F., and is volatile. It decom-
poses water, but does not burst into flame Unless
the water is hot. Its symbol is Na ; equiva-
lent, 23*3. It is seldom or never used. The
protoxide, NaO, is soda; the chloride, common
salt. The iodide and bromide have been spoken
of as substitutes for the corresponding potash
6<dts, and are very similar in properties.
Sodium, auro-terchloride of. See Auri et
sodii chloridum. *
Sodium, chloride ok. Common salt.
Sodium, oxide of. Soda.
Soft palate. The velum pendulum
palati.
Soft soap. A soap, the basis of which is
potash.
Softening of the brain. Kamollissement
of the brain. *
SOL. {Sol, solis, m.) The sun. Gold was
so called by the older chemists.
598
SOL
Sola'men. Consolation ; applied to a car-
minative.
SOLANA'CEjE. The nightshade tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants or
shrubs, with leaves alternate ; flowers, monope-
talous, regular ; stamens inserted into the corol-
la; ovarium, two-celled; fruit, succulent.
SOLANINE. Solania. A crystalline alka-
loid derived from dulcamara and other species
of solanum, and from the shoots of the potato.
Most of its salts are non-crystallizable, but the
sulphate resembles sulphate of quinine. It is
poisonous in doses of several grains, and is but
imperfectly examined. The formula appears
to be C 84 H78N028?
SOLA'NUM. {urn, i, n.) 1. The bitter-
sweet. 2. A genus of plants. Pentandria.
Monogynia. Solanacea — S. dulcamara. Bit-
ter-sweet. Woody nightshade. Dulcamara.
Solanum scandens. Solanum lignosum. The
roots and stalks of this nightshade, upon being
chewed, first cause a sensation of bitterness,
which is soon followed by a considerable de-
gree of sweetness, and hence the plant obtain-
ed the name of bitter-sweet. The berries have
not yet been applied to medicinal use; they
excite violent vomiting and purging. The
younger branches (Caules dulcamara) are di-
rected for use in the pharmacopoeias, and they
may be employed either fresh or dried, making
a proportionate allowance in the dose of the
latter for some diminution of its powers by dry-
ing. Boiling water extracts all the active mat-
ter of the plant. Solanine has been extracted
from this plant, and also another body called
Picroglycion by Pfaff, but which Pelletier con-
siders to be a mixture of sugar and solanine.
Dulcamara is, on the whole, an uncertain medi-
cine : it has been chiefly recommended in
rheumatism, chronic affections of the bronchii,
skin diseases, and as an alterative in cachexies.
Its sensible properties are diaphoretic, slightly
narcotic, and alterative. The dose of the pow-
der is 9j., gradually increased to sj. or more,
but it is mostly given in decoction. See De-
coctum dulcamara;. — S. fatidum. Datura stra-
monium. — S. lethale. Atropa belladonna. — S.
lignosum. See Solanum dulcamara. — S. lycoper-
sicum. The love-apple plant, or Tomato. The
fruit is considered cooling and nutritive. — S. me-
longena. The mad-apple plant, or egg fruit. —
S. nigrum. The garden nightshade: it is very
similar to the dulcamara. — S. racemosum. Phy-
tolacca decandra. — S. sanctum. The Pales-
tine nightshade ; the fruit of which is globular,
and in Egypt much eaten by the inhabitants.
— S. tuberosum. The potato plant. — S. vesi-
carium. Physalis alkekengi.
Solar. Pertaining to the sun.
Solar txexus. See Plexus, solar
Soldane'lla. Convolvulus soldanella.
Sole. 1. The under surface of the foot. 2
The fish, Pleuronectes solea.
SO'LEN. 'ZuItjv. 1. A tube or channel. 2.
A cradle for a broken limb.
Solena'rium. A catheter.
SOLE'US. {us, i, m.) See Gastrocnemius
Mterniis.
SOLIDA'GO. {o, onis, f. ) A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Poli/gamiasuperflua. Com-
SOM
posita ; division, Corymbiferte. — S. odora.
(Solidago, U. S.) Sweet-scented golden rod.
The leaves are esteemed aromatic and stimu-
lant, and said to be a good substitute for tea. —
jS. virgaurea. The golden rod. Virga aurea.
The leaves and flowers of this plant are recom-
mended as aperient and tonic in urinary ob-
structions, and it is said by some to be useful
in stopping internal hemorrhages.
SOLID. 1. In Natural Philosophy, bodies,
tin! particles of which cohere so lirmly as not
to be separated without some degree of fdrce,
are called Solids. 2. In Anatomy, the solids are
the bones, ligaments, membranes, muscles,
nerves, and vessels.
SOLI'DISM. The medical doctrine which
regards the vital properties of the body as resi-
dent in the solids, and not the fluids. Accord-
ing to this view, disease results from the action
of morbific causes on the vital endowment of
the solids.
Solita'rius. Solitary.
So'lium. A species of tape-worm. See
Ttenia.
Solomon's anti-impetigines. A solution of
corrosive sublimate.
Solomon's balm of gilead. An aromatic
tincture, of which brandy and cardamom seeds
appear to be the principal ingredients. Some
say it contains cautharides.
Solomon's seal. Convallaria polygonatum.
SO'LUBLE. 1. Capable of dissolving, espe-
cially in water. 2. When applied adjectively
to the bowels, it means in a somewhat relaxed
state.
Soluble cream of tartar. A solution of
bitartrate of potash with borax.
Soluble tartar. The tartrate of potash.
Solum. The sole of the foot.
SOLU'TIO. (is, ionis, f.) A solution. This
term was formerly applied to the pharmaceutical
preparation now termed Liquor, which see.
Solutio arsenicalis. See Arsenicalis li-
quor.
Solutio calcis. See Calcis liquor.
Solutio chlorinii. See Chlorine water.
Solutio potassii iodidi iodureta. See
Liquor iodini composila.
Solutio sulphatis cupri composita. (Ph.
E.) Aqua cupri vitriolati composita. Com-
pound solution of sulphate of copper. Take of
sulphate of copper and sulphate of alumina,
each, three ounces; water, two pounds; sul-
phuric acid, an ounce and a half. Boil the sul-
phates in the water that they may be dissolved ;
then filter through paper, and add the acid. It
is sometimes used as a styptic, and, when large-
ly diluted, as an astringent collyrium.
SOLUTION. Solutio. 1. An intimate com-
mixture of solid bodies with fluids, into one
seemingly- homogeneous liquor. The dissolv-
ing fluid is called a menstruum or solvent. 2. A
crisis.
Solution of continuity. A surgical phrase
for a wound ; the separation of parts formerly
united.
SOLUTI'VE. Solntivus. (From solvo, to
loosen.) Laxative ; gently purgative.
Solvent. See Menstruum.
SOMA'TIC. Somaticns. (From auua. the
SOB
body.) That which pertains or relates to the
body.
Somatology. Soma'tomy. Anatomy.
SOMNA'MBULISM. (From somnus, sleep,
and ambulo, to walk.) This term is applied to
sleep-walking, and also to a particular state in-
duced by what is called animal magnetism.
SOMNI'FEROUS. (Somniferus; from som-
nus, sleep, and fero, to bring.) Having tho
power of inducing sleep.
Somnilo'quium. Talking in the sleep.
Somnole'ncy. Somnolentia. Sleepiness; a
common symptom of some cerebral affections.
So'mnium. A dream.
SO'MNUS. (us, i, m.) Sleep.
SO'NCHUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of plants.
Syngenesia. Polyeamia cequalis. Compositm.
— S. arvensis. The greater hawkweed. A
feebly astringent plant. — S. oleraceus. The
sow-thistle. Most of the species of sonchos
abound with a milky juice, which is very bit-
ter, and said to possess diuretic virtues. It is
sometimes employed with that intention.
Soot. Fuligo.
Sophi'a. Sisymbrium sophia.
SOPHISTICATION. Sophisticatio. Adulter-
ation ; counterfeiting or adulterating any thing.
SOFHO'RA. (a, ee, f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Monogynia. Leguminosee. — S.
heptaphylla. A shrub, the root and seeds of
which are sometimes called anticholerica : they
are both intensely bitter, and said to be useful
in cholera, colic, and dysury. — S. tinctoria is a
synonym of Baptisia tinctoria.
Sophroniste'res. The last of the grinding
teeth.
So'piens. Soporific.
SO'POR. (or, oris, m.) A profound sleep,
in which the person can be roused only with
difficulty. It is a symptom in many cerebral
diseases.
SoporarijE arterijE. Arterim soporales.
The carotid arteries.
Soporific Sopori'ferous. Soporifcrus.
Possessed of the power of inducing sleep.
So'ra. (Arabic.) The nettle-rash.
Sorbastre'lla. Pimpinella saxifraga.
So'rbate. A malate.
SORBEFA'CIENT. Sorbefaciens. < Absorb-
ent ; a remedy that promotes absorption.
Sorbic acid. Malic acid.
SO'RBUS. (us, i, f., and um, i, n.) A genus
of plants. Icosandria. Trigynia. Pomacea.
— S. aucuparia. The wild service-tree. The
berries of this plant are astringent, and, it is
said, have been found serviceable in allaying
the pain of calculous affections in the kidneys.
— S. domestica is tho cultivated service-tree, the
fruit of which is astringent When unripe, and a
pleasant acid when ripe.
SO'RDES. (es, is, f.) When the matter
discharged from ulcers is rather viscid, gluti-
nous, of a brownish-red color, somewhat re-
sembling the grounds of coffee, or grunjous
blood mixed with water, it is thus named.
Other fetid excrementitious substances are also
called sordes, as the matter which forms round
the teeth in fever, &c. «
SORE. An ulcer or excoriation.
Sore, bay. An endemic disease at the Bav
599
SPA
of Honduras, which Dr. Mosely considers as a
true cancer, commencing with an ulcer.
Sore mouth, gangrenous. Cancram oris.
Sore throat. See Cynanche.
Sore throat, clergyman's. A chronic af-
fection of the pharynx and larynx, occurring in
clergymen and public speakers of a feeble con-
stitution or scrofulous diathesis. It is called a
follicular pharyngitis, but is more or less con-
nected with the larynx. The treatment consists
in mild antiphlogistic measures, washing the
parts with a solution of niti-ate of silver, and at-
tention to the constitutional defects of the indi-
vidual. Change of air, and rest from speaking,
are also necessary to effect a cure.
Soreness. Painful tenderness; a common
symptom of inflammation in a part.
Sorrel. Rumex acetosa.
Sorrel, French. Kumex scutatus.
Sorrel, round-leaved. Rumex scutatus.
Sorrel-tree. Andromeda arborea.
Sorrel, wood. Oxalis acetosella.
Soro'sis. A compound fruit, being a succu-
lent spike, as the mulberry.
SOUND. 1. A metallic instrument, like a
solid catheter, which surgeons introduce through
the urethra into the bladder, to discover wheth-
er there bo a stone in this viscus or not. 2. The
impression produced on the auditory nerve by
certain vibrations. See Auris.
SOUNDING. Searching;. The exploration
of the bladder by means of the sound.
Sounds, auscultatory. See Auscultation
and Bruit.
Sour dock. Rumex acetosa.
Southern wood. Artemisia abrotanum.
Sow. Sus scrofa.
Sow-bread. Cyclamen ouropamm.
SPA. 1. A general denomination for a min-
eral spring. 2. A town in France, in the de-
partment of the Ourte, famous for its mineral
water, which is a very strongly acidulous cha-
lybeate.
Spa'dix. A spike, surrounded by a sheath
or spathe.
SPAGI'RISTS. An ancient set of physicians,
who accounted for disease and other changes of
the body on chemical principles.
Spagyria. Chemistry.
Spain, tellitory of. Anthcmis pyrethrum.
SPANHjEMIA. (From anavoc, poor, and
aijia, blood.) Poverty of the blood, from the
want of fibrin and hasmatosine, and excess of
water. This condition is said to occur in scrof-
ula, chlorosis, scurvy, typhus, passive hemor-
rhages, &c.
Spanish fly. See Cantharis.
Spanish liquorice. Glycyrrhiza glabra.
SPA'RADRAP. % Sparadrapum. An adhe-
sive plaster spread on silk, linen, cotton, or pa-
per; as court-plaster.
SPARGANO'SIS. {is, is, f. ; from anapyau,
to swell.) 1. A swelling. 2. A milk abscess.
Spa'rsus. Dispersed; irregularly scattered.
SPA'RTIUM. (um, it, n. Zirapnov of Di-
oscorides.) A genus of plants. Diadelphia.
Decandria. Lcguminosm. — S. junceum. The
Spanish broom. Its medicinal properties re-
semble those of the S. scoparium. — S. purgans.
The leaves of this species are purgative, and the
COO
SPE
seeds strongly so. — S. scoparium. The common
broom. Genista. The tops and leaves of this
plant are employed medicinally : they have a
bitter taste, and are recommended for their
purgative and diuretic qualities in hydropic
cases.
Spasm. See Spasmus.
Spasm of the larynx. Spasm of the glottis.
Laryngismus stridulus.
SPA'SMA. {a, atis, n. ; from arrow, to draw.)
That voluntary straining which takes place in
any vehement exertion, contraction, or exten-
sion of a muscle, as in running, riding, or bear-
ing heavy burdens. It differs from spasmus,
which is an involuntary, and generally a mor-
bid contraction of a muscle.
SPASMI. Spasmodic diseases. The third
order of the class Neuroses of Cullen, charac-
terized by a morbid contraction or motion of
muscular fibres.
SPASMO'DIC. Spasmodicus. Spasmoticus.
Belonging to a spasm or convulsion.
Spasmodic asthma. See Asthma.
Spasmodic cholera. See Cholera.
Spasmodic colic. See Colica.
Spasmodic croup. Laryngismus stridulus.
Spasmodic stricture. See Stricture.
Spasmo'logy. Spasmologia. A treatise on
convulsions.
S PA'S M US. {us, i, m. ; from anau, to
draw.) A cramp, spasm, or convulsion. An
involuntary contraction of the muscular fibres,
or that state of the contraction of muscles which
is not spontaneously disposed to alternate with
i - elaxation. When the contractions alternate
with relaxation, and are frequently and preter-
naturally repeated, they are called convulsions.
Spasms are distinguished by authors into clonic
and tonic spasms. In clonic spasms, which are
the true convulsions, the contractions and re
taxations are alternate, as in epilepsy; but in
tonic spasms the member remains rigid, as in
locked-jaw. See Convulsion, Tonic spasm, and
Tetanus.
Spasmus cynicus. Risus caninus. A con-
vulsive affection of the muscles of the face and
lips on one side, which involuntarily forces the
muscles of those parts into a species of grinning
distortion. The term is used by some authors
synonymously with Risus sardonicus.
Spastic. Spasticns. Spasmodic.
Spa'the. Spatha. A sheath or covering of
an immature flower, which bursts longitudi-
nally.
Spathome'le. An edged probe.
SPA'TULA. (Diminutive of spatha, a broad
instrument.) An instrument like a knife for
spreading salve.
Spatula'te. Spatulatus. Of a roundish fig-
ure, tapering into an oblong base.
Spearmint. Mentha vindis.
Spear-shaped. Hastate; lanceolate.
Spearwort, water. Ranunculus ffammula.
SPECIES. (es,ei, f.) 1. Individual animals,
plants, and minerals agreeing in their appear-
ances or composition. Individuals or species
differing in circumstances arising from accident,
are termed varieties. The circumstances which
are common to one or more species give rise to
a division, or the formation of a genus. Se&
SPE
Genus. 2. An obsolete name for powders ; as
Species aromaticce, Species diambrce, &c.
SPECIFIC. Specificus. Applied, 1. To
that which acts on some particular organ more
than on others; thus, ipecacuanha appears to
have a specific action on the respiratory mucous
membrane. 2. To a medicine possessed of sov-
ereign efficacy in the cure of a particular dis-
ease ; thus, sulphur is sometimes considered as
a specific for the itch, and bark for the ague.
Specific gravitt. See Gravity, specific.
Speci'llum. A probe.
SPECTACLES. An optical contrivance, con-
sisting of a metallic frame supporting two lenses
adjusted to the eyes. The lenses are to be
more or less concave for the short-sighted, and
convex for the far-sighted.
SPECTRUM. 1. A spectre or optical illu-
sion. 2. The elongated image of the sun or
a radiant formed by a transparent prism.
SPE'CULUM. (urn, i, n. ; from specio, to
view.) 1. A mirror. 2. An instrument for
opening or obtaining a view of internal parts.
It commonly consists of a metallic cylindrical
tube of two or more parts, the inner surface of
which is highly polished. The parts are so ad-
justed together as to be capable of separating
by a screw.
Speculum AM. An instrument for distend-
ing the anus while an operation is performed
upon the parts within.
Speculum metal. An alloy of two parts of
copper and one part of tin, for making metallic
mirrors.
Speculum oculi. An instrument by which
the eyelids are kept open and the eye fixed.
Speculum oris. An instrument to force open
the mouth.
Speculum vaginae. An instrument to assist
in any operation belonging to the vagina or os
uteri.
Speculum veneris. Achillea millefolium.
Speech. See Voice.
Speechlessness. Aphonia.
Speediman's pills. These consist of aloes,
myrrh, rhubarb, extract of chamomile, and es-
sential oil of chamomile.
Speedwell. Veronica officinalis.
Speedwell, female. Antirrhinum elatine.
Spe'ltre. Spelter. Speltrum. Zinc.
Sperm. Sperma. Seed ; semen.
Spermace'ti. Cetaceum.
SPERMA'TIC. (Spermaticus; from otreppa,
seed.) Belonging to the testicle and ovary; as
the spermatic artery, cord, and veins. See Testis.
Spermatic arteries. See Testis.
Spermatic plexus. There is one on each
side of the body, formed by filaments from the
renal plexus. The nerves follow the spermatic
tirtcriGS
SPERMATOCELE, (e, es, f. ; from anep/xa,
seed, and nrfkn, a tumor.) A swelling of the
testicle or epididymis. In this case the swell-
ing is accompanied by pain extending to the
loins, without inflammation.
Spermatopoie'tic Having the property of
increasing the secretion of semen.
SPERM ATORRHCE'A. (a, a>, f. ; from anep-
ua, semen, and peu,fiuo.) Seminal flux. See
Gonorrhoea.
SPH
SPERM ATOZO'ON. (-zoa, pi.; {rommrepiia,
and Cwov, an animal.) The thread-like repro-
ductive bodies of the spermatic cells of animals,
and some plants, remarkable for their vivacious
movements. The human spermatozoon is ^.th
of a line in length, and resembles, in figui-e, the
tadpole. It is supposed to find its way to the
Fallopian tubes, and to come directly in contact
with the ovule, to produce its fertilization.
Spermothe'ca. A dilatation of the oviduct
of some insects to store the sperm of the male,
and to permit the fertilization of ova for a long
period of time.
Spermode'rm. The testa or external cover-
ing of a seed.
Sphace'lia segetum. A name for the fungus
producing ergot.
SPHACELI'SMUS. (us, i, in. ; from ofaice-
2.1&, to gangrene.) 1. A gangrene. 2. An in-
flammation of the brain.
SPHA'CELUS. (us, i, m. ; from o<j>aico, to
destroy.) Complete mortification. See Morti-
fication.
SpHiENOiDEs. Sphenoides.
Sph^era'nthus indicus. The Adaca, a plant,
of Malabar, which is acrid and aromatic, and
said to be used in piles, the itch, and cholera.
Sph^ero'coccus crispus. The fucus crispus.
SPH;£RO'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from cfyaipa, a
globe.) A fleshy globular protuberance.
Spheno-staphylinus. Levator palati.
SPHE'NOID. (Sphenoides; from ocjinv, a
wedge, and eidoc, a likeness; because it is fixed
in the cranium like a wedge.) Wedge-like:
applied to a bone of the skull. See Sphe-
noid bone.
Sphenoid bone. Sphenoides os. The sphe-
noid bone is wedged in amid the other bones of
the head, and is of a more irregular figure than
any other bone. It has been compared to a bat
with its wings extended.
We distinguish in this bone a body or mid-
dle part, and its wings or sides, which arc much
more extensive than its body.
Each of its wings, or lateral processes, is di-
vided into two parts. Of these, the uppermost
and most considerable portion, helping to form
the deepest part of the temporal fossa on each
side, is called the temporal process. The other
portion makes a part of the orbit, and is there-
fore named the orbitar process. The back part
of each wing is called the spinous process; and
the two processes, which stand out almost per-
pendicular to the basis of the skull, have been
named pterygoid processes. Each of these pro-
cesses has two plates and a middle fossa facing
backward : of these plates the external one is-
the broadest, and the internal one the longest.
The lower end of the internal plate forms a kind
of hook (Hamular process), over which passes
the round tendon of the circumflexus palati.
Its foramina are four on each side. The three
first serve for the passage of the optic, superior
maxillary, and inferior maxillary nerves; tho
fourth transmits the largest artery of the dura
mater. On each side we observe a considerable
fissure, which, from its situation, may be called
the superior orbitar fissure. Through it pass
the third and fourth pair of nerves, a branch of
the fifth, and likewise tho sixth pair. Lastly at
601
SPH
the base of each pterygoid process we observe
a foramen, which is named pterygoidean, and
sometimes Vidian, from Vidius, who first de-
scribed it. Through it passes a branch of the
external carotid, to be distributed to the nose.
The os sphenoides, on its internal surface, af-
fords three fossae. Two of these are consider-
able ones : they are formed by the lateral pro-
cesses, and make part of the lesser fossa; of the
basis of the skull. The third, which is smaller,
is on the top of the body of the bone, and is
•called sella turcica, from its resemblance to a
Turkish saddle.. In this the pituitary gland is
placed. At each of its four angles is a process.
They are called the clinoid processes, and are
distinguished by their situation into anterior
and posterior processes. The two latter are
frequently united into one.
Within the substance of the os sphenoides,
immediately under the sella turcica, we find
two cavities, separated by a thin, bony lamella.
These are the sphenoidal sinuses. They are
lined with the pituitary membrane, and, like
the frontal sinuses, separate a mucus, which
passes into the nostrils. In some subjects there
is only one cavity; in others, though more rare-
ly, we find three.
SPHENOIDAL. Sphenoidal™. Belonging
to the sphenoid bone.
Sphenoidal suture. Sidura sphenoidalis.
The sphenoidal and ethmoidal sutures are those
which surround the many irregular processes of
these two bones, and join them to each other
and to the vest.
SPHE'NO-MAX'ILLARY. Sphcno-maxilla-
ris. Relative to the sphenoid and maxillary
bones.
Sphe'no-maxi'llary fissure. Inferior or-
bitary fissure. Foramen laccrnminferius. For-
amen spheno-maxillare. A hole situated at the
posterior part of the angle formed by the union
of the internal and inferior parietes of the orbit.
It is constituted, above, by the sphenoid bone ;
below, by the superior maxillary and palate
bones; and before, by the malar bone; and forms
a communication between the orbital - cavity and
the zygomatic fossa.
Sphe'no-max'illary fossa. A depression at
the union of the spheno-maxillary and pterygo-
maxillary fissures.
SPHE^NO-PAL'ATINE. Sphcno-palatinus.
That which relates to the sphenoid and palate
bones.
Sphe'no-pal'atine ar'tery. The termina-
tion of the internal maxillary. It enters at the
posterior part of the superior meatus of the nose,
through the spheno-palatine foramen, and rami-
fies on the pituitary membrane covering the
septum, the cornua, aud the meatus.
Sphe'no-pal'atine foramen. A round .aper-
ture, formed by the vertical portion of the os
palati and the sphenoid. It establishes a com-
munication between the nasal fossa? and the
zygomatic fossa.
Sphe'no-pal'atine gan'glion. Ganglion of
Meckel. A small or triangular ganglion,, of va-
riable size, situated without the foramen sphe-
no-palatinum, in the pterygo-maxillary fissure.
It seems suspended, by several nervous fila-
ments, to the trunk of the superior maxillary
602
SPH
nerve, and gives off internal or spheno-palatine
filaments, inferior or palatine filaments, and a
posterior filament, which is the Vidian or ptery-
goid nerve.
Sphe'no-pal'atine nerves. Lateral nasal
nerves. These arise from the ganglion of
Meckel, at its inner part, and enter the nasal
fossa; by the spheno-palatine foramen. They
are five or six in number, and distribute their
filaments to the outer and inner parietes of the
nasal fossa;. One of the most remarkable
branches is the Naso-palaline.
Spheno-falati'nus. The levator palati.
SPHE'NO-PARI'ETAL. Sphcno-parietalis.
Belonging to the sphenoid and parietal bones.
Sphe'no-pari'etal su'ture. This is formed
by the articulation of the extremity of the great-
er ala of the sphenoid with the anterior and in-
ferior angle of the parietal bone.
Spheno-pterygo-palatinus. Spheno-salpin-
go-staphylinus. The circumflexus palati muscle .
Spheno-staphylinus, The levator palati.
SPHE'NO-TEM'PORAL. Sphcno-temporalis.
That which belongs to the sphenoid and tem-
poral bones.
Sphe'no-tem'poral su'ture. The suture at
the articulation of the great ala; of the sphenoid
bono with the squamous portion of the tem-
poral.
SPHINCTER, {er, eris, m.; from a<j>iyyu,
to compress.) The name of several muscles,
the office of which is to shut or close the aper-
ture around which they are placed.
Sphincter ani. Sphincter extemus of Albi-
mis and Douglas. Sphincter cutaneus of Wins-
low. A single muscle of the anus, which shuts
the passage through the anus into the rectum,
and pulls down the bulb of the urethra, by
which it assists in ejecting the urine and semen.
It arises from the skin and fat that surrounds
the verge of the anus on both sides, near as far
as the tuberosity of the ischium ; the fibres are
gradually collected into an oval form, and sur-
round the extremity of the rectum. It is insert-
ed by a narrow point into the perineum, accel-
eratores urina;, and transversi perinau ; and be-
hind into the extremity of the os coccygis, by
an acute termination.
Sphincter ani cutaneus. See Sphincter ani.
Sphincter ani externus. See Sphincter ani.
Sphincter ani internus. Albinus and Doug-
las call the circular fibres of the muscular coat
of the rectum, which surround its extremity, by
this name.
Sphincter cutaneus. See Sphincter ani.
Sphincter externus. See Sphincter ani.
Sphincter gulje. The superior constrictor
of the pharynx.
Sphincter labiorum. See Orbicularis oris.
Sphincter oculi. S. palpebrarum. The
orbicularis palpebrarum.
Sphincter oris. See Orbicularis oris.
Sphincter vagina. This muscle arises from
the sphincter ani and from the posterior side of
the vagina, near the perineum ; from thence it
runs up the side of the vagina, near its external
orifice, opposite to the nympha;, covers the
corpus cavernosum, and is inserted into the craa
and body or union of the crura clitoridis. Its
use is to contract the mouth of the vagina.
SF I
Sphincter vesica. A few fibres around the
neck of the bladder, which do not, however,
form a sphincter, have been so called.
Sphingo'ntos. Astringent.
Spho.voy'lium. Acanthus mollis and herac-
Ieum spondyliuni.
Sphrongidium. Columnula.
Sphy'gmicus. Relating to the pulse.
Sphygmolo'gia. A treatise on the pulse.
Sphygmometer. An instrument which was
intended to enable the observer to see the action
of the arteries more distinctly.
SPHY'GMOS. (os, i, in.; from otjivtjeo, to
leap or rebound.) The pulse.
Sphyxis. Pulsation.
SPICA. (a, ee, f.) A spike. 1. A species
of inflorescence, consisting of one common stalk
bearing numerous sessile flowers. 2. An ear of
corn. 3. The common spiral bandage, the
turns of which cross, and form spaces like a V.
Spica brevis. Alopecuris pratensis.
Spica celtica. Valeriana celtica.
Spica fcemina. Common lavender.
Spica indica. Nardus indica.
Spica inguinali.*. A bandage for ruptures
in the groin.
Spica duplex. A double spiral bandage.
Spica mas. Broad-leaved lavender.
Spica nardi. Nardus indica.
Spica simplex. A common spica bandage.
Spice-wood. The laurus benzoin.
Spices. The warm, aromatic, and agreeable
drugs, such as cinnamon, nutmeg, pimenta, &c.
SPI'CULA. (a, m, f. ; a diminutive of pica.)
1. A spikelet, applied to grasses. 2. A pointed
piece of bone is termed a spicula of bone.
SPIGE'LIA. (a,a,i.) 1. The Indian pink.
2. A genus of plants. Pentandria. Monogynia.
Spigeliacea. — S. anthelmintica. A plant of the
West Indies and South America. It is anthel-
mintic and narcotic : its virtues are similar to
those of the Indian pink. — S. marilandica. S
lonicera. Perennial worm-grass, or Indian pink.
The whole of this plant, but most commonly
the root, is employed as an anthelmintic. Dr.
Hope has written in favor of this plant, in con-
tinued and remitting low worm-tevers. It is
slightly narcotic. The dose of the powder, as
an anthelmintic, is $j. to adults, and gr. x. to
3j. for children of four years old: it should be
mixed with a purgative or with calomel.
Spigelian lobe. See Liver.
Spignel. iEthusa meum.
Spikelet. A small spike, as in grasses.
Spikenard. See Nard of the ancients.
Spike-stalk. Rhachis.
SPILA'NTHUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Syngenesia. Polygamiacequalis. Com-
posila:. — S. acmella. The balm-leaved spilan-
thus. This plant possesses a glutinous bitter
taste, and a fragrant smell. The herb and seed
are said to be diuretic and emmenagogue, and
useful in dropsies, jaundice, fluor albus, and cal-
culous complaints, given in infusion.
Spilo'sis. A synonym of Epichrosis.
Spilsbury's antiscorbutic drops. These
consist of corrosive sublimate, 313. ; prepared
sulphuret of antimony, 31J. ; gentian root, orange
peel, of each, 31J. ; shavings of red sanders, 3J. ;
digested with a pint of proof spirit, and strained.
SP1
SPI'LUS. (us, i, m. ; from ermloc, macula.)
A spot or discoloration of the skin. A mother's
mark has been so called when in the form of a
mere spot.
SPI NA. (a, <p, f. ; quasi spiculina, diminu
tive of spica.) A thorn. I. In Anatomy, 1.
The back bone. See Vertebra. 2. The shin
bone : so called on account of its sharp edge.
II. In Botany, a thorn of a plant. A prickly
armature of plants, not easily removed by the
finger, and proceeding from the woody part of
the plant.
Spina acida. Berberis vulgaris.
Spina .egyptiaca. Acacia vera
Spina bifida. See Hydrorachis.
Spina cervina. Rhamnus catharticus.
Spina hirci. Astragalus tragacautha.
Spina infectoria. S.purgatrix. Rhamnua
catharticus.
Spina ventosa. 1. A tumor arising from an
internal caries of a bone. The term is a very
vague one, and has been applied by some to ab-
scess within a bone, by others to necrosis, and
by others, again, to white swelling. 2. In the
present day it usually signifies an encysted tu-
mor of a bone, the parietes of which are form-
ed with bone, and lined with a membrane of
a serous texture, which secretes a serous fluid
rather than pus.
SPINA'CIA. (a, <p, f.) A genus of plants.
Diatcia. Pentandria. Chenopodiaccte. — S-
oleracea. The spinach. This plant has been
employed for medicinal purposes in the cure of
phthisical complaints : made into a poultice, by
boiling the leaves and adding some oil, it forms
an excellent emollient.
Spin.e ventositas. A caries of a bone with
an encysted tumor.
SPINAL. Spinalis. Belonging to the spine
of the back; as spinal nerves, spinal cord, spinal
diseases, &c.
Spinal cord. Medulla spinalis. Spinal
marrow. This is a continuation of the medulla
oblongata. It begins directly behind the origin
of the ninth pair of nerves ; is invested by the
same membranes as the brain, and has an ad-
ditional partial involucrum from the ligamentous
membrane which lines the bodies of the verte-
bra?. On the inner side of the ligamentous lin-
ing the dura mater is situated, which passes
out of the cranium by the foramen magnum oc-
cipitis, and forms a cylindrical sheath, which
loosely envelops the spinal marrow, and ex
tends as far as the os sacrum. At its egress
from the cranium it is intimately connected
to the beginning of this fibrous lining, but
below the first vertebra of the neck this inti-
mate connection between the dura mater and
inner ligament of the vertebra; is discontinued,
a cellular fatty substance, which surrounds the
dura mater throughout the. rest of the canal, be-
ing interposed between that membrane and the
ligament. The dura mater is only in contact
with the tunica arachnoidea ; and this, also, only
in contact with the pia mater, and lying so loose-
ly over the latter as to be separated from it with
facility through the whole length of the spine,
by making a puncture in it, and distending it
with air. The spinal marrow, like the brain,
consists of a cortical and medullary substance
603
SPI
but differs in this respect, that the cineritious
matter is placed within the medullary. Upon
the surface of the spinal marrow, while lying in
its natural situation, many transverse wrinkles
or folds are observed, which allow it to be ex-
tended in the motions of the vertebrae. It is
divided into two lateral portions or cords, which
are separated from each other externally by an
anterior and posterior fissure continued from
the medulla oblongata; and each of the lateral
portions is in some measure subdivided by a
superficial furrow into a large anterior and
small posterior cord. The lateral portions are
firmly united together by fine cellular substance,
but, without lacerating either, may be separa-
ted from each other, before as well as behind,
to near their middle, where they are connected
by a layer of cineritious matter, which passes
from the one cord into the other. When the
medulla spinalis is divided transversely, the cin-
eritious substance is observed to have a cruci-
form appearance, corresponding with the cords
of which it is composed. The body of the
spinal marrow descends in the child to the
twelfth dorsal, and in the adult as far as the sec-
ond lumbar vertebra, and terminates there by
a conical point, which is concealed by fasciculi
of nerves. The spinal cord gives rise on each
side to a number of nerves, the origin and dis-
tribution of which are described in the article
Nerve.
The arteries of the spinal cord consist, of an-
terior and posterior spinal arteries, and of many
additional branches communicating with others
from the adjacent vessels. The veins of the
spinal marrow accompany their arteries, and
afterward terminate in the sinus venosi of the
spine. The sinus venosi consist of one on each
side of the spinal marrow, which runs exterior
to the dura mater, being chiefly lodged in the
cellular substance, and in the ligamentous mem-
brane which lines the fore and lateral parts of
the vertebral canal. They extend from the for-
amen magnum of the occipital bone to the under
end of the os sacrum, and are so irregular on
their surface, and so much divided and subdi-
vided within by the openings of veins, as in
many parts to have the appearance of cells. At
the different vertebra? they are joined by cross
branches, which have a semilunar form, like
the surface of the bones which surround them.
They communicate at their superior extremity
with the lateral sinuses, and with the occipital
when present, and send numberless branches
outward, which open into the veins, the arteries
of which anastomose with those of the spinal
marrow.
Spinal cord, diseases of the. The dis-
eases of the spinal cord and its membranes, like
those of the contents of the cranium, are so fre-
quently consecutive on inflammation, of an
acute or chronic kind, that an account of the
phenomena and effects of this morbid action,
when seated in the cord or its investing mem-
branes, may suffice to give a general notion of
their pathology.
Acute inflammation of the spinal cord and Us
membranes. — This affection is distinguished by
pain, more or less acute, extending throughout
the length of the spine, or confined to the cer-
004
SPI
vical, dorsal, or lumbar region. It is much in-
creased by every movement of the spine, and is
said, by some authors, to be increased by ex-
ternal pressure on the spine, while others deny
this. The pain lancinates from the origin of the
spinal nerves, and extends to different parts, ac-
cording to the portion of the cord affected. In
many cases the pain is more or less intermittent.
There is usually acute pain at the epigastrium,
sometimes extending over the whole abdomen,
and increased on pressure, while various parts
of the surface of the body have their sensibility
exalted, so that the patient shrinks from the
slightest touch. The heart palpitates, and the
patient has a sense of constriction and weight
about the praecordia, with difficulty of breathing.
The pulse is generally frequent, small, and
hard ; sometimes full ; or small and weak.
The sensorial functions are generally little dis-
turbed.
When the commencement of the cord is
chiefly affected, spasms of the pharynx occur,
resembling those of hydrophobia; the jaw. is
locked, and the voice extinct. According to
Ollivier, when the tuber annulare and adjacent
portion of the brain are inflamed, universal
palsy ensues, followed by asphyxia and death.
When the cervical portion of the cord is the
seat of disease, the muscles of the neck and up-
per extremities, and the external muscles of
respiration, are principally affected. Inflam-
mation of the dorsal portion of the cord pro-
duces opisthotonos ; and that of the lumbar por-
tion, spasmodic or paralytic affections of the
pelvic viscera; in both cases the lower limbs
are generally paralyzed or convulsed. When
hemiplegia arises from inflammation of the spinal
cord, it usually affects the side of the body cor-
responding with that half of the cord which is
diseased. The common sensibility of the sur-
face and the sense of touch are variously exalt-
ed, abolished, or deranged ; sometimes the
limbs are perfectly insensible, at others the pa-
tient can not bear to be touched.
Where the inflammation is confined to the
anterior or posterior columns of the cord, it may
be expected that the sensibility or the power
of voluntary motion will be influenced accord-
ingly. The disorder of the functions, of which
a sketch has just been given, does not always
exist: in a very acute case, related by Dr.
Abercrombie, there was intolerable pain, but
neither convulsions nor palsy.
Such are the general symptoms of acute in-
flammation of the contents of the spinal canal,
without reference to any distinction between
inflammation of the substance of the cord and
that of its membranes. Such a distinction,
however, doubtless exists; and the difficulty
of establishing it arises from the fact, that in
most cases the cord and its membranes are
simultaneously affected. According to Ollivier,
the sensibility of the surface is always exalted
in spinal meningitis, while in inflammation of
the substance of the cord it is generally dimin-
ished. On a comparison of the best marked
cases, it would appear that spinal meningitis is,
on the whole, more frequently attended with
general tonic spasm ; while in myelitis the mus-
cles of the back only are thus affected, and those
SPI
of the limbs with paralysis or clonic spasm. In
arachnitis, also, the bowels, though sometimes
loose, are generally obstinately constipated, as
in tetanus ; while hi myelitis, diarrhoea almost
constantly prevails.
Inflammation of the spinal cord is liable to be
mistaken for several other diseases. Thus, in
acute inflammation of the membranes, all the
more prominent symptoms of idiopathic tetanus
are frequently present: the trismus; the spas-
modic affection of the muscles of deglutition ;
the constrictive pain at the epigastrium ; and
the universal tonic spasms. The two disorders
may, however, be distinguished by the pres-
ence of fever in the one, and its absence in the
other ; and by the local pain which attends the
inflammatory disease.
Inflammation of the cervical portion of the
spinal cord approximates closely, in its symp-
toms, to hydrophobia; and if we conceive a per-
son who has been bitten by a suspected dog, to
oe seized, from some other cause, with inflam-
mation of the cervical portion of the spinal cord,
with its accompanying spasms of the pharynx,
and general clonic convulsions, it is evident that
this case might not be easily distinguished from
hydrophobia. The local pain, however, and
the trismus, which very frequently occurs in the
case under consideration, but very rarely, if
ever, in hydrophobia, together with the different
mode of accession of the two diseases, may
generally suffice for their discrimination. It
may be suspected, however, that certain cases
of hydrophobia, reported to have been cured by
blood-letting, may have been nothing more nor
less than inflammation of the cervical portion of
the spinal cord.
There are several other affections, especially
rheumatism, with which inflammation of the
spinal cord, in its acute or chronic form, may,
by a possibility, be confounded ; but these it is
unnecessary to dwell on.
Chronic inflammation of the spinal cord and
its membranes. — This is generally attended with
little local pain, and the chief symptoms consist
in palsy, cramp, anaesthesia, disordered func-
tions of the viscera, and rapid emaciation of the
frame.
The principal causes of inflammation of the
spinal cord and its membranes appear to be ex-
ternal injury, and exposure to cold and damp,
as lying on wet grass. The chronic form seems
sometimes to arise from venereal excesses, and
other kinds of debauchery.
The changes of structure resulting from spinal
meningitis are thickening and opacity of the
membranes, effusions of serum, blood, or pus,
and gelatinous or albuminous exudations.
The substance of the cord is subject to a
variety of lesions, i-esulting from inflammation ;
and these are generally similar to the morbid
changes which take place in the substance of
the brain. Such are, 1. Softening, either super-
ficial, or affecting the whole thickness of the
cord. The softening is sometimes attended
with increase of volume, or hypertrophy. 2. In-
duration, which is attended with increase of
volume. Softening of the cord appears to re-
mit from chronic much more frequently than
from acute inflammation ; and induration of the
SPI
cord seems to be always a result of chronic di»
ease. 3. Suppuration, which may be more or
less extensive. Dissolution of the substance of
the cord into a matter resembling pus has been
sometimes found to have occurred throughout
the whole extent of the* cord. 4. Gangrene,
which .resembles the same state as it occurs in
the substance of the brain, and like it, also, is
rare.
Inflammation of the contents of the spinal
canal is a highly dangerous disease, and the
chronic more so than the acute.
The principles of treatment are the same with
those already stated as applicable to inflamma-
tion of the brain and its membranes, with the
exception of the local application of cold.
Spinal irritation. A general term for sub-
inflammatory affections of the spinal cord or its
membranes.
Spinal marrow. See Spinal cord.
Spinal nerve. The spinal accessory, or ac
cessory of Willis. See Nerve.
Spinalis cervi'cis. This muscle, which is
situated close to the vertebra} at the posterior
part of the neck and upper part of the back,
arises, by distinct tendons, from the transverse
processes of the five or six uppermost vertebras
of the back, and, ascending obliquely under the
complexus, is inserted, by small tendons, into
the spinous processes of the sixth, fifth, fourth,
third, and second vertebra? of the neck. Its use
is to extend the neck obliquely backward.
Spinalis colli. See Scmi-spinalis colli.
Spinalis dorsi. Transversalis dorsi of Win-
slow. A tendinous and fleshy mass, which is
situated along the spinous processes of the back
and the inner side of the longissimus dorsi.
It arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the spi-
nous processes of the uppermost vertebra? of the
loins, and the lowermost ones of the back, and
is inserted into the spinous processes of the nine
uppermost vertebra) of the back.
Its use is to extend the vertebra?, and to as-
sist in raising the spine.
Spindle-shaped. Fusiform.
Spine. See Vertebra.
Spine'scens. Spinescent: becoming hard
and horny.
SPINOUS. Spinosus. Applied, in Anatomy
and Natural History, to any object resem-
bling a spine or thorn, or beset with spines or
thorns.
Spira'cula. Spiracles. 1. The breathing
pores of insects. 2. The pores of the skin.
SPIR^'A. (a, m, f.) 1. The Spirmatomen-
tosa. 2. A genus of plants. Icosandria. Pen-
tagynia. Rosacea. — S. africana. Diosma cre-
nata. — S. filipendula. The officinal dropwort.
Filipendula. The root of this plant possesses
astringent properties. — S. tomentosa. This in-
digenous species, called, also, Hardhack (Spi-
raa, U. S.), is tonic and astringent, and used in
diarrhoeas in the form of extract of the root.
Dose, gr. v. to gr. xv. for an adult. — S. trifolia-
ta. Gillenia trifoliata. — S. ulmaria. The mead-
ow-sweet. Queen of the meadows. Ulmaria.
This is a beautiful and fragrant plant. The
leaves are recommended as mild astringents.
The flowers were supposed to possess antispas-
modic and diaphoretic virtues.
60:>
SPI
SPIRAL. Spiralis. A curved line, which
continually recedes from the center.
Spiral bandage. The common roller, which
is wound spirally round a limb, and is the most
commonly used of all bandages.
Spiral vessels. Fusiform cellules in plants,
having a fibre wound spirally around their inte-
rior, which is capable of being drawn out.
Spiratio. Respiration.
SPIRIT. See Spiritus.
Spirit, rectified. Alcohol.
Spirit of alum. The acid liquid distilled
from common alum. It contains sulphuric and
sulphurous acid.
Spirit of bone. S. of hartshorn. The same as
Liquor volatilis cornu cervi. Impure ammonia.
Spirit of salt. Hydrochloric acid.
Spirit of sal volatile. Spiritus ammonia;
aromaticus.
Spirit of tin. Perchloride of tin.
Spirit ok turpentine. Oil of turpentine.
Oleum tcrebinthinee.
Spirit of verdigris. Acetic acid.
Spirit of wine, camphorated. Spiritus
camphora;.
SPI'RITUS. (us, lis, m.; spirit.) 1. The
breath. 2. This name was formerly given to
all volatile substances collected by distillation.
Three principal kinds were distinguished: in-
flammable or ardent spirits, acid spirits, and
alkaline spirits. 3. The word spirit is now al-
most exclusively confined to the various prep-
arations of alcohol and ether.
Spiritus a;theris aromaticus. (Ph. L.)
Aromatic spirit of ether. Take of cinnamon
bark, bruised, 3 i i j . ; cardamom seeds, powder-
ed, 3J8S. ; long peppers, powdered, ginger root,
diced, each, 3J. ; spirit of sulphuric ether, a
pint. Macerate for fourteen days in a closed
glas3 vessel, and strain. An excellent stimula-
ting and stomachic compound, which is admin-
istered in debility of the stomach and nervous
affections. Dose, f. 33s. to f. 3J.
Spiritus jEtheris hydrochlorici. Spiritus
murialico-alhereus. In the Edinburgh Phar-
macopoeia of 1735 this was ordered to be pre-
pared by digesting one part of hydrochloric
acid with three parts of alcohol for several
days, and distilling slowly. Similar to the spir-
itus aefheris nitrici.
Spiritus ^etheris nitrici. (U. S.) Sweet
spirit of nitre. Spirit of nitric ether. Take of
nitrate of potash, powdered, Ibij.; sulphuric
acid, Ibiss. ; alcohol, Oixss. ; dilute alcohol, Oj. ;
carbonate of potash, fj. Mix the nitrate of
potash and acid in a glass retort, pour in the
alcohol gradually, digest with a gentle heat for
two hours, then raise it, and distill over a gal-
lon. To this distilled liquor add the dilute al-
cohol and carbonate of potash, and distill again
one gallon. This is a pleasant aromatic spirit,
with diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic, and
diuretic action. Dose, gtt. xx. to f. 3J.
Spiritus jstheris sulphurici. (U. S.)
j&ther sulphuricus cum alcoliole. Spiritus athe-
ris vitriolici. Sweet spirit of vitriol. Take of
sulphuric ether, Oj.; alcohol, Oij. Mix. (Ph.
E.) This preparation has the same medicinal
properties as sulphuric ether, but is less active.
Dose, f. 388. to f. 3iy.
606
SPI
Spiritus etherm sulphurici compositus.
(U. S., Ph. L.) Take of sulphuric ether, f.
f viij.; alcohol, f. fxvj. ; ethereal oil, f. 3iij. Mix.
A stimulating antispasmodic. It is exhibited in
fevers, nervous affections, hysteria, &c. Dose,
from f. 3ss. to f. 31J.
Spiritus ammonle. (Ph. L.) Spirit of am-
monia. Take of muriate of ammonia, ?x. ;
carbonate of potash, ?xvj.; rectified spirit, wa-
ter, of each, Oiij. Mix, and distill three pints.
A stimulating antispasmodic, chiefly used in
liniments. The Spiritus ammonite (U. S.) is
the Alcohol ammoniatum, which sec.
Spiritus ammonia aromaticus. Aromatic
spirit of ammonia. S. ammonia: compositus.
See Alcohol ammoniatum aromaticum.
Spiritus ammonia fo:tidus. (Ph. L.) Fe-
tid spirit of ammonia. Take of muriate of am-
monia, fx.; carbonate of potash, ?xvj. ; recti-
fied spirit, water, of each, Oiij. ; assafoetida, fv.
Mix ; then, by a gentle fire, distill three pints.
A stimulating antispasmodic, employed to asth-
matic and hysterical patients. Dose, f. 38s. to
f. 3J. The preparation of this name of the Ph.
E. contains the caustic spirits of ammonia.
Spiritus ammonia succinatus. Succinated
spirit of ammonia. See Tinctura ammonia
compositus.
Spiritus anisi. (Ph. L.) Spirit of aniseed.
Take of aniseed, bruised, fx.; proof spirit, Cj. ;
water, Oij. Mix, and distill a gallon by a gen-
tle fire. A stimulating carminative and stom-
achic. The dose is from f. jss. to f. 3J. The
Spiritus anisi compositus (Ph. D.) contains, also,
angelica seeds.
Spiritus armoracue compositus. (Ph. L.
& D.) Compound spirit of horseradish. Take
of horseradish root, fresh and sliced, dried or-
ange peel, of each, §xx. ; nutmegs, bruised,
3v. ; proof spirit, Cj.; water, Oij. Mix, and
distill a gallon by a gentle fire. A very warm
stimulating compound, given in gout, rheu-
matic and spasmodic affections of the stomach,
and in scorbutic disorders. The dose is f. 3SS.
to f. 31V.
Spiritus camphorje. (U. S.) S. cam-
phor atus. Spirit of camphor. Take of cam-
phor, ?iv. ; alcohol, Oij. Dissolve. A stimula-
ting medicine, used as an external application
against chilblains, rheumatism, palsy, numb-
ness, and gangrene. It may be given internal-
ly in emulsion. Dose, gtt. x. to f. 3J.
Spiritus carui. (Ph. L.) S. cari carui.
Spirit of caraway. Take of caraway seeds,
bruised, 5xx. ; proof spirit, Cj. ; water, Oij.
Mix, and distill a gallon by a gentle fire. Car-
minative. The dose is f. 3J. to f. 3iv.
Spiritus cinnamomi. (Ph. L.) S. laurt
cinnamomi. Spirit of cinnamon. Take of oil
of cinnamon, 31J. ; proof spirit, Cj.; water, Oj.
Mix, and distill a gallon by a gentle fire. Stim-
ulant. Dose, f. 3J. to f. f ss.
Spiritus cassia; contains oil of cassia instead
of oil of cinnamon.
Spiritus colchici ammoniatus. The tinc-
tura colchici composita (Ph. L.).
Spiritus cornu cervi. Ammonia; sesqui-
carbonas.
Spiritus frumenti. Spirits distilled from
corn ; as whisky, gin, &c.
SPI
Spiritus gallicus. French brandy.
Spiritus jamaicensis. S. sacchari. Rum.
Spiritus juniperi compositus. (U. S., Ph.
L. & D.) Compound spirit of juniper. Take
of juniper berries, bruised, fxv. ; caraway
seeds, bruised, fennel seeds, bruised, of each,
§ij. ; dilute alcohol, Cj. ; water, Oij. Mix, and
distill a gallon by a gentle fire. Diuretic.
Dose, f. 3'j- to 3iv.
Spiritus lavenduljs. (U. S., Ph. L.) S.
latendulce simplex. Spirit of lavender. Take
of fresh lavender flowers, Ibij. ; rectified spirit,
Cj. ; water, Oij. Mix, and distill a gallon by
a gentle fire. A stimulating antispasmodic.
Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3»v. A perfume.
Spiritus lavendul.« compositus. (U. S.)
S. lavendulm compositus matthicc. Compound
spirit of lavender. Take of spirit of lavender,
Oiij.; spirit of rosemary, Oj.; cinnamon bark,
bruised, ?j. ; nutmegs, bruised, |ss. ; cloves,
3ij. ; red sunders wood, sliced, 311J. Macer-
ate for fourteen days, and strain. An elegant
and useful antispasmodic and stimulant, in very
general use against nervous diseases, lowness
of spirits, and weakness of the stomach, taken
on a lump of sugar. Dose, f. sss. to f. 313.
Spiritus lumbricorum. The earth-worm
distilled with spirit and water.
Spiritus Mentha piperita. (Ph. L.) S.
menthec pipcritidis. Spirit of peppermint. Take
of oil of peppermint, 3iij.; proof spirit, Cj.;
water, Oj. Mix, and distill a gallon by a gen-
tle fire. This possesses all the properties of
the peppermint, with the stimulating virtues
of the spirit. Dose, f. 3S8. to f. 31J .
Spiritus pulegii. Spirit of pennyroyal.
Spiritus Mentha pulegii. (Ph. L.) This
is prepared in the same manner as the spirit
of peppermint. Antispasmodic. Dose, f. 3ss.
to f. 3jj.
Spiritus menthee viridis. (Ph. L.) S.
menthee sativoe. Spirit of spearmint. This,
also, is prepared in the same manner.
Spiritus millepedarum. Millepedes dis-
tilled with dilute alcohol. Obsolete.
Spiritus mindereri. See Ammonia acetatis
liquor.
Spiritus myristicje. (U.S.) S.myristicoe
moschatce. Spirit of nutmeg. Take of nut-
megs, bruised, §ij.; proof spirit, Cj. ; water,
Oj. Mix, and distill a gallon by a gentle fire.
A stimulating and agreeable spirit, possessing
the virtues of the nutmeg. Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 3iv.
Spiritus nitri (nitrici) dulcis. See Spiri-
tus adhcris nitrici.
Spiritus nitri duplex. See Acidum nitro-
sum and Nitric acid.
Spiritus nitri fumans. See Acidum nitro-
sum and Nitric acid.
Spiritus nitri Glauberi. See Acidum ni-
trosum and Nitric acid.
Spiritus nitri simplex. The dilute nitrous
acid. See Acidum nitricum dilulum.
Spiritus nitri vulgaris. A very dilute
nitric acid.
Spiritus orvzm. Spirits distilled from rice ;
as arrack.
Spiritus pimentje. (U. S., Ph. L.) Spiritus
pimento. Spiritus myrti pimenta. Spirit of
pimenta. This is prepared in the same manner
SPL
as the Spiritus myristicai. A stimulating aro-
matic medicine. Dose, from f. 388. to f. 3iv.
Spiritus pulegii. See Spiritus menthee
pulegii.
Spiritus raphani compositus. See Spiritus
armoracim compositus.
Spiritus rectificatus. Alcohol.
Spiritus rector. The aroma of a plant.
Spiritus rosmarini. (U. S. &Ph. L.) Spirit
of rosemary. Take of oil of rosemary, jH.j
proof spirit, Cj. ; water, Oj. Mix, and distill a
gallon by a gentle fire. A very fragrant spirit,
mostly employed for external purposes in con-
junction with other resolvents.
Spiritus salis. Hydrochloric acid.
SriRITUS SALIS AMMONIAC! AQUOSUS. See
Ammonia sesquicarbonas.
Spiritus salis ammoniaci causticus. Aqua
ammonia).
Spiritus salis ammoniaci dulcis. See Spir-
itus ammonia;.
Spiritus salis ammoniaci simplex. See
Ammonia: sesquicarbonas.
Spiritus salis Glauberi. S. salis marini
Hydrochloric acid.
Spiritus rectificatus. Alcohol.
Spiritus tenuior. Dilute alcohol. Proof
spirit, which is about half the strength of recti-
fied, is much employed for preparing tinctures
of resinous juices, barks, roots, &c.
Spiritus vini gallici. French brandy.
Spiritus vitrioli. Sulphuric acid.
Spiritus vitrioli dulcis. Spiritus aetheris
sulphurici.
Spiritus vitrioli tenuis. Acidum sulphuri-
cum dilutum.
Spiritus volatilis fcetidus. Spiritus am-
monias foetidus.
Spiroid canal. The aquaiductus Fallopii
is so named by Chaussier.
Spiro'ptera hominis. A small parasitical
worm sometimes found in the urine and kid
ney.
SPIROMETER. (From spiro, to breathe,
and uerpov, a measure.) An instrument for the
purpose of measuring the amount of air inhaled
in a given time.
Spissa'ntia. A body which inspissates or
thickens.
Spit. Sputum.
Spitting of blood. Haemoptysis.
Spittle. Saliva.
Spla'nchna. The intestines.
SPLA'NCHNIC. {Splanchnicus; fromewXay-
Xvov, an entrail.) Belonging to the entrails.
Splanchnic cavities. The cavities of the
abdomen, chest, and head.
Splanchnic nerve. A branch of the great
intercostal nerve. See Intercostal nerve.
SPLA'NCHNICA. A genus of diseases in
Dr. Good's system, including those of the ab
dominal organs without primary inflammation.
Splanchnogra'phy. The anatomy of the
viscera.
Splanchnology. Splanchnologia. A treat-
ise on the viscera.
Spla'nchnon. ~Zn7>ayxvov. An intestine or
viscus.
Splanchnopa'thy. Disease of the intestines.
SPLEEN. (Splen, enis, m. Zirlnv.) Lien
607
SPL
The spleen or milt is a spongy viscus, of a dark
color, and variable form and magnitude. In
the normal condition it is placed in the left hy-
pochondrium, between the eleventh and twelfth
false ribs.
The internal structure of the spleen is, by
some anatomists, considered as cellular, the cells
communicating with each other and with the
branches of the splenic vein. The mass of the
spleen appears to be formed of a collection of
reddish-brown granules, though the red sub-
stance contains very small, whitish bodies, first
observed by Morgagni. They are distinct in
6ome of the inferior animals; but in the human
subject, their existence is asserted by some anat-
omists and denied by others.
The vessels of the spleen are, the splenic
artery, coming from the coeliac artery, which,
considering the size of the spleen, is much
larger than is requisite for the mere nutrition
of it. This goes, by serpentine movements, out
of its course, over the pancreas, and behind the
stomach, and, after having given off branches to
the adjacent parts, it is inserted into the con-
cave surface of the spleen. It is afterward
divided into smaller branches, which are again
divided into others yet smaller, delivering their
blood immediately to the veins, but emitting it
nowhere else. The veins at length come to-
gether into one, called the splenic vein; and,
having received the larger coronary vein of the
stomach, besides others, it constitutes the left
principal branch of the vena porta?.
The nerves of the spleen are small ; they sur-
round the arteries with their branches ; they
come from a particular plexus, which is formed
of the posterior branches of the eighth pair, and
the great intercostal nerve.
Lymphatic vessels are sometimes seen on the
surface of the human spleen.
The use of the spleen has not hitherto been
determined. We merely know, says Professor
Muller, that its importance in the economy is
not great: the experiments of numerous observ-
ers have shown that it may be extirpated with-
out any remarkable ill consequence.
The function of the spleen probably consists
in the production of some change in the blood
which circulates through its tissue, and in thus
contributing to the process of sanguification ; or
in the secretion of a lymph of peculiar nature,
wlrich, being mixed with the contents of the
lymphatic and lacteal system coming from other
parts, tends to perfect the formation of the
chyle.
The blood of the splenic vein, according to
Tiedemann and Gmelin, does not differ from
other venous blood ; they saw it coagulate like
the blood of other organs. The older physiol-
ogists, and, more recently, Autenrieth, maintain,
however, that the blood has peculiar characters.
Schultz, too, found the blood of the vena portae
of a darker, blacker tint than other venous
blood ; and the dark color was most evident in
animals which were fasting. Neither neutral
salts nor the action of the air had the effect of
rendering it of a brighter red color ; its coagu-
lum was less firm than that of other blood, and
it contained less fibrin and albumen, but more
fatty matter. These results have also been
60S
SPL
verified by the analysis of Simon, who further
observed that the quantity of globules was much
greater, and the coloring matter more abundant.
The term spleen is often applied to hypo-
chondriasis.
Spleenwort. See Asplenium.
Splena'lgia. A pain in the spleen Or its
region.
Splenemphr'axis. Obstruction of the spleen.
— Vogcl.
SPLE'NETIC. Splenetictis. Belonging to
the spleen.
SPLENIC. Splenicus. Relating to the spleen,
as the arteries, nerves, &c, of the spleen.
SPLENI'TIS. (is, idis, f.; from oirtyv, the
spleen.) Inflammation of the spleen. Charac-
terized by fever, tension, heat, tumor, and pain
in the left hypochondrium, increased by press-
ure. This disease, according to Juncker, comes
on with a remarkable shivering, succeeded by
a most intense heat, and very great thirst; a
pain and tumor are perceived in the left hypo-
chondrium; and the paroxysms, for the most
part, assume a quartan form ; when the patients
expose themselves for a little to the free air, their
extremities soon grow very cold. Like the liver,
the spleen is also subject to a chronic inflam-
mation, which often happens after agues, and
is called the ague cake. It attacks persons of
a very plethoric and sanguine habit of body
rather than others, but is very rare.
During the acute stage of splenitis, we must
follow the antiphlogistic plan, and by the appli-
cation of blisters near the part affected. If it
should terminate in suppuration, we must en-
deavor to discharge the pus externally, by fo-
mentations or poultices.
Spi.e'nium. 1. Spleenwort. 2. A compress
SPLE'NIUS. Splenitis capitus, and Splenitis
colli of Albinus. A flat, broad, and oblong mus-
cle. It arises from the four or five superior
spinous processes of the dorsal vertebra; ; from
the last of the neck ; and from the ligamentum
colli. It is inserted, by two distinct tendons,
into the transverse processes of the two first
vertebra? of the neck, sending off some few
fibres to the complexus and levator scapuke ;
tendinous and fleshy into the upper and poste-
rior part of the mastoid process, and into a ridge
on the occipital bone, where it joins with the
root of that process. This muscle may be easily
separated into two parts. When it acts singly,
it draws the head and upper vertebrae of the
neck obliquely backward ; when both act, they
pull the head directly backward.
SPLENIZA'TION. A morbid change of the
texture of the lung, whereby it becomes of a
dark color, and resembles the spleen.
Splenoce'le. A hernia of the spleen.
Splenohje'mia. Engorgement of the spleen.
It occurs in typhus, intermittents, and other dis-
eases.
Spleno'ncus. Tumefaction of the spleen;
ague cake.
SPLINT. A long piece of wood, tin, or
strong pasteboard; employed for preventing the
ends of broken bones from moving so as to in-
terrupt the process by which fractures unite.
Splint-bone. The fibula.
Split-cloth. A bandage which consist* of
SPO
a central portion and six or eight tails. It is
used principally for the head.
SPO'DIUM. Zmdiov. An ancient prepar-
ation of zinc and other bodies. — 8. abaisir.
Burned ashes. Metallic oxides, and a compo-
sition of white lead and oil.— S. album. Bone
earth.— S. arabum. Burned ivory.— S. grtt-
corum. Album grircum.
Spondylalgia. Pain in the back bone.
Spondy'lium. Heracleum spondylhun.
SPO'NDYLUS. («*, i, m. Zirwivfatc, a
vertebra.) The spine or back bone.
Sponge-tent. See Spongia prmparata.
SPO'NGIA. (a, <r, f. Zxoyyoc ; airoyyia.)
Sponge. A genus of marine zoophytes. It
contains iodine. Sponge-tents are employed by
surgeons to dilate fistulous ulcers, &c. Spongia
officinalis is the species in ordinary use.
Spongia piue par at a. Prepared sponge.
Sponge-tent. This is formed by dipping pieces
of sponge in hot melted emplastrum cera com-
positum, and pressing them between two iron
plates. As soon as cold, the substance thus
formed may be cut into pieces of any shape.
Spongia usta. Burned sponge. Cut the
sponge into pieces, and beat it, that any ex-
traneous matters may be separated ; then burn
it in a close iron vessel until it becomes black
and friable ; lastly, rub it to a very fine powder.
This preparation was exhibited with bark in
the cure of scrofulous complaints and broncho-
cele. It contains a portion of iodine, which now
supersedes the sponge as a medicine. Tho
dose is from a scruple to a drachm.
SPO'NGIOLE. (Diminutive of spongia, a
sponge.) A spongelet, or small oval body
terminating each of the capillary roots in plants,
and analogous, in its absorbing power, to the
ampullulae of the human intestine.
SPONGIOSA OSSA. These bones are situ-
ated in the under part of the side of the nose :
they are of a triangular form and spongy appear-
ance : externally they are convex ; internally
they are concave ; the convexity is placed to-
ward the septum nasi, and the concavity out-
ward. At the upper part of the bone are two
Jirocesses, the anterior of which ascends, and
brms part of the lachrymal groove, and the
posterior descends, and forms a hook to make
part of the maxillary sinus.
Spongio'sum os. 1. The ethmoid bone. 2.
See Spongiosa ossa.
Spongoid inflammation. Fungus hsema-
todes.
Spongoi'des. The ethmoid bone.
Spongos. The tonsil.
SPONGY. Spongiosus. Applied very gen-
erally to express a texture resembling that of a
sponge.
SPONTANEOUS. (Spontc, of one's own
free will. ) A term applied to any physiological
phenomenon which takes place without exter-
nal agency ; to diseases which occur without
external cause, &c.
SPORADIC. (Sporadicus; from aneipu, to
sow.) Diseases which are not epidemic, but
occur here and there from causes affecting only
the individual, are called sporadic diseases.
Spora'ngium. The case or receptacle con-
taining the spores.
Qq
STA
Spore. Sporule. The minute rudimentary
seeds of the cryptogamia.
Spobi'dia. The covering of the spores ; the
spore-like bodies of alga).
Spotted fever. See Fever, Spotted.
Spotted lungwort. See Pulmonaria.
Sprain. See Subluxation.
Sprat. Clupea sprattus.
Spreading. Diffusus.
SPRUCE. 1. A particular species of fir.
The pinus abies. 2. A fermented liquor, called
spruce beer, prepared from tho spruce fir. It
is found a useful antiscorbutic.
Spu'ma. Froth.
Spuma cerevisls. Yeast.
Spumo'sus. Frothy.
Spunk. Boletus ignarius.
Spur. Calcar.
Spurge. See Euphorbia.
Spurge-flax. Daphne gnidium.
Spurge-laurel. Daphne laureola.
Spurge-olive. Daphne mezereum.
Spurious. Nothus.
Spurred. Calcaratus.
Spurred rye. Ergot.
Sputa. Plural of sputum.
Sputamen. See Sputum.
SPU'TUM. (um, i, n. ; from spuo, to spit.)
1. That which is cast out of the mouth merely
by spitting. 2. Expectorated matter, or that
which comes from within the chest and is spit
out.
SQUA'MA. (a, m, f.) A scale. An opaque
and thickened lamina of the cuticle.
SQUAMAE. Scaly diseases; these are com-
monly produced by some degree of inflamma-
tion of the true skin, over which they are form-
ed ; but occasionally, as in the slighter forms
of pityriasis, the cuticle alone, or with the rete
mucosum, appears to be in a morbid condition.
The four genera of scaly diseases are, Lepra,
Psoriasis, Pityriasis, and Ichthyosis.
Squama'ria. Plumbago europaea.
Squama'tus. Squamate. Scaly.
SQUA'MOUS. Squamosum. Scaly; arrang-
ed like scales on a fish.
Squamous suture. The suture which unites
the squamous portion of the temporal bone with
the parietal.
Squarro'se. Squarrosus. Rough; scabby;
scurfy; scaly.
Squill. Squilla. Scilla maritima.
Squills, vinegar of. Acetum scillae.
Squinancy. Cynanche tonsillaris.
Squina'nthus. Andropogon schsenanthus.
Squinting. See Strabismus.
Sr. The symbol of strontium.
STA'CHYS. (ys,yos,m.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia. — S.falida. Bal-
lota nigra. — S. palustris. Clown's woundwort
or all-heal. Not used.
Sta'cte. A kind of myrrh.
Sta'cticon. Instillation; also an eye-water.
STAFF. A grooved steel instrument intro-
duced through the urethra into the bladder, to
guide the knife in the operation of lithotomy.
STAGE. A period or degree of a disease
Thus some diseases are described as exhibiting
a stage of access, of decline ; others, a hot or
cold stage.
609
STA
Sta'gma. 1. Any distilled liquor. 2. Sul-
phuric acid.
Stagna'tion. A retardation of the fluids of
a part, or a congestion.
STAHLIANS. The followers of Stahl, also
called Animists, and their school is called the
Dynamic school. ,
STALAGMI'TIS. (w, is, f.) A genus of
plants. Polygamia. Monacia. — S. cambo-
gioi'des. This and several other species of
stalagmitis yield a kind of gamboge : the true
gamboge, however, is the produce of the Oar-
cinia cambogioides.
Stala'gmus. Distillation.
Stalk. Scape.
STA'LTICUS. . (From oreMo, to contract.)
Healing: applied to medicines which were
supposed to have that power.
STAMEN, (en, inis, n.) The male genital
organ of plants, found generally within the cor-
olla, near the pistil. It consists of the anther
and filament.
STAMINA. In Physiology and Pathology,
applied to the degree of strength and vigor in
the constitution.
Sta'minal. Staminalis. Relating to the
stamen.
Stamini'ferous. Having stamens.
Stamme'king. Balbuties bkesitas. See Psel-
lismus.
Standard. The vexillum of a flower.
Stanni pulvis. S. limatnra. Tin, finely di-
vided, is exhibited internally as a vermifuge :
it acts mechanically, and the fine filings are
more effectual than the powder.
Stannic acid. The peroxide of tin.
BTA'NNUM. (urn, i, n.) See Tin.
Stannum fomatum. Tin foil.
STAPE'DIUS. Musculus stapes of Cowper,
and Pyramidal- stapedial of Dumas. A muscle
of the internal ear. See Auris.
STATES, (es, edis, m.) A bone of the in-
ternal ear, so called from its resemblance to a
stirrup. See Auris.
Staphisa'gria. Delphinium staphisagria.
Staphisi'nk. An alkaloid body found with
delphine in the stavesacre. It is poisonous,
and probably a modification of delphine.
Staphyl*:mato'ma. A tumor of the uvula
containing effused blood.
STA'PHYLE. Zra<M»7. The uvula.
Sta phy li'nus . Applied, in Anatomy, to parts
connected with the uvula.
Btaphylinus kxternus. The circumflexus.
Staphyli'tis. Inflammation of the uvula.
Staph ylo-pharyngeus. 1 he palato-pharyn-
geus muscle.
STAPHYLCEDE'MA. (Edema uvnlat. A
relaxation of the uvula from inflammation or
infiltration. If it becomes permanently relax-
ed, there is difficult deglutition, and irritation of
the larynx and pharynx. In such cases it is to
be remedied by astringent lotions, scarifications,
or excision.
STAPHYLOMA, (a, atis, n. ; from ora-
0Vtfffi a grape.) S. cornea. S. conicum. Sta-
phyloma of the cornea. Sugar-loaf staphyloma.
A disease of the eyeball, in which the cornea
loses its natural transparency, rises above the
fevel of the eye, and successively even projects
610
STE
beyond the eyelids, in the form of an elongated
whitish or pearl-colored tumor, which is some-
times smooth, sometimes uneven, and is attend-
ed with a total loss of sight. The proximate
cause is an effusion of thick humor between the
lamellae of the cornea. The remote causes are,
an habitual ophthalmia, contusions, and fre-
quently a deposition of the variolous humor in
the small-pox. *
It requires the aid of surgery to remove all
the adventitious growths or collections of fluid,
and the use of detergent lotions and such caus-
tic applications as can with safety be applied.
Staphyloma of the iris. S. iridis. Pro
lapsus iridis.
Staphyloma racemosdm. When the whole
iris is protruded.
Staphyloma sclerotica. Staphyloma of
the sclerotic. When the projecting portion of
the eye is situated on the sclerotic coat.
Staphylo'ncus. Tumefaction of the uvula;
staphyledema.
STAPHYLORRA'PHY. Staphylorrhaphia.
(From ora^vXtj, the uvula, and patyri, a suture.)
The operation of uniting a cleft palate. The
edges of the membrane of the palate are paired,
and then brought together by the interrupted
suture.
Staphylosis. Staphyloma.
Star-anise. Illicium anisatum.
Star-grass. Aletris farinosa.
Star-like. Stellate.
Star-shoot. Tremella nostoc.
Star-thistle. Carlina acaulis.
Starch. Amylum.
Starkey's pills. The same as Maltkews's
pills.
Starkey's soap. Sapo terebinthinee.
STA'SIS. "Lraatc. (From arau, to stand.)
A condition of the fluids, in which they are sup-
posed to be nearly stagnant.
STA'TICE. (e, es, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Pmtagynia. Plumbaginece. The
herb sea-thrift. — <S. caroliniana. Marsh rose-
mary. This plant is astringent, and used in
dysentery, and as a gargle in ulcerated sore
throats. — S. limonivm. The sea-thrift. Sea-
lavender, or red behen. The roots possess
astringent and tonic qualities, but not in a very
remarkable degree.
STA'TICS. That department of physical
science which investigates the conditions of
equilibrium. It is the converse of dynamics.
Stationary fever. Stationa'ria febris. A
fever endemical in a place for many years. —
Sydenham.
STATISTICS, MEDICAL. Vital statistics.
The detail of facts connected with the deaths,
births, diseases, epidemics, &c, of any given
place.
Sta'tus. A state or condition; applied
synonymously with diathesis and temperament,
as Status nervosus, the nervous diathesis.
Stavf.sacre. Delphinium staphisagria.
STEAM. The vapor of water at a high tem-
perature. When produced under pressure, it is
termed high-pressure steam, and its heat is in-
creased ovfr 212°. The expression, a steam
bath, means ouly a vapor bath at a high tem-
perature; it is a powerful sudorific aud relaxant.
8TE
Steam doctor. A quack who pretends to
cure all diseases by the steam bath.
STE'AR. SreojO, gen. arearoc. Fat.
Stearaconot. One of the fats of the brain,
according to Couerbe.
Stearic acid. The acid obtained by sapon-
izing stearine, and decomposing the soap by a
dilute acid. It is a brilliant, white, soft body,
insoluble in water ; melts at 167°. Formula,
0«H«A+2HO.
Ste'arine. (From areap, fat.) Iho solid
component of fats, resembling wax; a stearate
of glycerine.
Stearoptene. A name given to the concrete
portion, or camphor of volatile oils.
Steatoce'le. A fatty tumor of the scrotum.
STBATO'MA. (a, alls, n. j from areap, fat.)
An encysted tumor, the contents of which are
of a fatty consistence.
STEEL. Chalybs. 1. The tinest iron, com-
bined with about one per cent, of carbon. 2.
In Pharmacy, the preparations of iron are
sometimes called preparations of steel, as Steel
■wine for Vinum ferri.
Steer's opodeldoc. See Opodeldoc, Steer's.
Stegno'sis. A constriction ; a constipation.
Stegno'tics. Stcgnotica. Astringents.
STE'LLA. 1. A star. 2. A bandage cross-
ed like an X, or with many crossings like a star.
Stella'te. Stellatus. Star-like.
Stelochites. Osteocolla.
Stem. See Caulis and Stipe.
Ste'ma. 2r«/«. The penis.
Stemless. Acaulis.
Stemless milk-vetch. Astragalus excapus.
Stenothorax. One with a narrow chest.
Stephens's remedy, Mrs. A pill of soap
and lime, followed by a tonic mixture with
soap. It was once famous as a lithontriptic.
_ STERCORA'CEOUS. Stercorarius. Rela-
ting to, or being of the nature of, excrement.
STERCU'LIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Monadelphia. Polyandria. — S. urens yields the
Basso ra gum.
Ste'rcus. (us, i, m.) Excrement; faeces;
fimus.
Stercos diaboli. Assafootida.
STEREO'TICA. (From tsrepeoc, hard,
sol id. ) Lesions or deformities of the hard parts.
A genus of diseases in Good's Nosology.
Stereu'sin. Stearoptene.
STERI'LITY. (Sterilitas, atis, f.; from
sterilis, barren.) In Physiology and Pathology,
sterility is" the want of power to get or bear a
child ; hence it applies to both the male and
female. It may arise from malformation, but
is usually the result of debility in the sexual
organs, arising in men from venereal excesses,
intemperance, or strictures ; and in females
from disordered menstruation, leucorrhoea, or
chlorosis. The treatment in these cases rests
on the removal of the debility by touics, espe-
cially cold bathing, chalybeates, and in judicious
dieting. When it arises from stricture it must
be overcome by the appropriate means.
STERNA'LGIA. (a, a;, f. ; from arepvov,
the sternum or chest, and ahyoc, pain.) 1. Pain
about the sternum, which is often very severe,
and may arise from rheumatism, gout, dyspep-
sia, and other diseases. 2. Angina pectoris.
STE
Sterno-clavicular articulation. The
joint formed by the clavicle and sternum.
Stbrno-cleido-hyoideus. See Stcrno-hy-
oideus.
Sterno-cleido-mastoideus. Sterno-mastoi-
deus and cleido-mastoidcus of Albinus. A mus-
cle on the anterior and lateral part of the neck,
which turns the head to one side, and bends it
forward. It arises by two distinct origins : the
antetior from the top of the sternum, near it3
junction with the clavicle ; the posterior from
the upper and anterior part of the clavicle.
They unite a little above the anterior articula-
tion of the clavicle ; and the muscle is inserted
into the mastoid process, and, gradually becom-
ing thinner, is extended as far back as the
lambdoidal suture.
Sterno-costalks. These muscles are situa-
ted at each side of the under surface of the ster-
num, upon the cartilages of the third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth ribs. Their number varies from three
to six, but most usually there are four. The
lowermost of the sterno-costales arises from the
edge and inner surface of the lower part of the
cartilugo ensiformis, where its fibres intermix
with those of the diaphragm and transversalis
abdominis. Its fibres run nearly in a transverse
direction, and are inserted, by a broad, thin ten-
don, into the inner surface of the cartilage of the
sixth rib, and lower edge of that of tho fifth.
The second and largest of the sterno-costales
arises, tendinous, from the cartilago ensiformis
and lower part of the sternum laterally, and,
running a little obliquely outward, is inserted
into the lower edge of the cartilage of the fifth,
and sometimes ot the fourth rib. The third
arises, tendinous, from the sides of the middle
part of the sternum, near the cartilages of tho
fourth and fifth ribs, and, ascending obliquely
outward, is inserted into the cartilage of the
third rib. The fourth and uppermost, which
is the most frequently wanting, arises, tendinous,
from the beginning of the cartilage of the third
rib and the adjacent part of the sternum, and
running almost perpendicularly upward, is in-
serted by a thin tendon (which covers a part of
the second internal intercostal) into the carti-
lage and beginning of the bony part of the second
rib. All these muscles are more or less inter-
mixed with one another at their origin, and this
probably occasioned them to be considered as
one muscle.
Ste'rno-hyoide'us. As this muscle arises
from the clavicle as well as from the sternum,
Winslow calls it sterno-cleido-hy oideus. It is a
long, flat, and thin muscle, situated obliquely
between the sternum and os hyoides, behind
the lower part of the mastoideus, and covering
the sterno-thyr oideus and the hyo-thyroidens. It
arises, by very short tendinous fibres, from the
cartilaginous part of the first rib, from the up-
per and inner part of the sternum, from the cap-
sular ligament that connects that boue with the
clavicle, and commonly from a small part of the
clavicle itself; from thence, ascending along
the anterior and lateral part of the neck, we see
it united to its fellow, opposite to the inferior
part of the larynx, by means of a thin mem-
brane, which forms a kind of tinea alba. After
this the two muscles separate again, and each
611
STE
passing over the side of the thyroid cartilage,
is inserted into the basis of the os hyoides, im-
mediately behind the insertion of the last-de-
scribed muscle. Its use is to draw the os hy-
oides downward.
Sterno-mastoideus. See Stcmo-cleido-mas-
toidcus.
Ste'rno-thyhoidk'us. This is flat and thin,
like the sterno-hyoideus, but longer and broad-
er. It is situated at the fore part of the neck,
between the sternum and thyroid cartilage, and
behind the sterno-hyoideus. It arises, broad
and fleshy, from the upper and inner part of
the sternum, between the cartilages of the first
and second ribs, from each of which it receives
some few fibres, as well as from the clavicle,
where it joins with the sternum. From thence,
growing somewhat narrower, it ascends, and,
passing over the thyroid gland and the cricoid
cartilage, is inserted, tendinous, into the lower
and posterior edge of the rough line of the thy-
roid cartilage, immediately under the insertion
of the sterno-hyoideus. Now and thon a few
of its fibres pass on to the os hyoides. Its use
is to draw the thyroid cartilage, and, conse-
quently, the larynx, downward.
Ster.vody'nia. Sternalgia.
Sternodynia syxcopialis. Angina pectoris.
STE'RNUM. (um,i,n.) Pectoris os. The
breast bone. The sternum is the oblong, flat
bone placed at the fore part of the thorax. In
the adult state it consists of three, and some-
times only of two pieces, the two lower por-
tions being united into ono ; and very often, in
old subjects, the whole is formed into one bone.
The upper portion forms an irregular square.
On each side, superiorly, we observe an oblong
articulating surface, covered with cartilage in
the recent subject, for receiving the ends of the
clavicles. The whole of its anterior surface is
slightly convex, and within it is slightly con-
cave. Its edge, on each side, affords four artic-
ulating surfaces, for the third, fourth, fifth, and
sixth ribs, and parts of articulating surfaces at
its upper and lower parts, for the second and
seventh ribs. The third and inferior portion of
the sternum is separated from the former by a
line. From its shape, and its being constantly
in a state of cartilage in young subjects, it has
been commonly named cartiiago xiphoides, en-
siformis, or sword-like cartilage.
Sternutamento'ria. Achillea ptarmica.
Sternutame'ntum. That which produces
sneezing; snuff.
STERNUTA'TIO. (io, ionis, f.) Sneezing.
Ste'rnutatory. Ei-rhine.
STE'RTOR. (or, oris, m.) A loud and
deep sound produced in the larynx and fauces ;
a snoring respiration.
STE'THESCOPE. (From arrfioc, the chest,
and OKorreu, to explore.') An instrument in-
vented by Laennec to aid auscultation. It is
"made of cedar wood, of a cylindrical form,
about eleven inches long, and about an inch
and a half in diameter. It has a cylindrical
perforation throughout its whole length, and is
divided into two parts. The end of one or
both parts terminates in a funnel-shaped cavity.
There are several modifications of the stethe-
flcope, of which, perhaps, the most convenient
612
S TI
is one somewhat shorter than that above de-
scribed, without any division in the middle,
and furnished with rather a broad and very
slightly concave ear-plate. In using this in-
strument, care is to be taken that it is kept
perfectly flat upon the part to which it is ap-
plied by the funnel-shaped end, while the other
end should be in close contact with the ear.
Silk covering, as causing a cracking sort of
noise, and a thick dress, as obscuring the sound
of respiration, should be avoided ; but linen or
flannel dress may remain on the person without
disadvantage. When applied over the heart,
the funnel end is plugged by a piece of perfo •
rated cedar wood.
STHE'NIA. (From adevoc.) Strength; ex-
cess of vital power. That state of the body
which disposes to inflammatory diseases, in op-
position to those of debility, which arise from
asthenia.
Sthenic. Slkenicus. 1. Such diseases as
arise from accumulated excitability. 2. In-
flammatory. 3. Active.
Stibia'lis. Antimonial: appertaining to an-
timony.
Stibii essentia. Antimonial wine.
Sti'bious. Stibiosus. Antimonial.
S T I'B I U M. (urn, ii, n. Stimmi, oTi/xfii.)
The ancient name of antimony. See Antimony.
STI'GMA. (a, atis, n. 2nyua ; from oti&.
to prick or to brand.) I. In Pathology, 1. A
small red speck on the skin, occasioning no el-
evation of tho cuticle. Stigmata are generally
distinct, or apart from each other. They some-
times assume a livid color, and are then termed
petechia and purpura;. 2. Nsevus maternus.
II. In Botany, that part of the female organ of
a plant which is placed at the summit of the
style.
Stilbo'ma. A cosmetic.
Still. An apparatus for distillation, usually
on a large scale, and somewhat resembling the
alembic.
Stillate. A distilled fluid.
STILLICTDIUM. (urn, ii, n. ; from stillo,
to drop, and cado, to fall.) A dropping. A
strangury, or discharge of the urine drop by
drop. Also, the pumping upon a part.
STILLINGIA. (a,a,t.) A genus of plants.
Monozcia. Monadelphia. Euphorbiacea;. — 8.
sylvatica. Queen's root. Stillingia. (U. S.)
The root is said to be purgative and alterative,
and useful as a substitute for sarsaparilla.
Stimato'sis. Stymatosis.
Sti'mmi. 2tiu/xi. Antimony.
STIMULANT. (Stimulans ; from stimulo,
to stir up.) Possessed of the power of excit-
ing the animal energy. Stimulants are divided
into general and topical, according as they af-
fect the whole system or a particular part.
Those general stimulants, the effect of which is
very fugacious, are termed diffusible stimulants;
as ether, alcohol.
STI'MULUS. (us, i, m. ; from anyfioc, stim-
ulus, a sting or spur.) In Pathology and Phys-
iology, that which rouses the action or energy
of a part.
Stinking lettuce. Lactuca virosa.
STI'PES. (es, His, m.) A. stipe or stem of
a fungus, fe<":, or palm.
I
STO
stipita'tus. Standing on a pillar or pedicle.
STI'FULE. Stipula. A leafy appendage to
the proper leaves, or to their footstalks.
Stipular. Stipularis. Belonging to the
stipula of plants.
Stitch. A sharp spasmodic pain in the in-
tercostal muscles is commonly so called.
Stizolobium. Dolichos pruriens.
STOCKING, LACED. A strong stocking of
idothorwash leather, made to be laced up in
front. It is used to produce equal compres-
sion along the leg.
St(e'chas. Lavendulae stoechas.
Stcechas citrina. See Onaphalium.
STO'LON. A sucker or scion. A runner
which proceeds from the roots of some plants,
and takes root in the earth.
Stoloni'ferous. Stoloniferns. rutting forth
stolons.
Sto'ma. 2to/i. The month.
STOMACA'CE. (From aro/xa, the mouth,
and KaKoc, evil.) Cancrum oris. Gangrena
oris. Canker of the mouth. A foetor of the
mouth, with a bloody discharge from the gums,
which are ulcerated along their edges. The
remedies for this disease are, acid gargles with
myrrh, and the internal exhibition ot mineral
acids, with bark or cascarilla;' good food, espe-
cially a proper quantity of vegetables, and oc-
casional purgatives ; the cold bath, and walking
exercise. It occurs chiefly in scurvy.
STO'MACIi. (Stomachus, i, m. Sropaxoc',
from orofia, tho mouth, and x EU > t° pour.) A
membranous receptacle, situated in tho epi-
gastric region, which receives the food from
the oesophagus. Its figure is somewhat oblong
and round: it is largest on tho left side, and
gradually diminishes toward its lower orifice,
where it is the least. Its superior orifice, where
the oesophagus terminates, is called the cardia,
or cardiac orifice ; the inferior orifice, where
the intestine begins, the pylorus.
The stomach, like the intestinal canal, is com-
posed of three coats or membranes : 1. The out-
ermost, which is very firm, and from tho peri-
toneum. 2. The muscular, which is very thick,
and composed of various muscular fibres. 3.
The innermost, mucous, or villous coat. These
coats are connected together by cellular mem-
brane. The arteries of the stomach come chiefly
from the cosliac artery, and are distinguished
into the coronary, gastro-epiploic, and short ar-
teries ; they are accompanied by veins which
have similar names, and which terminate in the
vena porta). The nerves of the stomach are
very numerous, and come from the eighth pair
and sympathetic nerve. The lymphatic vessels
are distributed throughout the whole substance,
and proceed immediately to the thoracic duct.
Stomach, inflammation of. See Inflamma-
tion of the stomach and intestines.
Stomach-pump. An instrument for removing
poisonous fluids from the stomach, and inject-
ing water, or bland and nutritious fluids, to an-
swer particular indications. It is an exhausting
and condensing syringe, furnished with a long
oesophagus tube. To inject liquids, the exhaust-
ing end is placed in the fluid, and the condens-
ing end, furnished with the tube, is introduced
into the stomach. In using the stomach-pump, it
STB
is necessary to introduce into the patient's mouth
a bit of wood, perforated in the centre for the
passage of the tube. To draw liquids from the
stomach, the tube is attached to the exhausting
end of the syringe.
STOMA'CHIC. Stomachicus. That which
excites and strengthens the action of the stom-
ach.
Stoma'chica pa'ssio. Gastrodynia.
Stomachus. Stomach.
Sto'mata. The minute apertures found on
the under side of the leaves of most plants.
STOMATITIS. (From aropa, the mouth, and
itis, inflammation. ) Inflammation of the mouth.
This may be aphthous or follicular, gangrenous
or pseudo-membraneous, with the exudation of
a false membrane. These varieties are to bo
treated according to general principles. They
are also frequently symptomatic.
Stomatopa'nus. Tumefaction of the glands
of the mouth.
Stomatophy'ma. A swelling of the mouth.
Stomatorrhagia. Hemorrhage from the
mouth.
Stone. See Calculus.
Stone-crop. Sedum acre.
Stone-pock. The acne indurata.
Stone-root. Collinsonia canadensis.
Storax. See Styrax.
Storax, liquid. S. liquida. Seo Liquidam-
bar.
Storax rubra officinalis. Cascarilla bark.
Storax, white. Peruvian balsam.
Storey's worm-cakes. These consist of calo-
mel and jalap, made up into cakes, and colored
with vermilion.
STRABI'SMUS. (us, i, m. ; from <jrpa6tfr,
to squint.) Squinting. An affection of the eyes,
in which the axes of the two do not retain their
natural relation. Squinting may be spasmodic,
and symptomatic of cerebral affections, or it
may be confirmed, and due to preternatural
shortness of one of the muscles of the eyeball.
In this case, the most speedy remedy is to di-
vide the muscle. Children are very prone to
squinting from habit, and this,' growing upon
them, becomes, after a time, a permanent de-
fect. In such cases, the habit is broken up by
adjusting to the eye an opaque screen pierced
with a central aperture.
Strabositas. Strabismus.
Strabot'omy. The operation of cutting the
muscles of the eye in squinting.
Stra'men came'lorum. Andropogon schai-
nanthus.
Stramo'nine. An alkaloid base, said to ex-
ist with daturine in the stramonium.
STRAMO'NIUM. (um,ii,n.) The officinal
name of the Datura stramonium, which see.
Stra'ngalis. A hard, painful tumor in the
breast, from obstruction of the flow of milk.
STRANGULATION. Strangulatio. The
close constriction of a part. Thus a hernia is
said to be in a state of strangulation when the
contents of the rupture are so constricted by the
margins of the opening through which they have
passed as to interrupt their natural functions.
In legal medicine it means the forcible constric-
tion of the trachea, by which respiration is sus-
pended.
. 613
STB
Strangula'tion, uterine. Hysteria.
STRA'NGURY. (Stranguria, a, f.; from
arpay^, a drop, and ovpov, urine.) A difficulty
and pain in passing the urine, which is excreted
by drops.
Strap-shaped. Ligulate.
Stratio'tes. Stratioticum. Achillea mille-
folium.
Stra'tum. A layer.
Straw. Culm; culmus.
Strawberry. Fragaria vesca and virgini-
ana.
STRE'MMA. (a, atis, n. Srpefiua; from
OTpE<f>u, to turn.) A strain or sprain of the parts
about a joint.
STRE'NGTH. Vigor: a tonic condition of
the tissues of the body ; great muscular devel-
opment.
Strengthening medicine. Tonics are so
called. Chalybcates.
Strengthening plaster. Empl&strura
ferri. .
Strepitosus morbus. A disease once said
to be common on the Austrian Alps, in which
emphysematous tumors arise on the neck, face,
and arms, which, when not quite full of air,
crepitate like a dry bladder.
Stria'te. Striata*. Scored; marked with
long lines; grooved.
STRUCTURE. (Strictura, <r, f.) A dim-
inution or contracted state of some tube or duct
of the body, as the oesophagus, intestines, ure-
thra, vagina, &c. It is either organic, that is,
accompanied with actual thickening of the walls
of the canal, or spasmodic.
Stri'ctus. Stiff and straight.
STRIDOR DENTIUM. Grinding of the
ieeth. A common symptom during sleep in
oi»ildren affected with worms or other intestinal
imlation. It occurs also in fevers, as a symptom
»f irritation of the braiu.
Stri'ga. A bristle-like pubescence.
Stri'gil. A flesh-brush.
Strigme'ntum. The strigment, filth, or
sr.des scraped from the skin in baths and places
jf exercise.
Strigo'sus. Furnished with strigue.
Strobilifoum. Slrobiliformis. In the form
jf a cone.
STRO'BILUS. (us,i, in.) A cone. A cat-
kin, hardened and enlarged into a seed-vessel,
an example of .which is in the pines and firs.
STRC/NGYLUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
intestinal worms in Rudolphi's classification. —
d. gigas. This species of worm is said to have
been found in the human kidney. It is of con-
siderable length, being from five inches to up-
ward of a foot. It has a flat, obtuse head, and
the mouth is furnished with six flattish papilla;.
STRO'NTIA. Strontian. The protoxide of
strontian, a powerful base, nearly resembling
baryta and lime. It is not used in medicine,
and its salts are said not to be poisonous.
STRO'NTIUM. fan, ii, n.) The metallic
base of strontia. It is very similar to barium.
The equivalent is 43-8, and symbol, Sr.
STRorm'oLUM. A little, curved, gland-like
part near the scar or base of some seeds.
Stro'phos. Tormina.
STROPHULUS, (us, i, m.) A papular
614 .
STR
eruption peculiar to infants, and exhibiting a
variety of forms, which are described by Dr.
Willan under the titles of interlinctus, albidus
confertus, volaticus, and candidus.
1. Strophulus interlinctus, the red gum or red
gown. — The papulae characterizing this affection
rise sensibly above the level of the cuticle, are
of a vivid red color, and commonly distinct from
each other. Their number and extent variei
much in different cases. They appear most con-
stantly on the cheeks, forearm, and back of the
hand, but are sometimes diffused over the whole
body. The papula; are, in many places, inter-
mixed with stigmata, and often with red patches
of a larger size, which do not, however, occasion
any elevation of the cuticle. The eruption usu-
ally terminates in scurf, or exfoliation of tho
cuticle : its duration, however, is very uncertain
This complaint occurs chiefly within the tWG
first months of lactation. It is not always ac-
companied with, or preceded by, any disorders
of the constitution, Tbut appears occasionally in
the strongest and most healthy children. It is
however, commonly associated with alvine dia
turbance.
2. The Strophulus albidus, by some termed
the white gum, is merely a variety of strophulus
intertinctus. In the place of the red eruptior
there is a number of minute whitish specks, a
little elevated, and sometimes, though not con
stantly, surrounded by a slight redness.
3. The Strophulus confertus. — An eruption
of numerous papilla?, varying in their size, ap-
pears on different parts of the body in infants,
during dentition, and has thence been denomi-
nated the tooth-rash, or rank red gum. The
papulce are smaller, and set more closely to-
gether than in the red gum ; their color is not so
vivid, but they are generally more permanent.
4. The Strophulus volaticus is characterized
by an appearance of small circular patches, or
clusters of papula;, arising successively on dif
ferent parts of the body. The number of pap
ulas in each cluster is from six to twelve. Both
the papulae and their interstices are of a high
red color. These patches continue red, with
a little heat or itching, for about four days, when
they turn brown, and begin to exfoliate. As
one patch declines, another appears at a small
distance from it ; and in this manner the com-
plaint often spreads gradually over the face,
body, and limbs, not terminating in less than
three or four weeks. This complaint has been
by some writers denominated ignis volaticus
infantum.
5. Strophulus candidus. — In this form of
strophulus, the papulae are larger than in any
of the foregoing species. They have no inflam-
mation round their base ; their surface is very
smooth and shining, whence they appear to be
of a lighter color than the adjoining cuticle.
There is seldom much necessity for medi-
cine. If the bowels be out of order, they are to
be attended to ; otherwise, cleanliness, a bland
diet if tho child is not suckled, and attention
to the clothing, are all that is necessary.
Stroughton's elixir. An aromatic tincture
made with, gentian, serpentaria, orange peel,
cardamoms, &c.
STRU'CTURE. In Physiology, 1 The ar-
STR
rangcmeut of the tissues of a plant or animal.
2. A texture or membrane.
STRU'MA. (a, ee, f.) 1. Generally applied
to scrofula. 2. Bronchocele.
Struma tyrolensium. Cretinism.
Stru'mous. Strumosus. Of the naturo of
scrofula.
Stru'thium. Imperatoria ostruthium.
STRY'CHNIA. (a,te,t\) Strychnine. The
alkaloid obtained from the Strychnos nux vomi-
ca. Take of finely-rasped nux vomica, Ibiv. ;
lime, §vj.; muriatic acid, fiij. ; and a sufficient
quantity of alcohol, sulphuric acid, ammonia,
and water. Boil the nux vomica with one half,
and then the other half of the muriatic acid, so
as to exhaust it thoroughly ; strain, and add the
lime in fine powder ; collect the precipitated
strychnia. Take this up by alcohol, and boil
the solution with dilute sulphuric acid ; decolor
by animal charcoal, and finally precipitate the
pure strychnia by ammonia, and dry on blotting
paper.
Pure strychnia is crystallized in very small
four-sided prisms, terminated by four-sided low
pyramids. It has a white color ; its taste is in-
tolerably bitter, leaving a metallic impression
in the mouth. It is destitute of smell. It is
not altered by exposure to the air. It is very
little soluble in cold water, 100,000 parts of
that liquid dissolving only 15 parts of strychnia ;
but it dissolves in 2500 times its weight of boil-
ing water. Its formula is CUsHsgNsQt. — Reg-
nault.
The action of strychnia on the animal econo-
my is precisely analogous to that of the alco-
holic extract of nux vomica, only much more
powerful. Half a grain blown into the throat
of a rabbit has produced trismus in two min-
utes, and death in five ; and the eighth of a
grain taken into the stomach has proved fatal
to a strong dog. In minute doses strychnia has
been found a very useful medicine, especially
in paralytic cases, and it appears preferable to
the extract of nux vomica, as being of more uni-
form strength. Dr. Ryan, who has used it very
extensively, speaks in high terms of its efficacy
in a variety of nervous diseases. The dose is
Jjth of a grain morning and evening, in pill, re-
peated more frequently as the patient gets ac-
customed to it. Dr. Ryan has rqet with few
patients who would bear more than T s ^ths of a
grain in the course of a day. Applied to the
skin, it causes violent pain, and produces co-
pious suppuration when applied on a blistered
surface ; it is not safe to use more than from a
quarter to half a grain in this way. The salts
of strychnia, of which the sulphate, hydro-
chlorate, and nitrate are used, may be made by
bringing these acids in contact with strychnia.
Strychnine. Strychnina. See Strychnia.
STRYCHNOMA'NIA. (a, *, f . ; from
CTpvxvoc, nightshade, and fiavia, madness.) So
the ancients called the disorder produced by
eating the deadly nightshade.
STRY'CHNOS. (os, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. Apocyna-
cete. — 8. colubrina, a tree of the East Indies.
It yields the Lignum colubrinum, which contains
strychnia. — S. nux vomica. The tree which
yields the poison-nut. Nux vomica. Nux me-
STY
tella. It is a native of the East Indies. The
bark is commonly known as the false angustura
bark, and is very bitter and poisonous. The
seed of the fruit is the officinal nux vomica : it
is flat, round, about an inch broad, and near a
quarter of an inch thick, with a prominence in
the middle on both sides, of a gray color, cov-
ered with a kind of woolly matter, and inter-
nally hard and tough like horn. To the taste
it is extremely bitter, but has no remarkable
smell. Rectified spirit is its best solvent. Nux
vomica is one of the most powerful of the veg-
etable poisons, and is of the narcotico-acrid kind.
The effects of this drug upon different animals
appear to be rather uncertain. With some an-
imals it produces its effects almost instanta-
neously; with others, not till after several
hours, when laborious respiration, followed by
torpor, tremblings, coma, and convulsions, usu-
ally precede the fatal spasms, or tetanus, with
which this drug commonly extinguishes life.
A fatal dose is about jij. It was formerly rec-
ommended in a variety of complaints, especial-
ly dysentery, but is now considered serviceable
in paralysis and cases of deficient innervation.
The alcoholic extract is the form in which it is
most frequently given. The dose of this is from
gr. £ to gr. i., given, at first, twice a day, and
afterward more frequently. The dose of the
powdered nut is gr. v., gradually increased to
3j. or 3ss. The nux vomica is now gen-
erally superseded by its active principle, the
strychnia, which possesses all its virtues in a
highly concentrated form. See Strychnia. —
S. pseudo-quina. This Brazilian species yields
a tonic and febrifuge bark, not at all poisonous,
and used as a substitute for cinchona. — S. Sane-
ti Ignatii. Ignatia amara. — S. m tieute. This
species produces the Upas tieute, one of the
strong Java poisons. See Upas. — S. toxifera
yields the active agent of the Ourari or Woora-
ri poison of Guayana, which produces paraly-
sis, with convulsions and suspended respiration.
— S. volubilis. Ignatia amara.
Stu'nned. Laboring under a concussion of
the brain.
Stupe. Stupa. See Stuppa.
STUPEFA'CIENT. (Stupcfaciens ; from
stupe facia, to stupefy.) Of a stupefying quali-
ty ; narcotic.
STU'POR. (or, oris, m. ; from stupeo, to be
senseless.) Insensibility; lethargy.
STU'PPA.- 1. A stupe. A piece of cloth or
flax soaked in a warm liquid, and applied as a
fomentation. 2. Tow.
Stu'prum. A rape.
Sturgeon. Acipensor sturio.
STU'TTERING. A high degree of stammer-
ing, which is a nervousness influencing the mus-
cles of speech.
Sty. Hordeolum.
STY'LIFORM. Styliformis. Shaped like
a style or rod. Applied to processes of bones
and parts of plants.
STY'LO-. Names compounded of this word
belong to muscles which are attached to the
styloid process of the temporal bone.
STYLO-CERATO-HYOinEUs. See Stylo-hyoidms.
STYi.o-CHONnRo-HYoiDEUS. See Stylo-hyoi-
dans.
615
STY
Stylo-gloss us. A muscle situated between
the lower jaw and os hyoides laterally, which
draws the tongue aside and backward. It ari-
ses, tendinous and fleshy, from the styloid pro-
cess, and from the ligament which connects
that process to the angle of the lower jaw, and
is inserted into the root of the tongue, runs
along its sides, and is insensibly lost near its tip.
Stylo-hyoideus. A muscle situated be-
tween the lower jaw and os hyoides laterally,
which pulls the os hyoides to one side, and a
little upward. It is a small, thin, fleshy mus-
cle, situated between the styloid process and os
hyoides, under the posterior belly and middle
tendon of the digastricus, near the upper edge
of that muscle. It arises, by a long, thin ten-
don, from the basis and posterior edge of the
styloid process, and, descending in an oblique
direction, is inserted into the lateral and ante-
rior part of the os hyoides, nefir its horn. The
fleshy belly of this muscle is usually perforated
on one or both sides, for the passage of the
middle tendon of the digastricus. Sometimes,
though not always, we find another smaller
muscle placed before the stylo-hyoideus, which,
from its having nearly the same origin and in-
sertion, and the same use, is called stylo-hyoi-
deus-alter. The use of these muscles is to pull
the os hyoides to one side, and a little upward.
Stylo-hyoideus alter. See Stylo-hyoideus.
Stylo-mastoid foramen. Foramen stylo-
mastoideum. A hole between the styloid and
mastoid process of the temporal bone, through
which the portio dura of the auditory nerve
passes to the temples.
Stylo-maxillary. Belonging to the styloid
process and jaw.
Stylo-pharyngeus. A muscle situated be-
tween the lower jaw and os hyoides laterally,
which dilates and raises the pharynx and thy-
roid cartilage upward. It arises, fleshy, from
the root of the styloid process, and is inserted
into the side of the pharynx and back part of
the thyroid cartilage.
Styloid process. A long, slender process
of the temporal bone.
STY'LUS. (us, i,m.) 1. A pencil or rod.
2. A probe. 3. The style or shaft of a flower.
. STYMATO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from arvu, to
have a priapism.) A violent erection of the
penis, with a bloody discharge.
Stypsis. Constriction; the action of a styptic.
Stypte'ria. Alum.
STY'PTIC. (Stypticus ; from gtv$u, to con-
Btringe.) A term applied to those substances
which possess the power of stopping haemor-
rhages, such as turpentine, alum, creasote, sul-
phate of iron, copper, zinc, &c.
Stypticum Helvetii. Helvetius's styptic.
A preparation of iron filings and tartar, made
up to a proper consistence with French bran-
dy. See Eaton s styptic.
Styraci'flua. See Liquidambar.
STY'RAX. (ax, acis, m. and f.) A genus of
plants. Decandria. Monogynia. Styracece. —
8. alba. Myroxylon peruiferum. — S. benzoin.
The tree which affords the gum benzoin. Ben-
zoin is usually in large, brittle masses. When
chewed it imparts very little taste, except that
it impresses on the palate a slight sweetness. Its
616
SUB
smell, especially when rubbed or heated, is ex-
tremely fragrant and agreeable. It consists of
a resin in combination with benzoic acid. Its
preparations are esteemed against inveterate
coughs and phthisical complaints unattended
with much fever; it has also been used as a
cosmetic, and in the way of fumigation, for the
resolution of indolent tumors. The acid of ben-
zoin is employed in the Tinclura camphorm com-
posita, and a tincture is directed to be made of
the balsam. — 8. calami' ta. Storax in the cane;
because it was formerly brought to us in reeds
or canes. See Styrax officinalis. — 8. colata.
Strained storax. — 8. liquida. Liquidambar. —
8- officinalis. The tree which yields the solid
storax. A balsamic resin nearly resembling
benzoin. Storax was formerly used in catarrhal
complaints, coughs, asthmas, obstructions, &c.
— S. rubra. Red storax, or storax in the tear;
a fine variety of storax.
Sty'role. The essential oil of storax. When
heated to a certain point, it becomes a limpid
solid.
SUB-. A prefix (from sub, under, beneath),
signifying underneath, or inferior; but in de-
scriptive terms it often means somewhat or par-
tially, as subovate, subcordate, partially ovate,
somewhat cordate.
Subala'ris vena. The vein of the axilla.
Subarachnoide'an fluid. The serous fluid
existing between the arachnoid and pia mater
membranes. , '
Subcarbonas potass.'e. See Potasscc car-
bonas.
Subcarbonas ferri. See Ferri sesquioxy-
dum.
Subcarbonas plumbi. See Plumbum.
Subca'rbonate. Subcarbonas. A carbonate
in which the base predominates, or which has
the power of neutralizing more acid.
Subcartilaginous. Subcartilaginosus. Of
a structure approaching to that of cartilage.
Subchlo'ride of mercury. Calomel. See
Hydrargyrum chloridum mite.
SUBCLAVIAN. (Subclaviculus ; from sub,
beneath, and clavicula, the clavicle.) That
which is, or passes, under the clavicle.
Subclavian artery. The right subclavian
arises from the arteria innominata, and proceeds
under the chwicle to the axilla. The left sub-
clavian arises from the arch of the aorta, and
ascends under the left clavicle to the axilla.
The subclavians in their course give off the in-
ternal mammaiy, the inferior thyroid, the ver-
tebral, the cervicalis superficialis, the superior
intercostal, and the supra-scapular.
Subclavian vein. This receives the blood
from the veins of the arm, and runs into the-
vena cava superior.
Subcla'vius. A muscle situated on the an-
terior part of the thorax, which pulls the clavi-
cle downward and forward. It arises, tendi-
nous, from the cartilage that joins the first rib
to the sternum, and is inserted, after becoming
fleshy, into the inferior part of the clavicle,
which it occupies from within an inch of the
sternum as far outward as to its connection, by
a ligament, with the coracoid process of the
scapula.
SUBCRUR/E'US. A name of two little mus-
SUB
cular slips sometimes found under the cruraeus:
they are inserted into the capsular ligament,
which they pull up.
Subcrue'ntus. Appealing somewhat like
blood : applied to certain excretions.
SUBCUTA'NEOUS. (Subcutaneus ; from
sub, under, and cutis, the skin.) Under the
skin: a name given to the platysma myoides
muscle, and to some nerves, vessels, glands,
&c, which are very superficial.
Subcutaneous glands. .Glandula subcuta-
nea. These are sebaceous and sudoriparous
glands lying under the skin, which they perfo-
rate by their excretory ducts.
Subdiaphragma'tic plexus. A plexus fur-
nished by the solar plexus, the branches of
which are distributed to the diaphragm.
SUBER. (cr, eris, n.) Cork. The bark of
the Quercus suber.
Sube'ric. Subericus. Appertaining to cork.
Suberic acid. Acidum subcricum. A white
granular acid, obtained from cork, stearic acid,
&c., by nitric acid. Its formula is CsHoOs-f-
HO.
SUBINFLAMMA'TION. 1. Slight arterial
excitation. 2. Broussais means by this term
excitement of the lymphatic system.
Subintrans febris. Frank gives this name
to what is usually called an anticipating quo-
tidian.
Sublimame'^tum. Any pendulous substance
which floats in the middle of the urine.
SU'BLIMATE. 1. Any thing which is sub-
limed. See Sublimation. 2. Corrosive subli-
mate.
Sublimate, corrosive. The bichloride of
mercury. See Hydrargyri chloridum corrosi-
vum.
S U B L I M A' T I O N. (Sublimalio, 07iis, f. ;
from subhmo, to raise or sublime.) A process
by which volatile substances are raised by heat,
and again condensed in a solid form.
Sublimis. See Flexor brevis digitorum pedis
and Flexor sublimis pcrforatus.
SUBLINGUAL. Sublingualis. A name
given to parts immediately under the tongue.
Sublingual artery. The lingual artery, or
a branch of this artery.
Sublingual glands. G. Bartholinianm. G.
Riviniance. The glands which are situated
under the tongue, and secrete saliva. Their
excretory ducts are called Rivinian, from their
discoverer Rivinus.
SUBLUXATION. (From sub, diminutive,
and luxatio, a dislocation.) A sprain. A sprain
is an injury of a joint in which it has been
twisted or strained in any direction farther
than its natural range of motion allows, but with-
out actual dislocation of the bones. In every
sprain, the ligaments of the joint are preter-
naturally stretched, and in severe ones they are
often partially torn. Hence follows inflamma-
tion of" the ligaments and the soft parts surround-
ing the joint, and in bad cases of the capsular
ligament itself. Sprains are a very troublesome
class of injuries, and will often keep a patient
confined much longer than fractures, or even
dislocations.
In the treatment of sprains, the first indica-
tion is to allay inflammation; and where this
SUB
is considerable, the copious and repeated ap-
plication of leeches is often required, with
purgatives, and an antiphlogistic regimen, and
sometimes general blood-letting. The local ap-
plications may consist of cold lotions or hot fo-
mentations, according to circumstances. When
all danger of inflammation is past, the joint is
to be strengthened by friction with stimulating
liniments, the application of bandages, &c.
While acute inflammation prevails, perfect rest
of the joint must be insisted on ; when weak-
ness merely is present, gentle exercise is ser-
viceable.
SUBMAXILLARY. Submaxillaris. Situa-
ted below the maxilla, or jaw.
Submaxillary ganglion. A small ganglion
formed of the vidian nerve, and communicating
with the lingual. It is close to, and supplies,
the maxillary gland. ,
Submaxillary gland. The maxillary gland.
Submental artery. A small artery of the
chin, derived from the facial artery.
SUBMERSION. (Submcrsio ; from submer-
go, to rink under water.) Drowning. See
Asphyxia.
Subme'rsed. Submcrsus. Under water.
Submu'rias. A submuriate or chloride.
Submurias hydrargyri. Calomel. See
Hydrargyri chloridum mite.
Subo'rbitar. Infra-orbitar.
Suborbitar nerve. The suborbitavy nerve,
a branch of the fifth pair, more usually called
infra-orbitary.
Subramo'sus. A little branched.
Subrotund. Roundish ; nearly globular :
applied to several parts of plants. The leaf of
the Pyrola is subrotund.
Subru'brim. Modified haiinatin.
Subsalt. A salt having an atomic excess
of base and a disalt.
SUBSCAPULARS. Infra-scapularis. A
muscle situated under the scapula. It is com-
posed of many fasciculi of tendinous and fleshy
fibres, which arise from all the basis of the
scapula internally, and likewise from its supe
rior as well as from one half of its inferior cos
ta, unite to form a considerable flat tendon,
which adheres to the capsular ligament, and is
inserted into the upper part of the lesser tuber-
osity at the head of the os humeri. The prin-
cipal use of this muscle is to roll the arm inward.
It likewise serves to bring it close to the ribs ;
and, from its adhesion to the capsular ligament,
it prevents that membrane from being pinched.
Substa'ntia. A substance.
Substantive colors. Those pigments which
unite directly with the fibre, as distinguished
from adjective colors, which require a mor-
dant.
SUBSTITUTION, DOCTRINE OF. A
chemical doctrine advanced by M. Dumas, to
the effect that the grouping of the elements of
many organic compounds is so permanent and
essential a feature of the compound, that one of
more atoms or elements may be substituted by
others, often entirely different, without break-
ing up the grouping, or much injuring the sen-
sible properties of tho body. See Chemical
types.
SUBSU'LTUS TE'NDINUM. Weak con-
617
sue
vulsive motions or twitchings of the tendons.
These twitchings of the tendons are most com-
mon in the extreme stages of debility, produced
by low nervous and typhus fevers, and are gen-
erally the harbingers of a fatal termination.
They are, in these cases, weak convulsions, in-
terruptedly undulating from one limb to an-
other, too feeble to raiso the limb itself, though
sufficiently powerful to be felt in the muscle
and along its tendon : they affect the wrist and
ankles the most.
Subsurdi'tas. Partial deafness.
Subte'pid. Lukewarm.
Subu'beres. Infants at the breast.
Subula'tk. Subulatus. Awl-shaped ; some-
what linear.
Succa'go. The juice of any fruit.
SUCCEDA'NEUM. (urn, i,n.) A medicine
substituted for another. .
Succenturia'ti mu'sculi. The pyramidales
muscles.
Succenturiati renes. Two glands lying
above the kidneys. The renal glands.
Su'cci scorbutic!. The juice of scurvy-
grass, &c.
Succinate. A salt of the succinic acid.
Succi'ngens membrana. The diaphragm.
SUCCr'NIC. (Succinicus ; from succinum,
amber. ) Of, or belonging to, amber.
Succinic acid. Acidum succinicum. Sal
succini. An acid distilled from amber, and also
produced by the action of nitric acid on mar-
garic and other fat acids. It crystallizes in
prisms, and readily sublimes. Its formula is
C4H2O3, and it may be hydrous or anhydrous.
Its taste is somewhat sharp, and it reddens
powerfully tincture of litmus. It is soluble
in both water and alcohol, and much more so
when they are heated. It has been considered
antispasmodic and diuretic in doses of gr. v. to
3j.
SU'CCINUM. (nm, i, u.) Amber. A
beautiful bituminous substance, which takes a
good polish, and, after a slight rubbing, be-
comes electric. It is fossil, and found princi-
pally in Prussia. Amber is a hard, brittle, com-
bustible, tasteless substance, sometimes per-
fectly transparent, but mostly semi-transparent
or opaque, and of a glossy surface : it is found of
all colors, but chiefly yellow or orange, and often
contains leaves or insects. Its specific gravity
is from 1'0G5 to 1-100; its fracture is even,
smooth, and glossy. It has all the characters
if a fossil resin. By distillation it yields an oil
Oleum succini), succinic acid, and an acid
matter. See Oleum succini and Succinic acid.
Succinum cinereum. Ambergris.
Succinum griseum. Ambergris.
Succi'sa. Scabiosa succisa.
Succory. Cichorium intybus.
Su'cculent. Succulcns- Juicy; full of fluid.
Succule'ntus. Juicy; full of juice.
SU'OCUS. (us, i, m.) Juice. The express-
ed juice of a plant is termed Succus, and is a
pharmaceutical preparation, especially in the
case of belladonna, aconitum, hyoscyamus, and
conium. Such juices may be preserved by ad-
mixture with alcohol, or by drying ; in the latter
oaae they form the Succi inspissati of pharmacy.
Succus cochlearije compositus. A warm
618
SUG
aperient and diuretic, mostly exhibited in the
cure of diseases of the skin arising from scurvy.
Succus cyreniacus. Juice of laserwort.
Succus gastricus. The gastric juice.
Succus heliotropii. Croton tinctorium.
Succus indicus purgans. Gamboge.
Succus liquiritl*:. Glycyrrhiza glabra.
SUCCU'SSION. A mode of exploring the
chest, which consists in shaking the patient's
body, and listening to the sounds thereby pro-
duced. It is employed in the diagnosis of hy
drothorax. Ballottement (which see) is some-
times called succussion.
Sucker. Stolon.
Su'ckling. Lactation.
SUDA'MEN. (en, inis, n. ; from sudor,
sweat.) Sudamina are vesicles resembling
millet seeds in form and magnitude, which ap-
pear suddenly, without fever, especially in the
summer time, after much labor and sweating.
SUDA'TIO. (o, onis, f. ; from sudor, sweat.)'
A sweating. See Ephidrosis.
Sudatoria febris. The sweating sickness.
The sudor anglicus.
SUDATO'RIUM. A sweating room.
Sudato'rius. Relating to perspiration.
SU'DOR. (or, oris.) Sweat or perspiration.
Sudor anglicus. The sweating sickness.
A very extraordinary epidemic, which made its
appearance in England in 1485, and recurred at
several intervals up to 1551. Its nature is not
well known, but it appears to have been a ma-
lignant, adynamic, and contagious fever.
Sudori'fic Sudorificus. A synonym of
diaphoretic. See Diaphoretic.
Sudoripa'rous glandules or follicles.
See Perspiration.
Suet. Sevum.
Suffime'ntum. A perfume.
Suffi'tus. A fumigation.
SUFFOCA'TION. (o, onis, f.) 1. Suffoca-
tion. 2. Threatened suffocation from want of
a sufficient quantity of air. See Asphyxia.
Suffocatio hysterica. The globus hysteri-
cus ; called, also, Suffocatio uterina, from the
supposed connection of hysteria with an affec-
tion of the uterus.
Suffocatio stridula. Croup.
Suffocative breast-pang. Angina pectoris.
Suffrutico'se. Somewhat woody or shrub-
by.
SUFFUMIGA'TION. (Suffumigatio, onis, f. ;
from sub, under, and fumigo, to smoke.) The
burning of odorous substances to remove a bad
smell, or destroy miasma.
Suffusio auriginosa. The jaundice.
Suffusio nigra. Amaurosis.
SUFFUSION. (Suffusio, onis, f.) 1. A
cataract. 2. Amaurosis. 3. An extravasation
of some humor, as the blood; thus we say, a
suffusion of blood in the eye, when it is what is
vulgarly called bloodshot.
SUGAR. One of the indifferent and ordinary
products of plants, procured by inspissating the
juice, and allowing the sugar to crystallize. It
is recognized by its flavor. Chemists distin-
guish a variety of species of sugar, of which the
crystallizable, or cane sugar, and uncrystalliza-
blo, or difficultly crystallizable, or grape sugar
(glucose), are the representatives : these differ
SUL
in composition, cane sugar being CisHuOu, and
grape sugar, Ci 3 H 14 0m; but their chief distinc-
tion rests in the circumstance that grape sugar
is capable of undergoing fermentation, whereas
cane sugar must first be converted into glucose
to ferment. Grape sugar is identical with that
from fruit*, green stalks, and with diabetic and
starch sugar. Sugar for commercial purposes
is obtained chiefly from the cane, but the beet
is also extensively manufactured, and the maple
yields a large quantity. It is a demulcent and
antiseptic. For the Varieties of sugar, see the
specific names, and also Sacchamm.
Sugar, maple. Acer saccharinum.
Sugar of lead. Plumbi acetas.
Sugar of milk. Lactin.
Sugar, tests for. The existence of sugar
in urine, blood, &c, makes it very important to
have some certain tests for its presence. Trom-
mels test is as follows: add to the clear fluid
sufficient sulphate of copper to give a slight
blue color ; separate this fluid from any precipi-
tate ; add excess of solution of potash, so that the
hydrated oxide of copper at first thrown down
may be redissolved; on gently heating, a de-
posit of red suboxide of copper falls if sugar be
present. Capezzuoli's test is £> add a few
grains of blue hydrated oxide of copper, then
excess of potash ; if sugar bo present, the fluid
becomes reddish, and in a few hours the deposit
becomes yellow. Moore's test is to add to urine
half its weight of solution of potash, heat to boil-
ing, and if sugar be present it becomes of a
brown color.
SUGILLATION. (Sugillalio; from sugillo,
to bruise.) A bruise, or ecchymosis by exter-
nal causes. A spot or mark made by a leech
or cupping-glass.
SUICIDE. Self-murder. Suicide is mostly
the result of a settled melancholy, but may
take place in delirium, or in a sudden and over-
whelming fit of despondency.
Sulca'te. Sulcatns. Furrowed; grooved;
marked with deep lines running lengthways.
SU'LCUS. A groove or furrow; generally
applied to the bones.
SU'LPHAS. (as, atis, f.) A sulphate or salt
formed by the union of the sulphuric acid with a
salifiable base. For the sulphates, see the bases.
Sulpha'mide. A compound of sulphurous
acid with amidogene.
Sulpha'milic acid. The bisulphate of oxide
of amyle: an acid analogous to the sulphovinic.
Sulphas aluminosus. See Alumen.
Sulphas antimonii. Sulphate of antimony.
Vttriolum antimonii. This is formed by boiling
powdered antimony in sulphuric acid. A white
saline mass results, which, when thrown into
water, is resolved into a soluble supersulphate
and an insoluble substdphatc.
Sulphas quin.«:. See Quince disulpkas.
Sulphate. A salt of the sulphuric acid.
Sulphate of lime. Gypsum.
Su'lphide. A synonym of sulphuret.
Su'lphis. Sulphite. A salt of the sulphu-
rous acid.
SULPHO-. Sulph-. A prefix, from sulphur,
signifying the presence of sulphur or sulphuric
acid.
Sulpho-bknzide. A neutral crystalline body,
SUL
soluble in ether, and melting at 212° F. It i»
obtained by the action of anhydrous sulphuric
acid on benzin. Formula, C13H5SO2.
Sulpho-benzoic acid. A white crystalline
acid, formed of anhydrous sulphuric acid and
benzoic acid. It is bibasic. Formula, BzO,
S0 3 -f-2HO.
Sulphocyamde. A compound of sulphocy-
anogen. The sulphocyanide of potassium is a
very valuable chemical test for the discovery
of peroxide of iron and other metallic solutions.
It is also said to exist in the saliva and other
animal fluids.
SULPHOCYA'NOGEN. The bisulphuret of
cyanogen, CyS 2 ; symbol, Csy. It is produced
when the ferrocyanide of potassium is heated
with sulphur, but has not yet been insulated
with certainty. It performs all the officeB of a
compound radical. With hydrogen it forms
the Hydro-sulphocyanic acid (CsyH), which is
a strong acid, and has the odor of acetic acid.
It produces the sulphocyanides with metals.
Sulpho-gly'ceric acid. A compound of
glycerine with sulphuric acid : G10 5 ,HO,2SC*3.
Its salts are analogous to the sulphovinates.
Sulpho-indigotic acid. The solution of in-
digo in sulphuric acid.
Sulphole'ic acid. A product of the action
of sulphuric acid on oleine.
Sulpho-ma'rgaric acid. A product of the
action cf sulphuric acid on margarine.
Sulpho-methy'lic acid. Bisulphate of oxide
of methyle : MtO,2S0 3 ,HO. It is very analo-
gous to sulphovinic acid.
Sulpho-naphtha'lic acid. A compound
made by dissolving naphthaline in sulphuric
acid.
Sulpho-pro'teic acid. A compound of sul-
phuric acid and proteine, of a gelatinous ap-
pearance. When dry, it is a yellow, tough
mass, insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether,
but soluble in solution of potash and ammonia.
There is, also, a sulpho-bi-proteic acid, formed,
by adding diluted sulphuric acid to a solution
of proteine in acetic acid.
Sulpho-salts. A salt, both ingredients of
which are sulphurets.
Sulpho-sina'pism. The name formerly given
to the active matters of black mustard.
Sulphovi'nic acid. Bisulphate of ethyle:
AeO,2S0 3 +HO. A syrup-like liquid, of a sour
taste. Its salts are very soluble, and decom-
pose at the boiling point. It is produced when
sulphuric acid is heated with alcohol, and is
one of the essential steps of etherification.
SU'LPHUR. (ur, uris, n.) Sulphur. Brim-
stone. An elementary body, very abundant in
nature. Its equivalent is 16-12, and symbol, S.
Sulphur is a combustible, brittle body, of a
pale lemon-yellow color. Its specific gravity
is 1'990. It is destitute of odor, except when
rubbed or heated. It frequently crystallizes in
entire or truncated octahedra, or in needles.
It is a non-conductor of electricity, and hence
it becomes electric by friction. When heated,
it first softens before it melts, and its fusion
commences at 218° F. : it is capable of sublim-
ing at a lower temperature, and takes fire at
.560°. In the beginning of fusion it is very flu
id, but by continuing the heat it grows tough,
619
SUL
and its color changes to a reddish-brown. If
in this condition it be poured into water, it re-
mains as soft as wax, and yields to auy impres-
sion. In time, however, it hardens again, and
recovers its former consistence.
Sulphur is a powerful electro-negative body,
uniting with most elements, and forming sul-
phurets. It forms six compounds with oxygen,
and unites with hydrogen, chlorine, iodine, and
other haloid bodies.
Sulphur has been long an esteemed article of
the Materia Medica. It stimulates the system, is
laxative, and promotes the insensible perspira-
tion. It pervades the whole habit, and transpires
through the pores of the skin, as appears from the
sulphureous smell of persons who have taken it,
and from silver being stained in their pockets
of a blackish color. It is a celebrated remedy
against cutaneous diseases, particularly itch,
both given internally and applied externally.
It has likewise been recommended in rheu-
matic pains, gout, rickets, atrophy, coughs,
asthmas, and other disorders of the chest and
lungs, and particularly in catarrhs of the chro-
nic Kind; also in colica pictonum, worm cases,
and to lessen salivation. In hemorrhoidal af-
fections it is very useful ; but in most of these
cases it is advantageously combined with some
cooling purgative, especially supertartrate of
potash. Dose, 3J. to 3ij.
Sulphur antimonii pr^cipitatum. See An-
timonii sulphuretum prcecipitatum.
Sulphur auratum antimonii. See Antimonii
sulphuretum prcecipitatum.
Sulphur lotum. Washed sulphur. Flores
sulphuris loti. Take of sublimed sulphur, a
pound. Pour on boiling water, so that the acid,
if there be any, may be entirely washed away;
then dry it. The dose is from half a drachm to
two drachms.
Sulphur, milk ok. See Sulphur pracipi-
tatum.
Sulphur prcecipitatum. Lac sulphuris.
Milk of sulphur. Take of sublimed sulphur, a
pound ; fresh lime, two jiounds ; water, four
gallons. Boil the sulphur and lime together in
the water ; then strain the solution through
paper, and drop in as much muriatic acid as
may be necessary to precipitate the sulphur;
lastly, wash this by repeated affusions of water
until it is tasteless. This preparation is mostly
preferred to the flowers of sulphur, in conse-
quence of its being free from impurities. The
lose is from half a drachm to three drachms.
Sulphur, precipitated. See Sulphur prce-
"ipitatum.
Sulphur sublimatum. The sublimed flowers
of sulphur.
Sulphur vivum. Native sulphur.
Sulphur, washed. Sulphur lotum.
Sulphur waters. Those mineral springs
which contain sulphureted hydrogen are so
called.
Sulphur-wort. Peucedanum officinale.
SULPHU'REOUS. Sulphureus. 1. Of, or
Belonging to, sulphur. 2. Applied, in Natural
History, to designate a bright pale yellow, with-
out any orange tinge. "
Su'lphurous acid. Acidum sulphurosum^
An extremely pungent gaseous acid, produced
620
SUL
by burning sulphur in air. Its formula is SOj ;
equivalent, 32-14. It is very soluble in water,
and is a powerfully deoxydizing and bleaching
agent. Its salts are termed sulphites.
Sulphuret. A compound of sulphur.
Sulphuret of antimony. See Antimonii sul-
phuretum.
Sulphuret of carbon. Alcohol of sulphur.
Bisulphuret of carbon. It may be obtained by
transmitting the vapor of sulphur over fragments
of charcoal heated to redness in a tube of por-
celain. The compound, as it is formed, should
be conducted by means of a glass tube into cold
water, at the bottom of which it is collected.
To free it from moisture and adhering sulphur,
it should be distilled at a low temperature in
contact with chloride of calcium. Bisulphuret
of carbon is a transparent, colorless, inflamma-
ble liquid, which is remarkable for its high
refractive power. Its specific gravity is T272.
It has an acid, pungent, and somewhat aromatic
taste, and a very fetid odor. It is exceedingly
volatile ; its vapor at 63-5° F. supports a col-
umn of mercury 7-36 inches long; and at 108°
F. it enters into brisk ebullition. From its
great volatility it may be employed for pro-
ducing intens^pold. It dissolves both sulphur
and phosphorus.
Sulphureted hydrogen. An extremely
fetid and inflammable gaseous compound of
sulphur and hydrogen, SH; equivalent, 17*12.
It is procured by decomposing the sulphurets :
is thrown off from decaying animal matters; and
has the smell of rotten eggs. Water absorbs
about three times its volume, and natural so-
lutions are found in the sulphur springs. The
gas is highly poisonous when respired : one part
in 1500 of air destroying a bird. The aqueous
solution has been much employed in natural
waters as a remedy for cutaneous and chronic
hepatic affections. A bath has also been recom-
mended in rheumatic affections. The solution
is very important in the laboratory as a test for
the metals. In cases of poisoning by it, the
patient should be freely exposed to the air.
SULPHURE'TUM. (urn, i, n.) Sulphuret.
A combination of sulphur with an alkali, earth,
or metal.
Sulphuretum ammonije. A sulphuret of am-
monium. Boyle's or Beguine's fuming spirit.
Sulphuret of ammonia is obtained in the form
of a yellow, fetid, fuming liquor, by passing
sulphureted hydrogen through a solution of am-
monia. It excites the action of the absorbent
system, and diminishes arterial action, and has
been given internally in diseases arising from
the use of mercury, phthisis, diseases of the skin,
and phlegmasia; ; externally it is prescribed in
the form of bath in paralysis, itch, and other
cutaneous diseases. See Ammonice hydro-sulphu-
return.
Sulphuretum antimonii pr^cipitatum. See
Antimonii sulphuretum prcecipitatum.
Sulphuretum calcii. Sulphuret of calcium.
Principally. used to form a medicated bath for
various diseases of the skin.
Sulphuretum hydrargyri nigrum. See
Hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum.
Sulphuretum sodii. Sulphuret of sodium.
A combination of sodium and sulphur. It is
SUM
analogous to the sulphuret of potassium, which
see.
Sulphuketum STiBii nativum. Siclphuretum
slibii nigrum. Antimonium crudum. Native
sulphuret of antimony. It is from this ore that
the preparations of antimony are made. See
Antimony.
SULrHU'RIC. Sulphuricus. Belonging to
sulphur.
Sulphuric acid. Acidum sulphuricum.
Acidum vitriolicum. A powerful acid, of an ex-
tremely caustic nature, fluid, oily, colorless;
specific gravity, 1-845. It is usually of the
composition, sulphur+3 oxygen-f-water ; sym-
hol, S0 3 ; equivalent, 40-16. It freezes at —15°
F., and boils at 620° F. This is the strongest
commercial acid, but chemists are acquainted
with other forms ; thus there is an anhydrous
acid, being a white crystalline powder, with an
intense affinity for water; there is also a dihy-
drate, HO,S0 3 +S0 3 , called the fuming acid of
Nordhausen, obtained by distilling dry sulphate
of iron, which is of great value in the arts.
The common hydrated acid, SO3+HO, is ob-
tained on an immense scale by burning sulphur
with nitre, and conveying the fumes into leaden
chambers containing water, and charged with
steam and common air; the acid thus obtained
contains an excess of water, and is evaporated
in platina vessels. Sulphuric acid exerts a
strong affinity for water, combining with the
evolution of heat, and forming a number of hy-
drates. The strength of the acid is always de-
termined by the specific gravity. It is the
most powerful acid known, and forms salts with
every base. These salts (sulphates) are readily
known in solution by the action of chloride of
barium, which forms an insoluble white sul-
phate in them.
This acid is not much used in medicine. In
the concentrated state it is a violent caustic, dis-
organizing the part instantly ; accidents some-
times occur from the breaking of vessels, &c,
and in such cases the nearest alkaline body or
carbonate is to be instantly applied to the part,
as lime, chalk, potash, soap, soda, magnesia, or
their carbonates, &c, for the purpose of neutral-
izing the acid. In a very diluted state it is re-
frigerant and tonic, and much used to dissolve
the disulphate of quinine. The Acidum sul-
phuricum dilutum, containing one part of com-
mercial acid in fourteen parts, is officinal ; the
dose is from fllx. to f. 33s., but it should not be
long used, as it produces a gastro-enteric irrita-
tion which may become permanent. This di-
luted acid has also been used with lard as a
stimulant ointment in chronic skin diseases, and
as a rubefacient. There is also an aromatic
acid (Acidum sulphuricum aromalicum), which
is somewhat more tonic.
Sulphuris flores. See Sulphur sublimatum.
Sulphuris iodidum. See Iodide of sulphur.
Sulphuris lac. See Sulphur pracipitatum.
Sulphydric acid. Sulphureted hydrogen.
Sultan-flower. Centaurea moschata.
Su'mach. The Rhus coriaria, Rhus glabra,
and other species.
Sumbul root. Musk root. An Eastern drug,
derived from an umbelliferous plant, and pos-
sessing a strong odor of musk.
SUP
Summer complaint. Diarrhoea.
Summer rash. Lichen tropicus.
Sunburn. Ephelis.
Sun-dew. Drosera rotundifolia.
Sun-stroke. Coup de soleil.
SUPER. Above. A common prefix.
Superarse'nias potassje. Superarseniate
of potash. A compound of potash with excess
of arsenic acid. It was called Macquer's arseni-
cal salt, from its discoverer, and has been
sometimes given in medicine ; it possesses simi-
lar properties to those of the white oxide of
arsenic.
Superbus. The rectus superior oculi.
Superci'liart. Superciliaris. Belonging
to the eyebrows. The superciliary ridges or
arches are the prominences on the frontal bone
under the eyelashes.
SUPERCI'LIUM. (urn, ii, n. ; so called be-
cause it is supra cilium.) The eyebrow.
Supercilium veneris. Achillea millefolium.
SUPERFICIAL. (From super and fades,
the face, or the outer surface.) That which is
upon the surface, as the fascia, which is placed,
beneath the integument, over every part of the
body.
SurERFiciALis vol-e. The name of a branch
of the radial artery, which is distributed to the
muscles and integuments of the vola, or palm.
Superficies. The exterior surface of any
thing.
Supe'rfluus. Superfluous: abounding; in
excess.
SUPERF(ETA'TION. (Superfcetatio, onis,
f. ; from super, above or upon, and fatus, a
foetus.) The impregnation of a woman already
pregnant. How far this is a possible case has
for ages been a matter of controversy among *
physiologists and medical jurisconsults, and it
remains so to the present time. There seem
to be, however, some well-authenticated cases.
Supergemina'lis. The epididymis.
Supergenua'lis. The patella, or knee-pan.
Superimpregna'tio. See Superfatation.
SUPE'RIOR. A term in general use as re-
gards the relative situation of parts.
Superior auris. The attollens aurem mus-
cle.
Superli'gula. The epiglottis.
Superpurga'tio. An excessive evacuation
by stool.
Supers alt. A salt containing more equiva-
lents of acid than of base.
SUPERSCAPULA'RIS. Two muscles are
so called: the superscapularis superior, more
commonly called supraspinatus, and the super-
scapularis inferior, more commonly called in-
fraspinatus.
Su perus. Above.
SUPINATION. (Supinatio, onis, f.; from '
supino, to lay with the face upward.) The act
of turning the palm of the hand upward, by
rotating the radius upon the ulna.
SUPINA'TOR. A name given to those mus-
cles which turn the hand upward.
Supinator brevis. See Supinator radii
brevis.
Supinator longus. See Supinator radii
Supinator radii brevis. Supinator brevis
621
SUP
stve minor of Winslow. This small muscle,
which is tendinous externally, is situated at the
upper part of the forearm. It arises from the
lower and anterior part of the outer condyle of
the os humeri, and from the outer edge and
posterior surface of the ulna, adhering firmly to
the ligament that joins the radius to that bone.
From these origins its fibres descend forward
and inward, and are inserted into the upper,
inner, and anterior part of the radius around
the cartilaginous surface upon which slides the
tendon of the biceps, and likewise into a ridge
that runs downward and outward below this
surface. It assists in the supination of the hand
by rolling the radius outward.
Supinator radii longus. Supinator longus
stve major of Winslow. A long, fiat muscle, cov-
ered by a very thin, tendinous fascia, and sit-
uated immediately under the integuments along
the outer convex surface of the radius. It
arises, by very short, tendinous fibres, from the
anterior surface and outer ridge of the os hu-
meri, about two or three inches above its ex-
ternal condyle, between the brachialis internus
and the triceps brachii ; and likewise from the
anterior surface of the external intermuscular
membrane, or ligament, as it is called. About
the middlo of the radius, its fleshy fibres term-
inate in a flat tendon, which is inserted into the
inner side of the inferior extremity of the radius,
near the root of its styloid process. This mus-
cle not only assists in rolling the radius out-
ward, and turning the palm of the hand up-
ward, on which account Riolanus first gave it
the name of supinator, but it likewise assists in
pronation, and in bending the forearm.
Suppositorium uterinum. A pessary.
SUPPOSITO'RY. Suppositorium. (From
tub, under, and pono, to put.) A medicinal
substance to be put into the rectum, there to
remain aud dissolve gradually.
Suppressed menses. See Amenorrhea.
SUPPRESSION. (Suppressio, onis, f. ; from
supprimo, to withhold.) The total defect or
non-secretion of an excrementitious fluid ; as a
suppression of urine, in which the kidneys se-
crete none.
Suppu'rans. Suppurative.
SUPPURA'TION. (Suppuratio, onis, f.;
from snpp71.ro, to suppurate.) The formation
of pus. See Inflammation, Abscess, and Pus.
SUPPURA'TIVES. A variety of epispastics,
producing phlegmonous inflammation : they dif-
fer in this respect from vesicants and rubefa-
cients, which produce cry thematic inflamma-
tion.
SU'PRA. Above. This word, affixed to the
name of an object, denotes something situated
above that object, as Supra-renal gland, &c.
Supra-costales. The intercostal muscles.
Supra-decompo'situs. More than doubly
compound : a botanical term, applied to leaves.
Supra-fomaceoos. Situated above the leaf.
Supra-o'rbitar. Supra-orbitaris. Situated
above the orbit.
SUPRA-SPINA'TUS. Supra-spinatus sen
svpra-scapularis of Cowper. A muscle of the
arm. It is of considerable thickness, and fills
the whole of the cavity or fossa that is above the
spine of the scapula. It arises, fleshy, from the
622
SUT
whole of the base of the scapula that is above
its spine, and likewise from the spine itself, and
from the superior costa. Opposite to the basis
of the coracoid process, it is found beginning to
degenerate into a tendon, which is at first cov-
ered by fleshy fibres, and then passing under
the acromion, adheres to the capsular ligament
of the os humeri, and is inserted into the upper
part of the large tuberosity at the head of the
os humeri. This muscle is covered by a thin
fascia, which adheres to the upper edge of the
superior part of the basis, as well as to the up-
per edge of the spine of the scapula. The prin-
cipal use of the supra-spinatus seems to be to
assist in raising the arm upward ; it may like-
wise serve to move the scapula upon the hu-
merus.
Su'ra. 1. The calf of the leg. 2. The
fibula.
Su'rculus. Tho stem of mosses.
SU'RDITAS. (as, tatis, f.) Deafness. See
Aphonia and Paracusis.
SURFEIT. The consequence of excess in
eating or drinking, or of something unwhole-
some or improper in the food. It consists in a
heavy load or oppression of the stomach, with
nausea, sickness, impeded perspiration, and, at
times, eruptions on the skin.
Su'rgeon. One who practices surgery.
SURGERY. Chirurgia. That department
of the healing art which is more particularly
devoted to the cure of diseases, injuries, and
abnormal developments affecting the external
parts of the body.
Surinam bark. The bark of the Andira in-
ermis.
Surinamine. A crystalline principle of tho
Surinam bark.
Sus. A genus of animals. Mammalia. Pa-
chyderma. — S. scrofa. The hog.
Suspended animation. See Asphyxia.
Suspension. Suspensio. Hanging. Secds-
phyxia.
SUSPENSO'RIUM. (urn, ii, n. ; from sus-
pendeo, to hang.) A suspensory: a bag, or
bandage to suspend any part.
Suspensorium he/fatis. The broad liga-
ment of the liver.
Suspensorius testis. The cremaster mus-
cle.
Suspensory. That which suspends ; sus-
pensorium.
SUSU'RRUS. (us, i, m.; from susurro, to
murmur.) 1. A buzzing noise, like that of bees.
2. A whisper, or low tone of voice.
SUTU'RE. Sutura. (From suo, to join to-
gether.) A junction or union. 1. In Surgery,
the uniting the lips of a wound by sewing. A
number of different kinds of sutures have been
recommended by writers on surgery, but all of
them are now reduced to two, namely, the
twisted and the interrupted, called, also, the
knotted suture. The twisted suture is made in
the following manner : Having brought the di-
vided parts nearly into contact, a pin is to be
introduced from the outside inward, and carried
out through the opposite side to the same dis-
tance ; a firm wax ligature is then to be passed
around it, making the figure of 8, by which the
wounded parts are drawn gently into contact.
SYC
The number of pins is to be determined by the
extent of the wound : half an inch, or at most
three quarters, is the proper distance between
two pins. The interrupted suture consists of
single stitches made with a curved needle and
thread, and the interruption is only the distance
between the stitches. 2. In Anatomy, the word
suture is applied to the union of bones by means
of dentiform margins, as in the bones of the cra-
nium. See Temporal, Sphenoidal, Zygomatic,
Transverse, Coronal, Lambdoidal, and Sagittal
Sutures.
Swallow-wort. See Hirundinaria.
Swan. Cygnus olor.
Sweat. See Perspiration.
Sweating sickness of Malwah. A violent
malignant cholera.
Sweet-flag. Acorus calamus.
Sweet marjoram. Origanum marjorana.
Sweet navew. Brassica rapa.
Sweet rush. Andropogon schamanthus.
Sweet sultan. The centaurea moschata.
Sweet willow. Myrica gale.
SWE'LLING. A morbid increase of any
part ; a tumor.
Swelling, white. See Hydarihrus.
SWIETE'NIA. (a.eej.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Monogynia. — S. febri'fuga. The
red dye-wood tree. The bark of this tree was
proposed as a substitute for cinchona, and ap-
pears to have some febrifuge power, though not
at all equal to that of the cinchona. The dose
is 3j. to 3j. — S. maha'goni. The mahogany
tree. The bark of the wood of this tree is of a
red color internally; has an astringent, bitter
taste ; and yields its active matter to water. It
has been proposed as a substitute for Peruvian
bark, and has been used as such. Dose, half a
drachm.
Swimming of the head. Vertigo.
Swine-pox. See Varicella.
Swoon. Syucope.
Sword-fish. Xiphias gladius.
Sword-shaped. Lanceolate and ensiform.
Sycamore. See Sycamore.
Syco'ma. See Sycosis.
SYCOMORE. (Sycomorus; from ovkov, a
fig, and fiupov, a mulberry.) The sycomore fig,
a native of Egypt. The white sap has been es-
teemed laxative and vulnerary.
Sycon. Syconus. A fruit like a fig.
SYCO'SIS. (is, is, f.) A cutaneous disease,
which consists of an eruption of inflamed, but
not very hard tubercles, occurring on the beard-
ed portion of the face (S. menti) and on the
scalp (S. capillitis) in adults, and usually clus-
tering together in irregular patches. The tu-
bercles are red and smooth, and of a conoidal
form, and nearly equal to a pea in magnitude.
Many of them continue in this condition for
three or four weeks, or even longer, having at-
tained their full size in seven or eight days ; but
others suppurate very slowly and partially, dis-
charging a small quantity of thick matter, by
which the hairs of the beard are matted to-
gether, so that shaving becomes impracticable,
from the tender and irregular surface of the
Bkin. There is also considerable itching.
The treatment consists at first of poultices
and fomentations, and after the inflammatory
SYM
stage, of the ointment of nitrate of mercury,
and other stimulating and desiccative ointments. .
The health is affected, and requires attention :
tonics are indicated.
Sylvius, digestive salt of. See Sal diges-
tion \m Sylvii.
SYMBLE'PHARUM. Symblepharosis.
(From aw, with, and fifaQapov, the eyelid.) A
concretion of the eyelid to the globe of the eye.
This chiefly happens in the superior, but very
rarely in the inferior lid. The causes of this
concretion are a bad conformation of the parts,
ulcers of the cornea, imprudent scarifications r
or burns, especially if the eye remains long
closed after the accident.
Symbolo'gica. A synonym of symptomatol-
ogy.
SYMBOLS, CHEMICAL. An abbreviated
mode of expressing the composition of bodies.
The substances, instead of being written at full
length, are indicated by the first and sometimes
second letter of their names. See Equiva-
lents.
SYMMETRY. (Symmetria, a, f. ; from aw,
with, and (lerpov, a measure. ) The correspond-
ence of parts in size and shape.
SYMMETRICAL. Endowed with sym-
metry. In Anatomy, organs are said to be sym-
metrical which are divided by the median line
of the body into halves, which resemble each
other more or less exactly.
Sympa'sma. See Catapasma.
SYMPATHETIC. Sympathetica. Relating
to sympathy.
Sympathetic ink. An ink or coloring matter
which becomes invisible in the cold, and colored
when heat or an appropriate agent is applied.
There are several, but the best is the chloride
of cobalt, which becomes green when warmed,
fades away when cold, and can be reproduced
a number of times.
Sympathetic nerve. See Intercostal nerve.
SYMPATHY. (Sympatki'a, ee, f. Zvfina-
Beta ; from aw, with, and naOoc, affection.)
That relation of the organs and parts of the liv-
ing body to each other, whereby an action ex-
cited in one part induces a corresponding action
in another part.
The sympathies may be arranged into tho
reflex and the direct ; the former arising through
the instrumentality of the brain and spinal
nerves; the latter taking place independently
of them, through the ganglionic nerves, and
chiefly those -which are distributed to the
blood-vessels, and which form communicating
cords between the viscera.
Sympho'resis. Congestion.
Symphyseo'tomy. Symphyso'tomy. The Si-
gaultian operation.
Symphy'sia. The union of parts properly
separate. — Breschet.
SY'MPHYSIS. (is, is, f. ; from av^vu, to
grow together.) A connection of bones by in-
tervening cartilage or other texture.
SY'MPHYTUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. Boragina-
ceee. — S. maculosum. Pulmonaria officinalis. —
S. minus. Prunella vulgnris. — S. officinale.
The comfrey. The* roots abound wiih a viscid
glutinous juice, whose virtues are similar to
623
SYN
those of the mallow. — S. petraum. Cons rnons-
peliensis.
Sympjloca'rpus fcetidus. The Dracontium
foetidum.
SYMPTOM. (Symptoma, ce, f. ; from ovfin-
rufia, a coincidence.) The sign of a disease,
consisting in some deviation from the natural
and healthy functions of the part.
Symptoma'tic. That which is a symptom
of an affection.
Symptomatom/gv. The study of the signs
of disease; diagnosis.
Symptomatolo'gist. One who treats the
symptoms of disease, instead of ascertaining
their causes.
Symptc/sis. Atrophy; emaciation.
SYN-. Sym. (From aw, with.) A com-
mon prefix of woi'ds derived from the Greek,
signifying union, adhesion, similarity, &c.
Syna'nchia. Asperula cynanchica.
Synaptase. The emulsion of black mustard.
SYNARTHROSIS, (is, is, f. ; from avvap-
dpou, to articulate.) That mode of connection
of bones in which they do not admit of motion
on each other. It has three species, viz., su-
ture, harmony, and gomphosis.
Synastomosis. Anastomosis.
Synca'rpous. When the carpels of a fruit
are united together.
SYNCHONDROSIS, (is, is, f.; from aw,
with, and x ov ^P°C> a cartilage.) A species of
symphysis, in which one bone is united with
another by means of an intervening cartilage.
Synchondroto'mia. The operation of divid-
ing the symphysis pubis.
Synchronous. Occurring in the same time.
Sy'nchysis. 1. A confusion of the humors
of the eye from injury or other cause. 2. A
dissolution of the vitreous humor. — Benedict.
SY'NCLONUS. (From aw, together, and
itkovoc, agitation.) A genus in Good's Nosolo-
gy, including diseases characterized by tremu-
lous and clonic agitation of the muscles, espe-
cially when excited by the will.
Synclonus balli'smus. The shaking palsy.
A disease of advanced life, consisting of a great
sense of weakness in the hands and arms, grad-
ually extending to the legs and muscles of the
neck, with trembling, and ultimately constant
and vehement agitation. In the last stages of
this affection, the urine and faeces are involun-
tarily discharged. The treatment is somewhat
indefinite, as it occurs in broken-down consti-
tutions, and especially drunkards. Frictions,
the hot bath, and counter-irritation along the
spine are most useful.
SY'NCOPE. (e, es, f. ; ovy/coirr/, from avy-
kotttu, to strike or cut down.) Fainting or
swooning. An affection in which the respira-
tion and action of the heart either cease, or be-
come much weaker than usual, with paleness
and coldness, arising from diminished energy
of the brain, or from organic affections of the
heart. The species are :
1. Syncope cardiaca, the cardiac syncope,
arising without a visible cause, and with violent
Sanitation of the heart during the intervals, and
epending generally on some organic affection
of the heart or neighboring vessels.
2. Syncope occasionaHs, the exciting cause
624
SYN
being manifest. The disease is sometimes pre
ceded by anxiety about the preecordia, a sense
of fullness ascending from the stomach toward
the head, vertigo, or confusion of ideas, dimness
of sight, and coldness of the extremities. The
attacks are frequently attended with, or end in
vomiting, and sometimes in epileptic or other
convulsions. The causes are sudden and violent
emotions of the mind, pungent or disagreeable
odors, derangement of the prima; visu, debility
from preceding disorders, loss of blood, spon-
taneous or artificial, the operation of paracen-
tesis, &c. An ordinary fainting-fit is a matter
of little importance, and occurs frequently in
persons who are in general perfectly healthy.
The actions of the system will generally be
spontaneously restored in a short time. This
is accelerated by the horizontal position, which
throws the blood on the brain, and thereby
stimulates it to resume its wonted functions.
Cold water sprinkled on the face or chest, and
the internal administration of gentle stimulants
as soon as the patient can swallow, may also be
resorted to. The more formidable kinds of syn-
cope, which arise from diseases of the heart or
great vessels, or from profuse hemorrhage, need
not be noticed here, as their consideration be-
longs to the particular case in connection with
which they occur.
Syncope angino'sa. Angina pectoris. —
Parry.
Syndesmoi.o'gv. A treatise on the ligaments.
Synde'smo-pharynge'us. The constrictor
pharyngis medius.
SYNDESMOSIS, (is, is, f. ; from avvdeafioc.
a ligament.) That species of symphysis in which
the bones are united by ligament.
SYNDE'SMUS. (us, i, m. Zwdea/ios ; from
awdeu, to bind together.) A ligament.
SYNECHI'A. (a, ce, f. Ivvexeia, continu-
ity.) A concretion of the iris with the cornea,
or with the capsule of the crystalline lens. The
remote causes are, a collapse of the cornea, a
prolapsus of the iris, a tumefied cataract, hypo-
pium, or original malformation,
SYNGENE'SIA. Syngenesions. (From aw,
together, and yeveaig, generation.) The name
of a class of plants in the sexual system of
Linnaeus,, consisting of plants in which the an-
thers are united into a tube, the filaments on
which they are supported being mostly separate
and distinct. The flowers are compound.
SYNIZE'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from owifr, con-
sido, to meet.) Closed pupil. A perfect con-
cretion of the pupil. It is known by the ab-
sence of the pupil, and a total loss of vision.
The species are : 1. Congenital. 2. Simple, the
pupil being closed or obliterated from a gradual
contraction, and, at length, coalition of the mus-
cular fibres of the iris, unattended by any other
change of the eye. 3. Accidental, from an in-
flammation or ulceration of the uvea or iris, or
from a defect of the aqueous or vitreous humor.
4. Complicated, or that which is complicated
with some other ocular disease. Medicines are
only serviceable in the simple species, in which
the tincture of belladonna often effects a cure ;
applications of stimulating solutions, as sulphate '
of zinc, dilute alcohol, ether, »r t > also useful.
When these are of no service, an artificial pupil
Birr
may bo made, either by excision, incision, or
separation, according to the appearance of the
closure.
Synxeuro'sis. Synonymous with Syndes-
mosis.
SY'NOCHA. (a, ee, f. ; from avvtxo, to con-
tinue.) Inflammatory fever.
SY'NOCHUS. {us, i, m. ; from avvexu, to
continue.) That form of fever which is con-
tinuous; and at first inflammatory, but which
becomes typhoid in its later stages. The fever
of small-pox, scarlet fever, are of this mixed
kind. The treatment in the early stages is an-
tiphlogistic, and in the later that which is ap-
propriate to typhus.
Synochus putris. Typhus gravior.
Synosteo'logy. A treatise on the joints.
Synosteotomy. Dissection of the joints.
SYNO'VIA. An unctuous and serous fluid
secreted from certain glands in the joint in
which it is contained. Its use is to lubricate
the cartilaginous surfaces of the articulator/
bones, and to facilitate their motions.
SYNOVJAL. Synovialis. Of, or belonging
to, the synovia, or the fluid of the joints.
Synovial glands. Glandules synoviales.
The fatty fimbriated structure, found within the
cavities of some joints.
Synovial membrane. The membrane which
lines the cavities of the joints, and secretes the
synovia.
Sy'ntasis. Tension.
Sy'ntaxis. Articulation.
SYNTENO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from avv, with,
and TEvuv, a tendon.) A species of articulation
where the bones are connected together by ten-
dons.
Synte'xis. A marasmus.
SY'NTHESIS. (is, is, f. ; from own%i, I
compose.) Combination.
Syntheti'smus. The reduction of a fracture.
Synulo'ticus. Conducive to the healing of
a wound.
Synyme'nsis. A junction by membrane.
SY'PHILIS. (From ouploc, filthy, or from
avv and tyiXeu, mutual love.) The venereal
disease; certain morbid changes produced in
various textures of the human body by the ac-
tion %{ a specific morbid poison. Some writers,
however, extend the meaning of the expression
further ; for they make it comprehend not only
syphilis, or the true venereal disease, but also
clap, or gonorrhaa, sores of different descrip-
tions on the genitals, and numerous effects or
accompaniments of the latter complaints.
Syphilis can not be propagated from individ-
ual to individual through the medium of the
breath, nor of the atmosphere, nor apparently
through the medium of any of the ordinary nat-
ural secretions. With the exception of what
may happen between a syphilitic pregnant fe-
male and the child in her womb, only one way
is positively known in which the disease can
be communicated, and that is through the me-
dium of the specific poison, blended at the time
of its application with pus, or some other mor-
bid secretion. Such infectious matter begins
its action by exciting inflammation, followed by
a pimple or pustule, which is gradually con-
verted into an ulcer. Of course, such ulcer is
SYP
almost always on the parts of generation; but
if a person accidentally prick himself with a
lancet infected with venereal matter, or if such
matter happen to come in contact with any
abraded part of the skin, syphilis may then
commence in other situations.
The symptoms of syphilis are divided into
primary and secondary : the primary consist
of various forms of ulceration on the genitals, or
other parts to which the venereal matter may
be applied, and specific inflammation of the
glands, called buboes; the secondary consist of
a variety of constitutional diseases.
Primary symptoms. — Primary venereal sores
are of several kinds. The most remarkable one
is that which was so well described by Mr.
Hunter, and is called, accordingly, the Hunterian
chancre. It is characterized by a tendency to
assume a circular form, by an excavated surface,
the tenacious and adherent quality of the matter
produced on it, and by its hard, cartilaginous
base and margin. It generally begins as a pim-
ple or minute vesicle, which enlarges, and soon
breaks and ulcerates. Generally speaking, ve-
nereal ulceration does not extend itself with
great rapidity ; neither is it the common char-
acter of the Hunterian chancre to make quick
progress. Nevertheless, exceptions to this state-
ment do occur, and these seem to depend on the
state of the health ; for when this is in an unfa-
vorable condition, or certain forms of constitu-
tional disturbance and irritability prevail, the
ulceration will spread with greater quickness
than usual. When the sore is situated on the
prepuce or the frsenum, there is usually more
inflammation present than when it is situated
on the glans. When the ulcer is on the glans,
it is less painful, but more disposed to give rise
to hemorrhage. What is termed phymosis is
an inflammation, a thickening, and a contraction
of the extremity of the prepuce, rendering it
impossible to draw it back so as to uncover the
glans : this case is less frequently a consequence .
of the Hunterian chancre than of some other
primary sores on the penis.
Another kind of primary sore is that which
is generally called the superficial ulcer with,
raised edges ; it is not accompanied by indura-
tion, but its margin is veiy high; it is often
seen on the outside of the prepuce ; and fre-
quently is not a single sore, but accompanied
by others of the same nature ; sometimes by
two, three, four, or more. In many instances,
we see them surrounding the orifice of the pre-
puce, producing a thickening of it and phymo-
sis, which may continue long after the cure of
the sores. They are frequently very obstinate,
and it may be long before any impression can
be made upon them, whether mercury be given
in full quantities, or merely in alterative doses.
After five or six weeks, they generally yield
to common treatment, to mild alterative plans,
namely, to small doses of mercury, aperient
medicines, and antimonials, and sometimes to
tonics, bark, sarsaparilla, and the mineral acids.
The black or yellow wash, and lotions of the
sulphate of copper or zinc, are the best appli-
cations.
Another description of primary sore is the
phagedenic, as it is termed, a corroding ulcer
695
S YP
without granulations, corresponding to the de-
scription of phagedenic sores in general. It is
destitute of any remarkable degree of surround-
ing induration, but its circumference is of a liv-
id red color. It is invariably rendered worse
by mercury, a fact as well established as any
thing yet made out, with regard to the treat-
ment of venereal complaints. In this form of
the disease, when the treatment is injudiciously
conducted, the whole of the penis will frequent-
ly be destroyed in a very short time. Some-
times considerable hemorrhage takes place, and
a useful hint is afforded by it ; for we common-
ly observe that, after loss of blood, the extension
of the ravages of the disease stops, or is sus-
pended for a time; and hence we may infer
that venesection will frequently be useful in
the early stages of the disease, a truth fully con-
firmed by experience.
Another primary sore is called the sloughing
ulcer. It appears first as a black spot, which
increases, and is thrown off, leaving exposed
to view a corroded or phagedenic surface. Af-
ter the slough has separated, an ulcer remains
of a painful character, with a dark blue or livid
crimson margin. In this manner the disease
will go on, alternately sloughing and ulcerating,
sometimes till nearly all the external parts of
generation are destroyed. It appears that any
sore may assume the phagedenic or sloughing
condition from the bad state of the constitution,
or from neglect or injudicious treatment.
The venereal poison, in its passage through
the inguinal glands, frequently gives rise to in-
flammation and enlargement of them, which, in
many instances, is followed by suppuration and
ulceration. The swelling, abscess, or sore thus
produced, is termed a bubo ; though, if the pa-
tient happened to have a primary venereal sore
on one of his fingers, he might have a bubo just
' above the elbow, near the inner edge of the
biceps, or in the axilla; so that a bubo does
. not always imply a disease in the groin. But
the poison of syphilis may make its way into
the system, without exciting any inflammation
in the absorbent glands of the groin, or other
region of the body.
Secondary Symptoms. — Previously to the oc-
currence of secondary symptoms, the constitution
• may generally be observed to be somewhat dis-
ordered; there is more or less fever present,
with accelerated pulse, headache, loss of appe-
tite, pains in the limbs, and inability to sleep.
Indeed, almost all patients are particularly rest-
less for two or three days before the appear-
ance of any secondary symptoms ; that is, before
they complain of a sore throat, or perceive any
traces of cutaneous disease about them. Ac-
cording to the Huiiteriau doctrines, when sec-
ondary symptoms take place, they are more
disposed to occur in some parts of the body
than in others. On this account, Mr. Hunter
divides the parts affected into two orders: the
first order consisting of those in which the sec-
ondary symptoms usually first show themselves,
namely, the throat and skin, with which parts
the iris is also to bo arrauged;- the second, in-
cluding parts *u which the disease produces its
influence at a later period, as the periosteum
and the bones, to which may be added the
626
SY P
nose, in which ulceration of the mucous mem-
brane, the ozoena syphilitica, with or without
disease of the bones, is very common: in the
second order of parts are likewise to be inclu-
ded the ear and the testicle, to which organs,
however, the effects of syphilis less frequently
extend than to the other parts here specified.
It is generally considered that the interval be-
tween the primary and the secondary symp-
toms is on an average from six to twelve weeks;
but it may extend to several months, or, ac-
cording to some reports, to one or two years.
The earliest secondary symptoms generally
commence within three months from the cure
of the primary sore ; but they may come on
much more quickly, or even before the prima-
ry sore is healed. Almost every surgeon has
had opportunities of seeing cases in which there
were at the same time an uncured chancre, an
unhealed bubo, a sore throat, an iritis, and so
forth, all existing together.
The cutaneous eruption presents considerable
varieties. One form of syphilitic eruption is
characterized by being scaly, and of a copper
or reddish-brown color; small coppeV-colored
spots first showing themselves, and the cuticle
then peeling off. Some of these blotches con-
join, so as to form extensive patches ; but others
of the same color, and decidedly syphilitic, are,
on account of their diminutive size and partic-
ular figure, sometimes termed the lenticular
syphilitic lepra. If the disease advance further,
scabs will form, suppuration will take place
under them, and the result be a secondary ve-
nereal ulcer, which, when thus produced, affects
principally such parts of the skin as are in con-
tact with other portions of the cutis, like the fold
of the nates, the angle between the scrotum and
thigh, or in the armpit. In these situations the
eruption has a raised surface, from which a
whitish matter frequently oozes. These cop-
per-colored scaly blotches generally first appear
on the face, hands, and wrist, and afterward on
the breast and extremities, where they are par-
ticularly numerous, and assume the form of le-
pra or psoriasis. There is another circumstance
deserving of attention, namely, when the palm
of the hand or the sole of the foot, where the
cuticle is very thick, is affected, an appearance
is produced, constituting what is often termed
the syphilitic lepra, and psoriasis of the hands
and feet. There are four forms of cutaneous
eruption : The first of these is the scaly, which
often corresponds to the Hunterian chancre, and
is in the form either of psoriasis or lepra. The
second is the papular, so called from the char-
acter of its eruption, which consists of inflamed
pimples, and may follow gonorrhoea, aud what
some surgeons call the gonorrheal -ulcer of the
prepuce and corona glandis. The third is
named the tubercular, as being attended with
an eruption of this character; and the fourth is
the pustular variety, so called also from the ap-
pearance of the cutaneous affection. The pro-
jecting incrustations, which are conical, or in
the form of limpet-shells, constitute the appear-
ance known by the name of the venereal rupia,
which may follow an eruption originally either
tubercular or pustular. One important fact to
be remembered is, that papular and pustular
gyp
eruptions, when they have reached a certain
stage, may be attended with a scaly appearance,
which is, therefore, not exclusively the feature
of lepra and psoriasis. This circumstance may,
perhaps, explain some cases in which the erup-
tion seems to consist of scaly spots, and pustules
and pimples, more or les3 mixed together.
Secondary venereal •ulceration of the skin is
often preceded by an eruption, some part of
which, after repeated desquamation and scab-
bing, is converted into sores; but, in other in-
stances, chronic inflammation takes place, inde-
pendently of any eruption, and ulceration fol-
lows ; and occasionally inflammation, suppura-
tion, and secondary venereal ulceration will
occur over nodes. Secondary venereal ulcers
have not any regular and constant appearance ;
they are frequently of a round shape, more or
less chronic, and with an irregular, foul, ash-
colored surface ; while others evince the pecu-
liarity of healing in the centre and extending at
the circumference, the unhealed part being of a
tawny color, with sharp edges and a foul bot-
tom.
Besides these secondary symptoms presenting
themselves as affections of the skin, we must not
omit to specify the ragged, ulcerated fissures
and clefts seen on the nates, or about the anus
(rhagades ani), and especially in the fold at the
lower part of the nates, and between the peri-
neum and the thigh, or sometimes even about the
roots of the finger nails. In the latter event
matter forms under the na.il, which becomes
detached, and the discharge is remarkable for
its strong, fetid, and peculiarly disagreeable
smell. Such is the venereal whitlow, as it is
sometimes named.
Some excrescences in venereal patients, taking
place especially about the genitals, perineum,
and anus, receive different names, according to
their various shape and consistence ; aa warts,
condylomata, fici, &c. They are frequently ac-
companied with ulceration, or purulent dis-
charge from the urethra or vagina; and they
often grow from parts which have been ulcer-
ated, though now healed. These are effectually
removed by the knife or scissors.
Ode of the most common secondary symptoms
is ulceration of the fauces, tonsils, and soft palate —
in other words, a sore throat. What has gen-
erally been considered as the most unequivocal
specimen of syphilitic ulceration of the throat,
is remarked to come on without much previous
inflammation, to begin on the surface of the part
affected, and to extend more and more deeply ;
so that, when situated on the tonsils, an appear-
ance is produced as if a portion of them had
been scooped away. The sore has a sharp,
prominent margin, and its excavated surface is
covered with yellow, adhesive matter, that can
not readily be separated from it.
Besides this description of sore throat, there
is another, consisting in superficial, but foul and
wide-spreading ulcerations of the tonsils, velum
pendilum palati, and upper portion of the
pharynx, accompanied by considerable pain,
restlessness, and fever. On account of its ap-
pearance, it is frequently called the ulcerous ex-
coriation of the throat.
In certain other cases, the ulcers of the throat
SYP
have a phagedenic character, and are disposed,
under improper treatment, to destroy the whole
of the soft palate, and to extend their ravages to
the pharynx, and even sometimes to the larynx,
causing destruction of its cartilages, and endan-
gering life. With this form of sore throat, when
the constitution is in an unfavorable state from
the injudicious use of mercury, there is a ten-
dency to the production of caries and necrosis
in the bones of the palate, and even in the up-
per jaw bone and the ossa spongiosa ; but if
the disease be properly treated, and the em-
ployment of too great a quantity of mercury be
avoided, the patient will generally escape the
serious mischief to which I have alluded.
One species of iritis, or inflammation of the
iris, is an affection ranking as a secondary symp-
tom of syphilis. After the appearance of dis-
ease of the skin, or sore throat, the iris some-
times inflames: this affection, which may fol-
low, or accompany, various kinds of syphilitic
eruptions, and is usually attended with pains in
the limbs and joints, is noticed in the article
Ophthalmitis.
With regard to venereal affections of the bones
and joints, if the swelling has come on sudden-
ly, seems to be chiefly seated in the periosteum,
and the pain is not remarkably aggravated at
night, we may generally conclude that it is not
a venereal affection. True syphilitic nodes are
mono indolent in their progress than the swell-
ings just referred to ; and the pain of them is
always more severe at night than in the day.
They are particularly disposed to occur on the
central portions of the long cylindrical bones,
and on such parts of the bones as are not cover-
ed by any great thickness of soft parts. Hence,
the front surface of the tibia, the superficial part
of the ulna, the sternum, the clavicle, and the
cranium, are often the seat of nodes.
There is one curious circumstance in relation
to nodes, namely, they are alleged to be rarely
produced in syphilis, unless the patient has
been using mercury; but in this, as in other
cases of venereal diseases of the bones, it is
probably the imprudent and excessive use of
mercury that gives rise to them.
Treatment of Syphilis. — Till of late years a
very pernicious notion prevailed with respect
to syphilis, namely, that it never underwent a
spontaneous cure, but proceeded to destroy one
texture after another till the patient fell a victim
to its fury. 11113 belief, in connection with the
absolute reliance on the specific and exclusive
powers of mercury, frequently gave rise to a
most destructive line of practice. But it has
been conclusively proved that it may be cured
without mercury, and, indeed, that it may be
cured without any lemrdies.
Taking for granted what is now established
beyond doubt, that syphilis is fu ceptible of
cure by the natural efforts of the cotistitution,
when vigorous, and exercised under favorable
circumstances, and susceptible also of the in-
fluence of remedies quite independently of any
specific effect, it becomes obvious that the dis-
ease should be treated, in a great measure, on
geueral principles, the application of which
must depend on the judgment of the practi-
tioner in each individual case. The following
627
S Y P
general account of the mercurial treatment is
taken from the excellent chapter on syphilia in
Mr. S. Cooper's First Lines of the Practice of
Surgery, the source from which the greater
part of the present article is derived.
Whenever mercury is given, the wisest plan
is to give it in moderation, and, above all things,
to avoid the pernicious custom of putting the
patient under a course, in which the mercury
is given rapidly and profusely, and continued
for an immoderate length of time. Experience
has fully convinced me, that in no variety of
chancre, nor in any other stage of the venereal
disease, is it proper to give mercury so unmer-
cifully, and for so long a period as was former-
ly done. At all events, violent and long saliva-
tions should be given up. This practice, as
Mr. Cooper can state from his own observation
in the foul wards of St. Bartholomew's Hospi-
tal, during a period of twelve years, instead of
being more successful than the present meth-
ods, often led to the most dreadful mutilations,
and the number of those who lost their palates
and noses was infinitely greater than what is
now observed. When mercury is given, it is
to be so administered as merely to produce a
moderate affection of the gums and salivary
glands, and not to occasion a total derangement
of the whole economy. When the patient's
health is seriously impaired, as a general rule,
mercury should be postponed till an amelipra-
tion in that respect has taken place. Even
those practitioners who place tho greatest re-
liance on mercury as a specific, aud still main-
tain that it ought to be called so, qualify their
assertions by admitting that it ought not to be
given under every condition of tho system;
they candidly allow that neither the condition
of the parts, nor that of the constitution, is at all
times such as will let mercury be given with
impunity ; they confess that its rash and un-
scientific employment will aggravate the symp-
toms ; and they specify two cases in which its
use is generally erroneous, namely, during ex-
cessive weakness of the system, and while the
disease is complicated with excessive inflam-
mation. But these are not the only states in
which it should usually be prohibited: it should
not be given during any great derangement of
the system from diarrhoea, or fever, or from
what is termed erethrismus, a peculiar state of
constitution, in which the patient labors under
excessive irritability, weakness, palpitation of
the heart, and other evils from the mercury al-
ready given. There are some constitutions in
which this condition is liable also to be induced
by a very slight quantity of mercury, and when
it is present, the patient may die suddenly on
making any trivial exertion.
Mercury is used either topically, that is, as a
i direct application to sores, nodes, and other lo-
cal affections, or constitutionally, being intro-
duced into the system either through the me-
dium of the stomach or the skin.
Among topical mercurial preparations, the
black wash is in very common use for venereal
sores, both primary and secondary. It should
vary in strength according to circumstances.
With regard to the manner of using it : if the
*ore or sores are on the outside of the prepuce,
628
S YP
a piece of lint is dipped in tho lotion and ap»
plied to them ; but if the sores are under tho
prepuce, the introduction of lint into that situa-
tion would create too much irritation, and the
lotion may therefore be occasionally injected
under the prepuce with a small syringe. The
yellow wash, used in the same manner, contains
two grains of corrosive chloride of mercury in
each ounce of lime water. In general, mer-
curial ointments are not very good applications
for venereal sores of any description; certainly
they are not equal, in point of efficacy, to many
other applications. Sometimes, however, the
unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, blended with
the unguentum cetaceum, or with zinc oint
ment, in various proportions, may be usefully
employed. Another manner of using mercury
topically is that of fumigation. Mr. S. Cooper
has seen sore throats, chancres, and other ul-
cerations, which had resisted for weeks and
months every plan that could be devised, as-
sume a healthy appearance, and heal up rapid-
ly, after fumigation had been tried a few times.
With respect to the introduction of mercury
into the system from the surface of the body,
this can be accomplished either by rubbing
mercurial ointment into the skin, or by mer-
curial fumigation of an extensive portion of the
surface of the body. Friction with the mer-
curial ointment, the ordinary method, aud most
generally adopted, as requiring no machine for
the purpose, is practiced by the patient him-
self, who rubs some part of his body, which is
frequently tho inside of the thigh, for a quarter
of an hour or twenty minutes before the fire,
sometimes once a day and sometimes twice,
with half a drachm or a drachm of the oint-
ment. This practice has been, however, in a
great measure, diminished. In certain cases, we
are indeed obliged to direct mercurial frictions,
as when the stomach and bowels will not bear
even a small quantity of mercury, which occa-
sionally happens, or when it is necessary to re-
sort to more plans than one, in order to bring
the system under the influence of the mineral.
Under these, and perhaps a few other circum-
stances, we may be called upon to prescribe
frictions, as well as internal preparations.
Fumigating the surface of the body is not at
present deemed so necessary and eligible a
method of putting a patient under the influenco
of mercury as some of its admirers once en-
deavored to instill into the minds of the profes-
sion. It is attended with considerable trouble
and inconvenience ; it requires a particular
machine, somewhat resembling a sedan chair,
in which the patient sits naked, with his head
out of an opening at the top of it. At the bot-
tom of the machine is an iron heater, on which
a preparation of mercury is thrown, which is
sublimed, and covers all the surface of the pa-
tient's body. The preparation of mercury em-
ployed for this purpose is the gray oxide.
Of the internal preparations, the pilula hy-
drargyri, or common blue pill, has the greatest
reputation ; it is one of the mildest of ali the in-
ternal preparations ; the common dose of it is
five grains ; but frequently we are called upon
to give a larger dose, and sometimes a smaller;
from three to ten grains may be stated to bo
SYP
the ordinary average quantity proper to be
iven iu the twenty-four hours. We may join
it with other medicines, according to circum-
stances, as with the sulphate of quinine, the ex-
tract of conium, and various other medicines.
We often combine the blue pill with a small
auantity of opium, in order to lessen its ten-
ency to affect the bowels.
Calomel is not so extensively employed for
the cure of syphilitic complaints. The corrosive
chloride of mercury, or corrosive sublimate, in
the dose of one eighth of a grain twice or
thrice a day, or other preparations of mercury,
are sometimes employed. It is customary to
use with the mercury the compound decoction
of sarsaparilla, or decoction of mezereon, cin-
chona, and other bodies. The iodide of potas-
sium has also received much commendation in
the treatment of nodes and secondary symp-
toms. Besides the use of mercury and sarsa-
parilla, the steps of the treatment are based on
general principles, and not peculiar to this dis-
ease.
One caution is necessary in the employment
of mercury, namely, to watch its effects very
attentively, for it will act differently iu differ-
ent individuals. Some will be violently saliva-
ted by a few grains of blue pill, or a scruple of
blue ointment, while others will use from one
to three drachms of it daily for months together,
with no manifest effect on the function of the
salivary glands, bowels, or other organs. The
doses of mercurial preparations must then bo
regulated by circumstances ; indeed, it is wholly
impossible to give any precise rules on this
head, on account of the different effects of the
mineral on different individuals. The safest
plan is always to begin with small quantities of
mercury, watching the effects of the medicine,
and being guided by them, and stopping it
when the salivation increases, or erethrism. &.c,
occur.
Syphilis indica. Frambcusia.
SY'PHILOID. (Syphiloidcs ; from syphilis,
and eidoc, resemblance.) Syphilis pseudo-syph-
ilis. Like syphilis. The name of a disease
which resembles syphilis. There are many
diseases which have a close resemblance to tho
venereal in its primary and constitutional forms :
these have all been called syphiloid. Tho prin-
cipal of this family of diseases is the pseudo-
syphilis, or bastard pox, of Hunter and Aber-
nethy.
It mostly commences with local symptoms,
though not always; but the local symptoms have
a less resemblance to those of genuine syphilis
than the constitutional by which they are suc-
ceeded. A few foul and highly irritable sores
are unexpectedly discovered on the genitals,
commonly larger than chancres, and less thick-
ened than indurated, about the size of a half
dime, and frequently sprouting with fungous
granulations. Rarely, but very rarely, they
have the appearance of a true chancre. (These
are sometimes succeeded by buboes, and some-
times not; and, where buboes take the lead,
they run their course more rapidly, and with
more inflammation, thaii in the true disease,
SYR
means without mercury, or constitutional symp-
toms of any kind ; but not unfrequently, in a
few weeks or months, they are followed by a
soreness and ulceration of the tonsils, copper-
colored spots over the body, and nodes or
swellings of the periosteum in various bones ;
and sometimes these symptoms change their
order of succession, or appear single.
In a few instances, the constitutional symp-
toms take the lead, and the local follow. In
all these cases, the virus seems to be more active
and irritating than that of genuine syphilis ; but
which, while it pursues, though with much ir-
regularity, the same general path, runs through
its course much quicker, and is more effectually
coped with by the natural strength, or remedial
effort of the constitution. These affections re-
quire tonics and gentle stimulants, being vari-
eties of cachexy.
Syri* oleum. A fragrant essential oil, dis-
tilled from the Canary balsam plant, or Molda-
vica.
Syrianherii mastich. Teucrium mastichi-
na.
SYRI'GMUS. (2vpty/j.oc ; frpm ovpife, to
make a sound by blowing through a pipe.)
This term has been applied to ringing in the
ears. See Tinnitus aurium.
Sy'ringa vulgaris. The common lilac. Its
seeds are used in France as a tonic and febrifuge.
Syringo'tomum. A knife to cut fistulas.
SY'RINX. (x, gis, f. Svptyf, from the He-
brow.) A pipe. A syringe. A fistula.
Syrmai'smus. A gentle evacuation by vomit
or stool. — Hippocrates.
SYROP. The French for a syrup.
Syrop he capillaire. Syrupus capillorum
veneris. Syrup of capillaire. A syrup much
used in France as a pectoral. It is made with
maidenhair, liquorice water, and sugar.
Syrup. See Syrupus.
Syrup, hive. (U.S.) Syrupus scillre com-
posite.
SYR U' PUS. {us, i, m. Serab, a potion,
Arabic.) The name syrup is given to sugar
dissolved in water. The French are very fond
of syrups, and make great numbers by sweet-
ening infusions of various substances; but the
form is rather objectionable from the occurrence
of fermentation, and the nauseous taste of many
of the compounds.
Syrups are generally made with the juice of
vegetables or fruits, or by adding vegetable ex-
tracts, decoctions, or infusions, or other substan-
ces. To keep syrups without fermenting, it is
necessary that their temperature should t>e at-
tended to, and kept as near 55° as possible A
good cellar will answer this purpose. They
should have the sp. gr. of 1*8 19 when cold, un-
less otherwise directed.
Syrupus. (U. S.) S. simplex. Simple
syrup. Take of refined sugar, ibiiss. ; water,
Oj. Dissolve with a gentle heat, removing any
scum, and strain while hot.
Syrupus aceti. (Ph. E.) Sugar and vine-
gar. A refrigerating syrup. See Oxymel.
Syrupus allii. (U. S.) Syrup of garlic.
Take of fresh garlic, sliced, § vj. ; distilled vin-
vi.;
and spread to a greater number of circumja- egar, Oj. ; sugar, Ibij. Digest the garlic in Vin-
cent glands. These often heal bv the ordinary egar four days; express; allow it to become
629
SYR
clear, and make a syrup with the clear liquor.
A stimulating expectorant, used in the coughs of
children. Dose, f. 3J., for a child of one year.
Syrupus ai.thjr'x. (Ph. L.) Syrup of
marshmallow. Take of the fresh root of marsh-
mallow, bruised, f viij. ; refined sugar, Ibiiss. ;
water, Oiv. Boil down the water with the
marshmallow root to half, and press. Set it by
for twenty-four hours to subside ; then pour off"
the clear liquor, add the sugar, and boil down.
An emollient and demulcent, given in coughs,
hoarseness, &c. Dose, f. 3J. to 5SS.
Syrupus amygda'm. (U. S.) S. amygda-
I arum. Syrup of almonds. Syrup of orgeat.
Take of sweet almonds, blanched, Ibj. ; bitter
almonds, blanched, §iv. ; water, Oiij. ; sugar,
Ibvj. Rub up the almonds with fiij. of the wa-
ter and Ibj. of sugar, into a paste. Mix with
the rest of the water; strain with strong ex-
pression; add the sugar to the fluid, and make
a syrup. Demulcent, slightly sedative; used
in coughs and as a drink. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 31J.
Syrupus antiscorbu'ticus. S. armoracim
composltus. A French syrup of horseradish,
buckbean, water cresses, and bitter orange,
with wine ancf cinnamon.
Syrupus aromaticus. S. dc artcmisia com-
posiltts. A French syrup of artemisia and twelve
aromatic herbs and seeds. Tonic.
Syrupus aura'ntu corticis. (U.S.) S.au-
rdnlii. Syrup of orange peel. Take of fresh
orange peel, jij.; boiling water, Oj.; refined
sugar, Ibiiss. Macerate the orange peel in the
water for twelve hours in a covered vessel ; then
pour off the liquor, and add the sugar. A pleas-
ant bitter ana stomachic, used to flavor mix-
tures.
Syrupus caryophy'i.li huiuu. (Ph. E.)
Syrup of clove pinks. Aromatic.
Syrupus co'j.chici. (Ph. E.) Syrup of
colchicum, or meadow saffron. Take of tho
fresh roots of colchicum, sliced, 5j. ; vinegar,
f. fxyj. ; refined sugar, sxxvj. Macerate with
tho vinegar two days, shaking occasionally;
strain, with gentle expression; add the sugar
to the liquid, and make a syrup. Diuretic and
antiarthritic. Dose, f. 3J. to f. §ss.
Syrupus croci. (Ph. L. & E.) Syrup of
saffron. Take of saffron, 3x. ; boiling water,
Oj.; refined sugar, ibiij. Macerate the saffron;
strain, and add the sugar. This imparts a beau-
tiful color to liquids, and is sometimes employ-
ed as a cordial.
Syrupus t>e kin a kin a cum vino. A French
syrup made with infusion or extract of cincho-
na, with wine.
Syrupus de mercurio. 8. hy&rargyri. A
French blue pill, made with gum and syrup.
Dose, gr. iij. to gr. viij.
Syrupus domksticus. Syrupus rhamni.
Syrupus empykeumaticus. Molasses. Trea-
cle.
Syrupus ferri iouisi. Swap of iodide of
iron. According to the Ph. E., take of dry
iodine, 200 grs. ; fine iron wire, cleaned, 100
grs. ; white sugar, powdered, f ivss. ; distilled
water, f. Jvj. Boil the iodine, iron, and water
in a glass matrass until f. gij. of fluid remain.
Filter, while hot, into a matrass containing the
sugar ; make a syrup, adding water to make up
630
SYR
f. f vj. Twelve minims contain one grain of io-
dide. It is a convenient means of administering
the iodide, and keeps better than the solution.
Syrupus ferri sesquini'tratis. A solution
of sesquinitrate (pernitrate) of iron in syrup.
Useful in obstinate chronic diarrhoeas.
Syrupus ipecacua'nha:. (U.S.) Syrup of
ipecacuanha. Take of ipecacuanha, in coarse
powder, jj. ; dilute alcohol, Oj. ; syrup, Oij.
Make a tincture; in fourteen days filter; evap-
orate to f. 5ij. ; filter again ; then add the syrup,
and evaporate to a proper consistence. This
may bo made by displacement. Emetic and
expectorant. Emetic dose for a child of one
year, f. 3J. to f. 3y-
Syrupus krame'ri^:. (U. S.) Syrup of
rhatany. Take of extract of rhatany, ^ij. ; wa-
ter, Oj. ; sugar, Ibiiss. Dissolve the extract,
and make a syrup. Astringent. Dose, for a
child of one year, f. 3J.
Syrupus i.imo'nis. (U. S.) S. limonum. S.
sued limonis. Syrup of lemon. Take of lemon
juice, strained, Oj. ; refined sugar, Ibij. Dis-
solve, and make a syrup. A very pleasant,
cooling, and acid syrup, which may be exhibit-
ed with advantage in febrile and bilious affec-
tions, in drinks.
Syrupus mori. (Ph. L.) Syrup of mulberry.
S. mororum. Take of mulberry juice, strained,
Oj. ; refined sugar, Ibiiss. Dissolve, and make
a syrup. Aperient and demulcent. May be
given in fever drinks.
Syrupus papa'veris. (Ph. L.) S. papaveris
albi. S. e meconio. S. de meconio, give diacodium.
Syrup of poppies. Take of the prepared cap-
sules of white poppy, Ibiij. ; refined sugar, ibv. ;
boiling water, Cv. Boil down the capsules in
the water to two gallons, and press out the liquor
strongly. Boil down the liquor again, after be-
ing strained, to four pints, and strain it while
hot. Set it by for twelve hours to clear; boil
down the clear liquor to two pints, then add
the sugar, and dissolve. A useful anodyne prep-
aration. Dose, for an adult, f. 31J. to f. 3iv.
Syrupus tapaveris erratici. Syrupus
rhceados.
Syrupus rhamni. (Ph. L.) Syrup of buck-
thorn. Take of the fresh juice of buckthorn
berries, Oiv. ; ginger root, sliced, allspice, pow-
dered, 3vj. ; refined sugar, Ibiv. Set by the
juice for three days, that the feculencies may
subside, and strain. To a pint of the clear juice
add the ginger and allspice ; then macerate at
a gentle heat four hours, and strain ; boil down
what remains to one pint and a half; mix the
liquors, add the sugar, and dissolve. Cathartic.
Dose, f. fss. to f. 5j.
Syrupus rhei. (U.S.) Syrup of rhubarb.
Take of rhubarb, bruised, §ij. ; boiling water,
Oj.; sugar, Ibij. Macerate the rhubarb in wa-
ter twenty-four hours; strain, and make the
syrup. Laxative. Dose, for a child of one
year,f. 3J. to f. 3«j-
Syrupus rhei aroma'ticus. (U. S.) Aro-
matic syrup of rhubarb. Take of rhubarb,
bruised, giiss. ; cloves and cinnamon, bruised,
each, fss. ; nutmegs, bruised, 313- ; dilute alco-
hol, Oij.; syrup, Ovj. Make a tincture; in
fourteen days strain, and evaporate to Oj., and
mix in the syrup previously warmed. It may
8 YR
be made by displacement, and is a carminative
laxative. Dose, for a child of one year, f. 3J-?
for an adult, f. fss. to f. ?j.
Syrupus khk'ados. (rh. L.) Syrup of
red poppy. Take of red poppy petals, fresh,
ftj. ; boiling water, Oj.; refined sugar, Ibiiss.
Having heated the water in a water bath, add
gradually the red poppy petals, frequently stir-
ring them ; then remove the vessel, and macer-
ate for twelve hours ; next press out the liquor,
and set it by to settle ; lastly, add the sugar, and
dissolve. This is used merely as a coloring
matter.
Syrupus ribis nigri. Syrup of black cur-
rants. Aperient and diuretic qualities are at-
tributed to this preparation.
Syrupus rosjE. (Ph. L.) S.roscecentifolice.
Syrup of roses. S. rosarum solutivus. S. e
rosis siccis. Take of damask rose petals, dried,
fvij. ; refined sugar, Ibvj. ; boiling water, Oiij.
Macerate the rose petals in the water for twelve
hours, and strain ; then corporate the strained
liquor, by means of a water bath, to two pints ;
then add the sugar, and dissolve. A useful lax-
ative for children.' Dose, from 3J. to § ss.
Syrupus rosje ga'llics. (Ph. E.) Syrup
of red roses. Take of dried red rose petals,
jij. boiling water, Oj.; pure sugar, 5 xx. Make
an infusion ; strain ; and, adding the sugar, boil
to a syrup. Slightly astringent ; used as a col-
oring matter.
Syrupus rubiidjEi. Syrup of raspberry. A
pleasant aperient syrup for children.
Syrupus rutje. Syrup of rue. Made by
adding ten drops of oil of rue to a pint of syrup,
and used by some nurses as a carminative for
children.
Syrupus sarsapari'll.e compositus. (U.
S.) Compound syrup of sarsaparilla. Take
of sarsaparilla, bruised, Ibij. ; guaiacum wood,
rasped, giij.; damask rose petals, senna, liquorice
root, bruised, each, §ij. ; oil of sassafras, oil of
anise, each, HI v. ; oil of gaultheria, filiij. ; dilute
alcohol, Ox. ; sugar, Jbvhj. Macerate the roots,
wood, and leaves in the alcohol fourteen days ;
express, and filter. Evaporate the tincture to
Oiv. ; filter, and make a syrup ; to which add,
by trituration, the oils. The last edition of the
U. S. Pharmacopoeia also directs this prepara-
tion to be made with water instead of alcohol,
and by displacement. The roots, &c, are to be
macerated with Oiij. of water for twenty-four
hours ; transferred to a displacement apparatus,
and a gallon of liquid drawn off. This is to be
evaporated, &c, according to the above. Al-
terative. Dose, f.^j. or more, three or four
times a day. W
This is an imitation of the Syrupus de sarsa-
parilla el senna, or Syrop de cuisinier of the
French.
Syrupus sarzjc. (Ph. L. & E.) S. sar-
saparilla. Syrup of sarsaparilla. Take of the
sliced root of sarsaparilla, fxv. ; boiling water,
Oj. ; sugar, ?xv. Macerate the root in the wa-
ter for twenty-four hours; then boil down to
four pints, and strain the liquor while hot ; then
add the sugar, and evaporate to a proper con-
sistence. It is used chiefly as an adjunct to the
decoction.
SYS
Syrupus scillje. (U.S.) Syrup of squill.
Take of vinegar of squill, Oj.; sugar, flrij. Make
a syrup. Expectorant, &c. Dose, f. 3J. to
f- 3ij-
Syrupus sciLLiE compo'situs. (U.S.) Com-
pound syrup of squill. Take of squill root,
bruised, senega root, bruised, each, f iv. ; emet-
ic tartar, gr. xlviij.; water, Oiv.; sugar. Ibiijas.
Make a decoction of the roots and warer ; add
the sugar to the strained liquor; evaporate to
Oiij. of syrup, and add the tartar emetic while
warm. Useful in dry coughs, croup. It is ex-
pectorant or emetic, according to the dose.
For an adult, f. 3ss. is expectorant.
Syrupus sene'ce. (U. S.) Syrup of sene-
ga. Take of senega root, bruised, §iv. ; wa-
ter, Oj. ; sugar, ftj. Make a decoction, boil to
one half, strain, and make the syrup. It may
be made by displacement. An expectorant.
Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3ij.
Syrupus senn.e. (U. S.) Syrup of senna.
Take of senna leaves, § ij. ; fennel seed, bruised,
fj. ; refined sugar, ?xv. ; water, boiling, Oj.
Macerate the senna leaves and fennel seeds in
the water for an hour, with a gentle heat;
strain the liquor, and make a syrup. A useful
purgative for children. Dose, for a child, f.
3J. ; for an adult, f. |j., or more.
Syrupus simplex. Syrup; syrupus.
Syrupus toluta'ni. Syrup of Tolu. Take
of tincture of Tolu, f. §j.;' syrup, Oiss. Mix,
and evaporate to a proper consistence. A use-
ful balsamic syrup, calculated to allay coughs
and hoarsenesses.
Syrupus vi'olje. (Ph. E.) Syrup of violet
flowers. A mild laxative for young children.
Syrupus zingi'beris. (U.S.) Syrup of gin-
ger. Take of tincture of ginger, f. ?iv. ; syrup,
Cj. Mix, and evaporate to a proper consist-
ence. A carminative and stomachic syrup.
Dose, f. sj. to siij.
SYSPA'SIA. (a, a:, f. ; from ovairau, con*
traho, convello.) A spasm.
SYSSARCO'SIS. (is, is, f. ; from aw, and
cap!;, flesh.) A species of union of bones, in
which one bone is united to another by means
of an intervening muscle. In this manner the
os hyoides is connected with the sternum and
other parts.
SYSTA'TIC. Systaticus. (From awiaTjjfu,
I associate.) Applied by Dr. Good to designate
nervous diseases which affect several, or all, the
sensorial powers simultaneously.
SYSTEM. Systcma. (From aw, with, and
iaT7)(ii, I place.) 1. An association of organs
or parts destined to carry out some purpose ;
as the human system, the solar system. 2. A
methodical classification of objects or ideas.
System, absorbent. See Absorbent and Lym-
phatic.
System, genital. See Generation, organs of .
System, nervous. See Nerve.
System, vascular. The arteries and veins.
Systemic circulation. The circulation
throughout the body, as distinguished from that
through the lungs, or the pulmonic circulation.
S Y ' S T O L E. (c, es, f. ; from avareXlu, to
contract.) The contraction of the heart.
Systre'mma. The cramp.
631
TAB
T AL
T.
JL BANDAGE. A bandage so named from
its figure. It is principally used for supporting
the dressings, after the operation for fistula in
ano : also, in diseases of the perineum, and those
of the groin, anus, &c.
Ta. The symbol of columbium.
Taba'cum. Tobacco. See Nicotiana.
Tabasheer. The silica found in the hollow
stem of the bamboo.
TABB'LLA. (a, a, f. ; diminutive of tabula,
a table.) A lozenge. See Trochiscus.
TA'BES. (cs, is, f. ; from the Hebrew 3Nn ,
tab, to pine away or consume.) A wasting of
the body, characterized by emaciation, weak-
ness, and fever, but without any cough or spit-
ting. The distinction of modern nosologists
between atrophy and tabes is, that the latter
is accompanied by fever, while atrophy is
not.
Tabes mesenterica. T. scrofulosa. T.
glandularis. This consists of a scrofulous affec-
tion of the mesenteric glands, which are the
seat of a tubercular deposit. The disease is
connected with a morbid condition of one or
more of the organs of nutrition, including those
of digestion and assimilation, and is uniformly
accompanied with emaciation, irritability, and
some degree of hectic fever.
Scrofulous tabes begins with languor and
want of appetite, pain in the back and loins,
fullness, and, as the disease advances, pain and
tenderness of the abdomen. The belly is en-
larged, while the limbs are in a state of atro-
phy. These symptoms arc accompanied or
succeeded by a chalky appearance, and want
of consistency in the alvine evacuations, as if
the chyle wore rejected by the absorbents, and
left in the state of a milky fluid in the intes-
tines, and the functions of the liver were at the
same time impaired, the natural tinge of the
bile being wanting. The evacuations are also
sometimes mixed with mucus and blood, and
are attended by pain, irritation, and tenesmus,
somewhat resembling those which occur in a
mild dysentery. Occasionally, also, there are
symptoms of dropsy, and especially ascites.
The appetite, in some cases, becomes ravenous,
and worms are sometimes found in the faces.
The treatment of this species of tabes is sim-
ilar in every respect to that of the other forms
of scrofula. Very small doses of the gray oxide
of mercury, or blue pill, carefully guarding
against relaxing the bowels and acting on the
gums, may be beneficially employed, with mild
tonic bitters, conium, and sarsaparilla ; and, in
most cases, benefit is derived from a steady
perseverance in chalybeates. But the princi-
pal reliance is to be placed in change of air, a
warm, equable climate being selected, with at-
tention to tho diet, exercise, and hygienic
means generally.
Tabes dorsalis. A marasmus, with dys-
peptic symptoms, great prostration, feebleness
of intellect, weakness of the loins, sometimes
gleet and impotence, terminating in hectic. It
632
is said to arise from venereal excesses, and es
pecially from masturbation.
The cure of this species is to be attempted,
and often is effected, by attention to the mind ;
by avoiding the causes ; by change of scene,
and country air, with a nutritive and invig-
orating diet; cold bathing, especially in the
sea ; and the moderate use of wine, with cha-
lybeates, cinchona, and myrrh ; and abstinence
from venery.
Tabes coxaria. A wasting of the thigh and
leg from an abscess, or other cause, in the hip.
Tabes pulmonalis. See Phthisis.
Tabes saturnina. The wasting from lead
poison ; colica pictonum.
Tabes urinalis. Diabetes.
Ta'bid. Tabidus. Emaciated, consumptive,
or suffering from tabes.
TABU'L A. (a, «•, f. ) A table or an extended
surface. 1. Applied, in Anatomy, to the layers
forming the bones of tho head. These are said
to be formed of a tabula externa, or external
plate, and tabula vitrea, v. interna, the internal
table, which is very hard and brittle, and is often
broken by blows on the head, while the ex-
ternal table remains whole. 2. A lozenge or
trochiscus.
TACAMAHA'CA. \a, ee, f.) A resinous
substance of a yellowish-brown color, slightly
aromatic taste, and fragrant smell.
TA'CCA. (a, ce, f.) A genus of plants of
the family Taccacew, inhabiting the East Indies.
The T. pinnatifida and T. oceanica yield a kind
of arrow-root.
TACITU'RNITY. Tacitumitas. Prolonged
and morbid silence ; a symptom of nervous af-
fections, especially melancholy.
TA'CT. Passive sensation, whereby the cu-
taneous and mucous membrane is made sensi-
ble of the presence of a body without being able
to examine its parts.
Ta'ctus. Tact.
T^'da. A medicated torch for fumigations
T/E'NIA. (a, ts, f. Taivta, a Greek word,
signifying a fillet or tape.) The tape-worm. A
genus of' intestinal worms, characterized by a
long, flat, and jointed body. See Entozoa.
Tjenia hippocampi. The plaited edge of the
posterior eras of the fornix. See Encephalos.
Taenia semicircularis. T. semicircularit
Halleri. A flattened white line, running in the
groove between the optic •malamus and corpus
striatum. See Encephalos.
T^nia tarini. A yellowish band which lies
over the vena corporis striata.
Ta'ffetas. A sparadrapum ; a plaster spread
on silk, as court-plaster.
Tail. Cauda.
Talc. A laminated transparent magnesian,
mineral.
TALIACOTIAN OPERATION. An opera-
tion for thereparation of lost or defective parte,
first introduced by Caspar Taliacotius. He pro-
ceeded in the restoration of noses, and other
parts, by partially detaching a portion of skin
TAN
from the arm, moulding it to a proper shape,
causing adhesion, and, finally, detaching it alto-
gether from the arm, so that it remained in its
new situation. Operations of this kind are called
Taliacotian operations, from their discoverer,
and Rhinoplastic, Cheiloplaslic, &c, according
to the part restored. Of late years several suc-
cessful operations for new noses have been per-
formed, and this is now always done by turn-
ing down a flap of integument from the fore-
head.
Ta'lfa. Talparia. 1. The mole. 2. Ap-
plied formerly to a kind of atheromatous tumor
under the scalp, which sometimes produces
caries and sinuses, bun-owing under the scalp.
Talipes. Club-foot, which see.
Tallicoonah oil. Kitndah oil. An oil pro-
cured from the seeds of the Carapa toulouconna
of Sierra Leone, said to be very valuable as an
anthelmintic.
TA'LUS. (us, i, m. ; from taxillus, a small
die.) 1. The ankle. 2. A bone of the ankle;
TAMA D RI'NDUS. (us, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Monadelphia. Triandria. Legumi-
nosce. — T. indica. The tamarind-tree. It grows
in hot climates, and is abundant in the West
India islands. The preserve, called in the shops
tamarinds, consists of the fruit. The tamarind
is employed as a laxalive and refrigerant, and
especially in bilious disorders, in which the
cathartic, antiseptic, and refrigerant qualities
of the fruit have been found equally useful. It
is given as a drink.
Tamari'scus. The tamarix.
TA'MARIX. (ix, ids, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Digynia. Porlulacea. — T.gallica.
The tamarisk-tree. The bark, wood, and leaves
of this tree were formerly employed medicinal-
ly, the former for their aperient and corroborant
virtues in obstructions of the liver, the latter
in icterus, haemoptysis, and some affections of
the skin.
Tame-poison. Asclepias viucetoxicum.
Tampa bay. See Florida, climate of.
Ta'mpon. (French.) A plug; hence Tam-
ponnement, plugging. See Plugging.
I'anace'tic acid. A crystallizable acid ob-
tained from tansy.
Tanace'tine. A non-azotized, resinous mat-
ter, of an intensely bitter taste, said to exist in
the tansy.
TANACE'TUM. («m,i,n.) 1. Tansy. 2. A
genus of plants. Syngensia. Polygamia tuper-
flua. Composite. — T. balsami'ta. The officinal
costmary, or alecost. An herb with a fragrant
smell, somewhat like that of mint, formerly
esteemed as a corroborant, carminative, and
emmenagogue. — T. horten.se. The tanacetum
balsamita. — T. vulgare. Common tansy. The
leaves and flowers have a strong, not very dis-
agreeable smell, due to the essential oil (the
Oleum tanaceti), and a bitter, somewhat aromat-
ic taste. They are tonic, stomachic, anthelmin-
tic, and emmenagogue. It has been much used
as a vermifuge. Tansy is also recommended
in hysteria, especially when this disease is sup-
posed to proceed from menstrual obstructions.
This plant may be given in powder in the quan-
tity of a drachm or more for a dose ; but it has
TAR
been more commonly taken in infusion, or drank
as tea.
Tana'sia. Tanacetum vulgare.
Taneka'ha. An astringent substance, used
also as a red dye, obtained from the Phyllocladus
trichomanoides, a taxaceous tree of New Zea-
land.
TA'NGHICIN. Tanginin. Tanguine.
Tangin-camphor. A crystalline, neutral, and
violently poisonous principle, derived from the
extractive matter of the nuts of the Cerbera tan-
ghin. It produces convulsions, violent efforts
to vomit, and death.
Tanghi'nia veneni'fera. A synonym of the
Cerbera tanghin.
TA'NNICACID. A vegetable acid existing
in most astringent barks and fruits, especially
in gall-nuts, sumach, kino, catechu. When pure
it is a neaily white powder, veiy soluble and
astringent. The aqueous solution absorbs air,
and becomes changed into gallic and ellagic
acids. The principal property of tannic acid is its
ability to precipitate gelatine, and to form there-
with an insoluble tanno-gelatine, which is the
basis of leather. It also forms black compounds
with persalts of iron. It is tribasic. Formula,
C18H5O9-I-3HO. Tannic acid has been used in
injections, but the decoction of gall-nuts or oak-
bark will be found active enough for most pur-
poses. If given internally, the dose is gr. ij., as
a powerful astringent.
Tannin. Tannic acid.
Tannin, artificial. The dark substance
obtained by the action of nitric acid on many
carbonaceous matters.
Tanno'-gelatine. A flocculent, insoluble,
and nearly indestructible compound of tannio
acid and gelatine, forming the basis of leather.
Tansy. Tanacetum vulgare.
Tansy, maudlin. Achillea ageratum.
Tansy, wild. Potentilla anserina.
Ta'ntalum. A synonym of Columbium.
Tapering. Acuminate; attenuate.
TAPE'TUM. A shining spot in the eyes of
feline and other animals. It is said to assist vis-
ion in the dusk.
Tape-worm. See Entozoa.
Tapioca. Jatropha manihot.
Tapting. See Paracentesis.
Ta'psus. Verba8cum nigrum.
Tar. See Pinus sylvestris.
Tar, Barbadoes. See Petroleum.
Tar ointment. Unguentum picis liquids;.
Tar water. A once celebrated remedy,
but now neglected more than it deserves. It is
made by infusing tar in water, stirring it from
time to time, and, lastly, pouring off the clear
liquor, now impregnated with the color and
virtues of the tar. It is drank in many chronic
affections, particularly of the lungs and skin.
Taragon. Artemisia dracunculus.
Taranti'smus. See Tarentula.
Tarantula. See Tarentula.
Tara'xacum. (urn, i, n.) Leontodon tarax-
acum.
Tara'xis. Tdrachc. A slight inflammation
of the eye.
Tarchon sylvestris. Achillea ptarmica.
Tare. Ervum crvilla.
TARE'NTULA. (a, a, f.; from Tarcnlum.)
633
TAR
TEA
An uiiimul of the class Arachnida, and order Pul-
inonata. The tarantula is a native of the south
of Europe, and is one of the largest European
spiders. Wonderful stories have been told of
the effects of its bite, which was said to produce
a state of melancholy and stupor, attended with
an extreme sensibility to music, and susceptible
of relief only by dancing to the sound of the
flute, or other instrument, till the patient fell
down quite exhausted. This affection was call-
ed Tarantism. The real effects of the bite of
the tarentula, as ascertained by modern experi-
ment, is very similar to those of the common
scorpion.
Target-shaped. Peltate.
Ta'ro. Arum esculentuni.
Ta'rsal. Tarseus. That which relates to
the tarsus.
Tarsi extensor minor. See Plantaris.
TA'RSUS. (us,i, m. Tapaoc.) 1. The in-
step, or that part of the foot which is between
the leg and metatarsus : it is composed of seven
bones, viz?, the astragalus, os calcis, os navicu-
lare, os cuboides, and three ossa cuneiformia. 2.
The thin cartilage situated ut the edges of the
eyelids, to preserve their firmness and shape.
TARTAR. ( Tartar um, i, n.) 1. The de-
posit which is attached to the inside of hogs-
heads containing wine. It is impure cream of
tartar. 2. The phosphatic deposit on the teeth
of persons of uncleanly habits.
Tartar, cream of. The supertartrate of
potash. See Potassai bilartras.
Tartar emetic. Autimouiiim tartariza-
tum.
Tartar, Oil of. PotasstB carbonatis liquor.
Tartar, regenerated. Potassa? acetus.
Tartar, salt of. Potassu) carboiias.
Tartar, soluble. Potassse tartras.
Tartar, vitriolated. Potassa; sulphas.
Tartaric acid. Acidum tartaricum. The
vegetable acid existing in cream of tartar. It is
found in numerous fruits. It is obtained by sat-
urating the juice of such fruits with lime, and
subsequently decomposing by sulphuric acid.
The pure acid is colorless, soluble, and crystal-
lizes in rhombic prisms. It is bibasic ; formula,
C 8 H 4 Oio-f2HO. Diluted with water, it is refrig-
erant, and much used in effervescing draughts.
Crystallized tartaric acid contains four atoms
of water; by heating until it melts, one atom
is driven off, and tartralic acid formed ; by
further heating to 342°, another atom is lost,
and then is formed the tartrelic acid.
Tartarum. Tartar.
Tartarum emeticum. Antimonium tartari-
zatum.
Tartarum regeneratum. Potassa* acetas.
Tartarum solubile. Potassue tartras.
Tartarus ammonije. Tartras ammoniat.
Tartarus chalybeatus. Ferri potassio-tar-
.tras.
TA'RTRAS. (as, atis, f.) A tartrate or salt
formed by the combination of tartaric acid with
a salifiable base ; as tartrate of soda, potash,
&c.
Tartras ammonia:. Tartrate of ammonia.
A salt composed of tartaric acid and ammonia.
Its virtues are diaphoretic, diuretic, and deob-
etruent. It is prescribed in fevers, atonic ex-
634
anthemata, catarrh, arthritic and rheumatic
pains, hysterics, spasms,. &c.
Tartras potass.*. Potasses tartras.
Tartras potass.*: acidulus. Potassa? bi-
tartras.
Tartras potass.*: acidulus ferratus. The
ferri potassio-tartras.
Tartras potass.*: acidulus stibiatus. An-
timonium tartarizatum.
Tartras soda:. Soda; potassio-tartras.
Ta'sis. Extension; tension.
TASTE. Gustus. Flavors are only the im-
pressions of certain bodies upon the organ of
taste. Bodies which produce it are called sapid.
The tongue is the principal organ of taste :
however, the lips, the internal surface of the
cheeks, the palate, the velum pendulum palati,
the pharynx, and msophagits, are susceptible of
receiving impressions by the contact of sapid
bodies. All the nerves with which those parts
are provided that are intended to receive the im-
pressions of sapid bodies may be considered as
belonging to the apparatus of taste. Thus the
inferior maxillary nerves, many branches of the
superior, among which it is necessary to notice
the threads which proceed from the spheno-
palatine ganglion, particularly the naso-palatint
nerve of Scarpa, the nervo of the ninth pair,
glosso-pharyngeus, appear to be employed in
the exercise of taste. The lingual nerve of the
fifth pair is that which tllatomists consider the
princpal nerve of taste, and, as * reason, they
say that its threads are continued into the vil-
lous and conical papilla of the tongue.
Tasteless purging-salts. Phosphate of
soda. See Soda phosphas.
TAURIN. A product of the action of dilute
hydrochloric acid on bilin. It remains in solu-
tion, crystallizes in colorless prisms, is hard,
and has a cooling taste ; formula, C1NH7O10, or,
according to Lowig, a binoxalate of ammonia
and water. It has been recently shown ip con-
tain 26£ of sulphur.
TA'XIS. (From raoou, to put in order.)
An operation by which those parts which have
quitted their natural situation are replaced by
the hand without the assistance of instruments,
as in reducing hernia, &c.
TAXUS BACCATA. The European yew-
tree. Tho berries are said to be poisonous,
producing convulsions, dilated pupil, and other
symptoms of an acro-narcotic poison.
Te. The symbol of tellurium.
Tea. See Thea.
Tea berry. Gaultheria procumbens.
Tea oil. A highly fragrant and agreeable
oil, expressed from the seeds of the Camellia
oleifera.
TEAR. Lachryma. The limpid fluid se-
creted by the lachrymal glands. It consists of
water, with only one per cent, of solids, being
chiefly common salt and mucus. The tears
are absorbed by the orifices of the puncta
lachrymalia; from thence they are propelled,
through the lachrymal canals, into the lachry-
mal sac, and flow through the ductus nasalis
into the cavity of the nostrils, under the inferior
turbinated bone. The lachrymal sac appears
to be formed of longitudinal and transverse
muscular fibres ; and its three orifices are fur-
TEL
mshed with small sphincters, as the spasmodic
constriction of the puncta lachrymalia proves,
if examined with a probe.
Teat. The nipple.
Teasel. The dipsacus fullonum.
Tecnocto'nia. Infanticide.
Tectum argenti. Bismuth.
Te'ctus. Covered.
Teel seeds. The seeds of the Sesamum ori-
entate.
TEETH. Small bones fixed in the alveoli
of the upper and under jaw. Their number
varies in different subjects ; but it is seldom
seen to exceed thirty-two, and it will very rarely
be found to be less than twenty-eight. They
are divided into three classes, the incisors, ca-
nine, and molar teeth. The, incisors are the
four teeth in the fore part ot each jaw : they
have each of them two surfaces, which meet in
a sharp edge. In the upper jaw they are usu-
ally broader and thicker, especially the two
middle ones, than those of the under jaw. The
canine, or cuspidati, are the longest of all the
teeth. There is one of these teeth on each
side of the incisors, so that there are two in
each jaw. Their fangs differ from those of the
incisors only in being much larger, and their
shape may be easily described to be that of an
incisor with its edge worn off, so as to end in a
narrow point instead oj" a thin edge. The mo-
lars, or grinders, of which there are ten in each
jaw, are so called, because, from their size and
figure, they are calculated for grinding the food.
The canines and incisors have only one fang,
but the three last grinders in the under jaw
have constantly two fangs, and the same teeth
in the upper jaw three fangs. The grinders
likewise differ from each other in their appear-
ance. The two first on each side, or bicuspids,
resemble the canine teeth. The last grinder is
shorter and smaller than the rest, and from its
coming through the gums later than the rest,
and sometimes not appearing till late in life, is
called dens sapiential.
In young children there are but twenty teeth,
called temporary, or milk teeth, because they
are all shed between the ago of seven and four-
teen, and are supplied by others of a firmer
texture, with large fangs, which remain till
they become affected by disease, or fall out in
old age, and are, therefore, called the perma-
nent, or adult teeth.
Teeth, tartar of. See Tartar.
Teething, difficult. See Dentition, diffi-
cult.
Tegula hibernica. Lapis hibernicus.
Te'gumen. Tegumenlum. An integument.
TE'GUMENTS. Under the term common
teguments, or integuments, anatomists compre-
hend the cuticle, rete mucosum, skin, and adi-
pose membrane, as being the covering of every
part of the body except the nails. See Cutis.
TE'LA. (a, m, f. ; from texo, to weave.) A
web of cloth; a texture of the body. The cel-
lular membrane is so called, from its likeness to
a fine web.
Tela adifosa. The tissue in which fat is
deposited.
Tela aranearum. T.aranea: The spider's
web ; formerly employed as a mechanical
TEM
styptic, and sometimes internally in intermit
tents, and as an antispasmodic remedy.
Tela cellulosa. The cellular tissue.
Tela choroidea. The velum interposition.
Telamo'neo. Bandages; dressings.
Tela mucosa. The cellular membrane.
TELANGIECTASIS. (From rrjle, remote,
avyeiov, a vessel, and einaaic, dilatation.) Those
cases in which the minute branches of arteries
are affected, as in nasvus and varicose aneurism
Tele'fhium. Sedum telephium.
Te'llureted hy'drogen. A gaseous com
bination of tellurium and hydrogen nearly re-
sembling sulphureted hydrogen.
Tellu'ric acid. The peroxide of tellurium.
TELLU'RIUM. (urn, ii, n.) A metal of a
tin-white color, verging to lead-gray, with a
high metallic lustre, of a foliated fracture, and
very brittle, so as to be easily pulverized. Its
equivalent is 6425 ; symbol, Te. It has two
oxides, which have acid properties, the Tellu-
ric acid and Tellurous acid.
TEMPERAME'NT. (From tempera, to mix
together.) In ancient physiology, the different
mixture of the four cardinal humors, and the
predominance of one or the other, gave rise to
four distinct temperaments, namely, the san-
guine, the choleric, the phlegmatic, and the
melancholic. The constitution of every indi-
vidual was supposed to be conformed to some
one of these temperaments, or to a mixture of
several of them. In the present day, the term
temperament means the peculiar habit of the
body, and its species are based on the predom-
inance of certain tissues. There are five tem-
peraments recognized :
1. The sanguine, or sanguineous, in which
the circulatory apparatus is most developed.
It is characterized by a full habit, soft skin,
ruddy complexion, largo veins, blue eyes, and
red, yellow, or auburn hair. The individual
has a frequent, full pulse, is liable to inflamma-
tory or dynamic affections, is of considerable
strength, and possesses a vivid imagination, but
is liable to too rapid a succession of emotions.
2. The bilious, or choleric temperament. —
This is usually associated with a dark yellow
ish countenance, black hair, prominent veins,
strong, hard, and frequent pulse, black eyes.
In such there are violent passions and emo-
tions, with a determination of character which
almost amounts to inflexibility.
3. The melancholic, or atrabiliary tempera-
ment. — This is a modification of the bilious
temperament, in which the vividness of the sen-
sations is replaced by a gloomy cast of mind.
The pulse is hard and contracted; the bowels
are sluggish, and the vital operations slow and
obstructed. This temperament is, in a measure,
the result of disease, the long continuance of
study, griefs, or untoward circumstances, and
it engenders a suspicious frame of mind, allied. ,
to the lowest forms of melancholy.
4. The phlegmatic, or lymphatic temperament
consists in an undue development of the lym-
phatic system. The frame is bulky, the flesh
soft, countenance fair, pulse weak and slow,
eyes blue and unmeaning, the sensations dull,
and the vital operations feeble. There is a dis-
position to sloth, with mental indifference
C35
TEM
5. The nervous temperament. — In this there
is an emaciated frame, with vivid and rapidly-
changing sensations; the circulation is usually
rapid, but soft; the lymphatic system is defi-
cient. This condition is usually the result of
inordinate mental application or nervous ex-
citement.
Tempe'rants. Refrigerants.
T E'M PBRATURE. A definite degree of
sensible heat, as measured by the thermometer.
Tempe'ries. Temperament.
Tempering. The operation of cooling steel
and iron at certain temperatures, for the pur-
pose of regulating their hardness.
TE'MPLE. ( Tempus, oris, n.) Tho lateral
and flat parts of the forehead : so called because
the ravages of time are often first perceptible
by the hair on the temples turning gray.
Tempora. Tho temples.
TE'MPORAL. {Temporalis; horn tempus.)
Belonging to the temple.
Temporal aponeurosis. The strong aponeu-
rosis which arises from the upper edge of the
temporal bone, the malar and zygomatic arch.
Temporal artery. Arteria temporalis. A
branch of the external carotid, which runs on
the temple, and gives off the frontal artery.
Temporal bone. Os temporis. Two bones
situated one on each side of the head, of a very
irregular figure. They are usually divided into
two parts, one of which, from the manner of its
connection with the neighboring bones, is call-
ed os squamosum, and the other os petrosum,
from its irregularity and hardnqss. In both
these parts there are processes and cavities to
be described. Externally there are three pro-
cesses : one anterior, callefl the zygomatic pro-
cess, which is stretched forward to join with the
os mala?, and thus forms the bony bridge, under
which the temporal muscle passes ; one poste-
rior, called the mastoid or mammillary process,
from its resemblauce to a nipple ; and one in-
ferior, called the styloid process. The depres-
sions and cavities are, 1. A large fossa, which
serves for the articulation of the lower jaw. 2.
A long fossa behind the mastoid process, where
the digastric muscle has its origin. 3. The
meatus auditorius externus. 4. The stylo-mastoid
foramen, or aqueduct of Fallopius, which affords
a passage to the portio dura of the auditory, or
seventh pair of nerves. 5. Below, and on the
fore part of the last foramen, is a cavity in which
the beginning of the internal jugular vein is
lodged. G. Before, and a little above the fossa,
is the orifice of a foramen, through which pass
the internal carotid artery and two filaments of
the intercostal nerve. 7. At this part is the
orifice of a canal, forming part of the Eustachian
tube. The internal surface of the bono may
easily be divided into three parts. The first,
uppermost, and largest, is the squamous part,
which is slightly concave from the impression
of the brain. The second, which is the petrous
part of the boue, forms a hard, craggy protu-
berance, nearly of a triangular shape. On jts
posterior side we observe a large foramen,
which is the meatus auditorius internus, which
receives the seventh pair. About the middle
of its anterior surface is a small foramen, hiatus
Fallopii, which opens into the aqueduct of Fal-
P 36
TEN
lopius, and receives a twig of the portio dura
of the seventh pair of nerves. Below this is
the third part, which may be called the lamb-
doidal angle of the temporal bone. It is con-
cave from the impression of the brain ; it helps
to form the posterior and inferior fossse of the
skull, and has a considerable furrow, in which
is lodged part of the lateral sinus. Within the
petrous part of these bones there are several
cavities, processes, and bones, which belong al-
together to the ear, do not enter into the forma-
tion of the cranium, and are described under
the article Auris.
Temporal fossa. The hollow in which the
temporal muscle is situated.
Temporal muscle. A muscle of the lower
jaw, situated in the temple. It arises, fleshy,
from the lower, lateral, and anterior part of the
parietal bone ; from all the squamous portion of
the temporal bone ; from the lower and lateral
part of the os frontis ; from the posterior sur-
face of the os malae ; from all the temporal pro-
cess of the sphenoid bone ; and sometimes from
a ridge at the lower part of this process. It is
of a semicircular shape, and its radiated fibres
converge, so as to form a strong middle tendon,
which is inserted into the coronoid process of
the lower jaw, and is continued down to the
body of the bone. The principal use of the.
temporal muscle is to draw the lower jaw up-
ward, as in the action of biting ; and as it passes
a little forward to its insertion, it may, at the
same time, pull the condyle a little backward.
Temporal nerves. 1. Branches of the fifth
pair given off from tho inferior maxillary. 2.
The divisions of the seventh pair supplied to
the temporal region. — Soemmering.
Temporo-maxillary articulation. The
articulation of the jaw bone.
Temporo-maxillary nerves. The branches
of the facial distributed to the temporal and
maxillary regions. — Bichat.
Temule'ntia. Drunkenness; or a condition
resembling, or proceeding from, drunkenness.
TE'NACITY. (From teneo, to hold.) The
degree of force with which the particles of a
body adhere together. Those substances which
are of great tenacity, as some metals, can be
drawn into fine wire.
TENA'CULUM. (From teneo, to hold.) A
pointed hook attached a handle, to hold arteries
which are to be tied.
Tenaculum, Assalini's. A small pair of
forceps, furnished with a spring between the
handles to keep the jaws closed. It is used
to hold and compress small arteries which are
to be tied, and is a very serviceable instrument
where there is no assistant present.
Tench. Cyprinus tinea.
TE'NDON. ( Tendo, inis, vel onis, m. ; from
lendo, to stretch out or extend.) The white
and glistening extremity of a muscle.
Tendo Achillis. Achillis tendo.
Tendons, twitching of the. Subsultus
tendinum.
Tendril. Cirrus.
TENE'SMUS. (as, i, m. ; from teivu, to
constringe.) 1. A frequent inclination to go to
stool, without a discharge, accompanied by
straining and pain, and protrusion of the bowel.
TER
It is often a symptomatic affection of diseases
of the urinary bladder, uterus, prostate gland,
piles, worms, and organic diseases of the rec-
tum. The best remedies are opium, prepara-
tions of lead, and fomentations. A starch glyster,
with laudanum, is, perhaps, the most effectual
in allaying the irritation. 2. It is also some-
times used as a synonym of dysentery .^
Tennant's bleaching powder. The chlo-
ride of lime.
Tenonta'gra. Gout or rheumatism in a
tendon.
TENO'TOMY. Tenotomia. (From tenon ,
a tendon, and te/xvu, to cut.) The operation
of dividing a tendon. The term is now, how-
ever, applied to the cutting of fasciae, muscles,
and other tissues which serve to contract parts
of the body, and produce deformities.
Tension. The state of being extended or
stretched.
TE'NSOR. (or, oris, m. ; from tendo, to
stretch.) A muscle, the office of which is to
extend the part to which it is fixed.
Tensor fala'ti. See Circumflexus palatl.
Tensor tarsi. T. Horneri. A small mus-
cle of the inner canthus of the eye, discovered
by Professor Horner. It arises from the os un-
guis, and divides into two parts, to be inserted
about the two lachrymal ducts.
Tensor ty'mpani. A muscle of the internal
ear. See Auris.
Tensor vaginje femoris. A muscle situated
on the outside of the thigh, which stretches the
membranous fascia of the thigh, assists in the
abduction of the thigh, and somewhat in its ro-
tation inwai'd. It arises by a narrow, tendi-
nous, and fleshy beginning from the external
part of the anterior, superior spinous process
of the ilium, and is inserted a little below the
great trochanter into the membranous fascia.
TENT. A roll of lint or piece of sponge for
dilating openings, sinuses, &c.
Tent-sponge. See Spongia.
Tentwort. Asplenium murale.
TENTA'CULUM. {urn, i, n. ; from tento,
to feel.) A feeler. Tentacula are mobile ap-
pendages, destitute of joints, of various conform-
ations, possessed by many invertebral animals,
and which serve as organs of touch, or the
means of attachment to foreign bodies.
T E N T O'R I U M . {urn, ii, n. ; b, tendendo.)
A process of the dura mater, separating the cer-
ebrum from the cerebellum. It extends from
the internal horizontal spine of the occipital
bone, directly forward to the cella turcica of
the sphenoid bone.
Te'pid. Tepidus. Warm; slightly warm.
TERATO'LOGY. (From repag, a monster,
and loyoc , a discourse.) A treatise on monsters.
Terbium. A supposed new metal existing
with yttria.
Te'rcine. The third or innermost covering
of the ovule.
Terebe'lla. A trepan.
TEREBFNTHINA. (a, a, f. ; from Tepe6tv-
6oc, the turpentine -tree.) Turpentine, the
produce of pine and fir trees. See Turpentine.
Terebinthina argentoratensis. Strasburg
turpentine.
Terebinthina canadensis. Canada turpen-
TER
tine or balsam. The exudation of the frinus
balsamea.
Terebinthina chia. T. cypria. The Chi-
an or Cyprian turpentine, which exudes from
the pistacia terebinthus.
Terebinthina communis. See Pinus syl-
vcstris.
Terebinthina veneta. Venice turpentine.
See Pinus larix.
Terebinthina vulgaris. See Pinus and
Turpentine.
Terebinthin.e oleum. Oil of turpentine.
See Oleum tercbinthince purijicatum.
Terebra'tio. Trepanning.
TE'RES. Round; cylindrical: applied to
some muscles and ligaments; as Teres major,
Ligamcntum teres, &c.
Teres ligamentum. The ligament at the
bottom of the socket of the hip joint.
Teres major. This muscle, which is longer
and thicker than the teres minor, is situated
along the inferior costa of the scapula, and is in
part covered by the deltoides. It arises, fleshy,
from the outer surface of the inferior angle of
the scapula, and likewise from the lower and
posterior half of the inferior costa of the scapu-
la. Ascending obliquely toward the os humeri,
it passes under the long head of the triceps
brachii, and then becomes thinner and flatter, to
form a thin tendon of about an inch in breadth,
and somewhat more in length, which runs im-
mediately behind that of the latissimus dorsi,
and is inserted along with it into the ridge at
the inner side of the groove that lodges the long
head of the biceps. These two tendons are in-
cluded in a common capsula, besides which,
the tendon of this muscle adheres to the os hu-
meri by two other capsules which we find placed
one above the other. This muscle assists in the
rotatory motion of the arm, and likewise in
drawing it downward and backward, so that
we may consider it as the congener of the latis-
simus dorsi.
Teres minor. The teres minor is a thin,
fleshy muscle, situated along the inferior edge
of the infra-spinatus, and is in part covered by
the posterior part of the deltoides. It arises,
fleshy, from all the convex edge of the inferior
costa of the scapula; from thence it ascends
obliquely upward and forward, and terminates
in a flat tendon, which adheres to the lower
and posterior part of the capsular ligament of
the joint, and is inserted into the lower part of
the great tuberosity of the os humeri, a little
below the termination of the infra-spinatus.
The uses of this muscle are similar to those of
the infra-spinatus.
Teretiu'sculus. Roundish.
Te'retrum. The trepan.
TERGE'MINUS. Doubly twin-forked : ap-
plied to a leaf-stalk when it has two leaflets at
the end of each branch, and two more at the
division of the fork.
Te'rgum. The back.
Termina'lis. Terminal.
Termi'nthus. Ecthyma.
Te'rnary. Ternarius. Relating to the
number three ; arranged in threes.
Tern ate. Terna'tus. Applied to a leaf
which consists of three leaflets.
637
TE8
Te'rjjus. Arranged in threes.
TE'RRA. (a, a, f.) Earth. See Earth.
Terra absorbens. An absorbent earth, dis-
tinguishable from other earthy substances by
its solubility in acids.
Terra catechu. Acacia catechu.
Terra damnata. Caput mortuum.
Terra foliata tartari. Potassae acetas.
Terra japonica. Acacia catechu.
Terra lemnia. T. livonica. See Bole.
Terra marita. Curcuma longa.
Terra ponderosa. Baryta.
Terra ponderosa salita. The chloride of
barium.
Terra sigillata. See Bole.
TerrvE oleum. Petroleum.
Terre'nus. Terrene: belonging to the
earth.
TERTIAN AGUE. Tertiana. Tertian fe-
ver. See Ague.
Tertiana duplex. A tertian fever that re-
turns every day ; but the paroxysms are unequal,
every other fit being alike.
Tertiana duplicata. A tertian fever re-
turning every other day; but there are two
paroxysms in one day.
Tertiana triplex. A tertian fever return-
ing every day ; every other day there are two
paroxysms, and but one in the intermediate
day.
Tertiana'ria. Scutellaria galericulata.
Tertium sal. (From tertius, third.) A
neutral salt, as being the product of an acia and
an alkali, making a third body different from
either.
TESSELLA'TUS. (From tessera, a square.)
Tesselated ; checkered.
Te'ssera. The cuboid bone.
TEST. Any reagent which, added to a sub-
stance, enables us to discover its ohemical na-
ture or composition.
Test, lung. See Docimasia pulmonum.
Test, Marsh's. See Arseniovs acid.
Test paper. Paper stained with litmus,
turmeric, or any reagent.
TE'STA. (a, m, X. ; quasi tosla; from torreo,
to burn.) 1. The shell of a molluscous animal.
2. The immediate coverings of the seed.
Testa'ceous. Testaceus. Having a shell,
or of the nature of shell.
TEST.fi PREPARATfi. Prepared oyster-shells.
Wash the shells, previously cleared of dirt, with
boiling water, then prepare them by repeated
washings. This is merely carbonate of lime.
Testes cerebri. The tubercula quadrigem-
ina.
Testicle. See Testis.
Testicle, swelled. See Orchitis.
Testi'culus. 1. The testicle. 2. The or-
chis mascula.
TE'STIS. (is, is, m. ; a witness : the testes
being the witnesses of virility.) Orchis. The
testicle. Two oval bodies situated within the
ecrotum, and covered by a strong, white, and
dense coat, called the tunica albuginea. Each
testicle is composed of small vessels of great
length, bent in a serpentine direction, and con-
voluted into little masses, separated from one
another by cellular partitions. In each parti-
lion there is a duct receiving semen from these
638
TET
vessels; and all the ducts constitute a net, which
is attached to the tunica albuginea. From this
network twenty or more vessels arise, all of
which are variously contorted, and, being re-
flected, ascend to the posterior margin of the
testis, where they unite into one common duct,
bent into serpentine folds, and forming a firm
body called the epididymis. The spermatic ar-
teries are branches of the aorta. The spermatic
veins empty themselves into the vena cava and
emulgent vein. The nerves of the testicle are
branches of the lumbar and great intercostal
nerve. The use of the testicle is to secrete the
semen.
Testis fosminje.* T. muliebris. The ovary.
TESTU'DO. (o, inis, f.) 1. A tortoise. 2.
A melicerous tumor of the scalp, of a flattened
shape, has been so called, from a fancied resem-
blance to a tortoise.
TETA'NIC. Tetanicus. Appertaining to
tetanus, as Tetanic spasm.
TETA'NICS. The class of medicines which
augment the irritability of the muscular fibre,
and in larger doses produce convulsions, a»
strychnine and the substances containing it. *
Tetanine. Strychnine.
TE'TANUS. (us, i, m; reravoc; fvomreivu,
to stretch.) Spasm with rigidity. A disease
of the spinal nervous system, characterized by
a general spastic rigidity of the muscles. The
varieties of tetanus are, 1 . Trismus, the locked
jaw. 2. Opisthotonos, where the body is thrown
back by spasmodic contractions of the muscles.
3. Emprosthotonos, the body being bent for-
ward. 4. Plcuroihotonos, where the body is
bent to one side.
These affections arise more frequently in
warm climates than in cold ones, and are very
apt to occur when much rain or moisture quickly
succeeds to extremely dry and sultry weather.
They attack persons of all ages, sexes, and tem-
peraments, but the male sex more frequently
than the female, and those of a robust aud vig-
orous constitution than those of a weak habit.
Tetanic affections are occasioned either by
exposure to cold, or by some irritation of the
nerves, in consequence of local injury by punc-
ture, ineision, or laceration ; hence the distinc-
tion of tetanus into idiopathic and traumatic.
Lacerated wounds of tendinous parts prove, in
warm climates, a never-failing source of these
complaints. The locked jaw frequently arises
in consequence of the amputation of a hmb.
Tetanus is also distinguished into acute and
chronic. When the disease has arisen in con-
sequence of a puncture, or any other external
injury, tho symptoms show themselves generally
about the eighth day; but when it proceeds
from exposure to cold, they generally make
their appearance much sooner. In some in-
stances it comes on suddenly, and with great
violence ; but it more usually makes its attack
in a gradual manner, in which case a slight
stiffness is at first perceived in the back part of
the neck, which, after a short time, becomes
considerably iucreased, and at length renders
the motion of the head both difficult and painful.
With the rigidity of the head there is likewise
an uneasy sensation at the root of the tongue
together with some difficulty in swallowing, and
TET
a great tightness is perceived about the chest,
with a pain at the extremity of the sternum,
shooting into the back. A stiffness also takes
place in the jaws, which soon increases to such
a height that the teeth become so closely set to-
gether as not to admit of the smallest opening.
This is what is termed the locked jaw, or trismus.
In some cases the spasmodic affection extends
no further. In others, the spasms at this stage
of the disease, returning with great frequency,
become likewise more general, and now affect
not only the muscles of the neck and jaws, but
likewise those of the whole spine, so as to bend
the trunk of the body very forcibly in some one
direction.
During the whole "course of the disorder, the
abdominal muscles are violently affected with
Bpasm, obstinate costiveness prevails, and both
the flexor and extensor muscles of the lower ex-
tremities are commonly affected at the same
time, so as to keep the limbs rigidly extended.
The muscles of the head, arms, and all the vol-
untary muscles also become rigid as the affec-
tion progresses. The countenance becomes
hideously distorted, and expresses great dis-
tress; the strength is entirely exhausted; the
pulse becomes irregular; and one universal
spasm puts a period to a most miserable state
of existence.
Attacks of tetanus are seldom attended with
any fever, but always with violent pain, and the
spasms do not continue constantly, but there is
Bome remission. The mind generally remains
undisturbed to the last.
When tetanic affections arise in consequence
of a wound or local injury, they are almost sure
to prove fatal ; but when the disease is idio-
pathic, it may, in many cases, be removed by
a timely use of proper remedies, although a con-
siderable space will probably elapse before the
patient will be able to recover his former
strength. The chronic form of tetanus is much
less fatal than the acute. The acute form usu-
ally destroys the patient within four days,
though sometimes the fatal event is protracted
to a much longer period ; generally speaking,
however, if the patient survives the fourth day,
the symptoms begin to remit in their violence,
and there is a fair chance of recovery. If the
patient be alive, and the powers of the consti-
tution keep up at the expiration of a week,
there is great hope of a favorable isaue : in this
case the symptoms may gradually assume a
chronic form, and wear themselves out in a pe-
riod varying from some weeks to many months.
The general indications of cure are, 1. To
remove any local irritation which may appear
to have excited the disease. 2. To lessen the
general irritability and spasmodic tendency.
3. To restore the tone of the system. The
treatment consists of copious bleeding in the
case of plethoric persons, with the administra-
tion of active purges, and large doses of opium.
Where there is locked jaw, the medicines are
administered by glyster. In the idiopathic dis-
ease, mercurial alteratives are frequently ad-
vantageous ; the application of cold along the
epine is also resorted to in India with affirmed
advantage.
Tktanus infantum. See Trismus infantum.
TEU
Tetanus maxilla; inferioris. Lock jaw.
See Tetanus.
Tetart-k'us. A quartan fever. See Ague.
TETRADYNA'MIA. Tetradynamou*.
(From rcooapec, four, and ivvapic, power.) A
class of hermaphrodite plants containing six
stamens, four of which are long, and two snort.
Tetra'gonus. Four-cornered ; quadrangu-
lar; square.
TETRAGY'NIA. (o, <t, f. ; from reooaptc,
four, and yvvrj, a wife.) An order of plants
having four pistils.
Tetrao tetrix. The black grouse.
Tetramyrum. An ointment of four ingre-
dients.
T*ETRA'NDRIA. Tetrandrous. (From re-
rpag, a quaternary, and avnp, a husband.) A
class of plants with hermaphrodite flowers, hav-
ing four stamens.
Tetranthe'ra pichurim. The plant which
yields the Faba pichurim.
Tetrape'talous. Tetrapctalus. Having
four petals.
Tetrapha'rmacum. A Greek ointment of
wax, resin, pitch, and lard.
Tetraphy'llous. Tctraphyllus. Four-
leaved.
Tetraspe'rmous. Telraspermus. Four-
seeded.
Tetter. T. dry. Psoriasis.
Tetter, humid. Impetigo.
Tetterwort. Chelidonium majus.
TEU'CRIUM. {urn, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. Labi*
atecB. — T. capitatum. The poley-mountain of
Montpelier. — T. chamaidrys. The common
germander. Chammdrys. This plant, called
also creeping germander, small germander, and
English treacle, has a moderately bitter and
somewhat aromatic taste. It was in high re-
pute among the ancients in intermittent fevers,
rheumatism, and gout. Either water or spirit
will extract its virtues, but the watery infusion
is more bitter. — T. chammpUys. The common
ground-pine. ChamapUys. It has a moderate-
ly bitter taste, and a resinous, not disagreeable
smell, somewhat like that of the pine. The
tops or leaves were recommended as aperients,
and corroborants of the nervous system, and are
said to be particularly serviceable in uterine
obstructions and paralytic affections. — T. ere*
ticum. The poley-mountain of Candy. The
plant is indigenous in the island of Candy. It
has a moderately aromatic smell, and a nause-
ous, bitter taste. It is said to be aperient and
corroborant. — T. iva. French ground-pine.
It is weaker, but of similar virtues to the Teu-
crium chamaepitys. — T. marum. The Marum
germander. It grows plentifully in Greece,
Egypt, and Syria. The leaves and younger
branches, when recent, on being rubbed be-
twixt the fingers, emit a volatile aromatic
smell, which readily excites sneezing; to the
taste they are bitterish, accompanied with a
sensation of heat and acrimony. It is recom-
mended as a stimulant, aromatic, and deob-
struent ; and Bergius speaks highly of its utility.
Dose, ten grains to half a drachm of the pow-
dered leaves, given in wine. At present, how-
ever, marum is chiefly used as an errhine. — T.
639
THE
ecordmm. The water germander. Scordium.
The leaves of this plant have a smell somewhat
like garlic ; they are bitterish and slightly pun-
gent. The plant was formerly in high estima-
tion, but is now fallen into disuse, although
recommended by some in antiseptic cataplasms
and fomentations.
TEXTURE. (Textura; from texo, to weave.)
It is observed in the living body that there are
certain common organized materials of which
the different distinct parts are formed, and
which are the same in appearance, properties,
aud diseases, in whatever part they are found.
Such are cellular membrane, bone, muscular
fibre, &c. These parts are called the textures
or tissues of the body.
The following is an enumeration of the tex-
tures according to Bichat :
1. Cellular )
2. Nervous, animal
3. Nervous, organic
4. Arterial
5. Venous
6. Exhalant
7. Absorbent, with their glands
8. Osseous
9. Medullary
10. Cartilaginous
11. Fibrous *- Systems.
12. Fibrocartilaginous
13. Muscular, animal
14. Muscular, organic
15. Mucous
16. Serous
17. Synovial
18. Glandular
19. Dermoid
20. Epidermoid
21. Pilous
Textus. A texture. Tcxtus organicus v.
parenchymalis. The cellular tissue.
Th. The symbol for thorium.
THA'LAMUS. (us, i, m. Qalafioc, a bed.)
1. In Anatomy, a part of the brain from which
the optic nerve derives one of its origins. See
Encephalos and Nerve. 2. In Botany, the re-
ceptacle.
Thalamus nervi optici. See Encephalos.
Thalasso'meli. A Greek cathartic medi-
cine.
THALI'CTRUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Polyandria. Polygynia. Ranuncu-
lacem. — T. ftavum. The poor man's rhubarb.
The root of this plant is said to be aperient and
stomachic, and to come very near in its virtues
to rhubarb.
Tha'llus. The frond of a lichen; and the
fibrous portion of a fungus from which the cap
springs.
Tha'natos. Qavaroc, death ; hence Than-
otology, a discourse on the causes of death.
THA'PSIA. (a, ce, f.) A genus of plants.
Pentandria. Digynia. Umbelliferat. — T. as-
clepias. The deadly carrot. The root operates
violently as an emetic and cathartic. It is not
used in the practice of the present day.
Tha'psus. Verbascum thapsus.
THE'A. (a, ce, f.) Tea. The dried leaves
of the tea-shrub, of which there are two species,
viz., I. The Thea nigra, bohea, or black tea;
and, 2. The T. viridis, or green tea, both of
which are natives of China or Japan, where
they attain the height of five or six feet.
Much has been said and written on the me-
640
THE
dicinal properties of tea. In its natural state it
is a narcotic plant, on which account the Chinese
refrain from its use till it has been divested of
this property by keeping it at least for twelve
months. If, however, good tea be drank in
moderate quantities, with sufficient milk and
sugar, it invigorates the system and produces a
temporary exhilaration ; but when taken too co-
piously, it is apt to occasion weakness, tremor,
palsies, and various other symptoms arising from
narcotic plants, while it contributes to aggra-
vate hysterical and hypochondriacal complaints.
The properties of tea depend upon the presence
of theine or caffein ; and, with coffee, it pos-
sesses the remarkable quality of satisfying the
appetite, aud rendering solid food less neces-
sary.
Thea germanica. Veronica officinalis.
Theba'icus. Theban : applied to articles
which come from Thebes.
Thebaine. A base existing in opium. It is
almost insoluble in water ; alkaline, and has the
formula C25H14HO3. — Kane.
Thebe'sii fora'mina. The orifices of veins
in the cavities of the heart. See Heart.
THE'CA. (a, ce, f . ; from ndn/it, I place.)
A case, sheath, or box. 1. The canal of the ver-
tebral column. 2. The capsule or dry fructifi-
cation adhering to the top of the stem of moss-
es, lichens, &c.
Theca vertebralis. The vertebral canal.
Thelitis. Inflammation of the nipple.
THE'NAR. (ar,aris,n.) Bevap. The palm
of the hand or sole of the foot.
Thenar eminence. The fleshy mass under
the thumb.
THEINE. A synonym of Caffein.
THEOBRO'MA. («,«,f.) A genus of plants.
Polyadclphia. Decandria. — T. caca'o. The tree
which yields cocoa. Cocoa is the name given
to the seed, which is of the size of a kidney bean,
and is inclosed in a thin shell. These seeds are
very oily, and apt to disagree with persons of
weak digestion or of a bilious habit of body.
It is ground and boiled for a drink, or manu-
factured with spices into chocolate.
Theobro'mine. A crystalline substance, very
similar to caffein, found in cocoa seeds. Its
formula is C9H5N3O2.
Theople'gia. Theoplexia. Apoplexy.
THEORY. (From tieupeu, to contemplate.)
An argument based on the contemplation of
numerous facts. It differs from an hypothesis in
the circumstance that the latter is a speculation
based on mere imagination, and not on facts.
Theory of medicine. The philosophical ex-
planation of the phenomena of physiology, pa-
thology, and therapeutics.
THERAPEI'A. (a, ce, f. ; from depanevu, to
heal.) Therapia.- See Therapeutics.
THERAPEU'TICS. Therapeutice. (From
■Q-epanevu, to cure.) Therapia. Methodus me-
dendi. Therapia, or therapeutice, is that divis-
ion of pathology which considers the applica-
tion of the remedies and means employed with
a view to prevent and to cure diseases. The
cure of a disease depends on the removal of its
proximate cause. This is effected either by the
power of nature alone, or conjointly with the
assistance of art, so that the cure of a disease
THE
may be said to be either natural or artificial.
The power of uature, denominated the vis med-
icatrix natures, is inherent in the solids and
fluids, and it is by its exertion that a stop is
often put to the progress of a disease, or that it
is cured without the administration of medicine;
and it is also by its co-operation that the medi-
cal art is so beneficial.
The assistance with which medical art is en-
abled to attempt, and to effect, the cure of dis-
eases, is arranged under three heads: 1. The
hygienic, which embraces the diet and regimen.
2. The medicinal, which regards the administra-
tion of medicines, both external and internal.
3. The surgical, or the assistance of manual
and instrumental operations.
THERFACA. (a, a, f.; from drip, a ven-
omous or ferocious animal.) 1. A name given
to several confections, especially of an alexi-
pharmic kind. 2. Treacle, or molasses.
Theriaca andromachi. Mithridatium.
Theriaca cdelestis. The tinctura opii.
Theriaca Damocratis. Mithridatium.
Theriaca edinensis. Confectio opii.
Theriaca germanorum. A rob of juniper
berries.
Theriaca londinensis. A cataplasm of cum-
min seed, bay-berries, germander, snakeroot,
cloves, and honey.
Theriaca rusticorum. Garlic.
Theriaca veneta. Venetian theriac. Mith-
ridatium.
Therio'ma. A malignant nicer.
THE'RMA. (a, m, f. ; from Sepun, heat.) A
warm bath or spring.
The'rmal. Warm.
Therma'tica. Calefacients.
The'rme. QepfiTj. Heat.
THERMO-ELECTRICITY. Electricity pro-
duced by the action of heat. This is effected
whenever two metals of different conducting
powers are soldered together at one place, and
the junction is heated. A current of electricity
is immediately set in motion from the warmed
junction, and circulates along the wires ; it is
of considerable tension, but of little power. The
existence of such a current is ascertained by
the use of a delicate galvanometer.
THERMO'METER. ( Thermometrum, i, n. ;
from ftepfin, heat, and /lerpov, a measure.) An
instrument for measuring the degrees of heat. A
thermometer is a fine tube of glass hermetical-
ly sealed, and blown at one end into a hollow
globe. The bulb and part of the tube are filled
with mercury, or some other fluid. When we
bring the bulb in contact with a hot body, the
mercury expands, and of course rises in the
tube; but when we plunge it into a cold body,
the mercury contracts, and of course falls in the
tube. To this tube is attached a scale, divided
into conventional degrees, to measure the ex-
pansion or amount of heat. Fahrenheit's scale
is almost exclusively used in America and Eng-
land ; the Centigrade in France. On the former,
the or zero is the temperature of a mixture of
equal parts of snow and salt ; the freezing point
of water is 32°, and the boiling point of water,
212°. On the Centigrade, the is the freezing
point of water, and 100° the boiling point. AU
measures below zero are marked — or minus.
Ss
THL
These different modes of graduation are easily
convertible : the scale of the Centigrade is re-
duced to that of Fahrenheit by multiplying by
nine and dividing by five, or that of Fahrenheit
to it by reversing the process. Thus :
C. 100°X9=900-r5=180-H2 o =212 o F -
Or, by reversing the order:
F. 212°— 32=180 X5=90<K-9=100° C
A table is added, showing the correspondence
of the two thermometers :
Falir.
Cent.
Fahr.
Cent
212
100-
100
37-77
200
93-33
90
32-22
190
87-77
80
26-66
180
82-22
70
21-11
170
76-66
60
15-55
160
71-11
50
10-
150
65-55
40
4-44
140
60-
32
0-
130
55-55
20
— 6-66
120
48-88
10
—12-22
110
43-33
—17-77
Thermo'scope. A thermometer.
Thermometer, Breguet's. An extremely
delicate thermometer, made of a helix of com-
pound foil, usually platina and silver, the upper
end of which is fixed, and the lower carries an
index, which traverses over a graduated circle.
When warmed, the different expansion of the
metals causes the helix to become elongated,
and the needle is thus carried more or less
round the circle, according to the degree of
heat.
THE'SIS. Qeaic. A dissertation on a cer-
tain subject or # proposition. An essay prepared
by a medical student who is a candidate for the
degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Theve'tia ahoval. A tree of Brazil, said
to produce a violently poisonous fruit or nut.
Thieves' vinegar. Acotum prophylacticum.
Thigh. See Femur.
Thighbone. See Femoris os.
Thionc'ric acid. A bibasic, crystallizable,
and very soluble acid, obtained by the action
of sulphurous acid on alloxan. Its formula is
C8N 3 H fl 8 ,SO*-r-2HO.
THIOSI'NNAMINE. An artificial alkaloid,
formed by the union of ammonia with the essen-
tial oil of mustard. Its formula is CsHsNaSj. It is
bitter, and produces crystalline compounds with
the chlorides of platinum and mercury. By the
action of dry oxide of lead it loses its sulphur
and two atoms of hydrogen, and becomes con
verted into Sinnamine.
THIRST. Sitis. I. In Physiology, the sensa-
tion by which we experience a desire to drink.
II. In Pathology, this is frequently morbid, and
in this state it is either in excess or deficient.
1. Immoderate thirst, though a common symp-
tom in most febrile diseases, occasionally exists
as an idiopathic disease {Polydipsia). 2. Thirst-
lessness. — This is an unusual state. Sauvages,
in his Nosology, mentions two instances of it.
Absence of thirst is sometimes symptomatic of
inflammation of the brain.
Thistle. See Carduus. — T., blessed. Cen-
taurea benedicta.— • T., carline. Carlina acaulis.
— T., creeping. Serratula arvensis. — T., holy.
Centaurea benedicta. — T., ladies'. T; milk.
Carduus marianus. — T. , pine. Carlina gummif
era. — T., way. Serratula arvensis.
Thla'sis. Thlasma. A contusion.
641
THR
THLA'SPI. (pi,n., indeclinable.) A genus
tV plants. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. Cruci-
fera. Two species of thlaspi were directed in
the pharmacopoeias: Thlaspi arvense, or treacle
mustard, and Thlaspi campestre, or mithridate
mustard. The seeds of both have an acrid,
biting taste, resembling mustard, with which
they agree nearly in qualities.
Thoracentesis. Tapping, or paracentesis
of the chest.
THORA'CIC. (Thoracicus; from thorax,
the chest.) Belonging to the thorax or chest.
Thoracic aorta. See Aorta, thoracic.
Thoracic artery. The external mammary
artery.
Thoracic duct. Ductus thoracicus. Duc-
tus Pecquetlii. The trunk of the absorbents.
It is of a serpentine form, and about the diame-
ter of a crow-quill, and lies upon the dorsal
vertebrae, between the aorta and vena azygos,
extending from the posterior opening of the
diaphragm to the angle formed by the union of
the left subclavian and jugular veins, into which
it opens and evacuates its contents. In this
course the thoracic duct receives the absorbent
vessels from almost every part of the body.
Thoracody'ne. Pleurodynia.
Thoracy'stis. Encysted dropsy of the
chest.
Thoracici. An order of fishes in the Lin-
naean system, which have the ventral fins under
the pectoral.
THO'RAX.t {ax, acis.. m. ; frpm iSopeu, to
leap ; because in it the heart leaps.) The chest,
or that part of the body situated between the
neck and the abdomen. The external parts of
the thorax are, the common integuments, the
breasts, various muscles, and the bones of the
thorax. The parts within the cavity of the
thorax are, the pleura and its productions, the
lungs, heart, thymus gland, oesophagus, thoracic
duct, arch of the aorta, part of the vena cava,
the vena azygos, the eighth pair of nerves, and
}>art of the great intercostal nerve. The chest,
ike the abdomen, is divided by imaginary lines
into certain regions. These are, a right and
left humeral, a right and left subclavian, a right
and left mammary, a right and left axillary, a
right and left subaxillary, a right and left scapu-
lary, a right and left intrascapulary, and a right
and left subscapulary .
THORI'NA. (a, a, f.) A rare earthy ox-
ide, discovered in 1816 by Berzelius. It re-
sembles zirconia.
Thori'num. The metallic base of thorina.
Thorn, Egyptian. Acacia vera.
Thorn-apple. Datura stramonium.
Thornback. Raia clavata.
Thoro'ughwort. Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Thread. Filamentum.
Thread-shaped. Filiform.
Thread-worm. See Entozoa.
Threk-edged. Trigonus; trigonate.
Three-fibred. Trinervus.
Thrke-lobkd. Trilobate.
Thrida'ce. Lactucarium.
Thrix. 6ptf. A hair.
Throat. The anterior part of the neck.
Thpombo'sis. The same as thrombus.
THRO'MBUS. {us, i, m. ; from Vpou6ou, to
642
THY
clot.) A small tumor which sometimes arises
after bleeding, owing to the blood escaping
from the vein into the cellular structure sur-
rounding it.
Thrush. See Aphtha.
Thr y'p t i c u s. Synonymous with Lithon-
triptic.
Thu'ris co'rtex. A name of the cascarilla
bark. See Crolon clcutheria.
THUS, (us, uris, n. ; from -&vu, to sacri-
fice: so called from its great use in sacrifices.)
Frankincense. This name is given to the resin
of the Pinus abics, and also that of the Junipcrus
lycia.
Thus judjeorum. See Thymiama.
Thus masculum. See Juniperus lycia.
THUY'A. (a, m, f.) A genus of plants.
Monascia. Monadclphia. Conifer a. — T. occi-
dentalis. The tree of life. Arbor vita. The
leaves and wood were formerly in high estima-
tion as resolvents, sudsrifics, and expectorants,
and were given in phthisical affections, inter-
mittent fevers, and dropsies. The distilled oil
of the leaves is said to be a good anthelmintic.
Thyla'cion. A word formerly used for the
bag formed by the membranes of the foetus at
the orifice of the womb before birth.
Thy'mbra. Satureia hortensis.
Thymbra hispanica. Thymus mastichina.
Thyme. See Thymus.
Thymelos'a. Daphne gnidium.
THYMIA'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from ■dvp.a, an
odor.) Musk-wood. Thus judaorum. A spe-
cies of bark in small, brownish-gray pieces,
brought from Syria. It has an agreeable bal-
samic smell, approaching to that of liquid sto-
rax, and a subacrid, bitterish taste, accompa
nied with some slight astringency.
Thymio'sis. Framboesia. — Swediaur.
Thymi'tes. Wine impregnated with thyme.
Thy'mium. A small wart upon the skin.
Thymoxa'lme. A medicine composed chiefly
of thyme, vinegar, and salt.
THY'MUS. (us, i, m.) 1. A small warty
excrescence. 2. Common thyme. 3. A genua
of plants. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. La-
biatea. — T. cilra'tus. Thymus serpyllum. — T.
creticus. Satureia capitata. — T. mastichina.
The common herb mastich. A low, shrubby
plant of Spain, which is employed as an er-
rhine. It has a strong, agreeable smell, like
mastich. — T. serpyllum. Wild thyme, or moth-
er of thyme. This plant has the same sensi-
ble qualities as the garden thyme, but a milder
and rather more grateful flavor. Lemon thyme,
the Serpyllum citratum, is a variety. It is very
pungent, and has a particularly grateful odor,
approaching to that of lemons. — T. vulgaris.
The common thyme. It has an agreeable, aro-
matic smell, and a warm, pungent taste, and is
said to be resolvent, emmenagogue, tonic, and
stomachic.
Thymus gland. Qvpoc. A gland of con-
siderable size in the foetus, situated in the an-
terior duplicature or space of the mediastinum,
under the superior part of the sternum. An
excretory duct has not. yet been detected, but
lymphatic vessels have been seen going from it
to the thoracic duct. Its use is unknown.
THYRO-. Thyreo-. A prefix, from thyroid,
TIB
denoting a connection with the thyroid car-
tilage.
Thy'ro-arytjenoide'us. Thyro-arytanoid.
A muscle situated about the glottis, which pulls
the arytasnoid cartilage forward nearer to the
middle of the thyroid, and consequently short-
ens and relaxes the ligament of the larynx.
Thyro-epiglottideus. A small muscle aris-
ing from the thyroid cartilage, and inserted
into the side of the epiglottis. It is usually con-
sidered a part of the thyro-arytacnoideus.
Thyro-hyoide'us. Thyro-hyoid. A muscle
situated between the os hyoides and trunk,
which pulls the os hyoides downward, and the
thyroid cartilage upward.
Thyro-pharyngeus. Tho constrictor pha-
ryngis inferior.
T'h yro-pharyngo-staphylinus. The palato-
pharyngeus.
Thyro-phra'xia. A bronchocele.
Th yro-staphyli'nus. The palato-pharyn-
geus.
THY'ROID. Thyreoid. (Thyroides; from
tivpeoc, a shield, and eiSoc, resemblance; from
its supposed resemblance to a shield.) Re-
sembling a shield.
Thyroid cartilage. Cartilago thyroides.
Cartilago scntiformis. Scutiform cartilage. The
cartilage which is placed perpendicular to the
cricoid cartilages of the larynx, constituting the
anterior, superior, and largest part of the larynx.
It is harder and more prominent in men than in
women, and forms what is called the pomum
Adami in man.
Thyroid gland. Glandula thyroides. A
largo glandiform body, situated upon the cri-
coid cartilage, trachea, and horns of the thyroid
cartilage. No excretory duct has been detect-
ed, and the use of the organ is not yet known.
Thy'roideal. Thyroidcus. Pertaining to
the thyroid gland or cartilage.
Thyroideal arteries. The superior thy-
roideal artery arises from the external carotid.
It gives oft* a laryngeal and crico-thyroid branch,
and is then distributed to the thyroid gland.
The inferior artery arises from the subclavian,
gives oft" several small branches, and is distrib-
uted to the inferior part of the gland.
Thyr'sus. A deuse aud close panicle, more
or less of an ovate form.
Ti. The symbol of titanium.
TI'BIA. (a, <s, f.) The larger bone of the
fore leg. It is of a long, thick, and triangular
shape, and is situated on the internal part of
the leg. Its upper extremity is large, and flat-
tened at its summit into two articulating sur-
faces, a little concave, and separated from each
other by an intermediate irregular protuber-
ance. Each of these, in the recent subject, is
covered by a cartilage, which extends to the in-
termediate protuberance, where it terminates.
They receive the condyles of the os femoris.
Under the edge of the external cavity is a cir-
cular flat surface, covered with cartilage, which
serves for the articulation of tho fibula; and at
the fore part of the bone is a considerable tu-
berosity, of an inch aud a half in length, to
which the strong ligament of the patella is fixed.
The body of the tibia is smaller than its ex-
tremities, and, being of a triangular shape, has
TIN
three surfaces. Of these, the external one is
broad, and slightly hollowed by muscles above
and below ; the internal surface is broad and
flat, and the posterior surface is narrower than
the other two, and nearly cylindrical. This last
has a slight ridge running obliquely across it,
from the outer side of the upper end of the bone
to about one third of its length downward. Of
the three angles which separate these surfaces,
the anterior, from its sharpness, is called the
spine, or .shin.
The tibia enlarges again a little at its lower
extremity, and terminates in a pretty deep cav-
ity, by which it is articulated with the upper-
most bone of the foot. Its internal side is form-
ed into a considerable process, called the malle-
olus interims, or inner ankle. At its back part
we find a groove, lined with a thin layer of car-
tilage, in which slide the tendons of the flexor
digitoriim lougus, and of tho tibialis posticus;
and a little behind this is a smaller groove, for
the tendon of the flexor longus pollicis. On the
sido opposite to the malleolus internus, the cav-
ity is interrupted, and immediately above it ia
a rough, triangular depression, which is furnish-
ed with cartilage, and receives the lower end
of the fibula.
TI'BIAL. ( Tibialis ; from tibia, the bone of
the leg.) Belonging to the tibia.
Tibial aponeurosis. The prolongation of
the femoral aponeurosis over the fore leg.
Tibial arteries. Artericc tibiales. The two
principal branches of the popliteal artery ; the
one proceeds forward, and is called the anterior
tibial; the other backward, and is called the
posterior tibial, of which the external tibial, the
fibular, the external and internal plantar, and
the plantar arch, are branches.
Tibia'lis. Tibial.
Tibialis anti'cus. A flexor muscle of the
foot, situated on the leg, which bends the foot
by drawing it upward, aud at the same time
turns the toes inward.
Tibialis gracilis. The plautaris.
Tibialis posticus. A flexor muscle of the
foot, situated on the leg, which extends the foot,
and turns the toes inward.
Tibio-tarsal articulation. The joint form-
ed by the tibia and foot ; the ankle joint.
TIC DOULOUREUX. A French term sig-
nifying a painful spasm. It is usually applied
to facial neuralgia. See Neuralgia.
Tick. See Acarus.
TICKLING. An unpleasant excitation of
the cutaneous nerves, either by handling or from
disease.
Tiglia grana. Tiglii oleum. See Croton
tiglinm.
TI'LIA. (a, ce, f.) A genus of trees. Poly-
andria. Monogynia. — T. europma. The lime-
tree, or linden. The flowers of this tree are
supposed to possess anodyne and antispasmodic
virtues.
Ti'lmus. Floccilation, or picking of the bed-
clothes.
Timac Cissampelos caapeba.
Ti'midus. Timid : the rectus inferior oculi
muscle.
TIN. Stannnm. A soft metal, of a yellow-
ish-white color ; malleable, though not very te-
643
TIN
Tiaoious. Its specific gravity is 7*29. It melts
at about 442° F. Its equivalent is 57*9, and
symbol, Sn. It forms with oxygen the pro-
toxide, SnO ? the sesquioxide, SnaCfo ; and per-
oxide, or stannic acid, SnCfo ; it also forms com-
pounds with most haloid bodies. The chloride,
or butter of tin, is a violent cathartic.
The uses of tin in the arts are veiy numerous,
but it is seldom employed in the cure of dis-
eases : the filings, however, have been used as
a mechanical vermifuge, and the foil is em-
ployed by dentists.
Tin, sulphuret of. Aurum musivum.
TFNCA. (a, a, f.) The tench fish.
Tincjs os. (So called from its resemblance
to a tench's mouth.) The mouth of the ute-
rus.
Tincal. Crude borax. Sodoe biboras.
Tincto'rius. Dyeing ; that which dyes.
TINOTURA. (a, «, f. ; from tingo, to dye.)
A tincture. A solution of the active portions
of any medicine in alcohol or other menstrua.
Alcohol of sp. gr. 0*835 (rectified spirit) is em-
ployed for resinous bodies, and dilute alcohol,
or proof spirit, for such as yield their properties
partly to water. Ether and the preparations
of ammonia are sometimes used. The drug is
commonly bruised or reduced to a coarse pow-
der, digested with the alcohol at the ordinary
temperature for fourteen days, being frequently
shaken, the remains expressed, and then the
fluid filtered through bibulous paper. The
Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia prescribes digestion
at a temperature of 90° to 100° F., and seven
days. Many of the tinctures can be prepared
by displacement. In this case the drug should
be well pounded, and moistened with spirit
from six to twelve hours before it is subjected
to percolation. Tinctures should be kept well
stopped to avoid the evaporation of their spirit.
The modern tinctures take the place of the
elixirs, alcoholates, essences, and quintessences
of former times.
TlNCTURA ACETATIS FERRI CUM ALCOHOLS.
(Ph. D.) Nearly the same as the tinctura fer-
ri acetatis.
Tinctura acidi sulphurici. Acidum sul-
phuricum aromaticum.
Tinctura aconiti. (U. S.) Tincture of
aconite, or monkshood. Take of aconite, ?iv. ;
dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate fourteen days,
express, and filter ; or prepare by displacement.
Used as an embrocation in neuralgia. The
dose internally is HI x. It must be employed
cautiously.
Tinctura .etherea cum fhosphoro. Ethe-
real solution of phosphorus. A French prepar-
• ation, consisting of phosphorus, 4 parts, dis-
solved in 200 parts of sulphuric ether. It is
objectionable, as the rapid evaporation of the
ether sets free the phosphorus. The Oleum
phosphoratum is much more eligible. Dose,
gtt. v. to gtt. x., as a nervous stimulant.
Tinctura aloes. (U. S. &Ph. L.) Tincture
of aloes. Take of aloes, powdered, fj. ; ex-
tract of liquorice, jiij. ; water, Oiss. ; alcohol,
Oss. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.
Stomachic and purgative. In chlorotic cases
and amenorrhoea, it is preferred to other purges.
Dose, f. 3ij- to f. 5j.
644
TIN
Tinctura aloes jethe'rea. (Ph. E.) Ethe-
real tincture of aloes. Take of Socotrine aloes,
myrrh, each, in powder, fiss. ; saffron, ?j. ;
spirit of sulphuric ether, Sbj. Digest the myrrh
with the ether four days, then add the saffron
and aloes, and digest four days more; filter.
Stimulant, emmenagogue, and cathartic. Dose,
f. jj. to f. 3ij-
Tinctura aloes et myrrhe. (U. S.) T.
aloes composita. Compound tincture of aloes.
Take of aloes, powdered, f iij. ; saffron, 3jj. ;
tincture of myrrh, Oij. Macerate for fourteen
days, and strain. Purgative and emmenagogue.
It is a useful application to old indolent ulcers.
Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 31J.
Tinctura aloes vitriolata. Tinctura aloes
aetherea.
Tinctura ama'ra. Tinctura gentianaj com-
posita.
Tinctura ammoni.e composita. (Ph. L.)
Compound tincture of ammonia. Take of mas-
tich, 3ij.; rectified spirit, f.3ix. ; oil of lavender,
Hlxiv. ; oil of amber, 1tliv. ; strong solution of
ammonia, Oj. Macerate the mastich in the
spirit, that it may be dissolved, and pour off
the clear tincture; then add the other ingre-
dients, and shake them all together. This
supersedes the Spiritus ammonia; succinatus.
Stimulant antispasmodic. Dose, fix. to f. 3ss.
Tinctura angustura. Tinctura cusparise.
Tinctura assafce'tidje. (U. S.) Tincture
of assafcetida. T.faetida. Take of assafoetida,
§iv. ; alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days,
and strain. Antispasmodic and stimulant. Dose,
f. 3ss. to 3ij. ,y
Tinctura assafcetida ammonia'ta. The
spiritus ammonias fcetidus.
Tinctura aurantii. (Ph. L. & E.) Tinc-
ture of orange peel. T. corticis aurantii. Take
of bitter orange peel, dried, fiiiss. ; proof spirit,
Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
A mild and pleasant stomachic bitter, used as
an adjunct.
Tinctura balsami tolutani. Tincture of
balsam of Tolu. See Tinctura tolutani.
Tinctura belladonna. (U. S.) Tincture
of belladonna. Take of belladonna leaves,
dried, f iv. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate four-
teen days, express, and filter. Dose, gtt. xx.
to gtt. 1.
Tinctura benzoini composita. (U. S.) T.
benzoes composita. Compound tincture of ben-
zoin. Friar's balsam. Take of benzoin, jiij. ;
storax balsam, strained, f ij. ; balsam of Tolu,
5j. ; aloes, fss. ; alcohol, Oij. Macerate for
fourteen days, and strain. A stimulant and ex-
pectorant. Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 31J. Also, much
used to heal ulcers and cuts.
Tinctura buchu. (Ph. D.) T. bucku. (Ph.
E. ) Tincture of buchu. Take of buchu leaves,
powdered, 5 v. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Digest
seven days, express, and filter; or prepare by
displacement. Tonic, sudorific, and diuretic.
Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3iv.
Tinctura calumbe. T. colombee. (U. S.)
Tincture of calumba. Take of calumba root,
bruised, ?iv. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate
for fourteen days, and filter. It may be made
by displacement. Stomachic and tonic. Dose,
3j. to 3iij.
TIN
Tinctura camphorje. (U. S.) See Spirit-
fcs campnorec.
Tinctura camphor* composita. T. opii
camphorata (U. S.). Compound tincture of
camphor. Take of camphor, 3ij. ; opium, pow-
dered, benzoic acid, each, 3J.; oil of anise, f.
3J. ; clarified honey, ;ij. ; dilute alcohol, Oij.
Macerate for fourteen days, and filter. This is
a useful diaphoretic anodyne. Dose, f. 3J- to f.
§ss.
Tinctura cantharidis. (U. S.) Tincture
of blistering fly. T. lyttm and T. cantharidum.
Take of blistering flies, pounded, ?j. ; dilute al-
cohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and
strain. It may be prepared by displacement.
This is a veiy acrid, diuretic, and stimulating
preparation, which should always be adminis-
tered with great caution. Dose, 111 x. to f. 3J.
Tinctura capsici. (U. S.) Tincture of cap-
sicum (Cayenne pepper). Take of capsicum,
bruised, 5,j. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for
fourteen days, and strain; or prepare by dis-
placement. An arterial stimulant; also used
as a gargle, when diluted. Dose, Hlx. to f. 33.
Tinctura cardamomi. (U. S.) Tincture
of cardamom. Take of cardamom seeds, bruis-
ed, fiv. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for
fourteen days, and filter ; or make by displace-
ment. A stimulating carminative. Dose, f. 3J.
to f. 5 ss.
Tinctura cardamomi composita. (Ph. L.
& E.) Compound tincture of cardamom. T.
stomachica. Take of cardamom seeds, cara-
way seeds, powdered, each, 3iiss. ; cochineal,
powdered, 3J. ; cinnamon bark, bruised, 3V. ;
raisins, stoneA Jy. ; proof spirit, Oij. Macer-
ate for fourteen days, and strain. A useful and
elegant carminative and cordial. Dose, f. 3j.
to f. fss.
Tinctura cascarill.e. (Ph. L. &E.) Tinc-
ture of cascarilla. Take of cascarilla bark,
powdered, § v. ; proof spirit, Oij. Macerate for
fourteen days, and strain; or prepare by dis-
placement. A stimulating aromatic tonic. Dose,
f. 3j. to f. 3 ij.
Tinctura cassia. (Ph. E.) Tincture of
cassia. Take of cassia bark, in coarse powder,
giijss. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Digest seven days,
express, and filter ; or prepare by displacement.
Used as an adjuvant. Dose, f. jj. to f. 3ij.
Tinctura castorei. (U. S.) Tincture of
castor. Take of castor, powdered, fij.; alco-
hol, Oij. Macerate for seven days, and filter.
A powerful stimulant and antispasmodic, most-
ly exhibited in hysterical affections in a dilute
form. Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 31J.
Tinctura castorei ammoniata. (Ph. E.)
Ammoniatcd tincture of castoreum. Take of
castor, 5iiss. ; assafcetida, 3X. ; spirit of ammo-
nia, Oij. Digest seven days, express, and filter.
Stimulant and antispasmodic. Dose, f. 333. to
£ 3ij-
Tinctura catkchu. (U. S.) Tincture of
catechu. T.japonica. Take of catechu, fiij. ;
cinnamon bark, bruised, 5y. ; dilute alcohol,
Oij- Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.
An aromatic astringent, mostly given in pro-
tracted diarrhoea. Dose, f. 38s. to f. 31J.
Tinctura cicut*. Tinctura conii.
Tinctura cinchona. (U. S.) Tincture of
TIN
cinchona. T. corticis peruviani simplex. Take
of cinchona bark, powdered, f vj. ; dilute alco-
hol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, express,
and filter. It may be prepared by displace-
ment. Dose, f. 3J. to f. fss.
Tinctura cinchona ammoniata. (Ph. L.)
Ammoniated tincture of cinchona. Volatile
tincture of bark. Take of lance-leaved cincho-
na bark, powdered, fiv. ; aromatic spirit of am-
monia, Oij. Macerate for ten days, and strain.
Tonic, antacid, and stimulant. Dose, f. ^j. to
f- 3ij-
Tinctura cinchonje composita. (U. S.)
Compound tincture of cinchona (Peruvian
bark). Take of cinchona bark, in coarse pow-
der, sjij. ; orange peel, bruised, ^iss. ; Virginia
snakeroot, bruised, 3iij.; saffron, cut, red San-
ders wood, rasped, each, 3J. ; dilute alcohol, f.
§ xx. Macerate for fourteen days, express, and
filter ; or proceed by displacement. Tonic
and stomachic. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3 iij .
Tinctura cinnamomi. (U. S.) Tincture of
cinnamon. Take of cinnamon bark, bruised,
5 iij . ; proof spirit, Oij. Macerate for fourteen
days, and filter. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3iij. or more.
Tinctura cinnamomi composita. (U. S.)
Compound tincture of cinnamon. T. aromati-
ca. Take of cinnamon bark, bruised, 5j. ; car-
damom seeds, braised) J ss. ; ginger root, sliced,
3iij. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen
days, and filter ; or it may be prepared by dis-
placement. A warm aromatic. Dose, f. 3ss.
to f. 3ij.
Tinctura colchici. Tinctura colchici
seminis. (U. S.) T. scmiimm colchici. Tinc-
ture of colchicum. Take of the seeds of col-
chicum, sjiv. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for
fourteen days, express, and filter; or prepare by
displacement. Similar to the wine of colchi-
cum. Dose, HI xx. to 3J.
Tinctura colchici composita. (Ph. L.)
Compound tincture of colchicum. Take of col-
chicum seeds, bruised, § v. ; aromatic spirit of
ammonia, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and
strain. Diuretic, stimulant, and antacid. Dose,
f. 3ss. to f. 3J.
Tinctura conii. (U. S.) Tincture of hem-
lock. Take of the dried leaves of hemlock.
giv. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Digest for fourteen
days, express, and filter. This tincture pos-
sesses all the active properties of the hemlock.
It may be made by displacement. Dose, 3SS.
to 3J.
Tinctura colomb.e. (U. S.) Tincture of
calumba;.
Tinctura croci. (Ph. E.) Tincture of
saffron. Take of saffron, fij. ; dilute alcohol,
Oij. Macerate, or proceed by displacement.
Emmenagogue in doses of f. sij- Used as a
coloring material.
Tinctura cubebje. (U. S.) Tincture of
cubebs. Take of cubebs, bruised, jir. ; dilute
alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, ex-
press, and filter. It may be prepared by dis-
placement. It ii used in the same cases as
cubebs, and should be given in full doses, as
two or three drachms.
Tinctura cusparij:. (Ph. K.) Tincture
of cusparia (angustura bark.) Take of cu#-
paria bark, powdered, fivss. ; dilute alcohol,.
645
TIN
Oij. Made by maceration or displacement.
A stomachic tonic. Dose, f. 3J- to f. 31J-
TlNCTURA DIGITALIS. (U.S. &Ph. L.) TillC-
ture of foxglove. Take of foxglove leaves,
dried, §iv.; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for
fourteen days, express, and filter. This tinc-
ture possesses the properties of the plant. Dose,
ten to forty minims. P'or its virtues, see Digi-
talis.
Tinctura ergot.e. Tinctura secalis cornuti.
Tinctura ferri acetatis. (Ph. D.) Tinc-
ture of acetate of iron. Take of acetate of pot-
ash, two parts ; sulphate of iron, one part ; and
rectified spirit, twenty-six parts. It is a mild
chalybeate. Dose, illx. to jj.
Tinctura ferri ammoniati. See Tinctura
ferri amnion io-chloridi.
Tinctura ferri ammonio-chlohidi. (Ph.
L.) Tincture of aminonio-chloride of iron.
T. ferri ammoniati. T. ferri ammoniac alis.
T. ftorum martialium. T. martis Mynsichti.
Take of ammonio-chloride of iron, jiv. ; proof
spirit, Oj. Digest aud strain. Thin is an ex-
cellent chalybeate, and may bo given with cin-
chona in dropsical and other cachetic diseases.
Dose, half a fluid drachm to two drachms.
Tinctura ferri muriatis. See Tinctura
ferri sesqui-cldoridi.
Tinctura ferri chloriui. (U. S.) Tinc-
tura ferri sesqui-culoridi. Tincture of mu-
riate of iron. T. ferri muriatis. T. martis
in spirilu salis. Take of scsquioxide of iron,
ibss. ; muriatic acid, Oj. ; alcohol, Oiij. Pour the
acid upon the scsquioxide of iron in a glass ves-
sel, and shake it occasionally for three days;
then add the spirit, and strain. Cline strongly
recommends this in ischuria, and many diseases
of the kidneys aud urinary passages. Dose,
ten to twenty drops. It is chalybeate, astrin-
gent, and styptic.
Tinctura galbani. (Ph. D.) Tinctm-c of
galbanum. Take of galbanum, bruised, §ij. ;
ddute alcohol, Oij. Digest seven days, and
filter. Stimulant and antispasmodic. Dose,
f. $j. to f. siij.
Tinctura gallje. (U. S.) T. gallarum.
Tincture of galls. Take of galls, powdered,
jiv. ; proof spirit, Oiij. Macerate for fourteen
days, and strain. It may be prepared by dis-
placement. Astringent. E>ose, jss. to 31J.
Tinctura gentian.e composita. (U. S.)
Compound tincture of gentian. T. amara.
Take of gentian root, braised, § ij. ; orange peel,
dried, 5j. ; cardamom seeds, braised, f ss. ; dilute
alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, ex-
press, and filter. It may be prepared by dis-
placement. Tonic and stomachic. Dose, f. 3Jj.
Tinctura guai'aci. (U. S.) Tincture of
guaiacum. Take of guaiacum resin, powder-
ed, Ibss. ; alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen
days, and strain. Stimulant, diaphoretic, and
antiarthritic. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3IJ.
Tinctura guaiaci ammoniata. (U. S.) T.
guaiaci cemposita. Ammoniated tincture of
guaiacum ; formerly called Tinctura guaiacina
lolatilis. Take of guaiacum resin, powdered,
5'iv. ; aromatic spirit of ammonia, Oiss. Mac-
erate for fourteen days, and filter. Dose, f. 3J.
to f. 31.1-
Tinctura helle'bori. (U. S.) T. helle-
646
TIN
borinigri. Tincture of black hellebore. Take
of black hellebore root, bruised, fiv. ; dilute
alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and
strain. It may be prepared by displacement.
Dose, f. 33s. to f. 3J. For its virtues, see Helle-
borus niger.
Tinctura humuli. See Tinctura lupuli.
Tinctura hyoscy'ami. (U.S.) Tincture of
henbane. Take of henbane leaves, dried, fiv. ;
proof spirit, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days,
and strain. It may be prepared by displace-
ment. Anodyne. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 31J-
Tinctura iodi'ni. (U. S.) Tincture of
iodine. Take of iodine, 5J.; alcohol, Oj. Dis-
solve. It spoils by keeping, and deposits the
iodine when mixed with water. Used exter-
nally or added to liniments.
Tinctura iodi'nii composita. (U. S. &Ph.
L.) Compound tincture of iodine. Take of
iodine, §ss. ; iodide of potassium, §j. ; rectified
spirit, Oj. Dissolve. A convenient formula for
administering iodine. Dose, ten minims, grad-
ually increased to sixty.
Tinctura jalap.e. (U.S.) Tincture of jal-
ap. Take of jalap root, powdered, §viij. ; di-
lute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days,
and strain. It may be prepared by displace-
ment. Cathartic. Dose, f. 31J.
Tinctura kino. (Ph. L. & E.) Tincture
of kino. Take of kino, powdered, giiiss. ; proof
spirit, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and
strain. All the astringency of kino is possessed
by this preparation. Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 31J.
Tinctura Krame'rije. (U.S.) T. Crameria
Tincture of rhatany. Take ot rhatany root,
powdered, §vj.; dilute alcohol Oij. Either
macerate or proceed by displacement. Astrin-
gent. Dose, f. 3J.
Tinctura lactu'carii. (Ph. E.) Tincture
of lactucarium. Take of lactucarium, in fine
powder, f iv. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Digest or
prepare by displacement. Each f. 3J. contains
gr. vj. of lactucarium. Anodyne. Dose, 1Uxx.
tof. 3J.
Tinctura Lavandula' composita. See
Spiritus lavandulm compositus.
Tinctura lobe'lije. (U. S. & Ph. E.)
Tinctura of lobelia (Indian tobacco). Take of
lobelia iurlata, dried and powerded, jiv. ; dilute
alcohol, Oij. Prepare by maceration or dis
placement. Emetic and antispasmodic in doses
off. 3J. to f. sij., repeated every two or three
hours until emesis. Expectorant in doses of
111 xx. to f. 3ss.
Tinctura lobelia ;etherea. (Ph. E.)
Ethereal tincture of lobelia. Take of lobelia,
dried and powdered, §v. ; spirit of sulphuric
ether, Oij. Digest seven days, or proceed by
displacement. Antispasmodic and expectorant.
Dose, HI xx. to f. 3J.
Tinctura lupuli. T. humuli. (U. S.)
Tincture of hops. Take of hops, fv. ; dilute
alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and
strain. Tonic and sedative. Dose, 3J. to 31J.
or more.
Tinctura lupuli'nje. (U. S.) Tincture of
lupulin. Take of lupulin, ?iv. ; alcohol, Oij.
Macerate for fourteen days, and 'filter. Arc*-
matic, tonic, and soporific. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3ij.
Tinctura LYTTiE. See Tinctura cantharidi*
TIN
Tinctura moschi. (Ph. D.) Tincture of
musk. Take of musk, powdered, 3ij. ; alcohol,
•Oj. Macerate for seven days, and filter. An-
tispasmodic. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3iv.
Tinctura myrrhs. (U. S.} Tincture of
myrrh. Take of myrrh, bruised, fiv. ; alcohol,
Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
Applied to ulcers, and used as a gargle.
Tinctura nucis vomicje. (Ph. D.) Tinc-
ture of nux vomica. Take of nux vomica, rasp-
ed, sjij. ; alcohol, fviy. Macerate for seven
days, and filter. Used where nux vomica or
strychnia are indicated. Dose, 111 v. to HI x. It
is also used externally as an embrocation to
paralyzed parts.
Tinctura olei mentis piperi't;e. (U. S.)
Tincture (essence) of peppermint. Dissolve
f. gij. of oil of peppermint in Oj. of alcohol.
Dose, gtt. v. to gtt. x.
Tinctura olei Mentha vi'ridis. (U. S.)
Tincture (essence) of spearmint. Dissolve f.
51J. in alcohol Oj.
Tinctura opii. (U.S.) Tincture of opium.
Laudanum. Take of opium, powdered, § iiss. ;
dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days,
express, and filter. It has the stimulant and
narcotic action of opium. Twenty-five drops,
or about thirteen minims, contain one grain of
opium. Dose, 111 x. to f. jjj.
Tinctura opii aceta'ta. (U. S.) Acetated
tincturo of opium. Black drop. Take of
opium,- §ij. ; vinegar, f. 3xy. ; alcohol, Oss.
Macerate for fourteen days, express, and fil-
ter. Twenty drops contain about one grain of
opium.
Tinctura opii ammonia'ta. (Ph. E.) Am-
moniated tincture of opium. Take of benzoic
acid, saffron, each, 3\j. ; opium, sliced, fss. ;
oil of anise, 3J. ; spirit of ammonia, OH. Digest
seven days, and filter. Stimulant and antispas-
modic. Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 3J. Each drachm and
a quarter contains one grain of opium.
Tinctura opii camphorata. (U.S.) Tinc-
tura camphors composita.
Tinctura quas'sle. (U. S.) Tincture of
rjnassia. Take of quassia, rasped, gij.; dilute
alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, or
proceed by displacement. Tonic. Dose, f. 3J.
to f. 31J. The Tinctura quassia: composita of the
Edinb. Ph. also contains cinnamon and raisins.
Tinctura rhei. (U. S.) Tincture of rhu-
barb. T . rhabarbari. T. rhabarbari spirituosa.
Take of rhubarb root, bruised, giij.; cardamom
seeds, bruised, § ss. ; proof spirit, Oij. Macerate
for fourteen days, and strain; or prepare by
displacement. Dose, f. 3J.to 31J., as a stomachic.
Tinctura rhei composita. (Ph. L.) Com-
pound tincture of rhubarb. Take of rhubarb
root, sliced, ^iiss. ; liquorice root, bruised, 3vj. ;
ginger root, sliced, 3iij. ; proof spirit, Oij. Mac-
erate for fourteen days, with a gentle heat, and
strain. This is a mild stomachic aperient. Dose,
f. fss. to fiss.
Tinctura rhei et aloes. (U. S.) Tinc-
ture of rhubarb and aloes. Take of rhubarb,
bruised, 3X.; aloes, powdered, 3vj. ; cardamoms,
bruised, 3"ss. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for
fourteen days, express, and filter. Stomachic
and cathartic. Dose, f. 31J- to f. fj.
Tinctura rhei et gentia'njE. (U. S.)
TIN
Tincture of rhubarb and gentian. Take of
rhubarb, bruised, fij.; gentian root, bruised,
Jss. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for four-
teen days, express, and filter. It may also be
prepared by displacement. Stomachic and ton-
ic. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3iv.
Tinctura rhei et senn.e. (U. S.) Tinc-
ture of rhubarb and senna. Take of rhubarb,
bruised, ?j. ; senna, 3ij. ; coriander, bruised,
fennel seed, bruised, each, 3J. ; red sanders,
rasped, 31 j . ; saffron, liquorice, each, 388.; raisins,
stoned, ibss. ; dilute alcohol, Oiij. Macerate
lor fourteen days, express, and filter. Stoma-
chic and cathartic. Dose, fss. to f. jj.
Tinctura sacra. Vinum aloes.
Tinctura sangui'narije. (U.S.) Tincture
of bloodroot. Take of bloodroot, bruised, fiv. ;
dilute alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days,
express, and filter. It may be prepared by dis-
placement. See Sanguinaria canadensis.
Tinctura sapo'nis camphora'ta. (U. S.)
Camphorated tincture of soap (soap liniment).
Take of soap, § iv. ; camphor, fij. ; oil of rose-
mary, f. §ss. ; alcohol, Oij. Digest the soap
with the alcohol till it is dissolved ; filter, and
add the camphor and oil. An anodyne lini-
ment.
Tinctura scill^:. (U. S.) Tincture of
squill. Take of squill root, dried, ?iv. ; dilute
alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteon days, and
strain. It may be prepared by displacement.
The virtues of the squill reside in the tincture,
which is ad ministered in doses of from ten drops
to a fluid drachm.
Tinctura seca'lis cornu'ti. (Apothecaries'
Hall, L.) Tincture of ergot. Take of ergot;
in powder, §ij. ; dilute alcohol, Oj. Digest for
fourteen days, express, and filter. An excel-
lent preparation, containing the active proper-
ties of ergot. Dose, f. 3J., repeated every ten
minutes until its effect is apparent.
Tinctura senn« composita. (Ph. L.)
Tincture of senna. Take of senna leaves,
giiiss. ; caraway seeds, bruised, 3iiiss. ; carda-
mom seeds, bruised, 3J. ; raisins, stoned, Jr.;
proof spirit, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days,
and strain. A carminative, aperient, and purga-
tive, in doses of from two fluid drachms to a
fluid ounce.
Tinctura sennje et jalap.e. (U. S.) Tinc-
ture of senna and jalap. Take of senna, fiij. ;
jalap, powdered, fj. ; coriander seeds, caraway
seeds, bruised, each, gas. ; cardamom seeds,
bruised, jnj. ; sugar, jiv. ; dilute alcohol, Oiij.
Macerate lor fourteen days, or prepare by dis-
placement. Cathartic. Dose, f. 31J. to f. jj.
Tinctura serpentaki.*. (U.S.) Tincture
of serpentary. Tincture of Virginian snakeroot
T. serpentaricc virginiana:. Take of serpentary
root, bruised, ?iij. ; proof spirit, Oy. Macerate
for fourteen days, and strain. It may be pre-
pared by displacement. Tonic and stimulant.
Dose, f. 3J- to f. 31J.
Tinctura stramonii. (U. S.) Tincture of
stramonium (thorn-apple). Take of stramoni-
um seeds, bruised, fiv..; dilute alcohol, Oij.
Macerate for fourteen days, or prepare by dis-
placement. It has the properties of stramo-
nium. Dose, at first, tit x. to fllxx., to be in-
creased until some obvious effects arise.
647
TIT
Tinctura thebaica. Tinctura opii.
Tinctura tolutani. (U. S.) Tincture of
Tolu. Take of balsam of Tolu, § iij. ; alcohol,
Oij. Dissolve and filter. Used in making the
syrup of Tolu.
Tinctura valerians. (U. S.) Tincture
of valerian. T. Valeriana simplex. Take of
valerian root, f iv. ; dilute alcohol, Oij. Macer-
ate for fourteen days, and strain ; or proceed by
displacement. An antispasmodic, used in con-
junction with others. Dose, f. 3J. to f. 3iv.
Tinctura valerians ammoniata. (U. S.)
T. Valeriana composita. T. Valeriana volatilis.
Ammoniated tincture of valerian. Take of va-
lerian root, f iv. ; aromatic spirit of ammonia,
two pints. Macerate for fourteen days, and
strain. A strong antispasmodic and stimulating
tincture. Dose, f. 33s. to f. 313.
Tinctura vera'tri. T.veratrialbi. Vinum
vcratri.
Tinctura zinci aceta'tis. (Ph. D.) Tinc-
ture of acetate of zinc. Take of sulphate of
zinc, acetate of potash, each, one part; alcohol,
sixteen parts. Rub the salts together, and add
the alcohol; filter through paper. An astrin-
gent collyrium and injection.
Tinctura zingi'beris. (U. S.) Tincture
of ginger. Take of ginger root, bruised, fviij.;
alcohol, Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and
strain ; or prepare by displacement. A stimu-
lating carminative. Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 3J.
Tincture. See Tinctura.
Ti'nea. T. capitis. The scald head. See
Porrigo.
TINNITUS AURIUM. Ringing in the ears.
A common symptom in many cerebral dis-
eases.
Tintement metallique. See Metallic tink-
ling.
TISANE. Ptisane. A French term for mu-
cilaginous and pectoral drinks. The basis of
these is usually the decoction of barley.
TISSUE. A term introduced by the French
anatomists for the textures which compose the
different organs of animals.
Tissue, areolar. T., porous. The cellu-
lar tissue.
Tissue, accidental. A false tissue ; the re-
sult of a morbid process, as the membrane of
croup, cancerous growths, tubercles.
Titanic acid. AcidumlUanicum. The per-
oxide of titanium, which acts on alkalies as a
feeble acid.
TITA'NIUM. A rather scarce metal, of
great hardness, a copper color, extreme in-
fusibility ; sp. gr., 5 8; equivalent, 24; sym-
bol, Ti.
Tithonic Relating to tithonicity.
T I T H O N I C I'T Y. The chemical force or
rays existing in the spectrum, whether solar or
from artificial light. Dr. Draper has made an
extended series of experiments to prove that it
is an independent imponderable, distinct from
light, heat, and electricity.
Tithonogra'pht. The same as photography.
Tithono'meter. An instrument to measure
the force of the chemical rays in any ray of
light.
Titht'«alus. Euphorbia cyparissias.
Tithtmalus paralias. Euphorbia paralias.
648
TON
Tithymeljea. Daphne.
Titi'llicum. The arm-pit.
TITUBA'TION. (From titubo, to stagger
or waver.) Restlessness, with an inclination to
constant change of position. The fidgets.
Toad-flax. Antirrhinum linaria.
Tobacco. Nicotiana tabacum.
Tobacco, English. Nicotiana rustica.
Tobacco, Virginian. Nicotiana tabacum.
TOCOLOGY. (From tokoc, parturition, and
Xoyoc.) Obstetrics.
TOE. Digitus pedis. Each toe consists of
three distinct bones, disposed in rows, called
phalanges, or ranks of the toes. The great toe
has but two phalanges; the others have three
ranks of bones, the joints of which are formed
by a round head on one bone, and by a pretty
deep hollow for receiving it in the one above it.
They also consist of muscles, nerves, blood-
vessels, and integuments.
Toffania aqua. See Aquelta.
TOLERANCE. (From tolero, to bear.) The
ability to bear any medicine or agent, especially
blood-letting.
Tolu balsam. Toluifera balsamum.
Toluidine. A volatile base, obtained from
balsam of Tolu.
TOLUI'FERA. («,«,£) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Monogynia. — T. balsamum. The
tree which affords the Tolu balsam ; balsa-
mum tolutanum ; balsam of Tolu. It grows in
South America. The balsam is obtained by
making incisions into the bark of the tree ; it
thickens, and, in time, becomes concrete ; has
a fragrant odor, and a warm, sweetish taste.
It dissolves entirely in alcohol, and communi-
cates its odor and taste to water by boiling. It
contains benzoic acid. It has been used as an
expectorant ; but its powers are very inconsid-
erable, and it is at present employed principal-
ly on account of its flavor. It is directed by
the pharmacopoeias in the Syrupus tolutani and
Tinctura tolutani. ,
Tolutanum balsamum. See Toluifera bal-
samum.
Toma'tum. Tomato. Solanum lycopersi-
cum.
Tombac A white alloy of copper with ar
senic.
Tombeki. (Arabic.) A highly narcotic East-
ern species of the lobelia, used for smoking
Tomei'um. An incision-knife.
Tomento'se. Downy; woolly.
TOME'NTUM. (urn, i, n. ; a flock of wool.)
1. In Anatomy, applied to the small vessels on
the surface of the brain, which appear like
wool. 2. In Botany, a downy pubescence.
Tomentum cerebri. The small vessels that
penetrate the cortical substance of the brain
from the pia mater, which, when separated
from the brain, and adhering to the pia mater,
give it a flocky appearance.
TONE. (Tovof, from reivu, to extend.)
The natural and healthy tension of the muscular
fibre.
TONGUE. Lingua. A soft, fleshy viscus,
constituting the organ of taste. It is composed
of muscular fibres, covered by a mucous mem-
brane, on which are a great number of nervous
papillae, particularly at the apex and lateral
TON
parts. About a quarter of an inch from its base
is a little round pit, called the foramen ctecum,
which seems to form a sort of reservoir for the
contiguous mucous follicles. The papillae of
the tongue are distinguished into the lenticular,
which are from ten to fifteen in number, and
are situated near the base of the tongue; the
capitate or fungiform, smaller and more numer-
ous than the preceding, and situated toward the
edges and tip of the tongue ; the conical or py-
ramidal, which are verynumerous, and dispersed
over the whole upper surface of the tongue ; the
filiform, which are few in number, and situated
close to the tip of the tongue. The arteries of
the tongue are branches of the ranine and labial.
The vems empty themselves into the great Un-
guals, which proceed to the external jugular.
The nerves come from the eighth, ninth, and
fifth pair.
Tongue, black. A typhoid fever, which
was endemical in the Western States in the win-
ter ofd842-3.
Tongue-shaped. Lingulate.
TO'NIC. Tonicvs. A rigid contraction of
the muscles, which lasts for some time without
relaxation, is called a Tonic spasm.
Toni'city. The elasticity of living parts.
TO'NICS. (From tovou, to strengthen.) Ap-
plied to those means which increases the tone
of the muscular fibre, and impart vigor to the
whole system. Tonics are divided into mineral
and vegetable. The principal mineral tonics are
the preparations of iron, zinc, copper, arsenic,
silver, bismuth, mercury, and the mineral acids.
The vegetable tonics consist chiefly of the bit-
ters, quinine, salicine ; the aromatics also have
a degree of tonic power. Cold is also a power-
ful tonic.
Tonics, mental. Those mental emotions
which excite the body, as confidence, hope,
and any pleasurable amusement.
Tonka bean. The Tonquji bean.
To'nos. Tonic spasm.
TO'NSIL. (Tonsilla,a-,f.) An oblong, sub-
oval gland, situated on each side of the fauces,
and opening into the cavity of the mouth by
twelve or more large excretoiy ducts.
Tonsilla'rum gangr-kna. See Tonsillitis
maligna.
TONSILLI'TIS. (is,idis,f.) There are two
species of inflammation of the tonsils, the one
phlegmonoid, the other erythematous or erysip-
elatous: they are perfectly distinct diseases. 1.
Tonsillitis phlegmonoides. The common quin-
sy, or inflammatory sore throat of most writers.
It begins with a soreness or stiffness about one
side of the throat ; the swallowing becomes im-
peded ; the mouth is clammy ; and when the
J 'aw is moved, or there is any attempt to swal-
ow, there is a pain extending from the throat
to the ear. These symptoms are attended with
more or less pyrexia. If the inflammation be
not resolved, the part becomes more tumid,
deglutition more impeded, the febrile symptoms
exacerbate more violently; suppuration soon
follows, and, though the patient be in the great-
est misery from the symptoms already mention-
ed, the abscess bursts, and he is instantly re-
lieved. The suppuration occasionally extends
I'ound the pharynx, and a large quantity of pus
TON
is evacuated, either by spontaneous rupture or
by an opening from the lancet. This species of
tonsillitis is produced by cold, and is a common
disease in spring and autumn, and seldom at-
tended with any danger. It is never conta-
gious, and mostly attacks the young and san-
guine. It is apt to produce a disposition to re-
turn from slight causes.
At the very commencement, the inflammation
is occasionally, though not often, resolved by
bleeding or leeching. A purgative, and the an-
tiphlogistic diet are required, with iced acidu-
lated gargles, and such antifebrile remedies as
are recommended against inflammation. Many
quinsies are resolved by nauseating doses of tar-
tar emetic, given every one or two hours for a
day. Stimulating applications to the throat are
often efficacious.
When the abscess has burst, or the pus is
evacuated, veiy little after-treatment is requir-
ed: detergent gargles; and nourishment soon
put all right again.
2. Tonsillitis maligna. This is the ulcerated,
speckled, malignant, putrid, or gangrenous sore
throat of authors. It is also called Angina ma-
ligna and Cynanche maligna. The inflammation
is usually superficial on the membrane which
covers the tonsils, and does not affect the cel-
lular tissue beneath. No sooner does the in-
flammation take place, than it passes immedi-
ately into small ulcers, which have a varied ap-
pearance, being whitish, gray, brown, or black;
of smaller or larger extent, sometimes the size
of a pea, and sometimes much larger ; mostly
spreading so as to extend over the pharynx and
the whole fauces, into the nostrils, and even
around the glottis, and down the oesophagus.
As these ulcerations increase, they have a slough-
ing appearance ; and the membrane of the fau-
ces is occasionally separated in large sloughs.
The local affection is attended from its com-
mencement with typhoid fever; the pulse is
small, and rapid ; the heat considerable ; the
prostration great; and there is mostly some
disturbance of the sensorium. The disease is
highly contagious, and. usually epidemic; and,
according to the nature of the epidemic, the
character of the fever, and other circumstances,
the danger is to be appreciated. A very fre-
quent concomitant of the malignant, ulcerated
sore throat is a scarlet eruption over the body,
in a simple form, or with blotches of a scarlet
color, with petechia;, or vibices. This mostly
increases the danger. When attended with an
eruption, malignant tonsillitis appears very sim-
ilar to scarlet fever of a bad type.
When the local symptoms are mild, the fever
is seldom great, and the danger comparatively
little.
In conducting the cure, cleanliness, pure air,
and a free ventilation are here of the utmost
importance, and especially the removing of all
the excretions and cleansings of the fauces,
which contain the contagion in its most active
form. The remedies are similar to those recom-
mended against typhus and gangrene. The ni-
tro-muriatic%cid is here an excellent remedy,
as are the acids generally.
Cinchona, cascarilla, and calumba are the best
tonics : their infusions and decoctions, and the
649
TOR
sulphate of quinine, may be made into mixtures,
and acidulated with either of the acids. If the
bowels, from the free use of acids, become
loose, aromatics and astringents are proper, with
spiced wine and cordials.
Tho local treatment consists in the use of
stimulating gargles, especially of port wine,
capsicum, or the mineral acids. In the admin-
istration of these, the best rule is to proportion
them to the effect they produce. The diet
should consist of arrow-root, gruel, jellies, and
the like, with wine or brandy. Good bottled
porter is an excellent medicine.
Tooth. See Teeth.
Toothache. Odontalgia.
Tooth-rash. Strophulus.
Tooth-shape. Dentate.
Tophaceous. Resembling a soft stone.
TO'PHUS. (us, i, m. Toph, Hebrew.) 1.
A toph, or soft swelling on a bone. 2. A con-
cretion in the joints.' 3. Gravel.
TO'PICAL. (Topicns; from tottoc, a place.)
Medicines applied to a particular part are called
Topical.
Topina'rja. The same a.s Talpa.
TO'RCULAR. (From torqueo, to twist.) 1.
A press. 2. The tourniquet.
Torcular hero'phili. The press of Hero-
philus ; the fourth sinus of the dura mater.
Tordylium officinale. Seseli creticum.
Torenia asiatica. A small Malabar plant,
the juice of which is said to cure the clap.
Tormkntit.. Tormentilla erecta.
TORMENTI'LLA. (a, a, f.) 1. Tormentilla
erecta. 2. A gtenusof plants. Icosandria. Mon-
ogynia. Rosacea;. — T. erecta. The upright
soptfoil. The root has a strong, styptic taste:
it has long been held in estimation as a good
astringent. It is chiefly used in infusion as an
injection.
TORME'NTUM. Tho ileac passion was so
called, from its severely painful nature. See
Ileac passion.
TORMINA. (PI. of Tormen, inis, n.) 1.
Severe griping pains in the bowels. 2. Dys-
entery. — Cclsus.
Toro'sus. Protuberant,
Torpe'iio. Raia torpedo. The electrical
ray.
TO'RPOR . ( From lorpeo, to be benumbed. )
A numbness, inactivity, or deficient sensation.
Torricellian vacuum. The vacuum which
occurs above the mercury in a long barometer
tube.
TO'RSION. Torsio. Twisting. The twist-
ing or torsion of a divided artery will stop hem-
orrhage, and it is occasionally used for this pur-
pose.
Torsion balance. Coulomb's electrom-
eter.
Torsk. The Gad us ciliaris and brosme.
TORTICO'LLIS. (is, is, m. ; from torqueo,
to twist, and collum, the neck.) The wiy neck.
See Wry neck.
• To'rtilis. Twisted.
Tortuo'sus. Tortuous; twisted.
Tortu'ra oris. A wry mouth.
TORU'LiE. (PI. of torula.) Microscopic
confervoid bodies discoverable in fermenting
fluids. They are tubular. Diabetic or saccha-
650
TRA
rine urine, which has been placed on one side
for a short time in warmth, develops them ; and
they constitute a safe test of this condition of
the urine.
Torulo'sus. Torulous. Bulged out at in-
tervals, like a cord with several knots in it.
Torus. 1. A twisted cord. 2. The recepta-
cle of a flower.
TOUCH. Tactus. The sense by which we
are enabled to know the properties of bodies
by feeling them. This arises from the presence
of the fibrillar of the sensory nerves being dis-
tributed over every part of the skin.
Touch-me-not. The noli me tangere.
Touchwood. Boletus ignarius.
TOU'RNIQUET. (French ; from tourner, to
turn.) An instrument used for stopping the
flow of blood into a limb by compressing the
main artery. The tourniquet is used to stop
hemorrhage till some more permanent means
can be put in effect, as during the amputation
of a limb. It is unnecessary to describe the
tourniquet, which is in constant use among sur-
geons.
Tous les mois. A farina derived from the
rhizome of the Canna coccinea.
Toxica'ria mac assarie'nsis. A name of the
Bolmn upas. See Upas.
Toxicode'ndrum. Rhus toxicodendron.
Toxicoh^'mia. Poisoning of the blood.
TOXICO'LOGY. ( Toxicologic, a:, f. ; from
roi-iKov, a poison, and hoyoe, a discourse.) The
study of poisons. See Poison.
To'xicum. (urn, i, n. ; to^lkov.) A poison.
See Poison.
Toxite'sia. The artemisia or uiugwort.
TRABE'CULA. (a, a:, f.) Applied to the
thread-like processes in the longitudinal sinus
of the dura mater, and to tho small medullary
fibres of the brain, which constitute the com-
missures.
TRACHE'A. ^a, te, f. Tpaxeia, from its
roughness; from rpaxve, rough.) Trachelos.
The windpipe. The trachea is a cartilaginous
and membranous canal, through which the air
passes into the lungs. Its upper part is the
larynx. From the larynx the canal begins to
take the name of trachea, or arteria aspera, and
extends from thence as far down as the fourth
or fifth vertebra of the back, where it divides
into two branches, which are the right and left
bronchial tubes. Each of the bronchia ramifies
through the substance of a lobe of the lungs
by an infinite number of branches, which are
formed of cartilages, separated from each other,
like those of the trachea, by an intervening
membranous and ligamentous substance. Each
of these cartilages is nearly of an annular figure;
and they become gradually less and less in their
diameter. As the branches of the bronchia be-
come more minute, their cartilages become more
and more annular and membranous, till at length
they become perfectly so. The trachea is fur-
nished with fleshy or muscular fibres, some of
which pass through its whole extent longitudi-
nally, while the others are carried round it in a
circular direction, so that, by the contraction or
relaxation of these fibres, it is enabled to short-
en itself, and likewise to dilate or contract the
diameter of its passage. The trachea and its
TRA
branches, in all their ramifications, are furnished
with a great number of small glands, which are
lodged m their cellular substance, and discharge
a mucous fluid on the inner surface of these
tubes.
The trachea receives its arteries from the
carotid and subclavian arteries, and its veins
pass into the j ugulars. Its nerves arise from the
recurrent branch of the eighth pair, and from
the cervical plexus.
Tra'cheal. Pertaining to the trachea.
Tracheitis infantum. Croup.
Trache'lagra. The gout or rheumatism in
the neck.
Trache'uum. Campanula trachelium.
TRACHE'LO-. A prefix, from rpaxn^oc , the
neck. Appertaining to the neck.
Traciieloce'le. Bronchocele.
Trache'i.O-DIAFHRAGMATIC NERVES. The
four pair of cervical nerves.
Trache'lo-mastoide'us. A muscle situated
on the neck, which assists the complexus, but
pulls tho head more to one side. It is the com-
plexus minor scu mastoidcus lateralis of Wins-
low. It arises from the transverse processes
of the five inferior cervical vertebra;, where it
is connected with the transversalis cervicis, and
of the three superior dorsal, and it is inserted
into the middle of the posterior part of the
mastoid process.
Trachelo'phyma. A bronchocele.
TRACHEO'TOMY. (Trackcolomia, m, f.J
from rpaxeia, the trachea, and reuvu, to cut.)
See Bronchotomy.
TRACHI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from rpaxeia,
the windpipe, and Ms, the terminal, which de-
notes inflammation.) Inflammation of the tra-
chea. See Croup.
TRACHO'MA. (a, atis, n. ; from rpa X vc,
rough.) An as])erity in the internal superficies
of the eyelid. It often produces a violent oph-
thalmia, and a severe pain, as often as the eye-
lid moves. It may be produced from sand
falling between the eye and the eyelid of per-
sons travelling. It also arises from caruncles,
or fleshy warts, and from hard pustules grow-
ing in the internal superficies of the eyelid.
Tractors, metallic. Perkinism.
TRAC'TUS. (its, i, in. ; from traho, to draw.)
A drawing in length ; a region ; a space ; a tract.
Tractus motorius. Mbtor tract; the name
given to the prolongation of the corpora pyra-
midalia through the pons varolii into the crura
cerebri. The motor nerves arise from this
tract.
Tractus opticus. Optic tract; a flattened
band, which arises from the thalamus opticus,
and turns round the cms cerebri.
Tractus respiratorius. Respiratory tract;
a name given by C. Bell to a narrow white band,
which descends along the side of the medulla
, oblongata at tho bottom of the lateral sulcus.
Tragaca'nth. Tragaca'ntha. Astragalus
tragacantha.
Tragaca'nthin. Bassorin.
TRA'GICUS. A proper muscle of the ear,
which pulls the point of the tragus a little for-
ward.
Tra'oium. The Dictauinus albus.
Traoo'ckrus. The aloe plant.
TRA
TRAGOPO'GON. (on, mis, m.) A genus
of plants. Syngenesia. Polygamia. Compos-
ite. — T. pratense. The common goat's beard.
The young stems of this plant are eaten like
asparagus. The root is also excellent, and was
formerly used medicinally as a diuretic.
Trago'pyrum. The Polygonum fagopyrum.
Tragori'ganum. Applied formerly to sev-
eral species of Origanum.
Tragoseli'num. Pimpinella saxifraga.
TRA'GUS. (us, i, m.) In Anatomy, a small
cartilaginous eminence of the external ear.
Trailing. Procumbent.
Tra'mis. Tpapic. The raphe.
Trance. See Catalepsy and Ecstasy.
TRANSFORM A'T ION. In Pathology, a
morbid change in a part, which consists in the
conversion of its texture into one which is nat-
ural to some other part ; as when soft parts are
converted into cartilage or bone.
TRANSFU'SION. (Transfusio, onis, f.;
from transfundo, to pour from one vessel into
another.) The transmission of blood from one
living animal to another by means of a canula.
This was practiced with various success in the
last century.
The most important experiments on transfu-
sion which have lately been performed are
those of Or. Bluudell, who has established both
the safety and utility of replenishing the vessels
of persons sinking from the effects of hemor-
rhage, from the veins of another healthy human
being. In the opinion of Dr. Blundcll, a very
moderate quantity of fresh blood is sufficient to
| turn the balance wavering between life and
I death: he considers half a pint: fir a pint as an
ample supply-. The operation of transfusion
] must be performed with a. well-adjusted ap-
! paratus, and with the utmost caution, that no
I air be injected along with the blood, an acci-
I dent the fatal consequences of which are well
1 known.
Translation ok diseases. Metastasis.
TRANSPIRA'TION. Transpiratio. The
exhalation of moisture from the body or lungs,
as iu*porspiratioii.
Tit A N S U I) A'T I O N. Transudate, The
passing of fluids through the cells or pores of
any thing. The term should be distinguished
from perspiration, which implies a function by
which the perspired fluid is secreted from the
blood, whereas by transudation the blood or
other fluid merely oozes through unaltered.
Exosmose.
TRANSVERSA'LIS. Applied very gener-
ally in the several departments of nature, espe-
cially in Anatomy, to muscles, vessels, &c.,
which have a transverse direction.
Transversalis abdominis. A muscle situa-
ted on the anterior part of the abdomen: so
named from its direction. It arises posteri-
orly from the cartilages of the seven lower
ribs, being there connected with the intercost-
als and diaphragm ; also, from the transverse
process of the last vertebra, of the back, from
those of the four upper vertebra' of the loins,
from the inner edge of the crista ilii, and from
part of Poupart's ligament; and it is insert-
ed into the inferior bone of the sternum, and
almost all the length of the linea alba. Its
651
TEA
use is to support and compress the abdominal
viscera.
Transversalis anticus primus. See Rec-
tus capitis lateralis.
Transversalis cervicis. See Longissimus
dorsi.
Transversalis colli. A muscle situated
on the posterior part of the neck, which turns
the neck obliquely backward, and a little to
one side.
Trans versalis dorsi. See MulHJidus
spina.
Transversalis major colli. See Longis-
simus dorsi.
Transversalis nasi. The compressor nans.
Transversalis pedis. A muscle of the foot,
which it contracts, by bringing the great toe
and the two outermost toes nearer each other.
Transverse suture. Sutura transversalis.
This suture runs across the face, and sinks down
into the orbits, joining the bones of the skull to
the bones of the face, but with so many irreg-
ularities and interruptions that it can scarcely
be recognized as a suture.
Transverso-spinalis. See Multifidus spina.
TRANSVE'RSUS. Transverse: placed
across.
Transversus auris. A muscle of the ex-
ternal ear, which draws the upper part of the
concha toward the helix.
Transversus perin^i. A muscle of the or-
gans of generation, which dilates the bulb of
the urethra, and assists the action of the levator
ani.
Transversus perin.ei alter. Prostaticus
inferior of Wiuslow. A small muscle occasion-
ally found accompanying the former.
TRA'PA. (a, ce, f.) A genus of plants.
Tetrandria. Monogynia. — T. natans. The
plant which yields the Nux aquatica. The
fruit is of a sweet, farinaceous flavor, somewhat
like that of the chestnut, and is said to be nu-
tritious and demulcent.
Trape'ziform. Trapcziformis. Of the
shape of a trapezium.
TRAPE'ZIUM. (mot, ii, n. ; a geometrical
figure.) The first bone of the second row of
the carpus, so called from its shape.
TRAPE'ZIUS. (us, ii, m. ; from rpaxe&ov,
the name of a geometrical figure : so named
from its shape.) Cucullaris. A muscle situa-
ted immediately under the integuments of the
posterior part of the neck and back. It arises
by a thick, rouud, and short tendon, from the
lower part of a protuberance in the middle of
the occipital bone, and from the rough line
that is extended from thence toward the mas-
toid process of the os temporis, and by a thin
membranous tendon, which, covers part of the
complexus and splenius. It then runs down-
ward along the nape of the neck, and rises,
tendinous, from the spinous processes of the
two lowermost vertebras of the neck, and from
the spinous processes of all the vertebra? of the
back, being inseparably united to its fellow, the
whole length of its origin, by tendinous fibres,
which, in the nape of the neck, form what is
called the Ligamentum. colli, or the cervical lig-
ament. It is inserted, fleshy, into the broad
and posterior half of the clavicle, tendinous and
CV2
TRI
fleshy into one half of the acromion, and into
almost all the spine of the scapula.
This muscle serves to move the scapula in dif-
ferent directions. Its upper descending fibres
pull it obliquely upward ; its middle transverse
ones pull it directly backward ; its inferior fibres,
which ascend obliquely upward, draw it oblique-
ly downward and backward.
The upper part of the muscle acts upon the
neck and head, the latter of which it draws
backward, and turns upon its axis. It like-
wise concurs with other muscles in counteract-
ing the flexion of the head forward.
TRAPEZOI'DES OS. (From rpane&oc, the
trapezium, and eiifoc, resemblance.) The sec-
ond bone of the second row of the carpus.
TRAUMA'TIC. (Traumaticus ; from rpav-
fia, a wound.) Relating to a wound.
Traveler's joy. Clematis vitalba.
Treacle. Molasses. The refuse of the man-
ufacture of sugar.
Treacle, mustard. Thlaspi arvense.
Treacle, Venice. Mithridatium.
Tree liverwort. Lichen olivarius.
Tree, primrose. CEnothera biennis.
Trefoil. See Tnfolium.
Trefoil, acacia. The Spartium spinosum.
Trefoil, marsh. T., water. Menyanthes
trifoliata.
Tre'mbles. The milk sickness.
Tremella nostoc Nostoc commune. An
indigenous greenish jelly, found in stagnant wa-
ters, which is edible.
Tre'mor. (or, oris, m.) Trembling.
TREPA'N. ( Trepa'num, i, n. ; from Tpvnau,
to perforate.) A surgical instrument, bearing
much resemblance to a wimble, and worked in
the same manner. It is used for cutting a cir-
cular portion of bone out of the skull. It is su-
perseded by the trephine.
Trepa'nning. The operation of using the
trepan.
TREPHI'NE. It consists of a cylindrical
saw, with a handle placed transversely, like
that of a gimlet, and has a perforator or center
pin, which is fixed into the skull, and forms an
axis on which the circular edge of the saw ro-
tates, and which is removed as soon as the teeth
of the saw have made a groove in which they
can work steadily.
Trephi'ning. The operation of using the
trephine.
Tresis. A perforation or wound.
TRIA'NDRIA. Triandrous. (From rpcic,
three, and avqp, a man.) Plants which have
three distinct stamens.
Triangularis. Triangular.
Triangularis oris. The depressor oris.
Triangularis sterni. See Sternocostales.
Tribulus aquaticus. Trapa natans.
Tricauda'lis. Having three tails.
T R I'C EPS. (eps, ipitis; from tres, three, ,
and caput, a head.) Three-headed.
Triceps adductor ff.moris. Under this ap-
pellation are comprehended three distinct mus-
cles. See Adductor brcvis, A. longus, and mag-
mis femoris.
Triceps auris. See Relrahens auris.
Triceps cruris. A name given to the vas
tus internus and externus cruraus.
TRI
Triceps extensor cubiti. This muscle oc-
cupies all the posterior part of the os humeri,
and is described as two distinct muscles by
Douglas, and as three by Winslovv. It arises
by three heads. The first, or long head (the
long head of the biceps externus of Douglas ; an-
coneus major of Winslow, as it is called) springs,
by a flat tendon of an inch in breadth, from the
anterior extremity of the inferior costa of die
scapula, near its neck, and below the oiigin of
the teres minor. The second head (the short
head of the biceps externus of Douglas; anconeus
externus of Winslow) arises, by an acute, ten-
dinous, and fleshy beginning, from the upper
and outer part of the os humeri, at the bottom
of its great tuberosity. The third head (brachi-
alis externus of Douglas, anconeus intcrnus of
Winslow), which is the shortest of the three,
originates, by an acute, fleshy beginning, from
the back part of the os humeri, behind the flat
tendon of the latissimus dorsi. These three
portions unite about the middle of the arm, so
as to form one thick and powerful muscle,
which adheres to the os humeri to within an
inch of the elbow, where it begins to form a
broad tendon, which, after adhering to the cap-
sular ligament of the elbow, is inserted into
the upper and outer part of the olecranon, and
sends off a great number of fibres, which help
to form the fascia on the outer part of the fore-
arm. The use of this muscle is to extend the
forearm.
TRICHIASIS. Tri'chia. (From dpi?, a
hair.) 1. A disease of the eyelashes, in which
they are turned in toward the bulb of the eye.
2. Plica.
' TRICHI'NA SPIRALIS. A species of en-
tozoon, consisting of very minute oblong cysts,
found in the muscles of voluntary motion.
TRICHI'SMUS. (us, i, m. ; from Spi%, a
hair. ) A species of fracture which appears like
a hair, and is almost imperceptible.
TRICHOCE'PHALUS. (us, i, m. ; from
#/m? , a hair, and netya'kn, the head. ) The hair-
headed worm. See Entozoa.
TRICHO'MA. (a, alis, n.; from %?, a
hair.) The plaited hair. See Plica.
Tricho'manes. Asplenium trichomanes.
TRICHOMO'NAS VAGINALIS. An infuso-
rial of an elliptical figure, and twice the size of
the blood globules found by Donne in the pus
of syphilitic vaginitis.
TRICHO'SIS. (Tpi X uair, from fyu£ a
hair.). Under this name Dr. Good arranges a
genus, which embraces most of the diseases of
the hair.
Tricho'tomous. Trichotomus. Divided by
threes. Applied in Natural History.
TRICHU'RIS. (is, idis, f.; from fyuf, a
hair.) The long hair-worm. See Entozoa.
Trico'ccous. Three-seeded.
• TRIOU'SPID. (Tricuspis, tricuspidatus ;
from tres, three, and cuspis, a point.) Three-
pointed.
Tricuspid valve. The valve situated be-
tween the auricle and ventricle, on the right
side of the heart.
Tricuspidate. Tricuspidatus. Tricuspid.
Trifacial nerve. The fifth pair of nerves.
Tri'fid. Trifidus. Three-cleft.
TRI
TRIFO'LIUM. (urn, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Diadelphia. Decandria. Leguminosa.
— T. acetosum. Oxalis acetosella. — T. aquat-
icum. Menyanthes trifoliata. — T.arvense. The
hare's-foot trefoil ; not now used. — T. aureum.
The Anemone hepatica. — T. caballinum. See
Trifolium melilotus officinalis. — T. hepaticum.
Anemone hepatica. — T. melilotus officinalis.
The officinal melilot. M$ilolus. T. odoratum.
This plant has been said to be resolvent, emol-
lent, and anodyne. Its taste is unpleasant, sub-
acrid, subsaline, but not bitter; when fresh it
has scarcely any smell ; in drying it acquires a
pretty strong one, of the aromatic kind, but not
agreeable. The principal use of melilot has
been in clysters, fomentations, and other ex-
ternal applications. — T paludosum. Menyan-
thes trifoliata.
Triga'stric Having three bellies.
TRIGE'MINI. (Trigeminus; from tret,
three, and geminus, double; threefold.) The
fifth pair of nerves. See Nerve.
TRIGONE'LLA. (a, a, f.) A genus of
plants. Diadelphia. Decandna. Leguminosa.
— T.fcenum gr cecum. The fenugreek. Fatnum
grcecum. It is a native of Montpellier. The
seeds have a strong, disagreeable smell, and an
unctuous, farinaceous taste, accompanied with a
slight bitterness. They are esteemed as assisting
the formation of pus in inflammatory tumors ;
and the meal, with that intention, is made into
a poultice with milk.
Trigo'nus. Trigonal, or three-cornered.
T R I G Y' N I A. Trigynous. (From rpeic ,
three, and yvvr), a female. ) Plants having three
pistils.
, TRI'LOBATE. Trilobatus. Trilobus.
Thrce-lobed. Applied to parts of animals and
plants which are so shaped.
Trilo'cular. Trilocularis. Three-celled.
Tiune'rvis. Three-nerved. Three-ribbed;
applied to leaves, &c.
Trinitatis herba. Trinity kerb. Anemone
hepatica.
TRIO'STEUM. (w, i, m.) A genus of
plants. Pcntandria. Monogynia. Caprifoli-
acece. The T. perfoliatum, or fever root, finds
a place in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. The bark
of the root is cathartic in doses of 3j. to 33., and
emetic in larger doses.
Tripartite. Tripartitus. Divided into
three. Applied to parts of animals and vege
tables.
Tripa'strum ape'ludis. Tripastrum Archi
medis. A surgical instrument for extending
fractured limbs ; so named because it resemblea
a machine invented by Apellides or Archimedes,
for lanching of ships, and because it was work-
ed with three cords.
Triphy'llous. Triphyllus. Three-leaved.
Tripi'nnate. Tripinnatus. Triply pinnate.
Applied to a pinnated leaf, of which the second-
ary petioles produce tertiary petioles on which
the leaflets are implanted.
Tripline'rvis. Triply-ribbed.
Triplo'pia. Vims triplicatus. A species of
disordered vision, in which objects are said to
be seen triple.
TRIQUE'TRA OSSI'CULI. Ossicula war-
miana. The triangular-shaped bones which are
653
TRO
found mostly in the course of the lambdoidal
suture of the skull.
Trique'trum. (wot, i, n.) A triangle.
Trique'trus. Three-sided.
TRI'SMUS. (us, i, m. ; from Tptfe, to gnash.)
Locked jaw. Spastic rigidity of the under jaw.
There are two species: 1. Trismus nascentium,
attacking infants during the two first weeks
from their birth. S.jjTrtontM traumaticus, at-
tacking persons of all ages, and arising from
wounds. See Tetanus.
Trisfla'nchnic nerve. The great sympa-
thetic nerve. See Intercostal nerve.
Tri'ssago. Teucrium chauuedrys.
Tritao'fhya. A fever similar to a tertian.
Trita'us. A tertian fever. See Ague.
TRI'TICUM. (tim,i, n.) A genus of plants.
Triandria. Digynia. Graminacea:. — T. rc-
vens. Dog's-grass. Couch-grass. A very com-
mon grass, the roots of which are agreeably
sweet, and possess aperient properties. — T. hy-
bernum. Wheat.
Tri'torium. A mortar.
TRITURATION. ( Trituratio, onis, f. ; from
tero, to rub or grind.) The act of reducing a
solid body into a subtile powder. It i9 per-
formed mostly by the rotatory motion of a pestle
in metallic, glass, or wedgewood mortars, or by
grinding.
Tri'vial. In Botany, the trivial name is the
same as the specific.
TROC A'R. The name of an instrument used
in tapping for the dropsy. It consists of a pointed
Btilet, partially inclosed in a cannula.
TROCHANTER, (er, ri, m.; from rpo X afr,
to run ; because the muscles inserted into them
perform the office of running.) The name of two
processes of the thigh bone, which aro distin-
guished into the greater and lesser. See Femur.
Trochanterian. Relating to the trochanter.
TROCHI'SCUS. (us, i, m.; diminutive of
Tpo\oc, a wheel.) A troch or round tablet.
Troches and lozenges are composed of powders
made up with glutinous substances into little
■Mikes, and afterward dried.
Trochisci creta. Troches of chalk. Take
of prepared chalk, jiv. ; gum arabic, in powder,
3j. ; nutmeg, in powder, 3J.; sugar, in powder,
5vj. Mix intimately; then add sufficient water
to make a mass, and divide into troches, weigh-
ing each ten grains. Absorbent and antacid.
Trochisci glycyrrhiza et opii. Troches
of liquorice and opium. Take of powdered
opium, ?ss. ; liquorice, sugar, gum arabic, in
powder, each, § x. ; oil of anise, f. 31J. Mix.
Add water sufficient to make a mass; make
into troches, weighing each six grains. Demul-
cent and anodyne.
Trochisci ipecacuanha. Troches of ipe-
cacuanha. Take of ipecacuanha, in powder,
Jss. ; sugar, in powder, 3 xiv. ; arrow root, in
powder, fiv. ; mucilage of tragacanth, a sufficient
quantity. Mix, and divide into troches, each
weighing ten grains. Expectorant.
Trochisci magnesia. Troches of magnesia.
Take of magnesia, ?iv. ; sugar, fly. ; nutmeg, in
powder, ?j.; mucilage of tragacanth, a sufficient
quantity. Rub the magnesia, sugar, and nut-
meg together; add the mucilage, and form into
troches, each weighing ten grains. Antacid.
654
TUB
Trochisci Mentha piperita. Troches of
peppermint. Take of oil of peppermint, f. 3J. ;
sugar, in powder, ibj.; mucilage of tragacanth,
q. s. Mix, and divide into troches, each weigh-
ing ten grains. Carminative.
TRO'CHLEA. (a, <s, f. Tpo^/Ua, a pulley;
from rpe^w, to run.) A kind of cartilaginous
pulley, through which the tendon of one of the
muscles of the eye passes.
Trochlea'ris. The obliquus superior oculi.
Trochlea'tor. A nerve : so called because
it supplies the musculus trochlearis of the eye.
See Pathetici.
TROCHOI'DES. (From Tpo X oc, a wheel, and
eidoc, resemblance.) Axea commissura. A spe-
cies of movable connection of bones, in which
one bone rotates upon another ; as the first cer-
vical vertebra upon the odontoid process of the
second.
TROr/E'OLUM. (urn, i, 11.) A genus of
plants. Octandria. Monogynia. — T. ma jus.
Greater Indian cress, or nasturtium. The fresh
plant has a taste like cresses, and is recommend-
ed in scurvy.
Trophe. Tpofrj. Food; aliment; nutrition*
Trophis Americana. The fruit of this plant
is a rough, red berry, which is eaten in Ja-
maica.
Trowel-shaped. Deltoid.
TRUE. Verus. Formerly applied to desig-
nate diseases, when they were really what the
name implied, and in opposition to those which
only simulated them : hence Peripneumonia
vera and P. notha.
Truffle. Tuber cibarium.
Trunca'ted. Truncatus. Lopped; appear-
ing as if cut oft*.
TRU'NCUS. (us, i, m.) The trunk. In
Anatomy, applied to the body strictly so called.
It is divided into the thorax, or chest, the abdo-
men, or belly, and the pelvis. .
TRUSS. (From the French trousse.) A
bandage for a hernia. It consists of a steel spring
which carries two pads, one of which is adjust-
ed over the back as a point of support, and the
other over the hernia.
TU'BA. (a, a, f. ; from tubus, any hollow
vessel.) A tube. In Anatomy, applied to sev-
eral canals, -as the Eustachian tube, Fallopian
tube, &c.
Tuba eustachia'na. The Eustachian tube.
A tube which forms a communication between
the cavity of the tympanum and the posterior
nares. See Auris.
Tuba fallopia'na. The Fallopian tube. A
canal which arises at each side of the fundus of
the uterus, and ends near the ovarium.
Tube. Tuba.
TU'BER. (er, eris, n. ; from lumeo, to swell.)
An old name for an excrescence. 1. In Anatomy,
applied to some parts which are rounded, as
Tuber annulare, &c. 2. In Surgery, a knot or
swelling in any part. 3. In Botany, a subter-*
ranean stem, like the potato. 4. A genus of
fungi. See Lycoperdon.
Tuber annulare. Tubtrculum annulare.
See Pons varolii.
Tuber cibarum. The truffle. A round, tu
berculated, subterrene fungus, much esteemed
as a delicacy.
TUB
Tuber cinereum. An eminence of gray
matter, forming part of the floor of the third
ventricle of the brain.
Tuber ischii. The tuberosity of the ischium.
TU'BERCLE. {Tuberculum, i, n.; dimin-
utive of tuber.) A tubercle. 1. In Anatomy,
applied to several elevations. 2. In Pathology,
a peculiar morbid product occurring in various
textures of the body, in connection with the
scrofulous, or, as it is now frequently termed,
the tubercular diathesis. It occurs in isolated
roundish masses, or infiltrated in the texture of
organs. The matter which forms tubercles is
of a dull whitish-yellow or yellowish-gray col-
or, opaque, and varying in form and consistence
according to the stage of development of the
tubercle, and the texture of the part in which
it is formed.
It is the general opinion of pathological anat-
omists that there is scarcely any texture of the
body which may not occasionally become the
Beat of tubercle. It has been found on the sur-
face of mucous and serous membranes, within
mucous follicles, within lymphatic vessels, in
the cellular membrane, and in the blood, espe-
cially in that contained in the cells of the spleen.
Their presence gives rise to many severe and
incurable diseases, as well as to the less formi-
dable glandular affections which infest the scrof-
ulous constitution, especially in early life. See
Phthisis, Scrofula, Tabes, &c.
TUBE'RCULA. An order in Willan's Cuta-
neous Diseases, consisting of defined, small,
hard, superficial tumors, circumscribed and per-
manent, or suppurating partially. It compre-
hends nine genera, viz., Phyma, Verruca, Mot-
luscvm, Vitiligo, Acne, Sycosis, Lupus, Elephan-
tiasis, and Frambatsia.
Tubercula arantii. Corpora arantii.
Tubercula quadrige'mina. Four white
oval tubercles of the brain, two of which are
situated on each side, at the posterior part of
the third ventricle, and over the aqueduct of
Bylvius. The ancients called them nates and
testes, from their resemblance in 6hape to those
parts. See Encephalos.
Tube'rcular. Tuberculatus. 1. Tubercu-
late : tubercled ; having small warts or tuber-
cles. 2. Relating to the presence of tubercles,
as Tubercular consumption.
TuBEitcur.o'sis. The (scrofulous diathesis.
Tuberculous. Tubercular.
Tuberculum annulare. The tuber annu-
lare.
Tuberculum Loweri. An eminence in the
right auricle of the heart where the two venae
cava; meet: so called from Lower, who first
described it. See Heart.
Tu'berose. Tuberosus. Tuberous : knob-
bed.
TUBEROSITY. Tuberositas. An eminence
or projection on a bone.
Tu'bular. Tubularis. Tube-like.
TUBULATED. Tubulatns. 1. Synony-
mous with Tnbulous. 2. A retort which has a
small tubular production at its upper and back
part, with a stopper adapted to it, is called a
Tuhulatei retort.
TU'BULI LACTI'FERI. The ducts or tubes
in the nipple through which the milk passes.
TUN
Tubuli seminiferi. Vasa seminalia. Mi-
nute tubes, constituting the parenchyma of the
testis. According to the observations of Monro,
they do not exceed the one two-hundredth part
of an inch in diameter.
Tubuh uuiniferi. Minute, convergent, ex-
cretory tubes, constituting the tissue of the tu-
bular substance of the kidney. Their orifices
are called the Ducts of Bellini.
Tubulorum corona. The circle of minute
tubes surrounding each of Beyer's glands in the
intestines.
Tu'bulous. Tubulosus. Tubular
Tu'bulus. A small tube or duct
Tuft. Seo Capitulum and Cyme.
Tulip-tree. Liriodendron tulipiferum.
TUME'F ACTION. A transient swelling.
TUMOR. Tumour. ( Tu mor, oris, m.; trom
tumco, to swell.) In a wide acceptation, a tu-
mor means a swelling of any part, of whatever
kind, and from whatever cause. The term,
however, is usually restricted to a permanent
swelling, while the swelling which arises from
inflammation, and ceases along with the cause,
is more generally called tumefaction. Tumors
are commonly distinguished into Sarcomatous r
firm, and of a fleshy consistence ; and Encysted,
consisting of a sac containing matter more or
less pulpy, or fluid.
I. Sarcomatous Tumors. — These were divided
by Abemethy into, 1. Common vascular, or or-
ganized sarcoma, including tumors which ap-
pear to be composed of the lymph of the blood,
rendered more or less vascular by the growth
of vessels through it. 2. Adipose sarcoma, in-
cluding fatty tumors. 3. Pancreatic sarcoma,
so called from the resemblance of its structure
to that of the pancreas. 4. The Mastoid, or
Mammary sarcoma, so called from the resem-
blance of its structure to that of the mammary
gland. 5. The Tuberculated sarcoma, com-
posed of numerous small, firm, roundish tumors,
of various sizes and colors, connected with
each other by cellular membrane. 6. Medul-
lary sarcoma, so called from its resembling the
medullary matter of the brain. It is the Fun-
gus hcematodes of other writers. 7. The Car-
cinomatous sarcoma, or cancerous tumor. Of
these different kinds of tumors, the common vas-
cular, the adipose, and the pancreatic are con-
sidered as dev id of any malignity; the tuber-
culated, medullary, and carcinomatous are high-
ly malignant: the mammary sarcoma was placed
by Mr. Abemethy betweeu the two.
II. Encysted tumors. These are distinguished
into, 1. Steatomatosis, or those containing afa^tty
matter. 2. Melicerous, containing matter some-
what resembling honey. 3. Atheromatous, con-
taining a pap-like matter.
TUNBRIDGE WELLS. In the village of
Tuubridge, England. They are chalybeate,
and charged with carbonic acid.
Tu'ngstate. A salt of the tungstic acid.
TU'NGSTEN. A rare metal of a grayish-
white or iron color, with considerable brilliancy,
very hard and brittle. Its specific gravity is
17-14; equivalent, 99-7 ; symbol, W. There
are two oxides, the brown, and the yellow or
tungstic acid.
TU'NIC. ( Tunica, te, f. ; a coat, a tucndo
655
TUR
corpore, because it defends the body.) A mem-
brane or covering ; as the coats ot the eye, &c.
Tunica aciniformis. See Iris.
Tunica adnata. The conjunctiva.
Tunica albuginea oculi. The albuginea
oculi.
Tunica albuginea testis. The albuginea
testis.
Tunica arachnoidea. The arachnoid mem-
brane.
Tunica cellulosa Ruyschii. The cellular
coat of the intestines.
Tunica choroides. The choroid membrane.
Tunica conjunctiva. The conjunctiva.
Tunica cornea. The cornea of the eye.
Tunica elytroides. The tunica vaginalis.
Tunica erythroides. The cremaster.
Tunica filamentosa. The false or spongy
chorion. See Chorion.
Tunica Jacobi. Jacob's membrane.
Tunica retina. The retina.
Tunica vaginalis testis. See Testis.
Tunica vasculosa testis. A vascular mem-
brane lying upon the inner surface of the tunica
albuginea, and constituting the nutrient mem-
brane of the testis.
Tunica vasculosa retina. The inner and
fibro-vascular lamina of the retina, which sup-
Eorts the outer medullary, pulpy, or mucous
imina.
Tunica villosa.' The villous, or inner coat
of the intestines.
Tunica'tus. Covered with an envelope.
TU'RBIN ATE. ( Turbinates ; from turbo, a
top. ) Shaped like a top.
Turbinated bones. The superior spongy
portion of the ethmoid bone, and the inferior
spongy bones, are so called by some writers.
See Spongiosa ossa.
Turbina'tum. The pineal gland.
Turbina'tus. Turbinate ; shaped like a top.
Tu'rbith, Montpellier. Globularia aly-
pum.
Tu'rbot. The Pleuronectes maximus.
TURGE'SCENCE. Turgescentia. A con-
dition of active congestion without perverted
action. A state of distension.
Tu'rgid. Turgidus. Swollen; turgid.
Tu'rgor vitalis. Turgescence.
Turkey. Meleagris gallipova.
Turli'ngton's balsam. A popular expec-
torant and vulnerary, said to be made as fol-
lows : alcohol, Oviij. ; benzoin, fxij. ; liquid
storax, giv. ; socotrine aloes, fj.; Peruvian bal-
sam, fij. ; myrrh, fj.; angelica root, fss. ; bal-
sanj of Tolu, fiv. ; extract of liquorice root, jiv.
Digest for seven days, and strain.
Tu'rio. A young unexpanded shoot.
Turmeric Curcuma longa.
Turner's cerate. The ceratum calaminae.
TU'RNING. In Obstetrics, the operation of
bringing down the feet, or lower extremities of
the child in utero, for the purpose of facilitating
parturition when the labor is impeded or unfa-
vorable.
Turnip. Brassica rapa.
Turnsole. Heliotropium europaeum.
TURPE'NTINE. Terebinthina. The viscid
and resinous juice of the pine trees. Those
employed medicinally are, 1. The Chian or
656
TYM
Cyprus turpentine, from the Pistacia terebin*
thus. 2. The common turpentine, from the
Pinus sylvestris, and other species. 3. The
Strasburg turpentine, from the Pinus picea. 4.
The Venice turpentine, from the Pinus larix.
All these are stimulating diuretics and deter-
gents. They also stimulate the primae viae, and
prove laxative, but are now seldom given in-
ternally. The oil (Oleum terebinthince) is not
only preferred for external use as a rubefacient,
but also internally as a diuretic and styptic, the
latter of which qualities it possesses in a very
high degree. It is also a powerful local stimu-
lant and detersive. Crude turpentine is much
used by some surgeons as an application to
burns. See Ambustio.
Turpeth mineral. Turpethum mineralc.
Sulphas hydrargyri flavus.
Turpe'thum. Convolvulus turpethum.
Turu'nda. A tent or suppository.
TUSSILA'GO. (o, inis, f . ; from tussis, a
cough : because it relieves coughs.) 1. The tus-
silago farfara. 2. A genus of plants. Syngene-
sia. Polygamia superflua. ' Compositte. — T. .
fa'rfara. Tussilago vulgaris. Colt's-foot. This
plant has a rough, mucilaginous taste, but no re-
markable smell. The leaves have been esteem-
ed as possessing demulcent and pectoral virtues,
and much used in catarrhal and scrofulous dis-
eases. — T. petasites. The butter-bur. Pela-
sites. Pestilent-wort. The roots of this plant
are recommended as aperient. They have a
strong smell, and a bitterish acrid taste.
TU'SSIS. (is, is, f. ; from the Hebrew word
for sneezing.) A cough. See Cough.
Tussis convulsiva. T. ferina. See Per-
TUTAMI'NA. Parts which seem to protect
certain organs, as the skull, which has been call-
ed Tutamina cerebri.
Tutena'g. Zinc.
TUTIA. (a, <b, f.) Tutty. An impure
oxide of zinc.
Tutia pr.eparata. Prepared or washed
tutty, mixed with any common cerate, was for-
merly used to apply to the eye in debilitated
states of the conjunctive membrane.
Tutsan. Hypericum androsaemum.
Tutty. See Tutia.
Twins. Two children born at a birth.
Twining. Volubilis.
Twin-forked. Bigeminus.
Ty'chica. Fortuitous lesions. — Good.
Tylo'sis. Tyloma. An induration of the
margin of the eyelids.
Tympani membrana. Membrana tympani.
TYMPANI'TES. (es, ce, m. ; from Tv/iiravov.
a drum : so called because the belly is distend-
ed with wind, and sounds like a drum when
struck.) Tympany. An elastic distension of
the abdomen, with costiveness and atrophy,
but no fluctuation. Species: 1. Tympanites in-
testinalis, a lodgment of wind in the intestines,
known by the discharge of wind giving relief
2. Tympanites abdominalis, when the wind is ih
the cavity of the peritoneum.
The intestinal species of tympanites is sel-
dom an idiopathic disease, but mostly depend-
ent on some other, as indigestion, colic, &c. ;
in which case it is removed by those remedies
TEL
which are proper against dyspepsia and colic.
The tympanites abdomiiialis is a veiy rare dis-
ease indeed. When it exists, it mostly super-
venes upon other diseases, and is then called Me-
teorism . Ulcerated bowels, strangulated hernia,
gangrene of the intestines, produce it, when the
parietes of the bowels burst. It may also be
caused by abscesses bursting into the abdomen,
and by gangrene of any of its viscera. Tapping
the abdomen has been resorted to, but without
effecting a cure. It is generally fatal.
Tympanites, uterine. Physometra.
Tympani'tis. Inflammation of the tympa-
num of the ear.
TY'MPANUM. (vm, i, n. Tvuxavov, a
drum.) The drum or barrel of the ear. See
Auris.
Ty'mpany. Tympanites.
TY'PHA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants.
Monmcia. Triandria. Graminacea. — T. aro-
matica. Acorus calamus. — T. latifolia. The
broad-leaved cat's-tail, or reed-mace. The
young shoots are eaten like asparagus.
TYPHLO-ENTERITIS. Typhlitis. (From
rvdXoc, the ccecum.) Inflammation of the
ccecum, which may produce disorganization
and perforation of that portion of the intestines.
Typhoh.emia. A disorganized state of the
blood, such as exists in the worst forms of typhus.
TY'PHOID. Typhoides. Typhodes. Re-
sembling typhus. A low fever. See Fever,
typhoid.
TYPHOMA'NIA. {a, a, f. ; from tvQoc,
stupor, and /xavta, madness.) The low, mutter-
ing delirium which accompanies typhoid fevers.
TY'PHUS. (us, i, m. ; from Tv<poc, stupor.)
A form of continued fever characterized by ex-
treme depression of the nervous powers, and
imperfect reaction of the vascular system, giv-
ing rise to changes in the circulating fluids, and
remarkable disorder of all the secretions. Any
of the ordinary causes of fever may give rise to
typhus ; for the typhoid form is often dependent
upon the state of the constitution on which the
cause is acting, as evincing a great deficiency
of nervous power. But the most common cause
by far is contagion, or a febrile miasm, the ac-
tivity of which is much increased by the crowd-
ing of a number of individuals in close and ill-
ventilated places, also by filth, insufficient nu-
triment, and other causes which tend to de-
press the vital power.
As typhus fever originates from different caus-
es, and all these causes are modified in their
action by collateral circumstances, it follows
that it must be accompanied by different symp-
toms, and appear under different degrees, of
severity. Hence a general distinction o? typhus
into Typhus mitior, mild typhus, or nervous fe-
ver, and Typhus gravior, severe, or malignant
typhus.
1. Typhus mitior. Nervous fever. Slow fever.
— Characterized by slight shiverings ; heavy or
vertiginous headache ; great oppression about
the prajcordia; nausea; frequent sighing; de-
spondency; whey-like urine; with the ordinary
heat of skin, thirst, and febrile symptoms, which
exacerbate once or twice a day, and are ac-
companied in many cases by low, muttering de-
lirium. But as the disease advances, all the
Tt
T EM
symptoms of sensorial debility become more se
vere ; the skin, which has hitherto been mostly
dry, will now be covered with profuse, clammy,
weakening sweats, while the heat is still incon-
siderable, and the countenance pale and sunken.
The perspiration is often offensive to the smell,
and has a sour odor. About the tenth day the
weakness greatly increases ; all the limbs be-
come tremulous ; and the tremors soon become
convulsive, with a despondency and alienation
of mind, at first observable only in the night,
but soon continuing with little intermission.
This delirium is of the mildest form. The dis-
ease often runs on to the twenty-first day, and
occasionally to a much longer period. It very
seldom vanishes under an obvious crisis, but
gradually becomes more aggravated in its symp-
toms, till it reaches a fatal termination ; or, by
a gradual subsidence of the severity of the
symptoms, it slowly advances to convalescence,
indicated by a disposition to natural sleep;
more steadiness and firmness of pulse ; a more
favorable countenance ; a tongue more florid at
its edges ; a firmer, and more collected mind ;
and a returning desire for food.
When the patient is of a sound constitution,
and not debilitated by age, nervous fever is
seldom fatal. In some instances, however, it
is protracted without any obvious cause, and
continues till the vital powers are completely
exhausted, and the patient sinks. Nervous fe-
ver, when characterized by slight symptoms,
but an unusually lengthened and tedious course,
forms what is more especially called Slow fever:
the case is a very intractable one, and very little
under the control of art.
2. Typhus gravior. Malignant typhus. Pu-
tridfevcr. Pestilential fever. Petechial 1 fever.
— At the onset of this form of fever, the patient
is seized with great languor and dejection of
spirits, extreme depression and loss of muscular
strength, universal weariness and soreness, pains
in the head, back, and extremities, and rigors ;
the eyes appear full, heavy, yellowish, and often
a little inflamed ; the temporal arteries throb ;
the tongue is covered with a brownish-colored
mucus, and soon becomes dry and parched ;
the respiration is commonly laborious, and in-
terrupted with deep sighing; the breath is of-
fensive and hot; the body costive; the urine
nearly natural, or pale ; the pulse is frequent,
small, hard, and fluttering, a trifling circum-
stance causing it to become very rapid and un-
equal. There is sometimes a great load, feeling
of heat, and oppression of the stomach, and not
uncommonly bilious vomiting, when the disease
is called Typhus biliosus. As the disease advan-
ces, the pulse generally increases in frequency,
but is, in many cases, not above the healthy
standard, and in some cases below it, not being
more than forty or sixty in the minute. Great
debility is now present, and great heat and dry-
ness of the skin ; oppression of the heart, with
anxiety, sighing, and moaning; the thirst is
usually moderate, and the tongue, gums, teeth,
month, and lips are covered with a brown or
blackish tenacious fur ; the speech becomes in-
articulate, scarcely intelligible ; the patient con-
sequently mutters, and is mostly very delirious.
The fever continuing to increase still more in,
657
TYP
violence, symptoms of an altered state of fluids
occur, which were referred by the older writers
to putrefaction. The breath becomes highly
offensive ; the urine deposits a black and fetid
sediment; the stools are dark, offensive, and
pass off insensibly ; hemorrhages issue from the
fums, nostrils, mouth, and other parts of the
ody ; petechia?, and sometimes vibices, appear
on the surface ; the pulse intermits and sinks ;
the extremities grow cold; and hiccough en-
sues, followed by death.
When typhus does not terminate fatally, it
generally begins, in temperate and cold climates,
to diminish about the fourteenth day, or begin-
ning of the third week, and goes off gradually
without any evident crisis ; it is not uncommon,
however, for sleep and perspiration to announce
the favorable change. In warm climates, the
fever seldom lasts so long, but mostly terminates
in five or eight days. The prognosis will be
unfavorable where the nervous power is greatly
prostrated, the fluids much changed, or where
there is dysentery or spontaneous hemorrha-
ges.
In simple typhus, that is, where the disease
is characterized by its general symptoms, with
a moderate reaction of the arterial system, and
without marked symptoms of local inflamma-
tion, the treatment should be directed to sus-
taining the vital powers by a proper regulation
of the diet, to keeping the bowels regular, and
to obviating the disordered state of the secre-
tions. The diet should be light and moderately
nutritious ; the disordered state of the abdomi-
nal secretions obviated by occasional doses of
calomel; diarrhoea, if excessive, restrained by
the cretaceous mixture, combined, if necessary,
with small doses of opium ; the hot and dry
state of the skin obviated by saline diaphoretics,
with minute doses of antimony, and by spong-
ing the surface with cold water. Thirst is to
be allayed by the free use of acidulated drinks.
If there be considerable inflammation of any
viscus or membrane, leeches often applied, and
counter-irritation, is more to be depended on
than general bleeding, which often prostrates
the system.
In the advanced stages of the disease, if
there be much nervous irritation, opiates com-
bined with diaphoretics are highly serviceable;
and, if great debility prevail, wine in moderate
quantities may be given with advantage, but it
is seldom required.
The treatment of inflammation accompany-
ing adynamic fever often severely taxes the
judgment of the practitioner; it may happen,
on the one hand, that local inflammation con-
tinues so acute as to endanger disorganization
of a vital part, and, on the other hand, that anti-
phlogistic means have been pushed as far as
prudence will admit; under these circumstan-
ces mercury is sometimes a valuable auxiliary,
enabling us to arrest the local inflammation and
to save the patient. In the advanced stages,
complicated with local inflammation, the vital
power, if severely depressed, must be supported
by stimnlauts, even though the inflammatory
action still continue. The case is one which,
in a great measure, baffles our art; we have
two opposite evils to contend against, and we
658
TYP
must choose the less : if the patient can be kept
alive for a certain time, there is a hope that the
local affection may subside as the fever ap-
proaches the termination of its natural course ;
while, if we persevere in an antiphlogistic regi-
men, the powers of life will almost inevitably
sink. Wine is the best stimulant in typhus, and
is most effectual when given in moderate quan-
tities, frequently repeated. Opium, in small
and repeated doses, is also a valuable medicine,
and camphor may be usefully combined with
it. Sulphate of quinine is much relied on by
some practitioners, but it generally does more
harm than good where there is local inflamma
tion. Blisters afford a means of combating in
flammation after blood-letting is inadmissible,
but they often increase the general irritation
and distress : their effect seems to be more ben-
eficial where the seat of the inflammatory ac-
tion is within the cranium, than when it is in
the thorax or abdomen.
In the congestive form of typhus, either the
morbid cause is so concentrated, or the powers
of the system so inadequate to contend against
it, that arterial reaction is overpowered, or very
insufficiently established; hence the pulse is
extremely feeble, the surface cold, and the
countenance collapsed. The first indication,
therefore, is, if possible, to rouse the arterial
system, and thus to convert the disease into one
or other of its more tractable forms — the simple
or the inflammatory. For this purpose there is,
perhaps, no more effectual means than to excite
strong vomiting, by which a salutary reaction is
often established. A full dose of ipecacuanha
will generally be the most eligible emetic, as it
has little teudency to irritate the gastro-enteric
membrane ; tartrate of antimony is to be avoid-
ed, as it has that tendency in a high degree
In addition to full vomiting, the warm bath and
gentle stimulants will be found serviceable. If
reaction can not be set up, the case will be
speedily fatal. It is from this cause that fever,
in its more formidable epidemic visitations, is,
in a few instances, so rapidly fatal.
It is not to be inferred, from the distinctions
just laid down, that the two most severe forms
of typhus are exclusively inflammatory or con-
gestive ; for a low, insidious form of inflamma-
tion is frequently going on in the gastro-enteric
or bronchial membrane^ or in the membranes
of the brain, while the general character of the
disease is that of deficient arterial action. In
these cases, all that we have to do is to support
nature, for assuredly art can do very little.
From the brief survey we have just taken of
the treatment of typhus fever, three prominent m
general indications may be deduced :
1. To assist arterial reaction when deficient.
2. To subdue local inflammation, or, if we
can not do so (which happens in a great majority
of cases), to keep it below the point of disor-
ganization.
3. To sustain the vital powers by a proper
regulation of the diet, and the judicious use of
stimulants wiien required.
Typhus ca'uck.rum. The jail fever.
Typhus castrknsis. The camp fever
Typhus gravior. The more malignant spe-
cies of typhus.
ULN
The yellow fever.
See
Typhus ictero'des
R emittent fever.
Typhus mitior. The milder form of typhus
or nervous fever.
Typhus nervosus. The nervous fever.
Typhus petechiams. Typhus with purple
ppots.
UMB
Tyrannis. Typavvic. An ancient antidote,
consisting of an immense number of things.
Tyreme'sis. A vomiting of curd-like matter.
Tyri'asis. The tubercular elephantiasis. .
Tyrium emplastrum. An old plaster
Tyro'ma. A cheese-like tumor.
u.
u.
• The symbol for uranium.
Ula. The gums.
ULCER. ( Ulcus, eris, n. ; ehuoc.) A puru-
lent solution of continuity of the soft parts of an
animal body. Ulcers may arise from a variety
of causes, as all those which produce inflamma-
tion, from wounds, specific irritations of the ab-
sorbents, from scurvy, cancer, the venereal or
scrofulous virus. They are variously denomi-
nated : the following is the most frequent divis-
ion: 1. The simple ulcer, which takes place
generally from a superficial wound. 2. The
tinuous, that runs under the integuments, and
the orifice of which is narrow, but not callous.
J. The fistulous ulcer, or fistula, a deep ulcer,
.vith a narrow and callous orifice. 4. The fun-
gous ulcer, the surface of which is covered with
fungous flesh. 5. The gangrenous, which is
livid, fetid, and gangrenous. 6. The scorbutic,
which depends on a scorbutic acrimony. 7.
The venereal, arising from the venereal disease.
8. The cancerous ulcer, or open cancer. See
Cancer. 9. The carious ulcer, depending upon
a carious bone. 10. The inveterate ulcer, which
is of long continuance, and resists the ordinary
applications. 11. The scrofulous ulcer, known
by its having arisen from indolent tumors, its
discharging a viscid, glairy matter, and its indo-
lent nature.
Ulckra serpentia oris. See Aphtha.
Ulcerated sore throat. See Cynanchc.
Ulceration. Ulceratio. The formation of
an ulcer.
Ulcus, (us, eris, n.) An ulcer.
ULI'TIS. Inflammation of the gums.
Ulma'ria. Spiraea ulmaria.
U'lmin. Ulmic acid. Humic acid.
U'LMUS. (us, i, f.) 1. The common elm.
2. A genus of trees. Pentandria. Digynia.
TJlmacea:. — TJ. campestris. The common elm.
The inner tough bark of this tree yields a large
amount of mucilage, which has been recom-
mended in nephritic cases, and externally as a
useful application to burns. — TJ. fulva. U.
americana. The slippery elm. The decoction
of the bark ishighly muci'agi nous and demulcent.
U'LNA. (a, <e, f. ; from u^evn, the ulna or
cubit.) The larger bone of the forearm. At
its upper extremity are two considerable pro-
cesses, of which the posterior is the olecranon,
and the smaller and interior the coronoid pro-
cess. Between these the extremity of the bone
is formed into a deep articulating cavity, called
the greater sigmoid cavity, to distinguish it from
the lesser sigmoid cavity. The olecranon, called
also the anconoid process, begins by a consid-
erable tuberosity, which is rough, and serves for
the insertion of muscles, and terminates in a
kind of hook, the concave surface of which
moves upon the pulley of the os humeri. This
process forms the point of the elbow. The
coronoid process is sharper at its extremity than
the olecranon, but is much smaller, and does not
reach so high. At the external side of the cor-
onoid process is the lesser sigmoid cavity, which
is a small, articulating surface, lined with carti-
lage, on which the round head of the radius
plays. The lower extremity of the bone is
smaller as it descends, nearly cylindrical, and
slightly curved forward and outward. Just be-
fore it terminates it contracts so as to form a
neck to the small head with which it ends. On
the outside of this little head is a small process,
called the styloid process, from which a strong
ligament is stretched to the wrist. The head
has a rounded articulating surface on its inter-
nal side, which is covered with cartilage, and
received into a semilunar cavity formed at the
lower end of the radius.
U'LNA R. (Ulnaris; from ulna, the bone,
so flamed.) Belonging to the ulna.
Ulnar artery. One of the branches into
which the brachial artery divides at the bend of
the arm. It passes down the inner side of the
forearm, gives off" the ulnar recurrent, the an-
terior and posterior interosseous, and terminates
by forming the superficial palmar arch.
Ulnar nerve. See Nerve.
Ulnaris externus. See Extensor carpi ul-
naris.
Ulnaris internus. See Flexor carpi ulnaris.
Ulo'ncus. Epulis; a swelling of the gums.
1?lorrha'gia. Bleeding from the gums.
Ulo'tic Cicatrizant.
UL'VA. (a, a, f.) A genus of seaweeds.— -
TJ. lactu'ea. Oyster-green laver. It is refriger-
ant and nutritive, and is used as a luxury. — V.
umbilicalis. Shield laver. This is said to be
edible and nourishing when well cooked.
U'MBEL. Umbella. A species of inflores-
cence, in which several flower-stalks, nearly
equal in length, spread from one common cen-
ter, their summits forming a level, convex, or
even globose surface ; more rarely a concave
one, as in the hemlock, carrot, cow-parsnip, &c.
UMBELLI'FERjE. ( Umbella, an umbel,and
fero, to bear.) The umbel-bearing tribe of di-
cotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants, with
leaves usually divided ; flowers in umbels; calyx,
entire or five-toothed ; petals, five, alternate
with five stamens; ovarium, didymous, with two
styles, and solitary pendulous ovula.
Umbelli'ferous. Plants are so called which
have umbels.
Umbe'llule. Umbellula. A partial or little
umbel. See Umbel.
Of
UNG
UNG
UMBILICAL. (Umbilicalis; from umbilicus,
the navel.) Of, or belonging to, the navel.
Umbilical cord. Funis umbilicalis. Funic-
idns umbilicalis. The navel string. A cord-
like substance, about half a yard in length, that
proceeds from the navel of the foetus to the cen-
ter of the placenta. It is composed of a cutane-
ous sheath, certular substance, one umbilical
Vein, and two umbilical arteries: the former
conveys the blood to the foetus from the placen-
ta, and the latter return it from the foetus to the
placenta.
Umbilical hernia. Sec Hernia umbilicalis.
Umbilical region. That portion of the ab-
domen which is situated around the navel.
Umbilical vesicle. A small sac situated
between the chorion and amnios, and connect-
ed to the foetus by a duct, an artery, and a vein.
UMBILICA'TUS. Having a cavity or dimple
resembling a navel. Applied in Natural His-
tory ; and in Botany, to leaves, fruits, stigmata,
&c.
UMBILI'CUS. («», *, m.) The navel.
Umbilicus marinus. A submarine produc-
tion, found on rocks and the shells ot fishes,
about the coast of Montpellier, and said to be a
useful anthelmintic and diuretic.
U'mbo. The center of the pileus of a fungus.
Umbre'lla-tree. Magnolia tripetala.
UNCA'RIA GAMBIR. An East Indian m-
biaceous plant, yielding the gambir catechu, or
terra japonica of commerce.
U'NCTFORM. (Unciformis; from uncus, a
book, and forma, a likeness.) Hook-like: ap-
plied to bones, &c.
Unciform bone. The last bone of the second
row of the carpus or wrist ; so named from its
hook-like process, which projects toward the
Ealm of the hand, and gives origin to the great
gament by which the tendons of the wrist arc
bound down.
Unciform processes. The hamular process
of the sphenoid bone.
U'nciaj An ounce.
Uncina'te. Hooked at the end.
U'ncus. Uncinus. A hook.
Undula'ted. Undulatus. Waved.
Und-ula'tion. A fluctuation, or wave-like
movement.
Unedo papyracea. Arbutus unedo.
Unequal. Inequalis.
UNGUE'NTUM. (urn, i, n.; from, ungo, to
anoint.) An ointment. The usual consistence
of ointments is about that of butter. Some
officinal ointments receive the name of Cerates
in different pharmacopoeias. See, therefore,
Ceratum.
Unguentum acidi nitrici (Ph. D.) and Ungu-
entum acidi nitrosi (Ph. E.). Ointments con-
taining about f. 3vj. of acid to ftj. of lard. For-
merly used in cases where the U. hydrargyri
mitratis is now employed.
Unguentum acidi sulphurici. (Ph. D.)
Ointment of sulphuric acid. Take of sulphuric
acid, 3J. ; prepared lard, 5j. Mix. Used in itch
and eruptive affections.
Unguentum aconitinje. See Aconitine oint-
ment.
Unguentum jegyptiacum. Linimentum a?ru-
ginis.
660
Unguentum .eruginis. Unguentum cupri
subacetatis.
Unguentum ammonie. See Pommade de
Gondret.
Unguentum antimonii. (U.S.) U.antimonii
potassio-tartralis. (Ph. L.) U. antimoniale.
(Ph. E.) Tartar emetic ointment. Take of
tartar emetic, 5H. ; lard, §j. Mix. A drachm,
rubbed two or three times on a part, produces
a painful pustular eruption, and it is used as a
powerful counter-irritant.
Unguentum aqu.e ros.e. (U.S.) Ointment
of rose water. Cold cream. Take of rose water,
oil of almonds, each, f. 51J. ; spermaceti, $ ss. ;
white wax, jj. Melt, by a water bath, the oil,
spermaceti, and wax together; then add the
water, and stir till cold. A cooling and emol
lient application.
Unguentum arma'rium. A celebrated sym-
pathetic ointment, which it was believed would
cure wounds if the weapon which inflicted them
were smeared with it, without any application
to the wound itself.
Unguentum cantha'ridis. (U. S.) Ungu-
entum lyttte. Ointment of the blistering fly.
Take of the blistering fly, rubbed to a very fine
powder, jij.j distilled water, Oss. ; resin cerate,
§ viij . Boil the water with the blistering fly to
one half, and strain. Mix with the cerate, and
evaporate to the proper consistence. Some-
times used to keep a blister open ; but the sa-
vine cerate is to be preferred.
Unguentum cer.e. Unguentum simplex.
Unguentum ceta'cei. (Ph. L.) Spermaceti
ointment. Unguentum spermaceti. Take of
spermaceti, jvj.; white wax, 3ij.; olive oil, f.
§iij. Melt. A simple emollient ointment.
Unguentum citrinum. Citrine ointment.
The unguentum hydrargyri nitratis.
Unguentum cocculi. (Ph. E.) Ointment
of cocculus indicus. Take of the kernels of
cocculus indicus, powdered, one part; lard,
five parts. Mix. Used to destroy vermin, and
in cases of porrigo.
Unguentum conii. (Ph.D.) Hemlock oint-
ment. Take of the fresh leaves of hemlock,
and prepared hog's lard, of each, Ibij. The
hemlock is to be bruised in a marble mortar
and mixed with the lard. They are then to
be gently melted over the fire, and strained
through a cloth. It is applied to cancerous,
scrofulous, and other ill-conditioned sores.
Unguentum creaso'ti. (U. S.) Take of
creasote, f. 3|s. ; lard, melted, §j. Rub them
together till they are mixed. A stimulant oint-
ment. It has been used in porrigo.
Unguentum cupri subacetatis. (U. S.)
Ointment of subacetate of copper. Verdigris
ointment. Take of subacetate of copper, in fine
powder, ?j. ; simple ointment, gxv. Melt the
ointment and mix in the powder. Stimulating,
and a mild escharotic to fungous granulations.
Unguentum e'lemi. (Ph. LA Unguentum
elemi compositum. Ointment of elemi. Take of
elemi, ftrj. ; common turpentine, ?x. ; prepared
suet, Ibij.; olive oil, f. jij. Melt the elemi with
the suet, mix in the turpentine and oil, and
strain. Applied to indolent ulcers, chilblains,
chronic ulcers after burns, and indolent tu»
mors.
PNG
Unguentum gall^e. (U. S.) U. gallarum.
(Ph.D.) Ointment of gall-nuts. Take of pow-
dered galls, | j. ; lard, f vij. Mix. Astringent.
Used to piles and indolent ulcers.
Unguentum gallc compositum. (Ph. L.)
Unguentum galla et opii. Take of galls, pow-
dered, 3ij. ; lard, fij.; opium, powdered, 3ss.
Mix them. An astringent and anodyne oint-
ment, applied chiefly to hemorrhoidal tumors.
Unguentum hydrargyri. (U. S.) U. hy-
drargyri fortius. (Ph. L.) Strong mercurial
ointment. U. coeruleum fortius. Blue oint-
ment. Take of purified mercury, Ibij. ; lard,
fxxiij. ; suet, Jj. Rub the mercury until the
globules disappear. In very general use for
mercurial frictions.
Unguentum hydrargyri ammoniat'i. (U.
S.) U. hydrargyri ammonio-chloridi. (Ph. L.)
U. hydrargyri prccipitati albi. U. calcis hy-
drargyri alba. U. mercurio-prccipitati. Take
ofammouio-chloride of mercury, 3J. ; lard, fiss.
Mix. A mild detergent ointment, used in skin
diseases and to destroy lice.
Unguentum hydrargyri biniodidi. (Ph.
L.) Ointment of biniodide of mercury. Take
of biniodide of mercury, fj. ; wax, f ij. ; lard,
fvj. Mix. Used to scrofulous and syphilitic
ulcerations.
Unguentum hydrargyri iodidi. (Ph. L.)
Prepared in a similar manner with the above.
Unguentum hydrargyri chloridi. Calo-
mel ointment. Take of calomel, 3J. ; lard, fj.
Mix. Very valuable in skin diseases, and to
heal ulcers and excoriations.
Unguentum hydrargyri mitius. (Ph. L.)
Mild mercurial ointment. Take of strong mer-
curial ointment, Ibj. ; prepared lard, Ibij. Mix.
Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis. (U. S.)
U. hydrargyri nitrati. Ointment of uitfate of
mercury. Take of purified mercury, fj. ; nitric
acid, f. 3xj.: lard, fiij.; neat's-foot oil, f. fix.
Dissolve the mercury in the acid ; then, while
the liquor is hot, mix it with the lard and oil
melted together. A stimulating and detergent
ointment. Tinea capitis, psor-ophthalmia, in-
dolent tumors on the margin of the eyelid, and
ulcers in the urethra, are cured by its applica-
tion.
Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis mitius.
Contains three times the amount of lard and oil.
Unguentum hydrargyri oxidi rubri. (U.
S.) U. hydrargyri nitrico-oxidi. Ointment of
nitric oxide of mercury. Take of nitric oxide
of mercury, powdered, fj.; lard, £viij. Mix.
An excellent stimulating and escharotic oint-
ment.
Unguentum hydrargyri prccipitati albi.
Ointment of white precipitate of mercury. The
unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati.
Unguentum iodini, (U. S.) Iodine oint-
ment. Take of iodine, gr. xx. ; alcohol, 111 xx. ;
lard, fj. Mix. Used to glandular swellings.
Unguentum iodini compositum. (U. S. &
Ph. L.) Compound ointment of iodine. Take
oriodine, 33s. ; iodide of potassium, 3J. ; alcohol,
f. 3J. ; lard, fij. Mix. Applied by way of fric-
tion to goitre, scrofulous tumors, &c. .
Unguentum lyttc See Unguentum. can-
tharidis.
Unguentum mezerei. (U.S.) Ointment of
UNG
mezereon. Take of mezereon, sliced across r
fiv. ; lard, fxiv. ; white wax, f ij. Moisten the
root with alcohol, and beat to a mass ; digest
with the lard twelvehours in a salt-water bath;
express strongly; cool slowly; separate the
lard from the dregs, and remelt with the wax.
Used, like the savine cerate, to keep up the
discharge of blisters, issues, &c.
Unguentum ophthalmicum. Ophthalmic
ointment of Janin. Take of prepared hog'B
lard, f ss. ; prepared tutty, Armenian bole, of
each, 31J.; white precipitate, 3J. Mix. This
celebrated ointment may be used for the same
diseases of the eye and eyelid as the unguentum
hydrargyri nitratis. It must be at first weak-
ened with about twice its quantity of hog's
lard.
Unguentum oxidi hydrargyri. Unguent-
um hydrargyri rubri.
Unguentum picis aridc U. picis nigra.
See Unguentum resina nigra.
Unguentum picis liquids. (U. S., Ph. L.
& D.) Tar ointment. U. picis and U. e pice.
Take of tar and suet, each, ibj. Melt together,
and strain the mixture through a linen cloth.
This is applicable to cases of tinea capitis, and
many eruptive complaints ; also, to some kinds
of irritable sores.
Unguentum plumbi cardonatis. (U. S. &
Ph.D.) Ointment of carbonate of lead. Take
of- carbonate of lead, powdered, fij.; simple
ointment, Ibj. Cooling and desiccative.
Unguentum plumbi compositum. (Ph. L.)
Compound ointment of lead. Take of prepared
chalk, f viij. ; distilled vinegar, f. Jvj, ; plaster of
lead, Ibiij. ; olive oil, Oj. Melt the plaster in the
oil with a slow fire; then gradually add the
chalk, separately mixed with the vinegar, the
effervescence being finished, and stir constant-
ly until they have cooled. Used as a dressing
for indolent ulcers.
Unguentum plumbi iodidi. (Ph. L.) Oint-
ment of iodide of lead. Take of iodide of lead,
fj. ; lard, f viij. Rub together, and mix. Em-
ployed by way of friction to chronic enlarge-
ment of the joints and indolent scrofulous tu-
mors.
Unguentum potassii iodidi. Unguentum
potass^: hydriodatis. (Ph. D.) Ointment
of iodide of potassium. Take of iodide of po-
tassium, 9j. ; lard, fj. Mix. Used to glandu-
lar swellings. It should be stronger,
Unguentum potassii bromidi. Ointment of
bromide of potassium. Take of bromide of
potassium, 3J.; lard, ?j. Applied to glandular
and scrofulous swellings.
Unguentum resins flavje. Ceratumresinee.
Unguentum resinje nigrje. Pitch ointment.
U. basilicum nigrum, vel tetrapharmacum.
Take of pitch, yellow wax, yellow resin, of
each, fix. ; olive oil, f. f xvj. (Ph. L.) Melt
together, and strain through a linen cloth.
This is useful for the same purposes as the tar
ointment.
Unguentum sambuci. (Ph. L.) Elder oint-
ment. U. sambucinum. Take of elder flowers,
prepared lard, each, Ibij. Boil the elder flow-
ers in the lard until they become crisp ; then
strain the ointment through a linen cloth. A
cooling and emollient preparation.
661
UNI
Unguentum saturninum. Ceratum plumbi
acetatis.
Unguentum scrophulabia;. (Ph. D.) Oint-
ment of scrophularia. Take of the fresh leaves
of scrophularia nodosa, lard, each, Ibj.; suet,
Ibj. Boil the leaves in the fats till they are crisp,
then express. Used in cutaneous diseases.
Unguentum simplex. (U.S.) Simple oint-
ment. Take of white wax, Ibj. ; lard, Ibiv.
Melt at a moderate heat, and stir till cold.
Emollient.
Unguentum stramoxii. (U. S.) Ointment
of stramonium (thorn-apple). Take of fresh
stramonium leaves, cut, Ibj. ; lard, Ibiij. ; yellow
wax, Ibss. Boil the leaves in lard until crisp ;
strain through linen; add the wax, previously
melted, and stir till cold. Anodyne. Applied
to irritable ulcers, &c.
Unguentum sulphuris. (U. S.) Sulphur
ointment. Take of sublimed sulphur, Ibj. ; lard,
Jbij. Mix. The most effectual preparation to
destroy the itch. It is also serviceable in the
cure of other cutaneous eruptions.
Unguentum sulphuris compositum. (U. S.)
Compound sulphur ointment. Take of sub-
limed sulphur, 5J.; nitrate of potash, 3ij.; am-
moniated mercury, benzoic acid, each, 3J. ; oil
of bergamot, sulphuric acid, each, f. 3J.; lard,
ibss. Mix. Used in itch and against vermin.
Unguentum sulphuris iodidi. Ointmentof
iodide of sulphur. Take of "iodide of sulphur,
1 part; of lard, 18 parts. — Magendie. A pow-
erful stimulant and resolvent, of great value in
obstinate chronic skin diseases.
Unguentum tabaci. (U. S.) Ointment of
tobacco. Take of fresli tobacco leaves, cut, 5j. ;
lard, Ibj. Boil till the leaves are crisp, and
strain through linen. Applied to irritable ul-
cers and eruptions.
Unguentum tartari emetici. Unguentum
antimonii.
Unguentum veratri. (Ph. L.) U. vera-
tri albi. (U. S.) U. hellebori albi. Take of
white hellebore root, powdered, ^ij. ; prepared
lard, Jviij. ; oil of lemons, 111 xx. Mix. Used in
itch.
Unguentum zinci. (Ph. L.) U. zinci oxi-
di. (U.S.) Zinc ointment. Take of the ox-
ide of zinc, 5j. ; lard, Jvj. Mix. A very useful
application in chronic ophthalmia and relaxed
tilcers.
U'NGUIS. (is, is, m. ; from ovuf, a hook.)
1. In Anatomy, the nail. The nails are horny
lamina; situated at the extremities of the fingers
and toes. 2. In Surgery, an abscess or collec-
tion of pus between the lamella:' of the cornea of
the eye : so called from its resemblance to the
lunated portion of the nail of a finger. 3. In
Botany, the claw: applied to the thin lower
part of the petal of a polypetalous corolla.
Unguis os. The lachrymal bone is so named
from its resemblance to a nail.
Ungulate. Shaped like a nail.
U'nicus. Single.
Uniflo'rus. Bearing one flower.
Uniform. iEcmalis.
Unilateral. Unilateralis. On one side
only.
Unilocular. Unilocular™. One<elled.
U'nio. Margarita.
662
UKE
UNION BY THE FIRST INTENTION.
This phrase is applied by surgeons to the heal-
ing of wounds by adhesion, without suppuration
or granulation.
UNIT JAR. A Leyden jar invented by Mr.
Harris, which is charged with determinato
quantities of electricity.
United. See Connate.
U'nivalve. One-valved.
Unoc'ulus. Unioculus. Having but one
eye.
U'PAS. The name given in Java to several
deadly poisons, of which' the Bohun upas and
Upas tieute are the most remarkable. They be-
long to different genera, and owe their poison
ous properties to different principles.
1. The Bohun upas. — This is a bitter gum-
resin, which exudes from incisions in tlie bark
of a large tree, called Antiar, or Antsjar, by the
Javanese. It is the Antiaris toxicaria, or Ipo
toxicaria of botanists, an urticaceous tree. The
Bohun upas is a deadly and rapid poison, which,
if excluded from the air, retains its activity for
an unlimited time. Its deleterious powers are
due to Antiar in. It is a powerful arterial seda-
tive, and also produces convulsions.
2. The Upas tieutt, or Tjettek, is the produce
of the Strychnos tieute, and owes its deadly
power to Strychnia.
U'RACHUS. (us, i, m. ; ovpaKoc, from ovpov,
urine.) Urinaculum. The ligamentous cord
that arises from the basis of the urinary bladder,
which it runs along, and terminates in the um-
bilical cord. In the foetus of brute animals,
which the ancients mostly dissected, it is a hoi- *
low tube, and conveys the urine to the allan-
toid membrane.
UR^E'MIA. (From urea, and atpa, blood.)
A generic term for those diseases in which the
blood contains an excess of urea. This occurs
in Bright's disease and Asiatic cholera.
Ura'gium. The apex of the heart.
Urami'le. A product of the action of hy-
drochloric or sulphuric acid on thionuric acid.
It is a crystalline, feathery powder, of the form.
C 8 N 3 H50g. Uramilic acid is said to be derived
from it by boiling with dilute sulphuric acid.
URANISCOPLA'STY. Uraniscoplasti'ce.
(From vpcmiCKoc, the palate, and nXaoou, to
form.) An operation for the restoration ir
formation of the soft palate.
Uraniscorrhaphy. Staphylorrhaphy.
Urani'scus. The palate.
URA'NIUM. An elementary, rare metal, of
a grayish color, and soft ; sp. grav. about 8 ;
equivalent, 217*2 ; symbol, U. It is very infu-
sible. There are two oxides, the protoxide
and peroxide, the latter of which is of a fine
yellow color, and used in painting porcelain
and glass.
U'RATE. (Uras, atis, f.) A compound of
uric or lithic acid with a salifiable base.
Urate of soda. This is the principal in-
gredient in gouty calculi.
Urce'ola. Parietaria officinalis. *
Urceola'te. Urccolatus. Swelling or egg-
shaped, like a common jug.
URE'A. (a, a, f. ; from urina.) A con-
stituent of urine. It is an organic base, form-
ing salts with nitric, oxalic, acetic, and other
URE
acids. When pure it crystallizes in four-sided
prisms, and resembles nitre in appearance and
taste. It dissolves both in water and alcohol.
It is partly decomposed into ammonia and
cyanuric acid by heat, and, indeed, consists of
a peculiar form of cyanate of ammonia, C2NO,
HO.NHs, and may be made artificially. Urea
has been employed in medicine as a diuretic in
doses of gr. xv. to 9j.
Ure'chysis. Effusion of urine into the cel-
lular membrane.
UEE'DO. (From uro, to burn.) 1. An itch-
ing or burning sensation of the skin, which ac-
companies many diseases. The nettle-rash is
also so called. 2. A genus of parasitical fungi.
Uresis. The act of voiding the urine.
URE'TER. (er, cris, m. ; from ovpov, urine.)
The membranous canal which conveys the urine
from the kidney to the urinary bladder. At its
superior part it is considerably the largest, oc-
cupying the greatest portion of the pelvis of the
kidney ; it then contracts to the size of a goose-
quill, and descends over the psoas magnus mus-
cle and large crural vessels into the pelvis, in
which it perforates the urinary bladder very
obliquely. Its internal surface is lubricated
with mucus to defend it from the irritation of
the urine in passing.
Uretera'lgia. Pain in the course of the
ureter.
URETERITIS, (is, idis, f. ; from ovpnrrjp,
the ureter.) Inflammation of the ureter. Its
symptoms and treatment are the same as those
of inflammation of the kidney and urinary blad-
der.
URE'THRA. (a, a, f . ; from ovpov, the
urine.) A membranous canal, which in the
male runs from the neck of the bladder, through
the inferior part of the penis, to the extremity
of the glans penis, in which it opens by a lon-
gitudinal orifice, called the meatus urinarius. In
this course it first passes through the prostate
gland, and is there distinguished by the name
of the prostatic iiretkra ; it then becomes much
dilated, and is known by the name of the bulb-
ous part, in which is situated a small round
eminence, called the caput gallinaginis, or veru-
montanum, around which are ten or twelve ori-
fices of the excretory ducts of the prostate gland,
and two of the spermatic vessels. The remain-
ing part of the urethra contains a number of
triangular mouths, which are the lacuna:, or
openings of the excretory ducts of the mucous
glands of the urethra. In the female the urethra
is much shorter and straighter than in the male.
It is about an inch and a half long, and appears
a little below the clitoris.
Urethra'lgia. Pain in the urethra ; clap.
URETHRI'TIS. (is, idis, f. ; from ovprjttpa,
the urethra.) An inflammation of the urethra.
Inflammation may take place on this membrane,
as on other mucous membranes, and from the
same causes ; but it is, however, generally ex-
cited by calculous and gouty complaints, and
most commonly by the venereal poison.
Urethritis venerea. Gonorrhoea virulentaf
maligna, syphilitica. The clap. It originates
from impure coition. The time that a clap will
take before it makes its appearance, after infec-
tion, has not been ascertained. It most usually
URE
is perceptible in the space of from six to four-
teen days, and, in a male, begins with an un-
easiness about the parts of generation, such as
an itching in the glans penis, and a soreness and
tingling sensation along the whole course of
the urethra ; soon after which, whitish matter is
seen at its orifice, and also some degree of burn-
ing upon making water. In the course of a few
days the discharge increases, assumes a green-
ish or yellowish hue, and will become thinner,
and lose its adhesiveness : the parts will also be
occupied with some degree of redness and in-
flammation; a considerable degree of pain ajid
scalding heat will be experienced on every at-
tempt to make water. Sometimes, though
rarely, the poison acts on the mucous membrane
behind and all around the glans penis, and a
similar discharge of vitiated mucus takes place
to that which escapes from the urethra, and
there may be produced a phymosis or paraphy-
mosis. Where the inflammation prevails in a
very high degree, on the taking place of an
erection, the penis is curved downward, with
great pain : this is called a chordec.
The adjacent parts sympathizing with those
already affected, the bladder becomes irritable,
and incapable of retaining the urine for any
length of time, which gives the patient a fre-
quent inclination to malic water, and he feels
an uneasiness about the scrotum, perineum,
and fundament. Moreover, the glands of the
groins grow indurated and enlarged, or perhaps
the testicles become swelled and inflamed, in
consequence of which he experiences excru-
ciating pains, extending from the seat of the
complaint up into the small of the back : he
gets hot and restless, and a feeble symptomatic
fever arises.
If the disease be neither irritated by any ir-
regularity of the patient, nor prolonged by the
want of timely and proper assistance, then, in
the course of about a fortnight or three weeks,
the discharge, from having been thin and dis-
colored at first, will become thick, white, and of
a ropy consistence ; and, from having gradually
begun to diminish in quantity, will at last cease
entirely, together with every inflammatory
symptom whatever ; whereas, on the contrary,
if the patient has led a life of intemperance and
sensuality, has partaken freely of the bottle and
high-seasoned meats, and has, at the same time,
neglected to pursue the necessary means, it
may then continue for many weeks or months,
and on going off, may leave a weakness or gleet
behind (the Gonorrhaa mucosa), which may lay
the foundation of strictures of the urethra.
In the case of women, clap is much less
severe than in men, from the absence of chordee,
and the shortness of the urethra. Nor are they
incommoded with phymosis or strictures.
Treatment. — During the inflammatory stage,
a low diet, mucilaginous drinks, and antiphlo-
gistic means are necessary. In ordinary cases,
saline aperients combined with nitre, and the
use of cold lotions to the penis, are sufficient ;
but when the inflammation is very great,
leeches to the perineum will bo necessary.
Subsequently, if there be gleet, copaiba, cubebs,
and the terebinthinates generally, with astrin-
gent injections, will be useful. Chordee ie
663
URI
frequently abated by tbe use of the extract or
ointment of belladonna or stramonium applied
to the part. The patient should keep quiet,
resting on his back for a few days, and take
care that the parts are frequently cleansed.
Urethrophra'xis. Obstruction of the
urethra. .
Urethroplasty. An operation to restore
the urethra in cases of defect or accidental in-
jury.
^Urethrorrha'gia. A discharge of blood
from the urethra.'
Uretic. Ureticus. Diuretic.
U'rias. (From ovpov, urine.) The urethra.
URIC. Uricus. Appertaining to urine.
Uric acid. TJrilic acid. A component of
urine, usually in small quantity in that of man,
but becoming veiy great in the urine of ser-
pents and birds. It forms calculi both in the
free state and combined with ammonia, and is
often deposited as a sediment of a reddish color
in diseased urine. When pure it is a white,
crystalline, very insoluble powder, with acid
properties. It readily combines with the al-
kalies and other bases. The urate of ammonia,
which is a frequent form of calculus, is very in-
soluble. Its formula is C10N4H3O5+HO, the
first term of which represents a hypothetical
radical called Uryle. The presence of uric acid
is detected by dissolving it in weak nitric acid,
evaporating the solution, which becomes pink,
and adding an excess of ammonia when a pur-
ple color is produced ; this is murexide or pur-
purate of ammonia.
Uric oxide. The xanthic oxide, a rare in-
gredient of calculi. It is a white powder, solu-
ble in potash. A solution in dilute nitric acid
becomes yellow when evaporated to dryness.
Formula, C B H 3 N 2 02.
Urina'culum. The urachus.
Uri'n^: ardor. See Dysuria.
U'RINAL. Urinatorium. A receiver made
so as to he adapted to the penis in cases of in-
continence of urine. It usually consists of a
flat metallic case-bottle containing a sponge.
Urina'ria. Leontodon taraxacum.
U'RINARY. ( Urinarius ; from nrina,
urine.) Appertaining to urine.
Urinary bladder. Vesica urinaria. The
bladder is a membranous pouch, capable of
dilatation and contraction, situated in the lower
part of the abdomen, immediately behind the
symphysis pubis, and opposite to the beginning
of the rectum. Its figure is nearly that of a
short oval. It is broader on the fore and back
than on the lateral parts ; rounder above than
below, when empty ; and broader below than
above, when full. It is divided into the body,
neck, and fundus, or upper part ; the neck is a
portion of the lower part, which is contracted
by a sphincter muscle. This organ is made up
of several coats ; the upper, posterior, and lateral
parts are covered by a reflection of the peri-
toneum, which is connected by cellular sub-
stance to the muscular coat. This is composed
of several strata of fibres, the outermost of which
are mostly longitudinal, the interior becoming
gradually more transverse, connected together
by reticular membrane. Under this is the cel-
lular coat, which is nearly of the same structure
664
URI
with the tunica villosa of the stomach. Wins-
low describes the internal or villous coat as
somewhat granulated and glandular; but this
has been disputed by subsequent anatomists.
However, a mucous fluid is poured out con-
tinually from it, which defends it from the acri-
mony of the urine. Sometimes the internal
surface is found very irregular, and full of rugae,
which appear to be occasioned merely by the
strong contraction of the muscular fibres, and
may be removed by distending it. The sphinc-
ter does not seem to be a distinct muscle, but
merely formed by the transverse fibres being
closely arranged about the neck. The urine is
received from the ureters, which enter the pos-
terior part of the bladder obliquely ; and when
a certain degree of distension has occurred, the
muscular fibres are voluntarily exerted to ex-
pel it.
Urinary calculus. See Calculus, urinary.
URINE. (Urina, «, f. Ovpov ; from opovu,
to rush out.) The liquid secreted in the kid-
neys, and dropping down from them, guttatim,
through the ureters, into the cavity of the urinary
bladder. The secretory organ is composed of
the arterial vessels of the cortical substance
of the kidneys, from which the urine passes
through the uriniferous tubuli and renal papillae
into the renal pelvis, whence it flows, drop by
drop, through the ureters into the cavity of the
urinary bladder, where it is detained some
hours, and at length, when abundant, elimi-
nated through the urethra.
This excretion is properly divided into three
kinds: 1st, the Urina potus, which flows soon
after drinking; 2d, U. chyli, or U. cibi, secret-
ed after a meal; and, 3d, U. sanguinis, secret-.
ed some hours after, or in the morning, and
representing the true secretion from the blood ;
of specific gravity 1-015 to 1-025. The urine
consists of from 25 to 31 of solids in 1000 parts ;
on an average, these are: of urea, 12-0; uric acid,
0-4 ; fixed salts, being phosphates, sulphates,
and chlorides of soda, potash, lime, magnesia,
or their bases, 7*0; and of organic matters, as
mucus, epithelium cells, coloring matter, hip-
puric or lactic acids, 8-6 ; the rest being water.
Of this there is voided daily, as an average, in
health 20,320 grs., containing 568 grs. of solid
matter. The urea and uric acid herein repre-
sent the amount of azotized tissue destroyed in
the day, and vary with the activity, strength,
and health of the patient. They are also in-
creased by an animal diet. Healthy urine,
when voided, is clear, amber colored, and the
transparency is but slightly affected when cold ;
otherwise it is either turbid when voided, or
soon becomes so, and is variously changed in
color. The following table of Dr. G. Bird gives
the diagnosis of sediments in the urine.
Table for discovering the nature of saline de-
posits in the Urine by chemical reagents and by
the microscope.
1. by chemical reagents.
1. Deposit, white 2.
" colored 5.
2. " dissolved by heat . . Urate of ammonia .
" insoluble by heat . . 3.
3. " soluble in liquor am- } p vat j n „
monia
insoluble in
URI
4. Deposit, soluble in acetic acid Earthy phosphates.
" insoluble Oxalate of lime.
5. " visibly crystalline . . Uric acid
" amorphous .... 6.
6. " readily soluble by heat Urates.
" slowly dissolved by > Urates stained by
heat 5 purpurine.
II. BY THE MICROSCOPE.
"i. Deposit, white 2.
" colored 5.
{Insoluble by heat-
Phosphate of lime.
Soluble by heat —
Urate of ammonia.
" in denned crystals . 3.
3. " in prismatic crystals . Triple phosphate.
" in octahedral or tubu- ) .
lar crystals . . j
4. " in octahedra .... Oxalate of lime.
" in tobies eor . compound } c y stlne -'
& " in transparent crystals Uric acid.
" amorphous, or in ) Urates of ammonia
spherical masses . $ or soda.
Besides these indications of disease, the urine
may contain albumen {Albuminuria) ; grape
sugar, Melituria {Diabetes) ; it may be charged
with bile where the hepatic function is disturb-
ed, and be of a brown color; when deeply
colored with Purpurine, and of a red or pink
color, disease of the liver and portal system are
present. Blood is also found in diseased urine,
and detected by the figure of the globules ; it
occurs where hemorrhage takes place from any
part of the urinary apparatus, or from morbid
growths attended with a sanguineous discharge.
Torulee, or vibriones, and other minute animal-
cules have also been found in this secretion.
The urine has been variously named accord-
ing to the excess of one of its components — as
Azoturia, when the amount of urea is in excess;
Oxaluria, where salts of oxalic acid are pres-
ent, as in dyspeptics; Cy anuria and Melanuria,
where it is of a bluish and black color ; Cystin-
uria, when it deposits cystine. The urine is
also rendered odorous by the ingesta, as aspara-
gus, turpentine ; or colored, as by rhubarb,
madder, &c.
Urine, albuminous. This coagulates by
heat and nitric acid. It is found in various dis-
eases, but especially the granular degeneration
of the kidney or Bright's disease, and in drop-
sies.
Urine, alkaline. Urine containing an ex-
cess of earthy phosphates has an alkaline reac-
tion ; and also from the presence of carbonate
of ammonia. The latter body is found where
there is severe prostration, and especially after
strains or injurious blows on the spine.
Urine, bloody. Hsematuria.
Urine, diabetic This contains grape sugar.
See Diabetes, and Sugar, tests for.
Urine, dropsical. This is subject to early
decomposition, from containing albumen.
Urine, dyspeptic The urine of dyspeptics
contains an excess of urates, and is therefore
subject to deposits, and often to early putrefac-
tion. The Urina cibi also frequently contains
oxalic acid. The triple phosphate is also present
in the worst cases.
Urine flux. Diabetes.
Urine, gouty. In this there is an excess of
uric acid and urates, especially of soda ; the se-
cretion is often turbid at the time of emission.
URT
Urine, hysterical. Clear and colorless, like
Nervous urine.
Urine, milky. That which is of a whitish
aspect, from various causes, as an excess of mu-
cus and phosphates, &c.
Urine, nervous. It is almost colorless,
abundant, and very thin.
Urine, phosphatic That which contains
an excess of earthy phosphates. It is indica-
tive of nervous prostration and the formation
of calculus if it be constant ; otherwise it is not
unusual in the Urina cibi of dyspeptic persons,
but in this case is absent in the Urina sanguinis.
Urine, purpuric The urine with a rose
colored deposit of purpurine, found in acute
diseases, especially of the liver and portal cir-
culation.
Urine, purulent. Urine containing pus,
usually derived from the kidney, bladder, or
urethra.
Urine, retention of. See Retention of
urine.
Urine, spermatic. Urine containing a few
spermatozoa.
Urine, suppression of. See Ischuria.
Urini'ferous. Carrying urine : as the Tu-
buli uriniferi.
Urino'meter. A hydrometer to take the
specific gravity of urine.
U'rinous. Resembling urine.
Urobe'nzoic acid. Hippuric acid.
Urocri'sia. The judgment formed of dis-
eases by the examination of urine.
Urodialy'sis. A suspension of the function
of the kidney.
Urogla'ucin. See Uroxanthin.
Uroli'th. A urinary calculus.
Urolithiasis. Lithiasis.
Uron. Ovpov. The urine.
URONO'LOGY. Uranolo'gia. {From ovpov,
and Tioyoc, a discourse.) A treatise on the
urine.
Uropla'nia. A translation of the urine to
some part of the body where its presence is
unnatural, as to the skin, the ventricles of the
brain, &c.
Uropo'ietic That which favors fhe secre-
tion of urine.
Urorrha'gia. Urorrhaa. Diabetes.
Uroses. Disease of the urinary organs. —
Alibert.
Urosco'pia. Uroscopy. The inspection of
urine for the determination of disease.
UROSTE'ALITH. In a renal calculus ex-
amined by Heller was found a peculiar saponi
liable fat, to which he gave this name. It
partially fuses at a low temperature, and burns
with a peculiar odor resembling benzoin.
Urotjs acid. Uric oxide.
UROXA'NTHIN. A yellow pigment of dis-
eased urine, which, according to Heller, is de-
rived from a change in urea. It is itself sub-
ject to change into a blue pigment, Uroglavcin,
or into a red coloring matter, Urrhodin.
Urrho'din. See Uroxanthin.
Ursi'na radix. iEthusa meum.
URTI'CA. {a, te,f.) A genus of plants.
Monoecia. Tetrandria. Urticacem. — U.dioica.
The stinging nettle. The young shoots possess
diuretic and antiscorbutic properties. — U. mor<-
065
UTE
tua. Lamium album. — U- pilulifera. U. ro-
mana. The pill-bearing nettle. The seed was
formerly given against diseases of the chest. —
TJ. urens. The lesser nettle. It possesses sim-
ilar properties to the U. dioica.
URTICA'CEiE. The nettle tribe of dico-
tyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves,
alternate ; flowers, apetalous, solitary, or clus-
tered ; ovarium, superior, two-celled ; fruit, a
simple, indehiscent nut.
UBTICA'BIA. (a, a:, f. ; from urtica, a net-
tle.) The nettle-rash; also called Febris urti-
cata. An eruption on the skin like the wheals
caused by the sting of a nettle. The little ele-
vations called the nettle-rash often appear in-
stantaneously, especially if the skin be rubbed
or scratched, and seldom stay many hours in
the same place, and sometimes not many min-
utes. No part of the body is exempt from
them ; and where many of them rise together,
and continue an hour or two, the parts are
often considerably swelled, which particularly
happens on the arms, face, and hands. In
some constitutions they last only a few days, in
others many months.
Urticaria is sometimes attended with fever
and sometimes not. Bateman describes six
varieties of this disease, viz., Urticaria febrilis,
U. evanida, U. persistans, U. conferla, U. subcu-
tanca, U. tubcrosa.
All that is required in the treatment is gentle
aperients and cool clothing. The best appli-
cation to allay the itching is dilute vinegar, or
camphor water and vinegar.
Urtica'tion. The whipping a paralytic or
benumbed limb with nettles, in order to restore
its feeling.
U'SNEA. (a, cc, f.) A lichen, more espe-
cially that found adhering to the skull when
exposed to the air in damp places.
Usquebaugh. Originally whisky; now ap-
plied to a liqueur.
Ussac. The gum ammoniacum of the Greeks.
Ustila'go. 1. A parasitical fungus. 2. Er-
got.
U'stion. A burn.
U'TERINE. Uterinus. Appertaining to the
womb.
Uterine artery. A branch of the hypogas-
tric or of the internal pudic. It is distributed
over the uterus in numerous tortuous branches,
which become greatly dilated during preg-
nancy.
Uterine fury. Nymphomania.
Uterine gestation. Utcro-gestalion. Preg-
nancy.
Uterine muscle of Buysch. The oblique
fibres of the fundus of the uterus.
Uterine souffle. See Auscultation.
U'TEEUS. («*, i, m. Tarepa.) The
womb. A muscular receptacle, of the shape
of a compressed pear, situated in the cavity of
the pelvis, above the vagina, and between the
urinary bladder and rectum. The upper part
is called the fundus, the lower the cervix and
mouth (os uteri) ; the space between them, the
body. The uterus is about three inches in
length, about two in breadth at the fundus, and
one at the cervix. Its thickness is preserved
throughout pregnancy, chiefly by the enlarge-
666
UTE
ment of the veiiis and lymphatics, there being a
smaller change in the size of the arteries. The
cavity of the uterus corresponds with the ex-
ternal form : that of the cervix leads from the
os uteri, where it is very small, in a straight
direction, to the fundus, where it is expanded
into a triangular form, with two angles (cornua
uteri) opposed to the entrance into the Fal-
lopian tubes. At the place of junction be-
tween the cervix and the body of the uterus,
the cavity is smaller than it is in any other
part. The mucous coat of the vagina is reflect-
ed over the os uteri, and is continued into the
membrane which lines the cavity of the uterus.
The substance of the uterus, which is very
firm, is composed of arteries, veins, lymphatics,
nerves, and several sets of muscular fibres,
viz., the circular, longitudinal, and oblique,
curiously interwoven and connected together
by cellular membrane. Its arteries are derived
from the hypogastric or pudic. The veins are
very numerous, and their size in the unim-
pregnated state is proportioned to that of the
arteries; but their enlargement during preg-
nancy is such that the orifices of some, when
divided, will admit even of the end of a small
finger.
Tho uterus is supplied with nerves from the
lower mesocolic plexus, and from two small,
flat, circular ganglions, which are situated be-
hind the rectum. These ganglions are joined
by a number of small branches from the third
and fourth sacral nerves. The ovaria derive
their nerves from the renal plexus. From the
angles at the fundus of the uterus two processes
originate, called, from the name of the first
describer, the Fallopian tubes. They are about
thi-ee inches in length, and, becoming smaller
in their progress from the uterus, have an un-
even, fringed termination, called the fimbria;.
Through this canal the communication between
the uterus and ovaria is preserved. The Fallo-
pian tubes assist in forming the broad ligaments
of the uterus. From each angle of the uterus,
a little before and below the Fallopian tubes,
the round ligaments arise ; these pass out of the
pelvis through the ring of the external oblique
muscle. The uterus is liable to many diseases,
the principal of which are retroversion and its
falling down, hydatids, dropsy, polypes, inflam-
mation, ulceration, cancer.
Uterus, inversion of. This is mostly pro-
duced by unskillfully pulling away the placenta,
and is only to be remedied by a restoration of
the uterus to its proper state before it contracts ;
without which, perpetual barrenness must ne-
cessarily ensue, and the person be subject for
life to a difficulty of walking, and other mal-
adies.
Uterus, irritable. An inflammatory and
neuralgic condition of the uterus, in which there
is considerable pain, especially on standing and
moving, and at the periods of menstruation.
There is pain on pressure, and tumefaction of the
os uteri . It is a tedious and distressing affection,
often lasting for years. Antiphlogistic reme-
dies, leeches around the anus, anodyne injec-
tions, the horizontal posture, are the principal
remedies.
Uterus, retroversion of. This occurs
V AG
when the fundus is turned backward and down-
ward upon its cervix, between the vagina and
rectum, and the os uteri is turned forward to
the pubis, and upward, in proportion to the
descent of the fundus, so that, by an examina-
tion per vaginam, it can not be felt, or not with-
out difficulty. There is extreme pain, a sup-
pression of urine, and, by the continuance of
this, great distension of the bladder; there is
also obstinate constipation, produced by the
pressure of the retroverted uterus upon the
rectum. The retroversion of the uterus has
generally occurred about the third month of
pregnancy, and sometimes after delivery it may
likewise happen, where the ii torus is, from any
cause, enlarged to the size it acquires about the
third month of pregnancy.
Uterus, kupture of. This occurs dining
parturition, and is known by the cessation of
labor-jmins, recession of the loetus, and the oc-
currence of alarming faintings, vomiting, &c.
The child is to be instantly delivered by the
feet, and every means are to be adopted to
cause the uterus to contract. A favorable ter-
mination is scarcely to be expected.
UTRI'CULUS. (us, i, m. ; dim. of utcr, abot-
V AL
tie: so called from its shape.) 1. The womb.
2. A little bag, bladder, or hollow vesicle.
U'VA. (a, ce, f.) 1. An unripe grape. 2.
A tumor resembling a grape.
Uva passa major. A raisin. See Vitis.
Uva pass a minor. The dried currant.
Uva ursi. Arbutus uva ursi.
U'VEA. (a, <e, f.) The black pigment on
the back part of the iris.
Uvea, commissure of the. The ciliary lig-
ament.
U'VULA. (a, a, f. ; dim. of uva, a grape.)
The small, conical, fleshy substance hanging iu
the middle of the velum pendulum palati, over
the root of the tongue. It is composed of the
common membrane of the mouth, and a small
muscle resembling a worm, which arises from
the union of the palatine bone, and descends to
the tip of the uvula.
Uvula vesi'cje. A small eminence in the
neck of the bladder, which constitutes the apex
of the triangle at the Tore part of the bladder,
of which the openings of the ureters indicate
the posterior angles.
Uvula'ria. Ruscus hypoglossum.
Uvuli'tis. Inflammation of the uvula.
V.
V.
The symbol for vanadium.
VACClUATIOiN. The insertion of the mat-
ter to produce cow-pox. See Cow-pox.
Va'ccine matter. The lymph from the
vaccine pustule.
Vaccinia. See Cow-pox.
Vaccixic acid. A fatty acid obtained from
butter.
V A C C I'N I U M. (um, ii, n.) A genus of
plants. Octandria. Monogynia. Ericacccc.
— V.mijrtillus. The myrtle-berry. The baccae
myrtilloruin are esteemed antiscorbutic, and,
when dry, possess astringent virtues. — V. oxy-
coccos. The cranberry-plant. Vaccinia palus-
tris. The berries are pleasantly acid and cool-
ing. — V. vitis ida-a. The red whortle-berry.
Vitis ideca. The leaves are very astringent.
They are said to mitigate the pain of calculous
diseases. The ripe berries are aperient and
refrigerant.
Vacu'um. An empty space.
VAGI'NA. (a, a, i.) Vagina uteri. The
canal which leads from the external orifice of
the female pudendum to the uterus. It is com-
posed of two coats, the first or innermost of
which is mucous, interspersed with many ex-
cretory ducts, and contracted into small trans-
verse folds, particularly at the fore and back
part. The second coat is composed of a firm
membrane, in which muscular fibres are not
distinctly observable, but which is endowed, to
a certain degree, with contractile powers like
a muscle. This is surrounded by cellular mem-
brane, which connects it to the neighboring
parts. The upper and posterior two fifths of
the vagina is also covered by the peritoneum.
The entrance of the vagina is constricted by
muscular fibres, which serve as a sphincter.
The upper part is connected to the circumfe-
rence of the os uteri, but not in a straight line,
the os uteri protruding into the vagina.
VAGI'NAL. Vaginalis. Belonging to the
vagina, or to a sheath.
Vaginal artery. The artery distributed to
the vagina. It arises from the hypogastric, ute-
rine, or pudic.
Vaginalis tunica. Tunica vaginalis
testis.
Vagi'nans. Sheathing.
Vagina'tus. Sheathed.
VAGINI'TIS. Irritation or inflammation of
the vagina, such as occurs in some forms of leu-
corrhcea.
Vagi'no-hysterio'tomv. An operation in
which an incision is made into the uterus
through the vagina.
VAGlNO-RECTAL FISSURE. A fissure or
opening existing between the vagina and rec-
tum, in consequence of which the faeces pass
from the rectum into the vagina. It is one of
the effects of badly-managed parturition. The
treatment consists in performing the operation
of elytrorrhaphy as soon as the patient is in a
condition to permit it.
Vagino-ure'thral fissure. A fissure ex-
isting in the membrane between the vagina and
urethra. .
Vagino-ve'sical fissure. A fissure existing
iu the membrane between the vagina and blad-
der. It is often the effect of badly-managed
parturition, and to be treated as in the case of
vagino-rectal fissure.
VAGI'TUS. Squalling; the cry of the new
born babe.
Valerian. Valeriana officinalis.
Valebian, oil of. Valerole. The essential
oil of valerian root possesses the pungent, cam-
phoraceous odor of valerian. It undergoes con*
667
VAL
siderable chauge by keeping, depositing a cam-
phor, and forming valerianic acid.
VALERIA'NA. (a, ce, f.) 1. The Valeriana
officinalis. 2. A genus of plants. Triandria.
Monogynia. Valerianacece. — V. celtica. The
Celtic nard. The root of this plant, a native of
the Alps, has been recommended as a stomach-
ic, carminative, and diuretic. — V. locusta. Va~
Icrianella olitoria. Corn salad. This is culti-
vated in gardens for an early salad. — V. major.
Valeriana phu. — V. officinalis. Officinal va-
lerian. Wild valerian. The root is a campho-
raceous antispasmodic, and is exhibited in con-
vulsive and hysterical diseases. The dose of
the powder is from grs. x. to 3J., three times a
day or oftener. — V. phu. The garden valerian.
The root is said to be efficacious in removing
rheumatism, especially sciatica ; and also invet-
erate epilepsies. — V. sylvestris. Valeriana of-
ficinalis.
VALERIANATES . The valerian tribe of
dicotyledonous plants. Herbs with leaves op-
posite ; flowers, corymbose, panicled, or m
heads; stamens instinct; ovarium, inferior, two-
celled ; fruit, dry iudehiscent.
Valerianella olitoria. Valeriana locusta.
VALERIANIC ACID. An interesting acid
found in oil of valerian which has been exposed
to the air, and also produced from amilic alcohol
by the action of dry hydrate of potash. It is a
limpid, oily fluid, of a strong, peculiar smell.
Its sp. gr. is 0-94, boiling at 290° F. It has
acid properties, and consists of CioHg03,HO. I*
is therefore related to the amyl group. Va-
lerianic acid is supposed to be an active nervous
6timulant, and, combined with quinine, as the
valerianate of quinine, to bo a valuable medicine
in cases requiring stimulating nervous tonics.
VALETUDINA'RIAN. 1. One who is in
delicate health. 2. One who is extremely anx-
ious about health, and constantly imagines him-
self sick.
VA'LGUS. 1. Bandy-legged; having the
legs bent outward. 2. A kind of club-foot,
which see.
Vallet's tills. Pilulae ferri carbonatis. •
Va'llum. The eyebrow.
VALVE. (Valvec, folding doors.) 1. In
Anatomy, a membranous elongation in canals,
which prevents the reflux of fluids : applied to
the valve of the colon, and to thin and transpa-
rent membranes situated within arteries, veins,
and absorbeuts. 2. In Botany, the divisions of
the fruit.
Valve of Bauhin. V. of Fallopius. The
ileo-coecal valve.
Valve of the colon. See Intestine.
Valve, triglochin. The tricuspid valves.
Va'lvula. A little valve.
Valvula coli. The valve of the colon.
Valvula Eusta'chii. A membranous semi-
lunar valve, situated at the mouth of the in-
ferior vena cava.
Valvula mitralis. The mitral valve.
Valvula semilunaris. The semilunar
valves.
Valvula triglochin. The tricusj id valves.
Valvula Tulpii. See Intestine.
Valvula Vieusse'nii. V. cerebri. V. Willis-
tii. A thin lamiua which ascends behind the
868
VAR
tubercula quadrigemina toward the cerebel-
lum.
Valvule conniventes. The semilunar folds
formed of the mucous coat of the small intes-
tines. They are most numerous in the jejunum.
and gradually disappear in the ileum. Their
use is to increase the absorbent surface of the
intestines.
VANA'DIUM. A new metal associated with
lead and iron. It is white, brittle, and refrac-
tory. Its equivalent is about 68, and it forms
three compounds with oxygen, of which the
deutoxide, VOj, is Vanadic acid.
Vanilla. Vanelloc. Epidendrum vanilla.
VA'POR. ( Vapor, oris. ) A highly-expanded
liquid. It diners from a gas in the circumstance
that it is condensiblo by cold and pressure.
Vapor bath. See Balneum.
Vapor douche. The projection of a stream
of watery vapor on any part of the body, by
means of a proper syringe or otherwise. ■
Vapora'rium. A vapor bath.
Vaporiza'tion. The conversion of a fluid
into the state of vapor.
Vapors. Hypochondriasis ; hysteria ; mel*
aucholy.
Va'rec Kelp; the ashes of seaweeds.
Vareni. Flatus furiosus.
VARICE'LLA. (Diminutive of variola, the
small-pox.) The chicken-pox or water-pox.
The eruption in this disease consists of vesicles
scattered over the body : they are mostly smooth
and transparent, lentil shaped, or irregularly cir-
cular, flattened at the top; the fluid at first pel-
lucid, then whitish, afterward straw-colored
( Varicella lymphalica). Sometimes the vesicles
are pointed, and the fluid clear throughout the
disease ; and this is termed the swine-pox. There
is little febrile disturbance unless the eruption
is confluent. About the third or fourth day the
vesicles burst, and concrete into puckered scabs,
which fall off, and leave no cicatrices or marks.
The eruption of varicella does not come out all
nearly together, but one crop after another, for
several days. It requires merely an aperient,
except when the fever is high.
Varices . The plural of varix.
VARICOCE'LE. (From varix, a distended
vein, and icnln, a tumor.) Cirsoccle. A swell-
ing of the veins of the scrotum, or spermatic
cord : hence it is divided into the Scrotal vari-
cocele, and Varicocele of the spermatic cord,
known by feeling hard vermiform vessels in the
course of the spermatic cord. See Cirsocele.
Varicifo'rmes para'statje. The vasa def-
erentia at their commencement.
Varicifo'rmis. Variciform. Resembling a
varix.
Varico'mphalus. A varicose tumor of the
navel.
Va'ricose. Varicosus. Resembling varix.
Varico'sitas conjunctiva. Cirsophthalmia.
Vari'cula. Varicose enlargement of the
veins of the conjunctiva. — M. A. Severimis.
Variega'tus. Variegatedt
Variety. Varietas. See Species.
VARI'OLA. (a, te, f. ; from vari, pimples.)
The small-pox. A disease distinguished by
acute fever, eruption of red pimples on the
third to the fifth day. which on the eighth or
VAR
tenth contain pus, and afterward drying, fall off
in crusts. It is of a very contagions nature, and
may be produced by iuoculation. It makes its
attack on people of all ages, but youth are most'
liable to it; and it usually prevails in the spring
and summer.
The small-pox. is distinguished iuto the dis-
tinct and confluent.
Four different states, or stages, are to be ob-
served in the small-pox : first, the febrile ; sec-
ond, the eruptive ; third, the maturative ; and,
fourth, that of scabbing. When the diseaso has
arisen naturally, and is of the distinct kiud, the
eruption is commonly preceded by a redness in
the eyes, soreness in the throat, pains in the
head, back, and loins, weariness and faintness,
alternate fits of chilliness and heat, thirst, nau-
sea, inclination to vomit, and a quick pulse.
About tho third or fourth day, the eruption
shows itself in littlo red spots on the face, neck,
and breast, and these continue to increaso in
number and size for threo or four days longer,
at the end of which time they aro to be observ-
ed dispersed over several parts of tho body. If
the pustules are not very numerous, tho febrile
symptoms will generally go off on the appear-
ance of tho eruption, or will moderate The
suppuration commences about the fifth or sixth
day. Should the pustules be perfectly distinct
and separate from each other, the suppuration
will probably be completed about the eighth or
ninth day, and they will thon bo filled with a
thick yellow matter ; but should they run much
into each other, it will not be completed till
some days later. When tho pustules aro very
thick and numerous on the face, it is apt, about
this time, to become much swelled; the voice
is hoarse, and saliva runs from tho mouth.
About the eleventh day the swelling subsides,
and is succeeded by swelling in the linnds and
feet, after which the pustules break and dis-
charge their contents ; and then becoming dry,
fall in crusts, leaving the skin of a brownish-
red color. In those cases where the pustules
are large, and aro late in becoming dry and
falling off, they are very apt to leave pits be-
hind them ; but where they are Bmall, suppu-
rate quickly, and are few in number, they nei-
ther leave any marks behind them, nor do they
occasion much affection of the system.
In the confluent small-pox, the fever which
precedes the eruption is much more violent
than in the distinct, being attended usually with
great anxiety, heat, thirst, nausea, vomiting,
and a frequent and contracted pulse, and often
with coma or delirium. In infants, convulsive
fits are apt to occur, which either prove fatal
before any eruption appears, or they usher in a
malignant species of the disease. 1 he pustules
run into one another, the spaces being of a livid
color; the affected parts are also much swollen.
The scabs leave deep pits. Sometimes livid
spots appear interspersed among the pustules, or
there is a discharge of -blood Dy urine, stool,
and from various parts of tho body. The fever,
which, perhaps, bad suffered some slight re-
mission from the time the emption made its ap-
pearance to that of maturation, is often renew-
ed with considerable violence, and is called the
secondary fever ; and this is the most dangerous
VA S
state of the diseaso, from its taking on the form
of typhus. The course of small-pox may be
interrupted by an attack of measles, the latter
often tanning its career first.
Distinct small-pox is seldom very dangerous ;
but the confluent is extremely so, especially
where the fever is severe. When there is a
great tendency to the typhoid form, the disease
usually proves fatal between the eighth and
eleventh day, but, in some cases, not till the
fourteenth or sixteenth. If not fatal, it is very
apt to induce various morbid affections, as a
predisposition to inflammatory complaints, oph-
thalmia, and \iisceral inflammations, but more
especially diseases of the thorax ; and not tin-
frequently it excites scrofula into action. The
favorable symptoms are a swelling of the hands
and feet as the swelling of the face subsides,
and a regular courso of tho emption. The unfa-
vorable symptoms are, high fever, flattening und
subsidence of tho eruption, and the invasion of
inflammatory affections of the lungs, or conges-
tions occurring in the viscera, with low typhus.
In the distinct species, the treatment is gen-
tly antiphlogistic ; in the confluent, the meas-
ures necessary against typhus fever are to bo
employed.
Variola sruniA. Varicella.
Variola vaccina. See Cow-pox.
Vaiuum os. The cuboid bone.
VARIOLOID. 1. Diseases resembling the
small-pox. 2. Modified small-pox, such as oc-
curs sometimes from inoculation, or which may
take place at the time of vaccination, or many
years after, during tho prevalence of an epi-
demic of small-pox. It is usually very mild.
VA'RIX. (ix, icis, m. ; from varus, i. e.,
obtortus.) A dilatation of a vein. A disease
known by a soft tumor on a vein which does
not pulsate. Varicose veins mostly become
serpentine, and often form a plexus of knots,
especially in tho groins and scrotum. This dis-
easo is relieved by cold applications and press-
ure from bandages; and but seldom by ligature.
VA'RUS. This term has been applied, ad-
jcclivcly, to one whose legs are bent inward ;
substantively, to pimples on tho face, and to
misplaced gout. Seo Club-foot and Acne.
Varus tunctatus. Acne punctata.
Va'rvicitk. A native oxide of manganese.
VAS. ( Vas, vasis, n.) A vessel.
Vas de'ferens. A duct which arises from
the epididymis, and passes through the inguinal
ring, as part of the spermatic cord, into the
cavity oftho pelvis, and terminates in the ve-
sicula seminal is. Its use is to convey the semen
secreted in tho testicle, and brought to it by
the epididymis, into the vesicula seminalis.
Vasa brevia. The arteries which come from
tho spleen, and run along tho large arch of the
stomach to the diaphragm.
Vasa deferentia muliebra. The Fallopian
tubes.
Vasa efferentia. The absorbent vessels, as
they pass out of a lymphatic gland, are so called.
Vasa inferentia. The absorbent vessels
which pass into a lymphatic gland.
Vasa praparantia. A name given by tho
old anatomists to the spermatic vessels.
Vasa seminalia. Tubuli seminiferi. Very
669
VEG
minute tubes, constituting the parenchyma of
the testis.
Vasa umbilicalia. The name of the blood-
vessels of the allantois.
Vasa vasorum. The very minute vessels
which supply the arteries and veins.
Vasa vortico'sa. The contorted vessels of
the choroid membrane of the eye.
VA'SCULAR. Vascularis. That which re-
lates to the vessels or tubes of the body. The
Vascular system is the aggregate of the tubular
apparatus of the body, and includes the arte-
ries, veins, and lymphatics ; but it is also used
to hidicate the blood-vessels onry. See Circle
lation and Lymphatic vessels.
VASCULA'RES. One of the primary divis-
ions of the vegetable kingdom, including those
plants which contain elongated cellules or
tubes, as distinguished from the Cellulares.
Va'sculum aberrans. A small convoluted
duct connected with the duct of the epididymis.
VA'STUS. (us, i, m.) The name of certain
muscles.
Vastus externus. A large, thick, and fleshy
muscle, situated on the outer side of the thigh:
it arises, by a broad, thick tendon, from the
lower and anterior part of the great trochanter,
and upper part of the linea aspera ; it likewise
adheres, by fleshy fibres, to the whole outer
edge of that rough line. Its fibres descend ob-
liquely forward, and adhere to the crurasus,
with which it continues to be connected to the
lower part of the thigh, where it terminates in
a broad tendon, inserted into the upper part of
the patella.
Vastus interNCS. This muscle is situated
at the inner side of the thigh. It arises from
between the fore part of the os femoris and the
root of the lesser trochanter, and from all the
inner side of the linea aspera. Like the vastus
externus, it is connected with the cruraous, but
it continues longer fleshy than that muscle. A
little above the knee its outer edge unites with
the rectus, after which it is inserted, tendinous,
into the upper part and. inner side of the patel-
la, sending off an aponeurosis which adheres to
the upper part of the tibia.
Vault. Fornix.
Vaulted. Forniciform.
Vauqueline. Stiychnia.
. Veal skin. Vitiligo.
Vectis. A lever. See Lever.
VEGETABLE. Vegetabilis. An organism
consisting of cells, either simple (Cellulares) or
modified (Vascularcs), permeated by gases,
and having the power of converting inorganic
matters, as air, water, and carbonate of ammo-
nia, into organic matters, as sugar, gum, lignin,
oils, albumen, and their compounds. Vegeta-
bles may be aerial, aquatic, or attached to the
earth. Thoy possess the vital endowment of
generating cytoblasts, but have no nervous sys-
tem. In the latter particular, and the power
many possess of decomposing carbonic acid in
sunlight, they differ from animals.
Vegetable alkalies. See Alkaloids.
Vegetable jelly. Pcctine.
Vegetable kingdom. The aggregate of veg-
etables. This kingdom has been variously
classified for the convenience of naturalists, but
670
VEI #
the systems of Linnaeus and Jussieu, the latter
modified by Richard, De Candolle, Brown, and
Lindley, are the only two which are now re-
tained. The artificial or sexual system of Lin-
nams depends upon the number- of pistils and
stamens, and their positions in the flower : the
terms used are to be found in this work. Jus-
sieu grouped plants by their affinity in struct-
ure, adopting the inflorescence and structure
of the seeds principally. This is the natural
system, the great superiority of which causes it
to obscure every other. The principal families
are mentioned in the text, and they are worthy
of study on the part of the physician, from the
interesting connection which often exists be-
tween the external form and sensible proper-
ties of groups, as in the Solanaceae, Rauuncu-
iacese, &c.
Vegetable physiology. The study of the
functions of plants.
VEGETATION. 1. The state of a vegeta-
ble, or, collectively, the vegetable kingdom. 2.
A growth or distribution of parts in minerals
resembling a plant. 3. In Surgery, a morbid
growth resembling a fungus, but not usually of
a malignant nature.
Vegeto-alkalies. See Alkaloids.
VE'HICLE. Vchicu'lum. In Pharmacy, the
menstruum in which medicines are dissolved
or suspended.
Veil. Calyptra.
VEIN. ( Vena, <z, f.) A long, membranous
canal, which continually becomes wider, does
not pulsate, and returns the blood from the ar-
teries to the heart. All veins originate from
the capillary vessels which connect the arteries
and veins, and terminate in the auricles of the
heart; e. g., the vena) cavse in the right, and
the pulmonary veins in the left auricle. They
are composed, like arteries, of three tunics or
coats, which are much more slender than in the
arteries, and are supplied internally with semi-
lunar membranes, or folds, called valves. Their
use is to return the blood to the heart.
The blood is returned from every part of the
body, except the lungs, into the right auricle,
from three sources : 1. The vena cava superior,
which brings it from the head, neck, thorax,
and superior extremities. 2. The vena cava
inferior, from the abdomen and inferior extremi-
ties. 3. The coronary vein receives it from the
coronary arteries of the heart.
1. The vena cava superior. — This vein
terminates in the superior part of the right
auricle, into which it evacuates the blood from
the right and left subclavian vein, and the vena
azygos. The right and left subclavian veins
receive the blood from the head and upper ex-
tremities in the followiug manner :
The veins of the fingers, called digitals, re-
ceive the blood from the digital arteries, and
empty it into the cephalic of the thumb, which
runs on the back of the hand along the thumb,
and evacuates its blood into the external radial.
The salvatella, which runs along the little
finger, unites with the former, and empties its
blood into the internal and external cubital
veins. At the end of the forearm are three
veins, called the great cephalic, the basilic, and
the median.
VEI
The great cephalic runs along the superior
J>art of the forearm, and receives the blood
rom the external radial.
The basilic ascends on the under side, and
receives the blood from the external and inter-
nal cubital veins, and some branches which ac-
company the brachial artery, called vena: satel-
lites.
The median is situated in the middle of the
forearm, and arises from the union of several
branches. These three veins all unite above
the bend of the arm, and form the brachial.
The brachial vein, which receives all their
blood, and is continued into the axilla, where
it is called the axillary.
The axillary vein. This receives also the
blood from the scapula, and superior and in-
ferior parts of the chest, by the superior and in-
ferior thoracic vein, the vena muscularis, and
the scapularis. The axillary vein then passes
under the clavicle, where it is called the sub-
clavian, which unites with the external and
internal jugular veins, and the vertebral vein,
which brings the blood from the vertebral si-
nuses ; it receives, also, the blood from the me-
diastinal, pericardiac, diaphragmatic, thymic, in-
ternal mammary, and laryngeal veins, and then
unites with its fellow to form the vena cava su-
perior, or, as it is sometimes called, vena cava
descendens.
The blood from the external and internal
parts of the head and face is returned, in the
following manner, into the external and inter-
nal jugulars, which terminate in the subclavi-
an :
The frontal, angular, temporal, auricular, sub-
lingual, and occipital veins receive the blood
from the parts after which they are named;
these all converge to each side of the neck, and
form a trunk, called the external jugular vein.
The blood from the brain, cerebellum, me-
dulla oblongata, and membranes of these parts,
is received into the lateral sinuses, or veins of
the dura mater, one of which empties its blood
through the foramen lacerum in basii cranii on
each side into the internal jugular, which de-
scends in the neck by the carotid arteries, re-
ceives the blood from the thyroideal and internal
maxillary veins, and empties itself into the sub-
clavians within the thorax.
The vena azygos receives the blood from the
bronchial, superior, oesophageal, vertebral, and
intercostal veins, and empties it into the superior
cava.
2. Vena cava inferior. — The vena cava in-
ferior is the trunk of all the abdominal veins,
and those of the lower extremities, from which
parts the blood is returned in the following man-
ner.
The veins of the toes, called the digital veins,
receive the blood from the digital arteries, and
form on the back of the foot three branches, one
on the great toe, called the cephalic, another
which runs along the little toe, called the vena
saphena, and a third on the back of the foot,
vena dorsalis pedis ; and those on the sole of the
foot evacuate themselves into the plantar veins.
The three veins on the upper purt of the foot
coming together above the ankle, form the an-
terior tibial; and the plantar veins, with a
VEN
branch from the calf of the leg, called the sural
vein, form the posterior tibial ; a branch also as-
cends in the direction of the fibula, called the
peroneal vein. These three branches unite be-
fore the ham into one branch, the sub-popliteal
vein, which ascends through the ham, carrying
all the blood from the foot : it then proceeds
upon the anterior part of the thigh, where it is
termed the crural or femoral vein, receives sev-
eral muscular branches, and passes under Pou-
part's ligament into the cavity of the pelvis,
where it is called the external iliac.
The arteries which are distributed about the
pelvis evacuate their blood into the external he-
morrhoidal veins, the hypogastric veins, the in-
ternal pudic, the vena magna penis, and obtura~
tory veins, all of which unite in the pelvis, and
form the internal iliac vein.
The external iliac vein receives the blood
from the external pudendal veins, and then
unites with the internal iliac at the last vertebra
of the loins, forming the common iliac ; the two
common iliacs then form the vena cava inferior ,
or ascendens, which ascends on the right side
of the spine, receiving the blood from the sacral,
lumbar, emulgent, right spermatic veins, and the
vena cava hepatica ; and, having arrived at the
diaphragm, it passes through the right foramen,
and enters the right auricle of the heart, into
which it evacuates all the blood from the ab-
dominal viscera and lower extremities.
Vena cava hepatica. — This vein ramifies in
the substance of the liver, and brings the blood
into the vena cava inferior from the branches
of the vena porta, a great vein which carries the
blood from the abdominal viscera into the sub-
stance of the liver. The trunk of the vena porta?,
about the fissure of the liver, in which it is sit-
uated, is divided into the hepatic and abdominal
portions. The abdominal portion is composed
of the splenic, meseraic, and internal hemor-
rhoidal veins. These three venous branches
carry all the blood from the stomach, spleen,
pancreas, omentum, mesentery, gall-bladder,
and the small and large intestines, into the
sinus of the vena porta?. The hepatic portion
of the vena porta? enters the substance of the
liver, divides into innumerable ramifications,
which secrete the bile, and the superfluous
blood passes into corresponding branches of the
vena cava hepatica.
Velame'ntum bombyci'num. The mucou&
membrane of the intestines.
VE'LUM. (um,i,n.) A veil.
Velum interpositum. V. vasculosum. The
tela choroidea of the brain.
Velum pendulum palati. Velum. Velum
palatinum. The soft palate. The soft part of
the palate, which forms two arches, affixed
laterally to the tongue and pharynx.
Velum PUPrLL^:. Mernbrana pupillaris.
VE'NA. (a, m, f. ; from venio, to come : be-
cause the blood comes through it.) A vein.
See Vein.
Vena azygos. Azygos vena.
Vena medinensis. Medinensis vena.
Vena portje. Vena portarium. The great
vein, situated at the entrance of the liver, which
receives the blood from the abdominal viscera,
and carries it iuto the substance of the livor-
671
VER
It is distinguished into the hepatic and abdomi-
nal portion: the former ramifies through the
substance of the liver, and carries the blood
destined for the formation of the bile, which is
returned by branches to the trunk of the vena
cava ; the latter is composed of three branches,
viz., the splenic, mesenteric, and internal hae-
morrhoidal veins.
VenjE lacteje. The lacteals.
VENISECTION. Venesection. ( Venccsec-
tio, onis, f. ; from vena, a vein, and scctio, to
cut.) The opening of a vein. By modern sur-
geons this operation is usually performed on the
veins at the bend of the arm, and the external
jugular. The current of blood should be free,
and the amount taken sufficient to produce ap-
proaching faintness, to secure the full effects of
bleeding.
Venena'tus. Poisonous.
Vene'num. A poison.
VENE'REAL. Venereus. Of, or belonging
to, sexual intercourse.
Venereal disease. Commonly it means
syphilis. See Syphilis and Urethritis venerea.
Venery. Coition.
Venom. A poison.
Veno'sus. Veiny; veined.
Venous hum. See Bruit de diablc.
VE'NTER. (ter, tris, f.) The belly. The
older writers apply this term to the abdomen,
Venter infimns. The chest was called Venter
medius; and the head, Venter supr emus.
VENTILATION. The act of renewing the
air of a room or other confined place by solicit-
ing a current from without. It is of the first
importance for the preservation of health, and
as a therapeutic means in low fevers and other
diseases.
VE'NTRICLE. {Ventriculus, i, m. ; from
venter.) A term applied by anatomists to the
cavities of the brain and heart. See Encephalos
and Heart.
Ventricle of arantius. A small cavity at
the point of the calamus scriptorius of the brain.
Ventricles of the larynx. Two depres-
sions in the larynx, situated immediately above
the chordae vocales.
Ventrico'sus. Ventricose: distended; bel-
lying.
VENTRI'CULUS. (us,i,m.) The stomach;
a cavity ; a ventricle.
Ventriculus callo'sus. The gizzard of
birds.
Ventriculus pulmona'ris. The right ven-
tricle of the heart.
Ventriculus succenturiatus. That por-
tion of the duodenum which is surrounded by
the peritoneum is sometimes so large as to re-
semble a second stomach, and is so called by
some writers
VENTRI'LOQUISM. (Ventriloquismus;
from venter, and loquor, to speak.) The art of
so modulating the voice as to give the by-
standers an impression that it proceeds from
various distances.
Ve'nula. A small vein.
Ve'nus. Copper.
VERA'TRIA. (a,«,f.) Veratrine. A veg-
etable alkaloid obtained from the Veratrum sab-
adiUa and V. album. It is white, pulverulent,
672
VER
has no odor, but excites violent sneezing, and
is very acrid. Its formula appears to be
C34H26NO6. It produces violent vomiting in
very small doses, and, according to some exper-
iments, a few grains may cause death. It is in-
soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and ether.
It is said to be a drastic purge in the dose of
one twelfth of a grain. It has been lately rec-
ommended as a topical stimulant in neuralgic,
rheumatic, and other painful diseases. It is .
also applied in the form of liniment made with
from six to twelve grains to an ounce of alco-
hol, or in that of an ointment consisting of 35s.
of the veratria mixed with 3L of olive oil, and
5j. of lard. The sulphate, tartrate, and other
salts can be formed by acting on the base.
Veratrine. See Veratria.
VERA'TRUM. {urn, i, 11.) A genus of
plants. Polygamia. Monascia. Melanthacccc.
— V. album. White hellebore, or veratrum.
Every part of the plant is extremely acrid and
poisonous. The dried root has a durable, nau-
seous, and bitter taste, burning the mouth and
fauces : when powdered, and applied to is-
sues or ulcers, it produces griping and purg-
ing ; if snuffed up the nose, it proves a violent
sternutatory. The root is a violent purgative ;
it likewise acts very powerfully upon the nerv-
ous system, producing great anxiety, tremors,
vertigo, syncope, interrupted respiration, sink-
ing of the pulse, convulsions, spasms, and death.
Veratrum has been found useful in mania ; ep-
ilepsy, and other convulsive complaints ; and
especially in the different eruptions ; herpes,
lepra, and other scaly diseases. As a powerful
stimulating and irritating medicine, its use has
been resorted to in desperate cases only, and
even then it ought first to be exhibited in very
small doses, as a grain, and in a diluted state,
and to be gradually increased, according to the
effects, which are generally of an alarming na-
ture. Its active agent is veratria. — V. nigrum.
Helleborus niger. — V. sabadilla. Indian caustic
barley. Sevadilla. The seeds are administer-
ed with very great success as a vermifuge, and
are also diuretic and emetic. The dose to a
child, from two to four years old, is two grains;
from hence to eight, five grains ; from eight to
twelve, ten grains. — V. viridc. American helle-
bore is an indigenous swamp species ; it is sim-
ilar to the V. album in properties, but is said
not to be purgative.
VERBA'SCUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Monogynia. Solanacece.
— V.blatta'ria. Moth mullein. This is demul-
cent. — V. nigrum. Black mullein. The V. ni-
grum and V. thapsus appear to be ordered in-
differently by this name in the pharmacopoeias.
The flowers, leaves, and roots are used occa-
sionally as mild astringents. — V. thapsus. The
yellow mullein.
VERBE'NA. (a, a:, f.) A genus of plants.
Decandria. Monogynia. Verbenacea. — V. fa-
mina. Erysimum alliaria. — V. officinalis. Ver-
vain. Verbenaca. This plant is destitute of
odor, and has but slight bitterness and astrin-
gency.
Verdigris. The subacetate of copper.
Verjuice. An acid liquor pressed from
green grapes or apples.
VER
Vermicular. Vermicularis. Shaped like,
or having the properties of a worm.
Ve'rmiform. Vermiformis. Worm-like.
VERMIFOKM PROCESS. Processus and
Protuberantia vermiformis. The substance
which unites the two hemispheres of the cere-
bellum like a ring ; and which forms a process,
so called from its resemblance to an earth-worm
rolled up.
VE'RMIFUGE. (Vermifugus; from vermis,
a worm, and fugo, to drive away.) Anthel-
mintic.
Vermilion. Cinnabar.
Vermin a'tion. That diseased state, when
the skin is infested by vermin.
Vermi'nous. Produced by worms.
VE'RMIS. (is, is, m.) A worm. The
name generally given to the parasitical animals
that infest the animal body. See Entozoa and
Invermination .
Vermis cerebri. Brain-worm. This name
has been given to the Hungarian camp fever.
Vermis mordicans. V. repens. A species
of herpetic eruption on the skin.
Vermis terrestris. Lumbricus terrestris.
VERNA'TION. (From ver, the spring.)
The manner in which the leaves of plants are
folded or wrapped up, and expand in the spring.
VE'RNIX CASE'OSA. The sebaceous mat-
ter which invests the foetus. It consists of oily
matters, epithelium scales, with a small quan-
tity of saline matter.
VERNO'NIA. (a, as, f.) A genus of plants.
Syngenesia. Polygamia swperjlua. Composite.
— V. anthelminlica. Calagirah. An East In-
dian plant, much celebrated as a tonic, the
seeds of which are considered a valuable ver-
mifuge.
VERO'NICA. A genus of plants. Diandria.
Monogynia. Veronicaceas. — V.bcccabunga. V.
aquatica. The water-pimpernel and brook-
lime. The j uice of the fresh plant is refrigerant
and antiscorbutic. — V. mas. V. officinalis. Ve-
ronica. It was formerly used as a pectoral,
but is now justly forgotten.
Ve rres. The boar.
Verricula'ris tu'nica. The retina of the
eye.
VERRU'CA. (a, a;, f. ) A wart, or thicken-
ing and induration of the cuticle, which is raised
up in different forms. They are readily de-
stroyed by caustic, ligature, or the knife.
Verruca'ria. Heliotropium europaeum.
Verruco'se. Warty.
Versa'tilis. Versatile : vane-like.
VE'RTEBRA. (a, as, f. ; from verio, to turn. )
One of the bones of which the spine is formed.
The spine is composed of two irregular pyra-
mids, which are united at the os sacrum. The
vertebrae which form the upper and longest
pyramid are called true vertebra?, and those
which compose the lower pyramid, or the os
sacrum and coccyx, are termed false vertebrae.
The true vertebrae are divided into the cervical,
dorsal, and lumbar.
In each of the vertebrae, as in other bones,
we may remark the body of the bone, its pro-
cesses, and cavities. The body may be com-
pared to part of a cylinder cut off transversely:
convex before, and concave behind. Each ver-
VER
tebra has commonly seven processes. First,
the spinous process, which is placed at the
back part of the vertebra. Two others are
called transverse processes, and are placed on
each side of the spinous process. The four
others, which are called oblique processes, are
much smaller. There are two on the upper and
two on the lower part of each vertebra, rising
from near the basis of the transverse processes.
They are the articular processes.
There is in evciy vertebra, between its body
and processes, a foramen for the lodgment of
the spinal marrow. Besides this, there are four
notches on each side of every vertebra, be-
tween the oblique processes and the body of
the vertebra. These form passages for blood-
vessels, and for the nerves that pass out of the
spine. The vertebrae are united together by
means of fibro-cartilage. Besides the connec-
tion by means of this intervertebral cartilage,
there are many strong ligaments, which unite
the bones of the spine to each other. Some of
these ligaments are extenial, and others inter-
nal.
The cervical vertebras are seven in number;
their bodies are smaller, and of a firmer text-
ure, than the other bones of the spine. The
transverse processes are short, and forked. At
the bottom of each of these processes there is
a foramen, for the passage of the cervical (ver-
tebral) artery. The spinous process is like-
wise shorter than that of other vertebrae, and
forked at its extremity. Their oblique pro-
cesses are large, and very oblique. The first,
second, and seventh bone are of a peculiar
form. The first, or atlas, forms a kind of bony
ring. At the middle of its convex fore part is
a small tubercle, which is the body. To this a
ligament is attached, which helps to strengthen
the articulation of the spine with the os occipi-
tis. The back part of this anterior portion is
concave, and covered with cartilage where it
receives the odontoid process of the second
vertebra. The posterior arch is larger than the
anterior one. The transverse processes, one on
each side, ai*e longer and larger than those of
the other vertebra?, and are perforated at their
basis for the passage of the cervical artery.
The articulating surfaces are also very large.
The second, or dentata, has an upright process
on its body, which is of a cylindrical shape,
slightly flattened, however, behind and before.
It articulates with the atlas. By this means
the rotatory motion of the head is chiefly per-
formed. The seventh vertebra has its spinal
process of great length, so that it has been call
ed vertebra prominens.
The dorsal vertebras, which are twelve in
number, are of a middle size, between the cer-
vical and lumbar vertebrae. The bodies are
more flattened at their sides, more convex be-
fore, and more concave behind, than the other
bones of the spine. Their upper and lower sur-
faces are nearly horizontal. Their spinous pro-
cesses are long, flattened at the sides, divided
at their upper and back part into two surfaces
by a middle ridge. The transverse processes
are of considerable length and thickness, and
are turned obliquely backward. Anteriorly
they have an articulating surface for receiving
673
TES
the tuberosity of the ribs, except in the eleventh
and twelfth of the dorsal vertebne, to which
the ribs are articulated by their heads only.
The lumbar vertebra are five in number.
Their bodies are larger than those of the dorsal
vertebrae. Their spinous processes are short
and thick, of considerable breadth, erect, and
terminated by a kind of tuberosity. Their
oblique processes are of considerable thickness.
Their transverse processes are thin and long,
except in the first and last vertebra?, where they
are much shorter, that the lateral motions of the
trunk might not be impeded. The os sacrum
and os coccygis belong more correctly to the
pelvis.
VB'RTEBRAL. Vertebralis. Appertaining
to the vertebrae, or bones of the spine.
Vertebral artery. Arteria vertebralis. A
branch of the subclavian, proceeding through
the vertebrae to within the cranium, where, with
its fellow, it forms the basilary arteiy, the in-
ternal auditory, and the posterior arteiy of the
dura mater.
Vertebral column. See Vertebra and
Spinal cord.
Vertebral disease. Rhachitis.
Vertebral sinuses. See Sinuses, vertebral.
VERTEBRA'TA. One of the primary divis-
ions of the animal kingdom, containing all the
animals furnished with a spine.
VE'RTEX. (ex, icis, m. ; from verto.) The
crown of the head. The os verticis is the pari-
etal bone.
Ve'rtical. Verticalis. Perpendicular.
Verticalia ossa. The parietal bones.
VERTICTLLUS. A whorl ; when the flow-
ers or leaves surround the stem in a ring nearly
on the same plane.
Verticis os. The parietal bone.
VERTI'GO. (o, inis, f. ; from verto, to turn
about.) Giddiness or swimming of the head ;
a dizziness, with a fear of falling, and more or
less confusion of the mind and senses. The
predisposing causes of this affection are such as
produce debility or exhaustion of the nervous
Eower, and the exciting causes are whatever
as a tendency to disturb the uniformity with
which the nervous power is distributed. Dys-
Septic persons, those who are faint from sud-
en and violent evacuations, want of food, or a
long course of labor, are very subject to it. It
m also symptomatic of fevers and most inflam-
mations.
Verumo'ntanum. The caput gallinaginis of
the urethra.
Vervain. Verbena officinalis.
Vervain, female. Erysimum alliaria.
Vesa'nia. Madness.
VESA'NIjE. The fourth order in the class
Neuroses of Cullen, comprehending diseases in
which the judgment is impaired, without either
coma or pyrexia.
VESI'CA. (a, a, f.) A bladder.
Vesica fellis. The gall bladder.
Vesica natato'ria. The air bladder of
fishes.
Vesica urinaria. The urinary bladder.
VESICAL. Vesicalis. Relating to the uri-
nary bladder, as vesical arteries, &c. See Uri-
nary bladder.
674
VES
Vesica'nts. Vesicatory substances.
VESIOA'TORY. Vesicato'rius. (Froxaves-
ica, a bladder: because it raises a bladder.)
Having the property, when applied to the skin,
of raising a bladder. Various substances pro-
duce this effect on the skin, but the powder of
the cantharis, or blistering fly, operates with
certainty and expedition, and is made use of for
the purpose. Blisters act by diverting pain
and inflammation to the surface. When it is
not wished to maintain a discharge from the
blistered part, make a puncture in the cuticle
to let out the fluid, aftd dress with simple ce-
rate or olive oil ; but when the case requires
keeping up a secretion of pus, the surgeon must
remove the whole of the detached cuticle with
a pair of scissors, and dress the excoriated sur-
face with diluted savine ointment ; the canthar-
idis ointment has also been used, but is apt to
produce strangury.
VE'SICLE. ( Vesicula, ce, f. ; a diminutive
of vesica, a bladder.) 1. A small bladder. 2.
An elevation of the cuticle, or bladder-like tu-
mor in any part, containing a transparent watery
fluid.
Vesico-vaoinal. Relating to the bladder
and vagina.
VESI'CULA. (a, a, f.) A vesicle; a small
bag or bladder. In Pathology, a small, round-
ish elevation of the cuticle, containing lymph,
but which may become opaque. It is usually
succeeded by scurf or small scales.
Vesicula fellis. The gall bladder.
Vesicula umbilicalis. A small vesicle of
the foetus, to be seen about the fifteenth day
from impregnation, and beginning to disappear
after the seventh week. See Ovum.
VESIOULiE. (Plural of vesicula.) An order
of cutaneous diseases in the system of Bateman.
Vesicula divm barbar*. The confluent
small-pox.
Vesicul* gingivarum. The thrush.
Vesicula Graafianje. Graafian vesicles.
Vesiculk Nabothi. Vesicles of Naboth.
The follicles in the interior of the cervix uteri.
Vesicula pulmonales. The air-cells of the
lungs.
Vesiculje seminales. Two membranous
receptacles, situated on the back part of the
bladder, above its neck. The excretory ducts
are called ejaculatory ducts. They proceed to
the urethra, into which they open by a peculiar
orifice at the top of the verumontanum. They
have vessels and nerves from the neighboring
parts, and are well supplied with absorbent
vessels, which proceed to the lymphatic glands
about the loins. The use of the vesiculae semi-
nales is to receive the semen brought into them
by the vasa deferentia, to retain, somewhat in-
spissate, and to discharge it sub coitu into the
urethra.
VESTCULAR. Vesicularis. Having the
appearance of vesicles; like small cellules or
bladders.
Vesicular fever. Pemphigus.
Vesicular nervous tissue. See Nervous
matter.
VE'SPA. (a, ce, f.) * A genus of insects, of
the order Hymenoptera. — V. crabro. The hor-
net. The sting is very severe, and the effect
VIN
VIN
best allayed by dilute ammonia. — V. vulgaris.
The common wasp.
V E'S S E L. Vas. In Anatomy, a tubular
canal ; the arteries, veins, lymphatics, and ab-
sorbents are called the vessels of the body.
VESTI'BULE. Vestibulum. 1. A cavity of
the internal ear, between the cochlea and semi-
circular canals. 2. The triangular space lying
between the nymphae, bounded above by the
clitoris, and below by the orifice of the urethra.
Vesti'tus. Clothing.
VETA. An acute headache, with great pros-
tration, common in the region of the Andes.
Ve'terinary. Relating to beasts of burden :
hence Veterinary surgery, or farriery.
Vexi'llum. The large, uppermost petal of a
papilionaceous flower.
VI'A. (a, m, f.) A way or passage. Used
in Anatomy.
Viability. The state of a child which is
viable. See Viable.
VIABLE. Applied to a new-born child, to
express its capability of sustaining extra-uterine
and independent life. Hence Viability.
Vim lachrymales. The lachrymal appa-
ratus.
VI'BEX. (ex, icis; plu. Vibiccs.} A large
purple spot which appears under the skin m
certain malignant fevers.
Vi'bratory. Having a quick oscillating or
swinging motion ; quivering.
VIBRIO'NES. (Plural of vibrio.) Minute
animalcules, of a linear figure and low organi-
zation, sometimes found in the urine of emaci-
ated persons. Fuchs has recognized two spe-
cies, Vibrio cyanogenus and V. xanthogenus, in
specimens of the blue and yellow diseased milk.
Vibri'ss^:. The hairs growing inside the
nostrils.
Viburnum lantana. Liburnum. The ber-
ries are considered astringent.
VICHY SPRINGS. In the department of
Allier, France. They are thermal, and contain
variable proportions of carbonic acid, carbonate
of soda, carbonates of lime, magnesia, and iron,
sulphate and muriate of soda, &c.
VI'CIA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants. Di-
adelphia. Decandria. heguminosa. — V.faba.
The common bean. Beans are very nutritious,
but in delicate stomachs may produce flatulency.
Victorialis longa. Allium victoriale.
Vidian nerve. V. canal. The pterygoid
nerve and canal.
VIGILANCE. Pervigilium. Continued
wakefulness. This, when attended by anxiety,
pain in the head, loss of appetite, and diminu-
tion of strength, is by Sauvages and Sagar con-
sidered as a genus of disease, and is called
Agrypnia.
VI'LLOUS. Villosus. Shaggy ; applied, in
Anatomy, to a velvet-like arrangement of fibres
or vessels, as in the mucous membrane.
Villous membranes. The mucous mem-
branes.
VI'LLUS. («s, t, m.) 1. The minute papillae
which arise on the surface of mucous mem-
branes, forming do wnj^ tissue. 2. A species of
hairy pubescence.
Vi'men. A slender and flexible twig.
VI'NCA. A genus of plants. Pentandria.
Monogynia. — V. minor. The lesser periwinkle.
V. pervinca. It possesses bitter and astringent
virtues.
Vinceto'xicum. Asclepias vincetoxicum.
Vine. Vitis vinifera.
Vine, white. V., wild. Bryonia alba.
Vinegar. See Acetum.
Vinegar, aromatic. Acetum aromaticum.
Vinegar of squills. Acetum scilhe.
Vinegar, thieves'. Acetum prophylacti-
cum.
VINUM. (urn, i, n.) Wine. The ferment-
ed juice of the grape and other fruits. Various
wines are recognized as officinal by the pharma-
copoeias. The Vinum of the Ph. U. S. is Ten-
eriffe, a variety of Madeira; dry, rather acid,
and containing about fourteen per cent, of al-
cohol. Sherry is the officinal wine of the Ph.
L., E., & D., and is severally called Vinum
album (E.), V. album Hispanicum (D.); and V.
Xericum (L.). This, when pure, is a dry, strong
wine without acidity. The wines used by in-
valids should be old, and free from acidity ; but
claret, port, Champagne, &c, are sometimes
prescribed to meet certain indications as well
as to act as diffusible stimulants. (See Wine.)
The wines so employed are comprised in the
following list: V. Burgundicum. Burgundy;
light, acid, and astringent. — V. Campanicum. ,
Champagne. It is sparkling and acid, acts as a
diffusible stimulant rapidly, and is calculated,
by the presence of free carbonic acid, to allay
vomiting. — V. Canarinum. Teneriffe. — V.
Lusita'nicum, V. rubrum Portuga'licum. Port
wine. When old and in good condition, it is
strong, and slightly astringent. It is tonic as
well as stimulant, and of great service for inva-
lids whose system is lax, but may disagree with
a weak stomach. — V. Madera'icum. Madeira.
It is very strong and slightly acid. It is pro-
cured of better quality than the others in the
U. S., and is well adapted to the aged, infirm,
and convalescents. — V. Rhena'num. Rhine
wine. The hocks are light, acid wines, well
adapted to cases where there is a phosphatic
deposit in the urine: they are diuretic, and very
mild stimulants. In cases of low fever they are
to be preferred, unless more powerful stimu-
lants become necessary. — V. Rubellum. Claret.
The clarets, of which Lafitte aud Chateau Mar*
gaux are the best, are light, acid, and astringent
wines. They therefore combine a tonic prop,
erty with the stimulant and diuretic. They are,
with the Rhine wines, very improper in gouty
cases.
VINA MEDICA'TA. Medicinal wines.
Preparations differing little from tinctures, ex-
cept in the smaller quantity of alcohol they con-
tain. They do not keep as well as tinctures, aud
should be prepared in small quantity. Teneriffe
or Canary wine is the officinal wine of the U.
S., and the preparations are made by macerating
without heat for fourteen days. The following
are the important preparations. There are many
in the French Codex too complex and useless to
bo inserted here. These wines are indeed of
little importance, since they may be extempo-
raneously imitated by the addition of one hulf
water to the corresponding tinctures, and are
now omitted from the London Pharmacopoeia.
675
VIN
"Visum aloes. (U. S.) Wine of aloes. Tinc-
tiira hieree. Tinctura sacra. Take of pow-
dered aloes, 5j. ; cardamom seeds, bruised, gin-
ger, each, 3J. ; wine, Oj. Macerate for four-
teen days, occasionally shaking the mixture,
and filter. A stomachic purgative. Dose, f.
jss. to f. fj.
Vinum amaru M. Vinum gentiana> composi-
tion.
VlNUM ANTIMONII POTASSIO-TARTRATIS. V.
antimonii tartarizati. See Antimonii tartariza-
ti vinum.
Vinum chalybea'tum. Vinum ferri.
Vinum co'lchici radicis. (U. S.) Wine of
colchicum roots. Take of the cormus of col-
chicum, bruised, Ibss. ; wine, Oj. Macerate for
fourteen days, shaking occasionally, and strain ;
or prepare by displacement. Dose, gtt. xl. to
f- 3j-
Vinum co'lchici seminis. (U. S.) Wine of
colchicum seeds. Take of colchicum seeds,
bruised, §iv. ; wine, Oij. Macerate for four-
teen days, express, and filter. Used in gout
and rheumatism. Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 3ij.
Vinum emeticum. Antimonii tartarizatum :
vinum.
Vinum ergo't^e. (U. S.) Wine of ergot.
Take of ergot, bruised, §ij. ; wine, Oj. Mac-
erate for fourteen days, express, and filter.
Dose, f. 3ss. to f. 3J., to assist labour.
Vinum ferri. Wine of iron. V. chalybea-
tum. Take of iron filings, §ij. ; wine, Oij. Mix,
and set the mixture by for a month, occasion-
ally shaking it; then filter it through paper.
Not used.
Vinum gentians compositum. (Ph. E.)
Compound wine of gentian. Take of gentian
root, bruised, fss. ; cinchona bark, bruised, f j. ;
orange rind, dried, jij. ; canella bark, bruised,
3J. ; dilute alcohol, f. §iv. ; sherry wine, Oiiss.
Macerate for fourteen days, and filter. Stoma-
chic and tonic bitters. Dose, f. 31J. to f. 3iv.
Vinum ipecacuanha. (U.S.) Wine of ipe-
cacuanha. Take of ipecacuanha root, bruised,
5j. ; wine Oj. Macerate for fourteen days, and
strain. The dose, when used as an emetic, is
from f. 3iv. to f. 3j. ; as a diaphoretic, about 33s. ;
and it is expectorant in the dose of ten or fifteen
drops several times a day.
Vinum opii. (U.S.) Wine of opium. Take
of powdered opium, fij. ; cinnamon bark,
bruised, cloves, bruised, of each, jj.j wine, Oj.
Macerate for fourteen days, express, and filter.
The dose and effects are similar to those of tinc-
ture of opium. It is veiy useful in chronic
ophthalmia, two or three drops being intro-
duced into the eye every day. This practice
was introduced by Mr. Ware.
Vinum rhei. (U. S.) Wine of rhubarb.
Take of rhubarb, bruised, § ij. ; canella bark,
bruised, 33. ; dilute alcohol, f. fij. ; wine, Oj.
Macerate for fourteen days, express, and filter.
Stomachic and laxative. Dose, f. Jss. to f. f j.
Vinum ta'baci. (U. S.) Wine of tobacco.
Take of tobacco, ?j. ; wine, Oj. Macerate for
fourteen days, express, and filter. A danger-
ous narcotic and antispasmodic. Not used.
Vinum vera'tri albi. (U. S.) Wine of
white hellebore. Take of veratrum root, bruis-
ed, ?iv. ; wine, Oj. Macerate for fourteen days,
676
VIS
and filter. Dose, gtt. xxx., to be gradually in-
creased.
VI'OLA. (a, a, f.) A genus of plants. Syn-
genesia. Monogynia. Violacea. — V. calceo-
laria. It affords a kind of ipecacuanha. — V.
canina. The dog violet. The root excites
vomiting and purging in the dose of a scruple
of the dried root. — V. ipecacuanha. It yields a
species of ipecacuanha root. — V. lutea. Chei-
ranthus cheiri. — V. odorata. Sweet violet.
Viola. The recent flowers have an agreeable
sweet smell, and a mucilaginous bitterish taste.
They are laxative, and said to possess an ano-
dyne and pectoral quality. — V. palustris. Pin-
guicula palustris. — V. parviflo'ra. This plant
affords a kind of ipecacuanha. — V. pedata. An
indigenous species, thought to be a good pec-
toral demulcent. — V. tricolor. Heart's-ease.
Pansy. It is very mucilaginous, and slightly
laxative. Several German writers extol it in
Crusta lactca.
VIOLA'CE^E. (Viola, a violet.) The violet
tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herbs with
leaves usually alternate ; flowers, polypetalous ;
petals, hypogynous; stamens, alternate with the
petals; ovarium, one-celled, many-seeded.
Viola'ceous. Violaceus. A deep bluish-
purple or violet color.
Viola'ria. Violet. See Viola.
Vi'oline. Violina. The emetic principle of
the ipecacuan violets, similar to emetine.
Viper. Vi'pcra. The Coluber berus.
Viper-grass. See Scorzonera.
Viper aria. Viperi'na. Aristolochia ser-
pentaria.
Virga aurea. Solidago virgaurea.
Virga'ta sutura. The sagittal suture.
Virga'tus. Rod-shaped.
VIRGINIA, SPRINGS OF. Several mineral
springs in the valley of Western Virginia have
great medicinal value. The warm spring is a
thermal of 97° F. ; the hot spring has a tem-
perature of 107° ; and both are slightly sulphur-
ous. The sweet springs are highly acidulous.
The white sulphur is a strong sulphurous water,
and the red sulphur is sulphurous and chalyb
eate.
Virgin's bower. Clematis vitalba.
Virgin's milk. Lac virgineum.
Virgina'le claustrum. The hymen.
Virgula. The penis.
Virility. Manhood ; adult age.
Vi'rulent. Virosus. Poisonous; pertain-
ing to a virus.
VI'RUS. (us, i, m.) A poison. In the lan-
guage of Pathology, any matter which is the
product of a disease, and is capable of producing
that disease in a healthy individual by inocula-
tion or absorption through the cuticle, is called
the virus of that disease : thus we speak of the
virus of small-pox, of the venereal virus, &c.
VIS. (Vis, viris, f.) Power. In Physiology,
applied to the vital power and its effects: hence
Vis vita:, Vis insita, Vis irritabilis, Vis nervea, &c.
Vis a tergo. Any moving power acting
from behind.
Vis conserva'trix.* Vis medicatrix.
Vis elastica. Elasticity.
Vis insi'ta. This property is defined by
Haller to be that power by which a muscle.
VIS
when wounded, touched, or irritated, contracts,
independently of the will of the animal that is
the subject of the experiment, and without his
feeling pain.
Vis medica'trix nature. Vis conscrvatrix.
A term employed by physicians to express that
healing power in an animated body, by which,
when diseased, the body is enabled to regain
its healthy actions.
Vis mortua. That property by which a
muscle, after the death of the animal, or imme-
diately after having been cut out from a living
body, contracts.
Vis nervosa. Vis nervea. The power of
the muscles by which they act when excited
by the nerves, as opposed to the Vis insifa, or ir-
ritabilis.
Vis plastica. V. formativa. The forma-
tive energy which spontaneously operates in
animals.
Vis viTjE. The vital power.
VI'SCERA. (Plural of viscus.) The intes-
tines; the organs of the body.
Vi'sceral. Relating to the intestines, or to a
viscus.
VISCIDITY. ( Visciditas ; from viscus, vis-
cid.) Viscosity: glutinous; sticky; clammy.
Viscosity. Viscositas. Viscidity.
Viscous fermentation. A fermentation
which takes place in vegetable juices at 90° to
100° F., attended with the production of lactic
acid, mannite, and a gummy substance.
VIS'CUM. (urn, i, n., and us, i, m.) A
genus of parasitical plants. Dicccia. Tetran-
dria. Caprifoliacece. — V. album. V. qucrci-
nus. The mistletoe. This plant was anciently
thought of great virtue in epilepsy and nervous
diseases.
VI'SCUS. (us, cris,*n. ; plural, viscera.)
A bowel. The organs contained in any of the
three great cavities, especially of the thorax
and abdomen, are called viscera.
VISION. (Visus, us, m.) The function
which enables us to perceive the magnitude,
figure, color, distance, &c, of bodies. The or-
gans which compose the apparatus of vision
are described in the article Eye.
Optically considered, the eye is a camera ob-
scura, the retina being sensible to the undula-
tions of light, and receiving a change therefrom,
which is conveyed to the brain by means of the
optic nerve. The lens and humors of the eye
are destined to collect the rays of light into a
focus, for their proper action on the retina;
and if there be any flattening or morbid change
in these parts, vision is impeded or destroyed.
The amount of light entering is beautifully regu-
lated by the iris, which contracts and dilates in
proportion to the quantity and its brilliancy,
diminishing the pupil to a mere point in the
full glare of the sun. The pigment of the eye
also serves a highly important purpose, by ab-
sorbing all the rays which are out of the axis,
and hindering them from producing the confu-
sion of vision which would otherwise occur.
It is also suspected that the pigment represents
the matter which has been changed by the
action of light on the retina; for we can not
conceive that this agent should produce such
a marked effect without inducing chemical
VIT
change. According to this view, the retina, a9
was suggested by Dr. Moser, is very similar in
its chemical history to a Daguerre plate.
Under ordinary circumstances, vision is most
distinct, for small objects, at a distance of about
eight inches. In abnormal or diseased condi-
tions of the eye, this point will be advanced or
removed according as the globe is flattened or
elongated, producing the defects called long
and short sightedness. The apparent size o?
an object depends upon the rays of light with
which it is seen; the more convergent these
are, the greater will be the size; hence dis-
tance, which diminishes the convergence or
angle under which the object is seen, also di-
minishes the apparent size ; and convex lenses,
as in the microscope, which rapidly condense
light, improve the magnitude of objects. The
eye is not, however, a perfect machine, for the
impression of an object remains there during
an appreciable time, about the one sixtieth of a
second, so that vision becomes confused when
the change of objects is as rapid as this, the im-
ages being run into one another. This fact is
the basis of several ingenious optical toys.
There are, also, two spots in the retina where
vision does not take place; at the entrance of
the arteria centralis retina? and the foramen of
Soemmering. The muscles of the eye exercise
some influence in elongating or diminishing its
diameter, for the purpose of adapting it to the
examination of near and distant objects.
Optical illusions arise from the above defects
of the eye, but chiefly from errors in the mental
appreciation of the size, distance, position, and
relation of objects. Thus we judge of distance
from the size and brilliaucy of objects, and are
continually under the impression that large
masses which are very distant may be near, or
that bright objects are at hand. The defects
called ocular spectra seem to be due to disease,
or a defect of the retina or brain, for the most
part. They consist in the perception of objects
which are imaginary, or in the presence of
moving motes, or bodies of a false color. The
moving motes are supposed by some to arise
from the presence of opaque particles in the
aqueous humor.
Vision, defective. — V. lateral. Se*e Dys~
opia.
Visus. Vision.
Visus defiguratus. See Pseudoblepsis.
Visus duplicatus. See Diplopia.
VI'T A. (a, a, f. ; from vivo, to live. ) See Life.
Vitje lignum. Guaiacum officinale.
Vital air. Oxygen.
Vital force. Vis vita?. The formative force,
which arranges the materials of growth, repro-
duces cellules, endows all parts of the body
with irritability and sensibility, and resists the
destructive action of numerous morbific agents.
Vital principle. See Life.
Vitalba. Clematis vitalba.
VITE'LLINE. VUellinus. 1. Pertaining to
the yolk of the egg. 2. Of a yellow or orange
color.
Vitelline vessels. The omphalo-mesen-
teric vessels of the incubated egg.
Vite'llus. 1. The yolk of an egg. 2. The
albumen of seeds. •
677
VIT
VI'TEX. (ex, ids, f.) A genus of plants.
Didynamia, Angiospermia. — V. agnus castus.
The chaste tree. The seeds, when fresh, are
fragrant, and have an acrid, aromatic taste. For-
merly they were celebrated as anti-aphrodisiac.
Viti saltus. See Chorea.
VITILI'GO. (o, inis, f. ; from vitulus, a calf.)
Veal skin. Celsus includes the three varieties
of lepra, the alphos, melas, and leucc, under the
name vitiligo. Dr. Willan applies the name
to a tubercular disease which is somewhat rare,
and perhaps but little known. It is character-
ized by the appearance of smooth, white, shin-
ing tubercles, which rise on the skin, inter-
mixed with shining papula).
Vitiligo hepatica. Symptomatic diffused
ephelis. — Sauvages.
VI'TIS. (is, is, f.) 1. The grape. 2. A ge-
nus of plants. Pentamlria. Monogynia. Vv-
tacece. — V. alba. Bryonia alba. — V. coHnthiaca.
The dried fruit or raisin called Passa corinthi-
aca. The small raisins called currants. — V.
idcea. — Vaccininm oxycoccus. — V. marina. Fu-
cus natans. — V. sylvcstris. White bryony. —
V. vini'fera. The grape vine. The expressed
juice of the unripe fruit has a harsh, sour taste :
it is called verjuice, and was formerly much es-
teemed, but is now superseded by the juice of
lemons ; for external use, however, particularly
in bruises and sprains, verjuice is still employed,
and considered to bo a very useful application.
The dried fruit is termed Uva passa major.
Passula major, the raisin.
Vitium scrofulosum. The scrofulous diath-
esis.
Vitra'ria. Parietariu officinalis.
VITRE'OUS. (Vitrens; from vitrum, glass.)
Glassy ; transparent ; polished like glass.
Vitreous humor. Corpus vitreum. Vitreous
body. The pellucid body which fills the whole
bulb of the eye behind tho crystalline lens.
Vitrifica'tion. The conversion of any sub-
stance into a substance like glass.
Vitriol. Sulphate of iron.
Vitriol, acid of. Sulphuric acid.
Vitriol, blue. Sulphate of copper. Cupri
sulphas..
Vitriol, oreek. Sulphate of iron. Ferri
sulphas.
Vitriol, oil of. Sulphuric acid.
Vitriol, Roman. Cupri sulphas.
Vitriol, sweet spirit of. Spiritus aitheris
sulphurici.
Vitriol, white. Sulphate of zinc. Zinci
sulphas.
VlTRIOLATED KALI. PotasSO! SlllphaS.
Vitri'olum. Sulphate of iron. See Ferri sul-
phas.
Vitriolum album. See Zinci sulphas.
Vitriolum cojruleum. See Cupri sulphas-
Vitriolum romanum. See Cupri sulphas.
Vitriolum vikide. See Herri sulphas.
VI'TRUM. (urn, i, n.) Glass. Powdered
glass has been used as an irritating stimulant to
the eye, to remove specks of the cornea.
Vitrum antimonii. See Antimonii vitrum.
Vitrum antimonii ceratum. A diaphoretic
compound, made of powdered glass of antimony
and yellow wax melted together, and pulver-
ized when cold.
678
VOI
Vitrum hypoclepticum. A funnel to separ-
ate oil from water.
Vitt.«. The little receptacles of umbellif-
erous seeds, containing their aromatic oil.
Vitta'tus. Spotted.
VIVE'RRA. (a, a, f.) A genus of digiti-
gradous quadrupeds. — V. civetta. The ash-col-
ored civet or weazel. See Civetta. — V. zibe 1 -
tha. The civet cat. See Zibethum.
VIVI'PAROUS. Viviparus. In Zoology, an
animal which brings forth its young alive is
styled viviparous, in opposition to one which is
oviparous, or lays eggs.
VIVISE'CTION. (From vivus, living, and
sectio, to cut.) Tho act of opening or cutting
into living animals for the purpose of making
physiological observations. The practice is
looked upon with great repugnance by the pro-
fession, and is only to be employed where the
point to be determined is of considerable im-
portance.
Vivus. Living.
VOCAL CORDS. Chorda vocales. Vocal
ligaments. Two ligaments which pass, one on
each side, from the base of the arytaenoid car-
tilage, and are inserted into the thyroid carti-
lage. They are particularly connected with tho
formation of the voice. See Voice.
VOICE. Vox. The sound which is pro-
duced in the larynx at the instant when the
air traverses this organ, either to enter or go
out of the trachea.
The Apparatus of Voice. — The larynx ought
properly to be considered as the organ of voice.
Its size varies according to age and sex, being
small in children and women, greater in young
men, and still larger in adult age.
The larynx consists of four cartilages and
three fibro-cartilages.* The cartilages are the
cricoid, the thyroid, and the two arytenoid
The thyroid joins with the cricoid by the ex
trend ty of its two inferior horns. In the living
state, the thyroid is fixed with respect to the
cricoid. Every arytcenoid cartilage is articula
ted with the cricoid by means of a surface,
which is oblong, and concave in a transverse
direction. The cricoid presents a surface which
is similarly disposed to that of the arytcenoid,
with this difference, that it is convex in the
same direction in which the other is concave.
Round the articulation there is a synovial cap-
sule, firm before and behind, and movable with-
out and within. Before the articulation is the
thyro-arytccnoid ligament ; behind is a strong
ligamentous band, that might be called crico-
arytcenoid, on account of the manner in which
it is fixed. Thus disposed, the articulation ad-
mits only of lateral movements of the arytcenoid
upon the cricoid cartilage. No movement for-
ward or backward can take place, nor a certain
movement up and down, mentioned in anatom-
ical books, which none of the muscles is so dis-
posed as to produce. This articulation ought
to be considered as a simple lateral ginglymus.
The fibro-cartilages of the larynx are the epi-
glottis, and two small bodies that are found
above the top of the arytcenoid cartilages, and
that have been called by Santorini capitula
cartilaginum aryttsnoidearum.
The muscles are, 1st. The crico-thyroid, the
VOI
use of which is to raise the cricoid toward the
thyroid cartilage. 2d. The muscles crico-ary-
tanoideus posterior, and the crico-arytcenoideus
lateralis, the use of which is to draw outward
the arytamoid cartilages, in separating them
from one another. 3d. The arytenoid muscle,
which draws the arytenoid cartilages together.
4th. The thyro-arytcenoideus, a knowledge of
which is more important than that of all the
muscles of the larynx, because its vibrations
produce the vocal sound. This muscle forms
the lips of the glottis, and the inferior, superior,
and lateral sides of the ventricles of the larynx.
5th. Lastly, the muscles of the epiglottis, which
are the thyro-epiglottidcw, the arytamo-epiglot-
tideus, and some fibres that may be considered
as the vestige of the glosso-epiglottideus muscle
that exists in some animals, whose contraction
has an influence upon the position of the epi-
The larynx is covered within by a mucous
membrane. This membrane, in passing from
the epiglottis to the arytaenoid and thyroid car-
tilages, forms two folds, called the lateral liga-
ments of the epiglottis. They concur in the
formation of the superior and inferior ligaments
of the glottis. The vessels of the larynx present
nothing remarkable. The nerves are the su-
perior and inferior laryngeal, and the recurrent
nerve.
The interval which separates the thyro-ary-
tamoid muscles, and the arytenoid cartilages, is
called the glottis. In the dead body the glot-
tis presents the appearance of a longitudinal
slit of about eight or ten lines long, and two Or
three wide: it is wider behind than before.
Here the two sides meet at the point of their
insertion into the thyroid cartilage. The pos-
terior extremity of the glottis is formed by the
arytenoid muscles. If the arytamoid cartilages
are brought together so as to touch on their in-
ternal faces, the glottis is diminished nearly a
third of its length. It then presents a slit which
is from five to six inches long, and from half a
line to a line broad. The sides of this slit are
called the vocal cords {chordae vocales), lips
of the glottis, or rima glotlidis. These lips of
the glottis vibrate in the production of" the
voice. Above the inferior ligaments of the
glottis are the ventricles of the larynx, the cavi-
ty of which is larger than it seems at first sight.
The superior, inferior, and external sides of it
are formed by the thyro-arytamoid muscle,
turned upon itself. The extremity, or anterior
side, is formed by the thyroid cartilage. By
means of these ventricles, the lips of the glottis
are completely isolated upon their upper side.
Above the opening of the ventricles are the su-
perior ligaments of the glottis. They are formed
by the superior edge of the thyro-arytaenoid
muscle; and covered by the mucous membrane
of the larynx.
Production of the Voice. — The ah being
pressed from the lungs, proceeds into the tra-
chea. This pipe very soon becomes contract-
ed, and the air is forced to pass through a nar-
row slit, the two sides of which are vibrating
plates, which permit and intercept the air, and
by these alternations produce sonorofts undu-
lations in the transmitted current of air. For
VOM
this effect, it is necessary that the thyro-aryta
noid muscles be tense, and this does not take
place if the recurrent nerves which supply them
be cut; then the voice is lost. The tone and
intensity of the voice depend on the size of the
larynx and the Btrength of the chest, and the
compass or number of notes which can be
sounded, on the capacity of elongating and de-
pressing the trachea, and the contraction or
dilatation of the larynx. Hence the compass
of the voice is susceptible of improvement by
practice.
Voice, articulate. Speech; the effect of
modifying the sound emitted by the larynx in
its passage over the tongue, and through the
nostrils, teeth, and lips.
Voice, bleating. V., goafs. Egophony.
Voice, cavernous. V., tracheal. See Aus-
cultation.
Vo'la. The palm of the hand.
VO'LATILE. ( Volatilis ; from volo, to fly.)
Substances the particles of which have a tend-
ency to evaporate or diffuse themselves through
the air at ordinary temperatures ai - o called vol-
atile substances : such are ether, ammonia, &c.
Volatile alkali. Ammonia.
Volatile salt. Sesquicarbonate of ammonia.
Volatility. The property of becoming
evaporated or diffused through the air.
Volatiliza'tion. The act of rendering a
body soluble or vaporous by heat.
Volse'lla. A probang. See Probang.
VOLTAIC PILE. A galvanic pile of a num-
ber of zinc and copper pairs, separated by
pieces of woolen cloth steeped in a solution of
salt or other agent.
Voltaism. Galvanism.
VOLTAME'TER. An instrument for meas-
uring the activity of a galvanic circle. It con-
sists of a bottle containing acidulated water,
in which the poles can be made to terminate,
so that decomposition takes place therein. The
bottle has a tube along which the resulting
gases flow to a graduated vessel: otherwise it
is closed. The activity of the current is there-
fore measured by the quantity of gas evolved
in a given time.
Volubile. Volubilis. Twining.
VOLUME. The apparent space occupied
by a body. The less the density of a body, the
greater is its volume.
VOLUNTARY. Relating to the will. Those
muscles which are thrown into action in obe-
dience to the will are called voluntary muscles,
in opposition to the involuntary, which act in-
dependently of it. Motions eft'ected by the ac-
tion of the voluntary muscles arc termed volun-
tary motions.
Voluntary motions. See Voluntary.
Voluntary muscles. See Voluntary.
Vo'lva. The wrapper or covering of many
of the fungi.
Vo'lvulus. (From volvo, to roll up.) Ileac
passion.
Volvulus terrestris.
The Convolvulus
minor.
VO'MER. (er, eris, m. ; a plough-share.) A
slender, thin bone, separating the nostrils from
each other. It is attached to the ethmoid and
pterygoid bones.
679
WAT
VOMICA, (a, a, f. ; from vomo, to Bpit up.)
In a wide sense, an abscess in any of the vis-
cera ; the term, however, is restricted to an ab-
scess in the substance of the lungs, usually that
formed by the suppuration of tubercles.
VO'MITING. Vomitio. A forcible ejection
of food, or any other substance, from the stom-
ach, through the oesophagus and mouth. It is
preceded by nausea, dizziness, and a flow of sal-
iva, with a salt taste in the fauces. The mechan-
ism of vomiting consists in the contraction of
the diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and stomach,
thrown into action by a reflex action of the par
vagum nerve. It usually arises from irritation
of the stomach and gastro-enteric membrane,
but is often symptomatic of affections of the
brain, testicles, kidney, and uterus. If very
obstinate, it may be relieved by effervescing
drinks, aromatics, or sinapisms applied over the
stomach.
Vomiting of blood. Hajmatemesis.
Vo'mitio. Vomiting.
WEI
VOMITURITION, (o, onis, f.) Retching,,
or the ineffectual effort to vomit.
Vomitus cruentus. Hrematemesis.
Vo'racious appetite. Bulimia.
Vox. (vox, vocis, f.) The voice.
Vox abscissa. A loss of voice. Aphonia.
Vui.nerab.ia aqua. Eau d'arquebusade.
VU'LNERARY. Vulnerarius. (From mi-
nus, a wound.) That which assists the healing
of wounds.
VU'LNUS. (us, eris, n.) A wound. See
Wound.
Vulnus sclope'ticum. A gun-shot wound.
Vulpis morbus. Alopecia, or baldness.
Vultus. The countenance. See Fades.
VU'LVA. (a, «, f. The womb.) Applied
by anatomists, 1. To the external parts of gen-
eration in the female. 2. The foramen com-
mune anterius of the brain.
Vulva'ria. Chenopodium vulvaria.
Vulvo-uterine canal. The vagina.
w.
w.
The symbol for tungsten.
Wade's drops. Compound tincture of ben-
zoin.
WAISTCOAT, STRAIT. A strong, wash-
leather coat, put on maniacs to restrain their
motions : it is fastened behind the back, and
has long arms.
Wakefulness. See Agrypnia.
Wake-robin. Arum maculatum.
Wall-flower. Cheiranthus cheiri.
Wall-pellitory. Parietaria officinalis.
Wall-pepper. Seduni acre.
Wall-rue. Asplenium murale.
Wallwort. Sambucus ebulus.
Walnut. See Juglans.
Ward's essence for headache. The com-
pound camphor liniment.
Ward's paste. A remedy for the piles,
nearly the same as the Confectio piperis nigri.
Ward's red drops. A strong solution of
emetic tartar in wine.
Ward's white drops. A preparation made
by dissolving mercury in nitric acid, and adding
a solution of carbonate of ammonia, or of cor-
rosive sublimate and carbonate of ammonia.
Warner's cordial. A tincture made with
rhubarb, senna, saffron, liquorice, raisins, and
brandy.
Wart. See Verruca.
Warty. Verrucose.
Wash. A lotion.
Washerwoman's scall. A variety of psori-
asis diffusa.
Wa'sting. Atrophy.
Watchfulness. See Agrypnia.
WATER. Aqua. A transparent fluid, with-
out color, smell, or taste. Water absolutely
pure does not exist in nature, but may be pre-
pared by careful distillation : that from rain and
snow is the purest. It has a specific -gravity of
100 at 60° F., freezes at 32°, and boils at 212°.
Ite composition is one atom of oxygen with one
of hydrogen (HO), and equivalent, 9. Water
680
is a necessary and abundant component in the
animal and vegetable kingdom, the objects of
both of which consist of seven to nine tenths of
this fluid. In minerals it is often chemically
combined, acting the part of a weak acid, and
forming hydrates; or it is present as a crystal-
lizing agent, giving a regular form to the body :
in this state it is called the water of crystalliza-
tion. Water in the form of ice, and when te-
pid, warm, or in vapor, is an 'important agent
in medicine, but more as the vehicle of heat
or cold than from any qualities of its own, ex-
cept as a diluent. For the pharmaceutical va-
rieties of water, see Aqua.
Water-brash. Pyrosis.
Water-cress. Sisymbrium nasturtium.
Water-cure. Hydropathy.
Water-dock. Rumex hydrolapathum.
Water-flag, yellow. Iris pseudacorus.
Water-germander. Teucrium scordium.
Water-hemp. Eupatorium cannabinum.
Water in the head. Hydrocephalus.
Water in the chest. Hydrothorax.
Water-lily, white. Nymphaea alba.
Water-lily, yellow. Nymphaea lutea.
Water-parsnep. Sium nodiflorum.
Water-pepper. Polygonum hydropiper.
Water-plantain. Alisma plantago.
Water-pox. Varicella.
Water-zizania. W.rice. 25izania aquatica.
Watery gripes. Lienteria. See Cholera
infantum.
Waved. Undulated.
Wax. See Cera.
WEB. Tela. Applied to that which re-
sembles a web| as the arachnoid membrane,
cellular tissue, &c.
Web-eye. Caligo.
Web, mucous. The cellular membrane.
Web, muscular. Pannus carnosus.
Webster's pills, Lady. An aloetic pill.
Wedg#s*haped. Cuneiform.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Apotheca-
WEI
ri« have for some time practiced a division of
weights and measures peculiar to themselves,
and different from the standards; hence their
system is called Apothecaries 1 Weight,andapoth-
ecaries' measure.
1. Apothecaries' Weight.
1 pound, libra, ft contains 12 ounces.
1 ounce, uncia, f "8 drachms.
1 drachm, drachma, 3 " 3 scruples.
1 scruple, scrupulum, 9 " 20 grams.
1 grain, granum, gr.
ft 5 3 3 gr. French gram.
Or, 1 = 12 — 96 — 288 = 5760 — 372-96
1 = 8 = 24 = 480 = 31-08
1 = 3 = 60 = 3-885
I = 20 = 1-295
1 = 0-06475
2. Avoirdupois Weight.
dr. grs. grammes.
= 256 = 7000- =453-25
= 16 = 437-5 = 28-328
1 = 27-34375= 1-7705
lb.
1 =
oz.
18
1
WEI
1 ft avoirdupois equals 1 lb., 2 oz., 280 grs
apothecaries' or troy.
3. Apothecaries 1 , or Wine Measure.
1 gallon, congius, 0, contains 8 pints.
1 pint, octarius, O, contains 16 ounces.
1 ounce, fluiduncia, f. 3, contains 8 fluid drachms.
1 fluid drachm, fiuidrachma, f. 3, contains 60
minims.
1 minim, minima, HI, equals 1 drop of water.
C O f. 5 f. 3 cubic in. litres.
Or, 1=8 = 128 = 1024 = 231- =3-78515
1 = 16 = 128 = 28-875 =0-47298
1= 8= 1-8047=0-02957
1 = 0-2256=0-00396
4. Imperial Measure, adopted by the London and
Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias.
C O f. 5 f. 3
1 = 8 = 160 = 1280
1 = 20 = 160
1 = 8
TEENCH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
1. Measures of Length : the Metre being at 32°, and the Foot at 62°.
English inches.
Millimetre
=
•03937
Centimetre
= -39371
English Measures.
Decimetre
= 3-93710
Mil. Fur. Yds. Feet. In.
Metre
= 39-37100
10 3-371
Decametre
= 393-71000
10 2 9-7
Hecatomet
•e = 3937-10000
109 1 1-
Kilometre
= 39371-00000
4 213 1 10-2
Myriametre = 393710-00000
6 1 156 6-
2. Measures of Capacity
Apothecaries' or wine Measure.
Cubic inches.
Tons.
Hhds. Gal. Pints.
Millitre =
•06103 =
16-2318 minims.
Centilitre =
•61028 =
2-7053 fluid drachms
Decilitre =
6-10280 =
3-3816 fluid
ounces.
Litre =
61-02800 =
2-1133
Decalitre =
610-28000 =
2 5-1352
Hecatolitre =
6102-80000 =
26-419
Kilolitre =
61028-00000 =
1
1219
Myrialitre =
610280-00000 =
10
1 589
3.
Wei e
*hts.
English grains.
Milligramme = -0154
Centigramme = -1544
Decigramme = 1-5444
Troy. Avoirdupois.
Gramme
= 15-4440
Lbs. Oz. Dr. Gr. Lbs. Oz. " Dr.
Decagramme = 154-4402
=
2 34-3 = 00 5-65
Hectogramme = 1544-4023
=
3 1 43-4 =0 3 8-5
Kilogramme
= 15444-0234
=
2 8 1 14- =2 3 5-
Myriagramme = 154440-2344
— 2
6 9 4 20- = 22 1 2-
ROMAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Urna. Libra. Uncia. Denarius
Scrupulus. Sextans. Chalcus.
Grs. Troy.
Amphora . .#=
2 = 80 =960 =
3720
= 20160 = 40320 = 403200 =
420480
Urna .
1 = 40 =480 = ,
3360
= 10080 = 26160 = 210600 =
210240
Congius
I = 10 =120 =
840
= 2540 = 5040 = 50400 =
52920
Sextarius .
. 15 = 20 =
140
= 420 = 840 = 8400 =
8760
Libra
.1 1 =
84
= 252 = 504 = 5040 =
5256
Hemin'a .
• • V
60
= 180 = 360 = 3600 =
3759
Acetabulum
2| =
15
= 45 = 90 = 900 =
939
Sesqui-cyathus .
2| =
15
= 45 = 90 = 900 =
939
Cyathus .
. 1? =
10
= 30 = 60 = 600 =
626
Sescuncia
1* =
10*
= 31* = 63 = 630 =
657
Uncia
1 —
7
= 21 = 42 = 420 =
438
Cochleare
%
2*
= 7* = 15 = 150 =
156
Drachma .
, ,
1
= 3 = 6 = 60 mm
62|
Denarius .
•
1
= 3 = 6 = 60 m
681
62|
WHI
Scrupulus
Scrupulus dimidatas
Obolus
Sextans
Chalcus
APPROXIMATE MEASURES.
Besides these measures, other irregular meas-
ures of uncertain contents are used :
A table-spoonful, cochlearium magnum — of
syrup, f ss. ; distilled waters, 3iijss. to §ss. ; spir-
its and tinctures, 31], to 3HJ.
A desert-spoonful, cochlearium mcdiocre=of
water, 31J.
A tea or coffee spoonful, cochlearium parvum
=of syrup, 3J. to 31J. ; distilled waters, 9jss. to
3ij. ; spirit and tinctures, 9j. to 3jss. ; light
powder, as magnesia, 9ss. to 9j. ; heavy pow-
der, as sulphur, 9jss. to 9ij. ; metallic oxide, 3J.
to JBiiij.
A thimbleful, clypeola metallica pro digilis, is
usually the same as a tea-spoonful.
A tea-cup, vasculum pro thea=f. fiij. to §iv.
A wine-glass, scyphus pro vino, cyathus=f.
?jss. to f. 51J.
Weld. Woad. The Resela luteola.
WELDING. The property which the parti-
cles of iron possess of adhering together by the
stroke of the hammer at a high heat.
WEN. A circumscribed indolent tumor,
without inflammation, and found on neai'ly ev-
ery part of the body. They are usually seba-
ceous.
WESTERN ISLANDS. The Azores, the
climate of which is among the most favorable
for consumptive patients, being warm, equable,
and moist.
WEST INDIES. The climate is, as a mat-
ter of course, warm, and in some islands pret-
ty equable, but in others there is much violent
wind. Jamaica, Barbadoes, and St. Vincent's
are preferred.
Wharton's duct. Ductus Wartonianus.
WHEAL. An elevation of the skin, like
that produced by a sharp stroke of a cane, and
which is seen in some forms of nettle-rash.
Wheal-worm. Acarus autumnalis.
Weaning. The final separation of an infant
from the breast.
WHEAT. Triticum. The seeds of the
Triticum hibernum and astivum. The nutri-
tiousness of any specimen of wheat flour de-
pends upon the proportion of gluten it contains,
which should be at least twelve per cent.
Wheat, buck. Polygonum fagopyrum.
Wheat, Indian, W., Turkey. Zea mays.
Wheel-shaped. Rotate.
WHEEZING. A noisy respiration produced
by obstruction of the air passages.
Whelk. A small tubercle which does not
Suppurate ; the same as lonthus.
WHEY. The fluid part of milk which re-
mains after the curd has been separated.
WHISKY. An alcohol obtained by distill-
ing malt, corn, or rye. Common whisky con-
tains about 60 to 75 per cent, of alcohol.
White arsenic Arsenious acid.
White gum. Strophulus.
White leg. Phlegmasia dolens.
White op the eye. Albuginea oculi.
682
WIN
Scrupulus. Sextans. Chalcua. Gra.TroT,
1 m 2 = 20 = 201
i = 1 = 10 m 101
1 m 10 = 101
1 - 10 = 10*
1 m i A
White swelling. Hydarthrus.
White wood. Liriodendron tulipiferum.
Whites. Leucorrhoea.
Whiting. Gadus merlangus.
Whitlow. Paronychia.
Whooping-cough. Pertussis.
Whorl. Verticillus.
Whortleberry, bears'. Arbutus uva ursL
Whortleberry, red. Vaccinium oxycoc-
cus.
Widow-wail. Daphne mezereum.
Wild carrot. Daucus sylvestris.
Wild cherry. Prunus virginiana.
Wild cucumber. Momordica elaterium.
Wild navew. Brassica napus.
Wildfire rash. Strophulus volaticus.
Willow. See Salix.
Willow-herb. Lythrum salicaria.
Willow-herb, rosebay. Epilobiuin angus-
tifolium
Willow-leaved oak. Quercus phellos.
Wilson's gout tincture. An infusion of
colchicum.
Wilson's muscle. The compressor ure-
thra).
•Wind contusion. The disorganizing action
of the blow of a spent ball, which was former-
ly supposed to arise from the wind of the ball.
Windy. Flatulent.
WINE. Fermented grape-juice or must;
also liquors that have become spirituous by fer-
mentation.
The must or juice of grapes consists of albu-
minous matters, grape sugar, fecula, bitartrate
of potass, and other salts. In the process of
fermentation, the sugar is converted in part or
entirely into alcohol and carbonic acid, the al-
buminous matters become decomposed into an
insoluble yeast, and with the fecula precipita-
ted ; and the bitartrate, but slightly changed,
yields the bouquet of the wine. The difference
of wines depends upon the proportions of these
parts, and the manner of fermentation. When
much sugar is present, the wine is either strong
or sweet ; when the fermentation is very slow,
it becomes sparkling.
The strongest wines, as Madeira, Port, Sher-
ry, Raisin wine, Teneriffe, contain from 20 to
25 per cent, of alcohol ; Hermitage, Sauterne,
Burgundy, and some clarets, 15» to 17 per cent. ;
Champagne, Hocks, Chablis, Frontignac, Cote
Roti, Tokay, from 11 to 14 per cent.
The wines employed in medicine should be
ripe, of the mildest quality, and free from un-
necessary acidity. Port wines are preferred
where a tonic effect is desired, but good Ma-
deira is perhaps most worthy of confidence,
from its being procured of better quality. For
the wines used officinally, and the pharmaceut-
ical preparations, see Vinum.
Wine is universally admitted to be of impor-
tant service, especially in fevers of the typhous
kind, in which it is found to raise the pulse,
support the Btrength, promote a diaphoresis,
WOB
and improve the state of the blood; and in
many cases it proves of more immediate advan-
tage than the Peruvian bark. Delirium, which
is the consequence of excessive irritability, and
a defective state of nervous energy, is often en-
tirely removed by the free use of wine. In
malignant sore throat; hi the secondary fever of
small-pox, when attended with great debility ;
in gangrenes, and in typhus fevers, it is to be
considered as a principal remedy ; and in almost
all cases of languor, and of great prostration
of strength, wine is experienced to be a more
grateful and efficacious cordial than can be
furnished from the whole class of aromatics
end tonics.
Wing. Ala.
Winged. Alate and pinnate.
Winter berry. Prinos verticillatus.
Winter cherry. Physalis alkekengi.
Winter-green. See Chimaphilla.
Wintera aromatica. Drimys winteri.
Winteranus spurius. Canella alba.
Winter's bark. Drimys winteri.
Wistar's cough lozenges. The trochisci
glycyrrhizae cum opio.
Witch-hazel. Hamamelis virgiuica.
Woad. Isatis tinctoria.
Wolffian body. W. bodies. See Corpus
Wolffianum.
Wolf's-bane. Aconitum napellus.
Womb. See Uterus.
Womb, falling of the. Prolapsus uteri.
Womb, inflammation of. See H^steritis.
Womb, tympanites of the. Physometra.
Wood. Lignum.
Woodcock. Scolopax rusticola.
Wood-louse. Oniscus asellus.
WOODS. Woods, sudorific. A name given
in Pharmacy to the wood of guaiacum, sassafras,
and sometimes to that of mezereum, and to chi-
na and sarsaparilla.
Wood-sorrel. ' Oxalis acetosella.
Wood spirit. Pyroxylic spirit.
Wood-spirit group. The compounds of
methyle.
Woody fibre. Cells of an elongated or fusi-
form kind, filled with lignin.
Woody nightshade. Solanum dulcamara.
WOOLFE'S APPARATUS. A series of
glass receivers, with three necks, used in distil-
lation, where it is desired to condense separately
the products which come over.
Woolly. Lanate.
Wo'orari. Wooraly. The Ourari poison,
which see.
Worm-bark. . Andira inermis.
Worm disease. See Invermination.
Worm fever. The bilious remittent of in-
fants.
WRY
Worm-grass, perennial. Spigelia marilan
dica.
Worm, guinea. See Dracunculus.
WO'RMIAN BONES. Ossa Wormiana
Ossa triquetra. The little bones found in the
course of* the sutures of the head.
Worms. See Entozoa.
WO'RMSEED. This name is given in tho
United States to the seeds of the Chenopodium
anlhelminticum, but in Britain to the flowers,
tops, and seeds of the Artemisia santonica.
Wormseed oil. The essential oil of the
Chenopodium anthelminticum. It is of a very
disagreeable taste, but a valuable anthelmintic
for children. The dose is gtt. iv. to gtt. x.,
in emulsion.
WORMWOOD. The genus Artemisia, which
see. Commonly it is used for the Artemisia ab-
sinthium.
WORT. An infusion of malt. It has been
found useful in the cure of the scurvy.
Wort, St. John's. W., St. Peter's. Hy-
pericum perforatum.
WOUND. (Vulnus, eris, n.) A solution of
continuity in any of the soft parts of the body,
occasioned by external violence. Wounds are
distinguished into incised, punctured, contused,
lacerated, and poisoned. Wounds heal by ad-
hesion, or the first intention, or by suppuration,
granulation, and cicatrization. See Abscess.
Incised wounds, in healthy subjects, will gen-
erally heal by the first intention, if properly
treated. Wounds attended with slight lacera-
tion, and punctured wounds, will sometimes do
the same. Severe lacerated wounds, contused
wounds, and poisoned wounds, never heal in
this manner. Gun-shot wounds are always at-
tended with sloughing, which renders their
treatment more uncertain than in other cases,
from the occurrence of secondary hemorrhage.
Wound balsam. Tinctura benzoini com-
posita.
Wound, dissection. See Dissection wound.
Woundwort. Laserpitium chironium.
Wrench. A sprain or subluxation.
Wri'nkle. A small fold of skin.
Wrinkled. Rugose; rugosus.
Wrist. Carpus.
• WRY NECK. Torticollis. Caput obslipum.
A permanent inclination of the head toward
one of the shoulders, not arising from distortion
of the vertebra). It most frequently arises from
a contraction of the integuments of the neck
from burns, or cicatrices from other causes ; but
sometimes from a permanent contraction of the
sterno-mastoid or platysma myoides muscle.
It has sometimes been cured by a division of
the muscles and integuments, with proper at-
tention after the operation.
683
YBL
YUO
X,
.A..
-ALA'PPA. Jalap.
Xanthic acid. An oily acid discovered by
Zeise. It forms yellow precipitates with sev-
eral metallic salts.
Xanthic oxide. Uric oxide.
Xa'nthin. A yellow coloring matter of mad-
der.
XA'NTHIUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus of
plants. Monaecia. Pentandria. — X. strumari-
■um. The lesser burdock. This herb was for-
merly esteemed in the cure of scrofula.
Xanthochy'mus ovaliformis. One of the
trees yielding gamboge.
Xanthohje'matin. Modified hasmatin of a
yellow color.
Xanthophy'll. The yellow coloring matter
of autumnal leaves, and of fruits and flowers. It
is a modification of chlorophyll.
XANTHORRHI'ZA. (a,<c,f.) A genus of
plants. Pentandria. Polygynia. Ranuncu-
lacecs. — X. apiifolia, or X. tinctoria. Yellow
root. It is officinal in the United States. The
loot possesses properties very similar to calum-
ba, and is a simple bitter. Dose, 3ij., in infusion.
XANTHORRH(E'A. («, <z, f.) A genus of
plants of the tribe Asphodelca. — X. Aasti'lis.
X. arborea. The grass-tree of New South
Wales. It produces the Botany Bay gum or
resin, which is said to be tonic and stomachic,
and very useful in relaxed states of the gastro-
enteric mucous membrane. Dose, 3ss., in tinc-
ture.
XANTHOXY'LUM. (urn, i, n.) A genus
of trees. Dioecia. Pentagynia. Terebinthacece.
— X. 'fraxineum. The prickly ash. The bark
of this indigenous tree is officinal, and resem-
bles mezereon in properties. It may be used
in decoction as a stimulating sudorific. The
dose is 3ij., in decoction. It is sometimes used
as a stimulating wash, or in powder as a topical
irritant.
Xera'sia. A disease of the hair. — Ga-
len.
Xerocolly'rium.' A dry collyrium.
XEROPHTHALMIA, (a, 0, f. ; from frpog,
dry, and o<j>da%[iia, an inflammation of the eye.)
A dry inflammation of the eye, with diminished
secretion of tears.
Xi'phium. Iris pseudacorus.
XI'PHOID. (Xiphoides; from ft^of, a
sword, and eidoe, likeness.) Sword-like: hence
xiphoid cartilage for the cartilago ensiformis.
Xy'lite. A volatile alcoholic liquid found
in crude pyroxylic spirit. Its formula appears
to be O12H12O5. An excess of potash converts
it into xylitic oil, naphtha, and resin.
Xyloaloes. Lignum aloes.
Xylobalsamum. Amyris gileadensis
Xy'loidine. A product of the action of
strong nitric acid on starch. It is a white,
very inflammable powder, of the form. C6H4O4,
N0 5 .
Xylostro'ma giganteum. Oak-leather
This funs™ is found in the cracks of oaks
Y.
X • The symbol for yttrium.
Yam. Dioscorea alata.
Yarrow. Achillea millefolium.
Yawning. Oscitation.
Yaws. Frambonsia.
Yeast. Fermentum.
Yeast cataplasm. Y. poultice. Cataplas-
raa fermenti.
Yellow arsenic. Y., king's. Orpiment;
the yellow sulphuret of arsenic. See Arsenic.
Yellow fevkr. Remittent fever.
Yellow root. X:uithoirhiza apiifolia.
Yellow sandkks. Santalum album.
YELLOW-WASH. Red-wash. A lotion
made by Adding corrosive sublimate to lime-
water, in the proportion of two grains to an
ounce. I< is in common use as an application
to venerea » sores.
( %i
Yew-tree. Taxus baccata.
Yoked. Conjugate ; conjugatus.
Yolk. Vitellus.
Yorkshire sanicle. Pinguicula vulga
ris.
Ypsi'lo-glo'ssus. The hyo-glossus muscle
Ypsi'loi'des os. The os hyoides.
Y'TTRIA. A rare earth, of a white color ;
insoluble, insipid, and inodorous. Specific grav-
ity, 4*842. It is an oxide of Yttrium.
Yttrium. The metallic basis of yttria. It
resembles aluminum, and has an equivalent of
32-2.
YU'CCA. («,«,£) A genus of plants.
Hexandria. Monogynia. — Y. gloriosa. Adam's
needle. The roots are tuberose, and abound
in a coarse meal.
Z IN
ZIN
z
z.
JAFFRAN. Crocus sativus.
Zaffre. Impure oxide of cobalt.
Zamia integrifolia. This and other species
of Zamia furnish the Florida arrow-root.
Za'rza. Sarsaparilla.
ZE'A. (a, a, f.) A genus of graminaceous
plants. — Z. mays. Indian corn. Its seeds are
very nutritious, containing from eight to twelve
parts of albuminous matters, from five to ten of
oil, and about seventy of starchy matters. The
meal forms excellent poultices.
ZBDOA'RIA. (a, «,f.) 1. Zedoary, an in-
ferior kind of ginger. 2. The Ksempferia ro-
tunda.
Ze'ine. An albuminous body of corn.
Ze'rna. An ulcerated impetigo.
ZERO. The commencement of any scale ;
marked : the zero of Fahrenheit's thermome-
ter is 32° below the melting point of ice.^ De-
grees of heat, &c., below the zero, are marked
— minus ; those above, -f- plus.
Zeru'mbet. The rhizome of the Curcuma
zerumbet, similar to ginger.
ZIBE'THUM. (urn, i, n.) The civet. A
soft, unctuous, odoriferous substance, of a whit-
ish, yellowish, or brown color, contained in the
excretory follicles near the anus of the Viverra
zibetha of Linnaeus. It has a grateful smell
when diluted, and an unctuous, subacrid taste,
and is thought to possess stimulating, nervine,
and antispasmodic virtues.
Zigzag. Fexuose; fllexuosus.
Zi'mone. That part of gluten which is insol-
uble in alcohol.
ZINC. {Zincum, i, n., a German word.)
This metal is of a crystalline, bluish-white color,
somewhat brighter than lead, of considerable
hardness, and rather brittle. Its sp. gr. is from
6-9 to 7-2; heated between 210° and 300° F.,
it has so much ductility that it can be drawn
into wire or rolled. It fuses at 700° F., and,
if exposed to the air, burns, forming dense
white vapors of oxide. It is of great use in
the arts, as it changes but slowly in air. It is
used in solders, and for the production of gal-
vanism. Its oxide combines with most acids.
Equivalent, 32-3; sym., Zn.
Zinc, butter of. Z., chloride of. Zinci
chloridum.
Zinc, cyanide of.
Cyanuretum zinci.
Zinc, vitriolated.
Z., cyanuret of. See
See Zinci sulphas.
Zinci acetas. Acetate of zinc. It is readi-
ly formed by decomposing a solution of 190
grains of acetate of lead by 143 grains of crys-
tallized sulphate of zinc. The resulting solu-
tion of acetate of zinc is to be decanted, filtered,
and set aside to crystallize. It crystallizes in
pearly, oblique, rhomboidal plates ; has a bitter,
metallic taste, and is very soluble. It is an
acetate of the protoxide of zinc. It is identical
in properties with the sulphate. Dose, as a
tome, gr. ss. to gr. ij; as an emetic, 3ss. to 9j.
It is chiefly used as an astringent wash and in-
jection.
The Dublin Pharmacopoeia has a Tinctura
zinci acetatis, consisting of about four grains of
the salt in a fluid ounce of the tincture.
Zinci carbonas impura. See Calamine.
Zinci chloridum. Z. chloruretum. Chlo-
ride of zinc. Butter of zinc. Muriate of zinc.
It is prepared by dissolving zinc in hydrochlo-
ric acid, drying, and fusing in a matrass. Jt is a
soft, deliquescent solid, of a grayish color, semi-
transparent, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Its composition is ZnCl. It is a powerful and
acrid caustic, and in over-doses an acrid poison,
affecting also the nervous system, and produc-
ing great prostration, with vomiting. The al-
kaline carbonates, especially carbonate of soda,
will act as a partial antidote. It has been much
recommended as a caustic or stimulating lotion
in cancerous sores, fungous haematodes, obsti-
nate syphilitic or scrofulous ulcers. Internally,
Hufeland recommends it to be given in dosea
of gr. j. to. gr. ij., dissolved in ether (^Ethet
zinci). It is supposed to be a valuable altera
tive in scrofula, epilepsy, chorea, and other
nervous diseases.
Zinci cyanidum. Z. cyanurettim. See Cy
anuretum zinci.
Zinci hydrocyanus. Cyanuretum zinci.
Zinci iodidum. See Iodide of zinc.
Zinci oxydum. Zincum calcinatum. Prot
oxide of zinc. Flowers of zinc. Its properties
are analogous to those of the sulphate, if given
in much larger doses, but it is chiefly used as
an external astringent. See Unguentum zinci.
Zinci oxydum impurum. Tutty; tutia.
Zinci sulphas. Sulphate of zinc. White
vitriol. It is transparent, colorless, crystallizes
in large right rhombic prisms, has an astrin-
gent metallic taste, is veiy soluble in water,
but insoluble in alcohol. The crystals consist
of ZnO, S0 3 -f-7Aq. In small doses of gr. j. to
gr. iij., it is an astringent and tonic ; in doses
of 3ss. to 9j., a speedy and safe emetic ; and in
over-doses, an irritant poison, the antidotes for
which are astringent solutions ; and perhaps the
alkalies or their carbonates. It is principally
used as an emetic, and externally as an eye-
wash, and injection in gleet and leucorrhoJa, in
solution (gr. j. to gr. x. to f. 5j. of water).
Zi'ncode. The positive pole, or anode.
ZI'NCOID. Zinco'ides. Like zinc: applied,
in Galvanism, to the plate of zinc, or its substi-
tute, which forms the active portion of the gal-
vanic circle.
Zincoly'te. Synonym of Electrolyte; a
body capable of galvanic decomposition by the
zincous pole.
Zincoly'sis. Synonym of Electrolysis.
Zincous element. The positive element of
a compound, as opposed to the chlorous or nega-
tive element.
Zincum. See Zinc.
Zincum calcinatum. Zinci oxydum.
Zincum vitriolatum. Zinci sulphas.
Zincum vitriolatum purlficatum. Zinci
sulphas.
685
zoo
ZI'NGIBER. (Zingiberis, is, f.) A genus
of plants. Monandria. Monogynia. Zingi-
beracete. — Z. album. White ginger. Ginger
root when deprived of its radicles and skin. —
Z. nigrum. Black ginger. The root suffered
to dry with its radicles Z. officinale. The
ginger plant. Zingiber commune. Zinziber.
Ginger is an active aromatic, stimulant, and car-
minative, and serviveable in flatulent colics, de-
bility, and laxity of the stomach and intestines.
The dose is gr. x. to 3ss.
Zingiber cekmanicum. Arum maculatum.
Zinziber. Zingiber.
ZIRCO'NIA. Zircon. A rare earth of the
zircon or jargon and hyacinth. It is a fine
white powder, tasteless, somewhat harsh to the
touch, and insoluble. It unites with most acids ;
is insoluble in pure alkalies; but the alkaline
carbonates dissolve it. The metallic base of
this earth, named Zirconium, was discovered
by Berzelius in 1824. It is a sesquioxide. The
equivalent of the metal is 33-62 ; symbol, Zr.
Zirco'nium. See Zirconia.
ZIZA'NIA. (a, te, f.) A genus of plants.
Monoecia. Hexandria. Graminacece. — Z.
aqualica. Water rice. It grows abundantly
on the margin of the Western rivers and lakes.
The grain was highly esteemed by the Indians.
Zi'zyphus. Rhamnus zizyphus.
Zn. Zinc.
Zoanthro'pia. A melancholy in which the
patient thinks himself converted into an ani-
mal.
ZONA, (a, a, f.) A zone or belt.
Zona cimaris. The ciliary 'ring of the
eye.
Zona herpetica. Herpes zoster.
Zona pellucida. A pellucid center or spot
of the young ovum.
Zona tendinosa. A whitish circle around
the right auriculo-ventricular orifice.
Zona virginitatis. The hymen.
Zonu'la. A, little zone or belt.
Zonula Zinnii. The ciliary ligament.
Zoochy'my. Animal chemistry.
Zoocy'st. A hydatid, an animal formed of
a membranous cyst distended with an aqueous-
fluid.
ZOOGE'NESIS. Zoogeny. (From 1-ouv,
an animal, and yevedle, generation.) The his-
tory of the development and growth of an ani-
mal from the ovum to maturity.
ZOO'LOGY. (Zoologia, ce, f. ; from frjov, an
animal, and loyoc, a discourse.) That part of
natural history which treats of animals. See
Animal kingdom.
Zoo'nic. Zoonicvs. Appertaining to an an*
mal substance.
Zoonic acid. Impure acetic acid.
ZOONO'MIA. (a, a, f. ; from $uov, an ani
686
Z YT
mal, and vopoe, a law.) The laws of organic
life.
ZOOPHYTE. (Zoophyton, i, n. ; from foov,
and Qvtov, a plant.) An animal of low organi.
zation, such as the sponges, entozoa, infusoria.
A term which has been very vaguely applied
in Natural History. Cuvier calls all the radiated
animals zoophytes.
Zoo'tic acid, Zooticum acidum. Hydro-
cyanic acid.
ZQOTOMY. (Zootomia, a, f. ; from foov,
and te/ivu, to cut.) The dissection of animals.
Zo'ster. The shingles. Herpes zoster,
Zr. The-symbol of zirconium.
Zu'char. (Arabic.) Sugar.
Zumic acid. Lactic acid.
ZYGO'MA. (a, <b, f. ; from C,vyoc, a yoke.)
Th* cavity under the zygomatic process of the
temporal bone and os make.
ZYGOMATIC. Zygomaticus. Belonging to
the zygoma.
Zygomatic process. A process of the malar
bone, and another of the temporal bone, are so
called.
Zygomatic suture. Sutura sygomatica.
The union of the zygomatic process of the tem-
poral bone to the cheek bone.
Zygomaticus major. This muscle arises
from the cheek bone, near the zygomatic su-
ture, taking a direction downward and inward
to the angle of the mouth. It is a long, slender
muscle, which ends by mixing its fibres with
the orbicularis oris, and the depressor of the
Hp.
Zygomaticus minor. This muscle arises a
little higher up than the zygomaticus major,
upon the cheek bone, but nearer the nose ; it is
much more slender than that muscle, and is
often wanting. It is the zygomatic muscle that
marks the face with that line which extends
from the cheek bone to the corner of the mouth,
which is particularly distinguishable in some
persons. The zygomatic muscles pull the an-
gles of the mouth up as in laughter, and from,
in this way, rendering the face distorted, it has
obtained the name of distortor oris. The strong
action of this muscle is more particularly seen
in laughter, rage, or grinning.
ZYGOPHYLLA'CEjE. The bean caper
tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees, shrubs,
and herbaceous plants, with leaves opposite;
flowers, polypetalous, symmetrical; stamens T
hypogynous ; ovarium, many-celled ; fruit, cap-
sular.
Zygophyllum fabago. Fabago. This plant
is a good bitter, and much used by the Syrians
as an anthelmintic.
Zy'mome. Zimone.
Zytho'gala. A mixture of beer and milk-
Posset-drink.
THE END.