GE'NEAIOGY COLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 00674 4830

Personal and Family

Names

A Popular Monogra'ph on the Origin and History of the Xomenclature of the Present and Former Times

HARRY ALFRED LONG

Glasf/o^i' School Board

"Names?" Could I unfold the influence of names, which are the most important of all clothings, T were a se(?ond Trismegistus : "— Carlylk.

LONDON: HAMILTON, ADAMS & CO.

GLASGOW: THOMAS D. MORISON

EDINBURGH: JOHN MENZIES & CO.

1883

REPUBLISHED BY GALE RESEARCH COMPANY, BOOK TOWER, DETROIT, 1968

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-26584

1474561

pcDicatcii

THE TEACHERS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS

AND SPECIALLY TO

THOSE UNDER THE GLASGOW SCHOOL BOARD

BV A

F EL L O W W O R K ER .

THE A UTHOR

PKEFACE.

About the year 185G my attention was specially directed to the study of personal names, and circumstances at that time led me to concentrate attention upon this field of literature. Having laboured therein for the period of about fourteen 3'C'ars, the result was produced in a work entitled " The Names We Bear." So little did I expect my book to take the market that it was brought out privately. Howbeit, the edition of two thousand copies was not long in the hands of readers when a succession of complimentary critiques and encouraging notices began to flow in from both sides of the Atlantic. Frequent applications for the work from far and near induced me to put forth extra exertions to produce a work yet more worthy of the subject and of our times. After thirteen years additional labour thereat, I venture to come before the public again as an author and to ask the patronage of the general community. This may be regarded as an entirely new work, being rewritten throughout, and in extent exceeding the pre- vious volume by about one-half.

Much study is but an effort to make the past present. What else does the Historian, whether in ordinary prose or in epic poem? the Geologist, when unfolding the stony pages of primary deposits ? the Dramatist, if presenting the lives and actions of the heroic dead, than revivify past ages, or rather, re-present the illustrious departed, whose memory man trea- sures ? Educated men cannot rest while the past remains unveiled. My book is a tiny eftbrt to reproduce the great actors of past generations in greater numbers than history can take cognisance of. Much of this work refers to periods when as yet the history of nations, passed under review, was unwritten. Even when national life and action found a re- corder, that historian only chronicled in broad outlines the

G PREFACE.

facts brought out in the growth of an empire or the clash of battle. History makes known what patriarchal clansman founded a kingdom, but not who marched to the tented field, not those who shared with him the perils involved in rearing an infant nationality. In this book will be found the names of hundreds of the rank and file who fought in the battle of Hastings.

Nor should the bearing of this study upon a more thorough understanding of the nomenclature of geography be lost sight of. Thereby will be seen evidences in physical and political geography that the designations of countries, mountains, rivers, districts, towns, villages, hamlets, are associated with the names of persons whom we daily meet, suggesting to the thoughtful mind most interesting topics regarding the histories of families and places.

And further, like all other products of the earth, language is variable, transitory, and subject to loss. In this study of words, readers will recover archaic forms of speech, obsolete expressions, and colloquially lost words will reproduce them- selves in unlocked for and refreshing forms.

One of the many difficulties in composing a work of this type is overcoming dryness, which, if unconquered, however meritorious the book may otherwise be, its utmost attainment is to be shelved for reference. In view of this fact the author has constantly had before his mind the desirableness of presenting a work, on the one hand readable by reason of explanations being presented in a popular form, and yet, on the other, scholarly.

The writer hopes that the verdict passed upon his second effort will be as encouraging as that kindly accorded to his previous work.

Glasgow, July, 1883.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface --.----.-. 5

CHAPTER I.

The Philosophy of Personal Names - - - . 9

CHAPTER II.

The Origin and Formation of Words — vr - - - 13

CHAPTER III.

Personal Names - - - - - - - - 27

CHAPTER IV.

Biblical Names—???*, of.h, oni, and i - - - - - 49

CHAPTER Y.

BiuTii Names --------- 80

CHAPTER VI.

Names of Women - - - - - - - - 100

CHAPTER VII.

Local Names - - - - - - - - . 119

CHAPTER VIII.

Patronyms on Gentile Names - - - - 154

CHAPTER IX.

German Mytholo(;ical Names 164

8 CONTENTS.

chaptp:r X. PAGE

HiERONYMS — Names Mythological . . . . 181

CHAPTER XI.

Names derived from Animals - - - - - 197

CHAPTER XII.

War Names --------- 212

CHAPTER XIII.

Names derived from Trades ok Titles - - - 231

CHAPTER XIV.

Patronymics --------- 268

Superaddenda --------- 307

Index ---------- 309

PERSONAL AND FAMILY

NAMES

PERSONAL AND FAMILY

NAMES.

CHAPTER I.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONAL NAMES.

The subject of the following work is a branch of nomenclature known as the study of personal names. An objection to atten- tion thereto in this utilitarian age is the vis inertice which this preface is written to overcome. " Cwi bono ?" cries the objector, " what end is answered thereby other than the satis- faction of barren curiosity?" Such objection must be fairly met, which is readily done in the following words.

By this study we obtain a more accurate view of the con- struction and power of our language. A new tield of thought is entered upon. Besides by it many words are prevented from being lost which are links necessary to unite the verna- cular of to-day with obsolete forms of speech. For, through ignorance of this branch of education, we, though having the same words, yet, being unaware of their meaning and force, would virtually be without them, inasmuch as we should be in the position of one looking upon cuneiform writings not having the cipher whereby to interpret them. Belshazzar saw the mysterious words on the plaster, but they were inanimate signs until Belteshazzar inspired them with a life of meaning. This study throws much light upon British hi^ory. If the literature of Britain were to perish, and only our names re- mained, very many of the mighty deeds which have made this country what it is might be fairly elaborated therefrom. It lifts the historic veil higher than the ordinary historian can. He records the births and deaths of kings, sieges fought and battles won ; but it minutely details the precious things of home, love, worship, and the social condition of the toiling million, of which matters history takes little heed. The pen of the historian is a jet of flame, dazzling at day-dawn ; the science of names is many sparklets at the noon of night. But 2

10 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

apart from such considerations, we cannot allow that the desire to know why I am named as I am is vain curiosity, any more than it is vain to ask whence I came. The extreme utilitarian might as justly say, " What boots it whence you came ? The true questions are : What you are, and what you will be." This is only two-thirds true, inasmuch as the / am of to-day is built equally with the luill he of to-morrow upon the tvas of yesterday. Can it be a matter of indifference what a human being is called, seeing that Infinite Wisdom named, before birth, Ishmael, Isaac, Josiah, Cyrus, John, and Jesus, — not to mention those changed by God after birth ? If, then, the name, involving its meaning and surroundings, was, if it be lawful so to say, a subject of Divine consideration, on what defensible principle should the meaning of my name be to me a matter of indifference ? The Providence which counts hairs has more to do with names than the unthinking multitude suspect. Many acts of highest heroism and historic interest found as lowly an origin as that of the suggestion afforded by a name. Of such cases several illustrations are given in the body of this work. No word appeals so powerfully to the spirit within us as our proper name. The Rabbi of Galilee stood at the grave of His friend whom He called from Hades by name, though had He said, " Man, come forth," the j^ower would have been the same, but the love manifested would not. In like manner, when a sorrowing disciple yearned for a glance at the body which had so lately passed through its bitter bap- tism, she was called to recognition of Him as related to her, not by saying, " Woman," but " Mary." As illustrating the affection involved in knowing by name, nothing can be more appropriate than the negative evidence of the four biographers of Jesus. They represent Him as not addressing Judas once by name. So, in like manner, God makes no mention of the name of either Laban or Balaam, when revealing their respec- tive messages to them. The passage where it says, " Judas, betrayest thou the Son of Man with a kiss," upon the autho- rity of that king of critics, Tischendorf, should be given, " Friend, betrayest," &C.; agreeing with the mode in which the king addressed the man not having on a wedding garment — " Friend, how camest thou," &c. Nor was it by chance, but on the principle under consideration, that, in the three lists of the Apostles, Judas is the last mentioned. There is no more certain proof of the favour of God than the reduplication of the name of the person addressed, whether by Jehovah in the Old Testament, or Immanuel in the New. It begins at Gen. xxii. 11, "Abraham, Abraham," and concludes at Acts ix. 4, " Saul, Saul." Only one woman had this high distinction con- ferred upon her, " Martha, Martha." This view of names allies

THE PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONAL NAMES. 11

them more closely to persons, giving all pertaining to their use an air of grandeur and soleumity. Some think the name of a man is to be viewed in the same light as street names or the numbers of houses, simply as a distinction given on busi- ness principles. Not so. However common-place or even comic the appellation of a hunian being may now be, from the very fact of union with one who is the offspring of God it is dear to the bearer and those who love him; yea, even sacred, by reason of relationship to a deathless being. There are fallen names as well as fallen persons, but not the less is each of high, nay. Divine origin. I was deeply affected in reading the expe- rience of an educated convict as to the pang suffered when, instead of being called Charles, a name endeared by associa- tions of home, religion, and love, he was roughly called No. 44. It is the Chridian name, not the surname, which appeals to profounder emotions. The private soldier on the battle- field and the common sailor on the perilous flood are commanded by surnames, but it is the dear one in the arm chair by the fireside that is addressed by his Christian name.

" Peace to these pangs ! Mother ! put forth Thine elder, hoUer claim ; And the first word I hear in heaven May be — my Christian name."

He who knew nature thoroughly — what was in man — did not say, Peter, lovest thou Me ? but, " Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou Me ?" Take the compound appellation Simon Peter, and Simon would be what we term the Christian name. Being imposed by parents in circumcision, it would be familiar and sacred. Jesus brought out the family relationship more strongly by saying, " Son of Jonas." The surname tells of ancestry, business, struggle, dignity, heroism, office, it is our world name — but the Christian name speaks of father, mother, home, love., familiarity, heaven, God. And yet in this work they are not distinguished, forasmuch as the surname of one is the Christian name of another ; but this in no way weakens the charm of it to its possessor. Whatever it hiay be, it is the most personal and precious part of the entire appellation. Should he have many Christian names — a sentimental mistake ■ — that one by which he is most generally addressed will con- tain the talismanic power. Pride will, at the baptismal font, select many names. Nature, at home, elects one, and that is the Christian name. This phrase originally meant that name which was given to the recipient when he became a Christian. Our missionary records teem with illustrations of my meaning. Surname is a form of Supernomen, above the name — as John Williams — where Williams, being given to the person over and

]2 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

above John, is termed his surname. Some authors are of opinion that sur, above, is to be taken in its most literal sense,

inasmuch as the surname was formerly written 1^},^

Observe. — The arithmetical sign for equality ( = ) will be used to indicate that two or more names are synonymous or nearly so, as Herschell = Kouli Khan, i.e., that the former name was originally used in a similar sense to that which was primarily given to the latter. Con. stands for connected with, Ab. for abbreviated, Pats, for patronymics, Dhn. for diminu- tive. Names under explanation will be given in large type as DUPANLOUP. A colon (:) will be placed to signify " means," as Balloon : (means) great ball. When a name is followed by a word or words within a parenthesis, the word or words are added to suggest some well known instance of its use as Land- seer (painter). It is not professed that meanings herein given are infallibly correct. The basis of this book being etymolo- gical analysis and comparative nomenclature, the value of any statement of the meaning of a name is to be measured by inter- nal and external evidence in respect thereto, as well as by authority. Britain being placed between northern ice floes and southern fruit fields, birds and fishes make for our island in their migration to and fro as to a half way house. Hence we possess a more varied fauna than any other spot on the globe of equal dimensions. Just so with regard to nations — Gaels, Romans, Saxons, Danes, Norsemen, Normans and Jews- led by ambition, driven by necessity, or urged by hope, have made for our Island. The consequence is our nomenclature is the fullest and most mixed of any known. This in the order of Providence is needful for this land was destined to supply the United States and our fifty colonies with names. Yet for this reason the analysis of a directory is very difficult, and in giving the meanings of so great a number, it is hardly possible there should be no mistake.

( 1^> )

CHAPTER TI.

THE ORIGIN AND FOliMATION OF WORDS.

UR.

Before the study of names can profit, it is necessary to be acquainted with the way in which words are formed. This preliminary chapter Avill, therefore, be devoted to elucidating that subject. But lest our reader should think he is being- invited to seat himself in standard four, the motto of this chapter shall be a fragment of Plato in Cratylo, by Taylor, upon the assumption that to study a subject which engaged the close attention of that immortal founder of the Academy cannot be unworthy of a scholar, "Do you know on what account Fur was so called ? Consider whether this is not of barbaric origin — for it is by no means easy to adapt this to the Greek tongue ; and it is manifest that the Phrygians thus denominate fire, with a certain trifling deviation." We read in the earliest recorded history extant, that Abram migrated from Ur of the Chaldees. The Chaldees, among whom he dwelt, worshipped fire, the symbol of the Invisible God, who is Light. These ancient pyrolatrians correspond to the Guebers of the current time. A change of religion is of rare occurrence in the history of nations. Forms of government have been held as very convertible : dynasties have been changed like garments ; even languages yield to the action of time, but religion is nearly as inelastic as rock. The Reformation was a moral miracle, without parallel in all the ages of the past. Yet in ^ome unrecorded manner, and for reasons wholly unknown, the Chaldees passed from being fire-worshippers to the grosser form of made image-worship, while, on the other hand, the aboriginal Persians became pyrolatrians. Plence, in the time of Daniel, they are found worshipping gigantic idols, and punishing recusants by casting them into fire, and that in no less than five cases, viz., Zedekiah, Ahab, Shadrach, Meschech, and Abednego. Now, no fire-worshipper would pollute, accord- ing to his notions, fire with flesh. So, then, when Daniel was to suffer as a criminal, it was in a den of lions. In those ages, when the sun received special honours in any locality, such centre of heliolatria was named from the fact, as Bethshemesh : house of the sun ; Bethshan : house of the shiner ; Heliopolis (On): city of the sun = Luxembourg, and, nearer home, Greenock : sun hill ; Tinto : fir-e hill, which coincides as nearly

14 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

as possible with Dunedin : hill (of) fire. These all formerly being sun-worship centres.

Ur (of the Chaldees) : light, brightness, burning, primarily spelled Aiur, gives

Ur (Gaelic) : fresh, new as though just out of the fire, as we say " bran new " for burn new. From the Chaldee Ur we have

Urijah : (whose) light (is) Jehovah, ah. to Uriah (Hittite). Uriel : (whose) light (is) God.

" The Archangel Uriel, one of the seven Who in God's presence, nearest the throne."

Jair : he (will) enlighten. Probably given to a child in the hope he would be the light of the house = Ecolampadius.

Jair gives Jairus. In some cases Jair: a river =r Brooks, as in Jordan : river of Tflowing from) Dan. Of course, these Jairs, though spelled alike, are different words like our corn : fruit of e'arth (con. kernel), and corn : horn like.

HoRUS (Egyptian Apollo) : the light, whence Orosius : son of Horus, protected by that god.

Aaron : great light (of household) = Hausschein, takes form Haroun, as in Haroun al Raschid : Aaron the just.

Areli (m) : lights of God, born at appearance of stars.

From Aiur comes the old Persian adjective Arta: great, applicable to the sun, then to altar flame. As Artabanus : having charge of altar flame, temple servant == Abdul Medjid.

Artaphernes : great shepherd, con. Holofernes : head shepherd, chief commander.

Artaxerxes : great king = Maharajah. From Arta in its, connection with light we have

Artemis : Diana, Selene ; the shiner, the moon giving Artemesia (Carian) : daughter of Diana.

Artemis is usually given as perfect, but this is preferable.

Aridatha : great by birth, of noble descents Burns, Childers. Also from Arta, the Punic favourite we have

Hamilcar : great melech, king. It is also the root of the Latin, Arduus : lofty, through the Celtic Ard ; Airt : quarter, whence wind ; AiRD. From the same we obtain

Ardeo : to shine, to burn, to glitter. Allied is the Celtic

Aodh : fire, ardour, whence Edui : men burning for the fight, also —

Aidan (St.) : fiery one, ready for battle = Brown, whence, nominally, another saint, viz. —

Hayes, and Hay, the latter being identical with High and Arta. Originally —

High : the towering of the altar flame. This Aodh gives —

Hugh, the most prolific and ancient of British names,.

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 15

being a pet with Gaels, Irish, and Cymri. It is thoroughly aboriginal, being common in the Highlands, Ireland, and Wales long before the dawn of authentic history. It simply means heat for tight, battle ardour.

Hugh is followed through its ramifications in chapter on Patronymics.

Ard, AiHD, Ardeo, Arduus, Dunedin, and the ancient name Arthur are forms of Arta, which primitive word gives the endings —

Art, Ard in such words as WiSHART : of a wise nature.

Ballard : of a bold nature ; Maynard : of a manly nature. In such cases a flavour of highness, greatness, superiority is generally supposed. This ending, for the two are truly one, gathered diverse meanings as it passed into diflerent nations, places, and languages, but they all fairly find their germ in arta. This is corroborated by observation upon —

Hamilcar (Carthiginian general), which in the Punic is a form of

Ha-Melk-Art (Sidonian Hercules) : the great king, in which melk for melech. It looks unreasonable to say that the affix in Wishart and Hamilcar are identical, but philology shows such to be the case. Without violence to accuracy, we may say that arta is equivalent to the better known

Augustus : sublime, co7i. altar service from Auruspex (from avis specio), who told events by condition of bird-victims.

Guzman is formed on Augustus, as though august man.

Arthur is identical with those ancient Milesian names —

(M')Artney, (M')Arthv, M'Carthy, and (O)Hart. This origin is corroborated by comparing these from Arta : great, with the old Amalekite name from Ag, a primeval Semetic word for fire, and root of Ignis, whence

Ignatius (martyr): son of fire^ fiery, choleric ( = Banna- tyne), con. —

Agni, the Hindoo god of fire. Now, this Ag doubled gives

Agag : fire ! fire ! ! alluding to the pyramidal altar flame destroying the victim and soaring aluft. Thus it was Balaam was made to say : " His King shall be higher than Agag." Self-sacrifice shall overtop the slaughter of others, as resur- rection triumphs over death.

Agag is the only Amalekite name known, but, nominally, he had cousins, as —

Og (Bashan) : high, tall. Had his royal highness lived now he might have been called

Lum : tall as a chimney, for Low : a flame, gives

Lum : a chimney, up which the low goes. We might pro- bably claim

IG PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Ogyges (aboriginal Greek k'ng) : tall, or using it figura- tively, exaltado, a magnate. The chief gate of Thebes was —

Ogy-gia : lofty, which was also the name of an island, and so = our Hoy: high, out of the water. Plutarch calls Ireland by this name Ogygia. The Hibernian

HoGAN, Hagan are probably of og, ag origin in the sense of exalted, the son = EGAN, which consult.

Guzzi (Father) is an Italian diminutive formed on Hugo from Hugh.

Huguenot: little Hugh, a commonplace fellow daring to teach religion, and —

HocHE (general) = Alt, Alter, Ullman, all men of high standing comes very near to the Arta idea.

The Chaldee Aiur also gives the beautiful word Mar-garites : a pearl, whence —

Margaret, similar to Peninnah : pearl or coral, and Achates (fidus) : the agate. Ispah : jasper, fair as. The original form is —

Mervarid : child of light. By a charming fiction the oyster was supposed to come up from the dark sea bottom to worship the moon, and when doing so it received a drop of congealed dew, which formed the pearl. Some derive the word from Mergret : grit of the sea. From it —

Margaredon ;" bastard "), in the sense of pearl of knights. Many other derivatives from Margaret will be presented in their order. From Aiur we have —

Urim (and Thummim : perfections) : lights, shining from the precious stones on the pectoral of the consulted priest. Also, from Aiur —

Seraph : to burn, wlience Saraphim : burning ones (snakes), Seraphim : burning ones (with love), ardors.

Ardor : a seraph, con. Aiur, Arta —

" From among Thousantl celestial ardors, where be stood Veil'd with his gorgeous wings, up springing light Flew through the midst of heaven."

From Aiur is also derived the name of an inferior order of angels.

Orphanim, much spoken of among Jews, almost unmentioned by us, " Seraphim, cherubim, orphanim, hallelujah !"

Ner : a lamp, a lightgiver, from Aiur, whence the well- known

Abner : father of Ner, probably like him. " They buried Abner in Hebron." Aiur tends to form Or, as Orfah, the Turkish name of the town and district of which Abram was a native. Also gives

Orion: son of fire = Zoroaster, Pyrosporus : seed of the

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 17

fire. One of the Persian titles of tlie sun is Arsa : burner, from Aiur, whence

Ai:si:s (Persian king) : burner, destroyer = Agag, Apollyon.

Orion was Nimrod's title after deification, as was

Alorus : god of fire = Agni. From Aiur, also the beautiful name —

HouRl : flashing-eyes = Lapidoth : lamps, eyes like. The Greeks transferred Ur into their languages in the form of

Pur : fire. Note Aiur, Ur has a tendency to take on the consonants p, h, f, v. These are cognates (born together), pro- duced by the same organs, the lips, and hence termed labials. Pur gives

Pyrrhus (Epiriote king) : red headed, or ruddy = Roy, Redmond and Flan.

Pyramus : inflamed (with love of Thisbe). " First Pyramus must draw his sword to kill himself; which the ladies cannot abide." By change of a vowel we have

Perseus : lightning, burner = Barca (also from Ur) and Arses.

Barca, the Carthaginian gave name to Barcelona. The name is cognate with

Barak (Deborah): whose spear glittered like lightning = Llewellyn, and dagger from day.

Alborak (Koranic angel) : who went like lightning.

Pyrois (one of mares of the sun) : daughter of fire, quick mover.

Pyre : the funeral pile, —

" For nine long nights, through all the dusky air, The pyres, thick flaming, shot a dismal fire."

Pyrites : fire stones; Lithos : a stone, to lites, then ites.

Empyrean: the ethereal heaven = Ouranos : burning like the lambent flame of the Aurora Borealis, heaven, whence

Urania : heavenly (muse), in which the root Ur becomes prominent. Ouranos, Air, Aur are formations upon Aiur, as is Ether for Aither, from the old verb Aitho « I burn. In Porphj^'os, purple is reduplicated as though written pur, pur, OS : son of a very fiery colour, at least that is its literal meaning. Hence the anti-christian philosopher —

Porphyry: dressed in purple = Peploe : clad in peplum. The word is also applied to red granite. " Within the which (labyrinth) a number of columns and statues there be, all of 'porpyrit, or red marble." Hence the title of Byzantine Emperors —

Porphyrogenetl^s : born in imperial purple, or in the porphyry palace, the Alhambra of the Greeks.

ZoPYRUS : fire of Zeus, destroying like lightning = Barak,

18 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Perseus. The Greeks had yet another word for redness, pro- bably traceable to the patriarchal Aiur, Ur, viz., Erythros, whence —

Erythras (son of Perseus): flaming = Astrafiammanta : flaming star.

Erytheia (also from it) : ruddyish, from which Hercules took the oxen of Geryoneus,

Erythean Sea was the name the sons of Javan gave to the Red Sea. From same source —

Erythematous: inflamed, reddened by disease. Aiur, Ur varied to Er gives

Thermos : heat, whence Thermopylie : hotgate, pass at which were warm springs. Warm is identical with Therm-os, so that —

Thermopylae = Warmbrunn, in Silesia. A Persian district is known as

Gurmsir : warm region. Therm, Warm, Gurm are essentially one. Again Aiur, Ur to Er gives

Erinnys (eris nous) : fur^j of the mind, ire of the soul.

ERis = Fury, from Euro, from Pur, from Aiur, Ur. The Latin for anger is

Ira, whence Ire, is undoubtedly from Ur. Ira = Hatred, from Hate, from Heat. In like manner the Cornish Forkhan means both fire and hatred, being as to first syllable a form of Pur. In corroboration, it may be observed that a title of Odin is

Brown : burning (for the fight) = Erinnys (of course literally). Also from Pur —

Pyrosporus: seed of the fire = Zoroaster (archimagus). The former alludes to the birth of Bacchus, the latter to fire worship, and each is literally = Orion : fire son.

Zoroaster, con. Zero : semen ; Zemindar (dominus) : seed lord, a Hindoo farmer. " May not the name of the Nereid Mara (Od. xi. 32G) express the phosphoric flashing of the surface of the sea, as Maira expresses the sparkling of the dogstar Sirius ?" If so, Mara and Maira are claimable as of the seed of Ur. Again Pur gives

Parsee : ^ pyrolatrian. These Pai-sees are called Guebers, Giours, by the Mahometans. Some claim as of this source

Fars, giving Faristan : land of the Parsees.

Aurum: gold, the shining metal is from Aiur; whence also —

Aurora (rosy fingered) : golden hours, con. Horologe : hour discoverer = Clock : that which clicks. It is highly probable that Fire is from Pur, It is called Vuur by the Danes. The Swedes call it Rod. In New Guinea it is For. Of

That, Pur, Vuur, For and Fire are in essence one word ramified, there seems little doubt. Focus : the hearth, gives

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. If)

Fuego : fire, (Spanish) Terra - del - Fuego : land of fires, volcanic.

Curfew : cover fire ; Fuel : (good for the) fire. After Feu : fire, of the French v^e have the Italian Fuoco : fire. Pur gives Purus : cleansed by fire ; our Pure : cleansed.

Puritan : a catharite, who keeps to the 2>ure word without notes or comment.

Purgo : I cleanse ; when by adding s Spurge : a medicinal plant, whence

Spurge : an herbalist. Purus gives Puer : a boy. Varro says : " So called because free from vices acquired by imita- tion." Puer takes the dim. Puella : a girl ; and Pupilus : a little boy, one under tuition, as boys ought to be.

Orbius Pupillus (Grammatist of Beneventum) : little orphan boy. Pupil when applied to eye is so called because one seems to see a little boy therein. Pupil exactly answers to

Lad : one led, giving La (dde) ss = Pais Paidos : one led.

Pedagogue : a child leader. That Pure is identical with Puer by no chance coincidence is made probable by analogy, as seen in the language of nature. " In the Delaware language, a youth is called Pilape, a word compounded from the first part of Pilsit : innocent ; and the latter of Lenape : a man, which, therefore, means innocent man."

Purgatory : place of purgation, and many other derivatives from Purgo.

Uro : I burn, almost traces itself to Aiur, Ur, whence LTrn : receptacle of human ashes.

Inure : to burn into, to make used to. The smith's hand is inured to labour by handling hot iron.

Adure : to burn up. " A degree of heat which doth neither melt, nor scorch, doth mellow and not adure."

Urtica : a nettle (needle), so called from its inflammatory quality.

Combustible : that which may be burned, from Ustus, from Uro, from Ur. The Com is a form of Cum : with, while b is formative. Ustus gives

Locust (locus ustus) : burnt place. Loc\ists leave the country in a condition like to that of its being burnt. " A fire devoureth before them ; and behind them a flame burneth."

LOCUSTA (poisoner) : woman living in marshes, bare places. Allied to Ustus we have the Italian names —

FoscARO, FoscANi : dark coloured, swarthy = Swartz. Hence too —

Obfuscous: a dun brown (an old Oxonian colour). Ur also gives

Areo : to be dry, on which is formed Torreo : to be parched, torrid (zone).

20 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Torrent : a water course subject to drouth = Ghau ; though some give it from Terra : earth, a land flood.

ToERANCE (when not from Turra: a tower) ; Torrentius = Waters, Borromeo (bore) : persons living near such.

Areo : to be dry, gives Arena : sand, where gladiators fought, sand being thrown to absorb blood, and prevent slipping.

Area : a court-yard, an open space where corn was dried. Aiur gives Ardeo : to burn, whence Ardent : inflamed, and

" Arson ab ardendo," is the malicious and wilful burning of the house or outhouse of another man. From Areo, also

Arunda : a reed, a dry plant, whence Aruu : reedy, sedgy stream, whence

Arundel (ian Marbles) : a settler thereon. This is some- times given from

Hirondelle : a swallow, but similitude has inveigled the guesser.

Ferveo : to boil, to seethe, to make hot, is also from Pur.

Fervent : zealous ; Ferment : to effervesce. Fever is clearly from Ferveo, meaning in a fervid state of body.

Febrifuge : herb to make fever flee. Fever is a zymotic dis- ease, a fermentation of the system.

" A feuer it (jealousie) is cotidian Which every daie wol come aboute Where so a man be in or cute."

Pruriency : itching heat through feverish state of blood is from Pur by transposition. Burke, in an oration against Pitt, told that statesman, " He had a 'pruriency of taxation that seemed to infect his blood." Changing p into its cognate / and reduplicating Pur, we have —

Furfur : bran, brown, so called from colour. To it, too, we trace

Fornax : a furnace, an archway like a furnace roof.

FoRNARius (Italian) : f urnaceman, a baker ; and giving

Fornication : the act of frequenting the habitations of har- lots, which, in Rome, were under archways. Milton, in his " Reason of Church Government," says : " She gives up her body to mercenary whoredom under the fornicated archways which she calls God's house."

Forceps : a flre-rake, a fire-comb, now shears. Capio : I take, to Ceps and Pecten : a comb, to fex. Ur transposed gives

Ruber : red ; Rubus : a bramble, producing red berries.

Ruby : red (coloured gem) ; Rubric : red (letter service).

RuTiLius (consul) : carroty-pated = Pyruhus. Rutilent : of a red colour. " Parchments coloured with this rutilant mixture."

RuFUS, RuFFiNUS, BuRRHUS (Pretorian guardsman) = Red- head =Redmoxd, Flan.

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 21

Biretta, is con. herewith, being so called in respect to colour, as Alb : white. Purus gives Puto : I judge, prune, dress vines, think. Hence —

Amputation : the act of cutting round about, ambiputo. Here it is pertinent to trace the rise of ideas, as well as the formation of words. Pur : fire, is observed to cleanse ; hence Purus leads to consider a quality of fire, cleansing. Puro gives Puto, con. the purgation of vines. Now, to purge trees involves thought, whence by another abstraction we have Puto : I think, giving Compute to reckon, which contracts to Count : to ex- pect through reckoning. What a gulf between yire: and expec- tation— yea, between Aiur and Count, yet both are bridged by these processes. Pur turns up again in the German —

Purpuroth : red as purple, in wdiich there is a triplication from the root Ur.

Feursbrunt : empyrosis, conflagration it is duplicated. The words con.

Roth : red, are many in English, as Penrith : red hill, gravel hill =

Radcliffe, Rawcliffe. Rotherhithe : red hyde, harbour. Rutland : red land, sandy soil = Damascus.

Ridley : red field = Rowley, Riley, Rothacker. With the French Ur becomes

Rouge: red; Leeoux: the red (headed) = BuRRHUS. Through the French and Italian we get the following names applied to iiorid complexion or redness of hair : —

Rouse (bravo !), Rous, Rousseau (Jean Jacques), Rossi,

Rossini (composer), Rossetti, Rust (bishop of Dromore). Doubt attaches to

Rossi, Rossini, Rossetti, as they are derivable from Ross, which consult.

Russell is from a Norman town, yet that town may be named from some notable red headed person.

Rust (rubigo) : brown or red coloured oxide of iron, is clearly of Ur descent.

" Whole provinces Appear to our sight then, even leek A russet-mole upon a lady's cheek."

To return to German offshoots of Ur, we have

Rothschild : red shield, a wounded crusader. In the Span- ish we have

Rosso : red, as Cape Rosso : red cape. Also Braza : a burn- ing coal, charcoal.

Brazier : pan containing burning coals. From this Braza we have the name

Brazils, producing red coloured wood. The English

22 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Brazier: brass worker, has nothing to do with brazier, except form.

Burra, Borrico, names given to mules from their being a reddish brown colour. " The Burra plied her feet most nim- bly, and shortly after nightfall brought me to a village about two leagues from the river's bank." " I had the appearance of a person between sixty and seventy years of age, and drove before me a Borrico with a sack of Testaments lying across its back." Burra, Borrico = French

Saure : yellowish brown colour, whence Sorrel, Sord, Saurin (Miss) : auburn tressed =

Flavius and the Milesian Sorley (M'^) =: Xanthus and Jacinta.

" For a roan-gelding, twelve hands liigh, All spurr'd and switch'd, a lock on's hoof, A sorrel mare."

Xantippe (wife of Socrates) : a sorrel mare. Sorrel found in meadows, and eaten by boys, means sour plant. Burrel Roan, Sorrel =

Hamor : a ruddy ass from Hamar : to be red, inflamed, from which

Alhambra : the red, Arabic palace literally = Porphyry (built). The man

Hamor w^as probably so called from the ass, that being, in the East, a symbol of wisdom because of its strength and patience. The judges of Israel rode on white asses to signify wise judgment. So Jesus entered Jerusalem on an ass " where- on never man sat." What He has He must have xoholly or it cannot be holy. " The sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of

Emmor, the father of Sychem." Hence Amorites : descend- ants of Hamor, Emmor. In the Erse we have Aiur, Ur in Lough Dearg: red lake = Ery thean (sea).

In Irish names Ur assumes the form Roo, as in

O'Connor Roo : the red headed eldest son of Connor, for none but tirst-born sons were allowed the O. Similarly we meet with

RouRKE (Teddy O'): the red = RuFUS. Roo and Rourke form, in England —

Rook, Roe, Rowe, when not from Rue : a street. We have many words in English directly, indirectly, or by combination from Ur, as —

Roan: reddish brown = Burra. Rose, which simply means red though it be white.

" Four yoked stedes full different of hewe,

The first was sord, with mane as reed as rose.'''

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 23

Rose : a cultivator, a nobleman's gardener. Out Parch and Burn are variations of Pur. Burn gives Brimstone : stone that burns.

Burnish : to make bright as though burning. Burnish is identical w^ith Furbish : to polish, w^hence the worthy —

Frobisher: a whitesmith, polisher of metal. " Furbish the spears, put on the brigandines." The French Brun, and the Brown, are forms of Burn. The Parisian —

Le Brun is only Brown of English borough ubiquity. So the engineer

Brun ELL is but = Brownell, each being = Brunette: of a brownish complexion. From the same prolific source we have Borell, whence

Burwell : maker of borrell cloth ; also means wearing it, humble conditioned. Chaucer says : —

" Had they themselves but light to see the ropes And snares of Hell, which for their fate are dresst, Because they pill and poll, because they wrest, Because they covet more than barrel men."

Bruin, the Alpine bear, is a form of brown. Bronze is to make metal brown.

Auburn hair is yellowish brown, being to ladies what Sorrel, Sord, Roan, Brindle, are to horses and dogs.

Brindle : of a burned colour. Brand : a partly charred stick. " A brand plucked from the burning" and grafted into the true vine. Brindle, Burned = Ustus.

Bran-new, originally said of iron fresh from the fire.

" Armado is a most illustrious wight, A man oifire new words, fashion's own knight."

Brent: the brand goose, neck having a black and white mark round it as though it had been branded, burned. Gives name to hunter of it.

Brent. Brand : to mark with charcoal. Brunt : where fight rages hottest, as in " Brunt of the battle." Brandy : burned wine, y for Vin. From Ur the Welsh get Rhudd : red, whence Ruddle : red ochre.

RuDD = RouRKE. Ruthlan : red bricked temple = Alhambra, con. Scanlan : old temple, church.

Ruddock : little red (bird) = Robin, also from Ur and uncon. Robert. Hence, too —

Red : fire colour ; Ruddy, for rudly, for redly, for red like. Hertford is a form of

Herudford : red ford = Sandyford and Radford. Raw, Rear ; red, uncooked.

Roast : to redden. Some derive this from Rotir : to turn ; but twisting the jack is accidental, reddening essential. Scorch

24 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

smells too strongly of fire for us to allow it any origin but an igneous one.

Ordeal : purgation, ti-ial by fire. " A custom not difiering much from these (in use among the Greeks) that was practised in this island by our Saxon ancestors upon the same account, and was therefore called the fire-ordeal, for ordeal in Saxon means purgation. The manner of undergoing this test was thus : the person accused passed blindfold, with bare feet, over certain ploughshares made red hot, and placed at equal dis- tances." A king of JNorway, named Magnus, came to Scotland in his bo3'hood, and stayed here until he attained maturity. Returning, his nobles denied his identity, which he proved by ordeal, and was therefrom called Barefoot. Any so called here do not trace their pedigree to Magnus: great, (Mc) Manus, but their ancestors, being tried by ordeal. There is a firm at Boston known as

DiscALZEADO, an Italian word meaning bare-foot, a dis- calceated monk. The philosophy of .monastic bare feet is this: Barefooted signifies p()or =

Lackland, Landless, Pair. " Now, this was the manner in former times in Israel concerning redeeming (land) and concerning changing (estates) for, to confirm all things ; a man plucked ofi" his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour," thereby intimating right to walk over it, else he would trespass. A bye-law of the Temple forbade any to enter sandalled. All must go barefooted to the All Possessor. " Put ofi" thy shoes." Where God is manifest there is the Temple. " Put shoes on his feet" = restore his landed property. Bare feet meant, in the symbolism of religion, —

" No foot of land do I possess, No cottages in this wilderness, A poor wayfaring man."

Koh-i-noor : hill of light, shows our old friend Ur in Noor in far ofi" India. Compare it with Ner : light ; and Kohistan : the hill country.

Nureddin (favourite Arab name) : the light of religion, suggesting : " Let your (religious) light so shine." The Mogul Emperor,

Gehanguire : conqueror of the world, took to himself a bride called

Mher-UL-Nica, a name indicating superiority. The former part is con. Major : greater, and is seen to advantage in

Maharajah : great king. Of his uxorious gallantry he changed her name to

Nourjehan : the light of the world. The former part of his name is the latter part of hers, so that they were nominally

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 25

as well as personally married. When she died he erected that famous mausoleum to her memory known as Taj Mahal : the crown of the harem, —

" With the Light of the Harem his young Nourmahal."

NouRMAHAL : great light, beauty = Olympia.

Taj con. Dagh : a mountain ; as Daghistan : hill country, so —

Stephen from Stephanos : a crown, allied to steep. As we have already seen, the Gaelic received tribute from Ur, to which we add as follows — -

Ruadh: red, as Ruadh-abhuinn (avon), contracts to the better known

RuTHVEN : red river = Rio Colorado. Hence to Roy : red (headed).

We now summarise whereby it is seen that from the Chaldaic Aiur or Ur of the Hebrew, we obtain directly, in- directly, or by combination with other roots, the following words —

Hebrew : Ner, Areli, Abner, Alorus, Barak, Hamor, Beor, Emmor, Urijah, Uriah, Uriel, Jair, Jairus, AarOxN, Urim, Seraph, Saraphim, Orphanim.

Arabic : Nureddin, Nourmahal, Nourjehan, Koh-i-noor, Alborak.

Egyptian : HoRUS.

Persian (ancient) : Artaphernes, Artaxerxes, Arta- BANUS, Aridatha, Arses, arta, mervaid, arsa.

Persian (modern) : Gurmsir, Parsee, Ears, Faristan, houri.

Punic : Barca, Hamilcar, Ha-melk-art.

Turkish: Orfah.

Papuan : Eor.

Greek : Orion, Orosius, Artemis, Artemisia, Pyrrhus, Pyrois, Pyramus, Perseus, Urania, Porphyry, Zopyrus,

PORPHYROGENETUS, ErYTHRA, ErINNYS, PyROSPORUS, MaRA,

Maira, Eris, Thermopylie, Erytheia, pyrites, ouranos, por- phyros, erythros, thermos, pur, pyrolatria.

Latin: Aurora, Pupillus, Rutilius, Rufus, Ruffinus, Burrhus, Edui, ardeo, arduus, furo, ira, aurum, fuscus, focus, purus, purgo, puer, puella, pupilus, fornax, uro, urtica, ustus, areo, torreo, arena, arson, russus, arunda, ferveo, febrifuge, furfur, forceps, purpura, forfex, ruber, rubus, puto, rubigo.

Italian : Locusta, Foscari, Foscani, Fornarius, Rosetti.

Spanish : Brazils, rosso, braza, borra, boirico.

French : Leroux, Rous, Rufus, Rousseau, Saurin, Hugue- not, rouge, saure.

German : Rothacker, Rothschild, purpuroth, feursbrunt.

Irish: (M')Artney, (M') Arthy, Hart, Sorley, Hugh, Rourke, Roe, dearg, roo. 3

PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

British : Arthur, Rudd, Ruthlan, rhucld.

Cornish : Forkhan,

Danish : Vuur.

Gaehc : Aidan, Hayes, Hay, Ruthven, Roy, Hugh, Dnnedin, ard, aird, rnadh.

English : Margaret, Margaredon, Spurge, Ballard, WisHART, Brown, Brunelle, Burwell, Rose, Frobisher, Arundel, Radcliffe, Rawcliffe, Rook, Rowe, Torrance (Latinised) Torrentius, Ridley, Riley, Rudd, Arundel, Penrith, Radcliffe, Rawcliffe, Rotherhithe, Hertford, Radford, borell, bruin, auburn, brindle, biretta, brand, rose, parch, burn, burnish, brimstone, sulphur, fervent, ferment, pruriency, com- pute, count, rust, russet, sorrel, sord, roan, brent, brunt, ruddle, ruddock, robin, raw, rear, scorch, ordeal, pyre, air. warm, empyrean, erythematous, puritan, pupil, purge, spurge, purgatory, urn, adure, inure, arson, ire, combustible, locust, area, obfuscous, ardent, torrid, torrent, fever, fuel, fornication, ruby, febrifuge, parch, rubric, rutilent, furbish, bran, brandy, bran-new, purple, red, ruddy, curfew.

Truly, Ur is a patriarchal word, nor is here all his progeny. There are few scholars who could not treble the presentation. Howbeit, our object is to illustrate the formation of words and genesis of ideas, to do which these may suffice. HoAvsuch words passed from language to language is not here to be considered farther than to say that probably in the early ages it was entirely by word of mouth, in later times by oral inter- course and by manuscript, but in the last days by word of mouth, writing, printing, and wiring. Socrates and Plato dis- cussed the origin of Pur in Athens when its ancestor Aiur, Ur had been exercising an influence upon language for twenty' centuries ; we are considering it twenty centuries later. Our stand point is our superiority. They were giants standing on a plain, we, men pedestalled on the accumulated experience of four thousands of years. They knew not Abraham, and were unacquainted with the science of language as now understood.

( 27 )

CHAPTER III.

PEESONAL NAMES

PRECEDE all others with respect to time. Adam was a personal name. Not only does this kind claim priority as to order, bat it could as to number up to the Christian era. Since then local, trade, and war names have left personal appellations far in the minority. Names of this type are, in the nature of things, non-transferable. Thousands of persons might get their name from the same locality (as Scott from Scotland), but not even two could be called Jacob, Moses, Virgil, except through a second-hand use of one of those names by adoption or popular application. Of course this is the outcome of so many personal names being obtained at birth and the nativity of no two children being born in identical circumstances, not even twins, as is seen tjy the remarkable case of Jacob and Esau. This is a period when more knowledge is extant on nearly every subject than in former ages ; yet in this we differ from the ancients. Then, as a rule, every man knew the meaning of his name ; now, as a rule, not a man in a thousand knows whether his name is local, personal, ancient, or modern. Of course, personal names are fairly divisible into three classes — physical, mental, and moral : the latter having respect to habits and manners. Howbeit, seeing that my reader can dis- tinguish at once under what head to place any explained name, and yet more because it is convenient for philological purposes to link the three together, I have so done. Of those deemed most important as to meaning or historic association, the following is a typical selection.

Ada:m is the same word as Edom, and con. Dam : blood, as in Aceldama : acre of blood. Rabbinical tradition assures us that he was named from being made out of a sandy soil, like that on which Damascus = Sandy (Beds.) and Pascovitch, was built. It more probably means ruddy, like the Welsh Griffith and the Irish name Corcoran : rosy, like Ruddiman and the gallant Scarlett, but answers most accurately to Rhodopis: rosy-cheeked, like Flann: ruddy, giving Flanigan: young Flann, Flinx, Clancy, Glancy, M'acklin = Flanigan, and Linn. Adam means generically man = anthropos, homo, on, as male or female. Ondedieit: man of God, a religeuse = Gother (bishop) : a good man. Eve, Eva is the English form of Chavah : living, life giving. Ap.el : vanity, vapour, breath. " Hchel, hehelim, all is hehel !" Cain: possession, "I havo

28 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

cainecl the man," the Lord " promised should bruise that cruel serpent." " Jehovah cained me in the beginning." Abiel : father of strength, strong = Amoz. " Ner, the father of Abner, was the son of Abiel." Abialbon : the same with augmenta- tive 071 " Ahialhon the Arbathite," man of Hebron. Gabriel : strength of God, very strong, man of God, cor* to Gebbie, as Michael to Mickie. Michael : who like God ; Carmichael : dear to Michael, con. Carus : cherished one, whence Cherry, Darling, Mavourneen.

Algebar : the strong (a title of the great hunter) "Nimrod began to be great in the earth," varies to El Geber, Algebra, and Gibberish: science to the ignorant. "Near the student stood an antique bronze lamp, with strange figures carved upon it. It was a magic lamp, which once belonged to the Arabian astrologer El Geber." Tel-el-kebir : strong hill, earthworks, con. Tellus : earth. Gibbar : manly = Andrew, Wight. The Biblical names for a man are Ish (sexual), Adam (generic), Enosh (sickly), Gebar (strong). " The children of Gibbar (were) ninety and five." Akbar (Mogul Sultan) = Nervus : strong, from Neuron : a bow string, whence our nerve. Nero : strong ; Nervander : a nervous, strong man. Hence also Nerva (emperor), MiNERVA (goddess) : strong ones = Bias (one of seven wise) : full of vital energy, con. Bios : life, whence Vis : force == Bree. Kraft (George Wolfang) : strong, powerful, con. Kratos : power. Iphis : strong, much used by Greek women, means strong as a python. Iphigenia : strong born, or of pythonic descent, or daughter of Iphis from Ophis : a serpent. Alcimus : strong. " Alcimus commanded that the wall be pulled down." This is con. Elk : strong (deei), Auk : strong (bird). But, observe, some of these strong may be political. Alcman (lyric poet) : strong minded. Craterus (general) : powerful = Kraft. Adrastus (king) : powerful, co??. drastic and draiu. OuTRAM : very strong, gives Tram, from one of that name invent- ing tramways. Agasthenes (king of Elis) : very strong. Lasthenes: stone strong, passive strength = Peter, con- lithos, lapis. Leosthenes : strong as a lion, active, strength. Har- POCRATES (Egyptian) : strong as a harpy. Hippocrates (hippocras) : horse strong, Valens : strong through health. Valentinian : healthy, strong, con. Convalescent : grow- ing strong. Hales (judge): a hale man, whole = the Milesian name Fallon and the English Merry : not jocund, but joyous through exuberant health. Valentine is given by some good writers as a form of Galentine, con. Galliardi and Gay, all meaning happy through good health. The latter

'•'■ Ccr. for corrupted to, as Alexander cor. Sand}'.

PERSONAL NAMES. 29

becomes Jay (Bath). Waldo (Waldenses) : powerful, con. Wield = ZuiNGLE, ZuiNGLiUS : he who sivays, rules, each is a sceptre wielder, swerver, swayer.

Kerex-happuch: horn of stibium, beautiful eyed = ORPAH. Keren gives Keras: a horn, whence Corona: a crown; Cervus: a stag, whence Cervantes: swift as a deer = DEERFOOT. Cor- nelius: son of a crowned man, powerful, of a dynasty. Horns were symbols of royalty. " I will make the horn of David to bud." The Cornelian gens was the most powerful in Rome, hence names thereupon are widely spread. Thus Corneille (dramatist), CoRNARO (Italian noble), Korniloff (killed at Sebastopol) : son of Cornelius. CoSTA : ribbed, strong ; CosTiGAN : son of. Compare Ironsides (Edmund with Costa), Costa Rica : rich coast, the coast is a rib. Sforza (duke of Milan) : man of force, con. Fortis : strong, whence Le Fort : the strong. From Fear : vir, gebar, a strong man in the Celtic. Fergus : man of strength, Forgie = Forbes {con. vis.), Forbie, FoRDYCE : man of wisdom, though some gives this, man of the south. Farquhar : a champion, a strong man. Forsyth : man of peace = Sweeny con. Syth : peaceful. Kilsyth : his cell. Ferrar, Ferrie : tall, strong man. Fearghal : a strong man, gives (0) Ferrol. Tremfear: strong man, gives the better known Trayner, and Trimble, which also means a strong man, and probably is the source of Turnbull, Trumbel. FORLONG: man of the sea. FiRGiL: a man of family = Gentil: a gentleman, a man of gens. Fergus = Angus : one who is strong. Carrickfergus : his rock. Fermanagh : the men of Monagh. Fermoy: men of the lowlands. Stark : strong, brave, con. Stirk, Starch, and = Bald: bold. Each mean stark-naLked, hald of clothing, ready for fight. Bree (Dr.) : strong, so also Breen, when not formed on Brian. Andrew: virtuous, manly, a gymnast = Manly, gives Dandie (Dinmont) = Anderson, whence dandy. Tetrander : a four square man, well-built = Area : four. Periander (one of seven) : very manly = Wight: strong, wight like, manly. Doughty: able to do, formidable. Do gives deed, dead (do-ed), death (do-eth).

doughty, —

Lordynges, lysten, and you shall here, You shall well heare of a knight That was in warre full ivyght, And doughtye of his dede."

Wight is con. weight and sway. Tom Doughty was Sir Francis Drake's pet sailor, his Tom Bowling. Swithin (rain), Sueno, Swaine : strong man, able to sway things or persons, con. ZwiNGLE, s wither, swivel, and Swires (smith). Varro (the learned) : a manly man, from Vir and = Wight.

Albinus (Governor of Britain): of a pallid countenance =

30 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Blake: bleached, when that is not Welch. Constantinus Chlorus: Constantine the pale, as Donald Bane. Sullivan (from Bain : white) : fair eyes. The Ban and Boyne were so called from their bleaching properties, if not con. BoYD, which consult. The Elbe and Albula, from their whiteness. Arge- lander: white man = Le Blond: the fair, Blount, Blunt, Blondin (rope), Blondell (harp), also therefrom. Guin : white, Gowan : a daisy. Nell Gwynne (the Welch Venus) : Ellen White. Gown : white garment. But Guinness (porter) is formed on M'Gee Inness : M'Gee's island, about = Skerratt (scar) : a rock : dweller on a rocky islet ; Sherries : rocky isles. Ince, Innis : an islander. Flathinnis : island of the brave. Innis gives Insula (Lat) Isola (It) : an island, whence Isolated: lonely. Winne, Guin, Bianco, Banco, Snow, BiANCHi, Blanc (Louis), Blanche, Blanchard : all fair as a banshee. Mont Blanc = Snowdon = Mount Niphates, con. NiPHEUS : very fair = CHiONE: snow white, con. Hiems, Chiems : snow time = Winter: wind time. Gam (David) Game, Cham (caricaturist) from Cam : crooked. Cameron : crooked nose ; Cambell : wry mouthed, tortured into Campo Bello : field of fight. Cam also gives Akimbo : arms at an angle. Cam : river. Cam also Camera : a chamber, arched, covered roof.

Ancus (Martins): crooked arm, con. anchor, Ancona : built on an angle of the coast. Boyle (philosopher) is often rendered, affected by boils, but is purely Milesian, meaning- peril, probably born in a time of danger. Balloch, Brochie (captain) : spotted = PiGOT : speckled = Pym, Plm (Hampden) : pimpled. Sylla : " As to his figure, we have the whole of it in his statues, except his eyes. They were of a lively hue : fierce and menacing ; and the ferocity of his aspect was heightened by his complexion, which was strong red inter- spersed with sjwts of tvhite." An Athenian droll drew the following jest upon his complexion, —

" Sylla's a mulberry strew'd o'er with meal."

SuLPicius : red-spotted face, gives Sulpice (St.) Varius, Variolus (brain) : troubled with small-pox, marked with variola. Nevius : birth-marked, or pustuled, from Novus : new, —

" Was there no milder way but the small-pox, The very filthiness of Pandora's box ? So many spots like naeves on Venus' soil."

Neve: a nephew = Nepos, con. Neece : its fem. Nevins : bighanded. Ronquillo : rough voice, from Raucus, whence Rook = Belcher : bawlcher, con. Bull: that boos, makes much noise = Grogan, Fogarty = Creek, Craick : war

PERSONAL NAMES. 31

whoopers, con. Cricket : noisy insect ; Crack : to make a sharp noise ; Corncrake : noisy bird in corn. Gavazzi (padre) : loud laugher. Sometimes Gelasius (pope), Gelee is given as its correspondent, but it means servant of Jesus, being identical with the Scotch Gillis.

NoBAH : loud voiced :" JS^obah went out and took Kenath, and called it Nobah, after his own name." Purcell : little mouth = BoccACio. Blcesus, gives Blois (house of), Blasius, Blase (wool comber's St), Blas (Gil) : babblers, blabberers, stammerers all = Balbus, Balboa (first European who descried the Pacific). These = the Milesian Lalor : stammerer. Such do not necessarily point to impediment in speech, but were also applied to sorcerers using strange words in a muttering way, and so answer to Hallosheth : enchanter, whisperer. " Next unto them repaired Shallum, the son of Htdohesh, the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem, he and his daughters." Halohesh (identical with former) : a charmer, banner, for ha,rm is to hurt by a charm. Ahenobarbus : brass or copper -coloured beard = Barbarossa : red -beard, Thor-like, Bareboxes: bonny beard. Pogonatus : bearded — Skegg: shaggy beard. These answer to the Irish names Vesey, VosE, VosEY. Bellus: beautiful, gives Baliol, belle, Bel- LOTT (lieutenant) = Formosvis (Pope), well made = Frame. In some cases. Frame : a stranger. Trebelli : very beautiful = Bravura, Kali (goddess): black, beautiful, con. Kalos: beautiful, and Coal : beautiful (mineral). Calcutta : Kalis temple. Callisto (Lycaon's daughter): most beautiful. CosMO (de Mcedici) : beautiful, adorned, con. Cosmos : beautiful order of the universe. Cosmetic : beauty aider. Comb : hair beau- tifier. EuTAXiA : she who decently arranged her garments, con. Syntax: arrangement of sentences. Tactics: good arrange- ments. PULCHERIA : fine skinned, con. PelHs : skin = Vashti (Persian Venus). CcECUS : blind, Cecil, Cecilia : dim sighted = Cecchi of the Italian and the Hibernian Keo, but not Keogh: a horseman, con. Cochrane. Scipio : a staff", to his blind father, con. Sceptre : staff", for a patriarch to lean on. ZiscA (Bohemian patriot) : one eyed — Tuerto, con. Torso : twisted. GUERCINO : one who squints = Strabo, whence stra- bism ; but Schiller (poet), pften given as equivalent, is merely a cottager, one dwelling in a shiel, hut, and so = Shields. Eu- ROPA: big-eyed beauty = Boris, Glaucus,Glaukopis: grey-eyed = Gray, Glass. Pekah: open-eyed. "Pekah went up to Jer- usalem to war against it, but could not prevail." Cincinnatus (dictator): hairy at birth, Crispus (orator), Crispin (St.) = Croly, Curley (Dan.) : for curly, all having curly polls = Krollman. NoTMAN (when not a neat herd): having the hair neatly cut, a round head. Sherlock : sheared locks = Pollard : polled for

32 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

tonsure = KoRAH. Whitlock : white headed = Canutius, Chanzy, in some cases = Vane (Sir Harry), Faine, Bain. Petifer: iron footed, a hard kicker, assumes odd form of POTIPHAR. Edipus (of Colonna) : swelled foot, PoDiO : little footed, 02h of Patagon, Fuss. Vierfuss : four-footed, running as swiftly as a four-footed animal. Plancus (consul) : splay- footed. Splay for display. Pansa (and Hirtius): foot-spreader. Pansa expanded his feet, Plancus displayed them. Dasipo- Dius = Broadfoot. Scaurus: weak-ankled, or club-footed. Necho (Pharaoh), Claudius (Caesar) : lame, shut in, enclosed, Claudo : I shut, varies to Clodius, Claude (Lorraine), Glad- use. Tamerlane (Tartar) : Timour the lame. Timour : iron, constitution = Haran (& Co.) Zillai : iron of Jehovah, His truth and invariability. This metal (lit. the ringer, singer, sounder) was used by Hebrews to symbolise truth and firmness, reli- ability ; we say " True as steel." Barzillai : son of Zillai. " Now Barzillai was a very aged man, even four score years old." Talhiran (king of Picts) ; iron forehead. Taliesin (Pictish king) : brow shining like iron. These show hiran, our iron, came in before historic times, and a good forehead was regarded as an element in manly beauty. But we return to our cripples. Cruickshanks (Bacchus) : bow-legged. Long- shanks : much daylight under the crutch. Kortman : a short man = Stunt, Paul, Pettit, Ninian, and Minghetti. Curt- hose : short legs, con. Corti (count) = Short. Krupp (guns): a cripple. Varus: straddle, prewM-icator, as though trying to walk both sides of the way at once. Gracchus: gracile, slender, hence Grouchy (marshal), Grucchio = Macros: long, withered, emaciated, gives Almagro (and Pizarro) : the thin. Caunt (champion) : gaunt, ge want, thin by hunger = the French Laridan. Gourko (general): a cucumber, which, being a long fruit, was applied to a long person. Perhaps con. Ghirkin (gourdkin) : little gourd.

Awley : tall as a willow ; hence (Mc) AULAY, (Mc) AULIFFE, suggesting Ornan. Hazzard, Hagger: haggared, hacked, hagged, cut thin = Caunt. Labeo (lawyer) : thick-lipped, con. Label : instructions attached to bottle-lip, gives Labienus : son of Labeo. Silas (when not contracted from Sylvanus), Sil- ENUS, Simon (when not Hebrew) : simioe-like, hemi, semi, half- nosed = Harim : snub-nosed, bent upwards. " The children of Harini a thousand and seventeen." Harumaph : flat-nosed. " Next unto him repaired Jedaiah, the son of Harumaph."

Courtney (curt nez) : short-nose = Camoys : nez retroussd, nasus retro = Simon.

" This wenclie thikke and well i-growen was, With camoys nose and eyghen gray as glas."

PERSONAL NAMES. 33

Cappon, Grossteste (Lincoln bishop): Mazzixi (young Italy), Chubb (lock), Fronto, co7i. Frond: that part of tree that pushes to the front, and the Sclavonic Golawtscheff, each answer to Broadhead, Greathead, the German Kopf (scoftee), and our Tait (archbishop). Kean : head, Canmore, (Mc) Cann, Can- tankerous : head full of fight. Dolgoruky (Russian noble), Macrochier = LONGIMANUS ( Artaxerxes) : long-handed. Male- BRANCHE : bad arm, failing in battle, the op. of Armstrong Plato: broad-backed = Scltdmore, Skidmore. Clegg: big built. Cleghorn = Benmore : great hill. Daft (cricketer) deaf man = Absurd: answer from a deaf mun. Dee, Doo Dow (Neal), Dove, Dibden (sea songs), Dunn, (Mc) Dougall dark Gael, Dowall, Dugald, Doul, Dwyer (giving Diver) wearing a black skirt, are variations played upon Dhu : dark whence Darn : dark. Darnley (Mary) : a dark avised man Tarn : dark water, deep pool. Roderick Dhu : Roderick the dark, Duff, Duffy, (Mc) Haffy, which becomes Guffie : all

swarthy.

" These are Clan Alpine's warriors true, And, Saxon — I am Eoderick Dhu."

Hence, too, Dour: one who scowls, looks black, con. Adour = Blackwater, and Atreus: blackavised, whence Atrides: sons of Atreus, con. Atramentum: ink.

Niger: black, gives Nigger, Nigritia = Caramania: country of the blacks = Mauritania : the Morian's land, the op. of Kor- dofan: the white man's land. NoiR (shot), Neri (Philip) : dark visaged. Vallesneri : dark valley. From a botanist so named the plant Vallesneria is so called. Foscoli, Fuseli, Fuesli, Peleus (father of Achilles) = our Black when that is not a form of Blake. Appeles (painter) : con. Peleus, very dark, Pelops : black face, giving Peloponnesus : island of Pelops, now Morea, for Romea : south Roman, from it, too, Roumelia, Roumania, Erzeroum : land of the Rouman, from Aretz : earth, con. Aro : to plough. RousTAN (politician French) : Roum stan, or Rouman. tEsop : burnt face, an iEthiop = Pelops, Cush, African = Terentius Afer : Terence the African = Africaner of mission fame.* Cape colonists, born of European parents, are termed Africanders. Schwartz (Indian missions): swarthy, gipsy-like = Crone, Cron (Mc) Crone. Ocyroe: quick runner = Light, Lightbody, Gal- letly = Swift : strong runner. Ocyroe, con. Ocean : swift flowing. But Truebody: a faithful messenger.

HiPPOTHOE, HiPPOTHOUN, HiPPOTHOUs : swift as a horse, con. Nasithous : swift as a ship. " My days are passed away as the swift ships." Althea (huntress) : the swift (in the chase). Tachus (Egyptian king): quick (runner), tachydromus = Snell. ASNAPPER : the swift, Assyrian title of the sun. " The nations

34 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

whom the great and noble Asnapper brought over." But the Milesian Napper (Tandy) : baby taken by an ape to top of Tralee church steeple, Tandy is Dandy, De Andy : son of Andrew =^ Anderson. Parnach : nimble, leaper, runner = Lapper, when not a trade name. " Elizahom, the son of Par- nach," clearly is con. Pharnaces (Pontic king) : quick, active = Wix, Wicks, Sprye, Thrale, Grady, Nym. Csesar's famous dispatch, " Veni vidi, vici : I came, I saw, I conquered," was saying, I was too nimble for the quick man. Pharper is Phar phar : swift, swift, " Are not Abana and Pharpar rivers of Damascus?" Abana: stony from Eben: a stone. Such names differ little from our modern Allan, Snarey: the swift.

AURELIAN (gave name to Orleans) : golden-haired = Flavius, which was to Roman knights what Chloe was to Greek dames. Flavius gives Flavel, Favel, and is = Boyd, which, conjoined with Hugh, gives (Mac)EvoY : yellow - haired Hugh = SoRLEY and Saurin: sorrel headed. Flaccus: flap- eared, whose ears are flaccid. But Flack : son of Lake. Grant : great, grandee, magnate. Grandius (mathematician) : full grown, bigman, the op. of Paulus. Mitchell : mickle, from much, identical with Meikle = Groot, Grote (historian), Grotius (Hugo), forms of great, as is Groat : great (piece of money). Great, from Grow, whence Grass — Cress, from Cresco : I grow. Big : that which is bigged out, built. Meikleham, Meiklem : great house = Gresham, Cheese, House, Brian, con. Chateaubriant : Bryant's Castle.

Grant, Mitchell, Meikle, Grote, Grotius, Moir, More, Story, (M')Manus, Magnus, Muir : the sea; Moor: un- cultivated land, all mean great. The puzzling name ACE = House, while Audus : living in the old house.

Juvenal (satirist), Junius (critic), Junot (marshal), Jong, Juncker, Yonge (Miss) = our Young. Vaughan, Petit (Petticoat : little coat), Paulus, Paul, Minutius (killed at Cannoe): minute person; Smee : small; Smickros, Kenyon : a dwarf = Kort; Basset, Bisset: all = Little, Short; how- beit, Mee : man of Meath. Names of this class are often adjectives inverted and used as nouns, as in the case of Long. " A young gentleman of the family of Preux, an attendant on Lord Hungerford, being of remarkably tall stature, acquired among his companions the sobriquet of Long Harry, and became the founder of a family who bore Long as a surname." The Romans had Longus, as is plain from Longinus (on the sublime) : descended of LoNGUS, and LoNGiUS (whom tradition says lanced the side of Jesus) : son of LoNGUS. It assumes the form of Laing, Lang in Scot- land, and in Germany Lange, but this in France is L'ange : the angel (passion play), yet Long is used in the French, as

1474561

PERSONAL NAMES. 35

is seen in name of one of the unfortunate Jeannette crew, Belong = LoNGius of the Latin, from which they received it. In the Chinese Long : fortunate. In the Celtic Long : a sailor. Forlong : man of the sea. Lochlong : ship lake. So with Dun : a hill ; Dunum : a fortress ; we have Long- dunum, Londinum, London : ship fortress, the fort up to which ships come. As with Henry Long, so fared it with John Little. Will Stukely loquitur, —

" This infant was called John Little (quoth he), Which name shaU be changed anon ; These words we'll transpose ; so wherever he goes His name shall be called Little John."

LiTTLEJOHN = Pettitjean : very common across the Channel. Hakketan : little. " Johanan, the son of HaJcketan, and with him a hundred and ten males." JoKTAN is varied as to form, but similar as to meaning : little born. " Unto Eber were born two sons : the name of one was Peleg : for in his days was the earth divided ; and his brother's name was Joktan." Peleg : division, whence Pelagos, Pelagus : the sea, the land divider. Archipelago : chief sea, containing most Greek islands. Phalec is the Greek form of this name, as given in Luke's genealogy. Joktan = Piccoli (giving Piccolinimi), Cade, Nina (Cardinal), Ninion (brother of Jas. 2nd.) : a daisy, a little dear = Ninion, con. Mignonette: little, little plant ; all these come under head of what the Negroes call piccaninnies, wee folk = MiNGHETTi and Ninian (St.)

Murphy, Morphey (chess) are sometimes given as meaning- scrofulous = Gareb : scabby, scautty, leprous. " Gareb, an Ithrite, Uriah the Hittite : thirty and seven in all," —

" Whose band-less bonnet vailes his o'ergrown chin, And sullen rags bewray his morphew'd skin."

Whereas Murphy and Morphey are healthy Milesians, con. Moriarty ; an admiral, from Muir : the sea, from Mor : great. Morrisey : message from the sea ; Marmaduke : a sea leader, captain. Leiper, in like manner, has been sacrificed to cant (explaining names by sound) and made to mean a leper, but means carrying Scottish banner, with leopard thereon, being the exact correspondent of the Italian Leopardi (pessimist), similar to Beresford : bear, bearer,

SiDELAS (Ptolemy) : silent, little speaker = Tacitus : taciturn = Moody, Mudie : mute = Offa (Mercian king). " He was dumb until twelve years old." El Mudo (Spanish painter). " He was mute as a mackerel." Still (bishop) = the foregoing. But Sidetes (Ptolemy) : a huntsman, con. Said : fortunate in the chase ; Bethsaida : house of hunters, fishers. The follow- ing express shining, brightness, glory, or fame. Glory is an

36 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

abstraction, but it was primarily a visible property — glare, glory, shining. It manifests something admirable in the physical nature (strength, speed in man, beauty in woman), mental (intricate calculations, high poetic powers, or the inven- tive faculty), or moral (always some form of self-sacrifice). In religion, glory promised to believers is nothing foreign put upon them, but moral character revealed. Glory is from Clar-us : glare. The Greek idea of glory was being spoken of in remote ages, fame (from Phemi : to speak), renown (i.e., being re-named). The sons of Abraham meant by glory, the revelation of God. The difference between true and false glory is elegantly illustrated by Milton in his description of Satan, who, falling, was defigured from a star of high magnitude into a faxed star, whose meteoric flash soon fades, —

" At last, as from a cloud, his fulgent head

And shape star bright appeared, or brighter clad With what permissive glory since his fall Was left him, or false glitter."

Lucifer (his well-known title) : light bringer, originates in the analogy between angels and stars ; as the morning star. Phosphorus: light bringer, exceeds other stars, so he the other angels. Venus leads stars through the arch of heaven, so he misled angels. Luke : shining, glorious, gives LiciNius, Lycidas, Lucius, Lucretius, Lycias (when not a man of Lycia), Lucan, Lucanus (if not men of Lucania), Lucipor : Luke's boy, slave. The Romans called slaves after their masters, by adding Puer : a boy, in the form of Por. In the late Slave States slaves were called boys until aged, and then were termed uncles. Lucania : grove country : C07i. Lyceum : the grove (where philosophers met).

Lucy, when masculine as (Shepstone) signifies good at pike catching. Helios : the sun, lit. shiner, entered the Cambro British as Houl, whence Howell, Howlett, as exceeding in glory, answering to Samson = Pharaoh : the sun, con. Pur : fire, Phos: light. Also from Helios: shiner, we have charming Helen: skin shining with health, radiant with beauty, giving Helena, Eleanor, when not formed on Ellen, the fern, of Allen. Slick (Sam) : sleek skinned, skin soft and shining. Helen is given by some from Hellas : Greece, and so meaning a Greek lady, N^'^mphas (Col. iv. 15) : a handsome fellow, shining with beauty, fern. Nympha, whence Nymphs : beauties, shiners, so pretty women were termed stars. Electra (daughter of Atlas) : drawing (by beauty). Electron : amber, from Elein: to draw. Phosphorus, Phcedrus, Photinas, Nymphas : all more or less brilliant. Pasiph.'E : all shining, the sun. Phcebus : light of life, the sun, fern. Phcebe : the moon. The German Schon : beautiful, means shining, as

PERSONAL NAMES. 37

Sheen (Richmond): beautiful = WiNTHROP: winsome thorp = Nain and Schomburg (died at the Boyne) = Gastox : beautiful town. Cicero gives LuciNA as identical with Luna : the moon, both from Luceo : I shine, so Selina (from Selene : the moon) = Clara: shining, takes the Italian from Chiara. Clarify : to make clear. Claret : clear wine. Clarinda : fancy names herefrom.

Bert, Bertie, Bertha are Germanic synonymes to fore- going, as seen in Adalbert (Hungarian apostle), Ethelbert (king), Albert, Albrecht : noble and bright. Albert gives Bert, from which Bertholet, Bertholon (chemist), Berti, Bertoli : Italians, and our English names Bright and Burt. Dagfin: fair as day = jEMiMAH gives Daffix, wrongly given from David.

Hercules : glory of Hera, Juno, Ercole. From him forty cities were named Heraclea, whence Heraclitus : native of Heraclea. Heraclidoe : descendants of Hercules. The same demi-god gives Herculaneum. Cleon (tanner) = famous, glorious = Bright (John) = SHiMEi, from Shem: a name, one whose name is often mentioned, Cleombrotos (king) : glory of mortals. Ambrose (Milan) : not mortal. Ambrosia : food of gods. Pericles (the Olympian) : very glorious. Olympus : all shining, like the Olympian gods = Cleopas, Cleophas, Clopas : all glory. Empedocles : whose glory remains, —

" He, who to be deem'd A god, leap'd fondly into Etna's flames."

Perhaps his name was his ruin through ambition to realise it. Damocles (sword): glory of Damon. Damox (tanner): conqueror. " A certain Persian, whose mother was a widow, was called by his neighbours, Nauari : he who has nothing. The mother sees in her son germs of greatness, and to urge him to its development, transposed two letters of his unwel- come appellation, and called him Anuari : the brilliant, the illustrious." He so signalised himself as to become worthy of his latter name. A Turk named Nouri = Anuar, was im- prisoned for helping to murder Abdul Aziz,

Ahmed, Mahomet, Marmoud : glorious. " He shall give you another Paraclete : comforter," from Kaleo : I call, as of Him who intercedeth, Mahometans give it from Kleos : glory, claiming Paraclete : glorious one, as alluding to Mahomet when foretold by Issu : Jesus, From this Arabian sham we have the old English for an idol, Maumet. " Little children, keep yourselves from Maumets." Stilpon (chief Stoic) : shining, glorious = Japhia (king of Lachish) : illustrious. Clytus (slain by Hector , Clitus : sons of renown,

Cleostratus, Herbert : glory of army, but Hubert

38 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(O'Grady) : s^lorious Hugh. Sophocles : glory of Sophilus. SoPHiLUS = Wiseman, Sophia : wise woman, con. Sophomore. CUTHBERT (ken, couth as in uncouth) : bright, famous for knowledge, cor. odd to say, to Cudd}': an ass. Cunard (line) : ken hard, very cunning. Redpath (reed, rad, rath-bert bright, pert) : famous adviser. Dyce (Sombre), Deas (lord) : wise, Fordyce : man of wisdom = Froude : wise through age, experienced. Frodobert, Flobert: famous for wisdom. Clack, Clow also mean wise, and = Clever, common in the south of England. Krishna (god), Carshena: illustrious, shining. " The next unto the king was Carshena."

Nabal : a fool, he who fails, falls, is deceived. Bal is identical with Fal in Fallo : I deceive. Fool : one beguiled. From Guile : deceit, we get Gull, Guilty. " The serpent beguiled me." Sottenville (con. Sot : who sits long drink- ing) : fool in town = Verdant Green. Slav is the Russian and Polish correspondent to Cleos. Greeks applied such names generally, in infancy, Muscovites only in after life. Dobroslav (Polish noble): good glory = Agathocles, if not glory of Agathos : yet if not, still = Eucleos, whence Euclid (of Megara) : son of Eucleos. Ladislaus, Wladislav : glorious chief = Clearchus (retreating myriad). Jaroslav (Crimean prince) : glorious George. BoLESLAUS, BoGOSLAV : the glory of God = THEOCLES, Thecla. Suwarrow's famous dispatch to Katharine clarifies the name, —

" Slava Boga ! slava vam ! Krepost Vzala yia tarn, Glory to God ! glory to you ! Ismael is our's."

Eadoslav (Bosnian king) : glorious Conrad. Petroslav : glorious Peter. Pauloslav : glorious Paul. Names given to distinguished soldiers. Sclavons use Mir with a similar force, though in a less exalted sense, as Cazimir (Polish king) : good commander, con. Ukase : a command. Paulimir (Radoslav's grandson) : Paul the prince, the good. Vladimir, Waldemar : princely ruler. To come near home, we have Leofrik : rich in love, fond, Leofingstan : most loved, Livingstone (Africa) = Frithestan. Former con. love, latter fi'iend.

LiEBiG (chemist) : loved = MuNGO (St.), from w^hich Strath- bungo : valley of St. Mungo. Liebrood : lover of the cross, con. Holyrood = Santa Cruz. Darwin : dearly loved, a nurse name = Darling: little dear. In the IGth and 17th centuries a mania came upon the learned to transmvite names so as to make an exodus from vulgarity by changing their appellations from the vernacular into classical equivalents. Thus Gerard : firm spearman, thinking his name meant amicable, exchanged it for Erasmus : amiable = Erato. Not content with one

PERSONAL NAMES. 39

after the fashion of plebians, he went in for a triplet, adding Desidekius : desired, to be desiderated, takes diia. Diderot. His name then stood Desiderius Gerard Erasmus. And he rested. The fun and wonder is that the then best Greek scholar in Europe could make such a fiasco. Gerard : a bold spearman = Garnet (noth: bold) and Garibaldi. But as "A prophet hath," &c. The unknown is winsome. Desiderius : nearly = Cupid (Cupio : I desire), who causes cZe.sw'e.

Swartzerd : swarthy earth, peat soil = Adrian (Atra : black) = Darnley, became Melancthon : of same meaning, and con. Autocthones: sprung from the earth itself, so ancient. SoLANDER (however) : one who hunts the soland goose. Konigsberg : shot up into Regiomontnus = Villeroy, our Kingston. Brooks (our Waters, Beck, Goole) became Torrentius. Woodman disguised himself as Xylander = FiDDAMAN. WHIT3IAN (our White) enlarged himself to Arge- lander (astronomer). Reuchlin (con. auld Reekie : old smok}'- = Rekiavick : vapour town) became Capnio. Haus- SCHEIN : house shiner, light of family (beautiful name), was learned fool enough to augment into Ecolampadius : house lamp = the pretty but little known HousGO : house joy.

BoECE from Bois : a wood (dweller) followed suit in Scot- land by becoming BoETHiUS. A French writer of the 17th century, remarkable for his pompous style, was Gueuse : a beggar : to assimilate his name to his gorgeous diction, he assumed that of his estate, and is known to the world as Balzac. Some idea of the troubles befalling men through name changing may be gathered from the following distress- ing narrative. " Some gentlemen of our nation travelling in Italy, and passing through Florence, there in the next church beholding the monument and epitaph of the renowned English knight and most famous warrior of his time, there named Joanne Acutus, have wondered what John Sharp this might be, seeing in England they never heard of any such : his name rightly written being indeed Sir John Hawkwood, but omitting the H in Latin as frivolous, and the K and W as unusual, he is here from Hawkwood turned into Acutus, and from Acutus returned in English again unto Sharp." Hawkwood : wood frequented by hawks, similar to Hapsburg and Gladstone. Power, Poe (Edgar) from Le Poer : the poor = Lackland : without estate == Poor, Puir, Landless, living names originally used by monks going barefoot to inti- mate poverty. Had the Prodigal Son come home shod, that would have signified that he had not forfeited his estate.

Bellamy : fair friend (when not local), from Amicus : a friend, from Amo : I love con. Cm : mother, and Amen : nour- ishing faithfully. Bellamy becomes Lammie, when that is

40 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

not for Lambie = Dilk, nurse names. Beldam : fair lady, ulti- mates in meaning a hag. It is common in England, and seems to be a case of bar sinister. Philemon : kisser, affectionate, fromPhilema: a kiss, from Philo : I love = PHiLO (JuD^US: the Jew). " Salute one another with a holy philema."

OnEsimus : profitable, assisting. " I beseech thee for my son Oneshnus, which in time past was to thee unprofitable, but now profitable to me and to thee." Philetus: beloved, co%. Philter : a love potion. Philologus : lover of the word, nearly identical with Philologist. Philixna = Amanda : one beloved. Diphilus (whence the proverb " Diphilo tardior") : doubly loved. Triphilus : most beloved = Gold, Goudie, Pre- cious : nursery names given by affectionate mothers. Three, in many languages, is used with the force of a superlative, so Triton : loud tone, high-sounding main, an allusion to his buccinic conch and waves breaking on the shore.

" ^Yllat are the wild waves saying?"

Trebelli: very beautiful = Tryphos A: very shining, excell- ing in beauty. Terpander : an out-and-out man. Tetrander : four man, square built, like Hercules Farnese. Agapetus (pope) : esteemed, loved. " These are spots in your agapoi." Graine : loved, connected with the sun, in the sense of beauti- ful, 80 = Helen, Olympa, Nympha, and other shining ones. Caro (Italian poet), Carus, Carf:y (missions). Cherry, Cheery, Caradoc, all mean cherished, beloved, last, Romanised into Caractacus, cot. Cradock. Preu, for Preux : valiant. Play- fair (speaker), a form of playfellow. Eligius (St.) : eligible, princely, gives Eloysius, whence Loyson (Pere) : son of Eloy- SIUS, Aloysius (patron St. of R. C. schoolmasters) : of the elect, elite, from Lego : I choose, whence Legion : a thousand chosen men, or thereby.

Pendergast, cor. Pendergrass: receiver of guest = Lieb- guest, t'on. Prender: to take. Meagher, Meara: hospitable = Polyxena, Xenophilus. Flattery : royal chief = Vortigern. Coghlan: man wearing a cowl-HooD. Brady, (Joe): stupid, it is not only = but identical with Brutii, from Brutus, con. our Brute: stupid, in contrast with man. Driscoll : false story, allusion unknown. Lucas : wages, from Cas : money = Issacher. If a birth name, the Milesian and Hebrew strangely coincide. Cassidy : treasurer, money holder = Orders. Mulvaney, Feeny, from Fioun : vinum, tdne, given to = BiBERius. Vans, Vance (from Uain, Erse for a lamb, in the accusative Gin con. Ovis) : a lamb-like man = Agnew (Andrew), but Lamb : carrier of flag emblazoned with Lamb (of God ) = Christopher. From Uain, Gin: a lamb. Vannan : a little lamb = LAMMiE. Frederick: peace rich.

PEB80NAL NAMES. 41

peaceful because no foe to kill, gives Fritz, Ferry (Jules). Frizzle, Gratian (emperor): gracious person. Grenoble (Polls) • city of Gratian. Commodus: obliging, acco??W7ioc?ating, courteous = Curtis (gunpowder). Severus : harsh, severe = Sitwarrow (general). The Roman and the Russian justified their names. Titus: honourable, Tatian, Tate, Titian (painter), Titiens (Madame), El Tato : the honourable = Hoxorius. Ethel: noble. Athelstan : most noble, Huddlestone (locality from man), the German form Adler : an aristocrat, Edlin and Udal, come of Ethel, as does (Edgar) Atheling : of noble birth = Childe (Harold) : the vt^ell bred. These suggest Ethelrida : noble councillor,/^)?!., of Ethelred, gives (St.) Audrey, whence Tawdry: vulgar fine. Aridatha (Esther ix. 8, con. Arta: great, high) : of high birth = Tiridates (king) : nobly born, as Burns and Baring: bairns, born ones of superior origin = Childers. So, too, Childeric : ruling son, noble governor, Childebert : glorious son, great by descent. These about = Brevvin (Grant) : beloved ruler, re con. rex. And so Infanta: royal daughter, Spanish princess, fern, of Infant : royal son, whence Infantry : his soldiers. Fauntleroy (enfant le roy) : king's son, Rene (roy natus) = Infante and like to Knight: a son (emphatic), {con. Gnatus), an imp, a scion = Chitty. These are to be arranged with such names as Upp, Hopps, Zoon, Ingo, Impey, Hemp, KiDD, Ing, Ingle, Magot, Hogan, Maccus, all meaning son by excellence, answering to O in Irish names, as O'Hara : eldest son of Hara, his heir. Hence the Yankee puzzler, Mullhare: bald. Hare or Hara. Seed was anciently used with the force son, supreme, most noble ofispring. It is so used in the first prophecy on record : " The seed of the woman," &c. And not less so in

Zoroaster: seed of the fire = Pyrisporus: seed of the fire, but yet more notably in (S) Porus (fought Alexander) : the seed, con. "Spore: the productive substance of cryptogamic or flower- less plants." Arsamenes (satrap) : strong minded = Eumenes : remembering well, benevolent = Clement, con. mens : the mind. Agamemnon (king of men) : remembering much — (M) Nestor: rememberer, con. Mnemonics: science of memory, Amnesty: not rememberings Man assah. Eumenides: daugh- ters of Eumenes, Furies, but used through superstitious fear in sense of benevolent goddesses. (M) Nemesis : avenging remembrancer. Arsinoe (queen) : strong minded, con. Arsenic: strong poison, and Nous : the mind.

Alcman (lyric poet) and Alcinous (host of Ulysses) : strong minded. HuGiBERT (con. Hugo), Hubbard (mother) : mind bright, clear thinker, gives Hobart (town), Hubert (wrote on bees), about = Kenrick: keen, rich, learned. But Kendrick (M') Hendrick formed on Hendry for Henry. Kenneth

42 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(German savan) : learned, kenneth, one of cofjjno.scenti, a gnostic in literality. Quaxt, Kant, Kunth, Cundle (when not a war name) : all ken, are cunning. OcHUS (Darius) : wise = Froude. Pindar (Theban poet) : man of head, con- noisseur. CoNON (Athenian) : man of nous, noun, mind as Arsinoe. Mentor : rich in mental endowments, a guide, Hachmoni : very wise, a magus. White (in some cases) : witty man, a Saxon M.P., one attending Wittanagemot ; meet- ing of the witty.

Buddha (becomes Fo): learned = Milesian Lacey (Sir Evans de). Botan : country of Buddha. This w^as not his name but title of Sackya Mouni, who originated the Buddhist religion, now vstagnant. Lepidus (triumvir) : witty. " Some elegant figures and tropes of rhetorick frequently used by the best speakers, and not seldom even by sacred writers, do lie very near upon the confines of jocularity, are not easily differenced from those sallies of wdt, wdierein the Icpid way doth consist." Dcedalus (invented sails) : cunning. Lefroy : the cold, frigid, con. Refresh : to make cool. Bengel (lexicographer) : timid.

AsYNCRiTUS : not to be judged with, incomparable, beyond criticism, nonpareil. ^SCHYLUS (tragedian) : shame faced, modest = ^schines (for the crown), though it is capable of an opposite meaning, viz., baseness. Sophronicus (father of Socrates) : of a wise mind, modest = Pudens : shame faced, and Sempronius (consul) : sound minded. Aristogiton : best neighbour = Beauvoisin, con. Vicinity, from Vicus : a village. Many names imply moral or social goodness, as Agatho, Phelim, Goode = Good. Gother, the Scotch Duguid = Greek Euergetes, and the Latin Boniface. "The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them ; and they that exercise authority over them are called benefactors." Was that an allusion to Ptolemy Euergetes ? Maynard : of a man's nature, manly, humane.

Agathos : good, from Ago : I drive. With the Greeks he was good who drove avt^ay cattle from the enemy, as Caffres yet do. So our Turnbull : turner of English cattle on to Scottish pastures, if it be not a formation on Tremp.le, which consult. Best is beatest, he who beats all. Beat, beater (our better), beatest, contracted to best. Evander: good man = Guzman: a monk, as our English Goodman. EuPATOR (title of Mithridates) : good father, whence Eupatoria. Trebonius (friend of Ciiesar) : very good. Bonus : good, gives Boniface = Duguid, Bohn, Boning (son of Bohn), Bonnet, Bonner (bon air): good manners == Debonnaire (Louis): of good manners, polite = Urban, Townley. Lebon: the good = Medoc, whence Madox. Probus : of probity, one approved. Justus : who does right, Josselyn = Dice (Horce), Dicearcus

PERSONAL NAMES. 43

(Messinia) : just judge. Fry (Elizabeth) : free, kindly, affable, gives Frew, con. Fraulein : free woman. These belonged to the order, called a thousand years since, Frelungi.

Charles means whatever Carl, Churl formerly meant — strong with a flavour of roughness which time has rubbed out. We say Tom cat, Germans, Carl cat. Churlish does not necessarily mean sour, dour, but rough, boorish, colonial. Charlesworth : the carls dwelling = Boorhaave.

" The miller was a stout carl for the nones, For bigge he was of brawn and eke of bones."

Karl Ritter : Charles Knight. Carloman = Charlier (vir), Karolyi (count) Carolus, Caroll, Carolina : country of Charles. Carlos (don) Harley, M' Arl = Carloving and Carlowitz : son of Charles, Caroline, Charlotte, its ferns. Charlemagne, Charles the magnificent. Clement (pope) : man of clemency, gives Menzies, Menschikoff : Clement's son = Mendelsohn.

Follett is no dim. of fool, but of Folley (sculptor) : a rock = FoLi. Fell : rock dwellers, hillsmen. Packe : a deceiver = CoSBl (slain by Phineas) : one who cozens = DoLON (slain by Diomedes) gives Paxton. Spooner : enticer, allurer. Spooney : easily gulled. GuLLiVER (De Foe) : one who beguiles, gulls his audience ==Alazon. Varley (electrician) : cautious, wary. Hilarius (bishop of Poictiers) : given to hilarity. " Hilary term begins." Hilary = L' Allegro : the cheerful, man of alacrity. Glarus is formed from Ecclesia and Hilarius: church of Hilary, and gives Glares. Giocondo (built bridge of Notre Dame) : jocund, jocose, jovial from Jove. At first sight looks = Merryman, but that = Carloman, for the merry is an outcome of rejoicing in strength. Merriment comes of exuberant health manifesting itself in laughter, singing, leaping. Gay (poet), Jay (Bath), Galliardi = Hales : healthy, hearty. Letitia : frolicsome, joyous, Lettice. Faustus (Doctor), Fraustulus (exposed twins) Faustina (Antony's wife), Festus, Faust, Fust (printer): joyous through favourable circumstances = the following well known names Felix, Felicia : felicitous persons = Eumerus (Cyrenian) : w^ell fated. Jamin (son of Simeon) : adroit, dexterous, lucky, con. Benjamin, this about = Said, SADi,/em. Haidee : happy, lucky in hunting, root of Sidetes : huntsman, is seen to advantage in (Port) Said, Bethsaida : house of hunting. EuTYCHUS, Tychius, Syntyche (last = Felicia): lucky Greeks. Again Said = Ha yard, Harvard (they have, hap), Gluck, Habo, Eddy, Luckie (and sometimes) Rae : all favoured by Fortune, and so = Securius : cheerful, happy, w^ho puts care (cura) aside (se). Secure abbreviates to Sure : free from

44 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

anxiety. CuRius (Dentatus) : a man full of cares, who meets troubles half way. Sadd : heavy hearted, set countenance. Sadness is settled grief. Pentheus (Theban) : who grieves, whence Penthesilea : taking away sorrow by her charms, con. Nepenthe: (herb): no grief. Tristam : of a tristful, gloomy face = MoRNY (due) : mournful, melancholic. Some authors give Tristam : a herald, con. tryst.

Shandy (gaff) : wild, uncontrollable, always in a shindy = WiLDERSPiN : self-willed. Malateste : an Italian name cor- responding with foregoing and Headdy, Pertinax : a man of pertinacity, and such are usually impertinent. The early Christians said " Vere Severus, vere Pertinax:" truly severe, truly obstinate. Ignatius (St.) : fiery, whose wrath soon kindles, gives Ignazio, Inigo (Jones). Ballantyne, Banna- tyne : fiery child. Tyne for Tan : fire. Beltane : May : fire of Baal.

Grig : fierce, Griggs, (M'')Gregor (uncon. Gregory), Angli- cises to Grierson, where the Highlander doffs the garb of old Gaul. Saad (Arabian favourite) : joy, through luck in hunt- ing, is seen in this con. Mohammed Bex Hassax Saad Eddin : Mahommed, the son of Hassan, the joy of religion. So the great warrior, Saladix : goodness of religion. Aladdin (lamp) : the religious. Futher Eddeex : glory of religion. Fadladeex (Lalla Rookh) : the whiteness, purity of religion. Names combining with Deen : religion, are in daily use among Arabs.

Gatling (gun) for gadling : a gossip, who gads, goes from house to house. Go gives gadfly, goat, Gadsby, guest, gate, con. Ghaut : a pass. Eustace (Flemish count) : standing well, firm, constant, gives EusTACHlUS : (eustachian tube) == Stitt, Stout, Steady, Constant : standing by one in war or peace, /em. Constance. These = Eckhardt : oak hart, figuratively, true = Amox, Amex, Ameexa (Bou). Coxstax- TIXE : son of Constance, Constantinople : city of Constantino, and CoxsEDiXE is a common name in England corrupted therefrom.

Raymoxd, Raymext (rince mouth): pure mouth, truce keeper = Verus: man of veracity. Drouix (de Lhuys) : truth win, winning honourably. Al Seddek : the just. " He was also termed Al Seddek, or the Testifier to the Truth, from having maintained the verity of Mahomet's nocturnal journey." Zadok (high priest), Sadoc (Sadducees) : just, are identical with foregoing Arabic name. Zedekiah : justice of Jehovah. " The king of Babylon made Mathaniah, his father's brother, king in his stead, and changed his name to Zedekiah." Expressing his opinion of the act by the name. Mathaxiah : the gift of Jehovah. Mattax, Matthew, Matty (meddle-

PERSONAL NAMES. 45

some) : a gift, child given in answer to prayer. Lysimachus (general) : loose strife = Puritan name, Makepeace, and German Friedman. Lysander^ Freeman and Frew. Symmachus, looks like fighting with, querulous, but signifies commilitis : a fellow soldier. Hutin (Louis) : the quarrelsome. Irene (empress), Ireneus (bishop) : peaceable = Solomon. " In the Greek empire a certain otiScer had the title of Irenarch, nearly corresponding to our Chief Justice of the Peace." Winifred (well) : winning by peace. Ferdinand : venturesome, takes form Hernand as in Hernandez or Fernandez (Juan), son of Ferdinand.

Carpo : fruitful as to offering = Eschol : grape cluster, big family man. PoLYCARP (martyr) : much fruit. " Herein is my Father glorified that 3^e bear karpon folun." Christian fathers should have spiritual sons. Plus : one who has made an atonement, gives Pio (Nono), BiOT, BiOTTi, Biagotti (Italian dims.) Pious : fond of parents. " The pious Eneas." Pasiteles, Praxitiles: all finished, accomplished, good all round, Praxedes : active, business like, practical. Zao : I live, gives ZoiLUS (critic), Zosimus (emperor), Zeno (philoso- pher), Zenas (lawyer), Zeus (Jupiter): full of life = Wicks, Sharp, Smart, Grady.

SaiART : brisk, active, who can smite quickly, out of army sunk into meaning gay. Smart : sore, the result of being smitten. Smart = Nym and Spry, sprightly. Zenobia (queen) : life sustained by Zeus, con. Biology : science of life. Eneas : praise = JuDAH = Laudius : who receives applause, gives Lo (St.) Vasa (Gustavus) : keen, bold, originally Wass, whence Wassing : son of Wass, giving Washington (Sussex) : town of the descendants of Wass : bold, con. Vasa. Trypho (the Jew) : Trophimus : one nourished, a foster child = Foster. When from Phos : light, means very glorious, trebly bright. Shelah : prolific = Carpo, Non, Eschol, Abraham : father of a great multitude. Kirwan : dark avised=Dow, Dee, from Dhu : dark, whence Donald : dark haired, Dundonald : Donald's Castle, (Mac)DoNALD varies to (Mc)Whannell.

Peabody : handsome as a peacock, fine fellow, and conse- quential. Hennesy (Pope) : impetuous, heady, irritable. PuRDiE : proudie, little. Feely, Filshill : men of great teethe Tooth (ritualist) and Mordaunt. Gates (Titus), Oatts, are from eat, in the sense of gigantic, gluttonous = Jute, Turnus, Jotun : giants with an absorbing appetite. Oats (corn) means edible. Our eat and the Latin edo are from Eo : to go. Eat is the going of the jaws, and jaw : that which goes = Gueule. It is strange but true that jaw philolo- gically = Janus : he on whom the year (gir, gyre, time circle) goes, turns. Let us present the matter thus : eo, eat, oats.

46 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

edo, jaw, Janus, Gates, Oatts. In keeping with above glutfcons we have Swageman : he who assauges at meals and begins ac^ain. Tankey : pugnacious, quarrelsome. Bowditch in his "Suftblk :Natnes," Boston, 1860, says that it is probably connected with using the tankard. I knew a family oi this name. It is good English, and is preserved in combination with the Celtic for the head, viz., Can, in Cantankerous: thraw, cussed, head full of quarrelling. Can varies to Kean : head = KoPF (M') Cann : an Irish warrior given to cutting off heads. Kanturk : the boar's head. KiNTOR : Hillhead. Canmore:' great head = Chubb: chubby headed. Lento (lenis : soft) : man of lenity, tender hearted, Lentulus : descended from. Mansi (mansuetus, manus suesco, sequor) : suave as to manners, kind, obliging = Bonner. Wordie : a boaster, one of many words = Alazon.

SOBRIQUETS, NICKNAMES, AND INSEPARABLE SURNAMES.

Sobriquet from super : above, is applied to grotesque appella- tions given to persons in addition to their proper name. Nick- names are names given with a contemptuous nick of the head, because of some peculiarity real or supposed in the appearance or character of those to whom they are applied. Often such are biographies crowded into a word. When attributed to the members of a dynasty they play the part of an ordinal. We say George the First, Second, Third, Fourth. No Greek would tolerate this. He added the patronymical or descriptive appellation to each wearer of the purple. Thus, Seleucus : shining, brilliant, con. Selene : the moon, gives Seleucidce : descendants of Seleucus, from him also Selucia (on the Orontes): city of Seleucus. The following are some of the cognomens fixed on members of that race of kings : — Epiphanes : the illustrious, con. Epiphany : glorious appearing. The Jews called him Epimanes : the maniac. Callinicus : splendid conqueror, by irony, his reign being feeble. Ceraunus : thunderbolt, by a sarcasm on his weakness. PoGON : bearded = Barebones : beard bonny, and the Milesian Vesey. Gry- PHUS : the griffin, griper, rapacious = Harpalyce : harpy wolf = Cybiosactes : scullion, mean, avaricious. Of course Seleucus is understood before each.

So with the Grreco-Egyptian dynasty of the Ptolemies. Lagus: the hare, the timid = Zippor : a bird, gave name to race called Lagide : sons of Lagus. Soter : saviour, preserver = Hafiz, Hafid: given by Rhodians whom he helped. Euergetes (eu): doer of good = DuGUlD, con. evangelist and energy. He was so called by the Egyptians for rescuing their Gods from Cambyses. Philopater : lover of father. He was a parricide. Another of the dynasty was Philometer : lover of

PERSONAL NAMES. 47

mother. He hated her. Physcon : big bellied (con. Physics : study of nature) = Wamba, avomba = Micklewaim. " The bairns hae nae meal to put in their warae." Also answers to Panza (Sancho) : paunchy = Hogarth (caricaturist) : hog girth, as big round as a grass fed pig. But Pansy (flower) : thought, Pensee from Pendeo : I hang. We naturally hang our head when thinking, meditating, but hold it up when recollecting. Pansy : pensive (flower). To the Hogarth class belong Carnot and Carno (of the French) : flesh3^ con. Carnis : flesh = Crassus and Grasselli. Lathyrus : pea nosed, wart upon it = Cicero, from Cicer : a vetch. Lamyras : the buffoon, who puffs out his cheeks, so making them big. Sidelas : the silent = Mudie, Moodie, Still, Tacitus, Dumah. Sidetes : the huntsman, con. Said, Bethsaida and Jagard. Poliorcetes (Demetrius) : destroyer of cities, con. Police, Politics, Policy. Nor were the Romans in the rear of the Greeks as to nicknames. One of their witty hits was changing two letters in Tiberius Nero and so making it Biberius Mero : drinker of wine = BiBULUS (consul) and Feeny, Mulvany. There is a flourishing name in Italy, BEViLACQUA = our Drink- WATER, which some claim as a form of Derwentwater, howbeit the name is teetotal not local = the German Lobwasser : love water, and accurately answering to the great French Boileau from Bibo : I drink, whence Bevor : drunk out of in battle.

Witty France produced a heavy crop of sobriquets. Each Louis had his, as Begue: stammerer = Mutter: Lalor (Shiels), though Lalor of the Greeks is a title of Apollo: eloquent. Debonnaire : of good airs, manners = Bland, Curtis. Such names are found scattered through all history, as Cato Censorius : the critic, judge, censor, census taker : Mutius (Scaevola) : the left-handed. Scaevus : unlucky, signs observed to left hand of augurs, but afterwards applied to unlucky words, as Mors : death, and then to improper language, whence Obscene. Diodorus Siculus : the Sicilian. Sicily was called Trinacria : three - cornered. Dionysius ExiGUUS (brought reckoning from birth of our Lord, A.D., into use) : the thin, spare = Caunt, Almagro, Macros, Long, Laridan. Eric Blu- TAXT(Swedish king) : of the bloody axe, con. Blott,Haco. Har- dicanute: Canute the bold, similar to Hardy (captain): bold.

Gaffer (Gray) : grandfather = Nana (Sahib) = Aves, Anax, Laveau. Aves: aged, con. ^vum: an age, Co-eval: same age, Ave ! age to you = Hail ! health to you, con. Hales : healthy = Valens, giving Valentine, Valentinian, con. Vale : farewell, i.e. may you be strong. From Avus, Avunculus : less by age, giving uncle, aunt. So Nepos : a nephew, neipce, niece, and Neff (Felix).

" Ho ! why dost thou shiver and shake, Gaffer Gray?"

48 FEB SON AL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Hugh Capet (founded Capetian dynasty) : the cap, kepi wearer, the monk's cap used for covering tonsure. Heraclitus Physicus : the naturalist, physician, watcher of growth, con. Phuo : I grow, giving Phyllis : verdant, flourishing, and Apphius, Appius (Claudius), Apphia : fruitful = Blastus : a sprout = Chitty = Florus (Gessius), Flora, Florence: all flourishing like verdure, suggesting Ramolini (Napoleon's mother) : little branches, like Raimes, Ramage : branches, one living where birds are heard singing in trees = FoULiS : where the foulis do singe. Suggestive of Craib, Crabbe (poet) : a branch, applied to a clan returning from battle with branches in their helmets as a token of victory. Nomos : law, gives Numitor : legislator, and NuMA Pompilius : Pompilius the law-giver = the Greek Theseus. Pompilius : son of Pom- PEY : fifth born, con. Penta. TuLLiUS HosTlLiUS : Tully the warlike. The Irish TuLLY = Torrance and Flood, when not meaning tower dweller. Ancus Martius : the warlike, Mars- like, con. Martin = Ptolemy. Ancus : crooked-armed, sug- gests Bossue : boss-shouldered. Ancus yet lives in the word Ancona : city on sea bend = Reach in England, (Mc) Skimming in Lowlands, and Coudereau in France, ours applies to bend of stream. The word is also in Anchor : bent iron, angular grappler. Genoa is con. Gonia : an angle, Gonu : a knee, being at a bend of coast. Tarquinius Priscus : of the old stock = Beith, Coll. Tarquinius Superbus : the proud, who held himself above others.

Tarquin : the archon, ancient, ruler = Anax. Constantine Paleologus : old stock speaker, having a brogue. Constantine Copronymus : dung name, because when being baptized he defiled his clothes, con. Copros : dung, Coprolite : dung stone. Lalla Rookh : tulip-cheeked (Moore). Lorenzo de Medici : Lawrence of the Medicean family, at Florence. Medici : phy- sician, medical man. Medeor : to cure by Median herbs. Michael de la Pole (chancellor) : Michael of the pool = Pool, Pollock, Glasspole. La Belle Sauvage : forest beauty, lady of the park, a form of Isabella Savage. Rob Roy : red-headed Robert, similar to Redmond : red Edmond. Caelum O'Glen : Galium of the glen, as 9 o'clock, 9 of the clock. Maccallum More : the great M'Callum, Argyll. Marco Polo (Venetian) : Mark Paul. Tam o' Shanter : Thorn of the Shantie farm, broken down barns, old buildings. Clym OF THE Clough : Clement of the clifl" (outlaw). From clifl, Clow, Clive (India) = Folly, Fell = Du Halde : of the hold, usually a rock = Sternhold : living in a stone hold, castle that could not be burned.

( 49 )

CHAPTER IV.

BIBLICAL NAMES.

Our Scriptures supply names to nearly half of civilisation. As well kick at Fate as at the Book. Eclectic, sceptic, agnos- tic are alike indebted with believers thereto for names of themselves or friends. In many cases these were indirectly derived from that sacred source when the recipient was uncon- scious of such origin and continues to be so life through. As in ordinary affairs, it consists with wisdom that all actions should be interpenetrated with religion rather than that cer- tain acts should be viewed as secular and others as sacred, so it seemed good to blend biblical names with common through this book, consequently no exhaustive chapter will be devoted thereto. Yet, on the other part, seeing it is of Divine appoint- ment, founded on human nature, that one day should be mora especially devoted to things sacred, so there seems a propriety in setting apart one chapter entirely to this subject.

No people,of any age,combined God's name and attributes with their name so much as did the Hebrews, Israelites, Jews. Take Old Testament names and compare them with those now used among Jews and two notable facts forthwith force themselves upon the observer. They alone, as distinguished from " the seventy nation," entwined the Divine name with their own in combinations so varied that a Jerusalem directory of B.C. 700 would only be less valuable than the Bible. The Jews no longer so act, presumably wholly or partially because some organic change in respect to them and the Divine name has taken place. That civilised nations could not now tolerate names varied from the parental stock, that Cohen's sons and daughters must be Cohens, does not cover the position, because, as in the Church of Rome, there is the recognition of the reli- gious as well as the civil name : in like manner were the Jews anxious to act as they once did, no government in the world could prevent them. Not only do they not now so use the word Jehovah in conjunction with biographical changes, but there is one name they avoid — Joshua, or, as we British term it, Jesus. It is hard for the sceptic to account for this name being disused after the first century of our era other than the way Christianity accounts for it, viz., Jews looking upon it as accursed, and consequently to be avoided, while most Chris- tians view it as too sacred for application to even the best of the sinful sons of Eve. Thus, between hatred and awe, the

50 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

name Jesus became the heritage of Him to whom, in the highest sense, it can alone apply. We have shown that Jesus is a formation upon the word Jehovah, which former has been corrupted until it means hypocritical, as is seen in the too well known words, Jesuitical and Jesuitique of our neighbours the French. Yet, though the name Jehovah has been in use thous- ands of years, it, like Him of whom it is the sacred sign, has suffered no change. At one time Jove was thought to be a formation therefrom, but scholars agree that as Dies : a day, becomes Jour, so Dios : divine, becomes Jove, and Dios-pater : father Jove, becomes Jupiter. And yet Theos : God, has been arrogated by the basest of men, as Antiochus Theos : Antio- chus the divine. So, too, Theos is applied to gods whose feigned stories are best untold. Now, as no man ever took to himself the title Jehovah, He who said : " Thou shalt not take the name of Jehovah, thy God, in vain," must surely have watched over it with jealous care through His love to man, for if nothing unpolluted were left to us, whereof shall Jacob's ladder be made ? how we travel the upward towards Him ? Considering the vile uses to which the words Lord, God, Christ, Jesus, have been applied, who can doubt that the peculiar name has been preserved like the uncorrupted manna in the golden pot in the ark of God. Jehovah : I am, i.e., unvaried by time or conditions ; He to whom there is neither accession nor diminution of knowledge, happiness, power, or love ; He who is "without parallax or tropical shadow;" " He in whom is light and no darkness at all." The sun has spots, diamonds have flaws, creatures their foibles, Jehovah none. Whether this be ideal or real no sceptic can conceive of a being comparable thereto. One grander is not only impossible but unthinkable. Nay, there is only One. The man who thinks sublimely lands ultimately in the thought — God. The Hellenistic Jews called this name Tetra-Gramviaton, because consisting of four letters. It was unused by pious Jews in conversation, they substituting El or Adonai therefor. Nor was this mere superstition, but a high form of wisdom. Similarly through awe of the Divine, inspired w^riters use the personal pronouns where we should reckon them inelegant, but their defence is they feared to mention His great name too often less familiarity should breed undeserved contempt. I turn by the merest chance to Job xxiii. where the weeper uses pronouns instead of the Divine name twenty-seven times, but the word God only once, and Almighty once. Much the same is seen in the book of Psalms, as also in the New Testament. Illustrations of this awe abound in all parts of it. Turn to 1 John ii. 25 to end. "And this is the promise that he hath promised us, eternal life. These things have I written unto you concerning them

BIBLICAL NAMES. 51

that seduce you. But the anointing which ye have received of him, abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach you : but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye shall abide in him. And now, little children, abide in him : that when he shall appear we may have confidence, and not be ashamed before him at his coming. If ye know that he is righteous, ye know that everyone that doeth righteousness is born of him."

Theos was not corrupted so much because men are wicked or given to change, as because changing it at all the meaning must degrade. Thus Diabolis : accuser, slanderer, whence Diable, Devil, starts existence with a low meaning, whereby it may be raised. Thus we have devil, devilled, devilish, used in anything but a bad sense, as " He (a horse) is a devil to go." " He (a man) is a devilish (very) good fellow." The fact is as Jehovah is the holy name any change must needs be down- wards. Satan : adversary (of God and man) is much grander in conception and use than Devil. One of the most blessed titles applied to God is Despot : foot binder, he who governs without consultation. Despots are divisible into good and bad. Every father of a family, every captain of a ship, teacher of a school, is a despot, as is the Empress of India over Hindoos. Souls under the apocalyptic altar, cry, " How long, 0 Despot, holy and true dost Thou not avenge our blood ? " But so ill used has despot become, and in such ill savour is it that few of us lind pleasure in applying it to God, although that aged saint Simeon did, " 0 Despot, now thou lettest thy servant depart in peace." Now I can go home and die.

The Hindoo for God is Ram, whence Ram-Bukah : the gift of God == BoGDAN from Bog : God in the Sclavonic. When the word Jehovah enters into composition with personal names it. assumes the forms of jah, ah, a, and is used either as a prefix or a postfix. The highest compliment ever paid to a woman (if it be lawful to term things so sacred compliments) was when the Almighty said, " As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai (princess, aristocratic woman), but Sarah (" princess of Jehovah, greatest princess "). There the Lord takes part of his name and adds it to that of His nominee. Consult Israel. We find it again in combination with the name of a woman, Ex. vi. 20. Jochabed (con. ICHABOD : where is the glory ?) : Jehovah's glory, perhaps an inspired promise of the Lord's power being manifested out of weakness. After the manifestation of the Almighty in the bush (God delights in paradoxes of speech and action) the cases in which the Divine name combines with the names of men become numerous, as Abijah, Abi : (whose) father (is)

52 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Jehovah = Joab. To me these are wonderful names. Nowhere is it revealed in the Old Testament as lawful to call the Eternal by so familiar an expression as Father. What prophet, which psalmist so addresses Him ? Jesus was the first man who taught men so to address God. Howbeit, He did not, as our authorised version and revision lead us to suppose, teach us to say " Our Father," which puts the second table of the decalogue before the first, placed brotherhood before father- hood. The Lord's prayer in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin places Father before our, and should do so in English. However, Father of us would now sound strange. Theology and reason have been sacrificed on the altar of idiom. The Greek and Latin churches have Fater emoon and Pater noster which is true teaching. By such names as Abiah we know what the Scriptures do not explicitly teach that pious Israelites approached God with holy boldness, so that it is clear the spirit of adoption whereby we cry Abba : Father, wrought, though faintly, from Exodus to Pentecost.

Shixab (Admite king): shining of the father, glory of = Cleopatra, which may mean glory of the country = Lambert. Shin is essential with schon, shine, sheen, skin, sun, all mean- ing that which shines, is beautiful. Abiel, Eliab : God (my) father. Abibal (Hiram's father) : my father (is) Bael. Abiathar : (whose) father (is) left. Father dying during infancy of son. Nadab : liberal, benevolent = Giffard : of a giving nature. But Amminadab (chariots of) : a willing people, may be noble people = Aristodemus : best of the people, and Protesilaus: first of the people. Nabal : rough, boorish, churlish, dour, con. falls and fool. " The nahal shall no more be called nadib." — Isa. xxxii. 8.

Abinadab : father of liberality, free with heart to feel and purse to help. Abigail : (whose) father rejoiceth (at her birth), con. Haggith. Abihu : (my) father (is) He = Elihu : (my) God (is) He. Abimelech : (whose) father (is) king, of royal descent = Fauntleroy (banker) : for Enfant le roy = FiTZROY. But Faunt: a fount. Abram, Abiram : high father, a patriarch. Abraham : father of a multitude, gives Ibrahim (pacha),^ Braham (singer), Abbema (French), Bram- well : Abraham's spring. Maberly (poor man's friend) : Abraham's field. Tabraham, Tabram (de Abraham) : son of Abraham. From Ab : father. Baboo (Hindoo title) = Sire, Sir, and the Arabic Ali Baba (forty thieves) : the father. Baboo applies to Hindoo gentleman in his civil capacity. Sahib to distinguished natives of India and foreigners, 'if military men.

Abishalom, Absalom : father of peace, born in quiet times = Bishlam. Jehoshaphat, Shaphatiah y : Jehovah's j udge =

BIBLICAL NAMES. 53

Adoxijah, in the sense of God bringing out of trouble, con. SUFFETES : Carthaginian judges. Adon becomes Dan : a judge, whence Daniel: judge of God = Eliphal, Theocritus, used passively with the force judged of God, helped by. Hence Daniels, s formative. Amariah : (whom) Jehovah spoke (of), promised, from Amar : to speak, whence Amiral (some tall) : commander, becomes Admiral. From it the Arabic title Emir-al-Omrah : commander of commanders, generalissimo = Phicol (Philistine) : mouth (of) all, whom all obey, con. Pi- hahiroth : mouth of Hiroth, pass so called. Omar Pasha is a double title. We have Omar : a commander, word giver, Gen. xxxvi. 11-15, the Mosque of Omar now in Jerusalem, and lately had Omar Pasha, general of Abdul Medjid. Omriah, Omri : commander of Jehovah, greatest general. Puah : mouthy, wordy.

Uz, Amoz : strong = Hales : hale, strong by reason of health. Uzziah, Amaziah y : strength (of) Jehovah, very strong, con. Uzziel : strength of God. Amittai (Jonah's father) : amen (of) Jehovah, God keeping faith. A common name in Arabia still is Amoun (Ben) : amen (man) = Fidelius : faith keeper. Ameen-edden : faithful in religion. Athaliah (queen), Athlai (Bebai's son) ^ : whom Jehovah afflicted. Ezer: help, gives Ezra, EsDRAS = Alexis when Alexius: son of Alexis. Ebenezer : stone (of) help, con. Ben : a son. Ebony : stone wood. AzARiAH, Joezer )> : helped of Jehovah, that happening to the father about the time of son's birth, Elazarus : helped of God = Azareel, Aziel, Azrael (death angel of the Koran). Eliezer (Damascus) = the Arabic Asrallah. Lazarus (form of Elazarus) gives Lazaroni : beggars like Lazarus. Lazaretto : lazar house, instituted for lepers and contagiously diseased. Lizars : medical attendant on Lazaretto. Lazy : lying about like Lazarus. So ill and idle are the same word.

Elisheba (Aaron's wife), con. Sabbath and meaning oath of God, i.e., God remembering his oath to Abraham, hence Elizabeth, Eliza, Elsie, Bet, Betty, Babington: town of St. Elizabeth's church. Baruch : blessed = Beatus, fern. Beatrice for Beatrix. Barachel (Elihu's father) : blessed (of) God, by increase of family. Berachiah : blessed (of) Jehovah. Ben : a stone, gives Banah : to build, whence Benahiah : built (of) Jehovah, increased in family. " When I prophesied Peltahiah, the son of Benahiah died." Bath : daughter, eldest girl. Bathoni : daughter of my sorrow. Bathiah : daughter (of) Jehovah, His worshipper. Bath- SHEBA : seventh daughter. Pekah : open eyed = BOPIS : ox eyed, the opposite of Myotis : lady shutting her eyes peep- ingly, winsomely. Pekahiah : (whose) eyes Jehovah opened

54 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(to see divine visions). " Pekahiah, the son of Menahem, but Pekah, the son of Remaliah, a captain of his, conspired against him." Remaliah : exalted (of) Jehovah, from Rama : high.

Elijah : God (is the) Lord, Elias, Ellis, Elliott, Elleston: town of St. Elias. Joel : Jehovah (is) God, Elijah is a creed in a name, and should be read by the light that lit on the altar on Carmel. " How long hop ye between two opinions ? if Jehovah be Elohim, follow Him." Elisha: God (is) saviour, is like thereto, forming Eliseus. Hod : praise, glory, t'on. Laudo and Plaudo, whence Explode : to make a loud noise like may persons clapping hands. Ehud (judge) : one praised = ^NEAS. Ep.exetus : praiseworthy. ISHOD : man, praised for his beauty. Abihud: father (of) praise, worshipper = Theosehes. HoDAViAH^ The Hebrew idea of glory

Hodijah > praise (of) Jehovah, is nearness to God, the Hodevah 3 Greek fame, the Roman

applause. " Augustus, when dying, canvassed for the applause of those who were round his bed."

J ■ known, loved, approved of by Jehovah.

" Depart from me, I never hneiv you."

Jedidiah : beloved (of) Jehovah, con. Dido, David, and = Deocarus : cherished by God. Jehoikim : Jehovah appointed. Eliakim : God appointed, con. Jachim : firm. No stranger to Israel could know the difference between these two unless under Hebrew teaching. A beautiful illustration of " I will give him a new name," showing power over and interest in. Jehoidah : knowledge (of) Jehovah, loved of God, cor. Jaddua (high priest). Aram : high, becomes Ramah : brae top, be- comes Aramathea, and Ram: man of dignity, "Then was kindled the wrath of Elihu of the kindred of Ram."

Jehoram Joram: Jehovah exalted = Jeremiah : raised (of) Jehovah, cor. Jerry. Adoniram (QGd) : the Lord (is) exalted, Ahaz (dial of) : seen (by God). " I have seen, I have seen the affliction of my people." Jehoahaz : beheld (of) Jehovah, con. Ghazi (ghau) : valley of vision, beautiful dale. Micaiah : who (as) Jehovah? Michael: who (as) God? "Who is like unto Thee, 0 Jehovah among the elohim ?" From latter Miguel (Don), Macclesfield: Michael's field. Carmichael : dear to Michael, Mike, Micky, and Moke: a donkey. This is a pet name with the Irish, who view it thus :— As Michael conquered Satan, the first Protestant, and drove the rebel angels from heaven, f-o the Pope conquered Luther and excom- municated Protestants. Thus it means conqueror of heretics.

Nahum: a comforter. Noah : consolation (to parents) = Menahem. Nehemiah : comforted (of) Jehovah. From same

BIBLICAL NAMES.

root Maxes: consolator, Maxichceus: son of Mani, whence Manieheism. Elimelech : God (is) king, the Lord reigneth. Elizur (conversely), Zuriel : God is a rock, unchangeable. Pedahazur : rock of redemption, con. Padon : redeemed. " Gamaliel, the son of a Pedahazur." Zurshaddai : rock Almighty. From Zur: a rock, we get Soor, whence Syria: country round Tyre, Sirocco : Syrian wind = Libecchio : Libyan wind, Suristan: Syrian land. Ammishaddai : people (of the) Almighty, covenant ones, those under the shedder, dis- poser. Ammihud : (one of the) people who are praised, "Am- miJmd, king of Geshur." Shemer: guarded, kept, gives Samaria : hill of Shemer. Ishmerai : guarded (of) Jehovah = Theophylact : God guarded, con. Phylactery : protection, sign of God's keeping.

Tebah : confidence of parents = Greek Elpis : hope, and Iinsh DiGXUM. " His concubine whose name was Keumah, she bare Tebah." Reumah : lady, superior woman, exaltado, from Ram : high. Jehovah-rophi : (the) Lord, (the) healer. Raphael : healer (of) God, sent to heal, whence Raffles (Sir Stamford) from whom the largest flower in the world is called Rafilesia. Jehovah-nissi : (the) Lord (my) banner. Jehovah-tzkixu : (the) Lord (our) righteousness, con. Sadoc : just, gives Sadducees : disciples of Sadoc, identical with Tunisian Bey, Sidik=Jasher (book of), con. the dim. Jeshurux : little just one, darling because of goodness. Zaccar: mindful. Zechariah : remembered (by the) Lord, hence Zachary. Zeruiah (ye sons of) : balsam (from) Jehovah, pleasure giving birth = Mordecai. When Ah for Ach: brother, begins a name, it is generally used figuratively, as Ahitub : good brother, worthy person, con. Tabeel : good- ness (of) God. " Let us set a king in the midst of Jerusalem, the son of TabeaV We, too, have Goodbrother.

Ahixoam : brother of pleasantness, good company = BUOXA- PARTE, Ledru. Ahimelech : king's brother = Noble, for notable, from Noto : I mark. Ahiam : mother's brother, maternal uncle. When born like him. Ahab : father's brother, paternal uncle = Brodersex : son of brother.

Ahimoth : "brother of death, sickly born, con. Mors, Mars, Mavors. Ahitophel : brother of foolishness = Brutus : dull, stupid. Hazelelopoxi : give shade, 0 thou who regardest me, con. Zill Allah : shadow of the Almighty, Persian title. " The name of their sister was Hazelelponi." Blessed name. Bezaleel : (under) (the) shadow (of) God. " He that dwelleth in the secret place of the Most High shall abide tender the shadoiu of the Almighty," con. Zillah, Zalmox. Zalmuxna : shelter forbidden, he who shows no quarter. Shalom, Salmon, Selim : peace. Salaam : to bow, wishing peace. Shalmaxeser :

56 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

peaceful prince, con. Sar, Israel. Shemuliel : peace (of) God, friend (of) God, as Abraham. Shelomi : peaceful man. Shelomith : peaceful woman, nearly = Shulamite: peaceful, filled with love, the bride, the Catholic Church. " Return, return, 0 Shulamite ; return, return, that we may look upon thee." Some derive Shiloh from this root and give it = Pacifico = Shiloni : peacemaker. The Samaritans give the famous prophecy of Jacob, " The sceptre shall not be taken from Judah, nor a leader from his banners, until the Pacific shall come." But Shiloh : sent (of God), identical with Shiloah, Siloam : (water) sent (through strong arches). Apostle : sent from (the Lord Jesus). Missionary : sent (by the Church) = Envoy : sent (by Government).

Solomon : very peaceful, forms Suleyman (Pacha) in Turkey, Slomax, Somax in England. From Salem also we have Islam, Moslem, Mussulman. Istamboul : city of peace (boul polls), the Arabic for Constantinople, and = Islambad : city of the faith, Hindostan. Solomon = Pacificus : the pacifier, and the Irish Sweeney : peaceful, but not Frederick : peace rich, one who makes peace by putting enemy so that they cannot fight. El : God, the strong one, Elohim : strong- ones, first met with in composition in Mehujael (Lamech's grandfather) : struck of God, greatly afilicted. " We did esteem Him stricken of God and afflicted." Mahaleel : praise (to) God, CO H. Hallelujah : praise Jah. HiLLlL : singer, he who lilts. Lilt: to sing jerkingly and spontaneously. The two great rabbis of Hebraism were Hillil and Shammai. Shammai : named, famous = Inclytus, con. Shem; a name. Ad : one, solus. Bedad : solitaire, lonely. Hadad : one, one, the sun god, Sol : the sun, con. Solus : alone. " Hadad, the son of Bedad, who smote Midian in the field of Moab." Beor : a torch = Flambard : flaming sword, glittering like flame. " Balaam, the son of Beor, hath said." Ammiel, conversely Eliam : people of God. Balaam: a foreigner, not of the people = Outremer: a stranger, one from beyond the sea. Calcol : sustenance (of parents) = SciPio : sceptre, staflT of his blind father. But Calcot, for Caldecot (English) : cold house, open to winds = Balfour.

Darda : pearl (of) wisdom, wisest = Hachmoni : very wise. Debir: an oracle. " Dehir, king of Eglon." He would be good at advising, and so = Eubulus and Alfred. Deborah (a bee, i.e., patient, industrious, others give) : eloquent woman = Chrysostom : golden mouth, Chrysologus (St.) : golden discourser = BiLSHAN: son (of the) tongue = Phuvah : mouth, con. Phicol.

Phinehas (Cozbi) or Phineas : serpent-mouthed, persuading to evil, as the worm did Eve, from Pi or Phi : mouth, and

BIBLICAL NAMES. 57

Nahash : a hisser, serpent. " Thy two sons, Hoplini and Phi- neas, are dead." Tidal : who is feared = Aldred : whom all dread, whence Mrs. Stowe's Deed. " Tidal king of nations/' i.e., a mixed people, as Abyssinia : a mixture. Pamphylia: all tribes intermixed. ZiZA : full-breasted, abundance (of milk), whence Jaziz : he will bring abundance. " Over the flocks was Jaziz, the Hagerite," Hagarene. What name could be better for a shepherd ? Ardox : a fugitive, who flees to high place, con. Arduus = Phygellus and Fleming. " Caleb had a son named Ardon." Agee : a fugitive, con. Hagar. " Sham- mah, the son of Agee." Arvad {con. Ardon) : place of fugi- tives = Flanders : fleers = Servia : country of runaway serfs, slaves. " The inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad were thy mari- ners." Balak : licking up, destroying. " Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass." Ishmael : heard of God, had three sons, viz., MiSHMA : hearing, con. Ishmael, Simeon, Dumah : silence, con. Dumb: silent, Massa: patience. The rabbis weld these into a proverb — " Hear much, say little, bear much." Gama- liel (at feet of) : reward from God. Birth name. " The fruit of the womb is His reward." GoLlATH : an exile, an emigrant = Gales : of the Gaels, strangers. Neal : new Gall. Metan- aste (neuphonic) : city changer, con. Astyanax : city king. HiNNOM : lamentation (of parents), born in bad times = Beriah, con. Hinnio : I neigh, Hinny : bred of a horse. Whine : to lament. " The border went up by the valley of the son of Hinnorn." Ghau : a valley, and Hinnom gives Gehenna : hell, con. Gehazi. Izhar : anointed = Messiah, Christ, Uxor : a wife. The Romans anointed the door lintel under which the newly arrived bride passed, whence from Unguo ; I anoint, we have Unguent, Unction, Uxor, Uxorious : inordinately fond of wife.

Jamin : dexterous, adroit, right-handed, strong = Stark, Starkey (stark naked) : stripped for battle, made strong as David was by throwing off armour. When men so did they were called by the Saxons, Bold : bald. con. Yemen : the south, to the right is Benjamin : son of my right hand, honour, strength ; if not, Benjamim : son of my days. Lot : a veil, a secret worker, artful, gives Lotan (duke). Lot con. lid, clot, clod, cloud, lotto, lottery : all covers. " Behold, I have given thy brother a thousand pieces of silver, he is to thee a lot to thine eyes." NiMSHi : drawn out, elected, one of the elite = Eligius, Aloysius, and con. Moses. Reuben : see ! a son, from Reu : to see, whence Ruth : fascinating. Rehum : he who looks pitifully, also from Reu, where it slides into the English Ruth : she who rues, pities through seeing. Jerahimeel : (he will obtain) mercy (of) God, i.e., God will look at him. Ikkesh 5

58 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(son of Ira) : crooked = Crooks, Gam, Bossue. Probably used figuratively for a deceiver = Svoo2iER and Hindoo Thug: a de- ceiver. Packe (whence Paxtox : Packe's town) : a deceiver, cheat, subtle scamp.

Sheba : an oath, sacred, rest-giving. " A man of Belial, whose name was Sheba" Ashbea : I swear, adjure. "The families of them that wrought fine linen of the house of Ashbea." Amos: a burden, gives Amasa : burdensome one. "Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab." Amasiah : burden (of) Jehovah, sustained by God. " Koll thy burden on Jehovah, He will sustain thee." Thaddeus : who praises = Pyat : a pious man, atoned for, exjnated. The French have Thade, but Thady (Irish) : a poet. The Italians Tade- ONI : great Thade. Habakkuk: a w-restler, embracer, he who wrestles with God and embraces His promise. Zacchiah : (the) Lord (is) pure, Zaccheus, con. Saddoc. " Zaccheus, make haste and come down." The Romans rarely had the natives of conquered counti-ies to be chief publicans, hence some scholars attempt to derive Zaccheus from a Latin root, but in vain, seeing he is " a son of Abi'aham." Chuza (Herod's grieve) for Chuziah : (the) Lord seeth, con. Gehazi, also given as meaning Seer : he who sees what is commonl}^ hidden.

Sosipater, Sopater (Berea) : father saver, who protected him. Onesimus : beneficial, profitable — a runaway slave. Onesiphorus : profit bringer — his master.

AsYNCRiTUS : not to be criticised with another, incomparable, none such. Lysias (Claudius) : liberator, con. Analysis : loosen- ing, separating. Liberius : one freed = Freeman, from Libero : I loosen, gives Liberty. Lysimachus : looser of strife = the Puritan name Makepeace. Penthesilea (Amazonian queen): who by her charms takes avxiy grief. Aquila (Paul's fellow weaver): an eagle = Herxe, twisted into Onkelos. Zohar, Zerah, Zorah : dawn brightness, birth bringing hope. " If it be your mind that I should bury my dead out of my sight ; hear me, and entreat for me to Ephron, the son of Zohar." Zorah, the Danite, had a descendant named Manoah, who had a son whom he named from Shemesh : the sun. Samson (with the augmentative on) : splendid sun, glorious man.

Zerahiah ) -r 1 , . +1, T 1 • T • 1 A " The

IZRAHIAH jJ^^l^ovah arises, the Lord is my Light, ^j^^^^

of the Lord is risen upon thee." Eutychus : lucky, fortunate, gives through the French Toy = Gluck, Luckie, con. Syntyche = Felicia, Edith : fortunate ladies. " There sat in the window a certain young man named Eutychus." Sacar: hire = the Irish name Luc AN : one hired, whence Issacher. Peulthai : wages or reward of Jehovah. " Moreover, the sons of Obed — Edom Sacar the fourth Issacher the seventh, Feidthai

BIBLICAL NAMES. 59

the eighth, for God blessed him (with many sons)." That Avas a paying family. Parmenas: who remains with you in trouble = Constance. Parmenion (Alexander's friend) : son of Parmenas.

Amal : labourer = Bauer, and root of .^milus: a worker. " The sons of his brother Helem (were) Zophah, and Imna, and Shelesh, and Amal." Zophah : an early riser = our Early, con. Zephon : great watcher. Aner : an exile, expatriated = Goliath. " The men which went with me, Aner, Eschol, and Mamre." Eschol : a cluster (of grapes), he who has many children. " Thy wife shall be as a fruitful vine." Mamre : rising, lifting up, wJio causes the rise of his clan. Lemuel (king of Massa) : consecrated (to) God = Allgood. Bethuel : virgin (of) God, pure man, con. Bethulia = Parthenope : maiden. Enoch, Hanoch : dedicated, a devotee. " The sons of Midian city (were) Ephah, and Epher and Hanoch." Helem : ham- merer = Schmidt. "The sons of his brother Helem."

Iddo : long lived = PoLYBiUS, Macrobius. " Iddo the chief at the place Casiphia." Iddo : timely, born when expected, "Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo." Iddo: loving, con. Dido and David, of the class Erastus : amiable, Pbiletus : worthy of friendship, Philemon : beloved. " Of the half tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo, the son of Zechariah." Three different persons whose names are diverse in the original. Jachin : He (will) establish (the covenant with us). " Of the priests Jedaiah, and Jehoiarib and Jachin." Uzzah : strong, like a goat butting, powerful in attack. AzAZ : strong, strong = BoAZ. " He set up the right pillar, and called the name thereof Jachin ; and he set up the left pillar and called the name thereof Boaz."

Jehishai: grey headed = Chanzy, Canutius, Hoare : who is hoary. Hoar : white, as hoar frost. JoKTAN : small (born) = Cade. " Who hath despised the day of joktoM things." Jural : joyful sound, giving Jubilo : I rejoice. Jubilee : time of joy. " Juhal was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ." Kallai : a runner = Curtius (Quintus), Snell, Swift, Sharp, Podargus. Kedar: dark skinned = Tartan, ^SOP : an Ethiop. " Arise ye, go up to Kedar, and spoil the men of the east," i.e., the descendants of Kedar. Kedemah (son of Ishmael) : swarthy, man from the east=CADMUS (alphabet). Lo-ammi : not my people, con. Ammon : my people. Lo-RUHAMA: not looked on, without mercy. Names of mystical children of Hosea.

Matri : a gaoler, watcher = Gaylor, Ward. " The family of Matri was taken." A name of interest, as gaolers were few among orientals, their punishments being awfully summary, as cutting off" the hand for theft, etc. Madai : middle (land),

60 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

gives Media, Medes, probably Medius: the Middle, and Medeor : to cure by Median herbs, whence Medicine : the healing art. Isaiah {con. Hosea. His name was a sign to Israel) : salvation of Jehovah, shamefully cor. to Easy (midshipman). Maphish (son of Ishmael) : soul, active == Quick, Grady. Chavah : life, living, our Eve, giving Eva.

Orex, Orxan : (tall like) an ash = PiNUS: pine tall = Rowan, Tann : a pine, Longfellow. Peleth : swiftness, a runner = Galletly, Trotter, Light, gives Pelathite. " Bena- hiah was over the Cherathites and Pelathites," i.e., the slashers and runners, light infantry. Pethuel : vision of God, he whose eyes are opened so that he sees God. Penuel, in the N. T. Phanuel : face of God, to whom He manifests Himself much. " Balaam, the son of Beor, hath said, and the man who had his eyes shut, but now opened." Poratha : lot given, born on a lucky day, con. Purim : lots, Pur = FoRTTTNA as though Sortuna : born according to Sors : lot. Fortunatus from Sors : a lot, and Natus : born. " The Jews slew 500 men . . . and Poratha." And the odd thing was he should be slain on a day chosen by Pur: lot. RiBAi: adversary, antagonist = Satan. " Ittai, the son of Ribai." Seth : ap- pointed, ordained to be progenitor of men, which Abel seems not to have been. " God hath aiipointed to me another seed instead of Abel." SiPPAi, Saph : doorkeeper, who stands on the threshold = DuRWARD, Salmon, Usher, Lusher. "At which time Sibbechai slew Sippai that was of the children of the giants." Sibbechai : thicket man = Broglie, Forrest, Woods, Savage. Tebaliah : immersed (of the) Lord, baptized of God, consecrated for an otiice. " Tebaliah (was) the third."

ZiCHRi, Zithri : remembered, illustrious = EuPHEMius : well spoken of, con. Zechariah : remembered of Jehovah. " The Lord remembered Noah." Melech : a king, a fighter who drives pell mell, who maids. Melchiah (Pashur's father) : (my) king (is the) Lord, varies to Melechias. Malchus : royal = Ablmelech : of kingly fatherhood, noble descent = Aridatha (co7?.Arta: great), Tiridates (king) = our Atheling.

Mithredath (treasurer) : gift of Mithras, in Greek, Mithri- dates. Mithras : mother, like Cybele and Diana, applied to the sun as producer. Adramelech (Syrian Apollo) : brilliant king, the _ sun = Horus. Anamelech (Syrian Hercules) : powerful king. The former worshipped under the form of a peacock. The sun sees much, has many eyes. Anamelech was worshipped as a horse. Compare with story of Argus {con. Ergon : work) : sharp, acting quickly with his eves, as Podargus: swift-footed (Hector's charioteer), Podarce = Golightly. Moloch (dreadful king) : king (god of Moab).

BIBLICAL NAMES. 61

Melchizedek : righteous king, con. Sadoc : just = Justus: who does right. Manasseh : amnesty, causing to forget, " God hath made me forget all my toil." Neith : wisdom, skill in weaving, the Egyptian Minerva, whence Asenath : belonging to Neith, a wise person = Apollonius : son of Apollo, wise. Zaphenath : who receives Neith, wisdom, is inspired. Nitocris (Chaldee Queen) : Neith's victory, one overcoming by wisdom. Paaxeah : who flies pollution, an allusion to flight from Potiphar's wife. Joseph was not the only man so called. It was applied to an Egyptian nobleman 150 years before.

PoTiPHAH : priest of the bull. Potipherah : priest of the sun = HoPHRAH (Pharaoh). When Zaphenath married Asenath it was like to like, wise to wise. Shaddai (El) : the almighty shedder, disposer of life, judge of men, dividing unto them severally, even as He will. The farther we go back in language the nearer we approach a use of words common to those who are now many nations. Who would think when speaking of a water shed, or shedding of the hair (crease), that he was using a word so near akin to a name of God ? "Man, who made me a judge or a divider over you ?" Shaddai : the shedder = Parce : apportioner, con. Upharsin : divided.

OF THE ENDINGS IM, OTH, ONI.

Little comes of telling what names mean unless hoiu they come so to signify be made clear. This sub-Chapter on " Scripture Names" is an effort to present the how in a pleasant form. It will not be a formidable array of dry words culled from the book of Chronicles, like ammonites from limestone, but a lively presentation of the laws and ways by which words in general and names in particular are formed.

The Hebrews used three numbers : — Singular, indicating one thing ; Dual, for two of same kind ; Plural, to represent more than two. The Greeks also had a dual, but its form was fading when the Christian era began. Hence it is not met with in New Testament proper names. Though the dual was then obsolescent in Hebrew and Greek (for it was waning in the former), it was active in others, as in the Sanscrit, the sacred language of India. It is now wanting in all Indian languages derived from the Sanscrit, as French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese are from Latin. The dual was common in the Syriac of the first century, whereas now only two words of that number are colloquial in Syria. William Von Hum-

62 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

boldt shows its use among the aboriginal Indians, extending from Patagonia to the verge of the Arctic, where Esquimaux converse by its aid. One European nation retains it, Lithuania. Russia is discouraging its use ; hence it follows the dual will soon cease to be used in Europe, where it only existed as an exotic, never flourished as a native. Plural forms are less likely to become obsolete. The dual is a grammatical conven- tionalism, the plural an essential part of language. Howbeit, time does not make it fade in all places. The Arabs have it in vigour. The Arabic enjoys as wide a geographical range as any on the earth, English only excepted. It is spoken with variable purity over the vast regions of central and northern Africa, Persia, Syria, Hindostan, the Indian Archipelago, and that peninsula which has, for forty centuries, sheltered the unconquered sons of Ishmael. Through the Moors, Arabic tinged the Spanish and Portuguese. Even English is enriched thereby, for thereto we owe the words Alcohol, Alcove, Algebra, Chemistry, Crimson.

IM.

The Hebrew Im (Dual) was formed by adding im or aim to the singular, as Pharah : to be fruitful, Ephraim : doubly fruitful. Elegantly applied by Joseph to his son. Bethlehem Ephratah : Bethlehem the fruitful, another being in Zebulun. Euphrates : fructilier, whose water makes fruitful. Adah : ornament, crown, Adithaim : twofold ornament. " Lamech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice." Doth : a well, Dothan for Dothaim : two wells. Dathan : well-owner = Wells. Eglon : a fat calf = Galea, Medcalf. Eglaim : two heifers. " Eglon was a very fat man," a John Bull.

HuR : a cave (dweller) = Cavour, Wemys, Hume : trog- lodytes. Horonaim : double cavern. " Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands." " From Zoar (they shall go) unto Horonaim, as an heifer of three years old." Kir: dyke, wall, enclosed dwellings. " Kir made bare the shield." Kirtan : double city = Dupple (German) and Medina (Arabic). From Kir, Carthage: walled, Castra : a camp, Caer, Cahir, Kerr, Iscariot. Mar: bitter, Marath : to rebel. NiMROD : he who is very bitter, a rebel. Merathaim : double rebellion. " Go up against the land of Merathaim," Babylon. Nahar: a river = Rivers. Naharaim : two rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, as Doab : be- tween Ganges and Jumna, so Senegambia, Senegal and Gambia rivers. Aram-naharaim : highlands between the two rivers. " Eliezer took ten camels of his master, and departed ; and he arose and went to Aram-naharaim." Septuagint calls it Mesopotamia : midst of rivers, now called by Arabs Aljezireh : the island, identical with Algiers. Mitzr : Egypt. Mizraim :

BIBLICAL NAMES. Q2

double Egypt, upper and lower. " The sons of Ham, Cush and Mizraim."

Aph : the nose. Appaim : nostrils (nose thrills), two breathers. Nahor : snorting, breathing hard, easily made angry, suggests Stertinus (eighth wise man) : snorter, snorer = Nares and Nasonius (Ovid): nosy, big nose. An irritable person is called by orientals " a man of nose." " The sons of Nadab, Seled and Airpaim." Shair : to separate, whence our sheer, share, shire, shore. Shaaraim : double gates, to a town. " The wounded of the Philistines fell down by the way to Shaaraim." Shahar : to dawn, the separation of gloom, its dispersion. Shaharaim: double dawn, joyous birth. "IShaharaim begat children in the country of Moab." Mahanaim : two camps, hosts.

" Not that more glorious, when the angels met Jacob in Mahanaim, where he saw The field pavilion'd with his guardians bright."

Shunem : two resting places, good repose. " Elisha passed to Shivnem, where was a great woman."

Hebrew differs from English not only in having a dual, but two kinds of plural — -one masculine, the other feminine, dis- tinguished by their endings. The masculine ending was irti. It was exceedingly common, having a wide range as to time and space. Hence the Saxon en, as house, housen — hose, hosen — eye, een — shoe, shoon, " These men were bound in their mantles, their hosen, and their caftans." Hozier (admiral) : maker of leather buskins and leggings, same word as Chaucer. So Chicken : fowls, plural of chick : a fowl, the modern s is added. Chickens being now orthodox. New words are plural- ised by s or es, unless they are frum classic languages, as Chasm : a gaping, an opening, Chasmata : openings (between stars). In two instances in the Bible, im is grafted upon Greek words, as Allophim: gauyim, those of other tribes, con. Pamphylia : all tribes. Sanhedrim : those sitting together, con. Cathedral : seat (of a bishop). In Arabic, im varies to in, as Bedowee : a desert dweller, llanero, karooman. Bedouin : dwellers in the desert. " The only noise heard from time to time in the city is the galloping of the steed of the desert : it is the janissary who brings the head of the Bedowin, or w^ho returns from plundering the unhappy Fellah." Here Bedouin should be Bedowee. Fellah : a boor, labourer, takes the plural Fellaheen. Here in, een, identical with our ine in swine, for sowen, and en as shoon for shoe-en. " Put on yovir Sunday shoon." Sometimes plurals are used intensitively, as Naib : a noble. Nabob : nobles, very noble, as possessing the good quali- ties of many nobles. The following are a few'^instructive cases of its Biblical use : —

64 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Ail : strong. Elira : strong ones. " They removed from Elim, and encamped by the Red Sea." Eloali : great ador- able One. Elohim : the Triune Almighty. El : God., forms Allah. " Hear, 0 Israel, Jehovah thy Elohim is one Jehovah." Anak : long necked, tall. Anakim : descendants of Anak, where hn is patronymical as ide in Lagide : sons of Lagus : the hare. Ayah : to overturn, ruin = Abaddon. Avim : desert dwellers, resident where they had destroyed all. '• The Avim which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the CapJdorim, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroying them., and dwell- ing in their stead." Caphtor : a watch tower. " Have I not brought the Philistines from Caphtor?" The Avim were de- structive tribes wanting in skill ; so, then, they were bounded by Azzah : a strong place. Boch : to weep. Bochim : tears, weepers. " The people lifted up their voice and wept. And they called the name of that place Bochim^ Charash : to cut. Cherathites : slashers. Charashim : cutters, engravers. " Ser- aiah begat Joab, the father of the valley of Charashim ; for they were craftsmen." Chamar : to be black, con. Ham : hot, black = NiGEK, prophetic of his dwelling, Africa. Chemarim : black men, men clothed in black, neri ; the priests of God were dressed in linen, pure and white. " Josiah put down the Che- marim w^hom the kings of Judah had ordained to burn incense. CUSH, CUSHAN : an ..'Ethiop = ^SOP: a negro, who has a burnt face. Cushistan : Ethiopia. CusHi : dark skinned = DuFF. " Zephaniah the son of Cushi." Cushim : Ethiopians. " He shall lead Cushim captives, young and old, naked and bare- foot."

Dedan : leading forward (to increase of family). Dodanim : Dedanites, gives Rhodes : island of the Dodanim. " The sons Javan, Elishah and Kittim, Tarshish, and Dodanim." From Elishah comes Elis, a city of Greece, which country was called Kittim by the Hebrews. Balaam said, " Ships shall come from the coast of Kittim." Eber, Heber : beyond, hyper, super. Ibri : from the other side = Hebrew: Euphrates-passer, an emigrant. Ebronah : passage (of the Red Sea). Abarim : passages, ghauts : passes, identical with gates. " Get thee up to this mount Abarim and see the land." Hillel: who lilts to God's praise. Hallelim : praises. "Abdon, the son of Hillel, <lied and was buried in Pirathon." " Sing ye Hallelim." Melek: a fighting king. Malluch : kingly descent = Cree and Rene. Melakim : kings.

MoPH: anxiety, a weakling at birth. MuppiM : anxieties, weaker than the other. Nathan: given (by God), a prayed' for son. Nethinim : devotees, giving themselves without reserve to God's service. " We certify you, that touching any of the priests and Levites, singers, porters, Nethinim, or

BIBLICAL NAMES.

ministers of the house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose toll, tribute, or custom upon them." Nephes : to stretch out, to increase. Nephusim : expansions, spreadings, big family, " The children of Nephusim returned from Babylon." Nimrah : pure water. Nothing to do with Nimr : a leopard. Nimrira : flowing waters. " The waters of Nimrim shall become desolate."

Oreb : a raven, a dark one. Orbim : dark ones, Arabs. " The ereh and the morning were the first day." Creation begins with the evening, that redemption may end with the resurrection morning." Erebus (from ereb), who married Knox : night. " As dark as Erebus" " Orbim brought him bread and flesh in the morning." Elijah fed by the Bedouin.

Kapha : a giant, transposes to Harapha (Samson Agonistes). Rephaim : giants or descendants of Rapha. " Moza begat Binea : Rapha was his son." " Chedorlaomer smote the Raphaim in Asht&roth Karnaim, and the Zuzitn in Ham, and the Emim in Shaveh Kirithaim." Five plurals and a dual.

Keren : cornu, a horn. Karnaim : two horns. Ashtaroth Karnaim : two-horned moon, where Astarte was worshipped as a moon in crescent. Chedorlaomer: Chedor, the servant of Lahmi, the god of the Susanim. Satan : adversary, enemy. Satanim : accusers. " Now, the Lord my God hath given me sabbath on every side, so that there is neither satan nor evil occurrent." Seir : rough, applied to rocky, scrubby districts = Thrace, Trachonitis, Garrioch, Badenoch. Seorim : roughs, barley, because of spicular form, said of satyrs, goats, demons, and comets, the latter called by the Saxons faxed (hairy) stars. " Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir ; Esau is Edom." When the Shepherd sends the goats to the Devil, it is rough to rough. " Owls shall dwell there and seorim dance there," goats shall caper over fallen Babylon.

Sephar : a book, learned therein, gives Saphir (Adolphe) = Booker, takes fern. Sapphira (not from the sapphire). Sephar exactly corresponds to Surat (E. I.) : a book, place of pundits Sepharvaim : books, scribes, place of learned men, a college. Shaphat: a judge, skilful in counting = Richter : reckoner. Shophetim : judges, sanhedrim = Sufletes : Carthaginian sen- ators. " Where are the gods of Sepharvaim?" " Thou shalt not revile the Shophetim." Seraph : burning (with love). Seraphim : angels, ardors, burning ones. " Cherubim know most. Seraphim love most." Saraph : burning (with thirst), the dipsas. Saraphim : burning ones, serpents, inflamers. " Moses made a saraph of copper, and put it on a pole." " Who led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were saraphmi and akrahhim',' scorpions. " The coast of the Amorites, from the going up to Akrabbim, from Selah," the

PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

rock. Cherub : celestial, gives Cherubixi (friar). Cherubim: heavenly ones. " John was a burning and a shining light/' burned with love and shone with instruction, a combination of seraph and cherub. Sheber : a breach, so named because born when the men of Ai made a breach in the ranks of Israel. Shebarim : breaches. " Maachah, Caleb's concubine, bare Sheber." " For they (the men of Ai) chased them from before the (city) gate even unto Shebarim," for there they made breaches.

Shilhah : a missive weapon, con. Shiloh : sent, gives. Salah : a dart. " Arphaxad begat Salah" Methuselah : man of dart = DowD, DowDS. Shilim : armed men, place of. But Sala (Augustine) identical with Hall and Salmon, saloon, hallkeeper. " Lebaoth (lions) and Shilhim," cities of Judah, and fighting ones too. Shittah : a thorn, the acacia. Shittim : thorns. " I will plant in the wilderness, the cedar, the Shittah." " They pitched by Jordan from Beth Jesimoth, even unto the plains of Shittim," place of acacias. Sokh : a shelter, a booth. Sukkim or Suckathites : tent dwellers. " The people were innumerable that came with Shishak out of Egypt : Lubim (Libyans), Sukkim and Cushim (NegroesJ." The families of the scribes which dwelt at Jabez : Tirathites, Shimeathites, and Suchathites." Zeeb : a wolf, a terrifier = Guelph : 3^elper. Zeboim : place of wolves, or hyasnas. " Make them as Oreb and Zeeb." " How shall I make thee as Admah ? how shall I set thee as Zeboim ?"

Shupham : an adder, glider, coluber (con. labor) = Elops and Gleed. Shuppim : serpents. " Shupimn also and Huppim, the children of Ir." Zephath : a watch tower = Migdol, whence Magdala, giving Magdalene. " They slew the Canaariites that inhabited Zephath." Zophim : watch towers, con. Zephox = ViGiLANTius. " Balak brought Balaam into the field of Zophim."

The following are found in our authorised version only in the phu'al : — Emim : terrors, very terrible. " The Emhn dwelt therein in times past, a people great and many, as tall as the Anakim." Gammadim : pygmies, dwarfs, wee folk like Ghoorkas. " Gammadim were in thy towers " defending Tyre. Gerizim : cutters, allusions to fruitfulness and what follows it, reaping and pruning. " Thou shalt put the blessing upon Mount Gerizim, and the curse upon Mount Ebal." Eb: a stone, gives ben, ebony, Ebenezer, Abana : stony river, Ebal : stony hill, " And some fell on stony ground." Blessing and fruitfulness, curse and barrenness always conjoin. Gebim : pits, caves, troglodytes = Horites. " The inhabitants of Gebim gather themselves to flee."

Naphtallm : wrestlings of God, severe pangs in childbirth.

BIBLICAL NAMES. 67

" Of the tribe of Napldalim were selected twelve thousand." Telaim : young lambs. " Saul gathered the people and numbered them in Telaim." " He shall gather Telaim with his arms." Zamzumim : ze, zu, zummers, noisy ones, like Bos : an ox, booer, Moo-cow, Zebub : a fly, Tungri : old name for Germans because they gave tongue when going into battle. Compare such names as Belcher : bawlcher, Beli : bellower. Creek : who cries as he goes at the foe. Croke, Croker, giving Crockett, also means swashbucklerism. Grogax : roarer, shouter. " Giants dwelt therein in old time, and the Ammonites call them Zamzumim. So the Zulus get their name from their war-cry : Usutu, howled in a style which none but a Kaffir can. Their great organiser was ChaivA (murdered 1828): the Ere brand = Flambard, Beor. He was uncle to Cetewayo : doomed one. Zamzumim answers to Zulu in a most remarkable manner, clearly illustrating how names originate and tribes obtain their designations.

OTH.

The feminine ending otk had a more contracted range than IM. Had is said, has might be, for we yet have it in many Anglo-Saxon words as Moon, vias., Monath, fern., our Month. The following examples illustrate its use in Biblical i)roper names : —

Alam : hidden, a virgin, secluded in the harem, veiled, is applied to unknown period, hidden time: "From olam to olam thou art God." " The Earth with her bars was about me for olam." Applied to eldest as Elajvi. Alamoth : virgins, pure men, free from idol service. " Behold alam shall conceive and bear a son and shall call His name Immanuel." Olam, he whose years are hidden, was to come of alam. " For the sons of Korah: a song upon Alamoth." Alam^PARTHEXOS: virgin, goddess, Minerva, Parthenon : her temple. Parthexia = Vir- ginia, Bethulia (female names). Parthexos (Sciote monk) = ViRGixius, Bethuel; virgin of God = ExoCH. Immaxuel, Emaxuel : God with us, disguised to Maxuell. Arabah : desert plain, gives Arabia, Arboth : desert plains. " The border went up to Beth-hoglah, and passed along by the north of Beth-arabah."

Atarah : a crown — Adah : head ornament, a tiara, Ataroth : crowns. " Jerhameel had also another wife whose name was Atarah!' Ail : strong, Allox : an oak, robust man, Elox : a terebinth. " Elon the Zebulonite judged Israel." Elox = EcK. Elath : oak trees. " At that time Rezin, king of Syria, recovered Elath." Chislox : Arm confidence (of parents). Chisloth : confidences, bulwarks in which people trust. " Elidad, the son of Chislon." " Unto the border of

68 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Chisloth-Tabor." Fortified city at foot of Tabor. Gath : a wine press. Gittite : native of Gath. Gethsemane : wine press valley. Gittitli : harps used by wine pressers when making merry. " To the chief musician on Gittith."

Hazor (con. Az: strong): an enclosed village, Hazeroth : villages. " The people journeyed from Kibroth-hataavah unto Hazeroth." Kab : the grave, a cave, sepulchre, Kibroth : graves (Hataavah : lusters). Aram : high, Jaram : to be high = Augustus. Jerimoth: high places = Bamoth. Former figurative for one in whom we trust, latter local. " Rehoboam took him Mahalath, the daughter of Jerimoth, the son of David, to be his wife."

Jerah : to tremble, to shake like a tent curtain, very shy. Jerioth : tremblings. " Caleb begat children of Azubah, his wife, and of Jerioth." Kedemah : eastward, beginning, where the light dawns, Kedemoth : beginnings, co7?. Cadmus: an eastern, as Sterling : son of eastern man. " Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael." " 1 sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon." Jetur : nomadic village built by men seeking pasture, hence Tturea, nearly = Numidia : pasture or grazing land. Kir: a wall, Caer, Castra, Kerr, Pinkerton from pen : a hill, caer : a fortified place, ton : a town, meaning a strong city set on a hill. Kirioth : walls, bulwarks = Gederoth. Iscariotes : (Ish) : a man of Kirioth, as Ishod : a man of glory, fine made, now IzoD.

Lib : a lion, from Leba : to roar, Lebaoth : lionesses = Leontopolis : city haunted by lions. " Lehaoth and Shilhim and Ain and Rimmon ; all these cities are twenty and nine." Mar : bitter. Mare : the sea, bitter water, Marath : bitterness, Meraioth, Maroth: bitternesses. "The son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth." "The inhabitants of Maroth waited care- fully for good." Mahar : to behold. Mehazioth : visions, con. Gehazi: ghau of vision, beautiful valley = Belcombe. " Mehazioth, the son of Heman."

Nain : pleasant, the opposite of Mar : bitter, Naioth : pleasantnesses, opposite of Maroth. " He went into a city called Nain." " Samuel and David dwelt at Naioth." Nain = WiNTHROP : winsome thorp, dorf = Sheen. Nebo : budding, fruitful. Naboth : f ruitf ulnesses = Ephraim. Nebaioth (moun- tains): very fruitful. "I will give thee the vineyard of Naboth." " The rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto thee." Rabbah : great (city) = Mecklenburgh : Muckleborough. Rab- bath : great cities. " Appoint a way that the sword may come to Rabbath of the Ammonites." Rehob : open space, street enlarged = Straduarius (violin), con. Rehabiah (grandson of Moses) : enlarged of Jehovah, the Lord's freedman = Freeman.

BIBLICAL NAMES. 69

Rahab (harlot): free woman = JuNGFRAU : young free woman. Rehoboam: who makes the people free = Publicola, Liberator from Libero : I loosen, whence Liberal : bond breaker, or socially, who loosens his purse strings. " David smote also Hadadezer, the son of Rehob, king of Zobah." Rehoboth : places, spaces. " Isaac called the name of the place Rehoboth, and he said — ' For now the Lord hath made room for us.' "

Naamah : a fascinating woman = Belvidera, co7i. Nain, Naomi. Naamoth : localities of amenity. " The sister (first woman so tern^ed) of Tubal-Cain was N'aamah." Saba : a host, con. Sabre : army weapon. Sepoy : swordsman, Sabaism : worship of the host of heaven, sun, moon, and stars, Sabaoth : armies, Jehovah Sabaoth : Lord of armies, infinite in reserves and resources. Sokh : a booth. Succoth : tabernacles. " The fifteenth day of this month shall be the feast of succoth." The men of Babylon made Succoth - benoth : tabernacles of daughters. Ben : a son, Benoth : daughters. The harlots of Astarte, the Syrian Venus.

Shem : a name, one heard of = Cleox (the tanner), Inclytus. Aram : to be high. Ram : exaltado, from former Syrians called Aramaeans. Shemiramoth: most exalted, Semiramis (female Napoleon). Tob : good, fertile soil = Aleppo. Tabbaoth : goodnesses. " The children of Tabbaoth."

The following in the plural only : — Behemoth : beasts, great beasts, plural used as an augmentative. " Behold, now, Behe- moth, which I made." Megilloth : canticles, little songs, lilt- ings. Mazzaroth : zodiacal signs, twelve constellations. " Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season ?" Pi, Phi : mouth, as Phicol : mouth all (obey). PuAH : mouth, an orator when Tnas., chatterer when /em. These may be said to be from the Hebrew P, which was shaped like a mouth. PuAH a loquacious person of the /em. gender. Hur: a cave, Horonite cave dweller. Pihahiroth : mouth of caverns. Shigionoth many-stringed instruments. " Habakkuk, the prophet, upon Shigionoth.'

ON, UN, ONI.

These endings do not refer to number but are suffixed to nouns, verbs, or adjectives, as augmentatives. Thus from Zabal : to dwell, Zebulun : a dwelling-place with an intensified force, i.e., very fond of dwelling there. " Now will my hus- band dwell with me." Ayal : a stag. Ajalon : a great stag. Gibeah : a hill, curved ground, con. Gibbus : humped, like the moon in crescent. Gibeon : a high hill. " Sun, stand thou upon Gibeon ; and thou moon, in the valley of Ajalon." Ail : strong, Allah : strong God. Helon : very strong. " Eliab,

70

PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

the son of Helon." Alam (as a verb) : to hide. Almon : hidden (by trees).

Am: people, Anion (No): great (many) people = Puebla : populous, but MiLCHOM : king of the people. Some have it great king, for MiLCHiON, from Melech: a fighting king. Ammon : (of) my people. Ammishaddai (Dan's son) : the Almighty's people, one of. Ammon (David's first born): very amen^faithful one. "Art thou better than No-Amon, that was situate among the rivers ?" Nile branches.

En : a well, con. Een : eyes, ^non : much water, great many streams. " And John also was baptising in jEnon, near to Salim, because there was much water there." Ross (when ori- ental) from Rosh: head, Rosconi: great head, leader = Cappon.

Azaz : to be strong, Azmon : very strong (fortifications). " The border shall fetch a compass from Azmon unto the river of Egypt." Bathar : to divide, Bethuel : separated to God, a patriarchal Nazarite. Bithron : great division, hills and dales. " Abner and his men walked all that night through the plain, and passed through all Bithron." Kiydh : destruc- tion. Chidon : great destruction. Nakhah : to smite, Nachon: smiting very much = Thresher, Smith, "When they came to Nachon s threshing floor of Chidon, Uzzah put forth his hand." He was called Nachon because he owned a Nachon : place of much smiting with the flail. That place was then called Chidon because there Uzzah was destroyed. There is a climax — touching, smiting, destruction. Kasal : to be firm, Chesalon : firm confidence (of dwellers in its strength) = Chisloth. " Mount Jearim, which is Chesalon." Oren : an ash, as tall as, Ornan : an exalted personage, lit. a great ash = Rowan. Kileah : to destroy, Chilion : consumption, destruc- tion by disease. Maleah : to be diseased, con. Mails : bad, Mahlon : great infirmity. "The name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion."

Dan : judgment. Madon : great contention, that which is greatly striven for before the judge. Shamar : to guard, Shimron : vigilantly guarded. " He sent to Jobab king of Madon, and to the king of Shimron." Dag : a fish = NuN, NoN : a fish, symbol of productiveness. One of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. " Non his son, Jehoshuah his son." From Dag we have Tagus : prolific in fish = the African stream. Great Fish river. Dagon : great fish = Grampus, Rabba-dag. " Now, Jehovah had prepared rahha-dag to swallow Jonah." Dum : to be silent, gives Dumah = Moody, MuDiE. Dumb gives Dumps : time of muteness. Dimon : place of undisturbed silence. " The waters of Dimon shall be full of blood." As though the prophet said, It shall be no more Dimon but Damon, from Dam: blood, lit. red, as

BIBLICAL NAMES. 71

Aceldama : acre of blood, Edom, Idumea, Adam, Damascus : sandy soil = Sandy (Beds) : red gravelly earth = Pascovitch.

Eghel : a calf. Eglon : great fat calf = Galea, Medcalf. Epher : a young hart, Ephron : great = Cervoni : great stag, line deer (" Cervoni lies"). " Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver." Ephron = our Buck and the German Bock. Ezeb : to form, Ezbon : well framed, fine fellow = Ishod, Brayo, Izod, and Arba: four, a square built man, like the Hercules Farnese. " Sarah died in Kirjath-arba (city built by him) which is Hebron." To the order of the fine made belonged Esau : formed, made, finished. " The first came out red, all over like an hairy garment ; and they called his name Esau." Hair is only expected on the well grown. The moral of Esau's superior make as compared with Jacob is : — The wicked are best at first, worst at last. One apparently begins well, the other truly ends well. " The sons of God Ziphion and Haggi, Shuni and Hezhon." Zepha : to look out. Ziphion : sharp sighted, good spy = Spiers. Zephon : a watcher, guardian angel, —

" Ithurief and Zephon, with wing'd speed

Search through this garden ; leave unsearch'd no nook ; But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge, Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of harm."

Zeeb : the golden wolf, terrifier, howler, Zibeon : great wolf, rapacious man = AUT0LYCUS. "Esau took Aholibamah, the daughter of Anak, the daughter of Ziheon, the Hivite." Of a bad breed she. Haleb or Heleb : fat, fertile, Helbon : very fertile, Aleppo : fat soil, Galba (emperor) : fat as a calf, the Roman John Bu11 = Lippo (Memmi) thought to be formed on Philip, but means a plump man = Turnus : a jotun, big eater. " In the wine of Helbon and white wool." Geda : to cut down, Gideon : a powerful feller. " The time would fail me to tell of Gideon." Sheraesh : the sun, Samson : splendid sun. " Of Barak and of Samson." Gen : a garden, Gennessaret (con. Sarah) : princes garden, very fertile, Ginnethon : plant protector = Jardine: gardener. Pi: mouth, Pison : great mouthed, wide spreading river. " The name of the first is Pison." Gihon : great breaking forth of waters = Swale (Yorks) : swelling with rain.s. " The name of the second is in Gihon."

Kedar : dark. Cedar : dark foliaged. Kedron : very dark = Douglas, Blackwater. " Over the brook Kedron." Quosh : a bow ; Kishon : bending, winding much = Meander : river of Meonia, Crombie, Carron and Ilissus : helix .shaped, running like a cork-screw = Serpentine. " That ancient river, the river Kishon." Banan : to make a tremulous sound, like water run- ning amongst stones, Arnon : loud soundins: = Rio Sonora.

72 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Hhakam : to be wise, Hachmoni : very wise, a magician. " David's uncle was a counsellor, a wise man, and a scribe ; and Jehiel, the son of Hachmoni, was with the king's sons." Laban : white, a fair man = Blondin, Finigan, Bain, Lebanon : very white (with snow). " His fruit shall be like Lebanon," much. The idea is the same as in Polycarp : much fruit, large family = !N ON, Nun, Eschol. Pathah : to be open, like a mouth, PiTHON : great enlargement, of territory. " The sons of Micah were Pithon and Melech." Padhah : to redeem, Padon : great redemption. " He returned from captivity. Pro- bably received his name through parental belief in return." Pim : to be perplexed, Pinon (duke) : distraction. Perhaps born when parents were in sore distress, like Mary, Beriah.

Shamar: to guard, Shemer: a watchman = Ware and Ward, Shimron : vigilant guardian = Zephon. " Job and Shwiron, the sons of Isaacher." Aman : to support, nourish, be faithful to = Foster, Truman (Hanbury, Buxton & Co.), the last con. GoTTREU (Thohick) : one who trusts God. Amnon: very true, Ammittai : the amen, said of Jehovah. "These things saith the Amen," the faithful The underlying thought in Pater, Fader, Father, Amen Am (mother), Emma : nurse, is one, viz., feeding, sustaining, being as true as a good nurse to a baby. Cazab : to deceive. COSBI (Phineas) : great deceiver, subtle, artful. Gashan: to lay waste territory of enemy ; Shimon : great desert, despopolado. " The sons of Shimon were Amnon and Reu- mah." Shamah : to hear (Ishmael, Samuel), Simeon, Simon : much heard, listened to with acceptance. " Because the Lord heard she called his name Simeon." Simon gives a dim. in the French SiMONOD, whence Monod. Simon when Greek, as SiMONiDES : son of Simon, is from Hemi : semi, half, meaning half nosed, con. Simioe : monkey kind, snub-nosed. Nasa : to lift up, Sion : very lofty = Altamont. " Mount Sion which is Hermon." Hor : hill, giving Oros : a mountain, whence Oron- tes : a mountain stream = Torrens (terra) : a land flood. Her- mon : lofty peak. Some con. Shemesh : the sun, with Sion : much ^hone on, a hill having a sunny aspect. Tsayah : to be dry, Zion : very dry = Durley : dry field, Dryden : dry valley. " We wept when we remembered Zion." Sharah : to shine, Sirion : great shiner, a metal cuirass, " Which Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion, and the Amorites call it Shenir :" the shiner, con. Schon : beautiful. Sheen (Richmond): shining, beautiful, Skin : the shining part. But Schinner (cardinal) is none other than our Skinner who takes off the pelt. Zill : shadow (Zillah), Zalmon (captain) : great shadow, comfort. Zalmunna. Salem : peace, Solomon : very peaceful = Salmoni. Shar : to be smooth, Sharon : great plain, llano (loco piano), savannah. " Who has not heard of the rose of Sharon ?"

BIBLICAL NAMES. 73

Jasher (book of) : righteous, Jeshurux : entirely righteous, then used as of affection to a good child in the sense of darling. From the Hebrew augmentative we have the Italian ONi, ONE, the French on, illon, and the English ON, 00N = Celtic more.

" GiORGO (George) was called Giorgone, or great George, from a certain grandeur conferred upon him by nature, no less of mind than form." Carrion : great Charles. " Carrion had a complete ovation in La Somnambula." Fabroni : great Fabius. Italians affect descent from Roman aristocrats. RlCCOBONi : great Richard. Tassoni (Rape of Bucket) : great Tasso. Alberoni (cardinal) : great Albert. Lorenzo for Lorenzoni : great Lawrence. Sacchoni (cardinal) : great Isaac. Veneroni, for Vigneron : great vine, family man = Eschol. Vignette (frontispiece : artistic piece in book front : a little vine. Castiglione : great castle, dwelling in, the op. Castriotto (George) : little castle, his true name and title SCANDER Beg : Alexander the Bey. Pecci (cardinal) : eater, paunchy = Pansa, Pacchioni (of Reggio) : great eater. Tam- BRONI (Joseph) : big drummer. Borroni : great torrent, con. "Bore, of the Ganges." Borromeo (St.) : living on banks of a bore, torrent, that hears every thing before it = Torrentius.

Albis : fair, pale = Bain, Albon, Alboni : very pale, cor. to the grotesque Allbones. The Italian queen of song being corpulent, the Parisians said, " Alboni is an elephant that has swallowed a nightingale." Pordenone (painter) : great gate- keeper = Salmon, Portman: who had gate rights, a citizen. Caput: the head, Cappon : great head = KEAN, Tait, Canmore. Pectus : the breast, as in petto, Petion (bastile breaker) : big chested. Taglioni (danseuse) : great cutter, slasher, pre- historic war name, con. Tagliapietra : stone splitter, who smashes stone helmet. Belongs to neolithic age. Sclater : stone slitter = Latta: lath splitter. Tagliabue : buffalo killer (bos) = Tuvee (vacca) : slayer of cow. These con. Entaglio : art of cutting precious stones. The Latin nations affect the o, as it makes words sonorous, hence oni is often used formatively, mere verbal padding. Thus Lazaroni : lazy ones, is formed on Lazarus. Macaroni : food foi^ the happy, con. Mazarin: a pastry cook. Pellon: great Peter = English Perowne, French Perillon. Perillon is thus analysed Per (for Peter) il (for filius) on : son of great Peter. Crebillon (French Eschylus) great Crib, which Crib: basket maker. Masillon (divine) : great Thomas. Mabillon (benedictine) : great Abraham. Philipon : great Philip, the French equivalent for Phillimore, FiLMER, RousiLLiON: great Russell. Bibron: great bibber, drinker, con. Bevilacqua (Italian) : water drinker =:Drinkwater. " According to the naturalist, M. 6

74 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Bihron, the sand lizard," &c. Sandon : great Alexander, Sandy. " A few years ago, Dr. Tardieu was blamed for the facility with which he signed the certificate of insanity for the unhappy advocate, Sandon."

Sands (George): sandelier, sandal maker = Gracy : brogue maker. Tardieu : slow footed, tardigrade, the op. of Podargus, Swift, Flett, —

" He to my tardy feet shall lend The swiftness of the roe."

Dillon (when French) : great David (when Irish) : great flood, born at time of. Our use of this augmentative may be illustrated thus : Ballo : I throw, Bakena : a whale, the thrower, Ball : a missile, with dim. becomes Bullet or Ballot: little ball, but by assistance of our old friend oni, swells into Balloon : great ball. So from Bouche : the mouth to BufF, we have Buffoon : great cheeks, puffing them out in fun. Opera Bouffe : buffbnic acting and bucolic music. Cartoon : great card, chart = Magna Charta. Caisson: great chest, con. Cash: metal money that goes in a box. Cash : caisson maker = Ark, Arkwright : makes box for archives. = Lagoon : great lake, con. Lagos : lake district of Africa = Lachlan : lake land= Fermanagh : lake country. Gabion : great cave, hollow to be filled, con. Cavour, Cave : troglodytes. Saloon, Salon : great hall, con. Ingersoll, co7i. Entresol. Alp : a mountain. Alb : Britain, Albanach : son of the mountain. Albion : great Britain, Albany: north Britain. Patagon (Spanish) from Planta : foot-sole, pad, means great footed, Patagonia, Broad- foot (Bertha), Dasipodius, Oedipus (Colonna) : swelled foot, the op. of PoDio : little foot, man with. The name Peed (for pied de boeuf): slow footed, walking like a cow. The French contrast it with PiEDLEU (pied de loiip): swift footed, like a wolf. Peed forms Pay, whence Payson and also gives the dim. Peddie : little Peed, so that in literality Payson = Peddie. Vierfuss : f ourf ooted, flat = Piedleu. Proudfoot: foot of the Pryd (hill). Pryd-hill = Beaumont : pretty hill. The augmentative on with variations entered the (5reek.

Ergon : work, gives Urge : to move, to work, as goad to an ox, George : earth worker, Argos : cultivated all round. Argus : sharp, good worker. Energy : working actively. Ergo : therefore, Organ : a work by excellence, Organon : great work = Magnus Opus. Peri (very) was used by (Greeks to add intensity of meaning, like on, oni. Peri and er : very manly, con. Andrew = Fergus and Agenor (Phenician King) : agan- aner, very much a man. Menander : a man indeed = Barron, Mannus, Wight, Bravo. Pericles: very glorious, much

BIBLICAL NAMES. 75

spoken of = Semiramis. Perigonus : true son = Icilius, Patrobas, Shixab, each of whom was sides up with his father. The Greeks also used Bous : an ox, for big, as we do bull. Bucephalus : great head, Bopis : big eyed. Bulimy : ox hunger, hungry as a bull. The Celts, and from them the Saxons, used More : great, as Canmore (Malcolm) : great head = Tate (when •from the Normans), Chubb (locks), Mazzini (Joseph), great mazzard. Oranmore (lord ) : great fountain = Lismore : great leas, meadows, garden. CoXMiR : great dog, noble warrior. Consult DoiG. MoRVEX (ben) : great mountain, Ben More = Grammont. Brithmor : great Briton, as Franconi : great Frank, a* magistrate. Cathmor : great in battle, con. Kath- leen : battle eyed, eye sparkling like a warrior going into combat. Whitmore : great man, from White : a man, Wight. WiLLiMORE,WiLMER: great William. But LoNGWiLL = LoNGUE- ville, Langton. Oberon : great elf, comes thus, Albis : white, Alva (duke): white man. Elf : a fairy = Banshee : white woman, from Bain : white. Oberon was a puck coming out of hill side by moonlight to play tricks. Hence PuXLEY : field haunted by fairies, and PooK : a fairy, very pretty, a common name.

" This PucJc seems but a dreaming dolt, Still walking like a ragged colt, And oft out of a bush doth bolt

Of purpose to deceive us.

" And leaving us, makes us to stray, Long winter nights out of the way ; And when we stick in mire and clay,

He doth with laughter leave us.

" Do you amend it, then ; it lies in you : Why should Titania cross her Oberon ? I do but beg a little changling boy To be my henchman."

Papillon (Norman knight) : campaigning with a great tent, exactly = Pavilion. Certain sacred names we should never expect to find in directories, on door plates, and public house signs, are so found. In the New York Directory we have several persons called Christ : anointed = Messiah, Uxor and O. E. H(eland, and Gott : God, identical with Goth : good in fighting. How comes this ? From the mediaeval passion plays. Successful personators of any character as Virtue, Hope, Faith, Scripture, or parties mentioned in the Bible often took the name of the character as a surname. Thus in Germany he who took the part of Satan was called Teufel, TuFFiL : devil, or Manteufel : man devil, identical with Mandeville, from which Maundrel: to tell absurd stories like

76 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Sir John. Amongst the French Satan wore wings and was called Lange : L'ange, the angel. Doubtless if Joseph Muller had played Christ as cleverly seven hundreds of years since as he did last year at Oberammergau, instead of being known as Muller he would be called Christ. Gott, God, Goode, GoTHER enter largely into British names, so Gothrum : famous Goth. King Alfred stood as godfather for him, having his name changed to Godman : goodman = Evander, whence Godmanchester : Goodman's camp. So Godalming (Surrey) : almshouse of Goda in the field. Goda is /em. of Goode : man of God, and Goda : godly woman. Godard : of a godly nature, con. Godiva : God given. Gossip (God sib) : akin through God, con. Sibbald : bold kinsman. Sebley : field of a kinsman. Gossip is ecclesiastical as is Novello : one passing his novitiate in a religious house — New, Newcomen : new comers, NovATlAN (heretic) : lit. son of a novice.

Flowers : Easter born when flowers were scattered through church = Flourens, Lorelias, as Llorente omits initial /. These = Foster, though the last is heathen, having to do Math the worship of the Saxon goddess corresponding to Astarte. It is still in use. " The master of the ship, Robert Foster, was drowned." Ecclesiasticism also gives Marnoc (St.) : devoted to Mary, whence his cell Kilmarnock. MuRROCH (Mc) is equal thereto. So (Mc)Ilvride for (Mac)GiLLiBRiDE : servant of St. Bridget, to whom we owe Hebrides : islands of St. Bride, from chapel on coast. Scotch fondness for gil is seen in GiLKisoN for GiLKiNSON = Wilkinson, and M'Gill : son of Gill or Gil.

But we have unconsciously glided from names Biblical into names common through ecclesiasticism. Alas ! that this should so often happen in actual life. We have been true to nature, but she is faulty. We atone by concluding our chapter with an essay upon the word God. The Greeks called Him Theos : placer, arranger, systematizer, who brings cosmos (order) out of chaos (confusion). Hence Thetis (mother of Achilles), Theta (Sun's mother) = Mithras : mother of light. Theos in combination with Doron : a gift,suppliesTHEODORUS,THEODORE, Tudor, which get mixed with Gothic words from Theod : people, whence Theoderic, Derrick, Dirk, which suffer more confusion Avith the Celtic Darach, Darrach : son of an oak, strong = Hf.lon, Eckius. Derringer: oaken spear, who being famous for pistols suggests Pistol, which in the time of Shakespeare meant pistolier = carbineer. Theos gave the Romans Deus, whence the French Dieu, the Spanish Dios, and the Italian Dio, and Deity to us. Goodbye : God be with you = Adieu (Fr.) and Addio (It.): I commend you to the

BIBLICAL NAMES. 77

keeping of God. Before Christianity was introduced among the Celts he was known as Baa-ul : life all, haa identical with Bios : life and ul with all. When the Celts were Christianised they called Him Dia, in the plural Dy. Seventy millions in Europe know Him as Bog, whence Bogdan : gift of God = Theodorus and Elnathan. Bogoslav: glory of God = Theocles, Thecla, Hodijah. Bogatsky: city of God = Allahabad : the habitation of God. By the time Bog reached western Europe it sank into Bogey : a nursery terror. The generic name amongst the Egyptians was Thoth : God. As a rule the name of God in all languages is expressed by four letters or less. It is so with Jehovah, Adonai, Allah, Theos, Thoth in the original, while Zeus: living one, Gott, God, Bog, Deus, Dio, Dia, Tin, Ti, Tu, Tuis (last four supposed to be connected with Tuisco and the idea of earth born), As, Az (these two mean strong), Ad (one) all divine names plainly come under the rule of the Tetragrammaton : four letters. Tewson, Tuson are common names in England, meaning of divine descent = Dioscuri : sons of Dios, Jupiter. Either so or they mean Tuesday born, sacred to Tuisco. Tew also is in daily use. Seeing the name of God might have been ten lettered as Omnipotent. But is four — Why ?

UM).

Eastern nations have yet another augmentative, and, if brevity is the soul of wit, it is the wittiest used by man. We have seen that the Hebrews have two forms of the plural, as we have childre-n- horses, they have seraph-im (mas.) ashtaroiA, gxiiith (fern,.). From im, by omission of m, they formed a very complimentary intensitive ending, thus Bab : great, Babba?! : very great, RABBONi(m) : a teacher equal to several masters. Mary used it well when saluting her risen Lord as " Rabboni ! " for His rising from the dead was an effective way of teaching " I am the life." So IsHi(m) : a noble man = many men = Nabob plu. of Naib : a noble one giving the word of command. Sometimes ISHI : my man, i.e., husband. Arabi (m) = many Arabs. The scamp j ustified his designation. When it is Turkish, Arabi : driver of an arabah cart, and then = Wagner. This augmentative has become common all over civilisation, as is seen by such names as JosEPHi(m) : the best of the Josephs, equal many of them. JACOBi(m) : superior to any named Jacob. SiMEONi(m) : a better man than any called Simeon. Every observer of men and manners can enlarge this list of exaniples.

Reu : a shepherd, who looks after sheep. REi(m) : who watches like many shepherds. Shem : a name, famous Shimei

78 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(m) : much spoken of = Semiramis. " Nathan the prophet, and Shimei and BeL" Ur : Hght, joy, URi(m) : great light (of family) = Housego, Ecolampadius. " See, I have called by name Bezaleel, the son of Uri" As Bezaleel : (under) the shadow of God, these two may be said to be the light and shade of Bible names. Ur : light. ARELi(ra) : the lights of God, born when the stars appeared. SHUNi(m) : great sleeper, long in bed and loud at it = Stertinus : great snorer. Zephon : (his brother) : great watcher. Both sons of Gad. Ah : brother. Ahi (m) : a brother indeed, or my dear brother. He was grandson of Guni. Gen : a garden. GuNi (m) very fruitful, great family man = EsCHOL, Polycarp. Carmi (m) : vineyards, very prolific. A son of Eeuben. He bred in Egypt like a fish (Nun). Carmel : the vineyard of God, a very fruitful hill. ZiMRl (m).: vine with many branches = Zethar : an olive. Family men. Az : strong. Uzzi (m) : very strong. " Bukkie begat Uzzi." BuKKi (m) : dispersions, scatterings, he who scatters the enemy. EzER, Ezra, Esdras : strong helper. EzRl (in)== the help of many. Ben: a son. Bani (m) : worth ten sons. " The children of Bani, 642." Dad : dear. DoDAi (m) : very dear, con. Dido, David, Jedidiah : dear to Jehovah. " Over the course of the second month was Dodai."

Hush: quick. Hushai (m) : very swift = Podargus, Galletly, Lightbody. " HusJiai the Archite came to meet David with his coat rent." Hod : praise, JuDAH : who is praised. HiDDAl (m) : who praises very much, great psalm singer = HiLLEL.

Meribah : strife. Jeribai (m) : contentious, cantankerous, querulous. Jerubbael : let Baal contend. Ribbai (m) : great fighter = Polemox. Ittai (m) : fine strong man. " Ittai the son of Bahhai, out of Gibeah." Naomi (m) : fair as many daughters, con. Naaman, the handsome Syrian. Pi : mouth. PuAH : talkative. Paarai (m) : an awful jabbler. Ziph : a watch tower. Ziphon : very vigilant. Zephi (m) = manyon guard. Shemer : a watchman. Shimri (m) : a very faithful guardian. Salem : peace. Shalmai (m) : very peaceful = Solomon.

Gemalli (m) : many camels, possessor of = Polymeles : many sheep. Shilhi (m) : carrying many arrows in his quiver, or darts, con. Shiloh : sent, con. Methuselah : man of the dart. Not brave like swordsmen. Naphtali (m) : wrest- lings of God. " Of the tribe of Nephthalim 12,000." Hachmoni (m) : very wise man indeed. Quosh : a bow. Kishon : very winding. KiSHi (m-dual) : the double bow, a bow in the clouds appearing when he was born = Kushahiah. Elioeni

BIBLICAL NAMES. 79

(m-dual) : my eyes (een) are to God (El). He had seven sons, and gave each a religious name. His last born was Anani (m) : prophecyings, foretellings, given when His words were ful- filled. Ghor : a valley. Gehazi (m) : valley of visions, where one sees many things to please.

Laban : white = Bain. Libni (m) : very pale = ALBON, Alboni, Chlorus. Sin : a bush. Sinai (m) : much bushy undergrowth, the o^j*. of Penrod. Zacher, Zaccur : having a good memory = Mnason (" an old disciple)." Zichori (m) : exceedingly attentive. Zecharih : remembered of Jehovah. RosH : head, leader. Rashi (m) = many captains, suggests Rabboni (ra).

( 80 )

CHAPTER V.

BIETH NAMES

Are of high antiquity. Their age often prevents discovery of the attendant circumstances in which such were given, so that even when the meaning of a birth name is known, its appro- priateness being unknown, our information receives no great increase. Names of this class are generally souvenirs of faith, hope, prayer, or gratitude, developed into expression by the birth of an immortal whose destiny is veiled by a mystery which time only can uprear. In the nature of things national history could not take cognisance of all births, but if able, unless we knew the circumstances under which a child appeared, the mere name would be small gain. As it is impos- sible that biography can be co-extensive with history, the mass of mankind must pass away unrecorded. Clio cannot take office as Registrar- Generaless. She tells, in some cases, the gross amount, but never the digits which go to form it, informs us that Napoleon marched on Moscow heading half a million of men, but the historic Muse is silent as to who the rank and file were. The million cannot reach the van and be visible to all save by a combination of circumstances and possession of faculties that meet only in a few persons. In other words, the many cannot be known, must be anonymi. Hence, famous names are to those unknown as one blade of grass to a wide meadow. Yet those we have are samples of what we lack. By them we know the principles employed in nomenclature by all nations now civilised and in many yet savage. As it was customary with parents to name children at birth as recorded Gen. xxix., xxx., the probabilities are, that nearly all names were originally of this class. Nor may we lose sight of the pious Hebrew deferring that act until the eighth day, while the classic Greek and law-abiding Roman conferred the appel- lation on the ninth or tenth days. " Circumcised the eighth day," because seven days complete the weekly circle, so that the eighth day is the first portion of a new period of time. The child was then pictorially regenerated, entering into rela- tionship with the covenant people, before which it was on a level with Gentiles. So Jesus rose from among the dead on the eighth day, for first and eighth are identical, — the former having respect to this week, the latter to last. He rose on the first or eighth to begin a new life on a new day. So, also, as to the number saved in the ark. Eight souls bedn a new

BIRTH NAMES. 81

world. Eighth new, in biblical symbolism. Few birth names descend to our age, most being exchanged for names won. Our nomenclature may be enriched as to number by birth names, of whose meaning no man knoweth. If any such they fitted periods when names were simple and descriptive, and, as a rule, became obsolete at the death of their original possessor. In case these won a great name, that given at birth lived by adoption of admirers, but more a life of sound than of sense. That nature urges to name at birth is seen in the case of our great ancestress who, when she brought forth the first born of many brethren, called him —

Cain : possession. " I have gotten the man from the Lord," him whom He promised." " Jehovah cained me in the begin- ning of His way." Many of her daughters since named their offspring with the same yearning hopefulness, like poor Eve, to be distressed by blighted hopes. Her bitterness of disap- pointment was indicated when she called her next born Abel, Hebel : vanity. " All is hebel." Of the millions who fol- lowed her example, the following illustrations may suffice : — IsHMAEL, ISMAEL : God shall hear. " As for Ishmael I Jtave heard thee." Samuel, Shemuel, Ellshama : heard of God, gives ScHAMYL (Circassian) Smollett (Tobias) : little Sam- uel, SiMNEL (Walter), Simson, Simpson, Sam, Samson (when English), but not Sambo, from Zambo (Spanish) : bandy- legged. Abenbrod (evening bread) : born at time of family taking supper. Abendroth (evening red) : born at ruddy sun- set. Anastasius : born at anastasis, resurrection, Easter, gives Anstey (Chisholm), Stacey = Pascal (Blaise): passover time born when pascal (suffering) lamb M^as eaten == Paschasius (abbot of Corbie, 844, first to use the word Transubstantiation), Paschino (Roman cobbler ; had shop near statue of gladiator, to whom young fellows compared him : hence pasquinade), Paraskeva (Russian lady) : born on Easter Sunday. Span- iards called Easter-day Pascua Florida, as they then scattered flowers on the church floors. Florida (U.^.) discovered on Pascua Florida, a.d. 1518. Fleury (cardinal), from Flos, floris : a flower. Llorente (inquisition), for Florente : flourishing = Tantalus, Flourens (Gustave), all Easter- born save Tanta- lus. Pace eggs are Pascal eggs. As the chicken comes out of the egg, so Christ out of the sepulchre. Eoster : born when the goddess Eoster (Astarte) received special honours. This name is in common use in this form and also as Hester, and is the ancient heathen correspondent to the foregiven. Theo- PHANIUS : time of God's manifestation to magi by the star, cor. Tiffany = Epiphanius : epiphany born, Jan. 6th. The Italians cor. it to Befana, whence Bettana. These = Bertha : bright born. The Eastern church calls that season theophany, which

82 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

the Western church terms epiphany. Tradition rnakes the wise men, corresponding to Europe, Asia, and Africa, naming them Gasper : the jasper stone, Balthazar : treasure master, Melchior : kingly, royal. These are the three kings of Col- ogne. The first gives the well known Gasparde. In the Middle Ages children were often called from saints days on which they were born.

ViGiLANTius: born at vigils. Salverte : born when the " Salve Regina " was being chanted. Tolliday : on St. Olave's day, gives Tully, when English, Tooley Street named from St. Olave's church. Crouch, Cross : at crouch mass, December 18th, con. crutch. Francia (dictator): born September 17th, feast of St. Francis Stigmata. Loveday : on da\' appointed for making up quarrels and grievances. Haggai : feast of the Lord, born at, " Shimeah, his son Haggiah, his son." From Hagh : a feast, Hadji : feast keeper, pilgrim, a maji who went from feast to feast, so Hagar : a stranger (Egyptian), con. Hegira : era of Ma- homet's flight, July 16th, A.D. 622. Hagarenes : strangers, gauyim. Haggith : parents rejoiced at his birth like those keeping hagh. " Then Adonijah, the son of Haggith, exalted himself, saying, I will be king."

Jerah, Jaroah: born at appearance of ivanderer, the moon, so called because of its phases. Lebonah (from laban: white) : at moon's appearing. Hodesh : a new moon = NuMENius. "He begat of Hodesh, his wife, Johab and Zibi." "For this cause we choose ]^u7nen'i us, son of Antiochus," con. Mene : numbered. " Mene, Tekel, Upharsin." Moon : numberer. Almanack (all moon ac) : giving all moons. So Kronos (Saturn), gives Chronos : time, as that star told time. Meniscus : little moon, lunette, glass. Menology : register of months. Mensis : a month (moon-eth). Menstruum : solvent caused by the moon. Mensuration : numei^ation of months. The Hebrew name for the moon proper, Jerah : the wanderer, is supposed to give Jericho : city where the moon received special religious honours, as Greenock : from Graine : the sun. MooN = the foregoing upon which is formed the baronial MoHUN : born at appearance of the queen of night. Kushahiah : bow^ of the Lord (from Quosh : a bow, whence Kishon : winding river = Ilissus : helix river, and KiSH : bird snarer = our Snarey, for snarer) : born when a rainbow was visible, which parents accepted as an omen that the little stranger was connected with the covenant. KiSHi (m) : double bow, born when a rain- bow was seen.

Virgil (Publius Maro. Correctly Vergilius) : at appearing of constellation Vergilice, from Ver : spring, con. Vergulta : a rod which buds in spring, giving Verger : who carries rod.

BIRTH NAMES. 83

Hereby we are taken to the days of astrology. Maro's wife suffers the hour of nature's need. He, husband and augur, watches the starry host, eager for a prophetic index of the child's future. The wished for message, " A man child is born," comes, and at the same time the Vergilice rise above the horizon, indicating fruitfulness and inciting hope. Maro salutes his son with the omen Vergil ! Vergil ! ! This name = Gad : a troop, cutting through, an eventual success, fortune. The sun sets over the western wilderness, and the gloaming slowly veiled the tents of Jacob. Zilpah labours, Leah watches. A voice in the tent said, " I have gotten a son." The sky searcher cries Gad ! Gad ! ! Areli (m) : born when the lights of God appeared, the stars rose. This tribial designation = Said, Felix, Fortunatus, Bonheur (Rosa) : good hour. Bona VENTURA : well come, Festus, Luckie, Gluck : lucky names. Long, when Chinese. From Gad Azgad : strong in fortune. " The children of Azgad, 1222." Such names more or less verge on astrology. Metternich (statesman) : at middle of the night, con. Nachman : night watchman, and = the well-known French Minuit. We also find in common use MiTNACHT : born at night's noon.

Shema, Shimeon, Simeon, and Simon : heard (of God), gives simony (Simon Magus), Symes, Symington (where church of St. Simon), Simpson, Sims (Reeves), Ximenes (cardinal). " Because the Lord heard that I was hated." These answer to Aratus (con. Oro : I pray): prayed for = DESlDEHlLTS : much desired. Shammuah : heard of the Lord = Samuel. Asher: blessed, happy, assumes the modern form Asser = Beatus : blessed, whence Beatrice. " Happy am I." But Ashet = Zoppi : maker of pie dishes, and Varsari (George). Judah : praise, one spoken well of = ^NEAS, gives Judas, Jude, Judith, Judy, Judd, Judson, Judeus (Philo) : the Jew, Jewell (bishop). Jukes, Judea, Jewry, Ghetto, but Juler: a jeweller, a trade name, and JuLES : of the Julian gens, and Julian (apostate) : son of Julius.

Baptista and Battista: June 24th. John the Baptist's day, gives Batti, Babty, Battini, Zita (all in Don Juan), Baptist, Gambetta for Gian Baptista. Noel, Nolan (captain), and Naulet: December 25th, natal day of Jesus. Natal (Port) discovered by Vasca de Gama, Christmas Day, 1497. Carna- tion (Gypsy name) : at time of Incarnation. Annunciata (Spanish lady) : March 25th, feast of Annunciation gives Sunter. I have met with it in Yorks. Concetta and Concha : December 8th, named in honour of Immaculate Conception. Immaculato : unspotted, also born December 8th. Since decree of December, 1854, thousands of children have been named Immaculato, the English of which is Affleck:

84 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

without flick. Dolores: in honour of seven dolours of Mary, gives Lola (Montes). Ladyman : March 25th, Lady-day, con. ToPLADY and Nostrodamus (astrologer) : Notre Dame, Nuestra Senora, our lady = Mario : devotee to Mary. Ladybird : insect having five spots upon wings, thought sacred to five wounds, stigmata, of our Lord.

" Ladybird ! ladybird ! fly away home, Tlae daisies have shut up their sleepy red eyes."

Marigold : her gold, sacred flower. Tobermory = Motherwell and Lady well: spring sacred to B. V. M. Trmplemore: Mary- kirk. The oath Marry ! means by Mary. Mary : bitter, born at a time of bondage, hence Miriam, Miriamne (Herod's wife), Maria, Mariana (Sp. Jesuit), Marat (French red), Moll, Molly (Bourne), Mollison, Malkin : a cat. Marionette : little Mary dancing. Marian (Maid), Mariott, Marry att (captain), Maro (monk, whence Maronites), Mar, when it does not mean illustrious, when it does, gives Merling : son of the illustrious = Patrobas. Murroch (Mc) : a Maryite ^ (Mc) Marry, (Mc) MuRCHiE, Murchison = Murtogh: dedicated to Mary, though in some families it means an admiral, sea leader. To these add Damian (John): son of the mother, devotee to B.V.M. Among the Latin race thousands of men are named Mary. We have all possible variations of her names and supposed titles applied to a man child. Some Bourbons have twenty such inanities instead of an honest healthy Christian name. Such is Gloriosa : the glories of Mary. Pio Nono's name in English was John Mary Thomas Smith. We now have the Infanta Mercedes : mercy of the mother of God. " I was accompanied by my aide-de-camp, Colonel Solis, and the Generals Cordova and Alaminos. Don Enrique de Bourbon was accompanied on the fatal morning by Don Frederico Bubio, Don Emigdio Santamaria, and Don Andrez Ortiz." SoLis : a southerner, from Sol : south, as Solano : hot south wind. RuBiO = RuFUS, RuDD = Emigdio (amo Deus, Dio) : lover of God = Godfrey. Santamaria : holy Mary. Andrez : son of Andrew = Ander- son, born on St. Andrew's Day, November 30th. Who would suppose that this religious company were on for a duel ? To these we may yet add Marr (music) and Maris, besides others too numerous to mention.

LoMAS, Lamas: loaf mass, Lammas, born August 1st, time of offering first fruits. Middlemass is cor. from Michaelmass, and cor. into the less distinguishable name of Middlemiss : September 29th. Quartermass (local): living where four seas meet. Midwinter: December 25th, the secular corres- pondent to the ecclesiastical Noel, but before the former there was in use Yule and Yuill : born when the yule log was

BIBTH NAMES. 85

burning in honour of Jul, at time of winter solstice. Genaro (Naples) : January born. Eio Janeiro : riyer of St. Januarius, discovered by Cabral in 1499. Whitgift (archbishop) : Whit Sunday born (whit-for white, dressing in) = Pentecost : born on seventh Sunday after Easter. Innocent : at Childermas, December 28th, in commemoration of Herod's slaughter. SUNTION is the old English Assumption : born August 15th. Cream (for Careme, from Carnis : flesh, as Carnival : farewell flesh) : lent born. TousSAiNT and Ognisanti : on November 1st, All Saints Day == Milcent (de mille Sanctis). Mortimer and Mutimer : death of martyrs, day observed in memory of, wrongfully given as Mortimer: dead sea, a pilgrim calling thereat, this being a cant fancy, guess by sound. Faith : born October 8th, St. Faith's Day. Hegel (Hegelian philosophy) : born at time of hail-storm. Sabbathias (Zwi, Pretender to Messiahship, A.D. 1641): Sabbath born, con. Sabbation : river not running on Sabbath. Shabbathai : Sabbath born. " Shah- hethai, the Levite, helped them." Pausius and Pausanius : born on day folks j^ctused from labour, con. Paulus, Paul : little, who has paused in growth, allied to Parvus, Pauper, and our English Little: at birth = Pettit, Klein, Minnoch, and Minion.

KuRiAKOS (Iconium), Cyriacus, Cyril (Jerusalem), and Cyr (St.) : on Lord's day (kurios) = Dominic (dies dominicalis). Domingo discovered on Lord's day by Columbus, 6th De- cember, 1492, cor. to the English Downie. To these Spanish writers add Mendez, whence Mendoza = Sontag (Madam) : Sunday born. In the West Indies negroes name piccaninnies from their birth day, thus, — Quashee : Sunday born, QuA- sheba, if a girl. One Quashee discovered the virtue of a medicinal plant, from him called Quassia. So common is Quashee and Sambo that they are generic for any unknown negro. Macready (tragedian) : Wednesday born, Mercredi : Mercury's day, but M'Cready is a formation upon that prolific name Reid. There is actually a Micklereid (much, muckle) : greatest of the Eeids, the Reid, Lundy is of tfen given Monday born, Luna dies, but is formed on London, and means a Cockney. London (Robert) flourished in 1180. Proof that then London was small. Freytag (Nuremburg) : Friday born = Friday (my man) = Juba, Couba, negro names, giving to the yellow girls JUBINA, CUBINA. Friday is the next most sacred day after Sunday all over the world, save in Scotland, where it is set apart for courtship and marriage, which is in keeping with pre-Christian times, as the day was specially sacred to the Norse Venus, Freya, Frigga. In many families Free means Friday born, given by Freya ; but Freeman : freedman = Frew, one of the Freelungi. Mittag : midday

86 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

born = Mesembria, con. Mesembryanthemum : flower bloom- ing at midday. The above = Doubleday : born at a mid- summer's noon. Noon, Nun (when English) : born at nones. Laud (Archbishop) : at lauds, time of praise. Laudo from Plaudo : to clap hands, whence explode : to make a noise like hand clappers. Prime : at primes, first service. But Prim (General) : first born. Mattens : born at matins, matutinal service, morning worship. Mezzanotte (Italian) : midnight born = Metternich, Cockshot: born when the cock shuts the day. Sometimes a form of Cocksholt : wood frequented by cocks. Holt becomes shot as Aldershot : alderholt, wood. Photius : son of light, born when day is dawning. IvIanius : born at mane: morning = the better known TiTUS Manlius: son of the morning = Lucius : son of daylight (lux). Morganroth : born when sky began to redden, good omen. DoLLiNGER (theologian) : day-linger, born at tiviVight, betiveen lights, i.e., of son and moon = Ahishahar : dawn brother = Shaharaim : two dawns, mid-dawn = Zerah ' (Ethiopian), Zarah : dispersion (of darkness). Dollinger is often met with in the dearer form of Dallinger. Novelists would be hard put to it to fancy names more poetical, so much does fact outstrip fiction. Dago and Tagg (when German) : born at daybreak, con. Dagger : flashing, glittering like the day; in some cases = Alba, Alva : born when day whitens. Dagobert : glorious as the day. Bertheim : when born the brightness of the home = Housego. Mezzofanti (cardinal) : half an infant, very small at birth = Paulus, Minnoch, and con. Vent, Ventriss: little, infantile as to size. Moab : of the father. Ammon : my people. Their issue was absorbed or perished, but the Jew remains to the fore. Thomas : a twin = DiDYMUS (con. dis bis) = Zwi : two. Gemmell {con. Gemini). Twinn : one of twain. Thomas gives Tamassier (Rose). Massena (Marshal), Masson, great Thomas, Mas- SEY, Mace (when not mace bearer), Mastai (count), Tam (O'Shanter : of the shanty farm, old buildings), combines with Agnello, Anello : an angel, as in Massaxiello, but Giotto (s O) is from Angliotto : little angel, a nurse name. Thomasina as a /cm. is becoming common. In the Gaelic we have Omish, as in M'Omish = Thompson, so (M') Coomee, (M') Cumber = Tomson. The conventional mean- ing of Thomas in the Middle Ages woukl be born on his day. The following are actual family names = foregoing, viz., Twa, Couples, Doubles. Vopiscus (Syracuse) : one who lives of two = AHiMOTH: brother of death, twin brother died. Ham- medatha : a twin. " Haman, the son of Hammedatha!' AvENTiN (St.) for Adventinus : happy event, advent, welcome. Bonaventura (St.) bonny advent.

BIRTH NAMES. 87

Dentatus: born with teeth, con. Indentures : indented parch- ment. Fairbairn, Fairchilds, Faiers : like Moses, beauti- ful from the womb = EsAU: perfect, well formed, hair upon his body showed his perfection to which others grow. When it is given Esau : hairy, the name is confused with Seir : rough, goat-like, Seorim : satyrs, demons. Properjohn : John wlio was a tine baby. But Littlejohn : small at birth = Little of us, and Zuar of the Hebrews. " Oh, let me escape thither (is it not a little one ?). Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar." " The son of Zuai^ shall be captain." Flann : ruddy at birth = Edom. Scarlett (heavy dragoon), Rose, and the German Roth.

JoLiFFE : jolly child, from Liffe : son, one loved, life of parents, liffe, life, love. Goodliffe : child devoted at baptism — Hosius, Allgood : hallowed, so Cunliffe, Wickliffe. KosKiuSKO (Poland): weak boned = Holbein (painter): hollow- bones. Tola (judge) : a worm, weak, little. " I am a tola, and no man." Gebar : strong (man) is its contrast, Gabriel : the strength of God, very strong. TiCKEL (friend of Addison) : feeble, trembling, made into Kittle : shaky, delicate, critical in Scotland, as " It is a kittle point." So Tiddler (Tom's ground) : all of a totter. Tottie : a little girl.

" 0 weake life ! That does leane

On things so tickle as th' unsteady ayre."

Aram (Eugene) : weakly born, feeble baby. But Aram (Biblical) : high. Hagab : a grass hopper, locust, Agabus (prophet) : little at birth. Amoz : strong, robust, from Az : strength, probably applied to strong infant. Saul : asked for : " Saul died and Baal-hanan reigned in his stead." Gen. xxxvi. 38, The first place his worship is implied. Baal- HANAN : born of the grace of Baal, con. Hannah : grace. Achbor, Akbar : a mouse, small child = Musculus (reformer) : a little mouse, identical with muscle. Symbolic meanings were attached to mice, now lost, hence their mission to afflict Philistines. Rats and cats are unmentioned in Bible. Dancer (Daniel), Dauncy, Dancy : who is dauncy, nigh to death, done, born more dead than alive. From do comes death (doeth), dead (doed), dauncy, done.

Cade (Jack) : born little. Cad pig : least of litter. Cadet : younger tjrother = puny, puisne, post natus. Puny gives Pony : little (horse). Some give Cadet from Capdet from Caput : the head. Cade. " We John Cade, so termed of our supposed father, Dick. Or rather, of stealing a cade of herrings." Cask is formed on cade and casket on it. Of all English names it answers most closely to Paul : one whose growth has been arrested, whence Paoli (Corsica), Palafox (Saragossa), .

88 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Pablo (Fanque), Pawley, Paley : Paul's field, dedicated to, Polk (president), (Mc)Phail, Paulus (Sergius), Paulicians : followers of Pauline epistles, ancient puritans. Semple : born January 25th, feast of St. Paul's conversion. Agrippa : sharp pains, <4ger, regrotat, acer. De las Penas: born of great pains, is the Spanish equivalent. Jabez corresponds. " His mother called his name Jabez, saying, ' Because I bare him with sorrow.' " Tahrea : delaying cries, slowly born — " The sons of Micah were Pithron, and Melech, and Tarea." Varies to Terah whence Teraph : an image, Teraphim : household gods. Some have Teraph a form of Seraph, as Tekel : weighed, is identical with Shekel : a weight. Cordus, Corder (Maria Martin), Cordelia : born slowly. Leah : wearied, fatigued mother to give her birth. " The name of the elder was Leah." = Cordelia. Bilhan (Ezer's son. Gen. 36) : terror, conster- nation (of mother in labour). Bilhah is its fair fevi. Ahab : father's brother, when born had features of his uncle = our Farebrother : father's brother, born like him. IsHNi : like his father, the born image of papa. Aharah (son of Benjamin): after his brother, as Jacob after Esau. Another of the names like Nun : a fish, breeding like one, telling how prolific the Hebrews were in Egypt. Ulysses (named of Autolycus) : anger with, odious to, annoyance at. Grandpa in ill skin. Cadena (Sp. lady) : born August 1st, feast of Peter's chains, from Catena : a chain, whence concatenation. Azmaveth : strength of death, implies mother died = Todleben (Sebastopol): dead alive, child lives, mother dies. "Over the king's treasures was Azmaveth."

Ichabod : inglorious. " She named the child Ichahod, say- ing. The glory is departed." Ishod: glorious man, fine shaped male child, con. last and Judah, becomes Izod, Izett = Bravo. Hophni : little fist = PYGME: the fist (size when born), con. Pugno : I fight, Pugil : a champion, pugilist, Pygmalion (Tyrian king) : son of Pygme. Trepoff (shot by Nihilist) : a foundling discovered on tveppe : the steppe, moor, wilderness, son of the steppe. Benoni : son of my sorrow. " It came to pass as her soul was in departing (for she died), that he called liis name Benoni." This being an evil omen Jacob made it Benjamim : son of my days = Shanegan (Irish) : old man's son. Benjamin : son of my right hand is con. Yemen : right hand, south. To a man in Hebron looking due east Syria was reckoned north (left hand) and Arabia south (right hand). Gives Ben, Binney, Benson, howbeit Bendigo is a form of Benedict.

Nephtalim, Naphtali : the wrestlings of God. " With the ivrestlinys of God have I wrestled." Adding the Divine name gives superlative force : Piver of God (Bog, Euphrates), Moun-

BIRTH NAMES. 89

tain of God (Benledi, Sinai). Hush : to hasten gives Hushai (David's friend), Hushah (Hushathites) Hushim, (Dan's son), HusHAM : all prematurely born. " When Jobab died, Husham, of the land of the Temanites, reigned in his stead." The Kaffirs name children on same principles. For example, a child is sometimes called by the name of the day on which it was born, as Robinson Crusoe called his servant Friday. If a wild beast is heard to roar at the time the child is born, this circumstance would be accepted as an omen, and the child called by the name of the beast, or by a name representing its cry. If the animal heard were the hyena, which is called iynpisi, the name of the child might be either Umpisi, or TJ-HUHU, an imitative sound representing the laugh-like cry of the beast. A boy, whose father prided himself on the num- ber of his stud, called his child Uso-Mahashe : father of horses, as their number would be increased by the time he in- herited them. A girl, whose mother had been presented with a new hoe, was called Uno-ntsmbi : daughter of iron. Pandi (Zulu king) got his name from impande, an esculent root in use among the Kaffirs. Hyena : is from Hus : a sow, whence Sw^, whence soiv, soiu-en, swine. The daughter's name con. the hoe, compares well with Barzillai : son of iron. " Barzillai, of Regelim, brought beds to David." Many Biblical names are illuminated by being studied from the Kaffir point of view.

AiAH : howler, hooter, schirler : a vulture, hawk, or kite = U-HUHU. " But the king took the two sons of Rizpah, the daughter of Aiah, whom she bore to Saul." The wife suffers in her harem, her husband goes forth, and seeing a vulture hovering, calls his newly born daughter Aiah. Thackombau (Fiji king) : evil to Bau (the island). The Wesleyans craned him up from a cannibal into a christian. Proculus (opposed Probus) : born while father was procul, afar. Apicius (wrote on pleasures of eating) : born out of the house, A'po oikos. From Oikos : a house, OEcumenical Council : a council called from wheresoever a house is. Astor (Astoria) : Thursday born, dedicated to the Asir Thor = Donner and Toxner : born on Thursday, and marked with his hammer. Tewson (auctioneer) : son of Tuisco, Tuesday born. By a mythological fiction, which was grafted on to Christianity, when a child was born on a day connected with a god, if a male, he was called the son of that god, all to the glory of the family. Cesar (Julius) : from Cosdo : I cut, coesus : cut, born by in- cision, whence that operation is called Coesarian. Nonxatus : not born, before the death of his mother, "Raymond Nonnatus was born at Portel, in the diocese of Urigel in Catalonia." Nepumuk (St. John) : born at Pomuk, in Bohemia. 7

90 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Nevus, Nevius, Nevins (when not big fisted) : born with a birth mark. Noevus, from Novus : new. Certain new arrivals were named in the prosaic form of numeral adjectives, as Protogexia (Deucalion's daughter) : first born girl — Prima (Romulus's daughter) = Prim (Madrid) = Protus. These = Lane (le ane, antiqus : old. When not Irish): eldest = Maximus, Massimo : chief by birth, maximus natu. Frederick 7th being a great admirer of the Roman generals Fabius Maximus and Scipio Einilianus compounded them calling his son Maximilian : patient and valiant. In Psalm xc. 2 we read, " From olam to olam thou art Elohim." 01am : hidden, veiled, gives Alam : a virgin, one veiled. Jonah was in sheol for olam as he lost count of time, it was veiled from him. Applicable to hills whose duration is hidden, or to eternity. It is then applied to anything old. Shem gave it to his eldest son Elam : first born, Elymas : Persia, Elymais : capital of Ulam: as above. " His sons were Ulam and Rakem.'' Jether and Jethro : excellent, excelling in age. " He said unto Jether, his first born, up and slay them." Reuben : Reu : see, whence Ruth : desire of eyes, Ben : a son. " Reuben, thou art my first born, my might, and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, the excellency of power." Hence Rubens (painter), Rubini (physician). Sonneborn : a son born to parents who had previously, in despair, adopted a son. Sir, Sire : father, Siret = Excellency : excelling by years, and presumably by knowledge. Zelophehad : first rupture = Bec;her : ripe early, giving^BECHORATH, BiCHRi : my first born. " Becher is called Bered in Chronicles." " Zelophe- had had no daughters." Secundus : second (born) from Sequor: to follow, gives Secundinus : son of Secundus (St. Patrick's companion) called by the Irish St. Sechnall, whence Maolseachlan : bald to, disciple of Sechnall, tortured to Malachi (of the golden collar) being supposed = the Hebrew Malachi : messenger of the Lord.

Vashni (son of Samuel) : second born, probably a sister first. Shilsha: third son. "The sons of Zopah. Shammuah and Shilshea" = Tiers (French statesman) = Tertius, whence Ter- tullus, its dim. which is foolishly given, in some works, very earthy. Quartus : fourth (son) = Codrus (Athens) = Reba (Moabite king), but as Reba is a transposition of Arba : four, and that is applied to a square built, handsome man, Reba may mean fine made. Tetricus (almost emperor) : fourth son. QuiNTUS : fifth (son), gives St. QuENTiN, Quintillian : son of Quintus, also Quinze (when French) : fifth birth. Pompey : fifth (son) though given from Pompeii, said to have been founded by Hercules with great pomp, con. Penta : five, Punjaub: five river country. Punch: made of five ingredients, Pampeluna

BIRTH NAMES. 91

for Pompiopolis : city of Pompey. Caesar's rival had a son> viz., Sextus : sixth, Xystus (pope), hence Sistine (chapel)- The Roman = Hebrew Sheshai (son of Anak). Septimus: seventh (son), con. September: seventh month = Barsabas : seventh son, Bathsheba: seventh daughter. Octavius: eip^hth (son), Otto when Italian, Otto (roses) eighth essence. From Octo we get Ides : eight days after Nones. NoNUS, Ennius (Calabrian poet) : ninth born, con. Noon : ninth (hour), from which Luncheon for Nuncheon : noon-day repast. Decius (patriotic devotee), Decimus : tenth child, con. Decade : ten years. Quince (when Spanish) : fifteenth by birth. Imogen: "last born — Telegonus and the Italian Sezzi = Posthumus (postremus) : last. Our great Will took it to mean Posthu- mous : born after father was in ground.

" What's his name and birth? I cannot delve him to the root : his father Was called Siciliiis, who did join his honour Against the Romans, with Cassibelan ; But had his titles by Tenantius, whom He served with glory and admir'd success : So gain'd the sur-addition, Leonatus : And had, besides, this gentleman in question, Two other sous, who, in the wars o' the time, Died with their swords in hand, for wliich their father (Then old and fond of issue) took such sorrow Tliat he quit being ; and his gentle lady, Big of this gentleman, our theme, deceas'd As he was born : The king, he takes the babe To his protection : calls him Postluimius Leonatus, Breeds him and makes him of his bed-chamber."

SiClLlus is a form of IciLiUS : equal son, as good as his father (cow. Isosceles : equal legs) = Pat ROB AS. Servius : preserved, foundling = Geryon and Trepoff. In those ages infanticide was not considered immoral. PlAZZA : a foundling discovered in a portico. Leonatus : lion born, of warrior parentage. Moses : drawn out = NiMSHi: chosen, elect, taken out of, sug- gesting Hydrogenes : water begotten, Hydrogen : water pro- ducer. Moses was his Egyptian name, his Hebrew appellation is lost. The Rabbis say it is one of these :— Chabar, Jecothiel, Jared, Ahizamach, Abisuco, Abigedur or Schemiaia. But which ? In Arabic, and cognate languages, it varies to MusSA (Pasha Silistria) or MoussA.

" The gleams miraculoiisly shed O'er Moussas cheek when down the Mount he trod All glowing from the presence of his God."

Hence Moyse, Moss, Moseley, Mowatt (when they do not mean a little hill = KNOWLEs), Mozart (king of composers) but Moss (local) = Petley : living on a peat field, whence Moss- man, Mosscrop, Mossgrip = Petman : turf digger. In this

92 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

case MossMAN = Cespedes (Spanish), but sometimes stands for a moss-trooper, moor robber, Bishlam: born in time of peace, con. Salaam : to bow and wish peace. " In the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam." Galal : rolled (reproach from parents, barrenness), con. Gall us : a cock, crows when darkness is rolled away, Globus : any round thing. Beriah : calamity, born in. " He called his name Beriah, because it was evil with his house" = Mary from Mar : bitter = Harms (pastor) : born at an evil time. Achilles (tendon) : without the lip, dry nursed = Gallic (deputy), Lactantius (Latin father) : brought up on milk. NoRRiss, Nurrish : one nursed, fostered = Foster, but sometimes used actively for a nurse.

Giordano (Bruno), Jourdax (marshal), Jordan : baptised with Jordan water = Santhague : holy water. Haldane : half Dane, of Saxon mother and Danish father. Gollacher, Gallagher : born of a strange woman, con. Gael. Gallyon : son of an Englishman. Englishmen were called Gaels : stran- gers, 700 years ago in Ireland, where the three last were originally born. D'AuBiGNE (Reformation) : of an alien, be- comes Dabney. Branchus : throat, con. Bronchitis : disease of throat. Varro says — " The mother of Branchus being in child, dreamed the sun entered into her mouth and passed through her belly ; whence the child was called Branchus from Bronchus : the throat." Archemorus : beginning with death. His death foretold by Araphiarus as soon as he was born. The Nemean games were solemnised in his memory.

Charilaus : people's joy = Demochares, so named of Lycurgus. Desiderius (pope), Didier, Diderot : child greatly desired = Brammante (architect), Samuel, Saul, and Aratus. Macbeth : son of life, whose birth enlivens parents = Haggith. Samborn and Winterborn are not nativity names, but mean sandy 6i^r7i = GRiESBACH and winding 6urji = CR0MBiE. In some cases Burns is not from Burn: a brook, and so = Brooks, but con. bear, bairn, born, meaning emphatic bairn, of noble descent = Tiridates and Gnatho : the son, con. Knight, David : beloved, a pet, con. Jedidiah : beloved of Jehovah, gave to Carthage Dido : beloved (woman) and to us the fem. Vida, Davie (fought in war of independence), Davy (Humphrey), Davies, Dawe (painter). Daffy (elixir), Davis, Davitt (land leaguer), Taffy, applied to a Welshman from St. David, as Sawney, a Scotchman from St. Andrew, and Paddy, from St. Patrick, though some good authors insist on having it from St. Palladius. Dakin, Dawson = Davidoff. Dillon (M.P.), Dilkie, Dilk, Dilly : little David. The Arabs have Salmah Eben Daoud : Solomon, the son of David, and Schah Daoud : king David. "All Israel and Judah loved David,"

BIRTH NAMES. 93

HOBAB : beloved. " Yea, He hohabed the people ; all his saints are in thy hand." Wine: beloved. "My ivinsome deary O ! " = Mungo (St.). Winnoc : little dear = Darling and Winnie (the waif). These are nurse names, as Medad : loved, Eldad : loved of God, greatly beloved, and Dad. " There ran a young man, and told Moses, and said, Eldad and Medad do prophesy." Such are Dearlove, Sweet, Angel, Angliotto : little angel. Love, Baby, Burns, Enfant, Infant, Petts, Precious, Pettee, Golding, Zeresh (Haman's wife): golden, GoLDiE, Gowdie, Good, Goode, Goodchild,' Spes, Hope, Elpis : whence Elpidias : son of hope, and the Milesian name DiGNUM, which signifies hope (of parents). Zepho : watched for (by parents), co7i. Zephon : watcher, guardian. John (world known) is composed of Jehovah : I am, and Hannah : grace. From latter Hanan : merciful, and Hanne- THON: free gift. Hananiah, Ananias, Ananus: Jehovah's grace (given by). Hanno : gracious, Hanun (shaved ambas- sador). Hannibal (Carthage) : (born of the) grace of Baal. Ann, Anne, Annville : Ann's town. Danville : of it. Anna- polis: her city. Nannuci (Italian), and Nina: little Ann. Shush : the lily (white), gives Shushan : the city of lilies, planted round it ; compounding with Hannah, gives Susannah, Susan : beautiful as the lily and gracious, Suke, Sue.

The awful word Jehovah: I am, unchanging, contracts to jah and ah in composition. Thus Jah and Hannah: Jehovah's grace, gives Johanna, Johannes, John, Jean, as St. Jean d'Acre : St. John of Accho. Prujean : prudent John. Grossjean : great John = Meiklejohn : John who thinks much of himself. (M') Fadyan : long John, cor. to Faddan. Jockie, Jockey : little John = Jacket, Jock, (M') Geoch : Jock in kilts. Froissart tells that, — " Henry, Duke of Lancaster, on his return to England, entered London in courte Jacques of cloth of gold, a la fachion D'AUraayne." These Jacques, when little, were called jacquette by the French and Jacket by us. Jacket : properly means a retainer wearing one. Jack sug- gests poverty, and servitude, or inferiority, as jackass, jack- pudding : a buffoon, jackanapes, who travelled with bear and monkey. Jack : instrument for roasting, formerly a boy called a turn spit. In Italy (Don) Giovanni, Giannone : great John, Giovanetti, Vanelli : little John = Jantje (Dutch). The name John applying to beloved disciple, or the Baptist, is in double favour, and was given to children born on either of their days on the calendar. So fond are Italians of it that they combine it with many names in the forms yian, giam, as Giambianchi : white or fair John, becomes Zam- bianchi (defended Rome in 1849). Giambatista : born June 24th. Gambetta, Tista, Tita. Sometimes patronymical,

94 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

GiAN- Antonio : John, son of Anthon3^ Gianfigliazzi : John, son of Azzi. Giovanni, cor. to Gianna, forms Zanoni : great John, which cor. to Zany : a merry andrew. Zan for John wives Zampa (musician): John's father, Zanpere = Arabic Abri Yahya. Zanchius (Jerome) : John's son (filius) = Zancoff. The Mexicans call him Jontli. The Hungarians have Guy, whence Guyon (Kars) : great John. Germany has Hans, whence Heyne, Hanks, Hancock, Handley : John's field, attached to his church, Hans-wurst: Jack sausage. The Dutch say Jan, Jansen (spectacles) = Johnson. The Spaniard prefers Juan, Don Juan : lord John Juanito : little John = Vanelli. Bobo Juan : booby John. The Celts had Am, Gin, Owen, Shane, Shan, the two latter formed on Ain as though Shane : the John. Shane gives Shenkin, Shoneen : Jackie, Johnnie, a boy. Strichen, Strahan : John's strath, valley. Eussia has Ivan, Czentiyanny : St. John's (Cathedral, Moscow). Wales rejoices in Evans, Jones, the latter being, after Smith, the commonest name in Britain. The men of Portugal delight in Joame, whence Gomez = Johnson. In Persia it is Yohannan. The Greeks have Giannakes. In India, through the Mahometans we find Jehan, as Jehansi = our Johnstone: John's town, where his church. The following all means son of John, Hannefan (enfant), Upjohn, Janzoon, M'^Geoch, Hansom (cab), Ivanovitch, Ivanoff, Fitzjohn, Bevan, Bowen, Zancoff (Bulgarian), Jannceus (of John Hyrcanus), JuxoN (bishop), Jennings, Shenkin, Jenyns (Soame), Jenkins (aged), Jankowitz, Jehanputra, Zanchius. Who shall lay to the charge of John that he is Malthusian ? The following mean John's town, Ainsworth (dictionary), GoNViLLE (college), Hamburg, Van Amburg : of Hamburg, Johannisburg (wine), Shenstone, Jambol (bol for Polls: a city). Shajehanpore : king John's town. In its /em. form we get Johannah, Jane, Jean, Jinnie, Janet, Jeanette, Jenny, Joan, "Jeanette and Jeannot : little Jane and John." So that John interpenetrates more than twenty languages.

Hafiz and Hafid : saviour = Soter (Ptolemy) = Salvator (Rosa), con. Salvador (island). Hosea : saviour, whence Hosanna : save thou, forms with Jehovah. Joshua : greatest .saviour = Hafiz - Allah : saviour of God, whence Jesus (Greek), IssA (Arabic), Jesus (English) : saviour of Jehovah, —

" Such the refined IntelHgence that flow'd

In Moussa's frame ; — and, thence descendincr, flow'd Througli many a Prophet's breast ; in Issa shone, And in Mohammed bm-n'd."

The letters I.H.S. do not stand for Jesus Hominum Salvator : Jesus the saviour of mankind, but are an old Saxon abbrevia-

BIRTH NAMES. 95

tion of Jesus, whence Jesuit : of the society of Jesus, giving Jesuitique : hypocritical.

" After that came his brother out, and his hand a-kahhed Esau, and his name was called Jacob:" heeler. From Kabh : heel, Kibes : chilblains, swellings caused by cold, blain, blown, —

Falstaff : — " Well, sirs, I am almost out at heels." Pistol : — " Why, then, let hibes ensue."

" Esau said is he not rightly named Jacob ? for he hath suj)- •planted me these two times." The figure is taken from wrestling : Sub : under, Planta : sole of the foot. Supplant : to place a foot under that of an antagonist, and so trip him, taking his place, —

" He wonder'd but not long

Had leisure, wondering at himself now more ;

His visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare ;

His arms clung to his ribs, his legs intwining

Each other, till supplanted on his belly prone

Reluctant, but in vain."

Planta gives Patagon : great foot = Fuss, op. of PoDio (Italian) : little foot, whence Patagonia : country of great footed people. Lucto : I strive, struggle. Luctator (luttator) : a wrestler. Reluctant : wrestling back, antagonising. Satan suffered a greater grip than he could give.

Jacob is identical with Akkub: insidious. " Akkiib was a porter, keeping the wards of the thresholds of the gates." Same as Akabi (starved rabbi), Jaakobah (David's hero), Dacobi (1 Esdras v. 28). Yakoub (Khan), Jacobus gives Jacobin : one meeting in St. James' Monastery. Jacobite : follower of James II. Hence, too, Cobb, Cobbett, Cobbin. CoBELL, CoBOS, Copp, CoppiXG : SOU of Cob for Jacob = Cobez, which corresponds to the name of the Russian general Skobe- LOFF. Here we seize upon the latter part of name, but by taking the former syllable we obtain the softer name James, whence Jamie, Jemmy, Jamiesox = Gimsox. The Spaniards have Diego, giving Diaz = Jamiesox, also Iago, as Santiago (city of St. James) : our Jagg, Jaggard when not = Huxter. San- tiago = Jagielski (s KoumissJ : town of St. James. The Highlanders have it in the form of Hamish, In Ireland it is Shamus (O'Brien). France has Jacques, as Jean Jacques Rousseau: John James Russell, Jacquelixe, Jacquard (loom) : identical with Jaggard. Giacomo prevails in Italy, and this shared by Spain, as Compostella : Giacomo Apostolo : (city of) James the Apostle. Como from Giacomo is common in Italy. St. James has charge of all Spain.

" To thee fervent thanks Spain shall ever outpour ; In thy name though she glories, she glories yet more In thy thrice-hallowed corse, which the sanctuary claims Of high Compostella, 0, blessed St. James."

96 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

English pilgrims were named Cockle from visiting this shrine.

" He shows St. James' cockle shell ; Of fair Montserrat, too, can tell."

Also to this prolific James we trace Jex, Jockell (when not horse warrior = Emly), Lapide (Cornelius A.) = Jamieson, SiPPELL, wherein there is only one letter for a philologist to hold on by. As Sar : a prince, is root of Sarai : a princess, and also of Israel ; prince with God, it follows that grand- mother and grandson were allied by name as well as by blood. Sar, Czar, Herr, Dar (Hindoo for lord), Mar (Syriac for lord) all have an originally similar meaning, one who marshals, puts men into line of battle, a military organiser. Now though Jesus named Peter who afore was Simon, and therefore it is not of nativity, yet it seems half a pity to dissever him from his con-freres James and John, so we will say Peter : a stone, a man firm yet moveable, one built in, but not built on, a lively stone quickened by The Living Stone. Peter con. to Pier: a jetty, a mole. Petrrea : rock (city) = Selah. Arabia Petroea : Arabia the stony. Peter gives Petrulla, Petronius, Perkin (Warbeck), Parkins, Parkin, Parkinson, Purkiss, Parnell (obstruction). Parr (old), Pereira (Dr.), Piers (Gaveston) Pierce, Perron (cardinal), Peroni (last two) : great Peter. Pirrett : little Peter, Perry (when not a trade name, one making liquor from pears), Pedro (don), Perez = Pierson and Petronius, Pietro, Peruzzi, Perugino, from Perugia from Peter, and Petrarch (poet). (St.) Petersburg: Peter's city, Petro-paulski : city of Peter and Paul, Peterloo : Peter's meadow, lovj lying. Its French form is Pierre, which is patronymical, showing how high Peter stood in Gallic favour. Eassompierre (general) : Bassom, son of Peter, Robes- pierre (terror): Robert the son of Peter, Dampierre, Dampier: Daniel, son of Peter. From last Damper : Australian bush meat. " At the sixth attack, Dampierre, at the head of a picked de- tachment, charged a redoubt."

Lkvi : joined, Levite : of Levi's tribe, Leviticus : law of Levites, Leviathan : joined scales, crocodile of Egyptians, being largest animal of the Nile applies to any big thing. " This time will my husband be joined to me." Nathan : given (of God), Nethinim : given ones, devotees, Nat, Nathaniel: given of God = Jonathan : Lord given. Theodorus, Theodo- sius, Theodotus = GoDiVA (Coventry) : God given. Mattan, Matthew : a gift, son. " From the wilderness they went to Mattanah. There the Lord gave luater." Mattaniah : (son whom the) Lord gave. Matthew gives Madai (Florentine confessors), Matys (Quintin), Mathwin, Maddison, Mac- Math = Matthews for Matthewson, Maitland : glebe

BIRTH NAMES. 97

dedicated to St. Matthew, Maddox, Mattock (some claim last two as forms of Welsh Madog : beneficent = Boniface). "Do you know Matthew Mattocks?" Matthias, Matthiah: gift of Jehovah. Zabad: a gift, as Elzabad : God gave = ZABDiEL answers to Zebediah, Zebedee : gift of Jehovah = Zabdiah, Zabdi : the Lord's gift. Issue in answer to prayer. IsAAC : laughter, gives Hyke, Hicks, (M')Kissock, Nye, Nykix, Sacy (French). Hicks, when Hibernian, means doctor, surgeon, HiCKiiocKS : son of doctor = MacLay.

These Oriental demonstrations of joy correspond to our Occidental Hauschein : a baby whose birth makes the house to shine. This German name was Greecised into Ecolampa- DIUS : lamp of the house =:Umbreit (job) : home brightness. We English have one (London Directory) corresponding, HouSEGO : house joy ; and the French have Bertheim : brightness of home. These names, and such, supply the poetry of onaraatology, name giving or knowing.

Thamah : laughing, joy of parents, welcome baby-girl. HuL- DAH : a weasel, a little active girl. " So Hilkiah, the priest, and Ahikam, and Achbor, and Shaj^haoi, and Asahiah, went to Huldah the prophetess : (now she dwelt in Jerusalem in the college) : and they communed with her." What a mena- gerie met in the Jewish Girton: — Achbor : a mouse, Shaphan : rabbit, Huldah : a weasel.

TiRAS : desire (of parents). Youngest son of Japhet, sup- posed to give name to Troas. This is the first record of a long line of yearners for offspring. It answers to WuNSCH : much wish for, and such names as Sheal (son of Bani) : prayer, and Shealtiel (Ezra's father) : asked of God = Samuel. Bass : little (at birth), Bassetti : very little = Petty, Pettit. Ibri (son of Merari): (born) beyond (the Red Sea). Bythesea (commanded a man of war in 18G9): found by the sea = WiTTON : son of the wood, foundling in some cases = Groves. Parrish is also a foundling name, as is the Italian D'Ondes : of the waves, found on shore, con. Unda : a wave, whence Undine : a nereid, sea born, suggesting the widely known Aphrodite: daughter of foam. Irish Protestants call their sons William when born July 12th, while Irish Catholics call theirs Patrick when born March I7th.

Taphath : a drop (of myrrh), applied to small infant girl, then to short steps, then to a little girl making them, means a regular little dear. " Which had TcqjJiatk, the daughter of Solomon, to wife." Myrrh, from Mar: bitter, gives Myrtle, Smyrna: (town amidst) myrrh plants. Pere-ET-Mere (French): loved by father and mother, precious pet = DEAR- LOVE : dearly beloved. " In the list of decorations in the Moniteur cle I'Armee appears the name Pere-et-Mere. The

98 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

gallant bi-sexual receives the Legion of Honour for good conduct during several campaigns." Ampere is same as above in converse order, though it is given as identical with empire, and applied to a man belonging to the German empire. To him we trace the abbreviation, etc., called by English rustics Hampersand, i.e., Ar)ipers and, so used in his shorthand.

CoPRONYMUS : dung name, con. Coprolite : dung stone, a nickname given to son of Greek Emperor, because while being baptised he defiled his baptismal robes. He was akin to Palceologus : old style speaker, having a brogue. Not only have we children named from birth-day, but also from birth- month, as Lavrilliat: April born. Herbest, Harvest (sermons) ; born at time of gathering in of herbs. Davoust (marshal) : August born. May (in some cases) : May born. The favourite month with the worshippers of Baal of old and Mary now. Halliday {con. Halidom : holy dame, B.V.M.) : born on a holy day. The notion that this was got by crying Halli (holy) day ! when going on a raid is absurd as it implies the Hallidays came to fighting age without a name, or that this one took the place of their birth name. In the latter case what was that ? Gentles, Gentleman : of a gens, clan, high birth = Burns.

METRONYMICS.

Some few masculine names may be traced to mothers. These though looked askance at by refined moderns took the place of patronymics with the Lycians. From the maternal side we have our Devlin, and the ancients had Vespasian : son of Aspasia, indicating filial afltection. Aspasia : an amazon from Asp : a horse. Ibbotson (of course our's) : son of Elizabeth. Dyson : son of Dy for Diana, but is capable of being placed with Dyball : one of a bold people, in which case = DoDDS. Nelson may be son of Nell, Ellen, or from Neil. Let him have the benefit of the doubt for the sake of the old sea lion. Sue (Eugene) looking so like Susan means sweater, con. Sudor from Hudor: sweat, water. Una (an Irish name of soft sound) : born at time of famine, gives Unitt : son of Una. Marriot, Marryatt (novelist) are from Mary, but plead it is religiously, not socially. Vye is claimed as son of Sophia, but pleads for its being a formation on Devizes. M' Janet and M'Jannet: looking so like son of the girl. Janet is of the gens John, meaning literally son of little John, Jannet = Littlejohn. Talmage (Brooklyn) is nothing but a name I met with in Toronto, Tallmadge : son of tall Margaret, Madge, exactly = Margerison (soap manufacturer): son of Marjory. De Witt is of Woods, son of a man so named, but is capable of being local, and meaning of the wood.

BIBTH NAMES. 99

MoLLisoN : son of Mary in the vulgar form of Moll. Emmet (Irish) is held to be of Emma. Centuries ago when as yet the terrors of the Registrar-General had not set in, family lady names were exchanged for those having no bar sinister. Nations dwelling in small groups, as Tartars, Arabs, Indians, often cherish names from a mother in preference to one of paternal origin. Curiously, the Arabs reverse the laws of onamatology by taking names from children. This applies especially to birth of a first-born son. When an heir to tent and camels is called Suleyman for Solomon, his father becomes Abu-Suleyman : father of Suleyman, and his mother Om-Suleyman : mother of. This Om is our better known Ma, turned round as Ab is Pa, and is con. Eminia, Amen, all of which may be rendered, faithful, nourisher. Fudle- Allah : God's bounty given by, is the Arabic correspondent to Nathaniel. Abu-Fudle-Allah : father of the daughter given by God's grace. Zill Allah : the shadow of God, is a title of the Shah. The former portion is absolutely identical with ZiLLAH (Lamech's wife) except the/<?rrt. ending. Zillah: woman shaded (by ringlets). Zalmon : great shade, protector, comforter. How strange that a word used at the gate of Eden should still be in daily use. But fashions change less on the banks of the Euphrates than on those of the Seine. ZiLTHAl for ZiLTHAiAH: shaded, protected of the Almighty. Ayub said, " Let the day perish wherein I was born, and the night in which it was said. There is a man-child conceived." Arab wives being childless, call themselves by that name, they would give a son if they had one, as Cm- Ayub : mother of Job. Job, Ayub, Ayoub (Khan): sobber, weeper = Aj ax, an imitation of the eh! ah! ! oh! ! ! of distress. This could only be the proper name of the man of the land of Uz by chance coincidence (which is most unlikely), by prophecy (as unlikely), or is 2^ost mortem from his sighing and sobbing. The true translation is Job : sobber. Then we must record the noble Mahometan name Abu-Beker : father of the virgin, viz., Ayesha, suggesting Bethuel (father of Rebekah) : daughter of God, a virgin = Parthenos, Virginius, a pure man, con. Bethulia : daughter of God, a pure w^oman, applied to the city besieged by Holof ernes, in the sense of not violated. Abulfeda: father of reconciliation, peacemaker = the Puritan Makepeace and the monastic Pacifico. Here Ab is figura- tive, as in Abishalom : father of peace = Lysimachus : looser of strife. Abu-Horeira : father of the cat, applied to a friend of Mahomet's who was fond of cats = the Italian Gattina, Gatty. Demon is a family name found in the United States, and means son of a monk, whence Demonico, of the Broad- way, N.Y.

( 100 )

CHAPTER VI.

NAMES OF WOMEN.

In remote ages when " one person, one name " was the rule, the appellations of women were as varied and independent as those of men. However, when mononysm fell out of use, their place was generally supplied by appending a feminine ending to masculine names. Christianity did much to lessen the names peculiar to women. Obeying the spirit of its teachings, the bride signifies dependence upon her husband by renouncing her maiden name and adopting the name of him who adopted her. This helped to consolidate family ties, but resulted in the loss of designations peculiar to women. By consequence, feminine names have so diminished, as to neces- sitate the formation of new ones, which is effected thus : — Victor gives Victoria, Augustus, Augusta, and we even meet with Adam, Adamixa. Writers on physiology say that woman is man modified, that man is the essence of humanity, women the accident. They must answer for the truth and gallantry of such averments ; yet their theory is corroborated by this specialty of philology, — words expressing man, luoinan, male, female, besides giving us proper names, more or less express sexuality. The Hebrews said, Ish : a man, Isha : a woman, a maness. From Ish the well known Iscariotes : man of Kirioth, not far from Bethlehem, for Judas was the only Jew proper among the apostles, the rest of the twelve being Galilean. From Isha we have Eshton : uxorious, a woman chaser. " FsJtton begat Beth-rapha." From Ish, Jeshishai : descended from an aged man = Benjamim, Shanegan. Some high authorities gives Isis (Eve, a goddess) : the woman. So Baal : lord, master, Baalath : lady, mistress. The Greeks said o anthropos : a man, e anthropos : a woman. Anthropos : turning up the face, whereby man is differentiated from the lower animals. No cow ever views the sky, no horse sees the stars. In Latin we have Vir : a man, ViR-GO : a woman, ViRGiNius : a pure man, Virginia : a pure woman. Hence our virgin means more than maid, the latter applying to females only, the former to either sex. " For they are virgins." The Dutch say Boer : a man, Moer (ma, mater) : a woman. Our Man : one of mind, con. mens, " Mene." Woman is wifman, the man who weaves, in contrast with spearman. So Pais (a boy) : one led, Paiduetics : science of leading, instruct- ing, Pusa : a girl, Pusilla : a little girl. Pusillanimous : having

NAMES OF WOMEN. 101

soul of a little girl. Lad: one led, Lad-ess, Lass. Younker: a young man. Younkster : a young woman. Former obsolete in England, though used in the United States, while latter is applied erroneously to a boy as a troublesome lad is called vixen, properly pertaining to a girl. Mas. Fox, fern. Vixen. In the Italian we have Zita : a girl, Zitella : a little girl = Pusilla, —

" Gentle Zitella, whither away? Love's ritomella, list while I play."

In the catalogue of Burns, Gates, & Co. we read, " Life of St. Zita 3s."

Seeing the woman's rights section of the ladies are full sail on the franchise, they should take action on being merely nominal terminations of the rougher sex, so far as names go. In like manner the titles of women are usually formed upon those of men, as Dominus : a lord, Domixa : a lady = Don, Donna, when aged Duenna. So our English Lord : loaf afForder, Lady. So with the Tartars, Khan : a lord, as Cawnpore : Khan's city, Kokhan : hill country of Khan, Kanham : a lady. Rajah : a king, Rani : a queen, as our Rex, Regina, Roy, Reine. In respect to kin, we have Nephew, Neice, as though Nepos (Cornelius), Neipce. Nepos gives Nepotism : favouring relatives. So also from Avus : aged, a grandfather, in which sense Nepos is also used, con. JSvum : an age. Coeval : living in same age. Avunculus : little grandfather, ab. to Uncle, fern. Aunt. Avus gives Aves = Gaffer (Gray) and Pappus, the former Latin, the latter Saxon, the last Greek. 3Ias. Gaffer, /em. Gammer (Gurton): grand- mother. Isha, pusa, pusilla, zita, zitella, domina, regina have a final in common. The classical designation of the quarters of the globe, and almost every country upon it so ends, as Europa, Asia, Africa, Australia, America, Britannia, Caledonia, Scotia, Cambria, &c. This ending is clearly derived from the Biblical ah wherewith most recorded names of women in Genesis end. Chavah : living (Hebrew form of Eve), Adah, Zillah, Sarah, Milcah, Reumah, Maachah, Rebekah, Leah, Bilhah, Zilpah, Deborah, Aholibama, Shuah. Feminine names are rarely mentioned in the Bible. There are only five female names to ninety-five of men in the Old Testament. In the New Testament the proportion is more favourable to the weaker, as though women were to be more active Christians than matriarchs and Jewesses were in making known the ancient form of worship. Who was Noah's wife. Lot's, Job's ? It is an old platform joke to say Mrs. Noah ; an old Sunday school puzzle, Who was David's mother ? We should naturally suppose that in narratives such as those of Elijah and the

102 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Zarephath widow, Elisha and the Shunamite woman, whose sons these prophets brought again from the dead, their names would occur. Similarly we know the sons Mary bare to Joseph, in the order of nature, were James, Joses, Juda, and Simon, but who knows the names of His sisters ? Who were the sisters of Abel and Cain ? As it is in the Bible, so it is in every national history and in all genealogies. In the Scrip- tures, because woman led the van of rebellion. In secular history, because woman is the weaker, whereas history records the deeds of the mighty. The following illustrations will fully exemplify what is meant by the feminine ending being in ah, a, or e. In doing so our motto will be the form used by a Roman matron when first entering her lord's abode —

Ubi Caius ibi Caia : where you are Master I am Mistress.

Aba (Gothic for a man, as Abbs : head) gives Ebba (queen of S.S.) : a woman. From her, Epsom : Ebba's home.

Andromachus : fighting man, Andromache (Hector's wife).

Andromedes : commander of men, Andromeda (rock).

Angel : a messenger, celestial, Angelica, Angelina. Dan- gerous names to give a baby of the female persuasion, as the woman might not fit.

Agathos (pope) : good = Goode, Agatha (St.), Aggie.

Amala : unspotted, virgin = Afflick, Immacolato.

^milius : a worker = Emily, Amelia, Mill.

Alethius : true = Ameena (Bou), Fidus, Alethia, Letty.

Alexander : helper of man, saving in battle, Alexandra, Alexandrina.

Alfred : counselling like an elf, Elfreda = Sybella.

Athel : noble, Adela, Adelina (Patti), Adelaide (queen), Ethel, Adelgonde : noble warrioress = Matilda, Brunhilda, Bellona,

Athelgif: noble gift, royal bounty, Ethelgiva. But Elgiva, elf gift, beautiful as a fairy. " At the coronation of Edwy, the king retired from the revelry of the banqueting hall and sought the society of his wife and her mother, having espoused Elgiva, the daughter of Ethelgiva, a lady of royal descent. Odo urged Dunstan to bring back the king." Elgiva accur- ately answers to the Persian name Perizada : born of a peri, beautiful at birth.

Appius (Claudius) : fruitful, having issue, Apphia (primitive Christian).

Agrippa (Vipsanius) : who gave sharp (acer) pains. Agrip- PINA (Nero's mother).

Augustus (Octavianus C?esar) : sublime, awful, majestic, Augusta.

Bland : profoundly polite speaker, Blandina (martyr).

NAMES OF WOMEN. 103

Bravo : a fine man, Bravura : a splendid woman.

BuDD : victory, BoADiCEA (Iceni) : victrix = Victoria fern. Victor.

Charles : strong man, Carolus (Latin), Carlos (Span.), Charlotte, Carlotto, Lotta, Lottie, Caroline, Carry. " Lotta intends to make the tour of Europe this season."

Cassander (Macedonian king): glorious man = CLEANDER and Androcles, Cassandra (daughter of Herculea). This cass is supposed to come from the Sanscrit verb, Kash : to shine, whence Krishna : glorious. Castor (Jupiter's son) : shining one. Hence, also, the beautiful name Cassiope (Andromeda's mother): bright eyes = Lapidoth and HouRi. The Castalian fount of Parnassus and Caspian (sea), are thought to be from kash. The former gave out shining streams, the latter phosphoric brilliancy. To kash we trace 6'asiteros : tin, whence Cass/terides : islands producing shining metal. Hence to Cassis : a helmet, a shining head-dress, from which Cassius: helmeted, or glorious one. Probably the Scotch Gass and the English Cash are also from this source, being British equivalents to Krishna and Cassius. But Casca (gave the first blow) : old = Priscus, not an aged person, but of old stock.

Celestine (St.) : heavenly minded, Celestina = Himmelina.

The well known Cecilia (sacred music) is generally given as fern, of Cecil (Burleigh), from Ccecus : a blind man, but it is fern, of Caiquilius : son of Caiquil : lord of the land = Tanaquil, from Stan : country, con. Thane : land (lord), Thana : a lady. Tanagra : lady of the Greeks, daugliter of vEolus. In "Juventus Mundi," Mr. Gladstone gives JEolus : patterned, variegated, tartan plaid like, referring the meaning of name rather to dress than variation of the wind. This view throws light on the sale of Joseph. Ancient slaves wore one colour, freemen two, lords three, etc. One meaning the brothers of Joseph attached to his coat was, it meant he was more highly bred than they, the sons of concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah. By selling him for a slave they would get one colour a head.

Christian : consecrated to Christ, Christina, Kirstie, Christiern (Danish king) : christened when that was excep- tional = OsiANDER, Allgood, CHRISTIANA : a christian woman, Kersley : Christ's field, dedicated land. The European nations to our north use Christian as the opposite of demoniac, we of brute. In Alpine districts imbeciles are called Cretins : Chris- tians, harmless ones. Diocletian had no objection to Nazar- enes being termed Chrestians : followers of Chrestus (a philosopher so called): liberal, gentle, kind, but made it a capital offence to be termed Christian from Christ : anointed and

104 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

appointed of God. Thus war raged round a letter. Was it to be e or i ? Never did so much hinge on so little. Jesus and the Sadducees contended over one word (am, not was), Matt, xxii. 32. Paul staked all on s, Gal. iii. 16 (seed not seeds). Christos is still common in Greece, whence Christopulos : Christ's servant = Gilchrist. From Christ w^e have Christie (M.P.), Christy (minstrels). Ten years since the chief brigand of Epirus was a wretch named Christ. There are thousands of Germans named Christ, some of them American innkeepers; in their case the name was originally obtained by playing the part of our Lord in a Morality Play.

COUBA, JUBA (Negroes) : Friday born, CuBlNA, JuBiNA.

Creon (Corinthian king) : head, chief, prince, Creusa (wife of Eneas).

Dan : a judge, Dinah (Jacobites both).

David : beloved = Mungo, Vida, Dido. Former modern.

Debor: an oracle = IIeid, Aristolbulus, Deborah (pro- phetess) = Sybilla.

Dios, Divus : a god, divine, Diana, Diva (prima donna), Dione, Juno.

Drusus : fruitful, as though watered with dew like Eden, Drusilla (wife of Felix), often given as having an eye like a dew drop, which is poetic but incorrect.

Erne : an eagle, Arnabella. Arnheim : home on mountain frequented by eagles.

Ephron : a roebuck, Orpah (" kissed her") : deer-eyed = Dorcas.

Ethelburg : noble protector, Ethelburga, a high favourite with Saxon ladies.

Eusebius : a pious man, Sabina : a pious woman.

Faustus : lucky, prosperous, Faustina (wife of Antoninus).

Felix : fortunate, successful, Felicia (Hemans).

Feliculus: playful as a kitten, romper, Felicula (martyr). Felicula differs little from Gattina : she cat. " An Italian indictment of the Papacy by Petrucelli Delia Gattina, M.D. of the Italian Parliament."

Flavius (Josephus) : yellow-haired = Boyd, Sorley, gives Flavia, answering to Jacinta the /em. of Hyacinth.

" His fair large front and eye sublime, declared Absolute rule ; and hyacintliine locks Round from his parted forelock manly hung Clust'ring but not beneath his shoulders broad."

Fulvius : foxy-haired = Rousseau, Fulvia.

Gaffer (Gray) : grandfather. Gammer (Gurton) : grand- mother.

Georgius: earth worker, Georgina. Georgium Sidus: star of Kincf Georo-e.

NAMES OF WOMEN. 105

Hermosus, for FoRMOSUS: well shaped, Hermosa = Pul- CHERIA : good looking. The Latin/ is represented in Spanish by h, hence from Ferrum we have Herrera : iron worker, farrier.

Herod : son of a hero, Herodias for Herodiah. IIludwig : a warrior who is loudly spoken of, Heloise.

Hugh: full of battle ardour, Hughina, like the Russian fern, oivna.

Hupatos (from Upo : under, subordinate to the S. P. Q. K, Acts. xiii. 7) : a deputy, Hypatia = Consuelia : the consul's lady. Consul : a consulter, one who sits with, takes part in a sederunt.

Idas : a son, Ida, Ouida : no body's daughter.

Iddo : loved (son), Jedidah : beloved (daughter).

James : heeler, becomes Jacques, and gives Jaqueli.ve.

John, Johannes : the grace of God, Jane, Johannah,. Vanka.

Jehudi (Nethaniah's son): a Jew, Jehudijah (Mered's wife; : a Jewess, Judith.

Lars : a lord, one of the lares {et penates), Lartia : a lady.

Lawrence : laurel crowned, Laura, Lauretta, Loretto (Our Lady of).

Lord, Laird, Layard: loaf afForder, Lady.

Latimus : a man of Latium, a lowlander, Lavinia (young).

Lcetus : joyous, she who lilts, Letitia, Lettice, Lettie.

Louis (Hludwig) : famous victor, Louisa.

Lucretius: son of Luke, Lucretia, Lucrece, Lucetta, Lucia, Lucy.

" Lucetta, as thou lov'st me, let me have What thou think'st meet, and is most mannerly."

Mahlon, Malon, Mahli : sickly, invalid, Mahlah (Zelophe- had's daughter). Probably to Mahli should be traced mains, mal, malady, me (in Megrim : disease of the cranium), as the primitive idea of badness would be weakness.

Mac : a son {con. Maggot: rapid breeder), Mab: a daughter, Mable, Mabel, which some resolve into Ma-belle : my beauty.

Maoch : oppressed (with troubles), Maachah.

Mar : a lord {con. Maranatha : the Lord cometh), Martha : a lady.

MoNiCHOS : a solitaire, dwelling alone, Monica (Augustine's mother).

Naaman : handsome, NAAMAH = Ruth: fascinating.

Naarai : a youth, Naarah : a damsel = Puer, Puella.

Olympus : shining, glorious, like the Olympic gods, Oly^mpia : majestic, Junonic.

Ophelius (ovis) : a shepherd, Ophelia : a shepherdess = Patti, con. pastor. 8

106 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Peter : a rock, not easily moved, Petrulla.

Philip : lover of horses, good rider, Philippa, Felippa, Philippova.

PoRCius : a swineherd = Howard : hog warden and Suarius, PoRCiA (Cato's sister).

Priscus : of the old stock, aristocratic as to pedigree, Priscilla.

Pi : a mouth, a good speaker (the Hebrew letter Q. Seen to advantage in Pi- Hahiroth, mouth : mouth of caverns), PuAH : a talkative woman. It is exactly = Bouch (Tay Bridge), con. Rebuke : to shut the mouth.

Shepher : bright, handsome, Shiphrah = Hermosa, HELEN. Pit AH and Shiphrah were midwives, and who can conceive of a name more true to fact than for a midwife to be called PuAH : a chatter box ? PuAH neatly contrasts with PuY- parlier (sane lunatic) : little speaker = Tacitus (tacit), DuMAH (dummy), Moody (mute), Mudie, and the English bishop Still.

QuASHEE : Sunday born. Quasheba (con. Quassia). Raham : merciful, Rehumah : compassionate lady = Ruth (when English, from Rue : to pity).

Ram : high, dignified, Reumah : lofty dame, haughty woman.

Robert : famous counsellor, cor. to Robin, Robina.

Rosh : head, RosHEXA, Roxana (Alexander's Persian princess).

Said (Port) : fortunate, happy, Haidee = Felicia, Faustina.

Sar : a military prince = Sahib, Sarai, Sara, Sarah.

Sepher : a book, learned = Booker, Bucer, Sapphira.

Theocles : glory of God (seen in gift of child), Thecla.

Theos : divine, deity, God, the placer, Theia, Thia (mother of the sun), Theta, Thais : divine daughter.

Theron (and Asjxisia) : harvest man, Theresa (Nostra Rex).

Thor : Asiric bull-god, ToRAGA : celestial cow adored by the Hindoos, and Thora.

Wendell : of Vandal descent, a confirmed wanderer, Wendoline.

WiLHELM : protected of Will, Wilhelmina, Minnie. Some- times Minnie : a female minnie singer, who kept old times and persons in mind.

Zabad : a gift, baby boy, Zebudah : a girl, Zebediah : given of Jehovah.

ZiPPOR (King of Moab) : a bird, timid = Bird and Vogel, ZiPPORAH : birdie, pretty and timid.

ZoRAH : whose birth is like sunrise, Dzohara (Arabian Venus) = Helen.

The endings i, e, ie and a are identified with the Biblical

NAMES OF WOMEN. 107

ah. Those in e are rare compared with those in a. E was a favourite Greek ending, bat a found favour with the Jews. Alcithoeus: quick runner = Rhesus, Light, Galletly = Alcithce.

Allan, Allayne : quick runner = Swift — Ellen, but Helen : shining, glorious, shining skin through health = Graine : glorious for beauty, con. Helios : the sun, is Greek, whereas Ellen in English from the Goths.

Antiopus: against the face, antagonist, Antiope (Amazonian queen). " I withstood him to the face, because he was to be blamed."

Bernicius : bringing victory, born at time of conquest, Bernice.

Blanch : white pale, blonde = Bain — Blanche = Banshee.

Harpalycus (Thracian king), compounded of Harpy : ravisher, snatcher, and Lycus : a wolf ; who comes down on foe like a wolf on a flock — Harpalyce (princess).

Merops (King of Cos): dim sighted = Cecil, and in some families, the Irish Key, Kee — Merope (married Sisyphus).

PoDARGUS (ergon, urge, urgent) : swift footed (Hector's charioteer) Podarce.

Leucippus (Daphne's lover) : a white horse, Leucippe.

Thessalonica (Philip's daughter) : born at time of victory over the Thessalians. In her honour the city to which Paul wrote was so called.

In addition to the Indo-Germanic feminine endings a, e, ie, or y, mere tints and shades of ah, we also have the Biblical ending eth, as shading off" of our old friend oth, the form of the fern, plural. From this source our Saxon ancestors obtained ath. They said, mas. Moon, fern. Monath. Ead : happy = BoNHEUR — Edith = Haidee, Felicia. Edgar : lucky spear, is from same, and con. with Allodial: fee-free farm, in contrast with Feudal : subject to feu, fee. Hodder : an allodial farmer. From ead also Eadie = Fortunatus, rather than a nick-name formed from Adam, as Addie. Godfrey : lover of God = Amedeus, Theophilus — Godfrith. Lind : a serpent. Lilith (for Lind-ith) : graceful walker. " It is an old Talmudical legend, mentioned among other writers by Burton, in his ' Anatomy of Melancholy,' that a snake was transformed into a wife for Adam at first, and named Lilith ; that, because her offspring turned out snakes also, she was superseded, and Chavah (Eve) created in her place ; and that it was in jealousy that she resumed the serpent's form, and tempted Eve to fall."

Reu (Hebrew) : to look upon, as Reuben : look ! a son — Ruth : fascinating. Rue (English) : to pity, Ruth : a com- passionate woman. The ith ending is very common in holy

108 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

writ, as — Haggai : born at feast time, exultation of parents, Haggith (David's wife).

HiLLEL (rabbi) : praise, Mahalath (Esau's wife) : praise singer, she who lilts, whose voice is like a stringed instrument. This is con. with Zul : a musical instrument, whence ZULEIKA : she whose voice is like a zul, silvery toned lady. DzOHARA, ZuLEiKA, and Haidee, fern, of Said : lucky, are the three favourite names for daughters and brides through all Persia, Turkey, Arabia. Zuleika, Mahalath = Melpomene : whose voice is sweet as song.

JuDAH: one who is praised = ^NEAS, Judith (Holof ernes).

Naarai: a youth = Junius, Yonge, Youngman, Naarath : a rising city. " The border went down from Janohah to Ataroth, and to Naarath, and came to Jericho, and went out at Jordan."

Shelomi: a peaceful man, Shelomith (Zerubbabel's daugh- ter). Applied to church.

Shimei : famous = Cleon, Shimeath = Semiramis.

Shimri : a watchman, Shimrith : a female ward.

Charles : strong, Charlotte (Bronte), Carolus, Caroline.

Henry : home ruler, Henrietta (Carrachiola, of monastic fame).

Antoinette is, literally, little Antoine. So Charlotte: little Charles, Henrietta : little Henry ; applicable to sons, daughters, or even wives of Antoine, Charles, Henry, as they are all physically less than those from whom named, when first so called. Harry (not a form of Henry) : one who harries, plunders, Harriet.

Eliza for Elizabeth: the oath of God, she who is in covenant with God, having the assurance of His oath, gives Lizzy, Lisette, Ibbott, Gisella, Elsie, Isabella: beautiful Eliza, whence Bella, Bel. Seizing on the last syllable of Elizabeth we get Betty, Bessie, and Bet.

John: the grace of God, given by, Joan (pope), Jane, Janet, Jinny, Jeanette : little John, Jeanot : little Jane, Juanita, Anita (Garibaldi), Gill for Jill ("Every Jack has his Gill ").

Joseph : He (God) shall add (another child, viz., Benjamin), con. Asaph (who sang with the cymbals) : gathering, gives Joses (brother of James the less), Jose, or Josey, " Lopez, wounded, was called to surrender, but refused ; then a cavalry corporal, by name JosE Diablo : Joseph, the Devil, killed him. Caballero was a little distance away, surrounded by the Brazilians," etc. Joseph also gives Jessop, Jaaps, Jopson, Jebb (Joshua), Beppo, the Italian for Joey, Epps (cocoa), Pepys (diary), and the following ferns.: — Josephine (imperatrice), Jessie, Jessica (violet bank), Finette, Guiseppe (the ItaHan form of Joseph), gives Guiseppina.

Francis: an Italian speaking French, similar to Irish

NAMES OF WOMEN. 109

Griggs (when not from (Mc) Gregor) : learned in Greek, gives (San) Francisco : city of St. Francis, Frances, Fanny = in the Spanish Panchita. Hence Secchi (Jesuit astronomer) = Francicello : little Francis.

The Celts, whether Bretons, Britons, Pictones, Picts, Gauls, Gaels, Irish, Welsh, or Manx, had no names for women formed on those of men, as Cassandra on Cassander. In- stead of so forming them, they gave names of a highly poetical, but natural cast, indicating striking peculiarities of the lady as to person or manners. Such names faded away as Christianity became a living power among the Celts. A child being presented for baptism, the priest was careful that a name should be given that would consort with religious propriety. He then frowned down their beautiful appellations, urging changes on Biblical or Calendar names conveying no spark of meaning, whereby nationality and the genius of their language was discouraged. In heathen times there were as many names as women, now a score covers one half used by British women. The Celtic style being true to the heaven-implanted instincts of men, would have saved us from absurdities so common that they escape unnoticed. The idea of calling a girl Mary Robertso-n-, addressing a young lady as Miss Hardman, or coolly terming a matron Mrs. Properjohn ! Except such be accepted as elliptical expressions they are ridiculous. Howbeit, we cannot enjoy the use of the double name system without its drawbacks. The following is a selection of female Celtic names used before the Christian era. It is to be regretted that more have not come down to our cold utilitarian age : —

SuiLGORUM : blue eyed, con. Sullivan, and Cairngorm : blue mountain = Glaukopis (for a Greek lady) and Glaukus (killed by Ajax) for a man = our Gray.

SuiLMALDA : meek-eyed. Suilaliun : beautiful eyed = Dorcas, Zibiah, Cassiope. Lanshuil: full-eyed = Bopis (bous ops) : ox-eyed.

CoULAVA : soft-handed, womanly, con. LifF, Loof : the hand.

Galava : milk white, con. Gala : milk. Galaxy = Via Lactea. BoSMiNA: soft palm, similar to Mulier: a woman from Mollis: soft.

OiCHOVA : tender virgin, compassionate maid = Ruth : who rues for others.

Coalmin : soft haired, fine tresses = Zillah : shadow, made by ringlets.

CooLAULiN: beautiful hair = Jacinta, Aurelia: gold tressed women.

Malvina : smoothly browed ; similar to Talhiran : iron browed.

110 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Flamina : softly mild = Lentula. Agandica: snow faced = Chione, con. (C)Hiems: snow time, winter: also = the English Snow, and Blank (Bristol), whence Blanket : a woollen cover made by him, and sometimes = Blake : bleached.

EvmcHOMi (Ossian's wife) : the tender, merciful Evir.

RosGRANA (Fingal's first wife) : a sunbeam, con. Graine, Greenock.

Gaolnandona : the love of men, she after whom men search.

FiNELLA : white shouldered, con. Costorphine : fair Chris- topher.

Strinadona : contention, she for whom men strive. Upon a centigrade kalometer (beauty measurer) on which an aged warrioress from the ranks of the king of Dahomey's body guard would stand at zero and Venus at 100, Strinadona would run the instrument up to 96.

Bridget : strong, con. Bkee : a braw man, gives Bride (M') and Hebrides : islands so called from a religious house, visible from the sea, dedicated to St. Bridget.

Colleen Bawn : fair maid = Britomartis. From Callan (t) : a lad, we have Colleen, like lad, lad-ess Callan becomes CULLEN = Haflin: half a man. The Bawn, con. Bane: white, whence Bann and Boyne : brown streams that bleach linen. So Bain: a bath from Bane white, because it makes white, —

" By the clear lakes of Killarney,

Walk'd a youth, one fine summer morn, Who softly was whisp'ring blarney

To one whom he called Colleen Bawyi.'"

RowENA: white skirt, con. Gowan (daisy): white flower.

Geneveive (St.): wave-foam, whiteness of the sea = Aphro- dite : froth of sea, con. Gwyn (Nell) : white, fair (the Welsh Venus), con. Rowena.

Kathleen (erroneously taken as a form of Catharine) : beautiful eyed, feni. to Kathlin : battle eyed, a man looking at his foe. Cathlin gives Cattle, Catt, uncon. with Vacca or Felis, as Codd uncon. the fish being from Cody for MacOdy,—

" Kathleen Mavourneen ! the gi'ay dawn is breaking, The horn of the hunter is heard on the hill ; The lark from her light-wing the bright dew is shaking, Kathleen Mavourneen, what ! slumbering still."

When translating grammatical feminine names, as dis- tinguished from naturally feminine, we must refer them to their proper masculine, or embarrassing absurdities may turn up. Thus Ursula may not be made to mean a little she bear, nor Feliculus : a little she cat, but they must be presented as

NAMES OF WOMEN. HI

the /ems. of Orson: a bear (hunter) = Su-agros, and Feli- CULUS : a little cat, a wonder to climb. Probably the honour- able Scotch name Etty is fashioned on Eadie, and that not from Ady from Adam but from Ed, Ead : fortunate, whereas Ettie may be taken from any of several feni. endings. Some philologists claim Etty as con. Ithai (" Itthai, the son of Ribai, of Gibeah"), or, which is the same, Ittai (" Ittai,the son of Ribai, out of Gibeah") : living one, vigorous, distinguished. Owing to the small choice of female appellations, high flown dames are often at their wits' end to avoid such as are trite, as Margaret, Janet, Jessie, Sarah, Mary. Hence the array of Celestina's, Arabella's, Angelina's, Stella's, and a pro- fusion of jingling inanities met with in fashionable circles. Another device of the upper ten is to make family names baptismal, as Wortley Montague, Dormer Stanhope, Bulwer Lytton. This is better, as names become monumental of the once departed but ever dear. If the dead were great, their name is inspirational as well as monumental. Our deathless Hood describes, as no one else can, the pangs of fashionabilities when name-hunting, —

" Now to christen the infant Kilmansegg, For days and days it was quite a plague,

To hunt the Hst in the Lexicon.

And scores were tried, hke coin, by the ring,

Ere names were found just the proper thing

For a minor rich as a Mexican.

Then the babe was cross'd and bless'd amain, But instead of the Kate, or Ann, or Jane,

Which the humbler female endorses, Instead of one name, as some people prefix, Kihnansegg went at the tail of six,

Like a can-iage of state with its horses."

Absorption of maiden names by husbands is not yet accom- plished in all civilised communities. In Borrow's charming work, " The Bible in Spain," we read, " Drenched in perspira- tion, which fell from my brows like rain, we arrived at the door of Juan Lopez, the husband of Maria Diaz." These are the commonest of Spanish proper names. Juan Lopez = John LupsON, and Maria Diaz (received paternally as to Diaz) = Mary Jamieson. Thus we have Le Lubez : the Lopez, there being so many like VoN Robert : the Robert.

Husbands and wives have different names in the Azores. The following are some of the best known lady names : —

LiNDE : either a serpent or a lime tree, eon. Lindsay : lime tree island, a woman moving gracefully like lime branches moved by wind, or a serpent, sinuously, fascinatingly. This became so high a favourite with Germans as to become .syno-

112 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

nymous with maid, as Lintrude : maid of truth = Fidelia, Emma : amen nurse, faithful to her charge.

Adelind : noble maid, con. Athelstan.

Fredelinda : peaceful maid, con. Frederick.

Rosalind : beautiful as to face, graceful as to form.

Belinda (bel linda) : beautiful maid.

Esmeralda : beautiful as the emerald (Spanish lady), pairs with Margaret: a pearl, wave-born beauty = Aphrodite.

Zeenab, Zenobia : father's ornament = Cleopatra.

ACHSAH : an anklet, beautiful as. EuCHARiS: happy-grace, winsome, graceful, con. Eucharist.

Euphemia : well spoken of, con. Polyphemus (cylop) : much spoken of.

EuLALiA: good speaker, w^ho speaks charmingly =Zuleika.

Polyxena : much given to hospitality. " If she have lodged xenoi."

Tryphena, Tryphosa : over nourished, pampered, cockered (carefully cooked for), delicately brought up == Delilah, Cocker, Cockerell.

Some writers give Tryphosa from Phos : light, and so thrice brilliant = Trebelli : very beautiful.

Laodike : who obtains justice for the i^eople by intercession, whence Laodicea, now Latikia (cigars).

Sophia (Santa) : wise woman, gives Vye, con. Sophist : pre- tender to wisdom.

SoPHONiSBA : of a wise life, con. Biology : science of life.

Agnes: a maid, she who has begotten no child, chaste = Jezebel : without cohabitation. Agnes takes the odd form of Nest. In the R. C. church, Agnes is given as from Agnus : a lamb, and stands allegorically for the triumph of innocence, as Margaret for triumphing by faith.

Katharine, Catherine (giving the Irish pets Kate and Katty) : pure, stands for intellectual devotion, while

Barbara : a stranger = Xeno, stands for artistic devotion. Of these four by far the most prolific in supplying names is

Margaret, which some good writers give from mer grit : grit of the sea, giving Marjory, Marjoribanks (the banks and braes of Marjory Bruce), Meg, Madge (Wildfire), Maggie, Goton, May, Moggy ; hence also Magpie for Margaretspie, the German pet name Gretchen, and Peggy.

Tallmadge : tall Margaret, son so called from mother being born out of wedlock, gives Talmage = MoLLisoN and Mar- GERISON : son of Marjory.

Agnes = Parthenia, Virginia, Bethulia is identical with Agno (nymph who nursed Jupiter) : a virgin, having for its mas. correspondent the builder of Amphipolis, Agnon, Virginius, Bethuel, Parthenos : men of pure life.

NAMES OF WOMEN. 113

LucRETiA: a spinster, for so say high authorities, but it seems better to make it a fe7n. of Lucretius.

Penelope : a web. The former symbolises a maid, this a wife.

SiNDONiA : a spinster, maker of fine linen, con. Sinde, the best linen coming from India = Clotho and Woman for wif man.

FiLATRiCE : a spinster, thread spinner, con. (rank and) file.

GissELDA : golden Hilda, precious maid of that goddess.

HiLDEGARVE : guarded of the Asir Hilda, con. Matilda : Hilda's maid.

Olgar (Russian princess) : holy, consecrated, con. Hosius,

OSIANDER.

Emma : a nurse, one cherishing, germane with Amon, Amen, mamma, and is credited with Emmet, but that is more ration- a,lly derived from Emly (eoch miles) : a horse soldier.

Walpurgis (from Walburg, a fortified town) : guarded by modesty.

Himmelina: heavenly = Celestina : celestial (maid).

HiMMELTRUDA : heavenly truth = EvANGELiNE.

Angelina : angel like = Cherubini : one of the cherubim.

Shakar-lab (Hindoo) : sweet kisser, lit sugar lip = our

Saccharissa, and con. Issacher: wages, sweetness. The wages of the labourer is the sweetness of his toil. " Leah said, God hath given me my hire ; and she called his name Issacher!' Our words Saccharine and Sugar are from this source. Pliny says —

" Saccharum Arabia fert, sed laudatius India,"

which in the grocer's language means : We can give a good ^article from Muscat, but this Calcutta sample is the best in the market.

Clarinda, Clorinda, Clarissa, Clara : clear skinned, hearts, blondes.

Clorinda is a compound, in some cases, of Clarus : clear, and Lind : the lime, meaning fair and graceful. But Clara has no connection with Clarence (duke of) that being from Clare, Suffolk, latinised Clarentia, while Claridge means a rig, ridge, hill cleared of timber = Clarendon (constitutions of).

Alicia, Alice : captivating = Rebekah : a rope with a noose, a female lasso (which a lass might be), Rebecca, Becky : fascinators cut short. These ladies may fairly be compared with MiRABEAu, Bravo, Beauregard, Formosus, Arba, Horace : handsome aspectable men whom we like to look at.

Evangel : gospel preacher, from Euangello : to tell good news, gives

Evangeline : one who has believed = Vivian : revived,

114 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

regenerated Gospel : God's spell, charm, turning the cruel to be kind.

Dam, Dame : mother. Former now limited to animals, latter to aged persons.

Madam : my mother, being the correlative to Monsieur : my sire, father.

Mademoiselle, Damsel : miss, little lady = the German.

Frau: a free woman, as Jungfrau : mountain where the young woman perished.

Fraulein == Virginia, Parthenia, con. Freischutz : free shooter.

Rosabella : beautiful as a rose, an artificial name, if not an artificial flower.

RosAN : Annie, like a rose = Flora, Bloomer, Thalia : all flourishing with youth and beauty, suggesting

MiRAFORA (countess) : sweet as a thousand flowers (mille flora).

Rosamund (neither rose of the ivorld nor pure rose) : defended by Rhoss.

Orabell, Arabella (not beautiful altar, but from Oro : I pray): prayerful woman = the mas. names Bede, Gotobed, Eusebius.

Annabella : beautiful Annie, often taken from Hannibal, but no European, to say nothing of Christian, would name a child after an African idolater.

Chloe : green herb, flourishingly juvenile, C07i. the imperial Chloros (Constantine), of which it is a kind of fevi. (when Cambrian).

Cordelia : Jewel of the sea, co7i. Lear (king) : sea king, and Lloyd : extended, invading, as waves do the shore.

Eve (British) is from Aoifie, daughter of Lear, whence Evelyn, from which Devlin : of ancient British royal stock, whence also Evesham : .A.oifle's house, as likewise Effie (Deans). Devlin is identical with Dublin by chance coinci- dence.

Nanny, Nancy, are from the Asir Baldur's wife.

Nanna : daring, usually given as from Ann, Hannah.

Zibiah, Tabitha, Dorcas, Orpah, Orphah (Ur : fire) : all Houris : had eyes like does, deers, gazelles, and moved grace- fully. " In the seventh year of Jehu, Jehoash began to reign ;. and forty years reigned he in Jerusalem, and his mother's name was Zibiah of Beersheba."

Jael (Heber's wife) : a kid, a tender one, soft eyed. Similar Syren : (she who) draws, answers to the foregoing, con. Syringe : water drawer, Syrtes : quick (moving) sands draw- ing in ships.

Amanda : one loved, amiable woman, like Amy.

NAMES OF WOMEN. 115

Edgiva : happy gift, con. Allodial, and = Samuel, and such.

Elgiva : elf given, fairy like, con. Alfred, Elfhida.

GoDivA (Coventry) : God given = Ueodanda, Dorothy.

Anonyma : woman without a name, a beauty without breeding.

Incognita : unknown (to society), unintroduced.

Perdita is now used in the sense of a lost woman, a charmer waltzing to 'perdition, though used by Shakespeare in another sense. The last three are rather epithets of soiled doves than names of women.

Eclecta: chosen one (2 John 1) = Nimshl Some maintain that this is a name.

KuRiA, Cyria (a good fern, to Cyrus) : lady = Martha, who is the only woman that had the honour of her name being recorded in the Bible in a double form. " Martha ! Martha ! ! thou," etc. " The presbyter unto the elect lady."

Dame : lady, Damian (St. John) : son of our Lady = Nostro-

DAMUS.

Stratonice (wife of Antigonus) : victory of the army, born at time of triumph.

Euodia : good journey, given by a father returning from a perilous journey when a baby daughter was presented to him. Eunice : good victory, con. Nicanor = Victor. Lois : agreeable (to look at) = Ruth, when Hebrew. Parthenia: a virgin = Ayesha, Agnes, Cora, Corinna (who competed with Pindar) : con. Parthenon : temple of Minerva the maid.

Miranda : admirable woman = Mira (star), con. mirror, mirage, —

" Admired Miranda ! Indeed, the top of admiration ; worth "What's dearest to the world ! Full many a lady I have eyed with best regard ; and many a time The harmony of their tongues hath unto bondage Brought my too diligent ear : for several virtues Have I like several women : never any "With so full soul, but some defect in her Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed, And put it to the full. But you, O you, So perfect, and so peerless, are created Of every creaturess, best."

We may compare the designation of the Kenite Jael : a kid, to the Spanish Cabrera : a goat. " Divine service was per- formed by a former Catholic priest named Cabrera." Of course, con. Capri : goat island, Caprice : action without reason. Aholibamah : tent on the high place, who dwells on high, not poor. " Esau took wives. . . . Aholibamah, the daughter of Anah." Anah : spring discoverer, its root being En : a well, con. Een : eyes, circular wells are like eyes.

116 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

EizPAH : a live coal, glowing with love, seraphic.

ZiLPAH: drop of myrrh, pleasing as aroma does — MoRDECAl: bruised myrrh.

Peninnah : coral, pearl, glittering with beauty, the Biblical Margaret.

Zeruah : stricken (with leprosy). " Jeroboam, whose mother's name was Zeruah, a widow woman."

Zeruiah : stricken of Jehovah, " Now Joab, the son of Zeridah, perceived that the king's heart was towards Solomon." As her husband is not alluded to though she is often referred to, it is supposed he was, what rustics terra, no better than he ought to have been. " The grey mare," etc.

NoADiAH : meeting with the Lord, one receiving revelations. " He said unto Balak, Stand here by the burnt offering, while I meet the Lord yonder." " My God, think on the prophetess If'oadiah."

Zeresh : a star, splendid with beauty = Stella. " When Haman came home, he sent and called for his friends, and Zeresh his wife."

Shethar-Boznai : star of splendour = the Italian beauty.

AsTRiFiAMMANTE : flaming star, cometic in splendour.

Zethar (one of seven eunuchs of Vashti) : a star, identical with Shethar.

Esther : a star, aster. Stars being all the rage in the court of Ahasuerus, she took this Persian name in the place of Hadassah (Hebrew) : a myrtle, conveying the same idea as Mordecai.

AsTARTE : star goddess of the Syrians = Venus when morn- ing star.

Vashti : beautiful = Pulcheria. "To bring Vashti, the queen, before the king, with the crown royal, to show the people and princes her beauty, for she was fair to look upon."

Pulcheria: fair skinned, from Pellis: the skin. Skin is identical with Schon : beautiful (by brilliancy) and shine. Beauty is either from the healthy shining of the skin or from shape, as

Formosa : beautifully formed, like the Medicean Venus.

Venus : she who causes men to come (Venio : I come) = Syren. Cupid : he who causes desire, con. cupidity: covetous- ness.

Keziah : pleasant as the odour of cassia.

Keturah : pleasing like incense. A class of Eastern names suggested by the fact that fragrance, odour, aroma are propor- tionate to warmth of climate. The violet of Scotland is less highly scented than that of England, and the English violet less odorous than that of France.

Grace (Darling) : she who has found favour = Hannah.

NAMES OF WOMEN. 117

Patrocinio (Sor) : who has obtained grace through her patron saint

Sor, Surr : sister. Sororcide : sister killer. Its correlative is Fra (Paoli) = Friar (Tuck), Free (mason), Frater : brother.

Dolores : sacred to the dolours of the B.V.M.

AiMEE, Amy: amiable, beloved = Love, Dearlove. One of the wild women of Cambridge was Amy Stockings. Stock- ings : a stocking weaver, root stick, stitch.

Praxidice : doing justice, con. Praxiteles : finishing per- fectly, con. practice, telos. The acquired name of the king of • Greek sculptors.

Dora : a gift, a baby girl born when issue was much desired, sometimes used in sense of gifted, con. Polydor (Virgil) : much gifted, like Polyhistor : very learned.

Pandora : all gifts, the mythic name for " gifted Eve." Dora oddly enough corrupts to —

Dolly.

" Dolly Dobson, how do you do ? Nicely, thank you, how are you ?"

FuLViA: brown haired, auburn tressed, another shade of Flavia, Roman ladies.

Phenissa (Dido) : (Syro) Phoenician woman. That land was so called from Phoinix : a palm tree, whence the mythic bird which, growing old, took a brand from the altar and lighting its pyre, composed of aromatic plants, was burnt to ashes, when a young phcenix arose from its ashes, to live, like its mother, for a hundred years, when it would pass through the same process of acquiring immortality by centuries. This ideal bird is elegantly used as a sign for fire insurance associations, which guarantee that your house being burnt a new one shall arise from its char. The myth originated in young palms growing round the decaying stock of the parent plant, bird and plant having an identical or similar name, Phoinix or Phoenix.

Violet: little sweet (flower). Violin: sweet (music), Violet = the fashionable Ioanthe : violet flower.

MiGNONNETTE : little little (dear), con. Minion : a favourite, a pet, little one, one who mmisters to another's pleasure, iden- tical with NiNiAN (St.).

Sybel, Sybella (Theosboule : giving divine counsel = Theo- BULUS, of which Sybella is a fair /em.

Medina : lady medium, who goes in for the golden mean.

Una : one, truth, as truth makes unity = Truman, but better yet Ameena : an amen man. The Bou in the case of the Tuni- sian Kroumir Bou Ameena is a form of Bey for Bashaw, for Pasha : king's foot.

DuESSA : double-minded, contrasts with Una.

118 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Elissa : deficiency, imhospitable, con. Ellipsis : a want, a contrast to Polyxena.

Florimel : honey flower, sweet as both = Mirafora. Here we have fancy names oricjinated by Spenser and found in his " Fairy Queen," When Una is pure Irish, it has the sad mean- ing of born in famine.

NoRAH (the pride of Kildare) : of honourable birth = Honor,

HONORA.

DULCINEA : sweet one, con. Dulcimer : sweet (music).

DuLCiBELLA : sweet and fair, good-tempered belle.

FiLOMENA (filia) : daughter of the moon, fair as, child of light =

Selena, con. Selenite : sparry gypsum.

Philomela : love of song, applied to the nightingale. Some- times a name is elaborated from a letter, as —

Peggy from Margaret (g), Nina from Ann (n), Dick from Richard, (d), Ulick : little William (1), the ick from ig, from egan from Eoghan : young, son.

AzLTBAH (queen) : forsaken, what would be called in Glas- gow a grass widow, an expression taken from the Church granting divorces by grace, the husband yet living.

Hephzibah (queen) : my delight is in her, Epsy.

NiTOCRis: Neith the victorious, Wisdom victrix. The Baby- lonian queen was named from the same goddess as Joseph's wife.

Schole: dilettante idleness, gives School: place of idlers, for so scholars were thought by muscular labourers.

ScHOLASTicus : an idle, stupid fellow, Scholastica (nun's name) : a humble unconceited woman.

11!

CHAPTER VII.

LOCAL NAMES.

" In ford, in ham, in ley and ton, The most of Englisli surnames nm."

Enchorial or local names are more frequent amongst the moderns and western people than amongst the ancients and, especiall}^ the orientals. Names derived from places were rarely used by Greeks, less by Hebrews, least of all by Arabs. They are common in France, more so in Germany, most so in England. There is scarcely one city, town, village, or hamlet in all England, if built before a.d. 1200, which has not sup- plied proper names to several families. This simple method of naming individuals from localities was esteemed too prosaic to be fashionable with the polished Greek and the trope-loving oriental. Such appellations tell nothing of the man as sage, worshipper, or warrior ; individuality is swallowed up in locality, personality in place, in a place common to noble and mean. When society was consolidating in Europe many personal names were derived from estates, which brought in the aristocratic or, at least, the laird element. Such names with an attachment as De, Du, Van, Von, or " of that ilk" in the sense " of that same " — person or place — as Buchanan of that ilk : Buchanan of the place so-called, M'Leod of that ilk : M'Leod of the M'Leod clan, generally indicate names originating in landed property. Yet proper names of local origin were descriptive to a certain extent, and for a short time. In cases where they did not die with the first bearer, they merged into family names. Names, however simple as to origin, may be ennobled. Hampden is inseparably associated with love of liberty, combined with a sacred regard for con- stitutional rights, and yet it means only a valley dwelling = HovEDEN (chronicler) for Howden. And Tresham (Nov. 5) simply means a gentleman having three houses, similar to the less known Tooby (twa) : two dwellings.

Local names may become lofty landmarks in a nation's history. The world will not forget Milton and Pitt any more than Homer and Pericles. The mention of Milton calls forth, as with the touch of a fairy wand, all known of the scholar, statesman, poet. Augustus does no more. Number men like street houses or cavalry horses, and some numbers rise to being symbolic equivalents for the most revered names recorded on the scroll of fame. On the other hand, let each of us bear an appellation equal to the grandest known to the most powerful

120 FEB SON AL AND FAMILY NAMES.

nations, nearly all will be consigned to oblivion directly their late wearers are consigned to the tomb. When imperial Rome, and its vast empire, was in its decadence, such titles as Panhypersebaste : above all named Augustus, and AuGUS- TULUS : most august, were flourishing. Such bombastic appellations suflfer total eclipses when bracketed with Moses or Plato. Proper names are variable exponents whose value changes with the life of its owner. No grandiloquent title merging into a name can ennoble the native little. No im- personal or unpoetic cognomen dooms the naturally great to take a lower grade than their actions assign them. Cicero com- plained of being known only through himself, not ancestry. Possibly had he been known by pedigree he would have been known onl}"- thereby, in wdiich case his ancestors would have been known rather than he, and the world would have been his orations the poorer. A Roman " Lord Dundreary " would hardly reach A.D. 1883. No dandy is immortal. Men joke about him for three generations.

In this chapter, indeed throughout my work, localities giving names to persons are rarely identified, as many, e.g., Milton, Newton, Walton, Fordham, Brooks, etc., are common to scores of places. To determine from which of these a family took its name is the business of the biographer or genealogist, not of the etymologian. If the translation of a Post-Office Directory teaches anything, undeniably it teaches this — primitive Europe was an aflfair of woods and forests. Indeed, the observation is extensible to the world as we shall soon show. The coming catalogue of names connected with trees and their undergrowth does not contain one tithe of those arrangeable under that head. Howbeit, we are necessitated to lead oft' with water rather than wood for reasons that will forthwith be obvious.

We have a name Beck : a small stream, taking the diminu- tive of Beckett: a smaller stream, Aborn: at the burn. This name Beckett had in the middle ages and some families, the prefix At, shortened to a, thus A'Beckett (Thomas) meant Thomas living at the little Isrook. This at and attan, when plural, and a will be found to have attached themselves to trees and streams most parasitically, thus — Attwood : living at the wood. And even Attree. This at preserved names : it was a philological mordant. Poor men during the Wars of the Roses had one name. Say John. He resided in respect to a village in his vicinity at the wood, whereupon villagers spoke of him as Joh7i at the ivood, which by lingual shrinkage became John Atwood. A similar process took place in France in relation to Jean Dubois = John Woods. Thus we have Akaster : at the camp. So Addenbrooks ('s hospital) : at the

LOCAL NAMES. 121

brook = A'Beckett. Adden for atten. Nash for Attanash. Bias, Tash : at the ash = Dormer (Stanhope) : of the ash = Dashwood — Nattrass: at the ash, and the Desormeaux (historian), and the odd sounding AsnBASH = Ashwood and Tash WOOD. So Nelmes for Attanelms : at the chns, as Napps : at the aspen (poplar) tree, Burnap : trees running by poplars. That litigious fellow John Noakes is John at the oaks, written NoKES, as Nock : at the oak = Biask and Attack (Samuel) : con. Lilac: lilyoak. Similarly Byack : dwelling by an oak. So we have Amor for at the moor = MLTTR, Moor. The Ger- mans have Siebeneicher= the English Snooks : seven oaks. The Hebrew Oren: an ash, gives the Latin Ornus : an ash, whence the French Orme.

It is not always clear whether a name is from Orme : an ash, or from Orm (worm) : the serpent of Asiric mythology. Thus Ormeston : town of Ormes. Orm : tree or god. Araunah : a large ash, stout tall raan = PiNUS, whence Pixelli. Ornan : great ash. " Rear an altar unto the Lord in the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite." " Lo, David gave Oman for the place 600 shekels of gold." Both names to one man who was of lofty porfe= Rowan, with which Ornan is identical, gives RouNTREE and Rounsiwell : a spring among rowans. AsHBY, AsBY : dwelling among ash trees. Ashby - de - la - ZoucH : the Ashby family, living near the stock of a notable tree = Stock (Simon) and Tronchet : a trunk, con. Truncheon : great trunk. Fraxinus : the ash, gives through form frene, Freville = Ashton. Dufresnoy, Dufraine : Defraine : of the ash tree. A Mr. Fiveash died 1859. AscHAM (Roger) : ash tree home, suggesting Occam (Dr.), YocuM: oak home = the Polish Dombrowsky (general) Van Neck : of the oak, Eekhout : oak wood. Ackman = Dryan- DER. Delle Rovere (Julius II.): of the oak (robur). Asplen, for Aspling : son of the asp tree, timorous, trembling like pop- lar leaves. " Trembling like an asp" leaf. Apps : an ash. Napps = Nash. Aspinwall : ash field, Avith a fountain there- in. Apsley (Pellat) : ash field. Eddaic mythology, teaching that Adam was made out of an ash, that tree of renown be- came a favourite apart from its use or beauty. Thus ^SCIN- gas : sons of the ash, and Ashman: of ancient lineage = Priscus. BusHNELL (Horace) : mansion in a wood = PYBUS, Bosom. Chatterton (Bristol boy) : cottages in a wood = Boycot (ted). BOSCAWEN (admiral) : house surrounded by alders, suggesting Trim (corporal) : elder. Elder : tree growing to a great age. Dauney : an alder. But BosTWiCK, looking so like a home in a wood : house near a creek. Edgewood (Miss) : living at edge of Epping forest as gypsies yet do = Edge and Outhout: having an outer edge of wood in a hut. Edgecombe : first 9

122 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

house in the valley, suggesting Indicott : last house in the village. Ellwood, Ellenwood : elm wood, sacred grove. Sacred among Saxons as they held Eve was made of elm. This gleams side-light on the Israelites worshipping in groves. Sometimes Ellwood is a contraction of Ethelwood for Ethel- WALD : noble defender. In Switzerland Edgewood is Unter- walden: under the forest = Underwood : under protection of a forest, from blast. Wedgewood (Etruria) : frequented by widgeons. Scrope is scrub, whence Scruby : dwelling among scrubs, shrup = Scroggie : scrubby. ScROGGS (Giles) = Stubbs, Stobo : living where the trees have been stubbed. Broglie : a thicket. So Bavey : low copse wood, whence bavins, faggots were got = Busembaum (Jesuit) : tree among scrub, under- growth, nut tree = CopSEY : living in a copse = CuTBUSH. From Kopto : I cut, wood cut at intervals. These = the Milesian Money : scrub land, Moneymore : great heather and shrub land. Drinan : a blackthorn. But Cork = Marsh, Marston. The city of Cork was built on marshy soil. Cork, Marsh = Venn : a fen man = FENNER (when it does not mean hunter) = Fenian, Fenimore (Cooper) : a fenman. Heenan is synony- mous with Money and Marsh. Quagenbosh : a wood on a bog, con. Quagmire. Wodton, Yoddam, Besom, Bosom (bois ham) : town in a wood = Kirjath- Jearim : Carthage in a forest. Walton for Wald-town = Walworth (mayor) and Walz, VoLTZ = Woods, Wadrapp : wood raven, Wallenstein : wood covered hill. These = the Polish Osinski : city among trees = Wolski (waldski). Ski or sky : a town, gives Marian- ski : town of the B. V.M = Maravilla (cocoa). Jablonowsky (prince): town among hazel = Calton, con. Dunkeld : hazel hill = Luz, con. Lusitania. Dembinski : town among oaks = Acton. Bogatsky (divine) : city of God=Theopolis, and Baltimore : city of the great god. Bog the Sclavonic for God gives our nursery terror, Bogie ; hence also the name of the river Bug, the Sclavic Euphrates. Bogoslav : the glory of God = Theocles, Thecla. Bogdan : the gift of God = Theo- dore.

But we must away from the Poles and back to the trees. CoYLE, con. Gael and Caledonia (Kill in composition). Few, Waltz, Walters (in some cases), Frith (" Frith and fell : " wood and hill) = Greenwood, Witt, Witty, Widdows, or Wette (de), Whit, White (in some cases), With, also answer closely to Greenwood : a plantation. " Bind me with seven green withs," hazel, or ash. With wrong: a winding wood. Beckwith: brook running through a wood = Wedderburn. The Scotch prettily render " He who is born to be drowned will never be hanged," by " The water will nae wrang the widdie." The widdie was a with twisted into a halter

LOCAL NAMES. 123

WiDMORE : a great wood = Guyyon, which gives Thynne. Whidden : wooded valley = \Vhitcomre, Whiteside: living side of wood. Weatherhead : at woodhead = Woodhead. Weatherby: dwelling in a wood = Woods, Boddam, Busked, DuGUiD, Ittem, Whittem, Holtum, Holsted, (M')Quiddy. May not Galloway be from Gallovia : great forest of the Gaels ? Dust (Forest, Horst, Hurst, Hust) : of the wood. Miss Deeks marries Mr. Dust against her father's advice. Being ill used she came to the old house at home at two o'clock A.M. with a thud at its door. Old Mr. Deeks pro- truded his head from bedroom window, and replying to entreaty for entry, said, " No, no. Go back to your husband. Dust thou art, and to Dust shalt thou return." Our word Basket is from the Britons who called it Basged, of which ged = whid, wood. Kitt is not from Christopher, being pre- historic, and means wood-dweller = Kelt. Foskett : dyke wood. Applequest is applewood, and Appleton = Jablonsky : town among apple trees. Ledwith : a wood in which there is a laid, a wear, regulating water supply. Laid is obsolete, but gives Ladle : liquid regulator. Laidlaw : a hill on which is a laid, reserve of water. Hence that grotesque looking name, Shakelady : shaggy, bushy ground where there is a laid. Hence the name Lade (Bulloch & Co.): one resident near a dam. One of the reasons we have so many names from trees is that they were objects of worship on this island till A.D. 400. Perhaps this would account for such names as BoM = Tree. The odd looking Fitts = Woods. Carurthen : camp wood = Cashow (shaw). Whitherow : a vagrant who sleeps in woods and preys on farm yards. Sometimes simple wood- land names assume absurd forms as CoCKSWOLD : a wood frequented by cocks, becomes Cuckold, Guiteau (Garfield), Vidocque, Guy, Tanguye : pine wood, Guido : wood dwellers con. Balguy = WiTHHAM WooTON, Guiox (line) : great Guy. Balquidder: town in a woodland district. Such = Groves, Fiddiman, Fiddes = Woodal\n. Wittikix : baby found in a wood. Torfid : Thor's wood, where the Asir hero was worshipped, becomes Trufit. Groves, the French corre- spondent of which is Aubusson : at the grove, may not be simply local, as sometimes it signifies grovekeeper to a god. Sometimes Nimmo (nemus) = Groves. In Germany we have Luther's great battle ground Wittenberg : wooden fortress = Tyrwhitt, originally like those made by the Britons of newly felled trees. There lived Cranach (Lucas) exactly = the Irish Crannage and Crannatch, each meaning son of a tree. These are aboriginal names, suggestive of the Stone Age, when men dwelt here on artificial islands, each known as a cranage, because built of wood on piles.

124 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

In England we have Witney : wood island. Askwith : ash wood. Wither (George, poet) : wood dweller. In the Sanscrit Vid : know, Rigveda : ruling knowledge (con. Rego : I direct), is the most ancient sacred book of India. This is our wit and wood ; it entered the Greek in Ideo : I see, whence Idea : seen mentally. Ideo entered the Latin with the V, Video : I see. The other form of its meaning gave Ida, whereon Paris judged Venus, Juno, and Minerva ; Ida simply meaning woody (mountain), nearly = Sinai : bushy, covered with undergrowth and Wallenstein. Vid is probably the root of Vetus : old and wise, aged as a tree, and learned as those who studied in nature's oldest library — the pathless woods. Connected herewith is Liber, the inner bark of a tree, and Liber : a book, bark made = Boc : the beech from which our Book was made, both word and thing, gives Pharnam- BUCY : a ferney field in which are beech trees. Wittanagemot : witty men's meeting, oddly corresponds to Eisteddfod : the wood setters, Welsh forest parliament. Wittan being next derivative from Wid, Vid : wood. Vedder = Woodman. How strange a thing is life ! knowledge is still from the tree though evil is inseparable therefrom. But the curse was taken away by that other Tree, so that now man shall have the knowledge without the evil. Fid, fod, vid, wood, ket in basket are one, con. Fiddle : instrument made of wood. The f in Scot is identical with d in wood, meaning wood dweller = Greek names Hylas, Hylgeus, Hyllus : son of the wood = Crannage, Cranach. Withcraft : a tree progagator, and WiTCRAFT : learned in timber. Gwyet, Guit, Quid, Guy, Guion, Gyot, Guido, Vetus, Veda, Ida, Fid, Fod, Vid, Witt, Hout, With, all have to do with wood. Hepwith (hips) = Hedges. Gwyder : a druid, learned in Celtic, the letters of which are taken from trees. Here we have the true idea of Druid : leader, head of the learned, from dre tvid. Pliny was the first to derive Druid from Drus : an oak, probably misled by the word Hamadryad : living with an oak, as long as. Philological bellwetherism caused him to be followed until scholars asked how would Celts name their learned from Greeks ? Druid as nearly corresponds to our D.D. as the diflference of circumstances can be conceived to allow.

Wit : wood gives Widness : wood island = Witney, and the preposition With, as " You will go with me," united to. Also Withers : that part of a horse where shoulder and body unite, suggesting Withers = Widdows. Coyle : a wood, gives QuiLTY = Woods, and Kells when not from Cell of a saint. KiLLiGREW : eagle's wood, Kilburn : brook running by a wood. Bois : a wood, gives Boisson : great wood = Matto Grosso: primeval forest of the Amazon = Chacemore, Widmor,

LOCAL NAMES. 125

GuYON. BusHELL (bois ville) = Wooton. Trenton : town among trees. Bushel : a wooden measure in contrast with Peck : a poke, a bag. Ambush, Ambuscade : lying wait in a wood. Bosjesman: bush dweller = BussMAN. Buoy : wooden float. Boz, Baum, Tkee, Boos, Bosh (Ten), Busiinell (Horace), Beza, Dubois, Kells, Quilty, Busby, Boyle, Bysshe (Shelley), De Witt = Van Houten, Withers, Widdows, Guy, Balguy, GuiDO, ViDOCQUE, are all of the woods. But Woods may be as local as Atwood, or may be = Gwyder, Druid. If modern the former, if ancient the latter, and greater. Bosdet, Bost, Boscowen, Bosquet (general): a little wood. Grafton: grove town. Bosquet is Bouquet : now flowers, formerly evergreens, a buss, con. Boscobel : beautiful wood, con. Burbush (burg), Burbage, Boswell, Beville (when not beau ville) = Bambek (beamber) = Wooton, Pybus. Foulis, Foules : living where the foulys do sing, as the German Vogelsang, though some prefer it from Folium: a leaf, living among = Ramage, Raimes, from Ramis : a branch, con. Ramolini (mother of Napoleon) : little branches. These lived near groves frequented by the songsters of the wood. Sylph : a wood nymph = Silvanus, which abbreviates to Silas. Silvis : a wood, gives Savage (when not Irish), Sage, Savigny, Saville, all men of the woods unless Sage, when from Sagus : wise, as in Le Sage : the man of sa^rctcity. Lignum : a wood, usually applied to undergrowth, gives LiGXY and De Ligny = Atwood. Free- house is met with, meaning house near a notable tree = Baum : a tree, whence beam, gives Bamfylde (Moore Carew) : tree field = WooDLEY. Baumgarten : an orchard, Bombarson : son of Baumgarten, Bumpstead : place of trees. Baumtree and Attree are living names. Shaw {con. Shade); a little wood. Crayshaw : wood frequented by crows. Fanshaw : haunted by fawns, deer. Enshaw, Ensor, Hinshaw : by herns, herons. Herne (the hunter) : heron taker, if not an eagle. Harwood : hare wood. Scrimshaw (screen) : shaw sheltering a village, similar to Hinton (Jack) : behind (a hill) town.

Gladstone (W. E.) for Gladstein, from Gleed : the glider, a hawk = Gliddon (geologist) and Falkenstein : a hill fre- quented by hawks, as Gladsmuir = Falkland : moor haunted by kites, gleeds, hawks. Rubenstein (composer) : hill visited by ravens, Arnsteen: by eagles. Falk (laws) = Hap: a hawk, Hapsburg : hawk tower, frequented by. Forest is from Foris: abroad, meaning outside of city, woods are far from busy haunts, —

*' In somer when the sJiawes be sheyne, And leves be large and long, Hit is fulle merry in (eyre foreste To hear the fouly's song."

126 FEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Forest abbreviates to hurst, as Lyndhust (lord) : lime tree wood = Leibnitz and Poniatowski (prince) : dwelling in a Forest, Hurst, generally applied to gamekeepers = Ranger. Bradhurst = Bradspiaw, but not Braidwood, for brad applies to that part of a stream which overflows, so becoming brad, broad. Bradford : where folks fare, ford, the brad, Bradley. Bradlaugh (Charles): flelds subject to flooding = Nugent,. NoA, con. No: I swim, swampy, con. Noyades : drownings. Walkinshaw : wood through which a path runs. Broad- hurst nearly answers to Brocklehurst : wood by a brook. Braddon (Miss) : hill, fort near a brad. Dewhurst : wood frequented by deer = Fanshaw. Ringwood (New Forest) : king's wood. Soho (shaw haugh) : a wood in a valley. Lennox : elm growing district. Holt, Olt : a wood, a hold, place defensible = HouT = Woods, whence Hood (when not a cowl wearer), and Vanhouten : of the wood. Hollinshed : living near head of holly grove, as Aikenhead : at head of oak grove = Pencoit : head of wood = Weatherhead. Aiken- siDE (Mark): side of oak grove = Whitside, Whiteside, Woodside, and likewise Side, j^er se : hillsider. These range with Walton, Bamberger, and Woodstock when Bamberger is not forest hill (living on), or a forest shepherd. BuXTON (Fowell) : town among beaches = BuxTORF (lexicographer). Similar in meaning is Delafaye, Dufailly, Dufoy (de fagus), and Debl^ke, who cling to the beach. Broglie (general) : a coppice = Tallis : wood often cut. Talboys : wood cutter, as Telfer : iron cutter, helmet cleaver, at full length it stands Talliafero, and cor. to Tolvie.

Hope : a narrow vale formed by the bases of hills almost meeting, leaving but a small level, gives Hope (John), whence " Band of Hope," not of hope. Hapgood, HoPGOOD : fruitful valley = Buncombe, Gehazi : ghor of vision, one we like to look at. Hopley (Susan) : field in a hope. Stanhope: stony dell = Standen. Hoppet (when not from Hob for Robert) : little hope. Lothrop : low lying valley. Hyslop, Haslop, Hlslop : hazel-dell. Dunoyer : of the nut tree. Kirkhope, Kirkup: church on the hope = HoBKiRK, and the Welch Landells : temple or church in a dell, con. Scanlan : old church. Trollhope : a hope wherein is a hollow inside of a hill. When Trollop : slattern, from trail ; one who trails her dress. Tudhope : fruitful valley = HoPGOOD, Coneyhope : valley haunted by rabbits. Wallop : a hope with a well, spring in it = SpRiNGDALE. Wauchope : a hope through which a wall, dyke, vallum, is carried, becomes Walkup, Waccup. Hopeton, Hopetown =: Dalton. H aslam : hazel home = Easterhazy (prince), originally Estord Derhazy: eastern hazel home = the Spanish Avelanno, the French

LOCAL NAMES. 127

CowDRAY and our Hazlewood = Luz. Haswell : spring among hazel bushes. Hazlitt : hazel lot. Haslam : home among hazel trees. From Ail : strong, Allon : an oak, strong wood, giving Allonville = Aoworth. Worth is a defended place. HoLDSWORTH : a fortified place in a wood, from Wear, whence Ware, Ward.

From Quercus : an oak, literally a fine tree, we have Chene : an oak. Oak is from Eke : to grow, to increase, so that it means a tree that grows (as to age) above others. Duchesne (actress), Duquesne (admiral) : of the oak = Vanneque, and Della Rovere (pope), con. Eck, Eckius: son of oak (or of Eck)r=DARRACH. Glans meaning either fruit of tree (acorn, oakcorn), or the tree itself, gives Glanville: town among oaks = GLENFiELD (starch): oak field. Glean : to gather corn, meant gathering acorns. Gland : an organ shaped like an acorn. Glanders : a corn gatherer for cattle. Glenfield = Oakley, but Hockley : high field = AiRD, con. Airt: quarter whence wind blows. Holyoak (George Jacob) : an oak growing in a monastery, the same as Hollyhock Ach = Ogg : an oak, Hogben : oak hill, Ogburn : brook running among oaks. Holms (M.P.) : from holm oak, a formation on holy. In some cases Holm : a river island, con. Chisholm : gravel river island. Braddock (general) : broad oak, or one growing near a brad. DiMMOCK : little oak. Aitken, Aiken : robust, oaken, strong. EiCHORN (German savan) : oak hill. Akroyd : oak ridden, oaks stubbed up, gives Dacroy : son of Akroyd. Shorrocks (captain) : shorn of oaks, exactly = Radax : rid of oaks. SouTHACK: south oak, Nock : at oak = Attack, but Knock, Knox = Hills, Tell (William), Knell. Snooks: seven oaks, Kent, becomes Senex = Siebeneicher. Chenevix (French), cor. to Chennecks (chene vicus) = Acton: oak town. Cheney (bishop), Chiniquy (Father). Dara, Adair (when not from Alasdair, Alexander) : an oak. Kildare : oak grove. Saron (king), Sharon (Turner), Sarony: an oak. Darroch, Darrach : son of an oak = Saronidas : a dryad = Ackman, Dryander. De Lolme (historian) : of the holm oak. Cassagnac : place of oaks. Trelawney : oak grove town. Higgins, Higginbottom : a dale where the mountain ash grows. Shoebottom (Shaw) : a wood in a dale. Auckland : oak land.

Dumas (novelist) : of the mast, beech. Dufailly (general), DuFOY : of the beech. Layfayette : little beech. Fagus : the beech, from Phago : eat = Mast con. masticate. Beechy (captain), for beechley : beech field. Bacon : one feeding pigs on beech mast. But Beach (Hicks) from the bee. Treffry (Eternal Sonship) : three beeches. Quarterfages (naturalist) :

128 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

four beeches. Cinqualbre : five peach trees. Beechenhaugh, BiCHENO: haugh of beech trees, con. SoHO (shaw haugh). Haugh gives Hawes (when not from Hal, Harry) = Denman : valley dweller. Deguignes : of the vines = Vignoles, con. Vignette : a little vine, a frontispiece of vine leaves. DuNOis ("Partant pour la Syrie"): of the nut tree, gives Noise. CoRYLUS (shepherd): a filbert tree. Figaro: a fig tree = Olynthus (Gregory). Dupin : of the pine = Von der Tann, Tangye = Fichte. Pinelli, Spinoli (Spanish general), Spinoza (pantheist Jew), con. Spina : a thorn, and signifies dwellers in a spinny, answering to such names as Stobo, Scroggie, Bade- NOCH : overgrown with bushes. To these add TuRNHAM (for Thorn home): dwelling among bushes = DoRNER, suggesting Thorney, Cambs. But we have such living names as Thornes and Spinner. Curzon : a vine stem, vine dresser.

LiNN^us (Swede) : a lime tree, so called from Lind : a serpent, because it waves like it. Lindsay : lime tree island. Tilly (when not a weaver from Tela : a web) : a lime. Tillot (archbishop) : little Tilly, or a growing lime. Tilroyd : cleared of limes. " This unfortunate man was named Morgan Tilroyd, and was by trade a jeweller." Laura (Bridgman) : a bay, a laurel = Daphne, takes the dim. Loretto (Our Lady of): little laurel grove. More (sometimes) : a mulberry tree, a dark fruit con. Amaurosis : dimness, darkness of the eyes, con. Mauritania : the Morian's land = Soudan, Karamania, Nigritia. Morosini (amoroso) : dim sighted = Cecil. Tamar : a palm, literally straight, applied to a majestic woman, gives Tamarind — ind for India, as in Indigo : plant from India. " One daughter whose name was Tamar." Ithamar (son of Aaron) : land of the palm, born among palms. Vernet (Horace) : an alder = Dauney.

WiLLOUGHBY : dwelling place among willows = Salignac (salix, sauch) and De Saulcy, con. Aulay : tall as a willow, Sauchiehall : house in an osiery. These con. Sales (Francis de : though some give his name as a form of cells, cloisters), Sayle (governor), Sarsfield (Aughrim), Saumarez, Soult (marshal), when not from Solvo: I loose, and so = Freeman : freed : all dwellers among the osiers. Osier : water plant, con. Ooze and Ouse. Willow gives Wily : river with willows on banks, whence Wilton, which gives Wiltshire, wherefrom Wilsher (cricketer). Wycherley (William): witcii elm, used by witches in their incantations. Birch (favourite Celtic tree, giving h of their savage alphabet) : may not mean simply a tree, but a man of ancient stock. Birchenhaugh . birch dale, gives Brisco. Aube : white wood. Vanloo : of the wood, sometimes = Vanderveld (painter) : of the field. Dougherty, DocHARTY: high dwelling among oaks= Vanneque.

LOCAL NAMES. 129

We must cease planting and commence hewing. As European emigrants clear Minnesota and Manitoba, so were our primeval woods cleared by continental emigrants passing the Channel in coracles, or later invaders of the aborigines. Field is simply felled, so Fold, Fauld(.s) : an enclosure. When the Saxon felled trees he enclosed his land therewith. Field = RoDEN : land ridden of timber = Thwaites, for so Norsemen called their clearings. Littlethwaite : small clearing, gives LiLYWHiTE (batter).

Applethwaite : clearing planted with apples, giving Heb- BLEWHITE. MiCKLETHWAiTE : great clearing, Holroyd : cleared of holt, w^ood = Grubb : trees grubbed up = Stubbs, wrongously fathered on Stephen. Olcott (colonel) : cot in a hott. Blumenroden: blooming field, flowery mead = Bloomfield (" farmer's boy "). Rodney : field through which a brook runs = Burnley. Penrod (ben rid): hill cleared of timber. Nesselrode (diplomatist) : cleared of nettles = Thistlethwaite, or Swaite = Ducardonnet : of the thistle field and Chardon. Joelah : removing of oaks, a man so strong he can remove oaks. "Joelah and Zebadiah, the sons of Jehoram." So the French Purlieu : purus locus. " In Henry III.'s time, the Charter de Foresta was established : so that there was much land disafforested, which has been called 'purlieus ever since." Purlieu = Clarendon : a hill cleared = Claridge, Penrod. Coleridge (Samuel) : cold hill = Balfour: cold town, exposed to winds = Coldham, Collop : cold hope. But Winthrop, that one might be excused for supposing it means windy dwelling, and so = Trewent : wandy dwelling, con. Pennygant : windy hill (Throp, a transposition of Thorp, Dorf, as Apthorp : the abbot's dwelling) : winsome, beautiful dwelling = Sheen, Nain, etc., Balfour pairs with Fordyce : cold south, one dw^elling where there is southern aspect, yet cold. Purlieu, the oj-x of Ronge (holy coat), Ranke (his- torian). Range : rank with timber. Lumm : a clump of trees. Lumsden (provost) : a valley in which trees are in clumps, groups, nearly = Walden : woody valley. Parley (Peter): Peter's field = Peterloo, suburb of Manchester half a century since, like Vanloo, Waterloo. Woodley = Bousfield (bois). Hatfield: heathfield = Hedderw^ck : dwelHng among heather = Hatherley = Garfield (president): gorse, furze, fern field, con. Farnworth = Brackenbury. Claverhouse (Dundee) : clover field house = Fetcham : home among fitches. Clover, from Cleave : to divide. Clover = Fraise : strawberry, from f rango, fraga, f rasa. Fraser : strawberry planter. Cres- SINGHAM (betrayer) : home in a cressfield. But Gresham (merchant prince): gross home = Meikleham : big house = Casaboni, Casaubon: bonny house = Brian (O), whence

130 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Chateaubriand : palatial castle. Bryant (Araer. poet) and Barney (thought to be from Barnabas) are therefrom ; Brad- bury and Ingersoll (con. Entresol: entry of hall, saloon) also applied to palatial residences, dwellers therein. As also House : the chief house, which assumes the form Ace, Audus : old house. Tetley : fruitful field, con. Tudhope, and o/x of Barley: bare, barren field. Felton : town in a field. Fulton : foul town, dirty roads = Foulmire (Cambs.), and ojx Clinton: clean town. Felton = Townley, Leighton, Kempton and Burleigh, from bury, though this last may mean a judge, from Byrlaw : laws made by neighbours (near boors), whence Bylaws : local regulations.

To these English may be added the French red, Fonyeille (Ulric), con. Foin, Fon, Foenum : fodder hay, whence Fen- nel, supposed favourite food of serpents. Mead = Lee, Leith. Cluny, Clunie, con. Clones = Meadows. Penny- CUIK: cuckoo's hill. Carlyle (Thomas): man of Carlisle: camp (Roman) beside the trench. Witherspoon : grazing place on spur of a mountain. Champollion (Egyptologist) : field of a man named Pollion : great Paul. Chantraine (con. Banunculus : little flower flourishing on wet soil where frogs delight to dwell) : living where the chant of frogs is heard. I have been in such a place and am slow to forget it. This sug- gests Canteloup (lord) : living where the howling of wolves can be heard. Danger : of Angers, France. Faulds : land enfolded. Sandyfaulds : grave! fields. Enclos (Madam de) : enclosed = Close, con. Cloisters : college enclosures. Strangely indeed this = the Roman Cohort from Cohors : a fold enclosing sheep. Men were put together for war like sheep in hurdles. This throws a gleam of light on Shepherd Kings : Xerxes numbered his soldiers by the cohort arrangement, placing them by turns in an enclosure as did Cetewayo his Zulu warriors. Stranger, Cohort is our word Court (when not meaning short): a castle, a place enclosed and defended as in Harcourt (Sir William): castle of Hariald in Normandy. Court = Worth (man milliner): a place wared, warded, defended = Guise : a fortified position, originally with felled trees. These suggest Pallavicini: living in the vicinity of ijcJcs, palings, enclosures, as in the English Pale in Ireland. So also Stack : living in a stocado, place staked = Stockwell (ville). Stocks, Stokes, Stocker, Stoke, Stowell (Hugh) for Stowville, abbreviates to Steele (Richard). Bostock (bois) = Walthamstow [wald ham stow). Stowe (David) : a place staked out. Comstock : dwelling in a valley. Steak (beef) : carried on a stick. Cope- stakes : staked out for cheap, cope, market. Though Copper- field (David): field w^here coppice, scrub, is regularly cut = CopsEY. CoppERTHORN = CuTBUSH and Cowperthwaite. Such

LOCAL NAMES. 131

project our thoughts to an age when England was a place of shanties, settlements, and log huts, as the name Settle = Seidlitz (powder) : where an emigrant settles ; so also SiEGEL, SiGEL clearly show. Barton : strong place to receive the produce of the land, what it did bear. Barton Worth, Ton, Town, Fold, Fauld, Burg, Stowe, Close, and Cot, all mean enclosures in some form. Invaders and emigrants first seized, then enclosed. Byre for cows may be added, as it is from Beorgan : to protect, whence Burgh, whence Burglary : breaking into a protected place. Enclosure underlies the idea of property whether landed or personal. Byars and Bouverie (Kilmarnock) = Cotton : cow enclosure, a byre, owner of one. CoEVELT (Flemish painter): cow field = Clontarf. Argos (the mother of Greek civilisation) : a clearing, thwaite, ridden, sohl, settlement. From Ergon : a work, con. Argo (ship), Argus (100 eyes), Arge (huntress) : sharp, active^ quick = PoDARGUS : swift footed. Con. Argives : Greeks, organ, organon : works in music or literature. Energy : putting work in. Ego: I, the doer, worker. Ergo : therefore. Argentum : silver, made white by work. Argil : potter's white clay. George : earth worker, Georgics : science of working the earth. Neighbour: near boor, is doing good work as a surname and forms a fine contrast to Malyoisine (bishop of Glasgow) : bad neighbour, best out of the vicinity, con. Pallayicini. We also meet with HousENEAR and Nigh. Ton: an enclosure is germane with Ten and Tun, the former allied to number of fingers closing, the latter encloses liquids. Hundred : hand reed, red, con. Ratio : reason, Reid : a counsellor, it gives the reason on the hand. Ton is found in a vast number of local names, as Smea- TON (engineer) : smith's town = Goyan = ZiNZENDORF (count) : tinsmith's dorf, thorp, town, Smee : small = Bassett, Bass. But Mee : a Meath man, (Mac) Namee : warrior of Meath. So (Mac) NULTY : an Ulster man. Larpent : the arpent, place to be ploughed, con. Aro : I ear, plough.

From that ancient word La : low lying, we have Lateo : to lie hid, Latent : lying hid. Whence Latro : one who lies hid to rob, Ladrones: isle of thieves, Larceny: theftuous act, Latoxa: concealed goddess, Lagos : a hare because it lies close to the ground, hidden, Latium : low lying country, gives Latins : lowlanders = Girgashites : dwellers on clay land. Latinus : lowland king, and our Lee, Loo, Lea, Leigh, Laugh (Laughton = Felton), Lewes, Leslie, Lisburn, Lismore, Logan, (Mc) Lagan, Lowther, Leith, Lothian, Louder, Low, and that American puzzle Lo, are all persons re- sident on depressed meadow land, or under shelter of hills = Foote, Peden, Orispus, Platt, Flat, Poggio : living on the flat = Campobasso and the Hebrew Maachah : depressed, ap-

132 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

plicable literally to one living on low ground, figuratively to any one in low spirits, and to either sex ; hence we find it in some cases a man's name, in others a woman's. In the literal force it corresponds to Cavagnac : dwelling in a hollow =r Cavan, Holland: hollow land, and Hollow: hole low. Van- loo is the Dutch for Meadows (Kenny), and Pratt (Orson), con. prado, paradise, prairie. Peden (Scottish worthy) : a clear plat, an open space = Paddock, which abbreviates to Park. Konigsfeldt: king's field = Kingsley (Charles). But Rawley, Raleigh (Sir Waiter) : roe field, land frequented by roes. Roe : rough deer. Roebuck : rough buck. And DuR- ley (looking so like deer field) : dry field, the op. of Softley : bog land = the cacophonic Bugg, whence Bugbee : bog dweller = MosHEiM: home on the moss = Marsh. Noa (chess) = Nugent : swampy ground, from No : I swim. Bugbee is positively cor. to Bugbed.

Basilewsky: king's town. "A grand marriage is on the horison of the French aristocratic world, between M. le Comte de Galve, brother of the Duke d'Alba, and cousin to the Empress, and the charming Madame Bravura, daughter of 3Ir. Basilewski, who is famed in St. Peterburgh as being some twenty-five times over a millionaire." No name better illustrates the vanity and fastness of that time when Eugenie was queen of the fashions. Bravura : finely clad lady. " The Lord will take away their bravery." Bravura applies to a brilliant style of singing, but as a secondary application of the word, which belongs to the eye — Bravo! Bravo!!: Fine ! Fine!! Now finery is to look upon. Rio Bravo : fine river. Bravo : a handsome man, Bravura : a beautiful woman.

Vanderkemp (African missions) : of the field. Kempen- FELT : an open country, champaign. A'Kempis (Thomas) : at the field = Atmor, cor. Amor. Campion : a fighter in an open field.

" His sword was in his sheath, his fingers held the pen, When KemjJenfelt went down, with twice four hundred men."

Astley : east field, Audley : old land, grass land lately ploughed. But Allen : a hound, then means swift, some- times applied to a stream, when to a man = Podargus, Light- body, Galletly: its fern, is Ellen. Berkley, Barclay (brought by Normans) : birch field. Brimley, Brinkley : fields on the brim, brink of the sea = CosTLEY: coast leioh = the great Orellana : meadow reaching from mountain top to river mouth, con. Oros : a mountain, and Llano for Loco piano: flat country. Nearly corresponding to the Gaelic Urquhart, Urket: margin, long coast, and the Gallic Larrieux,

LOCAL NAMES. 133

Larrive : Ripuarians, bank dwellers = the Saxon Rivers, Currant, and the Spanish Ribas. These suggest Sorby (Sheffield): dwelling on the shore = Sands, when local. Windsor : winding shore. Merton (and Sandford) : town on a mere or sea = Seaton, Balmerino. Hartley : deer field. Hurley, Harley (when English) : hare field, but Harley (Mc)Arly (Irish) : a form of Charley. Lesley, Leslie (leesley) : meadow land = Leland (antiquary) = Hoyle,Cowan,Cavanagh (Bernard), all = Cavagnac : living on cavernous land, con. Cavour : cave dweller. Meadows, Mead = Pritty, from Mow, mead, meadow : land that is mowed. Seen to advantage in " Barley?7iou'." Mow gives the comparative more, and the superlative most, as though moiv, moiuer, iiioest. Lee, Leith, Loo, Fogg, Fogo, and Pratt, from Pratum : a meadow, whence Prado, fashionable promenade at Madrid — Dupre : of the meadow = Green, from grow, Muspratt : meadow on a moor. Delafield (brewery) : of the field = Vanderkemp. Bancroft (historian) : bean croft, Croft : cultivated with craft, skill. Tofts : small farmer. " Ne toft, ne croft have I."

Calcraft (carnifex) : kale croft, some claim it as a trade name, meaning maker of caltrops, to prevent advance of cavalry. In former case Calcraft = Wortley : a cabbage garden. Wort gives Wurtzel. Softley^ : living on bogland = Noa, Nassau, Marsh, Marston, Moneypenny: at head (pen) of bog where peats are cut. Denovan (dunavon) : hill by side of stream, identical with the Irish Donovan (Rossa). Gar VON (Garrough) : rapid stream. Dundee : hill by the Tay, Dee. Wynn : white = Finn. Wentworth : white dwelling made of pealed willows = Casabianca, con. Decazes : of the cottages, houses = Van Buren : of the Iboor's (houses). Casa : a house. Cheese, Chasuble : dress covering wearer, as cottage does a dweller. Cot is identical with coat : a cover, hence Coates : dwelling at cottages. Peti- COTE : little cottage = HuTT, Pycot : cottager (by). Cotswold (hills) : shepherds' huts on the wold = Shillinglaw, from Wald: a forest, as the wolds were wood covered = Ida. Garth : an enclosure (small), con. girth, girdle, garter, garden, yard, the last being the length of the king's girdle. Gart- shore : part of foreshore enclosed. Garscadden : enclosures used as cow pastures. Applegarth : an orchard = Baum- garten : beam garden. Hyde : as much as a yoke of oxen could plough in one season, called so because hidden by hedge rows. Malherb (poet) : bad pastures, op. Bonpland (com- panion to Humboldt): good land = DE la Vega : of the flourishing land, con. vege-table, from Vigere : to flourish. These = Lynch and Slade, —

134 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

" It had been better for William a' Trent To have been abed with sorrow, Than to be that day in the greenwood slade To meet with little John's arrow."

Though Lynch applies more accurately to meadow byastream> as the " Links of Forth." Compare William a'Trent with Thomas a'Becket. Sorrow for soreness of body.

Many surnames are derived from those who originally bore them dwelling on mounds, hills, or mountains, or living in or be- longing to castles which were generally built upon such places. These carry the mind back to a time of baronial grandeur, when castles were too often centres of tyranny, but became the nuclei of civilization, around which the villain reared his thatched hut and the boor tilled his garth, while constitution- alism was dawning in our cities. Illustrative of such facts we have Altamont, Montalto, Mow at, Moet (and Chandon) : high mountain, Grammoxt, Montmagny : great mountain = MoRVEN, MoNTFORT (Simon de) : strong mountain, Tel-el- Kebir = Monte fixo, whence Muschet. Hohenzollern (Prussia) : high toll hill, whence black mail was levied from travellers. Similarly ToLAND (deist), a form of Tolan, Nor- mandy : applied to land over which if men passed they were tolled. Montague (mount acute) : sharp mountain = Spitzbergen = Egremont, and strangely inverted in Argument, a directory name, —

" Confessing that he himself was a Montacute, And bare the arms that I dyd quarter on my scute."

MoNCUR, MoNCURE (curt) : truncated hill=RAFTOR. Dunlop (Colin) : hill at bend of stream = Barskimning, Skimming = Reach, Engstrom : living at bend of stream. Dundas : fallow deer hill. Winslow : battle tumulus = Barrow, Cairns. Lamont : the fortress, a baron. Montes (Lola) : living in a fort, a castle = Terence (Latin and Irish) and Tyrell (Sir Walter), which latter becomes Traill. Carey : castle dweller, but Carus : loved, cherished. Montejo (Countess de) : little mountain, small fortress. Eugenie is also styled Countess de Teba. Teba from Tebanus : a hill. Teba translates Montejo. Montanus = Mountain = (Mc)Bean, gives the following dims. MoNTUCCio (Chinese dictionary), Mundella (M.P.), Mott. Delamotte : of the hill = Emmons : home on a mount. Montrey : royal mountain = Montreal. Dymond for dumont : of the mountain = De Monti. Battle of the Diamond, 1795. Diamond = Orontes : a mountain stream, con. Orestes: a mountaineer. Diamond is from the river, and is therefore uncon. Diamond : a form of adamant : unconquerable (as to hardness). Helmont (chemist) : spiral mountain, con. Ilissus : helix river. Montfaucon : mount or castle frequented by

LOCAL NAMES. 135

hawks = Hapsburg,Hap = Hawke. SoFalkenstein = Gliddon and Gladstone. Moncrieff: frequented by crows = CrifFel : crow fell. MoNTEiTH: fortress on the Teith. Montefiore (Sir Moses): flowery mountain = Blumenstein, and nearly answering to Oregon. Monteagle (lord) : hill haunted by eagles. Evremond : mountain frequented by bears. Mont- joy, MouNTJOY is simply a mound topped by a guide-post, or aught indicating the whereabouts to a French traveller. As the hill from which crusaders descried Jerusalem was a mount- joy, the word passed into an expression for a pilgrim who had succeeded in visiting the city of David. Langridge, Lang- horne, Longomontanus : long hill. Ticklepenny: living where a hill overhangs, Scoresby : dwelling on a scar. We have the name Score : a hill, a scar = Tallage, Scaredevil : villa on a scar, Marmont (marshal) : martyr's mount. Chiarmonte (pope) : clear mount = Clermont, Monte Video and Belvidere: beautiful view. But Belvidere, an Italian beauty, similar to Beauregard : fair to look upon.

From the Erse for old, viz., Sean, Scean, Shan, we have Shand (lord), for Shandon (dun) = Oldcastle, Shantie : old tumble down places, Tam O'Shanter : Thom of the shanties, Shanigan (eoghan) : old man's son = Benjamin, Scanlan, Hanlon (oarsman), Hanlan : old church, con. Llanbryd : St, Bride's Church. Some Irish authorities make Hanlan : a champion. Sanquhar: old fortress = Shand. Sankey (and Moody) : a chronicler, he who records old tunes = Vieuxtemps (violinist). Seachlan (St.) : little old man. Carrick, Craig = Fell : a rock. Crackstone (looking like craggy hill, is very ancient) : splitter of rock helmet, Carrigheen (moss) : little rock. Melrose: projecting hill, Culross: back of a hill, rear of a wood = Hinton (Jack) : town behind a hill,

Roslin : projecting point in a pool. Vanderbilt (con. bill of a bird) : living on a spit of land = Spite, con. Spithead, These differ little from (Mc) Nee, Ness, (Mc) Nish, Nest: living on a promontory, a peninsula, or an island near main- land, con, Nesos : an island, whence also the odd name Nast. Neasham : home on an island, Garioch : the rough district = Badenoch and Trachonites, Thrace. Garry, Garone : rough river, from Car : angular, whence Carron : very crooked, and therefore rough. These con. Yare, Yarmouth, Yair = Garry, giving Yarrell (naturalist). Yare also applies to a stream dammed in various parts so as to catch tish, Wemyss: a troglodite, cave dweller = Cavour (count), Lavotte : the vault = Cave. Wemyss becomes Hume, which becomes Home, Ham, whence Hamlet (Danish king). Our home was once, though not originally, a cave. These ancient names, out- reaching the chronicles of our country = Hor, Hur of the

136 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Hebrews. " The Horites in their mount Seir. ' Seir : rough with bushes, like Sin (wilderness of) and Sinai. The Horites in Seir would be living like Wemyss and Hume in Badenoch and Garioch. Carvosso : a castle. ToRUOS (marshal), Tor- RiCELLi (barometer), Castriotto (George) = Tyrell : little castle, turret = Turretin, Tyrwhitt : wood castle. Carew (castra eau) : castle on water. Turracremata (cardinal), Torquemada (inquisitor) : burnt castle, incremated towers. Quemadero : the place for burning heretics, Madrid.

Castelar (orator): a native of Castile. Eatican: head of the rath. Rat: a castle dweller. Rafflin: red rath. Castlereaqh (rath): king's castle. New Castile, Neufchatel = Newcastle. Old Castile, Torres Vedras = Oldcastle. Towers = Terence : castle king, a baron. Roche (con. rock) : a manor house, place approaching in strength to a baronial hall. Rochefort (Lanterne): fortified manor house = Mainwaring, Duroc, De la Roche : of the manor = Durocque. Lemas, Dumesnil : manse dwellers, con. Maison : a house, messuage. Holder: living in a stronghold. Sternhold: stonecastle. Holden (holt): wooded valley = CoMSTOCK gives Bolden (ap): son of Holden. Wilber- FORCE (emancipator) : Wilburg's foss, the trench of Williams- town. Loyola (Ignatius) and Xavier are named from Spanish castles. Xavier is Moorish for glorious = Cleon. Trench (Chenevix) : living near an entrenchment = Dykes, the Dutch Vandyke: of the dyke, vallum, wall, and Dieckmann. DiGBY : dyke dwelling. Thirlwall (con. drill, thrill) : where the Roman wall was broken through. Wallsend : where the wall of Adrian ended. Brand (when local) : a steep brae. Banks = Hills, " Ye banks and braes o' bonnie Doon." But Bankier : a banker, one exchanging at a bench = Ducange : of change. Bankrupt : ruptured bench. Branton : town on a steep = Van Brunt. Brltnton : Brown's town. Findlater (temptingly, likei^in; the end, de : of, la: the, ter : land = Finnisterre) : the white slope, con. Finella : fair Irish lady, Corstorphine : fair Christopher. Blair : cleared of timber, plain in a hollow = Roden, Field, Thwaites. Vass (when local) : a valley. Consult Vasa. Vaux : valleys, dalesmen. Duns (Scotus), Penn (Pennsylvania): Penn's wood, (Mc)Bean, CoLLis, ToRR, Tell, Knee, Knock, Knaggs, Knowles (knolls), Knollys, Fell, Fall, Tulloch, Tallow, Ragg, TuLLY, Teba, Montejo, Orestes, Montero (con. Montana), Mott, Peck, Peak, Airde, Law, Dunn, Barr, Howe, Toe, Tawse (bailie), Rigg, Rudge (Barnaby), Stein, Steinitz (chess), Hoche (general). Hook (Theodore), Hoorn, Horn (gives Cape) : hill dwellers, or named in connection with heights, Bigelow (papers), = Benmore. Winslow (syrup) : furze hill. Tor : a hill, con. Taurini : hill dwellers, whence Turin : city on a hill.

LOCAL NAMES. 137

Taurini = Helvetii : hillsmen, whence Helvetius : a Swiss. Sniveldy : snow hill. Dunbar : fort ou a hill = Hardcastle. SiDDONS (Mrs.) : south hill = Sidlaw. Utteridge (atridge) : living at the hill. Montmorency {con. Sierra Morenos): dweller on the brown (ling) hill, cor. to Mummery. Duncan : hillhead, gives (Mc)Donnac:hie, which becomes (Mc)Connachie. Doddridge (Dr.) : hill. Shadlaw (shedlaw) : a hill dividing districts = Shierlaw. Breckenridge : bracken hill, con. BRACKENBURY = Fernese Braes. Sherbourne; a brook divid- ing two parishes. So Sherwood : boundary forest. Hinshaw: sheltered behind a wood = Hinton. W.vlkinsh aw (quoits) : wood through which is a path. Shillinglaw: a hill whereon are huts, con. Shiel : a hut, Schiller (poet) : a cottier. South Shields : huts to south. Wardlaw (Ralph) : a hill on which watch is kept = Beaconsfield (betoken, from teach) = Flamestead. Laughton (sometimes) : town on a hill = Knowlton (pamphlet) = Hugtenburgh (painter), Hilton, Felsberg, Hammond (ham mound) : exactly = Emmons. Colville, Dunville, Dumville, all living in towns on hills. Toogood (torr) : a fruitful hill. Colville becomes Coville, Hackenberger : dweller on a hill covered with hedges, con. Hague : hedge dweller = Hedges = Headland: a boor dwelling near a hedge at top of field. Lambshead : head of the land. Head of land or wood, but sometimes physical. Hochheim, Higham (Ferrers), Hyam : home on high ground. Yelverton (major) : town where yaiuls come in, small harbour = Skiffingtox = Shipton (mother): when not sheeptown. Schaffhausen : ship houses, a portage.

Every variation of hill seems to be discoverable in the London Directory. We might almost call it British geography. Thus Horsfall: a hill for horse grazing. Knox, Knee, Nee, Needham: home on a hill = Scaredevil, Scoresby (captain), Emmons, Steeper. Needles = Hills. Pinhorne (Sir John) = Hillhead and con. Pencoit, but Penclutha : Clyde- head. Clutha: lady of the Clyde. Crumpecker : round hill, con. Grumble for Crumble (crom peel) : circular tower. Hardacre : field on a hilltop = Inkpen (Ing : a meadow). Hartshorn: hill frequented by deer. Harlo'w : high hill. Pigfat (peak) = Langhorn. Pigfat con. Fadyan : long John. Lightstone : bright hill, noted for beautiful sunsets. Ragg gives RiGBY: hill dweller = Sheldon. Torr, Toe: a hill, TowELL, Tawell (quaker) : little hill. HoGGPEN : high hill = Altamont. After the following names town is understood. Aston, Easton: east. Wesson, Weston: west, con. Vast: the ocean west of the European continent. But Westley (Charles), not west field, being a form of Wellesley (Arthur) = Springfield. Waistcot: west cottage. Norton = Nor- BURY. Sutton: south == Sudbury. Dalton: dale = THAL- 10

138 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

BERG = CoMPTON, CoMSTOCK : in a comb. TiTCOMB (bishop) : little valley. Fancombe : frequented by fawns. Francombe (frenum) : ash tree valley. Duncombe : hill in a valley. Batterscomb : Batteur's dale. Batteur = Thresher. Combe, Coombe, Coombes : a valley, forms cuTnb, as Cumberland : land of valleys. A poet of that county says, —

" There's Cumwitton, Cumwhinton, Cumranton, Cumrangen, Cumi'ew, Cumcatch, And mony mair Cums i' the county, But nin wi' Cumdurock can match."

Welcombe : valley where is notable spring. Buncombe (bon) = HoPGOOD, Gehazi : valley of visions, beautiful sights, gives Bunkum, whence the Americanism, Bunkum : brag. Slocum (Podgers) : slough coombe, mud vale. Podgers : poddy, big in the body = Hogarth. Commisky (looking like a Pole, is Irish): watered valley = Dallas (esk), con- versely, Escombe. Isdale : dale through which a burn flows. Fallas: a hill w^ell watered. Randall, Handle : round valley. Featherstonhaugh (longest English name) : town of Frithestan, in the valley. Frithestan : most free, generous, liberal. Maxwell : St. Maccusville = Maxton. Maccus : the Mac : son, i.e., first born son. Howland : hill land = Kohistan. Dalhousie (esk) : field at corner of water. Bushton, Eishton: town among rushes = Rushbury. Rushout (hut) : a cottage among sedge. Kerse : a rush, living among. "I don't care a curse off a common." Denman : valley dweller. Eaton, Heaton, Hatton: on a heath, though sometimes Eaton = Waterston, at others a Hessian.

Twistleton (twa) : near boundaries of England and Scotland = Borthwick, Borwick, Marwick (march) : border villages, con. Vicus : a village, giving Wicks : a villain, villager, when not local, means active, lively = Quigg. Marquis : who has charge of the marches, con. Marchioness.

Murcia (Spain), Mercia (England), Mersey : bounding river = Orr, whence Orum : home on the boundary river. Mar- wooD: boundary wood = Sherwood : dividing forest. Mar- comanni : men defending the marches, Bismarck (prince) : end of bishop's jurisdiction, as Gravesend : where the SheriflT of London ceases to have jurisdiction, and Denmark : Dane's boundary. Margrave: the march greve, con. Reeves, Graves, BiSLAND : bishop's glebe. Twiss : wearing a twisted sash, ornamental belt, a warrior with his loins girded, prepared unto battle. Twi (birth name) : a twin, con. Twiss and twice. z becomes t, as Weiner Zeitung : Vienna Tidings, the Austrian Times. Seen, too, in Zwibrucken: two bridges = Deux Ponts. Caxton (printer) : Cage's town. Granton : town on a green.

LOCAL NAMES. 139

great, or Grant's town. If the first = Felton, Grenville ; if second, Granville, Mecklenburgh : raickle borough. Bigham: humble dwelling, home in a bigging = HuTTON.

Langton, Langham, Longueville, Longwill!: straggling, lengthy town. Newton (Isaac),ViLLENEUVE (admiral), Neville, Newell, Newsham, Newsom, Newstead, Novgorod, Naples all mean new city, town or habitation. Alton (Locke) : old town = Utica. Konigsberg, Regiomontanus, Cunningham, Ville- ROY, Kingston : royal residences, the last sometimes meaning king's stone (Scone), where the coronation was held. Turton : near a tower = Wicks. Wollaston (chemist): east town on a wold. WoOLFiELD : wold field. But Woolard : wearing a hair shirt. " The naked truth of it is, 1 have no shirt, I go woolward for penance." Woolnoth : bold as a wolf. Wolcot (Peter Pindar) : cot in a wood. Panton : town approached by a bridge = Bridgeton. Chatterton (the noble boy) : Cedda's town. Warton : dwelling among rank vegetation, con. Wort as in Wortzel, and = Ranke. Wordie : cultivating a little gar- den = Tofts, sometimes means a boaster. Milton (John, when not from mill), Middleton, Mittendorf : dwelling in the middle of the town. Townsend : living at end = DuL0NG : of far away up. Burke, Broughs, Berry, Berri, in some fami- lies DuBARRY, Dewberry (du or de burgh) : burgesses to a man

= ClTTIDINI, BORGHESE, BORGIA, BURGESS, BrOUGH, BrUFF,

Burrows : persons having civic rights. But Borrows : a pledge, hostage = Homer. Ur]5AN, Urbane (itfifem.), Townley : refined, cultured, civic, not rustic. And Drybrough, Dryfruff: waterless town = Drayton. Civilise : to make into a citizen. Polite : city bred, not rustic as to gait or manners. Astu : a city = Stead, gives Astute : cunning.

Metanaste : who changes cities, an emigrant. Astyanax : defender of city by intellect, its king, con. Senex: aged. Bury : a city,from Beorgan: to protect,co7i.Perga,Burgos, Pergamos,from last. Parchment. Burglar: who commits larceny on a protected place. Polls : a city, from Polus : many. Police : 'city wardens. Burdett (Francis) = Velpelt, Lyttleton (lord) : small towns. Guttenburg (printer) : good town. Whybrow ( Wyeborough) : on the Wye. Swedenborg (Emanuel) : town of the Swedes = SwEABORG. Sturton (when not on the Stour : muddy river, stirred up), for stor town, great = Meikleham, Gresha^i. Large (when Irish) : dweller on a hill side = Side (when Nor- man), for De Glarges. Bellamy, from Belesme, Normandy, is given as fair friend. Death : for De Ath : of Ath, Nor- mandy. Death is from Do and means done — it is do-eth, death. So some say, " I'll do for you." Ath = Ford, Athey : ford of Ae, Hugh, there slain. Atherton = Fordham = Overton, OvERBURY, Overend (and Gurney) : part of town near ferry

140 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Ford from Faran : to go, whence Ferry. Athol : rockford. Arrol : high rock. Burford : ford to town famed for beer, over the Windrush. Crawford (Caerford) : castle ford, mis- taken for crow ford. Stafford : stream passed by help of a leaping pole. Stratford (strait) : narrow ford. Disbury from Diss, Norfolk. Beccles (bishop) : beck, brook running through leas = Brooklands. Cajetan (cardinal) : from Cajeta, now Gaeta. Cataline (conspirator) : Catillon, on Tiber. Janeway ('s tokens) : man of Genoa. Lubbock (Sir John) : of Lubeck. Liguori (St.) : of Liguria. Braby, Brabner, Bra- bender : men of Brabant. Napoleon : of Naples. Salmasius (op. of Milton), Seymour : of Semur, for St. Maure in French Flanders. Some have Semur (sine muros) : without walls, and get Seymour from sew, whence seamer, seamstress, semmit. Semmet, a trade name. One may be from the place and an- other from trade, only pedigree can decide. Somers: man of St, Omers. " There is not a town in Normandy which has not given name to some English family."

Persons were named after their residences by non-residents. Lumner: Londoner, used a century since by Yorkshire dalesmen to indicate one of their number who had visited the metropolis. What would it signify in Whitechapel ! Lumner = LuNDiE (traitor), written in old charters de Lundie ; a Londonderry name, though its ill odour there has expelled it therefrom. Bordelay from Bordeaux. Marsigli (writer on Hydrostatics) : from Marseilles. Marseillaise (hymn) : sung by deputies from Marseilles. Bridges (algebra) : Bruges, con. our Brigton and Briggs. Jervis (admiral) : Gervaise in France, gives Jarvey : a coachman. Some families insist in deriving from Gar : a spear, and Fuss : impetuosity, but Gervaise may be that and give name to place. Toletus (Spanish ecclesiastic) from Toledo. Balbi (Spanish-Jewish) i man of Babylon, son of the captivity = Zerubbabel : seed of Babylon, hence Balboa (navigator). Wurmser (general) : of Worms = De Worms (Greenwich). Parrhasius (alchemist), Parris : of Paris. But Paris (Ida) : under the protection of Isis (goddess). Celsus (sceptic) : high, lofty, may be local or social, Paracelsus (alcohol) : very high, Danvers is De An- vers : of Antwerp, and Antwerp : at wharf. Lucchesi (sculp- tor) : Lucca. Pisano : Pisa. Gournay, Normandy, gives GuRNEY, meaning sometimes Spear new. Brimer (Toronto) : braes of Mar, a disguised M'Gregor. Coriolanus : man of Corioli.

" Therefore be it known, As to us, to all the world, that Caius Marius Wears this war's garland : in token of which My noble steed, known to the camp, I give him,

LOCAL NAMES. 141

With all his train belonging : and fi'om this time, For what he did before Corioli, call him, With all the applause and clamour of the host, Caius Marius Coriolanus."

Ilium, Troy's citadel, gives the great name lULUS (puer), whence Julius. " Julius, a magno demissum nomen Iwlo." Therefrom we have Castra Julia : camp of Julius, gives Trogilium, better known as Truxillo. Julian (apostate) : son of Julius = C(ESARI0N. Juliodumun : fort of Julius, gives Loudon (Poitou), suggesting Chilham (Kent) : home of Julius, nearly = Frejur for Frejus, for Frejules, for Forum Julii : market town of Julius. Hence also Julien (operatic king), Jules (Favre), the month July, island Jersey, Gilly : flower blooming in July, suggesting Genitans : June eating's (apples), Julia ending with Jill (Jack and). From Csesar we have Xeres, in Spain, whence Sherry, Troilus (and Cressida) : a thorough Trojan, compounded of Troy and Ilium, city and citadel, so a Trojan of the Trojans. Caiapha, at the foot of Carmel, taken by the Crusaders A.D, 1215, gave Caiaphas (Joseph). " High Priest for that year." Migdol : a watch tower, gives Magdala in the Decapolis, and the acropolis of Theodore of Abyssinia, whence Magdalen (Mary). Kir : a wall, Kirioth : walls, fortified, Iscariot : man of Kirioth, only apostle not a Galilean. Magdalen gives Maudlin (college). Maudlin : wersh and whining cant, Magdalena (river), Maudsley : field dedicated to Mary Magdalen, but Maud (queen) from Matilda : maid of Hilda. Jebus : place trodden down = Maachah = the Scotch Peden, the English Bottom (beat), the Italian Imola and Campobasso. Jebus and Salem : peace, give Jerusalem. " The man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem." Sometimes tortured into Hierosolyma : holy peace, at expense of history and languages. Maule : Thor's hammer man, applied to priest who broke the spine of a human victim with a hammer on a blood stone (altar), shortens to Male, giving Melville : town of' Male, and that may mean dwelling of Thor's priest. In some cases Male : a painter.

The Savona river gives the martyric name Savonarola. Sav- ona con. Savanna : a meadow, the river bank being luxuriant = the illustrious Scotch preacher's name Irving : a stream hav- ing verdant banks. Cairney, Kearney (Kate, the pride of Killarney) : a river running by a notable cairn. Cairngorm : blue mountain, cairn shaped. " The blue mountains glow in the sun's golden light." From Cairn the French Carnac : place of cairns, but the Hibernian Carnegie is warlike, mean- ing victorious. Yet Pitcairn (Gaelic) : cairn near a quarry

142 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

= Pitt = Manby (captain) : dwelling near a mine. Cameron vibrates between local and personal. If the former: curved projection on a river, if latter: crooked nose. Cam : crooked (river), whence Cambridge, and Camel, another crooked stream. Cam also gives Akimbo (arms). Camera: a chamber, curved roof, whence Camerarius = Chamberlain Crom : curved, gives Cromby : crooked stream = Kishon : bow shaped. Abercromby (Sir Ralph) : mouth of the Crombie. Crom, Crum (Ewing), Cramb : stones placed in a curvilinear form for the worship of Baal, Crom, or Ti-mor : great god. Of this origin Crumlish, Crumly : Crom's field. Crum = Dura, plains of. Douglas : dark gray (stream), con. Glass applicable to a grey-eyed man or to a stream. Kinglass : head of river = Penclutha, Penfound(t), and Pengelly. Glashan (Mc) = Becket, Brooks. Kinglass, con. Kinroy: red head. Water and the eye are connected physically, ideally, and as to language. En : a well, also means an eye. " Tamar put her widow's garments from her, and cov- ered her with a veil, and wrapped herself, and set in eynim :" the place of eyen, where men cast amorous glances, sheep's eyes. Our letter O is con. Eau : water. The eye is Ain (Heb.), Ops (Gr.), Oculus (La.), Occhio (It.), Ojo (Sp.), Oeil (Fr.), Oin (Celtic, identical with Hebrew). Hence Og : to look. Ogle : to look boldly, which adding go gives Goggles : eyes on the go, rolling. Goggle is an actual family name. Compare Oeil and Well. Now Eye, Eau, and 0 are philologically one, and Well differs therefrom but little, Gve hundreds of years since it was spelled Oeil. As we get G from the camels head and neck, hieroglyphically, Camel, Gimel, so we may have O from the well. Notice : No punster is allowed after reading the afore written to say 0 ! He may say aye ! But Ocella : a man with little eyes, —

" Loe yonder doth Erie Douglas come, His men in armour bright, Full twenty hundred Scottish speres

All marching in our sight : All men of pleasant Tivydale Fast by the river Tweede. ' Then cease your sports,' Erie Percy said, 'And take your bows with spede.' "

DuFFUS: dark stream = Blagkwater and Donovan, when the don is not a form of Dun. Dufferin (lord) : dark third, a portioner of bog land. Glass may mean grey, water, a stream. Glass : man living near it, ice, glass or grey-eyed, whence Glasspole (pool). Ruthven: red river {co7i. Den- ovan) = Rubicon, Rio Colorado. "Lord Ruthven, pale and haggard from recent illness, and like a corpse in armour.

LOCAL NAMES. 143

followed Darnley." Riou, Ribas = Rivers. Rialto : deep river. Fontarive : rapid flowing spring = Fontarabia.

" Brave hearts ! to Britain's pride Once so faithful and so true, On the deck of fame that died With the gallant good Riou.'*

Carruthers : red castle, or fort = Rafflin. Cathcart : strait of the Cart, where it runs between narrow banks = Detroit. Kyle : living at straits, con. Calais: town on the kyles of Dover. Dalziel, beautiful meadow = Beaupre, Beauly. Dalrymple (Kate) : meadow by the winding pool. De Winton : of Winchester.

Percy (earl) : from the Perche valley, it assumes the forms Pearse, Pierce. But the story of his being named from pushing a spear into a man's eye is all — but that's vulgar. He, or his ancestors, was called Percy before Alnwick Castle was founded. Chisholm : river island formed of gravel, living on. Roderic de Triana (first Spaniard that descried America) : Roderic of Trajan's town. Florence gives Fian- zuoLA (painter) : a Florentine. Dacre, thought to mean St. Jean d'Acre: St. John of Accho, is a Cumberland name, Deacre = Ager, Ages, Cluny, i.e., of the field, like Delafield. Hague : hedge. The Dutch Hague was the hunting ground of the Flemish nobles. It is con. Haag (Carl), De la Hay: of the hedge, boulevards. Haynau (Austrian hyasna) : new hedge = Quigley : a field surrounded by a quick. Hay is identical with High, and so is applicable to person or place, as is Barr and Celsus. Hence Hoy : island, high above the sea.= Ogygia, an old name of Ireland, from which also Ormond : east Munster, Desmond : west Munster. Deal : to divide, gives Dale : a division of the land ; in German, Thal. Thus Dalby, Dolby = Dalton. (chemist), Thalberg. Swanthaler (sculptor) : dale haunted of swans. Saverthal (songstress) : Savannah dale, meadow valley, con. Savonarola. Dalry : dale of the Rye —

" Comin' through the Rye."

Rye : a run of water. Hence Rye (Miss). Lilienthal : lily dale, con. Lilac: lily oak. Schonthal : beautiful valley = Vauban (bon) = Gehazi, Hopgood = Jolivau : pretty valley. Odell : dale of the Ouse. Sudden : south valley. Duval (Claude): of the valley = Delaval. Dalkeith (Buccleuch) : narrow dale. But Keith: one of Catti, con. Caithness. Catti: warlike, con. Cadogan. Glendinning : sheltered glen. Dol- liner : a dalesman. Norval usually given as northern vale = NoRDEN, but Norman's vale —

My name is Norval ; on the Grampian hills," etc.

144 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Grundy Grund : living on low ground = Maachah, Loo, Thurlow : Thor's valley. Shufflepottom : shaw field dale, a wood in a field in a bottom. Ramsbottom : a dale in which a kind of onion flourished that was called rhom, whence the name Ram. Winterbottom, Winterbotham : winding dale = Valletort, Shoebottom : small wood in a valley. Twisden : double dale, tiua, twice, ttvis. Winterborn: winding burn = CARR0N and Winterbach. Bottom differs little from Foote and Orispus : living at foot of hills = LowTHER and Moffat. Foothead: head of the valley = Percy, Percival. Bowden (booth den) : dwelling in a valley, con. Booth (general, S.A.), Beth, Bed, Abode, Abad, Bowers and Bothwell : abode of Gaels, strangers = Ballingall. Gallows : the Gaul's or strangers' haugh. Hadden : haugh den = Bowden, Swinehoe : haugh frequented by swine = SwiNFEN : hog bog. Marsden : marshy valley = Bugden ("Mrs. Bugden's will"): boggy dale = Softley : where the ground sucks in = BuGG, NoA, Nassau. Tilden : lime tree dale, Tillinghast : lime tree wood. Eaden, Eden, Denny (eau) : valley through which a stream flows = Rodney, Isdale, Com- misky. But the Bible Eden : pleasure, gives Adonis and Aden on Red Sea. The foregoing contrast with Dryden. Howden : haugh den. Ho : a haugh. Sugden = Swindell : valleys frequented by swine. Denman (lord) : a dalesman = Thal, Deane. But Adean: at the dale. Camden (anti- quary) : where a camp has been. Lagden : low lying valley = Logan, Lagan. Walden : forest in a valley. Den, Din gives Dingle : little den, —

" In dingles deep and mountains hoar, Oft with the bearded spear, They combatted the tuskj^ boar And slew the angry bear."

Such a huntsman a thousand years ago was called Chaceporc, Mahon, Maughan, or Mahoney. Selden (antiquary) : spacious valley = Strathmore. Cobden (corn) = Percival : head of the valley. Vanner : a valesman = Vaux, Thal, Denman. Bro- die (sometimes) : house in a plain, a lowlander = Platt, Peden (at others) : an embroiderer, a subtle weaver : if Milesian, spelled Brody : opulent = Jesse (of Bethlehem), A man might be forgiven for supposing Blane to be local con. Dumblane ("Jessie the flower of") and = Clarendon : blank of trees, but it is contracted from Bel Agneau (Franco-Culdee) : beautiful lamb (Jesus), con. Lamb who carried lamb standard, whence Lammie. In some cases these are nurse names of endearment. Bellarmine (theologian) : of the order of knights of the ermine, compounded with Bell ; beautiful. Lundt, Landt, Lund, Lan- DOR (Savage), Lowndes are forms of lands. Thwaites,

LOCAL NAMES. 145

SwAiTE and Brooklyn : broken land = Newland : newly culti- vated, the op. of AuDLEY. Our Den : a valley is formed on Stan : a country, as Belochistan : poor country, barren. Peris- tan : fairyland, peris. Palestine : country of shepherds, Philis- tines. Syria is Suristan : country of Soor, Tyre, and Tyre : a rock, Zur as Zurshaddai : whose rock is the Almighty. Tan- Sein (Stan Since) : a Chinaman. " That which grows over the musician Tan-Sein." Tanagra (daughter of Eolus), for Stan Graii : Greek land, Helenistic lady. Thana-Lartia (Venus): lady owning the country. Lartia fern, of Lars : a landlord, whence Byron's hero Lara, and " Lares et lemures." Tingi- tania : country about Tangiers. Lusitania (Portugal) : land of luz. Luz : the hazel. Suggests Calton : hazelnut town, Dun- keld : hill of hazel bushes = Luz where Jacob dreamed. Thane : stan (land) holder, con. Thanet. Firdusi (Persian poet) : para- dise. " Firdusi, although his own name was taken from j^ara- dise, usually employs for it only the word behhischt" Paradise: w^atered garden, co7i. Pre, Pratt, Pritty, Prairie, Dupre.

Let us take to water again. Torraxce (when neither from Tor: hill, nor Turra : a tower) a torrent, a land flood, con. Terra : earth, land, country = Borromeo (St. Charles): living at the bore = Currant. Storar : great waters = Piso7i, coii. Story : great. Storm : great rhime. Storthing : great gathering of thinkers, for think and thing is the same thing. Tyndale {translator), Tyndall (scientist): dale of the Tyne. Tweddle : Tweed dale. Waddell, Waddle: Wear dale (Yorks). Wear, Weir, Ware: a waterfall, that ivards, guards the river from floods, nearly like Lade, Laidlaw. Sometimes Ware, and its variations from De Vere, when a war name : defender, warrior who protects = Muntz. But Waddle: to walk from side to side, is from Wade : to pass through water, and that from Weed : long grass, passing through. Drouin de Lhuys (diplomatist Fr.) : Drouin of the sluice. Similar to Sluse and Gush. Drouin : true win, fair conqueror. So Deles- CLUSE (exclusa) : of the sluice, that which excludes, shuts out water. Surtees : upon the Tees. Aufidus, a river of south Italy, gives Aufidius.

" See liim pluck Aufidius down by the hair: As children from a bear, the Voices shunning him."

Sul : the south, from Sol : the sun, as Puerta del Sul = South- gate, gives Sole, Solano (Lopez) : a southron = Southey (laureate). South = Surr, Sothern (Dundreary), Temanite (from Teman, Yemen : the south, con. Benjamin). Deccan : south (India). Soldene : southern lady. Plimsol (M.P.) : south of Plym. The wind Solano, not from Sol : the sun. Winds are named by the people from their observed direction,

146 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

and not by philosophers observmg their origin. Solano corre- sponds to Libecchio : Libyan wind = Africus, and means the south wind. Sul also gives Soul, Soule = Deas, all southrons = SuTHER (bishop). Sutherland : south of Norway. Newsky (Russian) : town on the Neva. Sudanowsky : south of the Danube.

" A multitude like wbich the populous north

Pour'd never from her frozen loins, to pass

The Ehene or Danaiv."

Tober, Tiber (in the Celtic) : a spring, well, or stream flowing therefrom. Thus Tobermory : well of B. V. Mary = Motherwell. Tiber : a stream, a river, which was also called Albula = Elbe, from its whiteness, and Rii ma, because of cattle ruminatiiig on its banks, in which Ruma = Buchan, the Scotch corresponding well with Italy, Vitulii, suggestive of cattle, and much the same as Beotia, Boii. Tiber personified gives Tiberius (uios) : son of the god Tiber, whence Tiberias : city named in honour of the emperor which gave name to lake. From RuMA the twins Remus and Romulus, the latter being the dim. he probably was the smaller baby. We may trans- late their names sons of Riiraa. The imperial word Rome : city on the Ruma (as certainly as Cambridge from the Cam) gives Roumania, Roumelia, Morea (for Romea), Erzeroum : land of the Roman, Romaic (modern Greek), Rommany (Gypsy language), Romance (language of southern France). RouSTAN : of the Roman country.

Burns (in some families) : small streams, rivulets. Barnet (battle of), Burnet (bishop), Beckett (A'Becket). Barnwell : a spring where the bairns (young men) met for gymnastic exercises. But Barnum (showman) : home near a barn, a field labourer. Coburn, Cockburn (some authors give CocKBURN, Coburn as forms of Colbrand), Brockle, Glashan, Donny brook (fair). Beck, Bach, Backie : brook, stream or streamlet. In America we meet with Back. Vanderbeckex : of the brook = the Irish Tully and Flood, similar to Borromeo : living where the water occasionally rushes in, as we speak of the Bore of the Ganges. Bicker- steth (Tatler) : station at a brook. Hepburn : hedge burn, similar to Brocklehurst : brook passing through a wood. Bachman = Brooks = Beck, last combining to form Clutter- buck : clear brook, the op. of Stour : stirred up, muddy, Stur- TON : (town on) the Stour. The Germans have Bach as Gries- bach (biblical critic), for Grossbach = Fulbrooke. Storar : great water. Achenbach : brook flowing by oaks = Wald- brook. " Herr Achenbach has produced Mendelsohn's St. Paul in a dramatic form at Dusseldorf." Meerbach : a brook running into the sea. Bolingbroke (sceptic) : small wood

LOCAL NAMES. 147

(bois) near a brook. Blumenbach (musical composer) : brook iiowinfT through blooming meads = English, FoTHERGiLL, GiLFATHER, GiLFEATHER : watcr running through fodder, cattle food, con. Blum, Bloomer (costume) : living in bloom = Mead, Mede, Meadows : that which is mowed. Rusubrook : brook among sedge, reeds, like Riddle, Riddal : reed, rush dale = Reidvale. Reuss (professor): rushing burn, RuYS- dale = Isdale, Risely: brookfield, Commisky (esk). Offen- bach (operatic writer): rapidly running brook = Fontarive. Schwarbach (swarthy) : dark water brook = Douglas. Beck- ford (millionaire): ford of brook = Fordham. Overton : ferry town. OvERiNG : son of Over. I knew a family so named. Over : a ferry (man), hence Hanover.

BiRKBECK (mechanics' institute) : birch tree brook = the fatal Berezina : birch river. Birkett (hout) : birch grove. BiRKS, Birch : of an aboriginal stock = the Saxon Ashman. Risely : field through which water rushes = Reuss, Ruysdale. Syke : a run of water less than a beck, so called because it svxks in water from the hills, gives Sykes (Bill). Tichborne (claimant) : de Itchen bourn : of the Itchen brook, Hants. Brook : that breaks out of the earth, Brooks. Bourn, in the French Borne : a boundary. Labonde : at the boundary, brave = Lamarck (evolutionist) : at the marches, these may be called Marcommanni : men defending the coast line. " That bourn from which no traveller returns." Burnham : home on a stream. Burns (when local) = Mersey, Orr, Ure : bounding stream, con. Horos : a boundary, whence Horizon, boundary of vision.

Oros : a mountain, district divider. Some give the rivers Orr and Eure : cold and so con. Balfour : cold dwelling. Orontes : a mountain stream. Orispus (American politician) : living at mountain foot. BoRD (pianos): living at border = BoRWiCK. MiCHAL : a little stream, joy giver. " The name of the younger was Michal." One of the Erse w^ords for water is Gill, giving Gully (game chicken) : a water course. GooL, the British for a canal or channel, Pickersgill (painter): pike stream. Pike : spike nosed. Cargill : camp, fort, hill by water = Crawford or thereby. Gill gives Gull, whence Cull, Golland, Yoland, Gilliland: well watered fields. MuNCASTER (Greek brigands, taken by) : mound caster, castle on a hill = Gordon : goat fortress, not to be confused with Mon- caster : monk's fortress, now^ Newcastle. Goulburn (bishop) : a combination of goal and burn: a dividing stream. Tregelles (commentator) : town on a stream. Pengelly (Kent's cave) : head of stream. Pencoit : head of wood. Penclutha : Clyde head, con. Pennygant : hill of winds = Schrekhorn : shrieking mountain. Stream in Norse words assumes the form of

148 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Strom, as Stromness : stream island, projection into bore = Spithead. Maelstrom: mill stream. Stromier = Rivers, EiBAS, Reis, con. Race: where waters rush. Ankarstrom (assassin): stream in which ships anchor. Goldenstrom: gold flowing = Chrysorhoas. Stockenstrom (" Brave, if justly brave ") : a stoke (place s;.aked out) near a stream. Engstrom : angle of stream. Pembroke (pen) : a hill with brook at foot, con. Pennant: head of valley = Percival. Desaix (aqua): of waters = Waters, con. Aix-la-Ghapelle : waters of the chapel. (Mc)Lachlan, (O)Lochlin, Lachland: lake land dwellers, sometimes applied to the natives of Norway. Lewis (when local): lake land (island). Sutherland: land south of Norway : north way, road to pole. Stamford, Stanford : stony ford, stones placed to aid in fording. Stanback : a stony brook = Abana, from Eben: a stone. Rutherford: ford of the Ruther, tribe of Tweed, so called from gravel colour- ing =Sandford (and Merton). Stratford (le bow): street ford, old Roman road. Stafford : stream forded by leaping with a pole.

" Pemhrolce and Stafford, you in our behalf, Go, levy men and make prepare for war."

Ford = Wade, con. Invade : to go into. Finney (American divine): fen waters = Marsh, Marsham. Weller (Sam): a gulf where the water wells, boils up. Whalley (M.P.) : held with a spring in it. Wellhausen (critic) : a spring of water supplying houses = Pagan, con. Welcombe, Wallop. In vulgar fact these were village pumps, persons living near. Pege : a fountain {Pedao ex ge : leaping out of the earth), gives Pegasus : winged horse of the Muses whose heel by a kick laid open a spring. When Christianity was making way in the cities and great centres of population, rustics still stood by the old superstition which therethrough was called Paganism from Pagani : villagers, from Pege : a well, those who gathered round the village pump. Heathen : ethnoi, nations not Jews, gauyim, strangers. Pagan assumes the forms Payne, con. Paganism and Paine (Tom). Cholmondeley : cold mount fiekl, cor. to Chumly = Collop: cold hope = Caldicott and Balfour,

By : a place, as Bye-laws : local regulations, gives Kirby (naturalist) : kirk village. Crossby (arithmetician) : dwelling near a cross. Derby (generally pronounced Darby, as in Darby M'Guire) : dwelling on the Derwent. Crossley, Grutchley : field where a cross is erected to do stations hy, con. Cruciger (reformer) : cross bearer, a crusader. " Luther was accompanied by Melancthon, Cruciger, and Jonas." Harlech (men of) : long stone. Leckie : stoney. Auchin- LECK : stony field, gives Affleck, when Affleck is Saxon :

LOCAL NAMES. 149

immaculate, unspotted, without a flick. Stanley (Penrhyn) : stone field = the great French ' La Peyroux : the stony. Penrhyn : head of promontory = Spithead. Steen, Stein : a hill, rock, stone. Arnstein : eagle hill. But Stone (some- times) : blood stone, sacrificial altar. Einstein : one stone (boundary). Alston : old -boundary. Frankenstein : rock fortress of the Franks. Vandersteen : of the hill = Hills. Folly, Foli, Fell, Foly : of the rock. Falshaav = Rockwood. RoKESBY : dwelling on the rocks = Duhalde : of the strong- hold. Vandeman (island) : of the mine, con. Manchester : camp quarry. Vallenstein : rocky valley = Stanhope. Standish (Miles) : rock surrounded by water (esk), dwelling on. Avallano : hazel valley. Leichtenstein : light stone. Weisenstein : white hill = Whitelaw. Staines : stones, living at boundary = Lamarck. Vanhouten : of the wood = BuiST, De la Bost. Vandeveer: at the ferry = Over. Vanduzee : dwelling by the shore = Sands when it is local. Eekhout = Oakwood and Boyack.

Wink, Winks, Winkle : field corner, land gushet, living at corner house = Engels. Rip Van Winkle : Rip of the corner. Rip (from Ripa : a bank. Ripurarian (Franks) : living on Rhine banks. Arrive : to reach the bank by swinmiing or sailing). Banks : bank dweller. Bentham (Jeremy) : bent home, dry grass stalks. Bentley (lexicographer) : bent field, living in. Langham, Langton (Steven) : long straggling village.

Marsham (Mrs.) : home in a marsh = Mosheim (historian and the op. of Drayton (Polyolbion) : without wells. Polyolbion: much about Britain. Drayton answers to Dryburgh : ill supplied with water. Mossman = Petman, Petley, Moss (when not formed on Moses) : residing on turf land. Moss- crop, MossCRiP : turf cutter, Muspratt : meadow on a moss. Moss trooper : galloper over the moss. Moss = Heenan, Cork (and sometimes) Ross, Bugg : bog brothers. Divorty : living in a turf thatched hut. Cespedes (Spanish General) : resident on uncultivated ground = the foregoing, and such as Ferney, Farnie, Farnworth: fortified place on fern land. Furnival: ferney valley. Heath, Ling, Broom, Broomhead = Muirhead and Hedderwick: heather dwelling. Booth, Bowtell (in some families) Battle: dwelling place, bothie, con. Bethlehem: house of bread, Dalbeth : dwelling in a dale, Bothwell = Ballingall, Allahabad : God's dwelling, Khorsabad : Cyrus' dwelling, Bedstead : place of. Correggio (painter) : king's house (casa), con. Canova (sculptor) = Newhaus. Lachaise (pere): the house = House, common in England. Malthus (Malthusian) : malt house. Bacchus (if local) : bake house, born in, or there dwelling. Duffus: pigeon cot. House forms

150 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Hustings: little house, Hussy: house wife. House = Lach- AiSE, Maison. Housego : house joy. Wic for Vicus : a dwelling place, gives Fenwick : village in the fens = MAiiSHAM, Venn, Marston, con. Berwick for Aberwick : village at Tweed mouth.

York (captain) Yorrick (poor) : Urewick, on the Ure, and Ure : bounding stream = Orr as Orwell : dividing brook. Orum : home on the Orr. Bevil (beau), when not from bois = Bristol : bright stow = Winthrop, Sheen, Nain. Wads- worth : among wad, where lead ore is found. Waddy (Samuel): wad field. Wordsworth (Excursion): among rank vegetation = Warton (M.P.) and Wordie, when not a boaster. Thorp : a village where roads intersect, whereat a cross was erected, con. Thwaites : a clearing, Twysden : double dale, and Carfax : four roads. In German, Dorf. Sibthorp (colonel): Sigbertsthorp. Sigbert: glorious conqueror. Cal- thorp: cold dwelling = the Highland Balfour and Collop. Apthorp : abbot's house = Tabbey : at the abbey. Newdorf = Newton. Zinzendorf (count): tin smith's town. Tischen- DORF (" Codex Sinaiticus ") : carpenter's village. Faircloth : beautiful clough, pine glen = Hopgood. Clough forms Clow, The Dutch form is Kloof, as Bloomenkloof : flowery glen, con. Blumenstein. Milton, Middleton = Mitdorf, Midden : a dungstead, means middle of property wherein was deposited what was useless in the house=Trivial (tres via): three cross roads where scraps were flung.

Hamilton (haugh mill town) : a town having a mill in a haugh. Haugh gives Ho, Hawes = Denman. Soho : shaw haugh. Hawley : field in a haugh. We meet with Haugh for Hague, Haag. Hedges = La Haye, but Hayman : a hedger and ditcher. The Hibernian Cinnamon : old turf dwelling on a moor = Divorty. Muirhead = Panmure and Bromhead, con. Pencoit : woodhead. Lambshead for lands-head. Head- land, cor. Headlam : head of land, ploughed, applied to a squatter who pitched his hut at the hedgerow at field top. Moffat (Bosjesmans) : moor foot. Morpeth : path across the moors. Morley: moor field = Hatherly, Hedderwick = Landells, when not from Lann: a church, temple, enclosure = Lanyon: little enclosure = Closet, co7i. Landes, on French coast. Amor : at the moor. Mulholland : mill of the little wood. Lloyd : grey or extended sea, living near = Morgan, Vanduzee, and Von Eeaumer, and Bythesea: a shore foundling. Bat Shore (Jane), con. sewer, seneschal: high servant. Saumarez : salt marsh. Shiels (Lalor) : huts where persons are shielded. Greenshields : huts among trees = Shelton, Sheldon, Hutton (algebraist): living in a village of huts = Coats and Van Buben. Hammond, Emmons :

LOCAL NAMES. 151

home on a hill, artificial. Chisuolm : gravel island, in a river. On a sea island, Skerrat, con. Scar, Skerries, Skerryvore (more) : great rock, Hebrides. Score, Scokesp.y : rock dweller. Barry (sometimes) : bare island, but usually a hill, C071. Bar : a son, Chaldee, exalted. Sometimes Barry : bare, barren hill = Risk, con. Rise = Brae. Barry (eau) : head of stream = Pengelly, co7i. Pool : a stream. Castlebar : castle on the hill = HARDCASTLE (aird). Barry (Welsh): son of Harry = Parry, Harrigan. Barry gives Barrow : funeral mound. Enters France as Bar-le-Duc : the Duke's citadel. DuBARRY, Dewberry : of the castle. Barrie : castle dweller = Terence. Styles: at a style, Penn : a hill, gives Pennant : living at hill foot, or head of the valley = the odd FooTHEAD. (Mc)Bean (Sawney) : dweller on a ben = Slevin, Alpin (clan), con. Albyn, Albion, Alps. It is Americanised out of sorts into Halpin,

QuiNCY (when local): quince tree plot = Plumstead and Plum for plum grower. I know persons thus named. Car- stairs : lands attached to a caer, car, castle, con. De Chair (middy): of the castle = Akaster. Acquaviva (general of Jesuits: running water = Currant, Prideaux, Waters. An- STRUTHER : stream passing through a strath. Latter part gives Struthers = Dale, con. Strabane : white strath. Summer- LEE : field sown with spring wheat. Trelawny (Cornish) : vale grove town, Trevannion : house in a hollow = Ho yle = Cayour C071. Cavan, germane with Cavus : hollow, and the old verb Caw : to which, arch, curve, giving Corb : a chariot, Corve : a cawed up basket, (M')Caw: war charioteer, Cormac: son of a chariot = Antiochus : swift as a chariot = Podargus : swift footed = Light, Lightfoot, Lightbody : a swift messen- ger. CuRRAN : a reaping hook, a scimitar, a scythe. Cavanagh (Bernard) : round hills. Cave, Volta : vault dweller = Wemyss, Hume, Home : troglodytes all. So France supplies Cavaignac : dweller in a hollow, " depression de terrain" = Maachah and Campobasso. Isbister : dwelling among ice. Ootterell : feudal villein, holding land by paying a fee = Van Meter, Tennant. Haviland : land on which oats are sown. Haversack : bag for oats, forage. Knapsack : carried by Knapp : the knave, servant. Castra : a camp, square forti- fications, gives Chester in Saxon counties, Cester in Danish, Caer in Welsh, and Cahir in Irish, abbreviating to Carr, Kerr in Scotland, con. Kir (" Made bare the shield") of Palestine. Kerridge : camp hill = Muncaster. Pinkerton: town on a fortified hill. Locus : a place, bye, and Plana : flat, give Llano: a flat place, strath, whence Landes, Lannes (marshal), com- bining with Oros : a mountain we have Orellana (eponyme of the greatest river known) : possessing a mountain side reach

152 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

ing to the edge of the sea = BRiMLEY, Eveleth, Costley, SoRBY : shore dwellers = Vanduzee. From Llano and Magnus, Magellan (magellanie clouds) : great plane. Phao : I shine, gives Pharos : a light house, shiner, whence Ferrol, Fairhead: headland where there is a light house, born near. Meers, Merrick (mere wick) : village near mere or sea = BALMERiNO, Seaton, Say : sea near. When Say is French : maker of armour padding, con. Sole : silk. Ditchen : of the Itchen (river) = Tichbourne (claimant). Pool, Pallas, Glasspole : living on land watered by pools. Barras : living at edge of wood, at a barrier = Edgewood. In some cases Barras = Ber- ryer : man at barriers taking toll = Delaporte : of the gate, con. LocKPORTE : who had charge of a city gate, and Dela- place : a freeman, having gate liberty.

Seidlitz (powders), Siegel (mother) : a settler, squatter, newly arrived emigrant = Neal. Ingersoll (colonel) : palatial abode having a portico entry, con. Entre-sol = GRESHAM, House, Lachaise : the house. Some names assume almost a comic aspect, as Peasoop, which is nothing more than a ho2)e in which peas are cultivated. So Essip (ais, e.sk), which becomes Esop : a hope through which water runs. Peticote : little cottage. Pycot : a hut. Pad : living at or near a rath, to which belong the names Rat, Ratter, Ratto: rath, castle dwellers = Carey. Eatican : head of the rath = Kexealy. Raffin : white rath. Eyno, Rynn: spit of land running into sea = Spite. Shil- lingsworth : fortified huts (shiel) on a meadow.

TJttermare: coming from beyond the sea. From Ecclesias : a church, we derive Eaglesham = Kirkham, Eccles, Eagles, Eggleston, Eggs, and Eels. Fancy Eagles, Eggs, and Eels meaning a church! Inches, the parent of many a joke = Innis, Ince : an islander. Bugbee is only bog dwelling (by). Yett is one living near a park gate. Fane (not from Fanum : a temple) = Bain : fair, giving Faneuil (hall): little Fane. Maxum = Maxwell : the abode of Mack: the son. Long- worthy, Langtry (Mrs.), Longstreet : long straggling dwell- ings. GooDENOUGH (haugh) = Thoroughgood (thal-er): fruitful valley. FoGO, Fogg = Meadows, Pratt, Grgenevelt : green field.

As already seen, Normandy suppHes England with a large proportion of names, as Dangerfield, cor. from D'Angerfield. Anger: man of Anjou. Homer is from St. Omers, as is SoMERs. Blois gives Bliss (burnt). Baskerville (Norman Irish) for Bacqueville : town on a stream, co7i. Beck: a brook, whence Beckett, cor. to Pickett. Bews (when not from Hugh) is from Bayeaux. Bellew: beautiful waters, gives Bellows. Boyle (philosopher), Bullis (bois ville) = Wootton. Devine (Norman Irish) is from William Devin :

LOCAL NAMES. 153

of the vines = ViGNOLES. Varden (Dolly), Farthing (ver dun): Greenhill, Vermont, Valdeloge : strong dwelling, cor. to FuLLALOVE, and con. with lodger. Irons (Joseph) from Airan, in Normandy = our Govan : smiths' town. KiRK (when not Scotch) : living near an oak (quercus). Million is from Melin, Normandy. Moneypenny (magnepeine): living on land taking great pains to cultivate. Moton (M.P.) : town on a mound, cor. to Motion.

Peto: man of Poitou, whence also Pointer. Portwine, from Poitevin. Warboys (verbois) = Greenwood. Stagno =:PoND, cor. to Stanhow, while Pond contorts to Pounds. ToLER : tower dweller = Rat, Carey. Hussey is a directory name from House: living in the principal house = Ace, Auge (aqua, eu) = Waters, as Bellew : beautiful waters, cor. to Bellows, and contracts to BLb;w, whence Bleuett. Cardwell (cardon ville) : thistleton = Chardon. Eccles : a church, DiGGLES. Dixie ("I wish I Avas in Dixie") is Normanised from Diss and = DiSBURY. Wesleyan ministers think the Norfolk people poor and hard. A standing con- ference joke when a young preacher is appointed to the Diss circuit is, "He is cZisappointed." Tarrant, Tarry, Tarr : living near a tarn, deep dark lake on a hill. Casa : a house, gives Caznoye, Canova: near house. Cheese = Meiklem: great house, one living in the house of that village = House. A lady named Cheese was presented to her Majesty at a levee, and was voted one of the creme la crerae. Rowell Troad well) : living on road to a sacred spring. Mirrilees : miry fields. The great Melancthon : black earth = Peats, its latter part, con. THON = our Clay, Fields. The family name Balnaves, from Ben Nevis : mountain snow. Radstock : 1 idden of trees and staked for culture. This Rad con. Rath : a fort, a place cleared of trees, with which it was fortified. (Consult Tyrrwhitt. Fowne (s gloves) : living amidst grass land. Foenum : fodder.

In this work there is no chapter on human names derived from flowers, such not being comprehended in the less poetic one on locality or that on trades. Had we one on flowers it would have been headed by Djuleep (Singh) : the rose. Singh : a lion. He was fair to friends, but dreadful to foes.

Flowers have but lately, in the world's histor}^ been a [towerful factor in refining men, and therefore supply few names.

11

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CHAPTER VIII.

PATRONYMS OR GENTILE NAMES.

Propriety suggests our making an addendum to local names by illustrating personal designations on the wider scale of nations, whereby light is not only reflected upon individual origin, but that of a people, and, at the same time, side lights are thrown upon the geographical expression by which countries are known where such nations are located, and thus new interest attaches to the study of geography, and its con- nection with history is seen more clearly. A woman may marry her name away, a man may change his by law, or dis- guise it through caprice, but nations are not subject to such vicissitudes. Witness the world honoured name Britain : in all probability given thereto by Phenician sailors. The learned generally hold that when the Tyrians were trading for tin with Cornwall and the Cassiterides, they termed the country Brittistan : the stan, country, of the Britti, whence our Britannia. On our copper coinage we have Victoria D.G. Britt. Reg. F.D. Not Brit. The t is doubled to indicate the implied plural form of our great empire. So also we have Lusitania for Luzistan : hazel land, from the same brave seamen. (Gen. xxviii. 19.) So, too, Phenicia : land of the Phoenix: palm tree = Palmyra. Buckowina = Buckingham : beech tree country. Grenada : pomegranate land. Pome- granate : grained apple-grain, becomes gren. No such nation as the Lusi was known, and a king so named is purely mythical. Neither invasion by Roman, Saxon, nor Norman has driven the proud old name of Britain from national nomenclature. Nay, in the Tyrian ages Brittistan covered but a fringe of our south coast, now the name Britain covers a congeries of nations unified under one tri-colour.

The names of persons derived from countries are termed Patronyms, from Patria : fatherland. The following is a selection of the more instructive and better known : —

AusoNius (tutor to Gratian) : an Italian = Vitalian.

Brett : a Breton, native of Brittany = Bris (St.) In respect thereto our country is called Great Britain.

Briton : pretty, fine made = PRYD (Welsh), Area (Hebrew), Olympas (Greek), Bravo (Italian), Prettyman = foregoing. Hermosus, Formosus = IsHOD : man of glory, fine made, becomes IzoD and Izett, generally rendered fair. But Prittv (pratum), from the Normans and = Meadows.

PATBONYMS OR GENTILE NAMES. 155

BuRGOYNE (general), Burgtn : a Burgundian. The Bur- gundians were named from their weapons, as were many other nations. Their name is con. Bore : to pierce, an allusion to their lances, and Gon : war, as Gondemar : glorious warrior. So then,

Burgundians : war piercers, those who break through the ranks of their enemy with lances = L'Ouverture (Dominican warrior) : the opener = Talleyrand (diplomatist) : who cuts through ranks.

Barbara: of Berber descent, a stranger = Gershom, and L'EsTRANGE, but Strange is a French form of the Scotch Strang, as though Le Strang.

Lamoriciere, Maurice, Morriss: of Moorish descent. From Maurice the isle Mauritius.

Mauritania : stan of the Moors, dark people = Nigritia : Negro land, Soudan of the Arabs = Caramania (con. Caracal: dark eared wild beast) = Hindostan, Hind, Sind, Sindbad (the sailor) : a native of India, con. Allahabad : the abode of Allah. From Moor con Amaurois : darkening of eyes, and gives Mohair, as also the Morian's land, Murillo (painter) : little Moor.

Numidia : land of nomads, graziers. Nomad : one who seeks Nome : pasture.

Palestine : stan of the Philistines, .shepherds. Pales : wanderers =

Gael, Gaul : forest dweller, con. Coyle : a wood, whence CuLYER = Savage, Congal : brave stranger, lit. dog Gaul. Neal, Neil, were originally Nageal, Nageil, n answering to new, seen better in Nagle, Nigell : new Gael, i.e., an emi- grant =Newcome : a stranger. Hy Nial (nine hostages) = O'Neil. Neil assumes the odd form of Nile. Dhu : dark, whence Dun : dark ; Dee, dark river, giving Donkey : dun coloured, DuFFUS : dark water, in combination with Gael, gives DuGALL, DuGALD, DowELL, DoUL : dark Gael. Galyon: .son of a Gael, an Englishman. Half a millennium since the Irish called us Gaels: strangers, thus Gallocher: half Gael, half Sassenach. Fingal (prince of Mo wen): fair Gael. Ogal: young Gael, whence Ogilvie : Ogal's by, dwelling. Hence, too, Gales, Gault, Galt, Gall (phrenologist) Gallie, Wale, Wallace (Elderslie) : a form of Gallois. Cornwallis : com- pounded of Kern : a foot soldier, and Gallois. Galloglasses : blue Gaels. " The Galloglass succeedeth the horseman, and he is commonly armed with a scull: shirt of mail, and a Galloglass axe. The Irish do make great account of them." To the Gaels we owe Galloway, Argyle : high places of the Gaels, con. Arch, high. Bothwell : their bothie, dwelling = Bal- lingall. Wales (Pays de Galle): Cornwall: promontory of

156 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

the Gaels. Waloons : continental Gaels or Gauls, Caledonia for Galedonia, Deucaledonian sea: black sea of the Gaels,. from vessels being wrecked there. So the Turks call Pontus Euxinus, the Black Sea. Ortegal = Argyle : cape of Gaels. Sinigaglia, f rom the Galli Senones. Galatia, for Gallo-Grecia: inhabited by Gauls and Greeks. Gallant (accent on first syllable) : brave as a Gaul, though some have it a form of Gallant, which is also claimed as the source of Valentine, Gallant (accent on second syllable): polite as a Gaul. Golosh: sabot worn by the Gauls. So Cravat from the Croats, whence also Kratts : a native of Croatia. Gala and Galoon are also- Gallic, telling of display, characteristic of that nation. Wal- nut : foreign nut. Wallflower : foreign flower. As Coyle, Coile : a wood, gives Gael, so we derive therefrom Celt. Kelt : a wood dweller. But Kelt : an arrow head, a flint axe, is from Celtis (Latin) : a chisel. Coyle properly means cover. Forests were that to men as they yet are to beasts. Kilt : a cover = Quilt. Hence Celtibri : Celts on the Ebro.

Franks : free, not subjected to the Roman yoke. Ripuarian Franks : dwelling on ripe : Rhine hanks. Rip (Van Winkle) was a ripuarian, where boats arrive. Frank gives Franconia, Frankfort, France = Liberia. Enfranchise: to make free, to put among the Frelungi. Feringees : Turkish for Europeans not of their faith. Francis : an Italian speaking French.

Gascoigne (judge) : a native of Gascony, becomes Gaskin. From the Vascones we have Vasquez : son of a Gascon. Vasco (de Gama) : a Gascon, a Basque, one living near the Bay of Biscay. Bay, Bas-que, Vas-co, Gas-con, are essentially one: But our Bascome : a wooded combe, valley. Gasconade : a boast, suggesting Rodomont (con. Rota and Mons) : mountain mover, our Italian boaster's appellation, whence Rodomontade = Gasconade. Gascon also forms the well known Gaston. We abbreviate gasconade to gas. " That is all gas."

Goth is identical with the words God, Gott, Good (fighter) as pugilists say, " He's a good man ; can punish heavily." Geta (son of Severus), Gcethe (poet) : a Goth. Hidalgo is Filius : son, De : of, Al : the. Go : Goth ; a Spanish nobleman. Massa- gcete : great Goths, or Scythians. Gothland = Catalonia for Gotholonia. Moeso-Goths: Goths of Mcesia. Ostrogoths: east- ern Goths. Visigoths : western Goths, to whom we owe the word and name Bigot, whence, sometimes, Pigott. They were unitarian and gave neither heed nor quarter to the ortho- dox. France owes them Cagot (canis Goth) : a dog of a Goth, a hypocrite. We use Goth for spoliator, ignorant, unappre- ciative of art. The Gothic order of architecture was an imita- tion of their shady forest dwelling in the Caucasus.

Helvetius (Physician) : a Swiss, a native of the hilLs. Hel-

PATBONYMS OB GENTILE NAMES. 157

vetia (so called by dwellers on lower parts of Rhine) : hill coun- try. Helvetii, Aliobroges, Hernici, Taurini : highlanders, Swiss : sweaters = Labrador : country needing great iahour ; so called by trappers and fur dealers.

Huns : hounds, like Cagot. So termed by the people whose lands they invaded because of their hound-like looks and •actions. They call themselves Magyars. Humboldt (cosmos): bold as a Hun. Hunniades (conquered Amurath) : son of a Hun. Hence, too, Hungary.

Erigena : native of Erin, Irish born. Erin = Hesperia : western, and (M')Iniernie : man from west, and con. Hibernia, Juverna.

ScoTUS (Duns) : a Scotchman = Scott (Sir Walter). Duns : a hillsman, gives Dunce = (by irony) Duns Scotus.

GiRALDUs Cambrensis : Gerald the Welshman = Walsh : welch.

Inglis, Englisch (chess) = Langley, Laxglois: the English- man.

Jarman, Jermyn, Lallemand : a German, spearman.

Holland: of the hollow land = Hole, Hoyle. Hollow: hole low, Neath : low, Netheuby : dwelling on low ground = Leith, Latham. Olander (Dr) : a Dutchman.

FiAMiNGO, Fleming, Flanders : of the Flemings, so called from their tleeing after some prehistoric battle.

Hatto : a Hessian, and Pruce : a Prussian.

Denmark : boundary of the Danes. Denchfield : Dane's field. Denforth : living on the Dane's road. Danby : Dane's dwelling. Dagmar (princess) : glory of the Danes, though it looks = Dzohara : glorious as the daybreak. Dagbrod : power of the Danes. Haldane : half-bred Dane. Danskin : of Danish origin. Dent (Strand), Denton : Dane's town. CIruden (concordance) : slaughter of the Danes. Dana (Am. poet) : a Dane. The force of the word dane or den is not easily given. One view is, it is ultimately derived from

Dagh : a hill, Daghistan : hill country, as it is supposed that when lirst known to civilised men they were called

Daci, Dacians : hillsmen, uncivilised mountaineers. Under this name they fought their way from the Caucasus to the North Sea. When they settled in the Cimbrian Chersonesus, the land lying low, it was called

Den : down, Denmark : low lying marches.

POLIGNAC (cardinal) : a Pole. Poland : a plain. Cossacks : go&t people, climbers.

Frisby : man of Friesland.

Braby, Brabazon, Brabender : man of Brabant.

Lombard : long battle-axe, con. Halbert, Halberdiers. " The balberts hewe on bed, the browne billes bruise the bones."

158 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Brisbane : bone bruiser, brown bill man, Halbert : stone broad (axe), pre-historic. From Lombard (pawn shops) the word Lumber : timber, anything in the way.

PiCTS : pike men, PiCTON : great pike man. Pictones : Gaulish pike men. Puy-de-dome : peak of dome-shaped hill. Poictiers and Picardy are also con. therewith. PiCHARD (ard) : piked height = Egremont, Montague. Sometimes Pichaud ; a beggar, from Peto : I seek, petition. Sometimes the name of Peto : a seeker after bread. Picard : native Picardy. But Picador (bull fighter) : gilded pike. Pict has been given : painted, stained with wood. Tatooing was resorted to (1) for protection from gnats, (2) adornment, (3) distinction of clans, and classes, as plaids afterwards, (4) to terrify in battle, (5) to honour the gods by their symbols, so when God, assuring the daughter of Zion of his love, says, "I have engraven thee on the palms of my hands." As nearly all ancient nations tatooed, so doing would not strike legionaries as distinctive in the Picts. Their pikes might. We had Picts or Picti insular and Pictones continental. So Britons on this island, and Bretons on the continent, arguing a community of language and origin — parts of the great Celtic family.

Fife : a Pict, autocthonal to Scotland.

Vandals : wanderers, con. Baino : to go, wend, wind, w^ent^ wand-er, wond-er (mental wandering). Vado : to go, invasion = anabasis, Wendell (Philips): Vandalic, of an old stock, all more or less involve to and froism, or at least motion. Anda- lusia for Vandalusia.

Suevi : swayers, going to and fro(m). Sway implies a forth- put of power in wielding weapons, and is allied to swing, swim, swift: manifestations of strength. It is con. Zwingle, Zuinglius (latinised), Sueno, Swayne, Swain, Swing, Swisher^ Swift, (St.) Swithin : forthputters of strength, vSwither : to sway mentall3^ Swivel : a hinge. Swap : to change hands. From the Suevi we get Suabia, Sweden.

Rossi (the) obtained their appellation from the Sclavonic word Rossica : scattering, dispersion, nearly = Sparta : scattered village, and Diaspora : Jews dispersed like seed among the Gentiles. "Will He go to the diaspora?" The Rossic manner of life was similar to their nomadic neighbours, the Tartars. Of course Russia is from the Rossi, while Prussia i.s^ Bo-Rossi : near the Rossi.

Turk, Turcoman : wanderers. From Turk, Dragoman : an interpreter.

Pelasgi : wanderers, con. Planaomi : to wander, whence Planets : wandering (stars). Pales : a shepherd, lit. a wanderer, gives Palestine: stan of the Pales, Philistine. Pales also gives Palatine (hill) : settlement of the Pales. Hence Palace : build-

PATRONYMS OB GENTILE NAMES. 150

ing on the Palatine. Palestrina (composer) : from island settled by the Pales, of the old stock = Priscus (Mc)All.

D'Oyle, Doyle, Oil : speaking the language of Provence (the province), as distinguished from one speaking after the manner of Languedoc (lingua de oc). The former speech was Attic, the latter Doric.

Wallachia : shepherd country, wanderers = Palestina, gives Wallach, con. Gaul, Walls : a pilgrim, Wallet : pilgrim carrying a scrip : scrapbag therefrom termed a wallet.

Bulgaria from Vulgarii, tribe from the Volga.

Servia : slave country. Fugitives from Roman slavery.

Saracens : descendants of the matriarch Sarah, hence Sarcenet : made by them. Of course, in this, as in many cases else herein, the reader must take the article, as do merchants, at their own risk.

Hagarenes : of Hagar. " The tabernacles of Edom, and the Ishmaelites ; of Moab, and the Hagarenes."

Sabeans from Sheba : a captive, a caitiff. " And the Sabeans fell upon them."

Allimans : all men, each a man emphatic, gives AUmayne, Allemand. So, too,

Illinois (American Indians) : men, par excellence. Similarly

Guanches (unique aborigines of the Canary Isles) : men = Muysa, a nation of Central America, on Humboldt's authority. There is a tribe of Negroes calling themselves

Bubees : men, which our sailors render Boobies. There was a primitive people located near the Caspian called

Mardii : men, whence Mardonius (brother-in-law to Xerxes). Not far therefrom was Hyrcania, whence the surname of the Maccabean hero John Hyrcanl'S, from his victories over the Hyrcanians, as SciPio

Africanus : conqueror of Africa, victor at Zama. The great convert

Africaner, and the more classical Terentius Afer : Terence, the African, are also therefrom. Europeans having offspring in South Africa, those so born are called Africanders.

Andrew (Greek) : a man emphatically = Dring, Whyte (English). The legislators

Menu (India), Minos, Mannus (Asir), con. Mens : mind, and mean men mentally.

Man was formerly a title of honour, as was woman among the Hebrews. " Woman ! behold thy son." " In French law, haron and femme denote the sa.me a.ii vir and femina. And in the laws of the Salians, AUemans, and Ripuarians, baro, or varus et femina occur for a man and a icornan." Hence our name and title

Baron : a superior man. Baron, Vir, Boar, Bear : strong.

160 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

virile. From boar, tlio verb Farrow : to bring forth a litter of pigs.

Queen : a woman of political power, Quean : of bodily, a virago,

Ish : a man, Isha : a woman, Isis (goddess) : the woman, Eve deified.

Marconianni : march men, similar to Ukraine Cossacks : border guards, as

Margrave : border sherifi". Marquis : charge of marches, Marchioness, its fern.

Bismarck : bishop's boundary. Markham : home on the march, Merton.

Jutland : land of the Jutes, giants, great eaters, as all giants were thought to be.

Tedesco (eon. Theod, Teuton) : Italian for an Austro- German.

Austria (our brother) : eastern realm, but Australia for Austral (southern) Asia.

Strauss ("Leben Jesu"): an Austrian, in some cases, or con. Struthio : an ostrich.

Pamphylia : all tribes, a mixture of different clans.

Triphylia : three tribes, viz., Epeans, Eleans, and Arcadians.

Tribe is from Trees : three, it is Oscan, Etruscan, and Roman clans welded.

Abyssinia: a mixture, so called by Arabs, who claim being of one blood.

Falashas is the name its natives own. This word answers to Hebrews : emigrants. Hebrew, Falasha, Nigel, Nu (actual) convey the same idea.

Ghez, or Itopia (for Ethiopia : burnt face) is what the Abyssinians call their country.

CusH: swarthy, black-a-vised = iEs0P: a Cushite, ^-Ethiop. " Can the Cushite change his skin ?"

Soor, Zur : a rock, gives Syria, Suristan : the country round Tyre, for Soor, Zur, Tyre, are one word.

Ephrem Syrus : Ephraim the Syrian, Tyrian, as

Duns Scotus: Duns the Scotchman. This Duns gives dunce, as folks called a fool Duns in irony.

Sicambri: strong for victory, co7i. Sig: victory, as SiGlSMUND: victorious defender.

Heruli : men of the Here : army, warriors. Zeuss and Grimm say

Cherusci : swordsmen = Saxones and Cherithites : slashers.

Teutons : numerous, con. Theod people, Germans who were; also called

Tungri : men who gave tongue, uttered loud war cries when encfao:incr =

PATBONMYS OB GENTILE NAMES. 161

Zamzumiin and Zulus, who both do or did swasli-buckler work.

Belgii : populous, the many, con. Vulgus : the common people.

Dutch : from the great Asir Tuisco. Deutsch, cor. Deitch, does not mean Dutch, but Tuesday born, dedicated to Tuisco. DiTTMAiisn : ])utch boundary, Dittmar : glorious as Tuisco.

Mexico: from worship of Mexetla, the American Mars, and so

Mexican = Mammertine: son of Mayors, Mars, co2i. Mors: death.

Parthians : horsemen = Achaians, con. Eaciirax : a horse- man. From Asp, Persian for a horse, Aspimirtas : lover of horses, good rider = Philip.

Ispahan : place of horses, as Spain from Span (Phenician) : a rabbit, and so : overrun with rabbits as certain parts of Australia are. Spain gives Hispaniola : little Spain, Spaniel : dog of Hispaniola. The Phenicians gave names to Mauritania, Tingitania (Tangiers) Lusitania, Spain and Britain.

Italy : cattle country, con. Vitulus : a calf, con. Veal. So the

Boii : men of cattle and Beotia : land of oxen = Clontarf (taurus) : bull meadow = Oxley, Huxley (scientist).

Norman : north man, native of Norway: north way, Norval: Norman's dale.

Sclavi: glorious = Hellenes. Conquered by the Genoese they gave us the word Slave.

Slovacten (Junius, 1809): a Sclav, speaker of their language.

Helenes : shining ones, whom we call Greeks, which name they repudiate, as the natives of our western principality do being called

Welsh, Walsh : stranger. Hence W^elcher, who losing makes himself strange.

Cimbri, whence Cambria, con. Sicambri, is what they prefer being called.

Denmark was formerly the Cimbrian Chersonesus: peninsula of the Cimbri.

Chersonesus : golden island, having advantages of an island yet with a continental connection.

Scythians and Scoti primarily : woodmen, forest dwellers, and secondarily wanderers. " The Scythians were divided into several nations or tribes ; they had no cities, but con- tinually changed their habitations." Some of them made a raid upon Palestine, where taking Bethshan : house of the sun, the Grecised neighbours called it Scythopolis.

" How came the Gypsies into Spain ? Wliy look j-ou : They came with Hercules from Palestine, And hence are thieves and va.cjabonds, Sir Alcalde, As tlie Simoniacs from Simon Majnis."

1G2 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Early in the fourteenth century certain unknown wanderers appeared in Europe. Separated from the people, upon whose lands they intruded, by language and habits the learned and ignorant were equally at a loss to know whence they were. An opinion arose that Egypt was the cradle of these anonymous refugees. This theory receiving general acceptance, they were called

Gypsies (Gypsey is an actual family name) : emigrants from Egypt. They called themselves

Zincali or Zingari, words identical to a philologist. It was observed that in stood for India, as ind does in

Dindon (DTnd) : of India, a Turkey cock. So Indigo : Indian plant, as

Indicopleustes : who had sailed to India. The z proved to be a formation upon d, while the terminal syllable is of similar force to er, as in slater, swimmer. Now call is just kaliy identical with coally, con. Kalos : beautiful. Kali : black goddess, Hindoo beauty. So then

Zingari : coally men of India. Further investigation brought to light that Gypsies were fragments of Hindoo tribes driven from the peninsula by the chronic wars about the time of Genghis Khan. They are yet termed

Zingari in Turkey and Persia, Zingani in Russia, Zinguener in Germany, and Zincali in Spain. The well known

Gadsby : dwelling place near which Gypsies, gadders, encamp. Nations were generally named in relation to war. Countries, when not called from their people, usually derived their appellations from their products or appearance. Many communities were designated after the manner of our regi- ments, from the pet weapon used. As we have

Fusileers from the fusil, musket ; Grenadiers from the hand grenade, so

Hernicia from Hern : a sword = Sicarii : sabreurs. Thus, too,

Quirites : spearmen = Dorians. The old Scotch Spiers : a quirite, a spearman. This is not philological ly con. with Qui- rinal : oak hill, as Viminal : osier hill. So likewise

Samnites: dart men. We might say Dowds : a Samnite, Spiers : a Quirite. We have seen that the favourite weapon of the

Burgundians was the lance. May not Lauxce (and his dog) : a Burgundian ?

Lancelot : little Lance, or son of a Lance, or son of a sol- dier =

WiCKLiFFE, but not meaning little lance, as usually given. Barbarian mobility is shown in the following names : —

Numidians, Vandals, Berbers (shepherds, gave name to Bar- bary), Walloons, Scoti, Celti, Turcomans (or mani). Pales, Suevi,

PATBONMYS OB GENTILE NAMES. 163

Wends, Wallachs, Scythians, Falaslias, Hebrews, Pelasi^i; and to the wanderers by land we may add the sea rovers (robbers), Vikings and Walmer, the former signifying sons of the fiord, ford; the latter: wanderer of the main. We should commit shipwreck on the rock Similarity by saying

Barbarian : a native of Barbary, as Bowditch does in his work on names when he has Dalby : doll of a boy. The Greeks termed those barbarians who spoke a language un- known to them, however humane they were. " The barbarous people showed us no little kindness." Foreigners seemed to Greeks to say bar-bar, mere babbling. Thus the Dutch called an African tribe

Bosjesmans : bush men, Hottentots, for they seemed to con- tinually say hot and tot. After a similar type the Arabs stig- matised certain Africans as

Kaffirs, Caffres : infidels, miscreants, not Mussulmen.

Catia (in the Crimea) : city of infidels, Giaours, Feringees.

Gueber = Parsee : a fire worshipper, non-Moslem. Gueber is root of Giaour. Compare

Caffa with Istamboul (islam polls) : city of the faith.

Kaffiristan (N. E. of Afghanistan) : country of infidels.

Tyre corresponds to Soor : a rock = Selah.

Petrea, Selah : rock built city. From Said : a hunting station. Sidon (aug.) : great Said, and also Zidon, whence

Zidonians : dwellers round the fishing and hunting station. We have the Spanish historic name Sidonia (de Medina) : a crusading man. The Tyrians called the country round Tan- giers

Tingistan, which the Romans softened into Tingitania, as the Latins delighted in the terminal a.

Oberdank (Irridenta): an upper Danubian.

Onderdonk (contractor) : man of the lower Danube.

164 )

CHAPTER IX.

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES.

vVhen as yet Celts roamed the wide plains of Europe, before the heroic ages of Greece had passed away, Providence cradled mighty nations in the Caucasian mountains that were des- tined to overflow into the fruitful fields of the west, and possess lands then held by effete or infirm aboriginal races. These were the Ases, ancestors of the great Anglo-Saxons, who, on account of traditionary prowess and wisdom, were deified by their warlike and politic descendants. In the language of the East, Koh means a hill, whence Kohistan : the hill country = Montana. Koh and Ases gives Caucasus: hill of the Ases. Not only do they give name to that mountain barrier, but to the fairest region of the earth, viz., Asia: land of the Ases. Certain of their tribes were known to the Hebrews, Greeks, but most to the Romans, as Scythians. Thus we have Sarsechem : Scythian prince, Scythopolis : Scythian city, previously called Bethshan : sun house = Heliopolis. One of the earliest Asiric leaders was SiGGA: victorious, con. Seco: I cut, he cut in, was a slasher — Slagg. Sigga enters into the com- position of many personal and national names indicative of the warlike propensities of its bearer, or if not from the warrior Sigga, yet from the same root whence his name sprung. Such names are Sigbert, Sigbrand, Sigismund, which consult. The Ases descended from the sides of the Caucasus and in- vaded Asia and Europe thousands of years since, as hundreds of years ago Highland clans made raids on the lowlands, and the Circassians devastated Russia from the same stronghold. It was the Asirs who fought ancient Persia before the victorious scimetar had been wrested from Elam by the brilliant Greek. The great name Chosroes means warrior of the Ases. Though they failed in their Persian invasion, lasting proofs of virtue were left on the field of fight. That the Ases were a primeval race is evident from the following considerations. In the Hebrew, Persian, and Arabic languages, az or as means strong. Thus Amoz : robust = Andrew, Azaz, strong, strong = Stally : strong as steel. " And Bela, the son of Azaz." BoAZ: in strength, never breaking down, not faint- ing. " Solomon set up the left pillar, and called the name thereof Boaz." Uzzl\h : the strength of the Lord, gracious strength (is given). UzzAH (Peres) : strong person. Perhaps his strength occasioned his death, he thinking a man could

GEBMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 165

hold up, if strong, the ark of God. It is seen to advantage in Gaza: a fort, strong place, sometimes Gaza: a goat, strong at butting. May there not be a deeply inlaid allusion thereto in these words : " But the Philistines brought him down to Gaza," the strong man caged in a strong place ? In the Hebrew this az passes into ezer, ozar: help, for strength is the sole source of help. Abiezer : father of help, bringer of assistance. "There was also a lot for the children of Abiezer." AzuR: a helper. "Hananiah, the son of Aziiv, the prophet," varies to Ezra, Esdras with unchanged meaning, but shines most in Ebenezer : stone of help. Now, from this az, as strong, we have Ases : strong ones, probably the Persian for a horse Asp : strong one, and the better known Amazon : woman, .strong, very, from Am, Om : mother, woman, az : strong, and on, an augmentative common to most languages, ancient or modern, as seen in Pison from Pi : mouth, and means river with a wide mouth, debouchement, and Salon : great hall. So that Amazon : very strong woman. The story told me at school, " They were called amazons from a : alpha privative, and maza : the breast, because these women cut off their right breast the better to draw the bow," was indeed drawing the long bow. Salverte gives Az : strong, in the Persian as derived from As of this people, but the converse is true, as Az for strength was one of the first used by men. Long after Greece had run through its splendid career in politics, war, and philosophy, the wives, sisters, and daughters of the Ases met their husbands, brothers, and sons in full retreat before the superior discipline of the iron-clad Roman legions, led by the dread Marius. Instead of receiving them to their home encampment with tears, these amazons drove them back to battle with slings and spears. Strabo in his seventh book on geography, speaks of the J.spungi living on the shores of Pal us Mceotis, sea of Azof. That lake was probably so called from the Asir race. What if Azof : sons of Ases, its shore dwellers ? Their country was Aspungitani : Asir land. The tani from stan, as Beloochistan : poor country, ill to cultivate. One Asiric clan was called Aspasii from Asp: a horse = Parthian. From it Hystaspes (Darius): possessing horses = ASPIRMYRTAS : rich in horses. Pharnaspes : commander of horses, or chief horseman ^Archippus, Marshall. Thus Aspasii may mean Ases on horseback, and Aspasia : an amazon, whence Vespasian from his mother. Some centuries before the dawn of the Christian era they gathered their forces from the Asiatic slopes of the Caucasus, and moved west as far as the Tanais : the Don, which seems to have been their Kubicon. Tanais (probably) : Tan Ases. Asir land, telling of its waters shutting in their country. This they passed about

166 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

200 B.C., slowly fighting their way t.hrough the Celts until they reached the Elbe A.D. 90, and the Isle of Thanet a.d. 449. While some of the Asir nations broke up the Roman empire, purifying the corrupted southern lands, others fulfilled their destiny by invading Britain and founding an empire combining that liberty with bravery and stern superiority which characterise the old Caucasian stock. They reached America a.d. 1490, for the crew\s of the three ships which ploughed the virgin waves of the western seas were the sons of Visigoths and Lombards of Asiric blood. One section of the Teutons won Sadowa in that annus mirahilis, a.d. 1866, another cabled the stormy Atlantic, so that between their nations there should be no more sea. Their last sublime act was to make an iron road from the Atlantic to that greater sea men call the Pacific, A.D. 1869. They are now about to mingle the waters of the two oceans by a ship canal. The Asir will play Colossus with a continent for his foot hold. When at the beginning of the Christian era the Caucasian braves arrived at the storm beaten shores of the Northern sea they did not blanch thereat, though the sight of ocean was ijuite new, but forthwith built war ships and became kings of the sea, as they had been of the land, Vikings : sons of fiords. The Gael, too, had ventured upon the perilous Deucaledonian v5ea but in a tiny coracle, and rarely beyond a distance covered at starting by the eye. What can more forcibly illustrate their reckless nature than the fact that their HofF: temple, was on an island in the bosom of the black north sea called by them Fosetisland, but by Christians since, Heligoland : holy land. Imagine the Israelites, into whose tremulous souls Hit- tites struck terrors, had they had their (the) temple placed in such a sea ! Here the ancestors of Blakes, Cooks, and Nelsons, and the long line of our sea lions, braved ocean's fury, not of necessity, but battle gladness and the wild excitement of gamblers who love risk. Their Hoff was uncovered, as they esteemed it unlawful to worship their Asiric ancestors under raen-built-roofs. Here their priest called Hoffman, Blott, Blood, sacrificed victims conquered in battle and rowed from the mainland. " The many blood-stones scattered over the continent and isles of Europe are blott's altars." Of their gods, Odin was first and oldest, governing all things : and though the rest of the gods were powerful, yet they served him as children serve their father.

Odin : one = Hadad. Sometimes he was called Woden : from Wod : mad, furious, inspiring men with warlike fury. He was represented completely armed, and with a drawn sword. His worship here is manifested by sucli names as

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 167

Wansborough : Woden's town, VVanstead : Woden's place.

WoNFOR : Woden's ford. His favourite temple was called

WiSBY : holy dwelling, often mistaken for Ouseby : dwelling ■on the Onse. Woden was also called Gautr, whence

Gautrey : his worshipper. Sometimes he was known as

Grimr : strong, terrible. Grim death is strong death, re- minding us of one of David's heroes, Azmaveth : strong as <leath, con. Mors. To this name of Woden's attribute is to be traced

Grimm (Jacob), Gr^me (Grim's dyke), Graham and

Grimbald : bold as Grimr, whence Grimaldi (Joey),

Grimstone (snuff) : altar of Grimr, besides

Grimmond : protected by Grimr. But in the Celtic

Graham : sullen, morose, gloomy. Another of his titles was

Brown : fiery, impetuous, burning for the fight. He also had the titles Bulmer and Bruce, whence

BuLAVER (Lytton) and Bruce (Bannockburn). Odin is also known as

Julvatter : Jul's father, in whose honour the Yule log was burned.

YuiLLE : born while the Yule log was burning. One of his sons was

Tuisco : earth born, gigantic, ancient, heroic. Some claim Tuisco as identical with Theos, Deus, Dieu : divine. To hira w^e owe the word Tuesday : Tuisco's day. On the third day human victims were sacrificed in his honour. From him the people of Holland are called Dutch.

Hertha, our Earth, was his daughter, and the hearthstone was his family altar. From her we have

Hardwidge and Hardwicke: Hertha's dwelling, her temple. On each shoulder of Odin sat a raven, one being termed

HuGiN : forethought, provident, whence

Hogg : thoughtful, wise, as also Hugo, Huyghens (astrono- mer), Ugo (Bassi), Ugolini, Eugene (Aram) and Eugenie (Imperatrice). The other raven was

MuNNiN : memory, afterthought, whence MuNNS when not a form of Edmond. The raven on Odin's shoulder was stamped on the Danish standard. Woden, Frey, and Thor constituted the Asiric triad, answering to the Hindoo Trimutri and Bibli- cal Trinity, tri unity. The Danes rendered to Odin the hyper- dulia of their service, the Norwegians gave highest honours to Thor, while the Swedes gave their supreme worship to Freya. This last was an hermaphrodite, adored as Freyer mas., Freya, /em. To him or her we owe our word Friday, as Wednesday is due to Woden. Connected with such worship is

Freytag (Pictures of German Life, 2 vols.) : Friday born. The tag or dag, for day, is con. Dagger : flashing like day, used swiftly.

168 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Tagg (when not a trade name : maker of metal tags previ- ous to use of pins) : a daggerman = Dudgeon : great dagger.

Dagobert : bright as day, very glorious.

Freya : loved one, formed from Freon : to love, whence Friend.

Freymuth : having the spirit of Freya, amative, a lady killer.

Frigga : goddess of love and marriage, the Norse Venus, from same root as is

Godfrey : lover of God, Geoffrey, Jeffry, in Ireland Sherry.

Freyvvood : grove where Freya received divine honours.

Freymont, Freemont (president) : protected by Freya. Some claim these as meaning hill frequented by fairies. The fays, in this case, were made out of the sound of the name of the goddess

Freyer : lover, according to Asir lore slew the demi-god

Beli : bawler, whence Beales, co7i. Belcher for bawlcher. The sacred book of this Norse mythology was called Edda : old, ancient, which gives a description of the Eddaic Pantheon, wherein Thor sat at its centre, higher than the other deified Ases, having on his left hand seven stars. Thor's chariot was drawn by two goats, and the rattle of his chariot wheels on the welkin caused thunre, thunder, Thor's noise. From him we have the name

Thurso (Caithness) : Thor's dwelling. He presided in the air generating wind, showers, or fine weather. From him Thursday, when his blood (priest) honoured the god with the blood of men. Sometimes he was represented with a hammer, instead of a sceptre, accompanied by a Wolf and a Bear, which were deified through connection with him. Newly born children were dipped in running streams and marked on the forehead with his hammer. How strange that pious Hebrews should receive a similar mark, our T, for Torah : the law, of which the letter n represents the word Torah, meaning : this man keeps the law. " He called to the man clothed with linen, having the writer's inkhorn by his side : and Jehovah said unto him, Go through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a n (tau) T upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof." How supremely strange that every year millions of children are signed with the sign of the cross that they may be gospel observers. Thor's hammer was called

MiOLNER : the miller, crusher, whence MiLNER.

Maccabeus (Judas), Mace (Jem), Maule (Justice), con. mallet, Martel (Charles), Schlegel, all mean hammer wielder. flavoured by Thorine vim rather than as the peaceful smith.

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 169

In all likelihood the name of this god means strong, and is the root of Taurus : a bull, whence

ToRO : bull tamer. As to the god himself we may say

Thor : Asir bull. From his name we have

ToRAGA : celestial cow, adored by Hindoos, it is a fern, of Thor. " Le toit du temple du Toraga est orne de quatre taureaux dor(^s." Compare these four gilded bulls on the roof of her temple with the winged bulls in the portico of the Assyrian temple at Khorsabad. Compare Toxa^-ga from Thor with Yir-go from Vir. These names are mementoes of pre- historic times. Many personal appellations are allied to bull worship, as

Knatchbull : son of the bull, forms Kxobel, con. Knight, con. Gnatus : born =

Apion (opposed Josephus) : son of Apis, the Egyptian bull- god. Thor was our bull-god and Brahm that of Hindoos.

Serapis : Apis hidden, the constellation Taurus, Thor : the bull-god, below the horizon of the Nile.

Serapion : son of Serapis, of divine genealogy.

Apis, Thor, Brahm, the human-headed bull of Assyria, and the Sinaitic calf are various embodiments of one idea. Divine strength manifested through creaturehood. Thor and Theos differ in this, the former became the symbol of brute strength, the latter was essentially connected with holiness in Himself, justice towards His creatures. There are few languages of the old world not supplying their quota of taurine personal names. Howbeit, personal names are more deceptive than ordinary words, and so the name-hunter sometimes fancies he has bagged a genuine bull of Thor descent, whereas it may be only local. Such is the modern Roman

Basvecchi (Pietro), teasingly like Vacca : a cow, yet means living near old foundations of Roman wall, con. Civita Vecchia : old city, and also con.

Basetti : a dwarf, near the base, earth. The names

Coe (captain) : a cow, Cowie, Bullen, Boleyn (not from Boulogne), are mysteriously con. with this ancient symbolic worship — serving the sign instead of the Thing signified.

Thorold : protected of Thor's power, becomes Thurtell, Tyrell (Sir Walter), and has for its first form Thorwald, whence

Thorwaldsen (sculptor) : son of Thorwald.

Thurkettle, Kettle : having charge of Thor's kettle used in divination for incanting by weird women as in Macbeth.

Toner : of Thor, born on Thursday, or during thunder.

Thorburn, Thoburn : Thor's bear, con. Bernstein : hill frequented by bears.

Thurlow : Thor's sport, good at throwing Thor's hammer. 12

170 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Thorgar : Thor's spear, a good shot. Torsleff : loved of Thor, brave fighter.

Thurstan : the stone vt^hereon human victims were slain on Thursday, a priest, takes forms, Tunstan, Dunstan (St.),

DUXSTONE.

ToRQUiL : Thor's pledge to fight, con. guild. Trufitt (fid. wid.) : Thor's wood, priest presiding over his grove = Groves when not local.

AsTOR (library): Asir Thor, the divine Thor. Thursday born. In the symbolism of the Valhalla, Thorine, strength and fire (active principle), were intimated by placing a fiint on a pedestal. In later ages, " The Flindt god was formed lyke the image of death (grim) ; and naked save only a sheet about him. In his right hand he held a torch, or as they termed it, a fyre blase. On his head a lion rested his two fore feet, standing with one of his hinder feet upon his left shoulder, and with the other in his hand, which to supporte, he lifted up as high as his shoulder."

Flindt, Flint : priests of that god. The Asir of judgment was Forceti, whence

Fawcett, no connection with hawks. There was also a Frissian goddess, Foseta, from whom is derived

FoziER : priest of Foseta. She it was who gave the primi- tive name of Heligoland : holy island, viz., Fosetisland : sacred to Foseta. Anotlier member of the Caucasian Olympus was Baldur, the Apollo of the Asirs.

Baldur : white, beautiful = Flinn, Bain, Blake. Belisarius : white prince (date oboli). Baldwin : loved of Baldur, wise. A delusive guess makes it bold victor.

Baldred: counselling like Baldur, con. Alfred: counselling like an elf.

Baldrey : ruling like Baldur, a wise monarch. Usually given by canting, as hold king, or soldier girded with baldricl: It is sometimes hard to tell whether certain names are from Bald : bold, stripped for battle, or from Baldur. Weland was the Asiric Vulcan, whence

Wayland: priest of Weland. Of the great Asir, called Will, we know little, his worship being confined to the prehistoric period, but we do know to him is due the world wide name,

William : beloved of Will, con. overwhelm, and Helmet : a head covering. The name is often given as a form of Gild- helm : a Teuton, who, slaying a legionary, received, medal fashion, a gilded helmet. That guess came of the Romans having no ^v, so that, when the name is Latinised, it stood Guellimus, suggesting gold, but the old Germans went in for isen (iron).

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. I7l

William varies to Willis, Wiles, UllixX (lord), Guillotin (whence Guillotine), Wilkes (democrat), Will, Willet, WiLLiMOT, WooLCOCK, WiLHELMiNA, whence Mtnie (rifle), Minnie (Gray), Mina, Willox, Willocks: little Will = the Irish dim. Ulric.

Willing is a name now in use meaning son of Will, heroic, courageous.

WiLLFRlTH : loved of Will, bold.

Wilfred (patron of Ripon) : counselling like Will, advising to fight, and showing how.

WiLLARD (tracts) : of Will's nature, brave.

WiLLiMAR, WiLMER : famous as Will. From him we also have ViLLAR, Weller (when not local), and Villiers. Then there was a demi-Asir, like Hercules, known as

Mannus : the man, by excellence. He had three sons — Ingo, Isco, Hermino, w^hence the Ingoevones, Iscoevones, and Hermiones, ancient German tribes.

Ingo : the son, first born = Elam, gives

Ingram : Ing's raven, Danish standard bearer.

Ingle : priest of Ingo, being quite unconnected with Ignis : fire.

Isco : the ash, son of the first man, of the old stock.

Hermino : man of heer, her, army, warrior = Herman.

Irman : man of battle fire = Brown : burning to be at it. Irman was the German's marching god, receiving special honours when the braves began their line of march. To him we owe the name Erming (Street). Nor may we forget the terrible Asir known as Loki. He agrees in certain attributes with

Apollyon, Siva: destroyer, and Satan: adversary. To him was committed the caverns of Mount Caucasus, where those who died of age, disease, or had fainted in battle, or were wounded behind, were confined. With him was associated dread

Hela: coverer, who cast perjurers and cowards into caverns where snakes ever spurted cold poison. Hence our word hell, and the noble name

Elgin (marbles), for Helgyn, for Hela given. Loki teased gods and men. He was a combination of Mercury and " Jack the giant killer," which latter hero is none other than an embodiment of Lokian exploits made readable. From him we have LoxTON, Lockston : town of Loki, where was his temple.

LocKHART : Lok or Loki's nature. The legend of Douglas taking Bruce's heai^t locked in a casket is as true as that

Guthrie is gut three (fishes), or Naismith is nail smith, or equally wrong nae smith ava.

LocKMAN is not lock maker, but very fierce.

172 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Havelock : had in the care of Lok. In him the old Asiric fire burned in full heroic glow. Had the Hindoos worshipped Asirs instead of Punch and Judy gods, Victoria would not be Empress of India. The Asir Neptune was CEgir, who had charge of wind and tide, as had the sea-god of the Gaels, Neithe, whence

Abernethy : mouth of Neithe's river. The Oder or Eider : (Egir's door, where the Asiric Neptune let the sea into the land. Of men receiving names from (Egir we have

Egar, Egbert : bright as OEgir, vikings, seamen brave. Hence, too, Ogre : CEgir : like, Egg : to drive on as waves do wood to the shore. Nor were the Asirs wanting in ladies. Besides our old friends Freya, Frigga, Foseta, and Hela, true amazons, they had a Norse Bellona called Hilda, a sublimated Semiramis, Boadicea, or Joan of Arc. To her is due the well known name

Matilda : maid of Hilda, becomes Maud when that is not from Magdalen. Then we have the notable

Hildebrand (pope) : sword of Hilda, becomes Aldrovando and cor. to Heldenbrand and Hellbrand, Besides which we have the Visigothic

Ildefonsa, Alfonso, Alonzo : rich in war instruments, spears, arrows, swords, Hilda's fund.

Clothilda : celebrated as Hilda, called as much as Hilda.

Childebert : bright^ glorious as Hilda.

HiLDEMAR: glory of Hilda = Hercules : glory of Juno, Hera. Hilda was so common as to become synonymous with girl, as

Brunhilda : clothed in armour, a Teutonic Boadicea, con.

Bruno : mail clad, from this name the famous dynasty

Brunswick : Bruno's dwelling.

Swanhilda : swan-necked girl. To this favourite amazon we owe

Hildyard : guarded by Hilda. In addition to these god- desses the Teutons believed in a kind of battle angels known as

Valkiriers : fallen electors, selecters of the fallen. They flew about deserted battlefields, swan winged, picking out the heroic dead for the Valhalla : hall of the fallen, shield roofed, next Vingolfa : the Asir palace, their Pantheon. But the Valkiriers left on the battlefield any wounded in the back, or whose red right hand did not still grip the blood-stained spear, for Hela and Lokl Besides these greater gods they had less known as

JoTUNS: giants, from the root eat. The Greek notion of giant is earth born from Ge : the earth, but the Norse idea was great eater, as is illustrated in the case of the giants Jack killed. From eat we have

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 173

Oatts, Oattman : eaters, giants, con. Oats : that which may be eaten, edible. The same is seen only in a more gluttonous form in

SwAGEMAN : one who assuages at meals that he may start again. From Jotun we have

JoTURNUS (king of the Rutuli) : who appears in Virgil as

TuRNUS. From Jotuns, Jute, whence Jutland : country of, and

Gettings : son of a Jute, born of a giant. One of the grotesque Asirs was

Hross : horse god, with three legs, whose priest was known as Dreyfuss : three feet, being in peril of passing for a Manx man. Hence in some cases

Eoss, whence Rouse (bravo !), Rossini, Rosetti, and

Rosamond (fair) : Hross protected, Fair rose and rose of the ivorld are sheer cant, guesses by sound. These Jotuns corre- spond to Theseus, the Cyclops, and heroes known to the infancy of all nations. Whether their biographies are purely historic, mythic, or exaggerations of traditions, founded upon facts, who shall, in all cases, tell ? Probably Asirs and Jotuns were men like Hengist and Horsa, who signalised themselves in imchronicled wars about the roots of the Caucasus. Their OEgir was an Axine (Black Sea) or Caspian pirate idealised into a god by the time they had fought their way to the Baltic. This seems the more rational, as the Germans used Anar in the sense of ancestor, whence

Hansard (reports) : Anar natured = Patrobas : walking in his father's steps. A current M.P., 1883, is Septirtius (Han- sard) : seventh born.

Anson : son of his Anar, as we say son of his father, chip of the old block = Patrobas, Icilius.

Anlaf : left of his ancestors to fill their place in the battle array, or as Paul would say, " Baptized for the dead," to take the place of.

Olaf is a form of Anlaf, whence Olave (St.), giving

TiRAULAY : land dedicated to St. Olave.

ToLLiDAY : born on St. Olave's day, con. Tooley (street).

Angott (Madam de) : of divine descent, good son of his Anar = Osgoode.

Some names are derivable from Ases in the gross, as

Askew (Ann) : Asir descent, giving Huskisson (railway), son of Askew. Probably the Highland (M'; Aslan, Auslan, AusLAND : son of an Asir, one of heroic descent.

Anselm and Anselmo : helmeted, protected by Ases.

Aasbiorn (Danish) : divine bear, whence the more common

OsBORN, which neither means Ouse hum, nor house horn (serf).

174 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Oswald : shielded by Ases, under their protection.

Antliff : loved of the Ases, for bravery.

OsBEORT: glory of the Ases for her beauty. The Wolf, Bear, Bull, Fox, and Raven being sacred to Woden or Thor, their names are frequently used Vi^ith an Asiric force, but taken in common animal sense. As we have seen Taurus is from Thor, so Foxes receive their name from that Asir from Fries- land to Spain. The Spaniards called it Thorra, which has passed into Zorra. It seems to have taken name from Thor because of colour, he being red-headed and having a foxy beard, besides, as to character, being crafty. From the Wolf- god we have a liberal supply, of which it is not easy to allo- cate fairly between the ancient god and the vulgaj;- wolf. Per- haps we had better put gods and wolves into one pack, and leave some bold hand the responsibility of dividing them into divine and common.

Wolfgang (Goethe) : whom the wolf god gangs with for protection, conversely gives

GiNGOULPH is gang wolf (god), cor. into cockney oath " By Jingo " : by St. Gingoulph.

Rudolf and Rodolf : famous wolf, much talked of warrior.

MoNTGOLFiER (balloon) : mountain frequented by wolves.

Canteloup (chant de loup) : a settler who, from his dwell- ing, can hear the wolves howl. Common both in the Old World and America.

Kenwolf : made keen by the wolf-god, inspired of him.

Ulphilas (Msesogothic bishop) : little wolf, short of stature =

FiLLAN (St.) whence Gilfillan and M'Phelan.

Lycidas : son of a wolf, but capable of meaning son of Luke.

Guelph (Victoria Alexandrina) : a wolf, a howler, yeller,

WoLFSTAN (archbishop) : greatest wolf, chief warrior.

Love, from Lupus : a wolf, Lupson = Lopez (Spanish) : son of

LoBOS : a wolf, whence also Lope as Lope de Vega : Lope of the champagne.

Vega : a meadow, from Vigeo : I flourish, as grass does.

Lycaon : son of Lycus, and as

Lycus : a wolf, Lycaon may be the Greek answering to Lopez, for Lycus might be a man so called as our Wolfe (gen- eral).

Lycaonia may be the kingdom of Lycaon, or from river

Lycus : white = Elbe, from Albis white, but Lycus may mean wolf (river) as

Zab : river where wolves drank, it is con. Zeeb : a wolf, a hysena, so called from the noise made. Thousands of men have been named Zab. Xenophon in his Anabasis mentions the Zab.

Louvre (palace) : she wolf, killed when foundation was being laid.

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 175

WoLSEY (cardinal) : wolf's island, near Winchester, where the Welsh paid tribute in wolves' heads, Woolsey = Ulva, as

Shippey : sheep island, and Ramsay (Allan) : ram's island = Faroe : island of sheep.

DUPANLOUP (bishop) : of the wolfs head, carried on shield.

PiNCELOUP : wolf snarer, trapper, catcher, con. Pincers, from Prehendo : to take hold of.

WooLNOTH : bold wolf, warrior. Notman (sometimes) : bold man.

Louvois (statesman) : wolf's wood, forest haunted by.

AsTOLPH : hasty wolf, raging for fight or prey, whence our

Hastings (Warren). Lupus, Love, takes a dim.,

LovELL (lord) = Ulphilas, Phelan : little wolf.

" He was beloved by all, and most of all by the children ; For he told them of the Loup-garou iu the forest, And the goblin, that came in the night to water the horses."

Loup-garou is the remnant of a superstition that prevailed throughout Europe for three thousands of years. An old writer says, " Were-wolves (the English of Loup-garou) are certayne sorcerors, who having annoynted their bodies with an oynment which they make by the instinct of the Diuell, and putting on a certayne inchanted girdle, does not only unto the view of others, seeme as Wolues, in worrying and killing and most of humane creatures." This is what the Greeks meant by

Lycanthropy : a man becoming like a wolf. Thus Perian- der's son,

Lycophron : wolf-minded, and notably

Lycambes (father of Neobule) : wolf-life, animated by a wolf.

" Thy currish spirit Govern'd a wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter Even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet, And whilst thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam, Infused itself in thee."

Lycopheon, Lycambes of the Greeks, accurately answer to WoLFMUTH (Michael) of the Germans. Each of three may be interpreted wolf-inspired.

These names and words are relics of belief in transmigration, a doctrine yet held by the major part of Adam's race. That many Jews held it is manifest from IVIatt. xvi. 14. " Some say thou art John the Baptist ; some Elijah : and others Jeremiah." Now, of these, two were known to be dead, John and Jere- miah. The same is plain from John ix. 2, " Did this man sin that he was born blind ?" All unconverted Jews hold it, as do the Chinese and Hindoos. The latter eschew beefsteaks lest they should be dining off a grandfather.

170 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

LUPA: she wolf = Louve. By her help we unlock the myth of the twa bairns put out to be wet-nursed by Mrs. Wolf. In Virgil we have her equivalent in

Flavia Lycorias : auburn-tressed Lupa. This last gives Lupercal, where the twins were suckled, or because there the Lycian Pan received adoration.

"May we do so? You know it is the feast of Lupercal."

GuNDULPH : war- wolf, whence Godolphin (lord).

AuTOLYCUS : a wolf itself, rapacious, great robber.

BiDDULPH: commanding wolf = Lycomedes (king), gives Botolfstown, contracts to Boston.

Bardolph : bear wolf, attendant on Thor, standing by the man named from them in battle as they stood close to Thor, contracts to Balfe (composer).

Randolph : shielded by wolf-god (Ran : a shield round), gives Ralph, Roff, Rawlings, Ralston : Ralph's town.

Lycurgus (Spartan): wolf-guard = BERGER: flock protector, early designations for shepherds, con. Lycopolis (Egypt) : wolf city, exactly answers to our Whelpton (pills) and Lupinof (actor).

WoLFSRUNA (St.): runes, counsels, like a wolf = Wolfrad, con. Runnymede : council meadow, Wolverhampton is from Wolfsruna.

Maidulph (cantingly given as maid heljjer) : mead wolf =

Lyulph (ly for lea), neither haunting mountain nor wood, gives Maidulphsbury, whence Malmesbury (wine).

WoLSELEY (Garnet) : wolf's field, place frequented by wolves.

WoFFENDALE: valley frequented by wolves. Wolves were at large in England till A.D. 1300. January was called "Wolf- monat, to wit, Wolfs-month, because people are M^ont always in that month to be more in danger to be devoured of wolves than in any season els of the yeare ; for that, through the extremity of cold and snow, the ravenous creatures could not find of other beastes sufficient to feed upon." In Scotland, where they never were numerous, though there they had better cover, the last was slain by Sir Ewen Cameron, far on in the seventeenth century. Rory Currah was Ireland's great wolf-slayer. The last was killed in the Wicklow mountains A.D. 1770. There are few Celtic personal names con. the wild dog, for so the Celts called the wolf. We have

Madden : dog, fox, or wolf.

Skene : a dagger, a clansman, so called for killing wolf therewith. The M^orship of the wolf-god never took amongst the Gaels, so that any names having to do with the wolf must

GEBMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 177

be disassociated from the god if met with in Scotland and of Highland origin. The king of France kept a Louvetier : wolf hound master, whence Lovet (lord).

TuRPiN (Turi-lupin) : wolf of Turin, a heretic. Papists so named the followers of Claude, Bishop of Turin, as he favoured the doctrines of the Vaudois. Lupin : wolf plant, earth devourer. Wolf's bane: wolf-killer, Wolf, Vulp(es), Yelp, Guelph, Golpe (O. French for a fox, made obsolete by Renard : hard judge), are one word given to the animal for the skirl it makes.

Waddilove, Wadlow (truly innocent looking) are wolves in sheep's clothing, being formed on Vado and Lupus — invad- ing wolves, warriors good at a raid across the marches. Then

FiDLER (note, not Fiddler) is fashioned on Vis de lou : visage of a wolf, hairy and scowling =

Hun : face like a hound. The German Jews revel in proper names taken from animals, as

HiRSCH = our Hart, Bock, Deer, yet it is far from correct that all their names are taken from the animal world.

Galpin (Cassels) = Fox. The names Lupus, Love, Lupa, LoBOs, Lycus, Lycorias, Guelph, Ulph, Jelf, Zeeb, and HiRPUS = Wolfe, Hirpus, signifying literally snatcher =

Harpy : ravisher, whence Harpagus (general) and

Harpalycus : harpy wolf, ravishing wolf, ravenous robber. These names show how wide the range of the wolf has been ; but we will make from wolves to gods. Teutons worshipped more by libations than did the Celts. Every bred English labourer will, when he has finished drinking his pint of beer, invert the pot so that its drainings and foam fall on to the earth. I have noticed many Irish and Scotch labourers drink- ing, but never saw one so do. The residuum let fall was once a libation to the Ases. From drinking religiously to the Asiric divinities we owe our drinking healths. An old Saxon would lift up his bowl of ale and say, " Here's to Thor's min ": to the minding of Thor, then he would pour out the remainder as though it would be licked by Thor's bear and wolf. Through this form of worship the Germans and English drink more than most people in the world. Hindoos and Mahometans worshipping on the dry principle are more sober. The Eddaic mythology taught the immortality of all men. But those who have wounds in the front of their bodies received in combat enter Valhalla, answering to the Celtic

Flathinnis : island of the brave, where companionising with Ases they drink ale or metheglen from the skulls of conquered foes. When fou they fell into attitude and fought unto death, sleeping during the night to awaken next morning and pass through the same happy scenes. Valhalla was called Ham :

178 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

home, and a dying warrior was said to be going home. The Teutonic Peter who kept the gate of Valhalla was called

Henry (ham ric, ry) : home ruler. The antiquity of this name may be inferred from the number of its derivations, viz., Hendry, Henderson, Henrietta, Hendrick, Handricks, howbeit Harry, Harris, Harrison, Hal, Harriet, Hawes, Herries, Herrick, Halley, Halsey are not from Henry, but an independent word, viz.,

Harry : one who harries, plunders, man of war having a weakness for expropriation = Merode: marauder. Our ancestors also believed in a water demon who like Hross had three legs. Him they called

Nick, whence Nixon : son of Nick, spiteful, giving the metal Nickel. When the miners first discovered it they naturally thought it was silver, but finding it to be far inferior thereto, thought old Nick had changed its nature, and so they termed it Nickel. This name has been generally mis- guessed from Nicolas. The ancient Germans worshipped neither Muses nor Graces. Greeks sought the good and adored the beautiful, becoming like the gods they adored. Teutonic service of the gods was often limited to bravery, whereby the Germans became as indomitable as the Ases. Howbeit, they were characterised by a love of freedom equal to that of their fondness for war. In the nature of things braves cannot be slaves. They cherished a strange fondness for home quite contrastive with that of the Red Indians. In their march from the Black Sea to the Baltic, unlike Greeks, Romans, or British on the line of march, they took their home with them, household requisites and family. Hence the Germanic stock care much for fireside enjoyment and home pleasure more than the Romance nations do. They take kindly to civilisation by reason of training to labour in encampments and marches for a thousand years. Hence they colonise with success which no purely Celtic race does. We must not part company with this grand old stock without adding that amongst their demi- gods was

Bill : the moon, whence our Bill = Mohun, and

Billings (Josh) : son of Bill = BiLS0N. Now, as every one knows, this name is generally given as a form of Will, but suum cuique. Bilsland : was land whereon was the hofif: temple of Bill. Asiric tradition teaches that at a destined period our earth will be destroyed by fire, which will be done by

Surtur : the black one, sooty, who sits at the end of the earth holding a flaming sword. Hence

Sutter (Califomian captain). Till the world ends Loki remains fettered in his Caucasian cave. A new world is to

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 179

emerge from the ruined old, wherein the good, i.e., the valiant, will be happy. Then the .A.ses sit in judgment condemning all cowards to dreary habitations. From the mythologies of Celt, Greek, German, and Roman, a third part of Biblical his- tory, doctrines, and prophecies may be inferred. These nations must have had a primitive religion in common, of which their mythologies are the debris. The Teutonic Valhalla was an exaggerated memory of hunting and fighting amidst the pri- meval forests which the Muscovites cut down when unearth- ing the Circassians a few years ago. They were a remnant of the old Asir stock. From that Caucasian Olympus of the Asirs we have our love of liberty, our fortitude, our aptitude for labour, and scorn of danger. Our native mountains are loftier by far than Ossa and Pelion as, though foreshadowing days when we Anglo-Saxons would by as much excel the Greeks. Our Bible knows Baal, Milchom, Moloch, Dagon, Astarte, Jupiter, Mars, Apollo, Diana, but is ignorant of Odin, Thor, Hilda, because the cradle of our race and their western route all lay far north of Palestine. Biblical silence as to the Asirs and their warlike sons is indirect proof that Asiric wor- ship, like Druidic, was not in the habitat of prophets and inspired penmen. Yet Paul says: "Where there is neither barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free." The apostle of the Gen- tiles had heard of our fighting ancestors. So, in the book of Maccabees we read : " Ptolemee taking the king aside into a certain gallery, as it were, to take the air, brought him to be of another mind, insomuch that he discharged Menelaus from the accusations, who, notwithstanding, was the cause of all the mischief ; and those . poor men, who, if they had told their cause — yea, before the Scythians, should have been judged in- nocent, them he condemned to death." Though the Germans had only so faint a connection with the Hebrews, their knowledge of facts and doctrines clearly stated in the scriptures, is truly wonderful. According to them the first man was

JEsc : an ash tree, being made therefrom.

Embla : the elm, was first woman. The sons of Hengist, who reigned hundreds of years in Kent, were called

^sciNGAS : sons of the ash, of the aboriginal stock = Isce- vones of Germany. There is a true and deep connection be- teen xylomancy, telling fortunes by trees (the Greeks called it rhabdomancy : rod divination), and the marriage of Adam and Eve. A thousand years ago, when a Saxon was smitten of Cupid he went to

AsHCONNER : who kenned all about the ash tree branches, and consulted him as to his bride and outcome of union. Her- rick refers to this old custom when he says : —

180 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

" Of ash-beaps by tbe which ye see Husbands and wives by streaTcs to cbuse, Of crackling laurel, which fire-sounds, A plenteous harvest to your grounds."

Choosing a wife by ash streaks, was a form of consulting Adam as to which of his daughters should be chosen. Who fails to see a connection between this and the streaks Jacob made in poplar, hazel, and chesnut rods ? Boys now read the low (root of lum), glour in the fire to see things to come, but men did it thousands of years since, only the boy's fire is of sea- coal, but our ancestors' fire was charcoal of ash or flaming laurels. Strange to tell, men took to the ash (Adam), but women to the elm (Eve, like to like) : hence we have Witch Elm, and the famous name

Wycherley (William) : his cognomen being from a field in which such trees grew. Tree worship was not unknown to the Celt as

(Mc)CoLL: the hazel, and Beith: the birch; not dwelling near, made of, but original. The German word Gott now applied solely to God was originally applied to any Asir in the sense of good (fighter), just as a pugilist terms that person a good man who can hit hard and is a glutton at punishment. It is now a common directory name.

Gott gives Gottin : goddesses, as Hilda, Hela, Frigga, hence Gottingen (university) : abode of the Asir goddesses = Hildersheim : Hilda's home, suggesting Thoresby, Thurso : Thor's home, and giving the provincial English name

HiLDERSHAM.

AsHCONNER C071. Elcorn, Oldcorn (& Garnet), forms of aleconner : an exciseman, a afuaser.

( 181 )

CHAPTER X.

HIERONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL.

This title is con. Hieronymus : called after a god, a holy- name, giving Jerome, Giralamo, Geronimo. These be they which in earlier ages were not only names but powers, mighty powers too, and much for evil. No man now trembles at the mention of Jove, Baal, Pluto, Thor, or Dis — gods supernal or infernal — nevertheless, records of their supposed being and doing are fraught with instruction, and may not be lightly lost sight of. So antiquaries and geologists search on and under the earth to win information for historians, despising neither coins, barely legible, nor the rude looking stone. Such skilful toil unveiled Herculaneum, laying bare the inner social life of patrician and plebian as the current of life flowed in the days of the elder Pliny. Such names tell the thoughts and intents of heathendom when as yet it was, in its appointed way, preparing our place on the great stage of history. The mind Divine encompasses past, present, and to come, blending all in one eternal Now. Man is likest God in intellect when apprehending, to the extent of his limited powers, the history of the past, the laws governing multiform being, whereby he is able, though in small measure, to forecast in economics and physics. Such being the case, what field of thought is despic- able to a thinker ? Even though, by reason of past study, his mind be so richly stored with literary lore that novelty of in- formation be impossible, still he despises not a suggestion, knowing it may prove the means of linking thought to thought, in the order of cause and consequence, whereby he may per- fect knowledge already realised, but lacking this finishing touch. Our chapter will be in much part, mythological, a study as needful to the divine as alchemy to the chemist. As light flowed by command from anterior darkness, cosmos from chaos, so science was based on previous error. Not the less has that error a beauty, a charm wholly its own. There was a system, a glamour of beauty, about myths and gods to which cultured minds ever render the tribute of admiration. Those ancients adored their gods, we moderns admire them. The spell that bound a son of Hellas gazing on Olympus may be gauged by the fascination, yet hovering over his literature, architecture, and statuary. No such beauty adorns the grotesque gods of the East Indies and the South Sea Islands. They lack the mystic grandeur, the harmonious adaptation of

182 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

gods to men characterising the mythology of Homeric and Virgilian lands. What comparison can there be between the six armed Siva cutting off the fifth head of Brahma and Apollo striking the lyre in the Temple of the Muses ? The Greeks and their imitators the Romans divide gods into celestial, terrestial, and infernal. When praying to the last, they pointed earthwards or stamped upon the ground. Infernal is con. Infra : beneath, In-hera : in the earth. The di-gamma, /being used formatively.

Hera: earth, gives the telluric deities, earth-born gods, Ares (Mars), Her-mes (Mercury), Her-a (Juno).

Areopagus : Mars' hill, Arion (poet) : son of Ares, Aretas (king) : martial, war-like = Martin, Aretino (Guy) : warrior, Arethusa : virtuous, valiant, Aristos : best, most like Mars = Best (beat, beater, beatest, best : who beats all).

Hera (Juno, earth-born goddess) gives Hercules : Juno's glory, Ercole (Itn. form), Herodotus (father of history) : Juno's gift, Heraclea : city of Hercules. In the system of Berosus, the sun is called Arsa : burner, whence Arses (son of Ochus) : son of the sun, destroyer, con. Ur. Therein the earth is called Aretz, whence Erzeroum : Rouman land.

Eros : love, is from Hera : earth. " The cosmogenic Eros of Hesoid is appai-ently a personification of the principle of attraction, on which the coherence of the material world depends." Simonides assigned him Aphrrodite : foam spring, and Ares : earth, for parents ; a mythical way of saying Eros was child of Earth and Sea.

Epaphras : foam sprung, may be viewed as the masculine of Aphrodite. " Epahras, a servant of Christ, saluteth you."

Eros : love, con. Erasmus, Erato (presides over love songs, lyric poetry),

Eratosthenes (geographer) : strength of Erato. Her-o : earth sprung =

Gyges : a giant. Giant from Ge : earth, whence Gaius (mine host), Caius, Kay (Shuttleworth), when not from Hugh, Key as in Key's College. The Greek idea of giant is earth born, the German notion great eater. Consult Jute, Turnus, Jotun, Oatts. Besides Hera, Ge, Terra meaning earth, we have Ops and Tellus of similar meaning, whence

Oppius (C;esar's friend): son of the earth, Oppidius = Tuisco : earth born, autocthon.

Oppidium : an enclosed earth work, a city = Turra from Terra : earth which in its turn is = Tel-el-Kebir : strong earth work = Purgos, from Ge : earth.

TuLLius, TuLLY, TuLLiAN, Tertullus (orator), Tertullian (father) : earth born, indigenous, very (ter) ancient. Hera is the root of Aro : I plough, Sero : I sow, and Erian : to plough.

HIE RONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 183

Demetek (Ceres) : ge meter, mother earth. Demetrius, DiMiTRi : worshipper of Ceres.

Ceres: increaser, con. Creseo: I grow, whence Cress = Grass : that which grows. Ceremony : worship of Ceres, as Veneration : adoration of Venus. That Ceres is to be under- stood of the earth is manifest from the myth making Plutus (god of riches), the son of Ceres, and Pluto (god of hell), son of Saturn : sower, and Ops : earth.

Plutus, Pluto, formations on Polus : much, many, meaning rich by crops, or metals got from the earth, Polus gives Poll : university degrees, Plus : more, plu in plu-perfect, full and poly as Polynesia : many islands.

Plutarch (biographer): chief in riches = Polymeles (his- torian): many sheep, opulent (ovis) = GEMALLi: rich in camels. Dis for Dios : divine, other name of Pluto, is root of Dives : riches got by spade, plough, or pick.

Hera also gives Germanic goddess, Hertha = Demeter. From Ops : earth, we have Opici : aborigines of Campania, Opaque : earthy, not to be seen through. Corroborating above, Homo: a man, from Humus: ground, whence Humilis : low. Humility, the opposite of Hauteur: highmindedness, Humidus: moist, low lying, Humanity: becoming mankind. Homo forms Hon in French, as

Prudhon (communist) for Prudhomme (" Le Journal") : prudent man, following odd fashions, antiquated. Hon forms One : a person, as : " One hardly knows what to say." To summarise, we have gods, men, principles, and common names traced to a telluric source, as Ares, Hermes, Hera, Eros, Ceres, Ops, Demeter, Hertha, Hero, Gaius, Caius, Tulsco, TuLLiLTS, Tully, Opici, giant, aro, sero, erian, homo, hon, one : all of the earth earthy.

Dios (Jupiter) : divine, gives Dioclea : Jupiter's glory, city where his temple is, like Heraclea : where temple of Hercules, giving Heraclitus, so former gives DioCLETiAN (emperor) : from Dioclea in Dalmatia. He is also called

Zeus : living, in the superior sense of life giving, eon. Zoon : an animal, a living thing.

Zephyr : life bringer. Zopyrus (maimed his nose to take Babylon): the fire of Zeus, lightning = Barca, Llewellyn.

Zeus: living, gives Dios, Dis, Divus: a god, fern. Diva (Patti) : a prima donna, Divine: god like, Divination : reveal- ing mind of god as to future. DiON (Cassius) : divine, DiONYSius (Bacchus) : dug out of Dios, gives (St.) Dennis, which some contract to Sidney, but this is local, meaning south water.

Diogenes (snarler) : begotten of Dios. Diotrephes (pre- eminence) : nourished of Dios, his protege.

184 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Dios : divine, gives the ferns. Dione, Diana. Hence, too, Dioscuri : divine twins, Castor and Pollux. " A ship of Alexandria, whose sign (figure head) was Dioskourois."

DiOSCORlDES (physician to Anthony) : son of divine twins, their worshipper. Dios also forms Jovis, and Jovispater : Jupiter : father Jove, and the fern, of Jove is Juno, whence also Jovial : merry, like Jupiter or Olympus at a banquet, hence, too, Jocundis, Joke : witticisms at feast of gods. Dios forms Dii : gods, whence dies : a day, the portions of time being named from gods, as Vendredi : Venus' day, Friday, as Thursday from Thor. Dies gives Diurnal, Journal, etc.

Hermes and Aphrodite give Hermaphrodite : Mercury and Venus in one, androgyne, John and Joan.

Mercury (medius curro) : middle runner, courier between earth and skies. Though some give it as con. Merx : mer- chandise, Merceo : to sell, whence Mercenary : a hireling. Alchemists applied it to Quicksilver : living, moving silver. So lead was called Saturn, and copper Mars. Phos : light, gives

Hephestus (Vulcan): fire god^AoNi, called from Mulceo: I soothe, soften, from Mollis : soft, Mulciber : metal softener. Vulcan gives Volcano : workshop of the fire god. Vulcanise : to make metallic looking.

" Nor was bis name unheal*' cl and unadorned In ancient Greece ; and in the Ausonian land Men called him Mulciber : and how he fell From heaven they fabled, thrown by angry Jove Sheer o'er the crystal battlements ; from morn To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, A summer's day ; and with the setting sun Dropt from the zenith like a fallen star On Lemnos, th' Mgean isle."

EsTiA, Vesta (the zenith) star. " The altar of the deity was in the centre of the house, and sacrifices commenced with her, because, as Plato says in Timoeus, she was the oldest of all the gods ; or rather the pivot on which they all turned." She was also worshipped under the form of the crescent moon. Horace calls her " Siderum regina bicornis : " the two horned queen of the stars.

AsTARTE : star goddess, Astrifiammante : flaming star, queen of night. Hester, Esther, Eoster, Asteria, Estelle, Stella : stars, risers, shiners.

AsTEROPE : star faced, glorious. Astrophile (and Stella) : lover of star lady, Asterion : son of a star, con. ^stus : the tide, rising waters, whence Estuary : tide way. East : point of sun rising. Austria \ east kingdom. Yeast : barm, which makes to rise. Eoster is identical with Easter : when special honours were paid to the Saxon Astarte.

HIERONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 185

Hester (when male name) : Easter born, fortunate.

Typhon (con. Typhoon : wind spindrifting the sea like smoke) : son of smoke, volcanic agency personified.

Pallas : brandisher, spear vibrator, con. Ballo : I throw. Palladium: an aerolite, said to be statue of Pallas fallen from heaven, upon which Trojan safely depended. Trial by jury is the palladiiiin of Britisli liberty. Luke says, " Ye men of Ephesus, what man is there who knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is temple-keeper of the great Diana and of the (aerolite) which fell down from heaven." This aeorlite was the pedestal of Artemis. To this hour there is one served in the Medjid (Temple) at Mecca, called Kaaba, which the Arabs say was white when it was the footstool of God at the time He visited Adam in Paradise, but turned black when he sinned. Thousands of hadjis will kiss it this year.

Pallas when an English name is formed on pool and esk,

Artemisia (Carian queen) : daughter of Diana, Artemis.

Minerva : strong, nervous, con. Nero, Nerva : men of nerve and verve.

Janus is a form of Eanus, from Eo: I go, alluding to change of seasons. He was Bifrons : two faced, one looking to old year, other to new, Memory and Hope, like Hugin and

MUNNIN.

Janus, con. Janua : a gate, from Eo : I go, exactly = Gate, from Go, which gives gad, Gadsby — gadfly, goat, guest, Pren- DERGAST, Ghaut : the mountain gate. Janitor: gate-keeper = Yates, Gates. January : gate of the year.

Artemis (Diana) : whole, pure, virgin = Agnes, Jezebel, Parthenos (Sciote monk). A man may be a virgin, only a woman can be a maid. " These (144,000) are they which have not defiled themselves with women (been guilty of spiritual adultery, idolatry) : for they are virgins." Parthenos = ViR- GiNius. Hence Artemus (Ward).

Apollo (sun, whence sunstroke) : destroyer = Arsa (Persian). Apollyon : son of destroyer = Abaddon (symbolic king of locusts) = Balaam. Apollos : dedicated to Apollo. Apollo- DORUS (the illustrious) : gift of Apollo = Mithridates. Phce- Bus : life light (the sun) Phcebe (moon) fern. Diana. Him they armed with golden arrows, rays, her with silver.

" Queen and huntress, chaste and fair,

Now the sun is laid to sleep ; Seated in thy silver chair,

State in wonted manner keep, Hesperus intreats thy light

Goddess excellently bright !

" Lay thy bow of pearl apart,

And thy crystal shining quiver ; 13

186 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Ard give niito the flying hart,

Space to breathe, how short so ever ; Thou that mak'st day of night,

Goddess excellently bright I

Hesperus is a short form of Eospervis : light scatterer, the gloaming, gives Hesperia, Italy, so called by Greeks, the Ro- mans said the same of Spain. It is the op. of Anatolia : sun- rise country, the Levant, Hesperides (three) : daughters of Hesperxhs. Vespers : evening worship, the evening star being in the west. Vespertilio (bat) : evening bird. West is a form of vast, applied to the Atlantic, wherein the sun seemed to set to old worlders.

Atlas : bearing much, mountains of N. A. personified. As the clouds rested on them they seemed to bear up the sky, the world,

Atlantiades : daughters of Atlas, Atlantic islands. That ocean is named from washing roots of Atlas mountains.

Cybele : cube like, perfect, a cube being symbolic of per- fection.

Pan : all, all the principles and powers of nature personified, gives

Faunus (son of Picus) : a satyr, hence Fawn : young deer, Fauna : animals of a country.

"In shadier bower More sacred and sequester'd, though but feign'd Pan or Sylvanus never slept, nor Nymph Nor Faunus haunted."

Sylvanus, Silas : son of the wood = Savage : wood-dweller. Pan gets the credit of teaching the aborigines of Italy to make bread, whence called Panis, giving Panniers: bread baskets. After baking he took to building, and erected the first temple from which any temple is called Fanum, giving Profane : before the temple, unclean, excommunicatee. After cookery and architecture he began his military career as a lieutenant under General Bacchus, whom he served in his Indian cam- paign. He won no star-medal but scared the enemy, whence Panic : fright caused by Pan. He was worshipped at the Phials of the Jordan, where a city was built to his honour, called Paneas or Banias : son of Pan. Pandora : all gifts. The Graces were

Aglaia: splendid, Thalia: flourishing, Euphrosyne: merry girl, making of a joyful mind, nearly = Euphrates and Phryne: rich in mental endowments. The Hours were

Eunomia : good law, Dice : justice, Irene : peace.

" Universal Pan Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance, Led on th' eternal spring."

HIE BONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 187

Clotho (the Fates): cloth worker, spinster = Filatrice : thread spinner.

Atropos : not to be turned, inexorable, unmoved by prayers,

Lachesis : allotter, who give mortals their lot. When hap- piness was to be a man's portion, they span a white thread, but black if his undertakings were to be disastrous. Clotho held the distaff, Lachesis spun the thread, Atropos cut it.

Fates from Fari : to speak = Weird (Sisters), from Word. The Muses were

Calliope (1) -. beautiful voiced, con. Kali : beautiful, and Zuleika : music voiced. -

Clio (2) : proclaimer, caller out, con. Clytus : renowned = Polyphemus : much spoken about. Clesides (painter): son of Clio, famous man. Clisthenes (invented ostracism) : strength of Clio, illustrious.

Melpomene (3) : cantatrice, songstress, co7i. Philomela : lover of song, giving Filomel. Melodious : pleasing as song, Melodeon : giver of melody,

Euterpe (4) : turning well, moving gracefully, con. Trophy victorious turning-point in battle. Tropics : sun's turning- point, Eutropius (historian) : Euterpe's son, polished man.

Erato (5) : amiable, con Eratosthenes (librarian) : Erato's strength, an admirable man.

Terpsichore (G) : turning gracefully in the dance, fascinating danseuse. Choir was anciently dancers. Choragus : dance leader = Corypheus.

Urama (7): heavenly muse = CELESTiXA, Himmelina, con. Uranus : distant planet,

Thalia (8) : blooming with youth and beauty. May take it as fern, of Thales (of seven wise men) and = Bloomer, Florence, Flora and Flora : the vegetation of a country. Thales = Florus. Thalpius (Helen's" suitor): Thalia's son, handsome fellow, p formative = Tantalus (Lydian king), gives Tantalise : to tease.

" They ferry over this Lethean sound Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment, And wish and struggle, as they pass, to reach, The tempting stream, with one small drop to lose In sweet forgetfulness all pain and woe, All ill a moment, and so near the hrink ; But Fate withstands, and to oppose th' attempt INIedusa with Gorgonian terror guards The ford, and of itself the water flies All taste of living wight, as once it fled The lips of Tantalus."

Polymnia : full of hymns, tuneful, con. POLYBIUS (Corinthian king): long lived, patriarchal = Geryon : aged, who governs.

188 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Museum : temple of the Muses. Musa : a song, Music : the science of song. Amuse : to sing to. Muses : singers.

Antiope (Amazonian queen) : beholder, large eyed, con. Optics: science of vision = Europa : ox eyed (bull's back). From her we are supposed to have the word Europe : landing- place of Europa. These names are the ojo. of Myotis : she who shuts her eyes in a pretty playful manner.

Amphitrite (ocean personified as a woman) : rolling round.

Brontes : thunderer , hammersmen = Thor. Cyclops (forms CocLES, Horatius) : whirler of forehammer, alluding to sledge hammers, describing segments of circles, con. Encyclical : circular letter, sent all round. Briareus : strong = Forbes. CoTTUS (Titan) : smiter = Smith, and giving Cotta (Aurelius).

Britomartis (Cretan goddess): sweet maid. Cranaus (of Athens): head, chief, con. Cranium: the head, Creon, fern. Creusa, Crcesus (rich) : governor, Cressida : royal daughter.

ScYLLA : rockhead, identical with Scull : hard part of head.

Calypso (Oceanide) : hidden, covered, con. Apocalypse : uncovered, as

Latona, Leto : latent ones, being maids they were Alamoth : hidden in harems, or by veils.

Cacus (robber) : bad, con. Cacodemon : fiend, devil. Demons, like other spirits, were good or bad.

GoRGOX : terrible. Demogorgox : terrible demon. Des- DEMONA : demon bound, afraid of ghosts, superstitious.

"And the cannibals, that each other eat, The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads Do grow bensath their shouklers. These things to hear Would Desdemona seriously incline."

Stheno (Gorgon 1) : strong one, as Sthexelaus (Mycenian king) : strength of the people = Demosthenes, Folkhardt.

EuRYALE (2) : wide sea, con. Euripus (strait) : wide flowing, whence Euripides (tragedian) : son of Euripus, changing like its tide, fickle. Eurynome (mother of Graces) : wide ruling. Nomos : law.

Medusa (3) : cornmandress. This and Medea (sorceress) may be taken as ferns, of Medon : commander.

^OLUS : variable, as the wind, ^olian lyre : harp played by the wind.

Esculapius (Egyptian god) : man dog, man of wisdom, dog for vigilance.

Galatea (thea) : milk-white goddess, con. Galaxy: milky way.

Gallio (deputy) : brought up on milk by hand = Achilles : without the lip.

Lactantius (apologist) : son of milk, con. Via lactea : milky way = Foster.

HIEBONYMS-NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 189

Leucothea : white goddess, the dawn personified.

" Meanwhile, To re-salute the world with sacred light, Leucothea waked, and with fresh dews emhalm'd The Earth."

Hebe : youth, Ganymede : joy commanding, con. Oregon : mountain joy, that covers the hills with flowers.

Eden, Aden: pleasure, gives Adonis: pleasure giver. " Adorns symbolised the quickly fading flower of youth — of all that flourishes luxuriantly and perishes rapidly ; and the festivals which bore his name, the celebration of which was accompanied by the lamentations of women, were amongst those in which the ancients had reference to the decay of nature." The Syrians called Adonis,

Thammuz : hidden, not to be found = Calypso, L axon a, Leto, —

" Tliammuz came next behind, Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured The Syrian damsels to lament his fate In amorous ditties all a summer's day ; While smooth Adonis from his native rock Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood Of Tliammuz yearly wounded."

Adonis (the river) : red, con. Adam : red earth, Edom : red- bodied, so called from carrying down sand and red ochre after heavy rains. Adonis was favourite of Venus, who mourned his loss when he was fatally wounded by a boar.

Venus from Venio : I come, that which brings, love by which comes life, Ventus : wind, which comes and goes, Veneor : to hunt, come after.

Tkis (rainbow) : uniter, link of beauty between earth and sky, con.

Irene (empress) : peacemaker. Iridescent : coloured like a rainbow.

Ireneus (father) : peaceful = Pacificus (frater), Solomon.

Iris was daughter of Thaumas : wonder, admiration, con.

Thaumaturgus : miracle worker, and Electra : brightness, con. Electricity : light from amber.

Meleager: land lover. Morpheus: shaper, former, con. Formosa. A god who prevented sleep being monotonous by varying it with dissolving views, commonly called dreams. Milton, with a charm all his own, describes his industry, but calls him Fancy for Phantasy, from Phainomai : to appear. It is to be distinguished from Imagination : the act of making mental imagery, —

" In the soul Are many lesser faculties, that sei-ve Eeason as chief, among these Fancy next

190 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Her office holds. Of all external things Which the five watchful senses represent, The forms, imaginations, aery shapes ■Which Reason joining or disjoining, frames All what we affirm, or what deny, and call Our knowledge or opinion ; then retires Into her private cell when Nature rests. Oft in her absence mimic Fancy makes To imitate her ; but by joining shapes Wild work produces oft, and most in dreams."

MoRPHE, also con. Morphia : sleep producing drug, Forma : shape, gives

FiRMius(conqueredbyAurelian): well framed = Beauregard, Area, Tetrander.

Nemesis (goddess of vengeance) : distributor, retribution bringer, con. Nomos : law. Anti-nomian : law opposer.

Omphale (Lydian queen) : the navel, con. Umbo, Umbilical, a name of mystic meaning, con. worship, derived from Egypt, and =

Delphi : the womb (of the world), con. Adelphos : a brother, one from the same womb.

Neptune : washer (of the shore). Posideon : footbinder, salt waters difficult to walk in.

Pelops : dark faced, swarthy visaged = Swartz, .^sop, Dee, Duff, Darnley, con. Apelles = Phin : fair.

Peleus : black -a-vised, giving Pelopidas (Theban) : son of Pelops, Peloponnesus : island of Pelops, now Morea for Romea : Rouman territory.

Sisyphus : very wise, con. Sophia : wise woman. Sophist : having semblance of wisdom.

NiOBE (daughter of Tantalus) : new life, con. Biography : life description.

Bias (of seven) : full of life = Wicks. The rivers of Hell were

Lethe : forgetfulness. con. Leto : hidden, as drinking of it hid former life.

Phlegethon : burning, con. Phlegon : fiery temper. Phlo- giston : burning gas, phlegm : viscid matter from infiam- mation.

Acheron : ache run, flowing with pain, con. Achan : troubler.

Cocytus : wailing.

Ulysses : anger (of his grandfather). Odyssey : ode of Ulysses, song of his wanderings.

Osiris : much eye, the Sun, Egyptian Apollo.

Isis : the eye, the Moon, the Egyptian Diana. Some ex- cellent writers give

Isis as formed upon Isha : a woman. Eve deified.

Baal, some give as lord, others derive from Orel : serpent

HIEBONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 191

of God, greatest, con. Ophis : a serpent, whence Ophiusa : serpent isle.

Ophiucha : Serpentarius : serpent holder. Ophion : great serpent = Obel.

Python : stretcher, great expander, said to have sprung from the slime of the Deucalian (Noachian ?) flood, being slain by Apollo, the Pythian games were instituted in commemora- tion.

" Dreadful was the din Of hissing through the hall, thick swarming now With complicated monsters, head and tail, Scorpion, and Asp, and Amphisboena dire, Cerastes horn'd, Hydra, and Elops drear, And Dipsas (not so thick swarm'd once the soil Bedrop't with blood of Gorgon, or the isle Ophiusa) ; but still greatest he the midst, Now Dragon grown, larger than whom the sun Engendered in the Pythian vale on slime. Huge Python. .....

And fabled how the Serpent, whom they call'd Ophion with Eurynome, the wide Encroaching, Eve perhaps."

Scorpion : scatterer (of poison). Asp : a shield. Amphis- boena : going either way.

Ceraste : horned. Hydra : water snake. Elops : glider.

Dipsas : thirst (producer), con. Dipsomania : madness for drink. "As we went to prayer a certain damsel possessed with a pythonic spirit met us." Pythonised men inflated them- selves as though receiving an ajjiatus (consult Flamen) from the deity, which was like serpent swelling, or leather bottles tilling. That the Jews were guilty of ophiolatria is plain from their use of the word Ophel, identical with Obel : the serpent of God = Ophion. " Manasseh compassed Ophel, and raised it up a very great height." The Medians were serpent worshippers also, as their names show.

AsTYAGES : dragon, flying serpent, Dejoces : biting snake. No civilised people, free from ophiolatria, would take names for great men from reptiles. Obel forms

Baal, Bel, is the root of Lars : lord, Lara (Byron), Lares, household gods, Lartius : son of a lord = Herring.

" With these came they, who from the bord'ring flood Of old Euphrates to the brook that parts Egypt fi'om Syrian ground, had general names Oi Baalim and Ashtaroth ; those male, These feminine ; for spirits when they please Can either sex assume."

Baal gives Belus : son of Baal, Belial : useless. This is one of the most expressive in the entire Bible. It implies that a wicked man can do no good, must be useless, for " without

192 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAME'S.

me ye can do nothing." Baal answers to Apollo, Mithras, Arsa, Hadad, names under which the sun was worshipped, while AsTARTE, Venus, Diana, Urania corresponds to worship of star or moon.

AsHBEL : august, fire of Baah " The sons of Benjamin were Belah, Becker, and Ashbel."

Baladan (Baal adon): Baal is lord, the opponent of Adonijah : Jehovah is Lord.

Belshazzar: Bel most glorious. Belteshazzar : Bel's prince, the ruler Bel favours, nearly = Hannibal. That name must have been an abomination to the great slave Daniel. Gabriel does not say, O Belteshazzar ! but " O Daniel."

Eshbaal is identical with Ashbel. " Saul begat Eshhaal." He was also called

Ish-bosheth : man of shame = iEsCHYLUS. Bosheth : shame, confusion of face, is from Baal, whose worship brought shame. Some hold that Baal gives Balah : to destroy, to ruin, whence

Balaam : destroyer of people (am), but Baalam : of a strange people, a foreigner.

Mephibosheth : exterminating Baal. Merib-baal : con- tending against Baal. Saul mig-ht have named these his sons in a spirit of antagonism to his w^orship, but as Hebrews w^ere forbidden to mention gods, it would have looked healthier had there been no allusion to Baal in the names of the royal family.

Jerubaal : let Baal plead. A surname of Gideon, " But the name clave not to him."

Balthazar : king protected by Baal. Baal gave name to Baalbec and Arbela, cities wherein his sacrificial flame was kept burning. Beyrout is Baalberith : lord of the covenant. There are several places mentioned in the Old Testament from this god, as Baal-gad : lord of fortune, Baal-hamon : lord of the people, Baal-hazor : lord of Hazor. " Absalom had sheep- shearers in Baal-hazor." Baal so commonly combined with the names of localities that it came to mean simply a place, as

Baal-perazim : place of breaches. Baal-tamar : place of palms. It takes two forms, ferti., to wit, Baalah, Baalath. " The border was drawn to Baalah, which is Kirjath-jearim." Solomon built Baalath and Tadmor in the wilderness." Phil- istia served

Baalzebub, Baalzebul : fly lord = Jupiter Muscarius : the fly-dispelling Jove. In course of time this deified " Papier Moure" came into use with a contemptuous force, so that in apostolic times it was synonymous with Satan. Zebub : a fly = Tetze, S. African bull slayer, from Ze : noise made = Musca, from muzzing, for Muzca. Our Fly : that flees. Zebub, Tetze, Musca = Buz : to drone.

Baal-Peor, Baal-Phegor: lord of the dead. Jesus con-

HIERONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 193

trasts Jehovah with it. "Jehovah is not a god of the dead, but (God) of the living." " They joined themselves unto Baal- Peor, and ate the sacrifices of the dead," i.e., of the lord of the dead.

Adherbal (slain by Jugurtha) : greatness of Baal. Asdru- BAL (son of Hamilcar) : of the seed of Baal, con. Zoroaster : fire seed, begotten of the fire god.

Hamilcar is from the Sidonian Hercules, written in Punic, Ha-Melk-Art : the great king, con. Artaphernes : great shep- herd, leader.

Hannibal (Alps) = Baal-hanan : grace of Baal, born by. Latter very ancient.

Belephantes : Baal's priest. When Alexander entered Babylon he foretold his visit would be fatal.

Methumballes (Carthaginian noble) : man of Baal, con. Methuselah : man of the dart.

Cassivelaunus is the Roman form of Cassibelan, from the Cassi tribe in composition with Bel.

" He was carried From off our coast, twice beaten : and liis shipping (Poor ignorant baubles) on our terrible seas, Like egg-shells mov'd upon their surges crack'd As easily against our rocks For joy whereof The famed Cassibelan, who was once at point (O, giglot fortune !) to master Caesar's sword, Made Lud's town with rejoicing fires bright, And Britons strut with courage."

May was called by the aboriginal British Beltaen : the fire of Baal, as then the sacred fire was renewed on his altar in hon- our of the sun beginning to put forth power. The old custom of maying and dancing round the maypole is con. therewith. The dance symbolised the sun god circling through the sky. Baal was worshipped conjointly with Nebo, the star god. " Bel boweth, Nebo stoopeth."

Nebo : interpreter, foreteller, con. Naib, Nebi : a prophet = Weird : who speaks the word. Nebo was the Chaldean Mercury, by whose passage through the sky seasons were forecasted. So

Kronos (Saturn) for Chronos : time, time being measured thereby.

Nebushasban: worshipper of Nebo = Hermodulus : servant of Mercury.

Nebuchadnezzar : Nebo is the god of fire. Nebuzar-adan : Nebo's lord or leader = Hermianax. " JS'ebwchadnezzar, king of Babylon, gave charge concerning Jeremiah to Nehuzaradcin, the captain of the guard."

Nabopolassar : a compound of Nebo and Asar, a form of

194 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Asshur, the progenitor of the Assyrians, and to whom they owe their national designation. In return they deified him. So

TiGLATHPiLESER is composed of Tarkat (mother of gods = Ops) and Asar of Asshur.

EsARHADDOX (Asar adon) : lord of Assur, a name so accurately describing his office that it deserves being called a title. Assur combines with local names, as Telassar : hill of Assar, the mound where was his altai'. " We do sacrifice unto God since the days of Esarhaddon, king of Assur."

" Eden stretched her line From Auran eastward to the ro_yal towers Of great Seleucia, built, by Grecian kings, Or where the sons of Eden long before Dwelt in Telassar."

Tel : a hill, mound, earthwork, runs through many languages.

Sharezer : prince of fire, con. Sarah. Nergal-Sharezer : Nergal is prince of fire.

Nergal : rolling light, revolving star, con. Galilee, applied to a cock which crows at returning light. " The word of the Lord came unto Zechariah, when they had sent into the house of God Sharezer and Regem-Melech and their men, to pray before the Lord." Parallel to the cruelty of naming Daniel Belteshazzar was that of calling Zerubbabel

Sheshbazzar : fire worshipper. " All these did Sheshbazzar bring up with the captivity, they were brought up from Babylon to Jerusalem."

Zerubbabel : seed of Babylon, con. Zoroaster and answer to

Balbi, Balboa (Spanish Jews) : man from Babylon.

Asenath: belonging to Neith, the Egyptian Minerva, a wise person.

Zaphexath : he who receives Neith, wisdom, is divinely taught.

NiTOCRLS (Babylonian queen) : victory of Neith, wisdom wins.

Paaneah : he who flies pollution, an allusion to Joseph from his mistress.

PoTiPHAH and PoTiPHERAH differ as Joses and Joseph, each meaning priest of the suu^Heliophaxtes and the mad emperor

Heliogabalus, whose original name was Gabalus, from the Gabellus, tributary to the Po, which was changed when he became priest to the sun in Phoenicia.

Ram : ("of the kindred of"): high, gives RiMMOX : very high, applied to the pomegranate in a mystical sense, —

" Bimmon, whose delightful seat Was fair Damascus on the fertile banks Of Abana and Pharpar, lucid streams."

niEEONYAIS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 195

Tabkimmon : Rimmon's goodness. Tobiah: goodness of Jeliovah, gives Tobias, Toby (uncle). Tooby (usually given from it) : double dwelling, big house. Tob : good fertile soil = Aleppo : fat. " The elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah out of the land of Tob."

Hadad for Ad ad : one one, the one, most eminent, double first, applied to the sun.

Benhadad : son of the sun = Onion (temple of) from On: the sun.

Hadadezer : whose help is Hadad. " David smote also Hddadezer."

Dagon : great fish, literally = grampus, megalicthus, the emblem of fecundity from Dag : a fish, whence Tagus : fish river — Great Fish River of South Africa.

Nun, Non : a fish, the letter J, he who is prolific. " The children of Israel were fruitful, and increased like fishes." Dagon was a merman, —

" Then came one "Who mourn'd in earnest, when the captive ark Maim'd his bri:te iruage, head and hands lopp'd off In his own temple, on the ground edge Where he fell fiat, and sham'd his worshippers : Dagon his name, sea-monster, upward man And downward fish."

DoEG (the Edomite) : a fisherman. But DoiG (Scotch) : a dog, a gallant fighter.

Thoth (Egyptian god) : divine, con. Theos, Ti, Tu in Tuisco, gives

Thothmethes : Thoth 's man, con. Methuselah. Accord- ing to some authorities he was worshipped by the Teutons under the name of Tot, whence

Tottenham : home of Tot, built upon a site sacred to Tot. " Tottenham in his boots." This sobriquet was acquired by Charles Tottenham, Esq. of Wexford, and a member of the Irish Parliament. Tot became Dodd, giving

Doddridge (divine) : hill where Tot received divine honours = Tuttle for Tot's hill. The Egyptians were Caucasian, and in the pre-historic period swarmed from that hive of nations, the valleys of the Caucasus, long before the Teutons started for the Dofrafields. Hence German and Egyptians had bull and serpent worship in common ; besides words, ideas, and objects of adoration. The Egyptian for God is

Teut, nearly identical with the Asir, TiEU, whence Tues- day : God's day, literally.

Teucer (progenitor of Trojans) : a divine man, son of a god.

196 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Sibyl (theosboule) : giving the counsel of God = FABius, from Fari : to speak, con. Fable.

Nabi : who gives the word of God, con. Naboth (garden) = Theophrastus : who speaks the words of God.

Timor (Tieu and More : great) : great god, whence name, title, and place,

Baltimore : city of the great good. Timor, Bael, and Crom were the aboriginal tri-mutri of Britain.

Crom, Crum : curved, the moon in crescent. Cromwell : spring where Crom was worshipped =

(S)Caldwell : fountain where scalds sang to gods. Bal : a town or village, as in Balmerino = Seaton. Baltimore = Theopolis =

BoGATSKY : city of God. The Welsh had a god who came across the sea on a pig's back. Him they called

Coll : the hazel, probably he used the sacred wand to guide his porcine charger, whence

Cole (old king) and Gall (St.). We have seen that Shem : a name, and Aram : high, whence Arimathea = Hyam, gives

Semiramis : exalted name, famous, whence Semiramide daughter of Semiramis, but savans say it also gives

Semele (mother of Bacchus). " In the festival of the wine- press, the torch-bearer cried out to the people Kaleite Theou:" call ye upon God, and they answered " Semele laache plouto dota." As Semele admits of no grammatical construction in this sentence, and is connected with the Hebrew Jah, Dr. Hales deems that it denotes the Hebrew Shemali : hearken to me, as in Lev. xxvi. 21. This would give consistency to the popular response, as it would signify " Hearken to me, 0 Jah, thou giver of wealth." Forgetting, if ever knowing, the meaning of Shemali : hearken to me, the Greeks metamor- phosed it into a woman,

Semele, supposed to have expired at the sight of Jove arrayed in all the terrors of his glory, as the people feared they would at Sinai. This origin contradicts the Greek tradition that lacchus was the son of Ceres and Proserpine. Yet this conjecture is supported by the fact that a number of Hebrew words and phrases were used in the ceremony of the Grecian festivals.

Jesse : wealthy = Gemalli : camel possessor is from Jah, as also is

lacche, which with Bar : a son, supplies us with Bacchus : son of Jah, the wealth giver, if so Jesse and Bacchus are, nominally, near a kin. Yea or nay, Bacchus gives

Debauch : to make in a bacchanalian state. Shem varies to

Semi(ramis), Sem(ele), Sim(eonj, Ishma(el), Shimei(m).

( 107 )

CHAPTER XI.

NAMES DERIVED FEOM ANIMALS.

No few personal names are referable to animal origin. Those that are ancient generally originate in the fact that the persons so designated displayed some qualities of the animal from which they obtain their name. Others, more ancient, are traced to mystic connections between the original nominee and idolatry, he adopting or receiving the name of and symbolising the god he worshipped in such animal. A large proportion of more recent names are mementoes of the Crusades being ob- tained by persons who bore representations of animals on their shield. Such as are allied to worship must be looked at from the altar standpoint, being thereby clothed with august value. In the worship of God, humble birds were offered, whence there was a scape sparrow (Levi. xiv. 53) as well as a scape goat. To this Jesus possibly alludes when saying, " Not a sparrow falls to the ground without the will of your Father." Moses records minute details of Judaic ritual, but other religions, gay or cruel, older than it, have left few memorials of existence besides stones and names. In view of such facts we regard

Sparrow not necessarily as a sparrow-catcher, breeder, bird- seller, as sparrows as well as doves were sacred to Venus, as swans were to Juno. In olden times people clothed animals with imagined attributes as boys now do robins, calling each God's bird. We lose sight of symbolism in these utilitarian days, the outcome of ancient communion with the glorious East. Religious considerations throw mystic light over many names, investing them with the charm of antiquity more pleasing than accurate knowledge of common-place matters. Thus it was men reverenced the great name,

Augustus, from Augur : who foretold by avispection, look- ing into birds offered sacrificially. Avis : a bird, Specio : I see.

August: awful, sublime, grand. "My august master, the emperor." Hence August : the month so called in compliment to Augustus Csesar. Hence, too, Augustine, Austix, Agostixo, AuGUSTULUS (last Roman emperor) : most august =

Sebaste : worshipful, honourable, whence Sebastopol = Augsburg. From Sebaste,

(St.) Sebastian : son of Sebaste, Bastien (germs). English would be impoverished by the loss of Augustus; but such name could only be had through worship, true or false. The un- known always affects more deeply than the known. Augustus

198 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

corresponds to the Persian Arta : the sacrificial flame of the fire worshippers, as seen in Artabanus. Each answers to the Celtic

Boyd : fulvous headed, auburn tressed, Thorine haired. The tint cannot be exactly given, as it means hair coloured like the altar fire, which varied from bright yellow to a ruddy glow. Akin to it,

Bowie : for whom a propitiation has been made, the Gaelic for

Pius, Pio. Happy the Celtic mother or German matron who had a son with hair of this sort, as she had ocular proof the gods favoured her. We look at heads either aesthetically or phrenologically, considering whether they are winsome or promise ability, whereas the ancients looked at them in relation to the gods. Knowing history casts awe over even stones, and dignifies what the ignorant think common into sublimity. Augustus is synonymous with the German

Werter (sorrows of), from the root luorth upon which we form worship. The following are a selection of personal names illustrating the foregone views : —

Rachel : a sheep, one fondly tended.

Brebisson : great sheep. " In a work upon the useful grasses M. de Brebisson, that botanist says," etc.

Ovid : little sheep, darling, nurse name = Lamb,

OviEDO (Spanish historian). Ovation : triumph when a sheep was offered.

Wedders : a weather sheep,

Cheran : a lamb. "The sons of Dishon, (were) Amram, Eshbon, Ithran, and Cheran." Cheran from Kar : a lamb, giving Karnos, dropping the initial Arnos, whence

Arnobius (African) : lamb lived, exactly = our Agnew =

Seely : silly, sheep like. A silly sheep means an innocent one, does not butt ram-like. These =

Dilke (Sir C.) : a sucking lamb, a little dear = LAMMiE.

Alectryox (watched Apollo by order of Mars, a myth, meaning soldiers should be watchful till SM.7i-rise) : a cock, literally means not bed — the Hebrew,

Nergal : a cock, lit. rolling light, con. Gal : rolling. Galeed : heap of witness, they rolled stones to it. Doubled in Gilgal : rolling away completely. " This day have I gilgal-ed the reproach of Egypt." Gal gives Globus : any round thing. Globe : that may be rolled. Golal : a tombstone. Mark xvi. 3, From same source Golgotha, Galilee. " The men of Cush (Ethiopians) made Nergal," designation of Mars,

Nergal- Sharezer : prince helped by Mars, con. Sarah and Ebenezer.

Bernard (Dr.) : of a bear's nature, strong to fight, varies

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 199

to Bernhardt, Barnard, Barend, Bernadotte (kini^), Nadaud, Barentz (navigator). Ursa : the bear, from Ur ! Ur ! : grunter, gives

Orson, Orsino, Orsini, the fern. Ursula and Horsenail ! !

Bass, Vass : a bear, Basham : home, whence bears can be seen. Wolves were extirpated from Britain long before bears were, as they kept more out of our way. Tradition says bruin put in an occasional appearance up to two centuries since when the last of his race was knocked out of time on a Leicester- shire hill called therefrom Bardon =

Barlow (Billy) : bear law. Sometimes Barlow for barr law, hill top. Bears appear never to have flourished in Scotland, although they had more cover than in England. The only Celtic names con. this brute are supposed to be

Mather, (Mc)Mahon (marshal), Mahoney, Maughan, which are probably =

SUAGROS: bear hunter. But MacMath = De Mattos and Mathwin, all sons of Matthew. The Greeks called the Bear Su, the Romans Ur-sa, both from noise made by it. So the former called a Sow, the same word, (H)us, but in a converse order, which gave the Latins Sus (like Hudor : water into Sudor : sweat) and us Hyoena : the bristler. SUAGROS, con. SuiDAS : son of, and Agrestes : a huntsman = Said, Sidetes, Hunt, Hunter, and con. Onager : a wild ass. " Ishmael shall be an onager." Mathers assumes the form of

Mayors, or Mayor, but the Roman

Mayors, Mars, Mors : death, con. Morgue : place of dead. Bulls are, nominally, as proliflc as bears. Hence

Turnbull, Trumbull, Tremble : said to be given to one Ruel, because he turned a bull which was threatening to gore Robert Bruce in Stirling Park. But the name is older than that period and simply means good at driving the cattle of England into Scotland, Kaffir style. Agathos : good, is from Ago : I drive, and means first-rate cattle thief. From the same animal we also have

Boleyn, Bullen. a Saxon thane who rode a bull when going to confer with William the Conqueror was called

Bullstrode : bull straddler.

Painbceuf (French soldier) : bull's head on shield.

Torelli = Bullock. Thor gives Taurus, whence

Torrero, Torreador : Spanish bull fighters.

Coldetor: bull necked, strong = Bull, con. Colporteur: carrier on neck. " Here also w^e find the celebrated group known as the Toro Farnese : or Farnese Bull."

Metcalfe, Medcalf : meadow calf, heifer = Sturrocks (steer, stirk).

Budd = foregoing three. A butt of leather is the hide of a Budd.

200 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

MoscHUS (Syracusan poet): a calf = Vitellius, co7i. veal.

Galea : fat calf = Eglox, con. Aleppo, Haleb : fat soil, giving

LiPPO (Menimi) : a stoutly built man.

Leporella : a little hare leveret, one v^ery timid.

Damaris : a heifer = Eglah. "The sixth Ithream, by Eylah David's wife." " A woman named Damaris."

Damaris : broken into the yoke, con. Domitian, con. the Persian,

Damaspia : horse breaker. " If ye had not ploughed with my heifer."

ViTALiAN (emperor) from Vitulus : a calf, con. Italus.

Italia : the country producing kine, as

Achaia : horse producing country,

Spain : rabbits, and = Beotia and Bohemia : home of the Boii : cattle tenders. Italy, Beotia, Bohemia fairly answer to Buchanan.

Ravens were to Norsemen what eagles were to the Romans. To them death under the dusky wing of the raven insured entrance into Valhalla.

Braxdubh (king of Leinster) : raven black, con. Dublin = Black pool.

Rapp (general), Rapix (historian) : a raven.

Bertram, Bertrand : bright raven, brilliant fighter.

WiGRAM : victorious raven, con. Wigmore : great conqueror = Megamces, and con. Wigan : place of victory

Raby : carrier of the Dane's raven standard = CoRAX.

RoYSTOX : hooded crow (corvus cornix). Corvus, corax, crow, forms of Craw! noise made.

CoRBETT, CoRBYN : a crow. CoRBETT and Riddle are the oldest Scottish surnames.

Valerius Corvus : Valerius who was helped by a crow in fight with a Gaul.

Sterx : a raven = Ravex = Hirpus, Harpy : snatcher, rav- isher.

Crow is ancient, but whether con. war, religion, or nature it is too late to say.

Crawford (looking so like crow ford) : camp ford.

Croylaxd (abbey): frequented by crows, agricultural. Next are of war.

Brexxus (Gallic king) : a raven, as Braxd giving Braxdax (St.), Braxigax : son of Brand or of the raven. Hence, too, Braix, (M')Brayxe. As ravens eat the dead, they sjanbolised complete victory.

Oreb (Midian) : a raven, con. Erebus : dark as the raven's wing. Orbim : dark ones. Bedouin. " And the orhiin brought him bread and flesh in the morning." Eagles had admirers, but not to the same extent, for the obvious reason they were less known.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 201

^TION (^father of Andromache) : great eagle = Nisii0CH.

NiNUS (whence INineveh), Carcas (chamberlain), ^tius (stabbed Valentinian),

Narses (fought the Goths) all = AQUiLA (Priscilla) : an eagle. Aqnila is a form of Acuila, from acus, whence Acute : sharp, meaning sharp flier, literally = swift (bird). Swift (dean) : who runs swiftly. Aquilone : wind rushing like an eagle = Boreas : wind from the Thracian mountains, from Oros : a mountain. Aquiline : shaped like an eagle's beak. Some give

Ajax : an eagle, but it is = Job : weeper.

Orl (Russian) : an eagle, Orloff (count) : son of Orl.

Erne, Herne : an eagle, Ernest (king) = Fiacre : an eagle. Cabs taking persons to St. Fiacre's church, Paris, came to be called Fiacre : a hackney coach. From this source Arnot : son of Erne^Orlofl".

Arnold, Arnaud (marshal) : eagle power. St. Arnold, cor. to Sternhold (and Hopkins), if not stone hold.

Arnhilda : Hilda's eagle, Valkirier name.

KiRCKULE : church haunted by owls, becomes Churchill (poet) =

Hapsburg (house of) : hawks tower, born in. Hap : a hawk, which haves, grips. Havock : to slay men as hawks do spar- rows.

HiERAX (Antiochus) : the hawk, gripper, grabber, robber.

HowLET may be little owl, but most likely is dim. of Howe, or even of Howell.

EuLE : an owl. EuLENBURG : town frequented by owls = Hapsburg.

KoRE : a partridge, it is qi^a, the noise it makes, like saws wanting grease. Enkakore : the vjell of him who cried, with a dry throat. " Kore of the sons of Asaph." This Hebrew name exactly answers the Italian

Quaglia, as that is quacklia : noise of bird. " The holy father was accompanied by Cardinals Quaglia and Panebi-

ANCO."

Panebianco = Whitbread : eating white bread, others eat- ing coarse brown, and so well bred.

HoGLAH (daughter of Zelophehad) : a partridge, one plump and pretty.

BuFFON (naturalist) : great owl, with mystic significance.

Racine (dramatist) : carrying on shield rat and siuan (rat cygne).

Swan, from Wan : pale, gives Swann, Asiric and heraldic.

Genseric (Vandal) : wild gander, passing from land to land.

Gans, Goes, Goschen : a goose, a wanderer, Gosling : son of Goes.

Coote, Coot : water fowl, like a moor hen, 14

202 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

LUN (Sally) : great northern diver. LuNHUNTER : sea bird catcher.

LiVERMORE from a bird called Liver which frequented vieres and pools, vrhence by some Liverpool : marsh lands frequented by the Liver.

PoussiN (painter) : a cock, gives the Franco-Irish name PossiNET : young Poussin. Huss (reformer) : a goose. Hag- GAR, Haggis : untrained hawks, wild. Milvius, Nisas (Eury- alus) : hawks both.

Jonah, Jonas, Jemima (Job's daughter), Livia: doves all, though some give Jemima : handsome as the day, the sight of her being as dawn to the benighted. Similarly, from Turtur : a dove, tur, tur : cooer, we have

Tovey, Turtle, Tortola (Spanish lady). " Thou art fair, thou hast doves' eyes."

Tabitha, Dorcas : gazelle-eyed = Lapidoth: lamps.

Storks (recorder) from the Stork : natural affection, for which the bird was noted.

Columbus : a dove or pigeon, one dear = PoMBAL (premier), for Palumba. Columbia (Hail !) = Fredonia: the confederated S. of A. Icolmkill (Inch Columba) : island in which is cell of Columbus.

Columbine is a kind of fern, to Columbus, and so lady-dove for lady-love = Tortola.

Callum(M'): a dove. Maccallummore : the great Maccallum.

Knotte, from a bird called after King Canute. Crane : aged (bird) because lives to a great age, gives

Crane, who bore one on shield. Crane identical with Geron and Geryon =

Seneca : aged, in these cases as in the English nanies Earl (from Ere : before), Auld, Presbyter, is not to be taken in the sense of having simply scored so many years. Age giving experience, the first kings were patriarchs, whose sceptre was their walking-stick. Thus

Anax : a king is con. Senex : aged, and our well-known

Alderman is literally an elderly man though he may be in his prime. So, then, Geron, Geryon, Seneca, are flavoured with authority, and are to be honoured as governors. In keep- ing herewith it is famous that Major : greater, and Minor : less, are applied to age. " He is in his minority." " Not having attained to his majority." So, too, the titles

Seignior and Excellency, simply mean older, excelling by years. " With the ancient is wisdom, and in length of da\ s understanding." Consult Gaffer, Gammer, Aves, Laveau, Maximus.

Cranmer (martyr) : lake frequented by cranes, Cranston: town.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 203

LocHElL (chief): bird lake = LlVERMORE.

Merle (Aubigne): a blackbird. Pinnock: little feathers = Sparrow though Sparrow : speaker, chatterer, chirper.

Spink, Pink, Finch : all chaffinches, being imitation of note Fink! Fink!!

Sheldrick : shiel-drake, water bird.

Stritthers: an ostrich, soldier of high renown. "Amongst the far fetched conceits of the middle ages, many devices may- be found more obscure and fantastical than an ostrich feather, assumed in allusion to the bearer's appetite for, or mastery over, iron and steel." In the German it stands as

Strauss (rationalist), which anciently signified " a fight, a combat or a scuffle," though now obsolete in that sense. Hence " Ich dien," with feathers, mean I serve as a soldier, having an appetite for cold steel as the ostrich is supposed to have. In some cases Strauss means an Austrian, and the Scotch Struthers is local, con. Strath.

Hengist (hertogh) : a stallion. Horsa : the mare, devotees to Hross.

Henchman: mounted servant, Encke (comet), Hengler: a horseman.

JoKELL : horse warrior. The Saxons engraved a horse in the green sward of the Valley of the White Horse, where their descendants will renew it this summer. Hippus (flying feet) : a horse.

GULIPPUS : gold coloured horse. Gul is gold, d formative.

Xantippus: sorrel coloured horse = Bayard (knight) : bay- horse rider, fern., Xantippe (scold). " The chariots in Homer were drawn, for the most part, by two horses coupled ; that of Achilles liad no more — the names of his horses being Xanthus and Balius."

Xanthus : sord, sorrel, bay, applied to men through colour of hair.

Balius : thrower out of legs, galloper, con. Balena: a whale that throws up water, from Ballo : I throw, whence Balearic (isles) : place of slingers, DiABOLOS : who cas^s fiery darts of accusations, DiAVOLO (Fra).

Flamsteed (astronomer): flame coloured horse = Xantippus. Some have it from Flamstead : place of beacon fire =

Beaconsfield : Beacon for betoken, and token from teach.

HiPPONAX: chief horseman = Pharnaspes : commander of horse =

Marshall (mare schall) = Archippus. Melanippus : black horse, rider of a.

Evippus : good horseman = Horseman and Philip.

HiPPOLYTUS (and his times): horse leader, looser = Groom.

Hippocrates (whence Hippocras: wine mingled after his

204 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

recipe;: haviui^- power over a horse = Hippodamus : liwrse breaker, tamer.

Hotspur: swift rider, as was he , who rode Bucephalus: bull-headed horse.

D'Orsey (count) is given by some as De horsey, but is from Theodosius.

Philip (Macedon) whence Philippi (city) and Philippic: dis- course full of invective : horse lover, good seat, whence Phipps, Phelps, Philpot : little Philip = Filkix, Phillimore, Filmore, FiLMER : great Philip. The Italians shape it Ippofilo, whence Lepsius and Sippel. Lipton : Philip's town.

MacKillop : son of Philip. Asp : the horse was sacred in Persia. Either the king or high priest rode forth at daybreak in a chariot drawn by horses dedicated to

Mithras : mother of light, whence Mithridates : sun gift = Apollodorus. Tiridates : gift of Mercury. This king fought Rome.

AsHPENAZ : horse nose, he who snorts, easily rages = Appaim. " The king spake unto Ashpenaz, the master of the eunuchs."

Aspatha (son of Haman) : strength of a horse, horse tamer = HiPPODAMUS. The Hebrews were not supposed to keep horses, hence it does not say, " Thou shalt not covet thy neigh- bour's horse." So, too, we account for no Jew being named in connection with a horse, except it be

Rechab (Rechabites) : a charioteer = (Mc)Ara, (Mc)Caw, When the Jews were brought under the Chaklees and Persians, whose strength lie in cavalry, the sacred books forthwith show it by the names of their masters. An undesigned coincidence confirming a student's faith in the veracity of the Scriptures. Saul was not on horseback when the Lord met him on the way. Asp (in the Greek) : a serpent, from Aspis : a shield, like to which is the coil of a snake.

Chrysaspis : golden shield, princely warrior. Horse and bull are used by us in the sense of great, rough, strong. Horse-r'adish : strong root. Horseplay : romping. Bulwarks (boulevards) : strong works, giving

BoLLAND (BoUandists) : land near fortifications, boulevards =

Wark : living near the bulwarks, outskirts of a town.

Bulrush : rush growing strong and quickly. Bullfinch : strong

finch. Wolves, bears, ravens, hawks, and horses must make

way for the king of the wilderness,

Leo (pope), Leon (Arragon), Lyon : lions three. Leon IDAS (Thermopyloe): son of alion,oro£Leon = LEONATUS. Leonric: lion king = Learchus : lion chief = Arslan Bey : the lion like Pasha.

Leander (Hero) : lion man = Cceur de Lion : lion-hearted, or, who tore out the lion's heart, Samson fashion.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 205

" Befoi'e Angiers well met, brave Austria, Arthur, that great fore-runner of thy blood, Eichard, that robb'd the lion of his heart, And fought the holy wars in Palestine."

LowE: a lion. LococK : little Lowe, or little lion = Lobel, whence lobelia. The microscopists name Leuwenhock also = LococK.

Leonard, Leonardo, Leotard (acrobat) : lion natured, Lennie : little Leonard.

Brancaleone (blank) : white lion. There are persons named

Blanklion, the English equivalent to the Italian name.

Colleone : lion necked, locks hanging round the neck like a mane.

Timoleon : lion souled.

" High o'er the rest Epaminoudas stood : Timoleon, glorious in his brother's blood."

The nations amongst whom the foregoing leonine names were current knew lions rather by history, heraldry, or tradi- tion than by personal conflict, though the king of the wilder- ness was driven out of Europe in the historic period. The royal beast was common in Thessaly B.C. 600. The following designations are nearer his present habitat : —

Arioch (from Ar : a lion) : great lion = Leoni, a mystical name of Jerusalem, also applied to a tune 'that has been sung 3000 years. "Arioch brought in Daniel before the king."

Areli : son of a lion, probably one seen about time of his birth. " Of Areli the family of the Arelites."

Ariel: lion of God, greatest lion, figurative for Jerusalem, whose altar destroyed more sheep than did the lions = AsSAD Allah : the first standard-bearer of Islam. Assodnagur : lion's fort. E, I. " Woe to Ariel, the city where David dwelt."

Othniel : lion of God, great warrior. " Caleb said, he that smiteth Kirjath-sepher, and taketh it, to him will I give Achsah, my daughter, to wife. And Othniel, the son of Kenaz, took it."

Lib : a lion, as Lib Judah gives Lebbceus (apostle) : son of a lion.

Laish : an old lion. " But Saul had given Michal to Phalti, the son of Laish." It compares with Leosthenes : strong as a lion.

Singh: a lion, amongst Hindoos, as Singapore: lion's city = Leontupolis. Ceylon, termed Taprobana by Ptolemy, is known to the natives as Cinghala : lion's home, and their language is Cinghalese.

RUiNJEET Singh (rajah) : Runjeet the lion.

Ajviarasinha : immortal lion, the Hindoo Achille.s. "The

206 PEB80NAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

palm Borassus flabelli forniis (characteristically termed by Aviavasinha, a king of grasses) is," etc. Compare it with Ainaritza : well of immortality, the Sikh Zemzem, and Ama- ranth : immortal flower, and with Mors : death. Etymologi- cally, much of the Indo Germanic language, of which these words are fragments, is what it was when the cotton clad troops of King Porus received the shock of battle from the brass armoured phalanx of Alexander on the banks of the Indus. The Turks have

Alp-Arslan : valiant lion, con. Ariel. Dandelion : lion's tooth. Chameleon : ground lion. We thus see that many nations adopted the royal beast as an eponyme for their bravest. It has been fashionable to do so from the reign of Arioch, king of Ellasar to now. The less taking Aper: a boar, gives

Heber (bishop), Oberlin (papa), Perrin, Parran and Pkrry, when not from Peter. These =

Verres (enemy to Cicero) : a boar pig, a pig sticker. Compare Vir and Verres, each mean strong. Hence also

Very and Every : strong as a boar. Names that have posed many.

EvERARD, EwART (Gladstone) : of the nature of a boar, strong fighter.

Everett : little Heber. The Celtic for a boar is Cullach, whence

(M') CuLLOCH : boar (slayer) = the Irish (M') Turk. Can- turk (town) : boar's head.

Olivant, Oliphant : elephant on shield ; though some give it from Oliver.

Cassels : castle bearer. So also PuL : an elephant, " Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents."

Sardanapalus : Sardan, son of Pul, con. Sar: a prince, Sardan : prince judge.

Barrus (proud of his beauty) : an elephant, from Baros : weight. Barometer ; weight measurer.

C^SAR : an elephant in the Punic by mere chance coinci- dence. Some say he was so called through some of the gens. Julii keeping an elephant.

Shual: a fox, a crafty man. " The sons of Zophah, Suah, and Harnepha, and Shual." " Go and tell that fox Herod."

Todd : the slayer, killer, applicable to warrior or poultry worrier.

ToDHUNTER (algebra): fox hunter. VuLPius, Ulpian, Voss, Voce, Foucue (detective), Fusch (whence Fuschia), Galpin, Guppy (Mrs), and Zorra are all foxes or their sons. Penaud (wine): not therefrom, but from Reynard: stern judge, applied to fox judging what fowl he will take. Golpe : yelper, is his correct French designation = GuELPH.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 207

Alopex : a fox, Alopecia : baldness, like a mangy fox losing his coat.

VOLPICELLI, Valpv (gramniatist), ZoRiLLA (Ruiz) : a little fox.

Draco: a dragon, sharp sighted, Draconian: severe like Draco.

Uther Pendragon : Uther of the dragon's head, Uther the dragoon carrying standard emblazoned with dragon's head, con.

Pindar (poet). Pundit: men of head. Penny, Pinney: head of, chief.

Pennefather : head father, patriarch, sept head, uncon. with money. But

Pindar : cattle pounder, puts them in a pen.

Pengelly (Kent's cavern): head of stream = Kinear, King- lass, con. Penryhn : head of spit land running into the sea.

Griffen : griffon carrier on shield. Griffon : great grips, gripers, claws. The hold that serpent worship (ophiolatria) had upon nations, and, for the matter of that, yet has, is clear from the study of personal names : though a portion of such names must be allowed for symbolism falling short of worship, as when a serpent is used to signify renewal of life and health, as the snake sloughing, or as a sign of eternity when it forms a circle.

N AH ASH (Ammonite) : a serpent, a hisser, giving Naashon: ophiomant, diviner by snakes.

Saraph (same as Seraph) : burning, causing inflammation by bite = Dipsas : thirst producer. " Saraph had dominion ov'er Moab." " And Jehovah sent sarapim among the people."

AcHAN : a serpent, changed to Achar : troubler, pain or ache giver. " Achan, the son of Carmi, took of the anathe- matised thing." " The son of Carmi, the troubler of Israel who transgressed in the thing accursed." Con. Achos : pain, whence Ache : to suffer pain. Acheron : ache run, flowing with pain, —

" Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep."

Shephuphan, Shupham : serpent called by Greeks Cerastes (keras, cornu) : horned snake. " Dan shall be shephiphon by the way, an adder in the path." " Gera and Shephuphan." " Of Shujyham, the family of the Shuphamites."

Pithon : stretcher, large serpent. Here is our Python, from tlie killing of which Phoebus became the Pythian Apollo.

Python was a common Greek name. " A certain damsel possessed with a pythonic spirit," a pythoness. " The sons of Micah were Fithon and Melech."

Dejoces : a snake. Astyages (Median) : biting snake, a

208 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

dragon. The Medees were ophiolatrians. One of the generic words for a serpent is ob, oub, ouph, iph, Ophis : that which blows out its body, like the Puff-adder, con. Obh : a bottle, Oboth : bottles. " They departed from Pimon and pitched in Oboth." The rainy season came on and the bottles of heaven were opened.

Obi : Negro ogre, whence Obeah : a charm. The inspired or pythonised person was inflated like a leather bottle when full.

Iphicrates : strong as a python, snake killer.

Iphidamus : serpent master, snake charmer.

Iphinous (one of Centaurs), /em-. Iphinoe : serpent minded, subtle.

Iphigenia : daughter of Iphis, serpent born, oflTspring of the Pythian Apollo.

Iphis : a serpent, one so named king of Argos. The ancient Germans worshipped

Orm, our worm, —

" 0 Eve ! in evil hour thou did'st give ear To that false ivotm.''

Ormsby : Orms dwelling, where worshipped, sometimes from Orm : an elm, at others from Orne : an ash.

GuTHRAM is Goth-Orm : serpent god of the Goths, changes into

Goodman. But the widely known name

Guthrie : Goth ruler, in Irish it means king's voice, one used to obedience. Another generic word used by Germans for a serpent was

LiND (Jenny), referring only to motion of, and so con. Lind : a lime tree, con. Lithe : bending freely. Unterlinden : under limes. Leipsic : dwelling among limes. Supplies many lady names because suggestive of graceful motion.

Adelinde (athel) : noble as to birth, graceful as to manner, becomes Adeline.

Rosalind : beautiful as a rose, graceful as a serpent.

Belinda : graceful walker. Thus Lind came to mean simply lady, as

LiNTRUDE : lady true, woman keeping troth. From Lind,

Lindsay : lime tree island. After being entangled so as hardly able to tell a serpent from a lime tree or a lady, we make for

Arod : onager: a wild ass, a man who is fleet and untam cable. " Of Arod the family of the Arodites." Takes form of Arad.

Irad : the braying onager, nearly = PiRAM : swift wild ass. " Pirani king of Jarmuth."

Tasso (Jerusalem): taxus : badger, hard biter, fighter —

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 209

Brock: bone breaker, and Grey: a huntsman. Greyhound: dog-hunting Gre : the badger. But Gray : glass, grey-eyed. " By and bye, came the cry of the dogs, and the tall grekoiiiid of Wales merging from the bosky dells."

Gray is claimed as De Croy : of Croy, by those desirous of being accounted of Norman descent, but it means as given.

Philomela: lover of vieludy, the nightingale = Rossignol.

ZiBiAH : female gazelle, beautiful eyes = Tabitha, becomes

Tabby, and ultimately applied to a cat.

Roebuck : rough buck, a huntsman. Some derive it from Babeck : rough brook.

DisHON, DiSHAN : a wild goat, good climber. " Dishon, and Ezer, and Dishan : they are the dukes of the Horites." Horite dukes : mountaineer leaders. Very appropriate.

Jael : wild goat's kid, little runaway. " Howbeit, Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael."

Sisera : crane and crow, symbols of vigilance and perspe- cuity.

Aran : w^ild goat, high climber, con. Heron : high fl^'ing bird, con. Hay and Hoy, which see. " The children of Dishon are these : Uz and Aran." What a wild family !

Aran is con. Hor : a mountain, whence the Greek Oros, giving

Oregon : mountain joy, plant there found. Ganos : joy.

Ganymede (Olympic cup bearer): joy commanding.

Uz : strong, also applied to a goat, very appropriate for a highlander. Caper : a goat is from Carpo : I crop, gives Cap- rera, Caprea,

Cabral (Spanish) = Cheevers, ^geus (last king of Athens), who is said to have given name to the ^Egean Sea.

Egis : shield of Minerva, made of goat's skin. yEgeade : Greeks, sons of -<3j]geus, not goat people. Daniel symbolises the Greeks by a goat. Kid : young goat, but

KiDD : son, by pre-eminence, gives KiDSTON (Ferniegair) : town of Kidd.

Azazel : goat that went from God, the esfeape goat, from Gnes : a goat, Azal : to go, first written Gnazazel. It is con. Gaza: strong city. Elegantly applied by Milton to the stand- ard-bearer of the apostate angels. He was too scholarly to have Azazel in heaven.

" Then straight commands, that at the warhke sound Of trumpets loud and clarions be uprear'd His mightj' standard ; that proud honour claim'd Azazel as his right, a cherub tall."

^GON : a goat, sheep and goatherd in love with Melibceus: care of oxen = Bowman when it means taking care of cattle.

210 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Gordon : goat's fort, to which only a goat couM cliiub =

MiNTo(r): kid's hill. (M')GuiRE, Gower: goat-like climbers, mountaineers = Aran, Dishan. (M')Gourlay : Gower's field, living in. KiLGOUR : goat's wood, frequented by.

Goat is from go, and means animal that goes about, not sub- ject to the human will. It is not gregarious like the sheep. Figuratively used for the wicked, the self-willed, the unsocial. Goat is identical with gad in gadfly.

Vespucci (Amerigo) : a little wasp, irritable = the Irish

Brogan : son of a broc, badger : snappy = Cynic : snarler, from Cuon : a dog. It is hardly to be expected that fishes should give names to men, yet we have

Phocas (emperor) : a seal = Morse (telegraphist) from Mere: the sea, and Horse, and thus nearly = Walrus : whale horse, evidently meaning seal fisher. But Amer : a form of Amor : at moor. Some good authors derive from Phocis : a seal, the next, but it is local.

Phocas : Phocian man, and gives Phocion : son of Phocas.

Delfino (doge) : a dolphin, swift swimmer.

MoucH (spy on Huguenots) : a fly, con. Mosquito : little fly, philologically identical with the firearm known as Musket, which was light as a fly compared with the ponderous arque- buse which it superseded. From that man MouCH the French derive their word for a spy, Mouchard.

HoGSMOUTH was the name of a cleric elected A.D. 844, to wear the Tiara. Now as that was not a taking name to call the head of the church, he changed it to Sergius, and was called Sergius II. From thence it became a rule to change the name of any elected to the pontificate, they exchanging their proper designation for that of some preceding pope. I have met with a man belonging to a family named

Heifer = SturrocivS. Have: to possess, is the etymon of the word. As goods and chattels : good things and cattle, so Heifer is put for part of your havers: possessions. Cattle, chattels, is from Capitalia: heads of cattle. Caput. Thus from Pecus : cattle, Peculium : your own cattle, as compared with a neighbour's feeding on the same common, whence Peculiar : all my own, Pecunia : money, metal stamped with the image of the animal it would buy.

Knatchbull: servant of Thor, the bull god, cor. to Knobell.

Havers : foolish talk, speaking like lawyers in court, who keep repeating technicalities mixed with the word havers.

BuCHAN : land whereon cattle are fed = Italia, Bohemia,

Buchanan : such land as above through which a stream flows, con. Annan : quiet river = Arar, the Saone.

Cocks, which might be thought co7i. the fowl, is a form of

Cox : a soldier wearing cuishes.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 211

Harenc : the herring is a true name. Perhaps = PoiSSON : fisli (catcher).

The science of names, onamatology, constructs a second Noah's ark, a huge menagerie wherein are animals clean and unclean, especially the unclean. Menagerie is from Menage : a family. The ark contained a menage and a menagerie. It seems pitiful that the family of man is so menagerie like, containing an unclean majority, but that it does the study of names clearly shows. My reader will wonder I have not welcomed man's faithful companion the dog into our menagerie. Strange to say, all names derived from dogs connect them- selves with war, and will therefore be presented under the head includincr such as have to do with fiofhtinof.

2i:

CHAPTER XII.

WAR NAMES,

The study of personal names corroborates an idea poets delight to dwell upon — that in the primeval age there was no war. In the records of the two first millennia we meet with only one name of a warrior cast : — Methuselah : man of the dart, missile, the latter being con. Shiloh, Siloam : sent. However, after reading the chronicles of the Flood, we forthwith find NiMROD : rebel, con. Mar : bitter, indicating bitterness of spirit towards ruler. Then follows narrative of confusion (Babel), striving of herdsmen, battles of kings, seizing captives, and pursuit of retreating raiders, whereby was brought into human history for better or worse two sciences — war and politics. From that era personal and national appellations accurately reflect the altered condition of society. Even Melchizedeck : righteous king, also king of Salem : peace(f ul city), argues such name or title was exceptional, to urge nothing as to Melech : a fighter, who mauls, drives (pell) mell. The aborigines of Hellas, who founded cities and taught sciences, had few war names, but in the succeeding heroic age a freshet of them is lead off" by Bellerophon : murderer of Beller, Hercules : glory of Hera, Juno, giving that Italian favourite Ercole, who were the forerunners of the " Argonantic expedi- tion" and the " Trojan war." By the latter era, war names formed a heavy percentage of all in use among the Greeks. Roman, French, and English names contrast with the Ante- diluvians and Greeks in this respect,— these latter histories begin with records of doughty warriors whose names indicate prowess like those of the Greeks flourishing in the heroic age. And these things are so for this obvious reason, the three modern nations were composite, the outcome of many national wars, entering upon the historic stage after Mars and Mors had wielded their sceptres for ages. Of all known nations the Jewish possess a nomenclature freest from war names. In their history, extending from the Abrahamic age till the current, they have produced a race of braves only on three occasions, — the time of Joshua, David's reign, and the Macca- bean leadership. Israel yet sends forth statesmen, artificers, savans, and men rich in whatever refines or adorns humanity, but marshals or admirals seldom come of the Abrahamic stock. A Jew soldier is just thinkable. In the late Russo- Tarkish war a battalion entirely consisting of Jews were

WAB NAMES. 213

present at the siege of Plevna, being the first body of Jews organised for fighting purposes since Titus besieged Jerusalem. But who can imagine a Blake or Nelson, of the stock of Israel ? Such a people could truly say, when entering Palestine, " Not unto us." " He giveth us the victory." " Judas, the eldest son of Mattathias, succeeded his father in command of the army (B.C. 163), in which he was assisted by his four brothers, especially by Simon, the eldest of them, who was a man of remarkable prudence. The motto of his standard was Exodus xvi. ii., " Who is like unto Thee among the Gods, O Jehovah ?" The Hebrew being Ml Camoka Baalim Jehovah. From these initials was derived the word Macoabee, which became the surname of the Asmonean family. The same thought is involved in Michael : who like God, and MiCAH for MiCAiAH : who like Jehovah. But the best authorities give Maccabee : hammerer = Martel, Mace, Maul, with greater probability of correctness, as the former origin is too cabalistic to be practicable.

Most likely the first weapons would be missive — dart, spear, arrow : where skill in throwing took the place of pluck and muscle. The first known so to have done w^as, as given, Methuselah: man of the dart = the Milesian name Dowds. Saxon families were divided into spear and sjnndle sides, hoys belonging to former, girls to latter. The spear was with our forefathers what the assegai is with Caffres, their reliable weapon. Swords took the place of spears after many ages. Spears were originally stone tipped. Saxum : a rock, gives Seco : I cut (with prepared flint), whence Seax : a sword, giving Saxones : swordsmen, sabreurs = Sicarii : dagger carriers, poignard men, skene armed. Hence we have

Saxe (marshal) : a Saxon, or swordsman. Undoubtedly of the stone period we have

Halgier, Algar, Elger (brave earl) : stone spear, old spear, giving

Algernon (Sidney), Hallavard, Allard : stone guard.

Geirstein (Anne of) : stone spear. Anscar, Anscharius : divine spear, Ans for Ases, char for gar.

Garyey (wig to vey) : war spear. Ancient names carrying the mind into neolithic periods when Europeans were roaming savages.

Gar: a spear, gives War : spear fighting, as Spit: a spear, does

Spite : spit fighting. Hence, too, the French Guerre : gar combat, whence

Daguerre (daguerreotype) : the soldier, spearman, as also the French

Tiger, from Theod : people. Gar : a spear, spear of the people, their defender =

214 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

NoRDENSKJOLD (arctic) : northern shield, he who protects the north.

Garribaldi (Guiseppe) : spear bold, brave spear man, in- verted to

BoLGER : bold spear, which two = these two, Garbett (bold). Garnet (Noth : bold). Gar also gives the progenitor of many a Cockney joke, Vinegar, Winegar (Win : love) : friendly spear, who comes to help of Garlic : good at spear practice.

To this class belongs the animal like name

Badger : strong javelin = Falstaff : full staff, big, and so needing a strong wielder.

German : spearman = Garcilasso, Gerard, Giradin, Gar- RATT, Gerold, Jerrold, Giraldi : all shook the glittering spear or launched the fatal lance.

Edgar, Odgers : happy spear, good spear man, con. Al- lorfial.

Ledger (leod gar) : spear of the people =: Tiger.

Gorman (major 0): spear man = Hasty, Gore (house) = Speirs. a bull gores like a warrior going at his foe with gar. He acts hastily who does as the Hasta : spear, moves.

Qttirinus, Cyrenius: spear man, whence Quirites = Ger- mans.

Gerram, Jerram, Jerome (Prague) : spear raven. These suggest Will

Shakespeare = Pallas : she who brandishes the spear, con. Ball =

Gertrl^de : spear maiden, an amazon. These correspond to Wagstaff (wag con. wage, in wage war), Bickerstaff (" Tattler ") who bickers, fights spear armed.

Breakspear (Adrian IV.): breaker of enemy's staff. Spike gives pike, whence

PiCTON (general) : great pike = Falstaff, Pike : spike nosed fish. The Picts here and the Pictones across the sea giving name to Picard and Poictiers = Germans. But Pike = Speirs.

Rocket: spear blunted for jousting, as lancer's ball does lances when off duty. " We shall be at Saynt Ingylbertes, in the marches of Calays, the twenty day of the moneth of May next commyng, and there contynewe thirty dayes complete, the Fridayes onely excepte, and to deliuer all manner of Knightes and squyers, gentlemen, strangers of any manner of nacyon. whatsoever they be, that wyll come thyder, for the breakynge of fyve speares, outher rockettes, or sharp, at their pleasure."

Rocket = Spon (Jacob) for Espon, a form of Espadon : great sword, claymore, con.

Spada : swordsman, giving EsPiE or Espee, con. Spade (at

WAR NAMES. 215

cards), originally a sword. Rocket (fireworks), so called from gliding through the air like a spear.

Rocket: stone-tipped spear = Axe, from Saxuin : a rock, like Hack, Haco (king) : stone axe bearer = Halbardier : carrier of broad rock axe.

Spon = Pickles : little pike. Add to this great company of spearmen

RUDIGER : famous spearman = Doryclus : glorious spearman , gives RuGGiERO, Rodger, Rogers, and by a Saxonic twist, Hodge, Hodges: a countryman, as Rodger: a fiddler.

Beranger (poet) : hearing gar, spearman, Berengarius = Spike, Pike (Early Piety). '

Athelgar, Adelgar, Aug£REAU : noble spear, who uses it cleverly = Garlic.

Leodigarius: people's spear man = Tiger, gives Leger (St.) and con. (Mc)Leod.

WiGHTGAR : strong spear man = Wagstaff and Falstaff.

WiSGAR, Whisker, Whiskix : wise at spear, wielding it scientifically.

Singer (sewing) for Isengar : iron spear, as Isembard : iron sword, as

ISENMANN : iron man, worker. Names pointing to introduc- tion of metal. But

Sangster (umbrella): a singer, chorister, correctly applied to a woman.

WiTGAR (Wid : wood) : using a wooden spear charred to harden it.

Sprott, Spratt, Sprout are formed on spear, and mean spearmen,

Argar : brass spear, transitional between stone and iron.

Hastifraga: spear breaker = Breakspear (Nicolas). By some

Pilate: man of pila, dart = DowDS. Shave, to make smooth, gives Shaft : shaven.

Shafto (Adair) : who fights with a polished spear, a Paris carpet knight.

Shaftesbury: town of Shafto, Gar: a spear, gives Gorse : prickly plant. Gooseberry is gorseberry. Garlic : spear onion (leek). War, then, meant with Germans, French, Spanish, and Italians fighting with the spear ; what was its Greek meaning ? its Roman ?

Polemos : war, is from Palame : the hand, our palm, a tree was so called because its leaves were hand-shaped, while its fruit was called Date: the finger. Polemos was a hand-to-hand combat, a line of pugilistic encounters =

Bellum for Duellum, from Duo : two, simultaneous duels along the line, all.

216 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Palemon, Polemon (teetotaller), Ptolemy : warriors all, polemical men in a non-theological sense.

Hanlon (Irish): champion =:Campiox, Kemper: fighters on the champagne.

Thomas A'Kempis : Thomas of the field.

Neoptolemos (son of Achilles) : recruit, tyro, new soldier = Cadogan, Sigourney (Mrs.), con. Sigga, ney for new. No two words can more accurately answer to each other than Neoptolemos (Neos : new) of the Greeks and Sigourney of the Germans. Cadogan for Cath: war, and Eogan: son, young, new. These — Inchbald: bold son, and Ingrey (Ing: son, Heer, Her : army) : son of the army, a brave warrior.

Bellona: bellatrix, amazon = Hilda, Nanni, Tora, fern, of Thor.

Bash (con. push), Pashler, Brash (con. bray) : strikers with such force as to break to pieces =

Osman (pacha), Othman, Ottoman (empire), Osmanli (troops) =

Ossifrage and Osprey : birds breaking the bones =

Brisbane: bruise bones, crusher, a Saxon foot- soldier, con. Avith Milesian,

(O)Brislaine: sw^ord breaker (Briseur = PASH, Bash, con. debris), con.

(O)Laine, Laney : an Irish swordsman. Lanista : a fencing master, who drills gladiators. " Stands colossus-wise, weaving his beam upon the pashecl corses." " Bray a fool in a mortar." Bread : brayed between stones. From Here : a band of above thirty-five, we derive names of places and persons, as

Hereward (last of Saxons) : army guard. Hereford : army ford. Harwick : army station.

Herman, Harmer (vir) : army man, gives Arminius : a soldier.

Otter : army terror. Luders (general) : army famous, talk of the camp.

Walter : pow^erful w^arrior, becomes Voltaire, Gualterio, Wat, Watts, (Mc)Ouat.

Renier, Rayner {con. rego) : army ruler = Horrox, HoRROCKS (cotton).

Herimar : glory of the army, answering to the Greek w^ar name Stratocles.

Heriot : furniture provider for army. Hargraves : army steward, commissary.

Harold (herewald) : generalissimo = Phicol, Archimedes.

Arioyistus : army prince, con. Herring : fish going in armies, shoals, schools.

Punchion (Rev.) : a swordsman, con. Poignard, but some- times a form of

WAB NAMES. 217

PuNSHON : living at or near sign of pvunchion, barrel.

Chrysaor (ChiiTKBra's father) : golden sword, wearing an ornamented = Brandaur.

Dudgeon: large dagger = Claymore (glaive mor), great offence, one easily huffed.

SoFUK (Persian): a swordsman = Clinging, con. sabre, sepoy, sabaoth. '• He threw himself upon Soful:, and clinging to his neck covered his cheek and beard with kisses."

Meek : a swordsman, con. Mece : a sword, con. Machomai : I fight, varies to

Mechi (model farm), Meeking : son of Meek, M'Micking: son of Meeking.

Meton (metonic cycle) : a swordsman = COLGAN. In some families

Brand : a sword, then applied to user, from it, Brandish : to flash as though burning. In this sense Brand = Dagger : flashing like day. In some cases

Brand : a brander of herring barrels.

Sword : a swordsman = Sefi, Sigga : sabreur.

Martel (Charles) : a hammer, breaker through ranks of foes =

Louverture (Toussaint) : the opener = Maccabeus (Judas), Hele.ai, Maule. " The sons of his brother Helem."

Talleyrand (diplomatist) : who cuts through ranks of the enemy.

Cox : cuish wearer, thigh armour, con. Quixote (Don). But Box : box maker, —

" I saw young Harry with his beaver on, His cuisses on his thighs, gallantly armed."

Yeoman : yew bowman, Yemans, Hemans (Felicia),

EiMMINGS.

Larcher: the archer = (Mc)Iver and Shadbolt: who sheds arrows from a cross bow.

Bolt : an arrow, from Ballo : I throw. Bolt upright, straight as an arrow.

.A.LABASTER (arcu balister) : throws arrows by a machine, bow, medieval artillery man. This cor. to Bolster.

Artillery from Arcus : a bow, arc shaped, Telum : a dart, from Tele: distant. "Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad."

Telemachus : fighting at a distance, unlike Nelson, who gave signal for close action.

Benbow (admiral) looks hendboiu==Toxi crate: powerful at bow = Strongbow, but is Italian, being

Bembo (bene) = Boniface : well doing, beneficent = Duguid the op. of

Malvolio : evil visaged, malevolent. Sometimes the name is local when 15

218 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Bembo (pen, ben) : peaks of hills where cows are grazed.

Saker : an artillerist working a gun called saker from a bird of the hawk kind.

Laurence: laurel crowned = Bays, Lorenzo, Rienzi (last tribune), Renzoni (great), (Mc)Laren, Maclaurin, Larkins, Larry, Lawrie, Loretto (little). Lawrence =

Stephen, Stephanus : a crown, primarily a hill top, con. Steep : a brae. Step : by which we surmount. Steeple : a spire hill high. So Arabic Tag, Dagh means either a crown or a hill top. Daghistan : hill country, con. Dacian, Dane. In French names Bre answers to our Bray, Brae as in Brebceuf (missioner) : cattle hill, suggesting HoRSFALL.

Tag Mahal : crown of the harem, queen of beauty. Stephen gives Esteban, Stevens, Stepney : Stephenshithe, hide, harbour where .ships hide from storms = Hoff, HafF.

Kron, Crone, Crantz : crowned, Rosencrantz : rose crowned, —

*' Welcome, dear Rosencrantz and Guildenstern ! Moreover that we much did long to see you, The need we have to use you did provoke Our hasty sending."

Guildenstern : golden star, a crusader carrying on his shield a star in memory of the Bethlehem one appearing to wise men. But

Oxenstiern : carrying a bulUs head and raven on shield.

Stern : a raven, con. Stare : to look closely. Starling : staring (bird).

Oliver : crowned with olive, Olympic victor, one of cales- ej^hanoL By some this gives Olivant, Oliphant.

Olivarez : son of Oliveif = Bolivar (Ben Oliver), whence Bolivia, S. A. These =

Bell (when not Norman from La Bel : the handsome) : who carries off' the bell, prize. This bell figures largely on sign- boards. Many rustic signs are copies of armorial bearings whose reason for being lies in the inability of the masses to read. A lion on a shield meant : / fought like a lion in the holy ivars ; a cross : / bore arms as a crusader.

Rothschild: red shield: I was ^uounded. So public house signs, a horse: travellers accommodated ivith stabling ; a bunch of grapes : Here ive sell ivine. Some can read writing, more can read printing, all can read painting.

Rand, Randle, Range (con. round) : a shield — -Vander- CHiLD: of the shield = Childs for Shields.

BoRD (when English): big shield bearer, co'^-. broad = Skey, con. Sky : a cover.

ToRQUATUS (Manlius) : wearing torque, allied to contortion, it was wreath work for the neck.

WAR NAMES. 219

Lysander (admiral): loosed man = Freeman = Priam (Troy): I'ansomed = Liberius (pope).

Ransom (plough) : sum rendered for a captive, con. Rent : rendered for place hired =

Padon: redeemed, bong-ht back {d euphonic). "The children of Padon were Nethinim."

Hassan (favourite in Arabia, Persia, Turkey) : slasher, slaughter, con. Assassinate : to slay in fight, now means murder = Slagg, Slogg.

Roadman (Ruad : noised, of whom a row, noise is made) : a glorious man = Oleander and Ludovio.

Roland for Hruodland : the country's glory, becomes Orlando, as

Orlando Furioso : Roland the raging. Its English is

Rowland. "A Roland for his Oliver" = " Tit for tat." Roland = Patroclus, Cleopatra.

Lambert (Simnel) : land brightness, country's hope.

Christopher : Christ carrier, not as Ignatius was surnamed

Theophorus : God bringer, subjectively, but bearer of standard emblazoned with image of Christ. It gives CosTOR- phine, Chrystie, Chrystal, Cristoval, Stoffel, Stofflet, Tuff, Tuffil (when not from Teufel), Kit (tanner),- Kitts (St.), Keats (poet), Kitto, unless that dates to the Phenician times (tin), meaning cassia seller.

Vane (when not from Bane) (Sir Harry): a standard bearer = Alighieri (Dante) and

Alafiepi (poet) : bearer of standard with lulng on it, Ala gero = a]a fero.

Bannerman : a warrior under a ban, curse, if he forsook his standard, sacramentum.

Pennant (when not local) : pennon bearer, Pendo : I hang. Pennon : a steamer.

Pantaleone is a terrific name, the Pan as in Panther : very wild beast (pan in sense of perl), and so means very lion like. There is a church in Rome dedicated to >S'^. Pantaleone. It is given as lion planter, a Venetian soldier carrying the standard of St. Mark, but the name is far older than the republic of San Marco. An actor in a pantomime is called the

Pantaloon from wearing a caricature of the breeks of the saint or the soldier, —

" Bring out his mallard, and eft-soons Beshake bis shaggy jja7i^aZoo?is."

From this word the Yankees call each lady wearing the Bloomer costume o, pantalunatic.

Der.mot (Mc), Diarmid (Mc), Dermid : a troop, then troop- leader = Gad.

220 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

GuNN : war, a man of war, gives Gonzales (salus) : saved in combat, Gunter, Gonzalo, but Gun is a form of engine, and GUNTON, cor. form of Gunn-stein : war stone, jewel of a fighter. But

Brimstone is a form of Bernstein : a mountain frequented by bears, living on.

CiTNDEL : war bold. Gumprecht, Gompertz : war bright = Cleomachus: glorious fighter. And the odd name Gumboil is formed on Gumbold : bold in war. Hence, too, Gundy : a man of war = Chatto, Hatto, Hatt, co7i. Chad, Oath : war as in Cathie, Cathlin and Cadogan, soldiers three. Cadell, Cattle : war-like.

Casswallawn : defence of tribe, in Latinised form Casi- VELAUNUS. The Romans had a harmless habit of softening hard names.

Cathlin : war eyed, sparkling eyed, Cahill, Kathleen (mavourneen).

Stitt, Stead, Steady, Stott, Stout : steady in battle array, unmoved by the foe charging.

NoTH : bold, audacious, Nutt (commodore), Nutter, warriors both.

WooLNOTH : bold wolf, courageous Saxon warrior. Hegistratus, StRxVtegus : army leader = Hertogh, con. Stratagem : plan to lead an arrny out of a difficulty.

Duke, Duce, Duck, Douce : a leader, Duckett : young Duke or leader. Ducat : ducal money.

Satrap (Persian), this name or title from Chatrapa : um- brella lord, shade of state. The cha for shah.

" Leotychides, being desired by a Samian to wage war against the Persians, enquired his name : the Samian replied that it was Hegistratus.' Then Leotychides answered, ' I embrace the omen of Hegistratus.'" This is a species of fortune telling- called Onomantia : finding the future by names. It was common throughout Greece and the East (and still is in the latter) where a chance spoken name decided deliberations. " The historian Ferishta relates that Homaypon, being one day on a hunting party, told several of his nobles that he was uneasy in his mind regarding Hindostan. One of those who were in favour of the enterjorise (renewal of invasion) observed that there was an old method of divination, by sending a person forward who should ask the names of three individuals whom he first met, by which a conclusion, good or bad, might be drawn. The king being naturally superstitious, humoured the fancy, and sent three horsemen in front with directions to come back and communicate to him the answers they should receive. The first horseman who returned said he met a traveller named

WAR NAMES. 221

DowLAT : empire; the second met a man who called himself

MooRAD : good fortune ; and the third was saluted by a villager who bore the no less encouraging appellation of

Saadut : the object of desire. Thus cheered by Fate, Homayoon assembled his forces, which amounted to no less than 15,000 horse, and being immediately joined by large numbers of the inhabitants of the Punjaub, he carried every- thing before him."

Leotychides : son of Leotychus : con. Eutychus, and means one who has the luck of a lion, i.e., gets his prey.

Ferishta for Faristan : a native of Fars.

MooRAD is better known by Murad, Murat, Amurath = Said, Gluck, Jamin, Gad, Eutychus, Felix, Long (when Chinese) and Fortunatus.

Murat (in some cases) : who won a mural crown made of grass of a city besieged.

" Sefi, king of Persia, was unfortunate in all his undertakings; his country suffered from pestilence, treading on the heels of famine. His mollahs thought it advisable to counsel a change of name from

Sefi : a sabre, to that of Solyman. He was then crowned as though Sefi was dead, which royal fiction was carried out by destroying all seals and deeds of ofhce in the name of the late king."

Solyman : peaceful = Salem (Bey), with a traditional flavour of the glory of Solomon. To retreat from east to west, Cath, Cad : war, gives

Cattanach : a warrior, Calgach : fierce warrior, Latinised Galgacus.

Cadwaladyr: glory of the army = Stratocles,Cleostratus.

Cateran : a robber, harrier, as Harry, Merode, Katrine Loch : lake frequented by robbers = Axine.

Cat, Casey (corporal) are from Cath, and mean a soldier.

A.LPHEUS : a leader, strong as a bull, from A, Greek, whence alphabet, A B, and Elephant : first animal as to size.

Beith : the birch, b of the Celtic alphabet.

Coll : the hazel, c of Celts.

Labda (daughter of Amphion) : from A of Greeks, she bore

Cypselus : a chest, cun. Apocalypse : uncovering the ark. So called because hidden in a chest from assassins.

Nun, Non from the Hebrew :, whose sign was a fish, sym- bolising fruitfulness.

PUAH, /em. of S : a mouth, awfully talkative woman; the Greek is n, from the Hebrew.

Posh, in Hebrew "i (our r), in Greek P, the dog's letter, means a head, gives Pashi (rabbi), and in geography Posetta : capital of Delta, Pas : a cape. Its fern, is the beautiful

222 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

RoxANA, RosHENA (bride of Alexander) : Sara, Martha, Creusa, "O Goo-, rosh of Meschech and Tubal." From Caph (3), Egyptian and Hebrew, K of the Greek, our K, the symbol of power, represented by an arm (" To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed"), gives

Cepheus (king of Ethiopia) : powerful. Such names all mean of high antiquity, of an ancient and presumably hon- ourable stock, as the old Erse.

(St.) Elmo, from the elm answering to our A, being spelled ailm.

GwYDER : wooder, learned in Celtic, taken from trees. We now leave letters to come back to soldiers.

Agesilaus : people's leader = MEx\elaus : people's strength = the deathless,

Demosthenes, Folkhart : hardness of the folk = the Roman stump orator,

Publicola: cultivator of piJjlic good. Aristodemus : an aristocY&t, best of the people.

Demas (sometimes viewed as a cor. of Demetrius) : a ple- bian = Folks, Dodds, Ladds, Vokes.

Lewis (British) from Llew : lux, light-giving.

Llewel : who uses his sword like lightning, whence Llew- ellyn (kmg).

Chlodowig, Ludovic : famous victor, literal meaning, hmd about his victories, gives Louis, Louisa, Clovis, Lots, Loyson (Pere Hyacinth) : son of Louis, or from Eligius. Chlodowig also gives Luther, Lothario (the gay), Clotaire, Lorraine : kingdom of Lotharius.

Casimir (king): celebrated warrior. Engelman= young warrior = Cadogan.

Archibald, usually taken to mean hold archer, is a form of ERfJHENBOLD : free, open, sincere, fearless.

SiGBRAND (seco) : conquering sword, Sibbald : conquering prince.

SiCKMAN : victorious man in a combat.

Gildan : to pay dues, Guildhall : where paid, gives

Giles (when not a goat): a pledged warrior = Gage, Wager, Wages : engaged to fight. The Scandinavian pledge being in silver, he who gave it was called

SiLVERSiDE or Whiteside (white money), to this class add Handyside.

Gilbert : glorious warrior, whence Gilpin (John), Gibbon (great), GiPP ('s land).

Sturmer, Starmer : who storms, violently attacks =

Gervas (gar fuss) : eager to fight, Jervis, Jarvey. Fuss meant impetuosity.

Scrymgeour : skirmisher, good in a scrimmage

WAR NAMES. 223

Alexander : man helper, saving in battle = Soter, Sozo- MON : saviour, gives Alick, Alley (Sloper), Alisox (M')Alis- TER, Callister, Sanderson (last four : son of Alexander), Hallack, Alasdair, Adair when not an oak) Saunders, Sandy, Scanderbeg : bey Alexander, Iskaxder, Alessandro (Gavazzi).

Alexis : a helper, Alexius : son of Alexis, Russo-Greek, suggests

Epicurus (epicurean) : a helper = Bcethius (Consolations of Philosophy).

Onosander: man helper = Sosthenes : strong saviour =

Socrates : a strong one saving another as he did Aleibiades.

Raymond, Rayment (con. Rince : to cleanse) Muntz (M.P.) : pure, protector.

CoNCOBHAR, Connor (ancient Irish) : helping warriors.

Edmund : happy defender, Edmonds, Muxcy, Munns.

Bermuda (islands) for Bermuxda: pure protector = Ray- MOXD. Ber corresponds to Greek Peri and Latin Verus : true.

Ahiezer : brother of help, aid bringer, Ezra, Esdras : helper.

Merode (Fr. statesman): a marauder, invader, raider = Harry, whence Harrigax : young Harry.

Herapath (Here : an army, and pad, as though padded for fight) : mailed.

Albemarle, Aumale: white mail, contrasts with Black Prince, who wore dark.

" Now, God be praised, the day is ours ! Mayenne hath turn'd his rein, D' Aumale hatli cried for quarter, the Flemish count is slain."

(Mack)Harxess (bishop) : harness wearer, armour, from Orno : I adorn. " Let not him that putteth on the harness boast." Hence " harnish plaid."

Beauharxois (Josephine) : beautiful armour wearer.

Aldhelm : old helmet, veteran. Brighthelm : burnished helmet, young soldier, gives Brighthelmstone (town), Brighton.

Croxhelm : crested helmet. Helm : to cover. Helmet : a covering. Overwhelm : to cover completely. Collard : high helmet.

Leucaspis : white shield, silver buckler. Rothschild : red shield. Though this is a German Jewish name, the Jew, as such, knows no such appellation. Such names were adopted to veil origin and evade persecution. Thus

MoRTARA (Edgar, boy) : polony maker, from Morta : dead flesh. No Jew ever worked thereat. The word polony is from Bologna.

Pevexsey (Norman chief) : little shield (parvis), hence bold, taking little shelter.

Skioldixg, Scoldixg : son of a shield, brave defender. When the aboriginal warriors went into action they smote

224 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

their 'shield with their sword and cried aloud. This was scolding. If not followed by bravery was called swash- bucklering. So Skey {co7i. Sky : that covers) : a shield.

^GIDIUS : son of the goatskin shield of Minerva, under her protection.

FoRTESCUE: strong shield. SCUDAMORE : shield of love = Alexander, Connor.

Squires, Esquire : scutifer, shield bearer to a knight.

Bernicius, Bernice : bringing victory = NiCEPHORUS : who coming up the battle is won.

SoPHRONiCUS : conquering by generalship. Sophonisba : of a wise life.

Sophia (St.), Sofy : wisdom. Philosophy : love of wisdom, con.

Sophron, Sempronius : sound minded, con. EuphrosynEj Phryne, phrensy.

Eunice, fern, of Eunicius: good victory = Goodwin, God- win (sands).

NicocLES, Cleonicus : glorious victory, great and un- expected = SiGBERT.

Almanzor : the victorious, Anicetus : invincible = Unwin : not to be won. The pythoness at Delphi said to Alexander, " Ei anicetus : " thou art unconquerable.

NioiAS : victorious = Sigga, Victor (Hugo), Alcuin (taught Charlemagne): all win, PoLYNiCES: many victories, Eupolemos : good fighter.

Edwin {con. ocl in allodial) : happy victor, giving Gudin (conjurer), GuDiNOT (general) : little Edwin.

Edward : happy guard, successful defender, becomes Edart, Ned, Neddy: an ass, Ted, Yeddie, Peddie (Dick, when not formed on Peed). Duarte (king) and Edouart (Exeter Hall fame), these =

SiGiSMUND, SiMMONDS, SlSMEY : victorious defender, wrong- fully given victorious mouth, i.e., persuading in council = Pythagoras.

Vincent, Vincenzio, Chune, Nicanor, Sigga, Sickman : victorious. Sycamore (more : great) : great conqueror.

Thrasonicus : bold conqueror, who shouts and fights, hence Thrasonical : boastful.

Ball (John, mad priest), Balls, Thraseus, Hard, Hardy : bold, a variation of Bald : stripped for battle.

Hardtmuth: high spirited, of a bold nature = Archibald.

Hardicanute: Canute the bold. Ballard: of a bold nature.

Mustard (Betsy) : of a strong constitution, a game fighter, con. May : power : Must.

Leopold (leod) : bold people ; so Dyball, Rumbold : famous for bravery (rumour).

WAB NAMES. 225

Meroveus (mer, mor and veus for wig) : great conqueror.

Thrasymachus (pupil of Plato): bold fighter = Barnacle.

Nicolas, Nicholas: conqueror of the people, gives Nico- laitanes : followers of Nicolas of Antioch, Cole, Colet, Collette (when not acolyte), Colenzo, Nicot (Nicotin : one so named introduced tobacco into France), NiX (bishop of Norwich;, from it, while the following are his sons — CoULSON, Collings, Clausewitz. To these we may add the children's pet,

Santa Klaus : saint Nicholas, if not Klaus : enclosed, a hermit. And add we must the Dutchman, Mynheer Closh.

Nicodemus : conqueror of the people. Laos and Demos differ in, the latter implying the confederation of the people, from Deo : I bind, whereas Laos is people without reference to politics, giving Lay, Laity : non clerics, Lewd : vulgar.

Caligula (emperor) : buskin wearer = Ledderhose : leather leggings, con.

Maclehose : much, muckle hose, baggy leggings. Gallipoli : Caligula's city.

Caracalla (casa). " The caracalla was a long garment like the habit of a modern monk, sometimes with and some- times without a cowl." Suggests

Patch : wearing party coloured clothing = Motley (historian). " Patch was the court name of a fool kept by Cardinal Wolsey. He has had the honour of transmitting his name to a numerous body of descendants, he being a notable fool in his time."

Peploe : wearing the j^ejdain as of divine or royal descent = Porphyry. Peplomania : madness for dress. But we must get nearer war ; so then the following mean chevalier, trooper, or knight, viz. : —

Hotspur: rough rider. Spohr (Hail, smiling morn): spur user =

HoRSMAN: But HiPPiAS: charioteer, though, literally, son of a horse.

Cheval, Capel (when not from chapel), Philip: good rider.

Encke (comet) Henchman : riding servant, Hengler, con. Hengtst : a stallion, stall horse, from Hang : to depend. HoRSA, a mare.

Eachran, Eghmily: horse soldier (miles), gives Emly =

JOCKELL.

ACHAIUS : son of a horse, good rider (each), Achaia : horse country, as Italy : cattle country, Spain : rabbit country.

Caballero (Brazilian general), Epeus (Trojan horse maker), Boss (when not local).

Butter, Byder, Buyter (De), Bitter (Carl): riders all. Bechab (Bechabites) : a charioteer = Cormack : son of the chariot, Caw, who with

22G PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(0) Hara and (M') Ara were British chariot drivers, Essedi : sitters in chariot. Beveridge : a knight, so termed from wearing Beaver, so called from Bibo : I drink, as horsemen in the heat of battle drank thereout.

Rembrandt Van Rhyn : Rembrandt of the Rhine.

Rembrandt: king's sword, royal champion = Kemp, Cam- pion.

Eupolemos: good warrior = Calimachus : beautiful fighter, handling weapons scientifically.

Andromachus (burnt by Samaritans): a man in fight, /em., Andromache (Hector's wife).

Androcles : Andrew's glory, Andrew : a man of heroic mould, giving Andy, Anderson, and:=MANNUS, Bravo, Beau- regard, Wight, Izod, Arba, Ishi.

Harbonah (eunuch) : warlike = Martin : Mars-like, gives

LAM:\rARTiNE, Martyn, as also Martinico, Martinique: islands so called.

Lahmi : a warrior, con. Cherdolaomer : servant of Lahmi the war god of the Susanim. " Elhanan slew Lahmi the brother of Goliath,"

DoLABELLA (consul) : battle axe bearer = Haco, Hacke, Hacking : son of either.

Medon: a commander, /ein., Medusa (head).

Pal.vmedes (invented dice) : old commander, veteran leader.

Dio:medes : Jupiter's commander, best generalissimo.

EuDES (count) : binding well (deo), thoroughly conquering = Binder.

Victor : who binds, from Vieo : I bind. Victim : one bound, Vimen : a with, Mons. Viminalis : osier hill, at Rome. From EuDEs, Odo (bishops), Odillon : great, Ody, Otho, Otto (when not from octo), Odette, Othello : little, Otho, son of.

HuDiBRAS (con. brace) : conquering arm. Flambard (bishop) : a firebrand, flaming sword = Beor and Chaka,

Flugel (lexicographer) : leader of wing of an army = Ahala, con. ala,

Alighieri : wing bearer, con. Aisle : of a church,

DuMNORix (iEduan) : possessor of many hills {con. dun).

Orgetorix (Helvetian) : ruler of a hundred hills (con. rego).

HoGAN, Hagan (0): high protection, God guarded, but though so given they seem to come of Eogan in the sense of high bred, a son.

Oscar : bounding warrior, leaping to the fight, gives (Mc)Cusker.

Labouchere (and Bradlaugh) : the butcher. Norman title of a general who slew his thousands.

Boucher (Maid of Kent), Butcher : a warrior from beat.

WAB NAMES. 227

bat, a slasher, slayer = Hassan. The trade word conveys a modernised sense of it. Butcher, Bottom, each from beat.

Dhu : black, dark, gives Duncan : dark head, brown haired, the same as the Hibernian.

(The 0)Donaghue, Dunphy, Donovan (Rossa) : black white (brain) former, hair latter skin, also Dunn, Duff, Dove Dee, Duffy, (Mc)Haffie, Dougan : young Dnu, or Dow.

DuGALD : dark Gael, ojj. of FiNGAL : fair Gael or stranger.

Kean: head chief = RosH. Canmore (Malcolm): great head, bodily. Kenny (Meadows : head of the island).

(Mc)Cann : head, an Irish hero who did by his late foe what David did to Goliath. Cantankerous : head full of light.

(Mc)KiNNON, Cannon : fair haired = Flavius, Sorley, Saurin.

Kenmare (nun) : sea head, Kinealy : head of wall fort. Can tyre : head land = Ras.

KiNLOCH: LocHHEAD. KiNNAiRD : Hillhead, may mean chief commander =Phicol.

Kenneth : head of sept, varies to Kennedy, (Mc)Kenzie, KiNCAiD : rock head.

Kentigern : head chief, as Vortigern (mor) : great chief.

Ratican : living at Rathhead = Kinealy.

Kinglass : head of stream, con. Glasse, Glassford = Pen- gelly.

Fatican == Longhead, con. Fadyan : long John. The tendency to corrupt names can scarcely be better illustrated than in the case of

Radbet [con. Ruad : famous (row) and Bid : to send] : a first class messenger, scout, becoming Rabbits.

SiGVALLADUR : Conquering power.

GuRNEY (which some make from Gourney) : gar new, going into battle fresh with his spear, con. Sigourney,

Chilperic (a great name) is helj) rich, able to sustain an ally.

Frederick : peace rich, who by complete conquest of foe gives a long rest to his country.

Manfred (may main) : powerful peace, long peace bringer by punishing foe so that he cannot rally.

Kriga: war maker = Creek, Crick : the war whoop giver, who cries as he enters battle = Grogan. Cricket proper is of the current century, and hence many have been posed as to how it could supply the widely spread names. Cricket, Crickett, Crickitt. The solution is, these are formations on Creek, and mean either son of Creek, or son of war, i.e., a brave. But Cricket (on the hearth) : creaking insect.

Crickmore, Crickmer: great at making war, planning a campaign, cleverly.

228 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

FiNiGUERRA (French) : finished warrior, perfect soldier.

Sly, Sliman : who slays his enemy when off guard, and yet not unfairly, Ulyssian type, con., slay, slit, slot, Slight: to hurt one's feelings.

Mills (when not local) : a medieval title from Miles : a soldier, from Mille : a thousand. The minimum Roman army was a thousand men, the Teutonic was thirty-five and upwards. The former tells of tactics, the latter of pluck.

Miles : one of the thousand. From Mille our Mile : a thousand paces of the legionary soldier.

ScALiGER (Joseph) : ladder bearer, who scaled the enemy's battlements.

MURAT (cavalry king) : mural crown receiver. The first who entered a besieged place was crowned with plaited grass that had grown therein while beleagured ; after the campaign with a gold crown wall-shaped.

An astonishing number of warriors derive their names from the dog. Now, as the dog is the symbol of contempt with us, the fact of its being in high repute formerly deserves special attention. The aborigines of many coun- tries were greatly aided by dogs in clearing the primeval woods of wild animals ; evidently the dog was one of the first creatures subjected to the human will. Had Abel a collie ? Those early nations observing the pluck of a dog in attacking wild beasts when encouraged by the voice of its master, and admiring its bottom in keeping up the fight against killing odds, generally applied the term dog to their most valiant heroes. The Celts termed it cu, con, col, the Hebrews Caleb, the Greeks cuon, the Latins canis, the French chein. Hence we have

CuMARA : sea dog, heroic sailor, a regular Blake. So like- wise

Con (of 100 battles) : a dog, whence hundreds of honourable names with a currish look, as

Connel (O), Coilean, Congan, Cunnian, Channing, Canning, Cunliffe, Conon, Cuillean (king), shortened to Cullen (cardinal), Colin (Campbell), Colquhoun, Calhoun, Conan, primarily meant son of dog, i.e., of warlike descent, and so = Herring, Finguerola, Wickliffe, Herod, Scolding. " Blow for blow, as Conan said to the Devil." Hence, too,

CooLEY, Colly (when Irish), Cowley : Ulster warrior, dog of Ulster, con.

NuLTY (Mac): an Ulster man. Concobhar, Connor: helping warriors. Collie (shepherd's mate) is just Doggie. Con. col also gives

Quain (anatomy), identical with Cuon : a dog, hence QuiN, and

WAR NAMES. 229

CoNROY : redheaded Con, like Redmond : red Edmond. CowiE, Covey : meadow hound, reminding of Lyulph : meadow wolf.

Queen (Mc), Quinlivan : young Quin, Mulqueen : bald headed Con, con.

MuLYON : son of bald head. To this breed add (Mac)ONiE : son of a dog.

CoNNEL forms Conville, which is in peril of being entangled with the ville gentry.

CoNNAL (Glasgow, S.B.) is Highland, meaning shoresman, one living where roaring waves, polyphloisbon, great noise of the sea, comes.

CuCHULLiN (Ossian's hero) : dog of Ulster = CooLEY, CoLLY, CowLEY. Hence, too,

CusiN for Cu Sionna : hound of the Shannon, bravest on the river.

The successor of Joshua ben Nun is generally translated man of heart, lion like, as though the Co?ur de Lion of the Bible, because it was thought intolerable to associate a He- brew leader with the despicable dog, so it was crowded out of Lib : a lion, whence

Lebbeus : lion like, but David called his son by about the .same. " His second (son) was Chileab, of Abigail," and he would not degrade a member of his family by calling him after a mere dog.

Chileab: howler, a dog = Caleb = Cato (noble Roman): a whelp, howler, whence

Catulus : son of a dog, warrior born = Canning. Cane (Venetian doge) : a dog =

Cheyne (Mc), which with many similar names usually given as connected with the oak signify a primitive warrior who fought gamely against odds, as dogs do against wild beasts.

Cagnola (canicula) exactly corresponds to Catulus, which means young and brave.

DuRANT, Durante : lasting in the fight, game to the last. So the Norman

Talbot, the Scotch Doig, and the English Doggett (coat and badge) : who gave a dogged resistance to the foe. Thorough John Bull names.

Doggart : of a dog's nature, plucky, determinate, take no denial.

Dodge is also a form of dog, meaning game fighter.

TOKE: raging for fight like a tyke, dog held back. Con. the last is the great

Tycho (Brahe) : a dog, generally given as con. Tuck : a cloth worker, but it is a war name.

230 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Cynosura (Jupiter's nurse) : dog's tail she was changed to a star in the constellation Cuon, Sailors accurately observed it, whence one attracting attention is called a Cynosure. The dog days are when the dogstar is above the horizon of the Nile.

Borrows (Bible in Spain) Borrowman : a hostage, bor- rowed by the enemy, a pledge to be returned = Homer.

MoNSABRE (Pere), a name we might be pardoned for sup- posing meant my sivord, i.e., a soldier, he who lives by his sabre, really means living on a saluhrioas mount, healthy hill.

Let our rear be brought up by a Russian poet : — Pushkin : an artillery man = Alabaster, taken from noise guns make when going off, similar to Tic-tick-boo : a gun, so called by Polynesians. Thus we call a man a tinker from the tinkling he makes.

( 231 )

CHAPTER XIII.

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES.

Many personal names, especially in modern civilised com- munities, are traceable to some craft, profession, or official title of the first persons who bore them. No few trades supplying .such names have ceased to be followed, hence the names pre- serving the knowledge of them have historic value, as they give a clearer insight into the past. Moderns are emphasised, because the ancients took ill to trade-names, not through want of appreciating the dignity of labour on the part of Greek or Jew, but because they were unwilling to change a name suggesting family honours, sacred relationships, or glorious deeds, for one that only levelled them with a workman. Moreover, they were affected by the obvious fact that trade names are indefinite. Only one man could literally be called Jacob, while millions might be named Smith. As might be expected, appellatives of this kind are more prevalent amongst western nations, where utilitarianism prevails, than with the imaginative sons of the east. Hence trade-names are com- mon in countries peopled by the Germanic stock, but rare among Arabs, Persians, and Jews. Besides, the original one- name system was unfavourable to the introduction of trade- names, as each man had his name before working at a craft. When the primitive usage failed by reason of popular increase, the two-name system came in like a flood. This occurred in our country mostly in the 13th and 14th centuries, being introduced thus. A boy received his name when christened, and this distinguished him from neighbouring boys ; but nearing manhood, he came into contact with a wide circle of fellow mortals, of whom several had the same name as himself. His name getting inconveinently mixed with others, in order to distinguish him from them, a trade name was added. Say the boy was called John, which would be distinctive round the door ; as he nears manhood, he meets with others rejoicing in the same designation, and his neighbours, knowing he is apprenticed to make clothes, call him John the Tailor, but as vulgarity is generally laconic, he has to content himself with John Taylor, whereby he is distinguished from a neighbour's son also named John ; but he being employed in healing (covering) houses, is known as John Hulyer : John the slater.

232 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

A Greek infant, when nine days old, was called Aristocles : the glory of Aristos. He growing in years, his back grew in breadth to an unusual degree, and he was called Plato: broad (backed), nearly = the French Petion : broad chested. Plato, con. 'pled, fiat, jylatane (trees).

Amongst the ancients the second name rarely existed with the first, but took its place. " Call me not Naomi (pleasant to look upon, con. Nain : pleasantly situated) : call me Mary " (bitter, born amidst bitter trials, same as Miriam, Maria, and the great Miriamne). Observe, she was not called Naomi Mara, nor he Aristocles Plato, whereas our trade names were parasitical upon what is termed Christian names. The follow- ing names are a selection of those, the exposition of which may be found instructive and interesting.

Agricola (who first sailed round Britain) : a ploughman, from Ager : a field, an acre, and Colo : I cultivate, whence culture, cloivn, colony, colonel, colonial. Acre, con. J.ceWama (acre of blood, field bought by blood money). Acres (Bob) : living in a field. LiXACRE : flax farmer. Agericus : a field- man, anglicised to Airy (astronomer), and Ager, a well known English name. Any of these = Hickman, Airman, Ackerman and WiNKLEMAN for Swinklelman : who sweats through toil = Sue (Eugene) from Sudor : sweat, from Hudor : water, as our sweat is formed on wet. Switzerland : land of sweaters, labourers = Labrador. Hoffman : a field labourer, whence Hovey. Vanderhoff : of the farm, a labourer.

Peace (Charles), which has so peaceful a look, means a landholder, a farmer. It was originally Piece, an elliptical expression for a piece of land. It is so found in documents granting land and charters dating back to the eighth century. Butters : a farmer cultivating meadow land, yielding butter. The Irish for a farmer is Scully, as Scullabogue : a barn, the farmer's building. Bowman sometimes means an archer, at others, is a form of Boorman : who bores the earth. Boor = Clown, for colone from colo, whence Colon (Christopher) : a cu/-tivator. Thence also Bowers, Bauer, Niebuhr (historian) = Neighbour : near boor, so Burly : like a boor. Borland : town land belonging to boors = Burleigh (loixl).

Van Buren: of the cottages = Coates and Cotby. Bord- MAN : cottier farmer. Sul : a plough, in the Saxon, gives SiLLiMAN : a ploughman = (Mc)Greagh = Tillman : who toils, tills. Haeckel (evolutionist) : a field labourer who howks and harrows = Harrower. Plews : he who ploughs = Lam- plough : land plougher. Farmer is con-j^rm-arius : confirmed in his holding by title. Farm is common. Franklin : a free- hold farmer = Freyhoffer (spectrum analysis). Bond is of Swedish origin, and synonymous with Lanfranc : the free of

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 233

the land = Freeman : freed man, enfranchised = Colbert for con. libertus, who attamed liberty with another = Hodder (and Staughton) : a farmer holding allof/ial land. Fremantle (frumentum): a corn growing farmer, not a grazier. Travil: a labourer working with travail. Travel : to journey on bad roads. Carabceuf : who drives a bullock cart = the classic Bootes : ox driver. Hind, Hine, Day : day labourers. Hynd- MAN = Travil. Hinson: son of Hind, but Hinton (Jack): town behind a hill. From Amal : work, the historic ^Emilius: a worker, giving Amelia and Emily (not Emma), but Amery (Pott & N. Y.), Emery and Amerigo (Vespucci) are from Amal- RICH : exalted ruler (ric), as also Imrie, its abbreviated form. When Imrie is Gaelic it means butter, supplying king therewith. Granger : grain grower. Changarnier (general) for champgarnier: raising grain on champagne land. Garner: grain storer, granery keeper becomes garner. Drable ((be- arable) = Fremantle, Metarius, Myers, one who metes fields, land surveyor = Landseer = Rarer from Rap: rope, as in Stirrup : rope to rise by, one measuring land with a cord. But Roper : rober, and Wardrop : who had charge of the king's wardrobe. Metayer (anarchist) is the continent corre- spondent to Myers. Lepailleur (Little Sisters of Poor) : straw seller. Pallet : a straw bed. Hardman : earth man, soil worker = Gardiner, Gardner, Jardine, though the root idea in these is Gird, whence yard, girdle, garter, garth. Gars- cube, Garscadden. Jardine = Hortensius,'Hortense (Reine), Orton : town among gardens = Orville (awful Gardiner). Ortolan : a garden bird, but Ortolan : a gardener = GiNNE- THON. " Daniel, Glnnethon, Baruch," were sealed. From Gen : a garden, whence also En-gannim : garden well, fountain. Genesareth : prince's garden, very fruitful. Similarly the Irish Garry : a garden, as Garryowen : Owen's garden, like Tyrone : Owen's land. Androgeos, Ageso, George : worker in earth = Hardman. " I am the vine, and my Father is the georgos." Hence Georgics : rural poems. Joury (Crimean prince), JouRiSEN : son of George, GiORGONE (Italian), are formations on George.

Husband : house bond, a farmer, who in the Lothians had a farm of fixed dimensions. Service or Fairservice is a farmer holding land for a service rendered to the king. Wife : a weaver. Spinster: daughter who spun. Wife is a living family name, of course means a weaver. The name and title Baron : a strong man, then husband, gives BiRON (marshal), Byron (poet), Baronius (historian), son of Barop. Spurius : a sower, wha scatters. Sporades : scattered isles, Sparta : scattered town, not built in streets. Serranus, Serrano (Spanish): a sower, allied to Serene : weather favourable for sowing, whence serenade. 16

234 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Singing does not go off well in a storm. Sereno: a watchman who calls out serene weather. Saturn (agricultural god whence Saturnalia: rustic festival): a sower = Seji, w^hence Sejanus (favourite of Tiberius). Cyamitas : bean-planter. Cicero from Cicer : a vetch, field-pea, is generally given as = Fitch or Vetch. " Doth not he cast abroad the Jitches ?" But the orator was named from having a pea-like excrescence, wart, on his nose as had Oliver Cromwell. Batteur : corn beater = Thresher and Tasker, giving Batterscomb : Batteur's dale, from a Norman family. Faucheur : hay maker, working with a falk : scythe, con. Falchion : a great sword = Claymore : great glaive. Curran (orator) : a reaping hook which an Irishman quickly improvises into a scimitar. Alder, Elder, Anax, Alderman = Seignor: seniors, senators, elderly men. Aldric : aged ruler, whence Aldersgate. But Aldo (Aldine press) : audax, audacious, bold. Aldric = Archon from Arche : chief by seniority, gives Tarquin (king). Olric, Ulric, Alaric are forms of Athelric : noble ruler = Reginmar, Reimer, Raumer, Reimarus : famous ruler. Eric (king of Norway) : aye ric, ever king. Ric con. Rego : I rule. Rajah, Marajah (magnus rex) : great king = Arta- xerxes from Xerxes : a fighting king. Ric is cognate with Ree : a king, as in Rene (roy natus) : of royal birth, and Imrie. So Macree (widow) : son of a king. Rice, Reece, Richard (richard) : stern ruler, giving Rickett, Ricardo, Riccarton: Richard's town, Clanricarde, Ritchie, Dick, Dixon : son of Dick, Dickens, Deeks, Pritchard : son of Richard, as Brice or Bryce and Price : son of Rice. Rego also gives Regulus (ambassador to Carthage) : little king, as also Rule, Wren (Christopher) and Wren, the little king of birds. As Kingfisher : king of fishers, because of its beauty, the wren was reckoned king of birds from its prettiness and littleness.

King, Konig, and Conger : men who ken, know, are cun- ning. Conger-eel : king of eels. Rex gives Raikes (Sabbath School) : a ruler, and Roy gives Royle, Ryle (Liverpool). KoNiGSBERG = Kingston. But Leroy : head of a corporation, while the too well known Lefroy : the cool, frigid. Vor- tigern : excellent chief = Sapor (Persian king) for shah-poor: great king. Pasha, Bashaw: king's foot.' Officers of the Shah named from his members as Vizier, called his eye. From Shah, Sheik: petty king. Chess, Check: king. Check-mate: dead king. Chess: game of kings. Ric conjoined with Theod : people, gives the dread Theoderic: ruler of the people, whence Thiery, Terry, Derrick, Diack. Dyball : of a bold people, brave. But Roderick : famous ruler, giving Rory (of the hills), Cuidad Roderigo : city of Roderic. These must not

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 235

be confused with Theodosius : ^-ift of God, whence Theodore and Tudor (house of), as also D'Orsey (Count).

Theodosius transposed gives Dorothy, Dolly (Dobson). Theodorus, Dorothy, Theox>osia, Theodotus, Deodanda, apply to children earnestly desired, and so = Desiderius : desiderated = Samuel : asked of God, Saul : asked (of God). Theod : people, gives Theobald : of a bold people, ah. to Dyball, which cor. to Dibble. Tidyman, Tidy: of the people = Folks, Ffoulkes, Fouche, forms of vulgus, and allied to Belgii : populous, giving Belgium. Publius: son of the people. PuBLicoLA: who cultWsite& the good will of the people. Theod also gives Teuton or Teutones : multitudinous = Eelgii. DoDD, DoDDS, DiETZ (Ella): one of the Theod. Doddrell : Dodd of the hill. Doddington : town of his descendants. Diet : popular assembly. So the Danish (Mc)Leod : one of the people. Leatherhead (which has puzzled thousands) is from Leod : people, and Rede : council, being a thousand years since a popular consultation spot like Wittanagemot : witty man's meeting. Reginald : the power of judgment, giving Rey- nolds, Renolf, Ronald, Clanranald, Rennie. From Kratos : power, Kraft : powerful. Craft : ability to follow a trade.

Despotes: foot binder, having power to put in fetters, governing without consulting governed, a despot. PosiDEON (Neptune) : same reversed, as sea water binds the feet, impedes motion. Despotes = KuRios : lord, from Kir : a city, meaning city king. From Kurios we have Kirk : house (oikos) of the Lord. Selkirk : great church = Templemore. Kirke: living near a church, or having charge of one = Iglesias (& Montero) our Eccles. Cyrus : lord, Cyria : a lady (ii John 1.) CiD (Spanish) : lord of city. Caliph: an Aleph : first man = Alpheus = Prince: princeps, primus capio, Avho takes first place. Bretwald : wide ruling, wielding = Eurynome. Basileus: basis of the laity, founda- tion of the people, a king, Basil (St.), and Basle (city) are contractions of it. Basilisk = Regulus : little king, crowned snake, whence Fascinate : to catch the eye as serpents do. Basilicon : royal house, cathedral. Tyrannus (a castle governor, con. Turra) : a king. Tyrant and Despot now used only in a bad sense, but not so originally. " Disputing daily in the school of one r^7'a7inus" = discussing in Mr. King's school-room. (Luke ii. 29) : " Despot, now Thou lettest Thy servant depart in peace." Lister, List : preparer of lists, —

" Be Mowbray's sins so heavy in his bosom That they may break his foaming courser's back, And throw the rider headlong in the listsJ"

236 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

But LiTSTER : a dyer, who puts clothes in ley, lith. Buttress, Butt (Isaac) : setters up of butts, targets. Butt : hide of a budd. SoURBUTTS : who scars the butts with his arrow, a good archer. Target : a shield, from Tergum : a hide, from Tego : I cover. Budd = Metcalf, Medcalf : meadow calf = Sturrocks, from steer, stirk. Verstegan : keeper of a strong- hold = Holder, Holden. Holding : son of Holder, Bolden : son of Holden. Ark (con. Archives: documents kept in an ark like the decalogue). Arkwright: chestmaker = KiSTNER: chestner, made meal chests. Byng (admiral) : bing maker. Thrower: thread maker = Limeweaver, Thread: throwed in making. Bacon (Roger) = Beecher: fed hogs on beech nuts, Glander did on acorns = Lardner,Porcher. The latter uncon- nected with Poacher : game pocketer. Pocket : a little poke. Pucker : to make pokes. Peck : a bag. But Peck, Peek : living on a hill = AiRD and Pickwith (peak vicus) = Hilton : town on a hill. Hayward, Howard are forms of Hogwarden : charge of all hogs in a forest. Howard becomes Hoad, as in Hoadly (bishop) : Howard's field, living in. Porcher = PoRCius (Festus) and Suarius : sow keeper, Suarez : his son. The original Porcher was probably swineherd in the New Forest, while the first Porcius possibly kept hogs in the Pontine Marshes. Fern. Porcia (Cato's sister, who perished by swallowing burning coals). Swain : swineherd, as Suarius. SwAiNLAND : frequented by swine. Swindell : swine dale = Sugden : frequented by sows. Buckland : beech-tree land = Buckowina (Austria).

CoPELAND : a quay, fair, where merchants deposit wares = Copestakes : land staked out for merchandise. Copenhagen : merchants' haven. These con. cheap, whence Chepstow : market place, Chap : a fellow, a hawker = Chapman : a huck- ster = DicKERMAN, Chaff, Chaffey, Coffin, Kaufman (general). But Chaffie : baldheaded = Moule, and con. Chauvin. Cleveland: cliff land = GARiocH and Folly from Fell : a rock, as in Goatsfell. So Raglan : rough land, the opposite of Smithfield : smooth field = Snodgrass : smoothly cut grass. Snodgrass compares well with Snyder : cutter, tailor, and Snap : to cut oft' short. Falkland : fre- quented by hawks. Croyland : by crows. Strickland (Agnes) : stirk, sturrock land = Cowmeadow = Clontarf, and Huxley for Oxley. " They go into college stirks, and come out asses." Backler : a janitor = Dorman and OsTORius : a door keeper, cor. to Usher, whence Lusher (le usher) and Lush. Lushington : the town of the son of Lush. Durward (Quintin) : door ward, tyler = K'osTER (Lawrence), Coster, Custance : door custodian. Yates, Gates, Yett : gate keeper. Hatch : had charge of a

NAMES DERIVED FBOM TRADES OR TITLES. 237

gate for deer, not going with hinge, but taken off by a hitch. Salmon : saloon keeper, hall door. Calman (caul man), ladies' hairdresser. (Is. iii. 13.) Gaylor is a form of jailer. Gush- man : cowman, cheese maker. Barbour : beard trimmer, con. Barebones : beard bonny, fine bearded. Kepler (astronomer) : tanner working kipjjs = Pelletan : skin tanner. Pellissier (marshal) : furrier. Barker : who works in bark tan = Tanner (faster), —

" What craftsman art thou, said the king, I pray thee tell me, trowe? I am a barJier, sir, to my trade ; Now tell me what art thou '? "

Bayle, Bailly, Bailey : a bailiff, meant a protector, from Beorgan : to protect, whence Burgh : a walled town, con. bed in such names as Balmerino : town on the sea = Seton. Out on bail is out under court protection. Hausman (Baron) : house bailiff = Voght. Baines, Bannister (Jack) : charge of a bath. Having its root in Bain : white, a bath makes white, so Ban, Boyne, —

" No more I do my murthis fayne, But in gladness I swym and baine.'^

The ending ster denotes fern. gen. Trades to which it is affixed were divided into branches, at the lighter of which women worked. When through the progress of refinement men took their place such branches retained old designations. Baker : batch cooker. Baxter : female baker = Cracknell : cake baker. " Take with thee ten loaves and cracknels." Flanner: pastry baker = Wateau. Mazarin (cardinal) is con. Macaroni, and means the same as Wateau and Vatel. Coke (lawyer). Cock, Koch (Paul de) : a cook, whence Cocker (arithmetician) : one pampered by delicate cookery. (Mc)Dade: kneader. Baker = the Roman Pistorius (Joseph), Italian Fornarius : man of the furnace, and the Normans had' BuLLiNGER (Reformer) : a baker, whence Pullinger. Brewer: con. brose, broth, hreweth, gives Brewster = M'Grouther : the king's brewer to a Celtic king. Chaloner : woollen weaver, con. Chalons-sur-Marne. Weaver, Weber (Der Freischutz). Webb give Webster (Daniel) : weaver of light goods. Whib, Whipps, Whipperman : a weaver, luhips the shuttle from side to side. Whibley : the weavers' field. There being no heavy department to spinning, we have no man named Spinner, and as surnames of women are absorbed in those of their husband's, no woman can be named Spinster, that being generic for a maid, but we have Clotho (Fates) : spinner, con. cloth ; and Wife is a family name. In the Irish we find Sheddy, Shedden : silk weavers. The same ancient

238 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

language supplies us with Coghill : net weaver. Sleeman (Thugs) : slaie maker = Reedman : weaver's reed maker. LiNGARD (D.D.) : worker of lingerie, napery, linen. Lanyer : wool worker, con. Lanimer Fair. Tilley : a first rate weaver, con. Subtile : cleverly done under the loom. Blacker (Stewart): bleacher = Whitster : who makes white. Beckner (Volney), Bucer (reformer), Booker : writer on beechwood, learned, a book worm = ScRiBONius, Scrivener, Schrevalius: scribes. Saphir (Rev.) : man of books. Sepharvaim : city of books. We not only have Booker but Bookless. The less in this name is con. Lacy : learned, so that, instead of meaning minus books, Bookless : book learned ; but librarian. Orders : who hoards, a treasurer = Hoard and as Boc : a beech, Bookless strangely answers to Gwyder : learned in wood. Consult Gwyder. Bochart : book herd, Kammerer. Porteous : made manuals, books portable by hand. Paternoster (common in Bedfordshire) : made rosaries, rows of beads on which they bid the Lord's prayer. The trade was formerly strong in Paternoster Row. Biddle, Boodle, Bedell : prayer men who told their beads often. Bede (venerable). Badman, Monboddo : men of beads. Bid now means to command, then to pray, Badman, Bonomi, Bon HAM (bonus homo) = GoTHER (bishop), Goodman, Goth- man, HoLYBAD, and Goodchild. But Horatio, Horace, often given as meaning prayerful, from Oro : I pray, whence Adore : to kiss, as adoration was putting mouth to object of worship, is from Oratos : aspectable, men to whom we look as having marks of superiority, like Beauregard, Mira- BEAU. Yet Arabella is undoubtedly a form of Orabella: a female religeuse. The poet Horace had a mistress whom he called Glycera (con. Glycerine) : sweet one = Saccha- RISSA. Bidwell : sacred spring where prayer was wont to be made — (S)Caldwell : fountains wfiere the Scalds sang to gods on harps, the memory of which passing away with the inbringing of Christianity, folk guessed the word meant cold spring. Caldwell assumes the forms Colwell and the better known Caudle. (S)Caldwell of the Druidical period = Holywell of the Medieval. Got( )BED : worshipper of God = Theosebes. Badman = Eusebes : worshipping well, very religious, whence EuSEBlUS (historian) : son of Eusebes, of pious ancestry = De Sanctis, De Santos: of the saints = De Foe : of the faith = Rasselas : of apostolic descent.

Hosius (president) : holy, dedicated = Enoch. The Glasgow St. Enoch is from Thenaw, the mother of St. Kentigern. OsiANDER: holy man, devotee = Allgood : hallowed, baptised and blessed when that was rare. Male, Mahlmann : a painter = PiNTO of the Spanish. Pargiter : a painter or

NAMES DEBIVED FROM TBADES OR TITLES. 239

plasterer. " Fifty and six pargits." EsiLMAN : an ass driver = AsiNius. Easel : the painter's ass, bearing his arm as an ass does its burden,

Bugan: to bend gives Buxom: bending, yielding, and BoGUE: bow bender, archer, BiGGAR, BiGGS : bower builder, edifier in the wattle and dab style, like hurdles filled in with clay. BoGUE gives the vulgar sounding BuGG. Howbeit Boig is a form of Bog (dweller) = Marsh, Moss, as Doig is formed from Dog. Big: artificially large. Great (from grow): naturally large. Big house, great tree. Dodman, Dadman : dud seller, old clothes' man. " He is a dude," i.e., a dressy man.

Blinkhorn (blend corn) : farrago seller, he mixed wheat with rye. Pepper Corn : a Saxon farmer paying a pepper corn, nominal rent = Penny : farmer of poor soil, called penny land. Jews said, " A grain of mustard seed" for some- thing small, but Saxons, " A pepper corn." Now Pepper (patent ghost) : grocer, spice seller, of which pepper was one. It is = Spicer : epicier. " Within Coneyhope Lane standeth the Grocer's Hall, which company was of old called pepperers." Fromant: corn salesman (frumentum), con. frumenti/, which our country cousins persist in calling fruramerty, con. Fre- MANTLE. Fomentara (island) : fruitful in corn = Java.

BuBiER,BooTES,BouRBON : cattle driver or dealer,neat herd = NoTMAN. BouvERiE : an ox stall, cow byre = Cotton (admiral) : cow town, enclosure for kine. CoE (captain) : cow. Cowley (when English) : cow field = Coevelt. Coward = Stoddart : stott herd = (Mc)CuLLOCH : cattle tender. Coward : one who cowers, stoops to escape a blow, similar to Craven : one who beaten craved his life. Hyrde, Hurd, Hurdis : herdsman each. Coward = BuBULCUS and Boukolos, whence Bucolics : pastoral poetry. In some cases Bowman : stock keeper. Whyman : having charge of kye, cows. Egon : goat herd, con. JEgis : shield of Minerva covered with goatskin, and = Cabrera, con. Caprera : goat island. Phernes : a shepherd, gives Artaphernes : great shepherd, men ruler, Holofernes (Judith) : chief shepherd. From Far : a sheep, Faroe : sheep island, and Farrar (canon) : a shepherd.

Pharnaspes : commander of horse = Hipparchus (astro- nomer). Cheffer, Chaffer, Schaffer, Shaffer : a shepherd, con. Shapfells, sheep hills. Small, Smallman : who saw after lambs and kids : " Thou hast brought me no small cattle of thy burnt ofi:ering." Twentyman : having charge of tivo winter cattle. Calvert : having charge of calves. Some- times Calvert : a fish curer. Human : an experienced shepherd having care of ewes. Polymeles (historian) : many sheep. Meleager : active with sheep, folding quickly, con. acer. Melibceus : charge of sheep and cattle. Patti (diva) :

240 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAAIES.

shepherdess, con. Pastor : a feeder. Patti answers well to Ophelia, from Ovis : a sheep, whence ovation.

Kidder : a travelling Huckster : carrying goods for sale on his hocks, provincially applied to shoulders = Colporteur : collar porter. Kidman = Chap]vian : man selling cheap, a cheap Jack, Cheapside : near market. Chipping Norton : market at the north town. Huckster is a form of Hockster, and Hawker is its brief form. Kauffman (Turkestan), Coffin (Tom) = CowPER : who coiqjs, sells: proper spelling, Couper, and sometimes cor. to Cooper.

Dobler (Herr) : dish maker = Tischenmaker, and Turenne: tureen maker, who made earthen vessels, Terra = Arthman. Kiss (sculptor) : cushion maker. Handel (oratorio) : seller by hand. Bodger : cooper, co7i. boat, boot, bottom (of land or hemp), implying hollowness. Buttman : butt maker, formerly wrought in budd's hides, as Hogshead = ox hide. Butler: charge of butts or bottles. Bottle : little butt, as Pottle : a little pot. Butler = Kellerman (marshal) : cellar man.

Hooper (judicious). Cooper (novelist), Cuvier (naturalist): who caves wood = Tupper (poet) : tubber. The great Italian name Zoppi is simply soup plate maker = Turenne and Chopin of the French. These made wooden goods, amongst others, sabots, trenchers, bowls, corresponding to Coghie : cog maker of the Scotch. But Cooper (Astley and that kith) : a form of CoPARlUS: cup bearer to king of France. Cadman: maker of cades, casks. Caddy : a little cade. Casket : a little cask. Tupman: sheep (tups) breeder. Pott, Potter, Topfer, Euler (mathematician) : potters all. The last seen to advantage in 011a Podrida: pot of putrid things, a miscellany. 011a: a pot, from Olere : to grow, whence redolent, adolescence, means a kale pot. Vasari (Giorgo) : earthen vessel maker. Croker, Croke : crock maker, whence Crockery: pots. Kruger (boer), Krogg: keep- ing a roadside public house where beer was sold out of a crock = Schenke, and Inman (liner). So our Aylward and Win- ship : ale and wine shop. Most (editor): wine maker, brewed must.

Potts : living near a well, spring = Twells : at the wells =: Pagan, from Pege: a fountain, springing out of the (ge) earth, con. Pegasus. Pagan was applied to those who used the same village pump. Citizens receiving Christianity before rustics, those living in villages were termed Pagani, which became synonymous with Heathen, Gauyim : not of the Jewish religion. Takes the diminutive form Paganini (violinist) and gives Paine : a villain, a villager, one of the paynim. Payson for Paysan : a peasant becomes Pheasant. Civic superiority is farther illustrated by Urban (pope). Urbane : astute, polite = TowNLY : town like = Curtis (gunpowder): courteous.

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 241

To return to wells. Atwell = Delafontatne : of the fountain = Fauxt and Spring (Tom). Pozzo = Vandeput and Potts, con. Puteoli : wells stinking (through sulphur) = Fontenoy: noxious fountain. Pitt : living near a quarry. Pitman (phonographer) : miner, quarry worker = Quarrier: stone squarer, becomes Wharrie. Some have Quarrier : warrior. I take it to be a trade name. Quarles (emblems): shot game with a square headed arrow, Pitt = Moliere (play-wright) : millstone quarry. Bottom (weaver) : when not local means worker at bottom of pit shaft, when local = Dellar : dale er, living in. Shanks: pit shanker, sinker of shaft, if local, living on projection of a hill = Spite, con. Spithead. Now for more pots. Pottinger (of Indian fame): pot maker = Tass, Tassy, Tasman (whence Tasmania) : cup maker. Pottinger, also old name for Druggist : dried herb seller. Burrage : gathered borrage to mix with wine. Spurge : gathered herbs to 2^urge wine, hence Spurgeon (C. H.) : son of Spurge. Balmer (Berwick): herbalist selling balsam, balm. Pargiter: a plasterer or painter, —

" Gold was the parget : and the seeling bright Did shine all scaly with great plates of gold."

Cambyses (Persian) : sacerdotal bard = Baird (Scotch), Scald (Norse), Keen (Irish). Mourning for dead is known as keen- ing, C071. Kinnor : a harp, con. Cinneroth : wailing sounds made by wind, reeds, and water. The orthodox Irish for a poet is Thady, giving Teague = Pat, from St. Patrick, and Taddy. Vignoles : a vine dresser = Carmi. Carmel : vine- yard of God, very fruitful. " Achan, the son of Carmi, took of the anathematized thing." Lambruschini (pope) : a wild vine, unmanageable.

Carpenter: car maker = Cartwright, now generically applied to wood worker. Carioli (Italian) = Charette (French): car driver. Carabceuf: bullock cart driver = Arabi (when Turkish). Fabrictus : fabric maker, an ouvrir, opera- tive, gives Faber, Favre (Jules), Lefebvre (marshal) Lefevre, Lefever : workmen all. Sloper (Ally) : slop maker = Smoker: smock-frock maker. Paton: maker of ^^fti^oiis, clogs. Pattern: like a 'p^^d of the foot, a vestige. Wright : ivrought at any trade in wood, as Cartwright, Ploughwright, Wainwright: waggon maker, vehicle for the way, road. Wheeler: branch of last making only, wheels. Zimmerman (on solitude) : tim- ber man, materialist, i.e., worker in matter, timber. Matter from Mater : mother, it being mother of all, formed thereof. Madeira (isle) : of timber. Matto Grosso : gross with timber, primeval forest of the Amazons ; about = BuissoN (French savan) : great wood, and Chacemore. Stuhlman : stool

242 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

maker. Tigellinus (Nero's friend) : beam fixer, tabernacle maker = the German Shuemer, Schirmann: tent, umbrella, or shadow maker = Tell WRIGHT: tilt manufacturer = Copernicus: cover maker, hut builder. This Danish name = our Franco England Maison, Mason : messuage builder, mansion erecter. Bracciolini (Poggio) : worker in breccia stone. Ponce (de Leon) : pumice stone worker. Jenner (vaccination): a joiner. Tischendorf (Constantine) : joiner's village. Carter: a car- man = Charron (French author = Wagner (German) = Harmodius : charioteer, drove yoked horses = Hippias. But Wayman: wain man, so Wenman, Whigmore (Ely, 16G0). "From a word, vjliiggam, used in driving their horses; all that drove were called whiggamors, and shorter, whigs." Whig, con. wide, for quick, living, active. Quick (Rev. R. H.), Wicks, Grady (O), Vivian, Vial, Vitalis, Vitus (St.), each mean quick, active, Gradgrind: quick grinder. But Vivian (Gray) means more than physical vitality, properly meaning one revived, and so = the Puritan name, Renovata : renewed, implies one regenerated, entering a higher life.

Waitman : huntsman, who waits, watches game. Case : cot- tage builder, con. Chez: at the house of; Chiese, Cheese, and Ace (Jessie) : the house. Casino, Cassino (Boston) : small house near a theatre. Chasuble: house-like garment = Coat : covering like a cottage. Coates : living at the cottages = Van Buren. Casabianca (gallant boy) : white house = Wentworth, con. Gwen : white, as in Nell Gwyne : Ellen White, and Cenwin : white head, Whitehead. Casanova, Canova = Newhaus. Cazvine (Zakaria): vine clad cottage. Catchpoll : catch pooler. " In mining, the ore is passed from reservoir to reservoir, each constructed to retain portions of metal. He who had charge of a pool where metal was so caught was thus called." Also nickname for bailiff who carried a staff, profanely styled by the vulgar a pole. Names identical as to form, but differing as to sense, originate at divers periods and under different circumstances. Thus Turner: wood worker. Turner (terra noir) : black castle = Schwartzenburg (cardinal). Turner: one who took place of an absentee at a tourna,Yaent, an attorney, who engaged for another = Wager. Gage (whence greengage): engaged to fight, pledged to an ordeal.

' TURNARELLI (of the wreath) = ToRRiCELLl (barometer): little castle. Poole : near a pool, its dim. in some cases Pollock, in others it is dim. of Paul. Walpole (wald pool) : wood near water, Glasspole : water running into a pool. Dabbs = Dubbs: decorator, dabs on ornaments. Chancellor : who cancelled government debts = Kanzler (general). Cange (Du) : money banker, of change. Drudge : fi.sherman, whose work was

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 243

drudgery, dragging his net = DAKG: pitman working by darg, what is dragged along and up. Chabot : fisher off the French coast, whence Cabot (Sebastian) : Poissoxier, Fisher, Fisk, Hooker, Langelier, Pitchers (peeheur), Doeg (Edomite) : fishermen every one. DoEG comes from Dag : a fish, whence Dagon : great fish (god), con. Tagus = Fish River. Geddes (stool): pike fisher. PoiSSON (mathematician): French fisher- man. Froschammer : frog fisher. Pride : pryde catcher, river fish like lampreys. Conder, Condor : conductor of Cornish fishermen, who watched on a rock top, signalling the whereabouts of shoals (schools) of fishes.

Delcambre, Chambers, Chalmers, Chamberlain (from Cam: crooked, arched roof): charge of king's chamV)er = eunuch sometimes means treasurer. "Erastus the chamberlain (econo- mist) of the city, saluteth you." Eunuch had charge of bed, Chamberlain of room, Economist of house. Steward (stowe ward) : charge of a stowe, whence stowed, stead, steady: keeping in one place. Bedstead : place of bed. Stuart is its form in France, there being no lu in French. Stowe (David) : an en- closed place. Bumpstead: place of beams, a wood = BAMPTON (lectures). The name Baum is cor. to Bumm.

Nussbaum : walnut tree. Chandler : candle seller. Coke (upon Lyttleton) : a cook. Cocker (according to) : to cook up for, to pamper, to bring up delicately = Tyrphena, Try- PHOSA : nourished = Delilah : delicate, tender. Cocker takes the dim. Cockerell. Todhunter (algebra) : fox hunter. Purchase: living _2Jer chase, by hunting = Jager, Fenian, Berners, Barnes, Venua, Venard, Venantius, Ventris: men of venery, who took venison. To these add the Hindoo name Vedah, con. Veddas: wooders, the aborigines of Ceylon. This word vedda is identical with the name of the sacred book of the Goths, Edda: old, it is literally a w^-eran book. Vedda, Edda, vet-US (old) : wid, wit, Ida (mount), are variations of one ancient word used in Sanscrit, Greek, Latin, English, etc. In another aspect Vedah = Coyle. Gael, Kelt : woodmen three. Grosvenor : great hunter, Duke of Normandy's head hunts- man, con. venison, and Berners (Street). Cynegirus (brother of ^schylus) : dog driver = Hunt, Hunter: hound (driver). Hun (wdience Hungary) : a dog. That nation migrated from the border of China, and having Tartar like, dog like faces, the people of invaded countries called them Huns: hounds. How- beit they call themselves Magyars. Similarly Cagot (canis Goth) : a dog of a Goth, a hypocrite. To the above huntsmen add Jagg (when not from Jago : James), Jaggard, and Shil- LACKER, the two former being Germans, the third a Gael ; as also the Spanish Montero : a mountain hunter.

The following are veritable sons of Crispin, viz. : Chau-

244 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

CHARD, Chaucer (father of English poetry), Hosier, formed on last. Hosen is now woven, but half a millennium since was leather, as gaiters, leggings, buskins. Gracv: brogue maker. Sands (George) : sandal maker. Savaton : sabot maker. Schummacker, Souter (sutor) : shoemakers a(w)ll. SouTER = Seymour : a seamer, sower, con. Semmet : sowed garment. Sometimes Seymour is from St. Maur, Normandy, which is said to be a form of Sine muros : without walls. Clark, Clerk : learned, one of clerical order. During the middle ages, only the clergy possessed the means of studying books, and so they alone could be learned. In certain criminal cases a convict had the Psalter placed before him with a re- quest that he would read the king of the penitential psalms (li.) to signify his sorrow and claim the immunity known as benefit of clergy. If he read " Have mercy upon me, O God, according to thy loving kindness : according to the multitude of thy tender mercies, blot out my transgressions" in a toler- able style, the court officer cried, " He reads like a clerk," and he was released.

Beauclerk (Henry) : beautiful scholar, translated iEsop's Fables. Leclerc : the learned = Grammaticus (Saxo) : the grammarian = Sepher, Saphir : book man, fern. Sapphira. Lacy (Evans de) is the Irish for learned, from which language we have Sankey: a chronicler. The Hindoo correspondent is SuRAT = Sephervaim : place of books. The Druidical corre- spondent is GwYDER : wooder, learned by study of Celtic, the letters of which were taken from trees. B for Beith: the birch. C for Coll : the hazel. Calton : town built where hazels grew. McAll for MacColl : son of the hazel, one of an old stock = Priscus, fern. Priscilla, not meaning old personally, but of noble descent. Hazel rods were used in divination, rhabdo- mancy, and so may be termed a religious plant, like hyssop and misletoe. Colkittoch : left-handed Coll.

TozER: Hax comber, from Tow: to pull, whence teeth, team, tame, tough, teasel (used to card wool), and Tassel: head of the teasel. Teazle (Mrs) : worker with teasels, —

" By stinking nettles, pricking teasels. Raising blisters like the meazels."

Tozer = ScoTCHER : scutcher (scart, scratch) with a heckle = Flaxman (sculptor) : worker in flax = Kemp, fern. Kempster, but Kames (Lord) : local, Kemp : a field, campus, whence Campion, Kemper: champions fighting in the open cham- pagne,—

" His wife sat near him teasing matted wool, While from the twin cards, tooth'd with glittering wire, He fed the spindle of his youngest child."

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 245

This card from Carduus : a thistle, but other card from Charta : paper. Teasels and thistles are parents to the com- plicated machinery of our cotton mills. Caird : an artificer, apphed to a tinker = Calderon. Tooth (ritualist) : is some- times given as iron tooth maker, but is personal, a man of prominent teeth, being = Mordaunt, which was originally Mordent : great teeth. Cohen : a priest. All Cohens claim descent from Aaron. Cohen, cor. to Chon. Laocoon : people's priest = Blott, Blood (colonel, stole crown jewels): shed blood of victims. November was called Blotmonat, because cattle were then slaughtered and salted. Goodblood : noble priest. Hoffman (sometimes) : man of the hoff, temple. Saggars, Haggart, Haggarty, Taggart (sogarth aroon) : druidical priests, since applied to Christian. Flaminius (con- sul) : the flamen who received the afiatiis of the god, his inspiration.

Priest (for Prestare) : who stands before others by reason of superiority = Antistes : pre-excellent. Fabius (Roman heathen priest) : who spoke (fari) the divine mind. Priestly (oxygen): glebe land. Canon (when not from (M')Kinnon) : a priest from canonicus. Preston : priest's town. Temple (Palmer- ston) : a druidical crom turned into a church. Templemore : great church = Selkirk. Camillus (delivered Rome) : a form of Casmillus, servant of the temple, gives Camille (Desmou- lins) = Hoffman and Artabanus : great sacrificer. Abdul- Medjid : servant of the temple. The original Camillus would likely serve in Etruria, Hoffman in Heligoland, and Abul- Medjid at Medina. Passavant (pursuivant) : a follower, re- tainer, servant. Parsons : pre-eminent person of parish, gives (M')Pherson. Cosser: horse flesh dealer, a knacker, con. corpse, corse. RuNCiMAN : a horsemonger. Colman, charcoal burner. Charcoal so called to distinguish it from pit-coal. CoLLEY (Cibber) : dark a-vised man, what a spaewife would call a spade, nickname for swarthy person. The German Kohler = Collier: coalworker. Comte (positivism): count, king's companion, whence Contarina (Fleming) : cognate with Constable : companion of the stable = Marshall (from mare), Mareschalk: king's servant over cavalry = Pharnaspes. CoMYN (Rev.), Gumming : a count ; but Conde : living near a confluence = Coblentz : confluence, whence Condillac, Con- dorcet, also local French names. Visconti : vice count as Vicero}'- : instead of a king, con. Vicarious : for another.

Buoncompagne, Bonaparte (It.): good companion = Ledru (Rollin) : gay companion = our Goodfellow (Robin). It is instructive to see the literal meaning of words implying com- panionship. They are Comes (cum : with, eo : I go) : one tuho goes luitli you. Sodalis (whence sodality) from sedeo : I sit :

246 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

one who sits with you. Contubernalis, cum : with,,taberna : a tavern, one who frequents the smne tavern. Socius (whence sociable, society) from sun : with and oikos : a house, living in the same house. Consort, cum : with, sors : a lot, sharing lot luith. Crony, from chronos : time, con. crone, croon : to sing like an old nurse, one knoiun of a long time. Chum, con. camera : a chamber, cemetry : a sleeping-place, means sleeping in the same room. Mate : one who often meets you. Com- panion, is from cum : \vith and panis : bread : a messmate, one who eats bread ivith you.

Benedict, Bexoit, Benet : cleric giving benediction. Since clergy were forbidden to marry it came, in course of time, to signify a bachelor, and so = Bachelor and Fellows. Capel (monsignor), Chaplin (M.R), Keppell (de capella): chaplains all, chapel men. Saedou (Paris politician) is a form of Sacerdos : a priest. Proctor, for Procurator (procuratorcy, proxy) : having charge for another, a locum tenens, con. CuRius (Dentatus): full of cares. Courvoisier (corium osier): made coracles of hides and withs==the Gaelic (M')CuRRiCH, which, in some cases, gives Curry. From Corium : a hide Currier: hide dresser. Cortina, Curtain : bulls' hides hang- ing, a defence as used in the siege of Gibraltar. But (M') CuR- rie, Corry, Cory, whence Corigan : young Cory, mean a deep hollow in the side of a mountain, a ravine. Hence CORYDON (Irish) : corrie dweller. Now CoRYDON (Virgilian) : a lark ; while Courier : a runner = Massinger (Philip) : run- ning footman = Trotter, Body : one ticWen. Lightbody : quick-footed messenger, an old English Mercury. So Sande- man : man sent = Sands (George) when not local. These = Foote (when not for foot of hill), Leggat : sent on a legaXion To such add Bowd, Botte (Peter), Truebody: trusty mes- senger, Golightly, which in Scotland gets disguised into Galletly. Truebody suggests the beautiful Liptrot (lippen true) ; one in whom we may truly lippen, trust.

Cresset: carried signal fire on night marches in shape of a cross. Cleaver (clavier) : key-bearer, Peter's two = Crosskey : carried papal banner emblazoned with crosskeys. The verb cross is from Corsian : to imprecate with the sign of the cross, whence curse. Crossan : little cross, carrying one on shield in crusades. Crib: sieve maker = Sieber: siever, Crebillon : great Crib. Croker (Allen) : crocus planter, saffron grower. Fraser : strawberry planter, con. Fragrant : odour like a strawberry plant, con. Frango : I break, alluding to fractures of leaves. ZucCA : gourd planter, lit. sweet, con. IssACHER, which consult. " Among his figures Zucca usually placed one with a common gourd at his wrist, in allusion to his name." Damon, Damo: ruler, irovernor = Roy when that

NAMES DERIVED FBOM TRADES OB TITLES. 247

does not mean red (headed). Rigg (Irish) : a king, whence Regan: son of a king, or young Rigg. When local RiGG = Hills. Domitian : conqueror, tamer. Damaris : a heifer, one broke into the yoke, a wife. " If ye had not ploughed with my heifer." "A woman named Bamaris believed." From Damao : I subdue, Adamant or diamond : indomitable stone. Dempster: who cZeems, judges = Terris : territovial judge = Day : a daysman, he who appointed a day on which he would deliver judgment after taking the case avizandum. Some- times Day: a day labourer = journeyman. Richter (Jean Paul) : who recks, thinks. Reckless : thoughtless. Reckon : to think carefully.

" But little he'll recli, if they let him sleep on, In the grave where a Briton has laid him."

Crito (Socrates' disciple) : judge, critic = Shaphat, whence SufFetes : Carthaginian judges. Descartes (cartesian philo- sophy) : having charge of governmental charts = Panchard : all charts. "John Bouchet, in the third part of his Annels of Aquitaine, marulleth at an old ^Jtm chart, or record, which he had seen." Charteris : of the Charter House, Carthusian monastery. LASCELLEg : charge of state seals. Its Milesian correspondent is the well known Shelly.

Maund and Maundrell (traveller) : made maunds, willow baskets, especially used for dispensing charity on Maunday Thursday. Lipman : a basket maker. " Moses wa^ preserved in a leep of segg:" sedge basket. We also meet with the family name Bauskett: a willow worker. Espartero (general) : broom maker, ex spar turn. Spartum : scattered plant, spread like heather, con. Sparta, Sporades. This sonorous Spaniard only = the English Ling: ling broom maker, Broom: heather broom maker, or Fern. But Plantagenet (planta genista: plant reaching to Genu : the knee) : wearing broom in helmet as penance. Genu, con. Genoa: knee bend of Italian coast = Ancona : crooked spot of coast, co7i. Angus (Martius) = Crook: walking with a stoop, and Anchor : crooked iron gripper.

Dominus: a lord, a judge from Dan, from Adon, though some derive it from Domus : a house, and so make it = Henry, Heinerich : home ruler. Dominus ab. to Dom and Don in Spain, Don Pedro : lord Peter, Don Juan : lord John. Hence, too, Donizetti, Donatello: lordlings. Adon, Dan, enter Hindoo names as Dar, thus Zemindar : seed lord (semen), a farmer. From that and Hai : howler, the tiger, we get Hyder Ali: Ali the tiger lord (slayer). So the military titles Jeminclar, JuWmclar. From Here : an army, Herr : a lord. Herring (painter) : son of a lord, son of a soldier, war- like. Mynheer : my lord = Monsieur : my sire, father. Before the Norman invasion we had no title Duke (dux) :

248 TEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

leader, its place being occupied by Earl, from Ere : before, whence Early : before, superior by age = Maximus, Massimo. Early : before (daybreak). Earl gives Arlotte (family). We also had Hertogh (tug), Herzog: army leader, whence Herze- govina: formerly a dukedom or duchy. DuKE gives Duckett, Douce, Duce, as also the title Doge and the coin Ducat: money issued by a duke. Hence, too, we actually have the family name Duck and Dux : head of class.

Herr : he who arranges the here. Here : an army, Here- ford : ford of the army, Hermax, Harman, Arminius (armi- nian) : a soldier, answering to Hindoo title Sahib : sabre man, sir, lord, from Sab : an army, Sabaoth armies. Jehovah Sabaoth: lord of armies, Sabaism: worship of host of heaven. Sabre : the army weapon. From May : power, whence might and main. May : strong man (sometimes May-born), Mayor : powerful officially. Le Maire (straits) : from le maire dw palais. The Teutons had a magistrate styled Mord-dame : murder judge (deem). Mord, con. mors, mortal, Mai's, mat (in matador), mate (in chess), murrain, and with the Hebrew Mav: death, as Ishmaveth : man of death, doomed, Jesus on the crucifixion morn. Doomsday (till): judgment day, but Dooms- day Book is from Domus Dei : house of God, Winchester Cathedral, where it was kept. Pharamond: travelled pro- tector, of which Don Quixote was the caricature. Farraxt, Farrex, Farrar, Farr (when last two do not mean shepherd): one who fares from place to place. We meet with Seafart : one who goes to sea, a sailor. Faran : to go, gives fear, which makes one go, fare, fieldfare (bird), ferr}^ ford, he-fore, /(Xr-ther, fir -si, /or -est: wood far from town, Fardel : a travelling pack. " Who would fardels bear?'' Fear accurately corresponds to Metus: motion to get out of danger. Farragut (admiral): one who has heen far agate, travelled much. For- rest, Forrester, Forster De Warrexxe: charge of forest = WooDGRAVE, con. Graff, Graeffe, Graves: governors all. BoscHER (bois) : had charge of wood, game = Parker, Park, from Paddock, Parrock. Savage : wood dweller, game keeper, from Sylvis : a wood, whence Transylvania : beyond the forest. The following are also wood dwellers : SiLVAXUS, Silas, Satyrus, Satyr : sylvan god. The Doric form of Satyrus is Tityrus (Virgil). Isabella Savage is transformed into La Belle Sauvage : the forest beauty. Walker, Wat, Watts, from Wald : a wood, Avhence Waldegrave becomes WooDRUFFE, WooDROVi/', VoDREY ("Dublin Directory ") = Woodward, Musgrave : charge of the raeivs, stables and hawks. But Foster, Foister : foodster, nourished, adopted.

" And in gret reverence and charitee Hire olde powere fader /osierecZ shee."

NAMES DERIVED FBOM TRADES OR TITLES. 24D

Fader and fostered both find their root in feed. Father : he who feeds. NoRRiS : a nurse, nourisher, sometimes formation on NoRROY (heraldry) : north king, as Surry : south king, PoMEKOY : head king. But Surrey : south of river (Thames), though some have it south kingdom, corresponding to Sussex : south Saxons. Falconer (shipwreck) : hawk tamer, man of the mews. Gerfalcon : hawk flying in gyres. Fletcher : arrow maker. Stringer : string the bow, but Astringer : great hawk keeper. Arrowsmith : made the iron point. "The Jietcher draweth a feather when he hath but one swappe (sweep) at it with his knife, and then playneth it a little with rubbing it over his knife." Cognate with fleet, flit, flutter, Fletcher = Harrower. Sometimes Bows: bow maker = BowYER (Dundalk).

Frobisher : furbisher, polisher of metal. " Furbish the spears, put on the brigandines." Fuller: who thickens and whitens cloth. " His raiment became shining, ex- ceeding white, as snow, so that no fuller on earth can white them." Fuljambe : thick leg. Fuller = White, whence Whitster : laundress, blancheuse = Lavender, Lander (Africa), from Lavo : I wash, lave, lavish. The plant lavender was so called because used in baths. " Robert Bruce stopped his army when on the march, in circumstances of pressing difficulty in the Ulster campaign, because a poor lavendere was taken with pains of childbirth, and must have been left, had they proceeded, to the mercy of the Kerns." Tredget : who trudges, a traveller. " Marry, as I told you before, John, and Robert, be ready hard by in the brewhouse, and when I suddenly call you, come forth, and take this basket on your shoulders ; that done, trudge with it in all haste and carry it among the ivhitsters in Datchet mead." Trudge = drudge, from drag, see Dredge. Walker : cloth cleaner, from Welcian : to wallow, con. Whale : sea wallower, Wheel : that which rolls. Wheel = the Hebrew Golal : a tomb stone. "Who shall roll us away the stone?" Con. nergal, Galilee, globus. Welkin : the circle of the heavens. Ghirlandis (Italian poet) : GiRLiNG : garland maker, con. Gyrus : a circle. Gerfalcon and Gyr : provincial Scotch for a hoop, which is identical with Year : a circle of time.

Krummacher (Elijah) : crown maker. Pulvermacher : powder maker. Schleirmacher (theologian) : veil maker, Schepler : chaplet maker. Halmoneus : seaman, as are the following names, Pelagius, Morgan, Pontius (son of Pontus : the sea). Halcyon (son of the sea), Flatman (man of fleet), Abijam (father of the sea), M'Naimara (son of the sea), Carrachioli (sailing in a carrack), Long (when Celtic), FoRLONG (fear, vir), Pleione : {con. Indicopleustes : he who 17

250 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

sailed to India), Rumbelow (old English for a sailor, like Tally Ho ! for a huntsman), Marner, Morgan, and Pelagius: mariners every one. Pelagianism : system of Pelagius. Gla- morgan : Morgan's country, or near the sea = Pomerania, Attica (shore lands) = Pontus. Halys: salt river = Rio Salado. Halcyon : king fisher, supposed to hatch near the sea in calms. Halcyon days: quiet times. Halle : place of saltmines. Mor in MoRGAX, C071. Mar : bitter, whence Mare : bitter waters, the undrinkable sea. Connemara : indentations of the sea. Loch Long : ship lake, con. London, which is Longdon or Latinised Londunum : ship fort. Skipper : skitt" sailer. Schaffhausen : .skiff, ship houses where boats taken out of Rhine to avoid falls, portages. To these add Seamans, SiEMANS, Seafart : sailor's all. Khan (con. canoe and Cane : hollow reed) : a boatman = Bateman, Batesj when latter not from Bartholomew, and Boatman.

KiNCH, Kink : bleachfield worker, con. Kink : to run into knots. Harridelle : dealer in rough ponies. Holzman, HoLMAN (Hunt) : holt, woodman, dweller in, or worker in = Xylander, which it translates as Pelagius does Morgan. HoLTUM : home in a wood. Talboys : wood cutter = Bavister (Jack) : bavin gatherer, a woman's trade. " Then took he certain bavins, or small faggots of brushwood." BoscH (Ten): wood dweller = HoLTUM, whence Bosh : the waste of wood, as we call bad ipersons faggots, and I have heard negroes in South Carolina calling folks they disliked trash, from Trencher : to cut, applied to useless parts of sugar cane to be cut off. Horner (little Jack) : spoon, cup, and comb maker of horn. Common trade before this iron age set in. Horn (Cape) : a hill. Schreckhorn : shrieking mountain, where gales howl = our Penny gant: windy hill. Caughie: Highland cooper made cogs, plates and bowls for supping porridge as Chopin = Zoppi : souppy, soup plate maker, but more closely answering to the English Knuckler: maker of noggins. Hurai: linen worker = LiNGARD. " Hurai of the brooks of Gaash."

Scrine: charge of shrine =: Sexton : sacristan, charge of sacred things = Dewar and Deuchar. Challis : charge of calyx, sacramental cup, chalice = Calixtlts (pope). Mesmer (mes- merism) : had charge of vessels used in celebrating mass. CvHANTREY (sculptor) : of that part of chapel where chanting was practised. Sangster: a chorister, applied to a lady singer. GiNGLE (general) : a man singer. Kircher (father) : charge of whole kirk, Iglesias, Kirk, Churchman. Latimer (martyr) : latiner, an interpreter between English and Welsh. Tlien all unknown languages were called Latin. But Latner: latten maker, a compound of copper and lead. Latten (the word) is from lead. Leadbetter : lead beater. Churches and

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 251

castles were supplied with sheets of lead beaten by hammers before rolling by machinery came in. Francis : an Italian speaking French. So the Irish Grigg (Murtagh) : learned in Greek. Xexophon (Attic bee) : knowing the voice, language, of strangers, con. Telephone : distant voice, sound. Drago- man : an interpreter = MuFTi, from Moftah : a key. " Ye have taken away the key of knowledge." " Pity you were not dragomicnsit Bahel." Lavoisier (chemist): osier worker = Maund, Spurina: basket maker = Bauskett. " They took up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets (spuridas) full." " The ides are at last come, Spurina." Spiridion (Greek hermit) = Saussure (Genevese savan) : osier seller, basket maker. Ouseley : osier field, ground much under water. Before metals came into use osier was in high demand. The Britons made willow gods, boats, and gates (wickets). Charon's boat is a coracle if he has not, since the days of Eneas, invested spiritual oboli, got by ferrying souls over Styx, in a a more Searle-like craft.

Hoxeyman: bee-keeper, aparian = Abelard (Heloise), Beach (Hicks), and Beeman: all bee keepers. Bebee, Beby: dwelling among bees. Before sugar was introduced, honey was in great demand. Leech, Leach, (Mc)Lay, Hicks (Irish), Hickie, Hickman : medical doctors. The lirst three attend the Litch : body, that which lies. Litchfield: field of dead bodies, old battle ground. HiCKHOCK is a form of HiCKOG : son of the doctor, answering with precision to MacLay. Guericke, Guerrero, Heloise (Abelard), Holland (Saxon for Christ) : healer = Jason. "The Jews assaulted the house of Jason." Medici (Venus de) : a physician. As the great Florentine family did a little in the money lending line as well as the medical, they killed two birds with one stone by hoisting three golden pills or balls, whence pawnbroking insignia. Lemon (Mark), Lemoine, Leman : dwelling alone, a monk. Sometimes Leman : love man. These = Monichos, fcm. Monica (Augustine's mother). Delmonico (N.Y.) : son of the monk. Munchausen (baron) : monks' houses. Olshausen (commentator) : houses in the wood, in contrast with Stin- TON = Stonehouse. Ecclesiastics married till we reach the year 1000. Had clericals always been celibates, such names as foregoing and following would not be. Lempriere (myth- ologian): the prior, some make it descended illegitimately from the emperor, but it is = PRYOR, Foreman, the latter for- merly restricted to religious houses. Cousins, though literally consanguineous, related by blood, was applied to monk or nun. Newcomen (engineer), Newcome, Newman, New (African missionary).

NovATiAN (heretic) : novice, new arrival in a religious

252 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

house, in some cases newly arrived emigrants = Neal. But Newcombe: newly cultivated valley. Convers, Conyers : medieval Jewish converts. Abba: father, Abbott (Jacob). From it the Hindoo Baba : a gentleman (non military) = Sire, Sir, Sorr, Surr. (Mc)Nab, a form of Abbot. (A)Bushire: father city. We say Metropolis: mother city. Waters, Watters, if not local = Vatta, Pater. LAVATER(savan) : the father. From Vatta we have Atta, whence Attila (the Hun). Feed, food, fodder, fat, fader, fother, vatta. Father: he who feeds. Father assumes form of Fare, as Farebrother (father's brother) : an uncle. Pater : father, from Pasco : I feed, Patti: sheep feeder. Padre, Patron. Lav ater = Biblical Abi : my father. Pope : a father. All bishops were once so called except the bishop of Rome. Pepin, Popp, Pappius, Pare (I met with one in Toronto), Pappa (Demetrius) : each mean father. So, too, Patrick, Patrician, Papirius (consul): father's conscript. Sometimes Pat and Paddy, not from Patrick but Palladius (St.) : son of Pallas, defended by the Palladium: shield of god. This is met with in the bare form St. Paddy. Battersea: Patrick's island. SiRE: father, applied to crowned head. Monsieur: my sire. Monsignore: my senior, lord = Mynheer. Madam : my dame, mother. DAMiAN:son of the dame, B.V.M.

BiscoB : bishop, episcopos. = Rammer, old Scotch, alluding to the crosier he carried, con. Raimes, Ramage, Ramus: a branch. Gillespie : bishop's servant. Bismarck (prince) : bishop's mark, boundary of jurisdiction. Bisland : bishop's glebe. Gravesend : where sheriff of London ceased to have juris- diction. So Denmark : Dane's boundary. Marwick : border village = BoRTHWiCK, Borwick. Lorimer : thong cutter, bridle maker. Menage : steward, manager. Menage is also Glasgow provincialism for a saving club. Mercator, Mercier, Mercer: men of commerce, merchants. Chater: caterer, he purveyed for a nobleman's family = Spencer, Spens : dispenser, and Purvis for purveyor, in some cases. Metellus (conquered Jugurtha) : mercenary soldier, fighting for pay, viisthos. Metzler : received mill fees, took grist, emolitment = M\JTEB., Muterer: a mutterer, receiving mill toll, but Mutter : he who stutters. Grist : grindest. Muller (Bristol), MoLiNOS, Miller, Mullen, (Mc^Millen were men of the mill. Semy (simila) : miller making very fine flour. MoLYNEUX : mill on water (Seine) = Muhlwasser : mill water = Maelstrom: whirlpool like a mill stream. Molindinar (burn): mill on the brook = Millbrook (George Barmvell). Desmoulins : of the mill. All akin to Mola: a mill. Molars: grinders. Immolate : to sprinkle meal and sacrifice. Emolu- ment (ex mola): gain from mill. Mollis: soft as meal.

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 253

Mollusca, mulier (a woman), mole, mullet: all mean soft bodied.

MiLO (athlete): crusher = MiLNER : wielding Thor's hammer, crushing hammer = Froissard (chronicler) : crusher, who frizzled up his enemy =: Brisbane, Osman : bone breakers. Gradgrind (hard times) : quick grinder, co7i. Grady. Farina (Jean Maria) : maker of farinaceous food, a miller. Napier (logarithms) : Scottish king's officer providing table cloth (nappa) and other napery. Common folk had no table cloth, thus our phrase, " Bed and board," eaten off a. " Meal time : " time for eating meal, porridge, pottage. Mappa : cloth used in starting horse races, gives Map : cloth picture of a country, Napkin : little cloth, (N)apron : cloth hung in front of a person. Napery : lingerie, house linen. Wardrop : had charge of royal wardrope. Vogel, Ogle: bird catcher = Fowler, Bird and Jokshan, "She bare him Zimram and JoJcshan." KiSH (asses) : bird snarer (con. Kishon : very crooked) = Lowrie: bird allurer. Tripp Trippner, Trippen- MAKER : maker of jackets and shorgons (short gowns). Par- menter : apparelmenter, clothes preparer = Roper : a rober.

Pfeiffer (Ida) = Piper, Fife: who puffs. Sometimes Fyfe: native of Fife. In old times pipers were called whifflers, as in Italy, pifferari. Tytler : tootler, who toots. HoRNE (Tooke): horn player. " Sir William Littlebury, alias Home (for so King Edward IV. surnamed him because he was a most ex- cellent blower in a horn); he was a slater by craft." Auletes (Ptolemy) : Flute player, from Aula : a pipe, Hydraulics : water pipes. Van Tromp (admiral) : the trumpeter. Cyth- (ERON : guitar, gittern, lyre player = Zittau (oath). Hence Cytheris (courtezan of Antony) : she who allures with lyre and voice, a syren. Bard = Harper. Harpertzoon (Martin) : harper's son. Musical name his : Martin Harpertzoon Van Tromp. Crowther (black bishop), Crowder : cruth, or croud player, like a fiddle :

" The pipe, the tabor, and the trembling croud, The satvtry, pipe and hautboy's noisey band."

Sautree (Rev.) : psaltry player. LuTZ (savan) : lute player and Spielman : musician. The Highland correspondent for these fiddlers three is ('M')Greusich. Waits : watchman playing at Christide, waiting for Christmas. Minstrel : minnie singer who kept the heroic dead in mincl.

PoiNTON, Tagg: tag maker, fastenings for dresses before the invention of pins. Tag from Tug : which tows, pulls together. In families of German descent, Tagg : born at day break. Pont : a bridge, one taking pontage = Bridges, Briggs when these are not local. Pontiff and Po>;tifex : bridge maker.

254 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

ViPEND (vetus pons) : old bridge, usually ViPOXD : resident near old brig. Manto (con. maniac) : a prophet, a seer. " Blind Tiresias was led up and down by his daughter Manto." Seer : one who sees things veiled to others. Diophantus (algebraist): shower of divine things. Hierophantus: showed sacred things = ScRiNE and Bedell. From Pellis : a skin, we have PoLLio (Roman) = Skinner. Peel, Sloss: castle partly defended by bull's hides, as Gibraltar was against the combined fleets of France and Spain.

" The frightened flocks and herds were spent Beneath the peeVs rude hattlement."

Pilcher: great coat maker from skins. "After heat cometh cold. No man casteth his pylch away." Pellis : skin, also gives Pilis : hair growing on skin, velvet, feel, Pileus : a hairy cap. Mons Pilatus: mountain ca/>j9e(? (with clouds). "Yonder Pilatus soars with its dark brow up towards the sk}', and with its cap of clouds looks gloomy enough to be in keeping with the idle tradition of the place, that hither the governor of Judea was banished, a conscience stricken wanderer through these desolate regions, where he put an end to his existence by plunging into the lake at its summit." Pilate : hairy skinned = Canutius (Antony's enemy): white haired = the French Chanzy. Cossus : rough hairy man = Seir takes fern., CossuTiA (Caesar's wife), and gives Kossuth (Louis). Seir answers well to HiRTiUS (consul) : hirsute, goat like. " The first came out red all over, like a goatskin garment." Edom red, con. Dam : blood, Adam: of red earth, sandy soil. Pills a hair, likewise gives Capillary : hair sized tubes, Vilis, vile of no value, not worth a hair. Beaupoil (Louis) : beautiful hair = Harfager (Harold): hair fair. "He made a vow to his mistress to neglect his precious curls till he had completed the conquest of Norway." Colfax (president) : coal coloured hair = BLAc:KLOCK. Fairfax: fair hair, but Carfax, four roads, as Carbarns : four barns.

Rabshakeh : great cup bearer = Bechman : carried beaker to king. Beaker : bowl made of beech wood. PtABBi {con. former): great (teacher). Reid, Reddie (M') Credie, Read, Ratte, Radetzky (marshal) Rato : counsellors all, who ren- dered ratio, reason. Con. Reichs-rath, and Hundred for hand rede. The Scandinavians called Rath (an assembly where you rendered your reasons) a Thing (meeting where what you think is told) : a sort of primitive M.P., a member of the thing = the French Parlor, Parlior: speakers, those who parleyed. Hence Tingay : who addressed the thing, an orator = Pale- ARIUS (Aonius) : who spoke to the parliament. Storthing : great as.sembly, con. Storm: great rime.

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 255

Conrad (ken rail) : knowing- counsellor = Alfred. Lamour (Irish) : an orator. Eubulus : good counsellor. Tancred (thank rede) : counsel received with thanks. Thankerton : Tancred's town. Leatherhead : people's counsel. Ethelred : noble counsellor. Rhadegund (Gon : war) : who advises to fight. Alfred (elf rede): counsels like a fairy. Elf: albis: white = Banshee, from Bain : white. Bain : a bath, that makes white. Alfred forms Alford (dean) and Alva (butcher), whence Alvarez : son of Alfred. Robert (rath bert) : bright in council ==Radbert. Robert gives Rupert, Rupertino, Can- ROBERT (general) for Vonrobert : the Robert, Hobbs (hoby- de-hoy : a hafflin : half grown man), HoBSON ('s choice), Bob, Rob, Rab, Robb, Robin (Adair), Dobbie : little Robert, 1)obyn, Dobbin : an ass, Probart : son of Robert = Robertson. Some- times Robert is cantingly given as meaning red beard = Barbarossa (pirate). Canting is being guided by sound, as Lockhart : heart locked in casquet and carried into battle, then applied to mythic bearer. So, too, Cuthbert : cut beard, whereas this name means famous for knowledge, being con. Uncouth : not knowing. From Cuthbert we have Cuddy = Dobbin — Neddy, so that we have three terms for an ass respectively from the names Cuthbert, Robert, Edward. Metiche : he who moots, brings a question before a mr^e^ing. Witenagemote : meeting of wits, folk rath.

Aristobulus : best counsellor. Plsistratus : persuader of the army. Pythagoras : persuader of the assembly = Eu- phrastus : good speaker, who j^hrases well, and con. Theo- phrastus : who j^krased divinely. " It is the voice of a god." These = Chrysostom (John): golden mouth, Chrysologus : golden discourser. Uz (land of) and JEL"Z(son of Shaharaim): a counsellor. Remigius (gave names to Rheims) : a rower, galley slave, con. Regatta : a rowing match, gives Remey (pisiculturist). Remington : town of Remey 's descendants, resident in. SiiCKER : sawyer. Sedge : cutting plant. Section: part cut off. Bretschneider : board cutter = Secker (arch- bishop). Bret, board, broad are identical. (Mc)Sporran : maker of pouch, purse, pocket.

Sparrman : sparr, rafter, cutter = Latto : lathmaker, lattice manufacturer. Sayers : assa3^er, metal prover. Salinator, Salter, Salt : meat preservers. Calvert (sometimes) : fish pickler. Calvered salmon is pickled. Seward: sea guard = Nearchus: ship chief = Halocrates : sea power, admiral = Murtough (Milesian), Murdoch (Gaelic) becomes Muddocks in England, and gives MURCHISON, but MuRCH : mischievous. Sell, Sellars, Sellers = Sadlier: a saddler. See: seat (of a bishop). Saddle : horse seat, abbreviates to Sell, —

256 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

" Yet was the force so furious and fell, That horse and man it made to reele asyde ; Nath'lesse the prince would not forsake his sell, For well of yore he had learned to ryde."

Sizar : scholar whose rations of bread and butter were cut of a fixed size. So for Cambridge but Oxford has Batell : baited in college. Bate from bite = morsel from Mordeo : I bite, mordant. Battle : from Battle, Sussex, and that from Booth (bothie): a dwelling of a lowly type. Tascher (Rose), Tasker (poet) : gathered ecclesiastical first fruits. Taylor : (cloth) cutter = Schroeter (astronomer), Schrader, Schnei- der (danseuse). To these add Tuck (friar), and likewise Tucker (Dan) : cloth workers, con. Tuck : sacred to milliners. Sharman, Sherman : who shears cloth = Shearer. Cozier : man who sewed cloth which Taylor or Schneider had cut out, he stitched only. Tavernier : tavern keeper = Caffa- RELLI : cafe keeper, where coffee was first sold. The two last are two of our latest names. Hulyer: slater, house healer = Slater, Sclater. Heal : to cover. " I was naked and ye healed me not." Tegularius = Tyler (Wat), Teck. Tegula : a tile, from Tego : I cover, whence Tectus : a roof, -protection, Texas is so called from decked boats navigating its rivers. Tego gives Deck : ship cover, without which an open boat. Tuileries : tile kiln. Wat, Tyler : Walter the thatcher, paid his poll tax on the poll of the collector with thatching hammer. Deck, Decker : thatcher. Tego, deck, thack, thatcher, Thackeray : thatched rath. Rath : Danish fort in Ireland. Cape Wrath : headland with rath upon it. Castle- reagh (premier) : castle rath. Ratsey : rath on an island. Sheridan : commanding six raths, holding land of. Some give it as living on a hill frequented by fairies. Rattray : smooth rath. Rattican : living at rath head. Tintoretto (Venetian) = Dyer or Litster : female dyer working in ley, lith. Tent: coloured (wine). Tench: coloured (fish). Taint: to discolour and so render impure. But Tinto : fire (mount), though sometimes given for Tintock : misty hill. It is con. Beltane : May fire of Bel, Baal, as sacrificial fires were burned thereon. Toller, Tollner = tol 1 collector = Berruyer (French Jesuit): toll taker at barriers = Southgate : receive custom as south gate, so Norgate (and Williams). These = Abiasaph : father of gathering, Gabbai : tribute collector. " After him Gabbed, Sallai, 928." Zollverein : united as to toll. Hohen- ZOLLERN (house of) : high toll, castle on hill top from which black mail was enforced from travellers.

Tyehman (Luke) : maker of ornaments for head, tires, tiaras = Calman (caul): ladies' hairdresser. "Jezebel tired (attired) her head, and looked out of a window" (wind-door).

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 257

Con. Tiara: fillet keeping hair out of eyes = Diadein : bound round (head). These became ensigns of royalty. " His eyes as a flash of fire, and on His head many diadems." Crozier : charge of bishop's stafi", like shepherd's crook = Rodman : carried rood. Holyrood : sacred cross. Cope (Johnny) : cope wearer, having charge of one amongst resi^ments in vestry. Verger (virgulta) : man carrying a rod. " The same day was a goodly procession, in which the lord abbot went with his mitre and crosier, and a great number of copses of gold, with the vergers." Vickers, Vicars (Hedley) : a vicar, co7i. vice in Viceroy : instead of a king. But Vickery : living in a vicarage, manse. Vinter (for vintner) : wine seller, becomes Winters = Fenner for vinour. In some cases Fenner: a huntsman = Fenian and Berners : man of venery. Berner's Street, Oxford Street. But in some famihes Fenner = Venn (Richard): fen man, living among bogs = Money. Summer, Summers, Sumpter : ostlers, —

" Return with her? Persuade me rather to be a slave and sumj^ter To this detested groome."

In certain cases Summers = Sumner : summoner, sheriflf and officer. Groom : servant. Bridegroom : servant of the bride. Ostler was no menial in medieval times. It is a form of Hospitaller : a host over a religious house who showed hospitality, part of which was taking care of horses of guests. We have remainders and reminders thereof in Hospital giving Hotel, and in Oastler (M.P.) : hospitaller. Spittle : settled on the Knights Hospitaller's land when they lost them by papal bull. Xeno : a guest, or an enemy = Hostis : a stranger, a gau, who might be an enemy, whence hostile. GuEST : he who goes while we stay. From Go also Gang : that go together. Xenos takes the fern. Xenia (pet princess of the Russians). Polyxena : hospitable, who takes in many strangers = LlEBGAST : love guest = Xenophilus : fond of strangers. " Be not forgetful to be 2:)hiloxenists." " When saw we thee xenon!' Euxine : good for strangers, safe to sail on, first called Axine : not for strangers (because of pirates), now Black Sea, so named by Turks because Russians, wrecks and North winds come thereby. Frangipani (scent maker) : bread breaker = Lord : loaf aflfbrder, bread giver, whence Laird, Layard (Nineveh). When Lord is French it is applied to a heavy, slow person. In the Irish Toy : a lord, and Toole : lordly, aristocratic. Warner (warrener) : charge of rabbit cover. Warren (Hastings) : living on a Conybeare for conygare : where the conies go. Spelman (antiquary) : a labourer who works by spells = Ind and Hyndman. Some-

258 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

times Spellman: hall keeper = Salmox. Spillman : spindle maker.

Graves (for ge reves, as ge leap gives gallop, and ge win gain): a sheriff. Gravesend : sheriffs' end, cessation of juris- diction. Reves, Revell, from root Reave : to tear, to take by violence, whence robber, rover, rogue : all rapacious animals. Palgrave : palace steward. But Palfrey : having charge of a little horse. Coxgreve (matches) : cunning steward, like him in parable who was commended for clever- ness by his lord. MusGRAVE : over mews. Cextgrave : magistrates over a canton, centum, hundred. Chaucer looked on a reve preaching as reasonable as a cobbler turning sailor or doctor, —

" The Devil made a reve for to preche, Or of a souter, a shipman, or a leche."

Revely : the reve's field. Mullgrave : reve having charge of mills as to grist, fees to be paid for grinding. Stadholder (stead): place defender = Graves, Steward: stowe ward = Bye, as in Bylaws : local laws. Glashier (observatory) : glass worker, a glazier. Cori. Glacies : ice. Arbuckle : brass buckler maker. Buckler : buckled on the arm. .iVrmour : form of armourer, —

" From whence came Smith, all he he knight or squire, But from the smith that forgeth at the fire ? "

Smiths are numerous. From 1838 to 1854, '28G,037 of that name were recorded by the Registrar-General as having been born, died, or married. 1 knew a family so named living on a fiat with a Smith straight below, and another directly above. The floor Smith was so tormented with messages, parcels, letters, that he fled, flitted in self-defence. Smythe, Smith : he who smoothes metal by smiting, he who smiteth. Nearly synony- mous with FoRGEUR : forger, feigner, fashioner, who makes like to by fire. Smiths are numerous because generic, covering- all branches of hammer work. We have no Blacksmith, it being covered by Smith, but we have Whitesmith : who polished his worker and so nearly = Frobisher : furbisher. Sixs:\iiTH : sickle maker, giving Sickles, i.r., maker of. Arrowsmith : made iron part.

Arsmith : brass smiter, or moulder = Brassey (Peto). Brazier : brass worker. Ar : brass, con. Es, eris : brass, whence Arma : arms, which were originally brazen. '• He had greaves of brass on his legs." Browxsmith : brown bill maker. Used by Saxons at Hastings. Browxbill (common in Lancashire): a Saxon foot soldier = Brisbaxe. Field- smith ; sharpened picks for the field, pit, mine. Goldsmid, GoLDSCHMiD, Orfever, Orfevre (faber) = our Goldsmith

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 259

(Oliver). Kaltschmid : cold smith, wrought metal without lire. Calderon (Spaniard) : a tinker, mended kettles and caldrons = Caird. Tinker: one who tinks, tinks with his hammer. Chalcas (priest of Apollo), Chalcus (governed Cyzicus) : brass or copper worker. The Greeks used brass before discovering iron. They called it Chalkos. When iron superseded the old metal, tradesmen in the harder material were still termed Chalcus, though literally a blacksmith should have been called Chalyheus or Sidericus. " Alexander the Chalcus, did me much harm." Chalcedon (whence Chalce- dony : stone there discovered) : so named from its metals, now Scutari.

Mes.ser, Messerschmid : cutler = Whittle (Harvey): who whets, sharpens metals. Naylor: nail maker. Schmidbrecht = Whitesmith : who polishes his work. Dacier (F., savan) : pairs with Whittle, being from Acuo : I sharpen, make acute = Coutts (Burdett) : army cutler, weapon sharpener. STxVHL (George), Stael (Madame de), Steele, Stilicho (general) : steel armed, cuirassiers (corium), armed cap-a-pie (from head to foot), all human iron clads^ISENMAN : iron man. In some cases last = next, Stahlman : steel worker. But Stallyman, Stally : strong as steel. Stallybrass : steel arm = Arm- strong. Brass, here, con. brace in Embrace : to take in arms. Fairbrass : iron arm (ferrum). Hltdibras : victorious arm. In Wales Mr. Smith figures as Gough (lord) or GoFF. In Scotland he becomes Gow, (Mc)Gowax, (Mc)Gown, Cowan. But Gowan (a daisy): white (flower) from Gwyn : white, whence Gown: white dress. GovAN: smiths' town. In Corn- wall Smith becomes Angowe. Celts, whether Highland or Hibernian, took ill to trade names, preferring personal, local, or patronymical designations, still we have (Mc)Intyre, (Mc)Teer: a carpenter. In Wallachia KovACS : a smith. Smith put in an early appearance, whence we have " The sons of Dedan were Ashurim, Letiishhn, and Leummim." Letus- him : hammersmen. It is supposed that the hammer head was used a thousand years before the haft was invented.

To the above add Locker, Lockyer (when not Asiric) : locksmith. Ferracino (Bartholomew), Ferand (Gonsalvo), Ferrari (Milan), Ferrars (Higham), Ferretti (Pio Nono) : iron workers, farriers. From this prolific Ferrum : iron, we also have Farie : iron worker. A family so named has oeen located in Rutherglen (near Glasgow) for full six hundred years, as hinted at in this rhyme, —

" Nae man can tell, nae man has seen When the Fairies haena in Euglen been."

To this great company of ironworkers we may fairly add

260 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Cloud (St.) : nail (maker), con. Clef (clavis) : a key. The old key was a mere nail. Cloud would be = Naismith if it meant nail smith, but it does not. Telfer, Talford (judge) : iron cutter, who cleaves an iron helmet. Telfer con. Talboys : wood cutter. Minister (from Minus : less) : correlative of Masters from Magnus : great, sometimes written Marsters and Maisters (de), whence Magnus (king of Norway), whence (Mc)Manus. Masters = Lemaitre. Magnus: great gives Magister : greater (than other), presumably by age, and so able to teach. Maximus, Maximin (emperor), Massimo : oldest, greatest. Rabbi : great (teacher). Rabboni : greatest (teacher). This title only given to seven of Hebrew in- structors.

Brutus : a fugitive slave = Phygellus, con. Fugio : I flee, whence refugee = Flemming, Fleming from root flee. Tradi- tion says the Flemish ran from some pre-historic battle field. Brutus is sometimes given as stupid, brute like, but the balance of evidence is unfavourable thereto, it means a fugi- tive slave. Origen (Adamantus) ; home born slave = Verna, Vernet (Horace), con. Vernaculus : impudent, giving back- talk as slaves to masters. Vernacular : demotic, language of the untaught people, " Not answering again." Some give Vernet = Delaunnay : of the alder plantation ; similar to Layboulaye : of the birchgrove = Birkett.

Abednego : servant of Nebo, Abdallah, Abdiel, Abdeel = GoTTESCHALCUS (sacraments) : God's servant. " The king commanded Shelemiah, the son of Abdeel, to take Jeremiah."

" Servant of God, well clone ; well hast thou fought The better fight, who single hast maintain'd Against revolted multitudes, the cause Of truth, in word mightier than they in arms,"

GoTTESCHALCUS assumes the grotesque forms Godsell and Godshall. Abdastartus (Tyrian prince) : of Astarte. Abdalrahman (king of Moors) : of the mercy of God. Abdul- Aziz : of the precious One, one of the 99 titles of God. Abdul-Kader (Arab chief): of the Kadi, judge. Abdolonymus (Sidonian king) : of the name (of God), Hieronymus: holy name, becomes Jerome, Girolamo, Geronimo.

ABDi(el) : servant (of God). "Kish the son of Abdi." Here a form of Ebed : servant, slave. " The son of Ebed said, who is Abimelech that we should ebed him ? " Zebul (who thrust out Gaal) : a fly, buzzer, a component part of Baalzebul, Belzebub : the fly dispeller. Ebedmelch (Ethi- opian) : king's servant = Gilderoy, Omri, Omriah : who obeys the command of God, con. Emir: who gives word. Emir-al-Omri : commander of commanders = Phicol : mouth

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 201

of all, whose mouth all obey, Almiral, Admiral : the com- mander. Obed is the participial form of Abdon, whence Obed-Edom : Edom's servant. " Edom is slave (obed) under tribute." Obediah (Puritan favourite) : of Jehovah, cor. to Nobbs. Its Hindoo correspondent is Dhas Dasa : a coolie, servant, slave, coming into English as Dass, Gangadasa : servant of the river god Ganga, from whom we get the name of his son Ganges = Tiberius : son of the river God Tiber.

Kali (goddess) : coally, black beauty, co7i. Kalos : beautiful. Our coal is philologically identical with Kali and kalos, each meaning beautiful. Kalidasa : servant of Kali, a thug. Cutta(ck): a temple, Calcutta: temple of Kali, the Hindoo Venus. " Kalidasa, the celebrated author of Sacontala, repre- sents with a master hand the influence which the aspect of nature exercises on the minds and feelings of lovers." GossALADASA : servant of Gossala, an avatar (incarnation) of Krishna. Agnidasa : servant of the fire god Agnl, con. ignis and Agag, which consult. The names of the well known Brahmin convert, Narayan Sheshadri, are analysed thus. Narayan : he that treadeth the waters, the Hindoo Neptune, devoted to. Sheshadri, is from Shesh : the great serpent, which, in the cosmogony of the Hindoos, bears the world, and Adri : safe (therefrom) in a mountain. Brahmin : born of Brahm, the first person in the Hindoo Trimutri.

DuiLius (consul) : servant, slave — Dulia et latria : service and worship. Knight, usually given as meaning servant, knitted, attached, really means offspring, son of high degree, hence con. Gnatus : born. Vavasour : vassal, thane of in- ferior order, con. Volvo : I roll, boundaries being termed in medieval Latin Valvas : doors (of the kingdom) which the vavasour had to defend, similarly to a Marquess : marcli defender. It was originally written Valvasour, which makes the valves plainer.

Esquire, Squires (scutifer) Armiger : shield bearer, knight's servant. Scudamore : shield of love, one saving another = Alexander, Socrates, Fortescue: strong shield, powerful escutcheon. Egede (Hans) : goatskin shield bearer, con. ^gis. Egedesmind (Greenland) : built in memory (mind) of the apostle of Greenlanders. Giles (sometimes): a goat = Cheevers. Kmety (Austrian) : a serf. Lackey is from Lag : to remain behind, as servants do after master. Lachman (Mc) Latchie (con. lackey) : servants to a lord,

Serjeant is form of servant = Servetus : one who received quarter in battle, ipreserved as a slave to his victor, binder. Ancell : a servant, con. ancillary = Helfmann (Nihilist) : man helper = Skeels, con. Scald : servant of the gods, served them by song. Godsal (lieutenant), Gotteschalcus : servant

2G2 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

of God. Knapp: seYvsint = Knave. "I Paul, the knave of Jesus Christ." Knapsack : bag carried by a servant. We meet with Belkxap : honest, good servant. Ancell : con. the Gaelic word Gill : servant or boy, whence Gillie (Queen's) : servant, used not only of servitude, but patronymically, as Bain : white, fair (M') Ilwain : Bain's servant or son. So Dhu, Dow, Duff, Dove, Dee : swarthy, dark a-vised. M'Indoe: Dhu's Dow's Duff's or Dove's boy. Roy: red (headed) : gives (W) Ilroy : Roy's lad. Gilmore, Gilmer : great servant = Seneschall (con. senior and scald), becomes also GiLMOUR. But GiLMAiR: B. V. Mary's servant, as Kirrie- muir: Mary's kirk. GiLROY : Roy's lad, ab. to (M') Ilroy. GiLDEROY : servant of the kirk. Culdee : servant of God. GiLLis, Gelasius (pope), Gillies, Gildas (historian) : servant of Jesus = the Arabic Abdalissu, Abyssinian Barca-Yassous: slave of Jesus. So Gilchrist : servant of, devoted to, Christ.

GiLFiLLAN (George): of St. Fillan = (M') Clellan, whence Cleland, Gildart: of Arthur. Gillander: of St. Andrew. GiLLiBREu, Gillevroy, Gillebred : of St. Bride, Bridget. Gillebred applied to a coast bird. From Bride, Hebrides : island whereon was church of St. Bridget. But Gilbert : bright, glorious warrior. GiLES: pledged to a ordeal = Wager (captain), con. Guild: a pledged confraternity, and Guild: a member of it = Frater. Gilbert answers to Gumprecht : war bright. M'Lean is a form of Macgillian : son of John's servant. GiLLOX, Gillan (Gill Gin) : servant of John. M'LuRE, ah. form of MacGill Cabhair : son of the servant of the book (Bible or breviary), clerk's son, Galbraith (con. Brehon) : judge's son, judicious, discreet.

Many Celtic names are formed of Maol : bald (by tonsure), shaving away hair to commemorate our Lord wearing thorn crown. Hair so cut was dedicated to some saint whose name the devotee adopted. Anciently slaves were forbidden long hair as prisoners now. Part of Gaul was called Gallia Comata : the long-haired Gauls. Short hair or bald head become a symbol of servitude. " This is the priest all shaven and shorn, that married the man all tattei-ed and torn." As masters of old made slaves uncover in their presence to show they were their inferiors, we lift our hat to a superior and enter the house of God uncovered. As wearing shoe or sandal in the East signified right to walk over land, and therefore landowner, Ruth iv. 8., every son of the Orient enters God's house barefoot to signify poverty before the all possessing King. In the case of the wasteful son, " Put shoes on his feet," meant restore to him his forfeited patrimony. Malloch : bald to Luke. Eglismaol Luach : church of bald Luke,

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 2G3

Lanarkshire. " The original name of the poet was Malloch, which, after his removal to London and his intimacy with the great, he changed to Mallet. He wrote 'William and Mary,'—

" 'Twas at the silent, solemn hour, When night and morning met ; In glided Margaret's grimly ghost, And stood at William's feet."

Maltse : bald to Jesus = GiLLis. Milligan (Scotch) : servant of Luke, but Mulligan : son of the bald headed man. Malcolm : bald to St. Columb. Malachy (king of Meath) : bald to Maodhog, first bishop of Ferns. Often confused with Malachi : my messenger, angel, but one is Milesian, the other Hebrew. Mullen (made Oin) : bald to John = McLean, GiLLON. MiLROY : ecclesiastical servant to king, as GiLDEROY was king's civil servant. Maol also gives MouLE = Calvin, Chauvin, Korah (Dathan and Abiram) : all bald heads. Thence also Moult, which gives Mews : aviary for hawks. Meuse Lane. Mull of Cantyre : bare rocks of Cantyre : head land. The severe climate of Russia suggested a compromise between razor and curling tongs. Instead of shaving, the Muscovites cut their hair crosswise, using this prayer : " Give thy blessing to this thy servant who is now to offer these his first fruits, the tonsure of his head. The servant of God is shorn in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, now and for ever, even unto the ages of ages. Amen." If his hair is dedicated to no particular saint he is simply called IsCHiN : a servant, but if to one, that saint's name becomes his with ischiri affixed. Thus Russia has the sneezing names, Matuiischen : servant of Matthew, Sents- CHISCHIN : of Simeon. Compare such cases with the jjer contra one of Samson and the Nazarite vow. The English name Callow (from Calvus) and the Welsh Voyle also mean bald. The Tartar word for servant! is Kouli, as Kouli Khan : khan's slave, lord's coolie. Cawnpore : khan's city. Coolie : serf, slave. " By the last advice from China we learn that 500 Coolies, who had been entrapped into a factory at Macao under false pretences, broke down the door, and in spite of their keepers, effected their escape." Herschell (herr schall) of the German corresponds to Kouli Khan. Swain {con. sway, involving the idea of strength) : a young man, a servant. Boatswain : boat servant. Garcon : a boy, a servant, con. Goss, GossETT, GosPATRiCK, CosPATRiCK : boy, servant of Patrick. Page : a servant, now restricted to boy menials, gives the well-known Paget (Dr.) Pageant : grand display of servants. Paxton : Page's town. But Paxman : one driving

264 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

a pack horse. Guiscard, Wishart, Wiseman : a conjuror, lit. a wise nature. Drew : a conjuror, druid, whence Druiff : son of Drew = Drugan. Mago (Carthagmian, from whom Mahon in Minorca), Magus (Simon) : a magician, one prac- tising magic = Persis, Elymas: of Elymais, from Elam: Persian: from Olam, Ulam : first-born The Persians came next the Chaldees in the art of divination. These = Hachmoni: very M^se. " He (Pharaoh) sent and called for the hachmonim of Egypt." Trismegistus (Mercury): threefold magician, greatest trickster. Mega: great, as Omega: great 0, gives Magus : great (man) = Rabbi, whence Magister, Magnate, Magistrate. From Per: through: Ager : a field, acre, we have Pilgrim, Pell, Pringle, Peregrix (Pickle): all Pilgrims. Hop Pringle : son of the pilgrim.

PiLLSBURY, Pelham, Petty : pilgrims' dwellings. The first martyr to Christianity in Rome was burned, and is referred to by Lucian in his Dialogues, was Peregino. Pellett : little Pel gives the well known Paley : Pell's field. Rome, Romeo (and Juliet), Romaixe (Rev.), Romero: pilgrims to Rome. Saintey : been to Saint Terre : holy land, whence Saunter : to wander like pilgrims, Santa Croce (admiral) : holy cross, whose ancestors had the credit of bringing Vera Cruz : the true cross to Europe. Ermete (Dr.) = Bedowee : desert dweller, solitaire. Walls, Waller, Wallach (when not Wallachia) : pilgrims, con. Gael, a stranger. Wallet : pro- vision bag carried by pilgrim = Scrip : for holding scraps. Wantman, Want: wenders, goers about. Rainey (principal): who ran through divers lands. In some families this means sea rover = Walmer : marine wanderer, viking. CoCKLE : pilgrim who had crossed the sea to shrine of St. James Com- postella, and so wore a cockle shell cap.

" How sliould I your true love know From another one ? By Lis cockle bat and staff.

And his sandal shoon."

This staflf was made crutch-wise, and called hourdonne, whence Burden ami Cross: pilgrims twain. His sandals suggest Disc;alzeado (Boston firm) : discalceated friar, bare feet, meaning poverty. Friar, Eraser, Frere (Bartle), Fra- (Diavolo) and Free in freemason, all mean brother. DiS- CALZEADO = Barefoot, which consult. Balmer : brought palm branch from Holy Land, whence Palmerston : town frequented by pilgrims = Pelham : home of. The French have La Paume : the pilgrim. In Snodland church-yard, Kent, is the following epitaph in memory of one Palmer of Oxford, —

NAMES DERIVED FBOM TRADES OR TITLES. 265

" Palmers all our Faders were, I a Palmer lingered here, And trauyl'd still, till worn with age, I ended this world's pilgrimage On the blyst Assention day. In the cheerful month of May, A thousand with four hundred seuen And took my journey liense to Heuen."

Much of the beauty of this lies in the distinction that palmer differed from other pilgrims, such ceasing to be pilgrims after visiting places they had vowed to worship at, whereas once a palmer always a palmer. To these add Wands : who wends his way from land to land. The Germans simply call pilgrims wanderers. The generic word in the East for a pilgrim is Had.ja.1, con. Hagar. From Gur, Gar, or Gau, the Hebrew for a stranger, a pilgrim, as " I am the son of gur, an Amala- kite;" hence Gauyim: strangers, aliens, foreigners. Gentiles, as in the clearest prophecy uttered as to the restoration of the Jews. " For Jehovah will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet choose Israel, and set them in their own land, and gauyim shall be joined with them." Agee: a fugitive, answers to Phy- GELLUS. Agur ("The words of "): a stranger, a pilgrim. Un- likely as it may seem, there is an English equivalent to this. Sojourner (Charleston), one who tarries with you for a day. Gershom {om for Am: people): a strange people. For he said, " I have been a stranger in a strange land." The idea is nearly that of Ottemare (ultra): beyond the sea, con. Lammeirmoor : moor reaching to the sea. Gera (a Benjamite, a man left handed) : a stranger = L'Estrange. From Shem : name, famous, Shamgar (" the son of Anath ") : an aristocratic stranger. In the New Testament we meet with Gergesenes = Gauyim : foreigners, non Abrahamic people. Let a German bring up the rear in this array of pilgrims, WuNDER : he who wends, wanders = Wands.

We also meet with the Italian Bezancio, Besant (Annie) : a crusading pilgrim, who, visiting Bysantium, brought there- from circular pieces of bullion without any impression, called from the city, bezants. By Shakespeare's time bezant became tantamount to valueless.

BucKMASTER: master of buck hounds, but Buck, Box: bucks, gay fellows. " Box and Cox." Cox : cuish maker, thigh plate. Cramer : stall keeper. Bullar : stamper in a stannary office, con. Bulla : papal seal, which, stamping a document, became a Imll. Stanners, Stannery: worker in a tin mine, a tinsmith. Rose : rose grower = Rosbaum : rose tree grower, sometimes means rosy, ruddy = RuDD, and sug- gesting Rhoda, con. Rhododendron : rose tree, literally = Rosbaum. Moss (when not formed on Moses) : dwelling on a 18

266 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

moor, muir, bogland = Irish names MooxEY, Money, as in MoNEYMORE : great bog. MosscROP, Mosscrip : turf digger, labourer on a moor. Crop, that which is gathered, con. Creep: to gather, a worm gathers itself to creep. So crop of a bird consists in what it has gathered. Con. this root, Krupp (guns) : a cripple, one who creeps along.

Nachmann: night watcher. The French have Munzer: money maker, printer. Scales and Klinkscales : medieval nicknames for salesmen, which in Hindostan is Wallah, to which add Seller, when not meaning Saddler. Brazier : brass worker answers to the medieval Persian Soffar, from whom the dynasty Soffarides, who reigned over Khorassan (873-907). Khorassan : sun country, sunny land, with which some connect Cyrus (Koreish) : the sun — Samson, from Shemesh : the sun, but the balance of probability favours Cyrus: kurios, lord. The French Delaport: of the gate, Delaplace : of the city, Delarue : of the street, were some- times applied to tollmen = Southgate : toll taker there, but at others meant burgesses, freemen ; allied to Rue : a row, street, Perez de la Rua (he gave name to Peru) : Pierson of the street, i.e., main street. Gregory (Gregorian chant, calendar) : a watchman, gives Gory, Goy, Gor (ham), con. Lycurgus (king) : wolf watcher, a shepherd = Berger.

Lacordaire : wearing cord of St. Francis, sometimes peace- maker, who gets people into accord. Ardgour : Goat hill — Gordon. Kilgour (coyle): wood frequented by goats. CoYLE : a wood, Kelvin (avon) : wooded river. Halley, guarded hall = RocHEFORT. Aube: white wood. Oltramare, DouTREMER : a foreigner from beyond the sea. Painvin : holding land for which homage is rendered in bread and luine. Annan (avon, of which an is dim.): rivulet. Annandale = COMMISKY (combe esk). Clive (India) : Clee : living among cliffs; Cleveland = Folly, Foli, and Du Halde. But Cling for Kling : a sword(sman). Heller : sea cave entered by tide, aboriginal troglodyte = Wemyss, Cave. Connal (S.B.G.) : raging flood = Sorbey : shore dAveller. The royal name Brunswick : Bruno's cattle shed = Byars, Bouverie, sug- gesting Bembo (pen) : cattle hill.

Seidlitz (powders) : is our Settle : living on a clearing, an emigrant. MuRiLLO (painter): little walled town = Lyttleton, Velpeu, Burdett, con. Murat. Shee (O) : living where fairies meet. De Soto : of the Grove = Groves. Travel : to go beyond (trans) the wall (vallum), a traveller. Witley (Liverpool): white meadow — Whitefield. From Pre: before, Eo : to go, we get Pretorius : a magistrate, one who takes the precedency. " And the soldiers led Him away into the hall called Prystorium."

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 267

Of recent names are Penman Quillman, Schreibeii, Scribe = the classic Schrevalius. Satchell: a little sack, means a bag maker = (M') Sporran. Costard (whence Custard: the -outcome of cream and good cookery, was originally baked apples) : an apple grower, then seller, whence the well known Costermonger : costard, apple, salesman. Braschi (Pope Pius VI.) : cauliflower planter, market gardener. Button (Billy) : is a button maker. Wasserbohr : a well borer, and Wasser- man: waterman, travelling by, but WasS: bold, con. Vasa and Washington.

Bachelor: staft' winner, the last man of the poll won a wooden spoon. So also Bell: who carried off the bell. Bachelor, con. Imbecile : leaning on a staff, feeble. Alconer, Elkorn, Oldcorn (G. P.): ale Conner, an exciseman who ken- ned, examined ale. Arliss : one bound by arles, i.e., earnest money to serve a year. Aries is from year, and that from gyre, gur. Halfhead (puzzled many) : a poor farmer, one having but half a. hide of land to cultivate, a hyde being what a yoke of bullocks could plough in one season. It was called a hide from being hedged, hidden. The name is cor. from Halfhyde, which is rare compared with Hyde. A yet more comic contortion is Onybrains from Onibyrne : John Bran or Braine. PARDON(er) : a priest, but PuRDON (for pure dun) : a hill cleared of trees = Clarendon, Claridge, suggesting Orridge : farm on a hill, and Orby (Shipley) : dwelling on a farm. Or or Orr : an enclosure, boundary, usually a water. HoARE (formerly Oore) : ore raiser = Pitman, suggesting Ireton: iron town, place where iron ore is dug. Anser (a form of answer, for and swear) : a scale maker, as the goods and weights had to answer, balance each other. Brogger is the medieval English form of broker = Broker. Coult£;r (con., Colo : I cultivate) : a smith who made iron part of plough = Plowvv'right. Prudence (same word as Providence: Ho who pro-vides : sees and prepares before hand) : a morality play character, then a Puritan name. Draper (con., Drap : ■cloth. Trap : to adorn with cloth. Drab : a , colour) : a cloth salesman.

( 268 )

CHAPTER XIV.

PATRONYMICS.

It was formerly customary to receive names from ancestors by compounding their name with a word indicating filial re- lationship. Names so compounded were termed patronyinics, from Pater : father, and Onoma : a name — father being used in the sense of ancestor. When personal names merged into family appellations, patronymics became obsolete ; or, more correctly, ceased to be formed. Before this change was effected, in case a man was called Dennis : born on the day of St. Dennis, sometimes his eldest son would be called Dennison, which, in some cases, became Tennyson, and a man from a village in which was a church dedicated to St. Dennis was called Dennistoun. After the period in which descriptive names flourished, each of his children, whether male or female, would be called Dennis, so that this became literally a patronymic, inasmuch as it was a name received from a father. Howbeit, only those names that were taken from a parent when such was not the rule are called patronymics. Personal names lead the van as to all others, and are the basis of half their successors. Long after personal names were almost as widely diffused as persons, we find patronymics coming into use — the offspring of necessity arising out of multiplicity. The hero of the valley of Elah is known as David, the son of Jesse, whence we infer there were others named David. This is the more probable, because David : beloved, is a nurse name, and had doubtless often been given by fond mothers to newly born boys previously to B.C. 1085. Had he lived in the first or second millennium of history, he would simply have been called David. Names follow a regular progression parallel to history, beginning with a single personal appellation, and pass on to patronymical, and then to two, three, four, or more names being used, the final stage being the stereotyping of names as they are all over Christendom, and have been, at least, from the era of the Reformation. Nothing we know of Onamatology : the science of names, a branch of philology, favours the idea of man's antiquity stretching back into ten times the period recognised by the Usherian chronology. Had man inhabited this globe 100,000 years since, single names would not have been in use so lately as the days of Adam. As in the Old Testament we have David, the son of Jesse, so in the era of the New Testament we meet with Caiaphas,

PATRONYMICS. 269

Joseph : Caiaphas, the son of Joseph, which easily becomes Joseph Caiaphas. Yet earher we have John Hyrcanus :,who conquered the Hyrcanians, dwellers near the sea now known as the Caspian. Such names approach very nearly to our pre- sent nomenclature, which is not a result of chance, but the natural outcome of human language, which is the outcome of human nature, which is the offspring of God. The first name looking like a patronymic is antediluvian, viz., Tubal-Cain : flowing out from Cain, as though O'Cain, given to intimate pride in relationship to Cain. During the Israelitish theo- cracy, Gentile patronymics were in common use, as Hittites from Heth, but those personal came in later. As soon, how- ever, as the New Testament opens we meet with Bar-Jonah, Bar-Abbas, names received from fathers in the conventional patronymical sense. It is, therefore, manifest that the chron- ology of patronymics, the period of their formation, lies about midway between the primitive ages and time current.

The Saxon Patronymic

was formed by adding ing to ancestor's name, as

^Elfreding : Alfred's son, plu. ^Elfredingas : Alfredites, like Frelungi (second order of Saxon society) : sons of the free, con. Frew, Jungfrau : young free. Freeman = Liberius, Eleutherius (popes) and Lysander ; men loosened.

Beorming: descendants of Beorm, Birmingham: home of his sons.

Brummagem (a name applied to inferior goods made in Bir- mingham) is an actual family name. A member of the Beormingham family who emigrated to Ireland was named Pierce, which was Hibernianised into Macioris, which became Macjore, which assumed the form of

Macgeorge, a fact that should make men thankful they are not living in Irish medieval times.

Another Saxon chief was named Fother : feeder, provider, father, from him,

Fotheringham : home of the descendants of Fother, con. Fotheringay and Fothergill.

Watling for Watlingas : the sons of Wetla. Watling Street, through their settlement.

Wetla : he of the sharp sword, C07i. Whet: to sharpen, Whittle (Harvey). The Goths supplied the Saxons with this form, hence the dynastic patronymics,

Merovingians : descendants of Meroveus, Carlovingians : of Carloman.

Carling (from him Carlingford) : son of Charles = M'Arle. The Danes were called

270 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Skioldungians : of Skiold (Sigge's fifth son) : a shield, good at using it, like

ToRDENSKiOLD : thunder shield, thundering on shield of enemy.

NoRDENSKJOLD (navigator) : shield of the North. Skioli> = Milesian Skey, con. Sky: a cover, Skidmore: shield of love.

Skiolding : son of a shield, brave, cor. to Scolding : noise made by sword on shield, now by one tongue on another. " How are the mighty fallen."

Wellington : town of descendants of Weale. So from Wass : keen, bold, we have

Washington. As also Ware : a defender = Epamnon, gives

Warrington (from Ware, Herts). Wade : he who invades, bold at attack.

Wading : son of W^ade, whence Wadington. Bann, from Bana : a slayer, con. Henbane : hay poison, wolfsbane, we get

Banham : Bann's home. Sometimes a form of Bonhomme : a monk.

Gosling (bona fide) : of Goss, but Gosling: little goose.

Gunning : son of a warrior = Wickliffe, from Gunn : war, as Gonfalon : war standard, Gunter : the warrior of the army.

Seekings: son of Sack. Sack: one given to plunder = Merode, Harry.

Meeking : son of Mece. Mece : a sword, he who uses it. Meek, Mechi (model farm).

Klinging : son of a sword, sabreur, from Kling : a blade, he who uses, con. Clang : to make a noise.

Gettings : son of a Jute, giant. Behring (straits). Baring: son of Thor's bear, good lighter.

Merling : son of the illustrious ; Mar : famous = Shem.

Manning (cardinal) : son of the Asir Mannus. Mannering (Guy) : of Manners, Herman inverted.

Gumming, Comyn : son of a count, con. Comes : a companion.

Atheling (Edgar) : of noble descent, gives Edlin, con. Adler: a German aristocrat. This patronymical ending is met with in names of the most frequent occurrence, as

Jennings : of John, Stubbings : of Stephen, Rawlings : Ralph, Ralston : Ralph's town.

Copping: Jacob. Collings: Nichols. Framing: son, we have ing : little, thus

Darling (Darlington: Darling's town): son of Dear, or little dear,

Carracci (Carus : dear) answers to latter. Fatling : little fat (animal), Gosling : little goose, are dims, of pats., as most dims. are.

Whiting (nothing to do with fish) : son of White. White : a man, emphatic, but

PATRONYMICS. 271

Whitworth : white dwelling = Wentvvorth, Casabianca.

Chiese from Casa : a house, is now domesticated in Eng- land. Had Chiese invaded our coast five hundred years since he would have turned to Cheese.

Wiggin(g)s (weather prophet): son of war, a soldier = the better known Wickliffe.

When ing is neither a dim. nor a pa^. its used in the sense of contempt as witling, lordling, where, of course, it means little. The Saxon jycit. was less common among our ancestors than

The English Patronymic,

which is exceedingly common with ourselves. It is indicated by affixing son to the name of a progenitor, and is incapable of being used in a plural form or in the generic sense. The examples are so numerous and so well understood that one is embarrassed in making a selection fit for the occasion.

Addison : son of Ady, for Adam. Edison (electric) : of Eadie, of Ed.

Anderson: Andrew = Andrez. Harris (when not local), for Harrison = Harrigan, Barry, Parry.

Anson (commander): John = BEVAN. Alison : Alic for Alexander = Sanderson.

Maddison, Madison : of Matthew = MacMath, De Mattos, sometimes becomes Dyson.

CouLSON : Cole for Nicholas. ToLSON : Bartholomew.

Gibson : Gibbs, for Gilbert. Gilson : Giles, or Gill, in latter case = MacGill.

GiMSON : of James = Jamieson : of Jamie : little James.

Hinson : Hind, which becomes Hines, Ind (and Cope). Hodgson : of Hodge for Roger.

HoBSON ('s choice, this or none) : Hob, for Robert = Robert- son, DoBsoN, Robinson, Probart, Robson.

Hodgson : Hodge, for Roger. Hudson : Hood. Hood : a monk wearing one. ^

Huskisson (Board of Trade) : Askew. Lupson : Love : lupus: a wolf = Lopez, Lubez.

Ives : an archer = Yeamans (Hemans) : Yeoman, con. yew (tree), IsoN = MacIver.

MuNSON : Munns, for Edmund. Nelson : Nell (Ellen) or Neal, when = MAcNEiL, Neligan.

Mackanelly, from MacNeil. Pearson : of Peter = Pedrez. PiLSON of Pell : a Pilgrim = Hop Pringle.

PORSON (Cambridge) and PoLSON (flour) ; Paul = MacPhail.

Patterson: of Patrick = Gospatrick(co%. garcon). Ritson: Rider, Ritter = DE Ruyter.

272 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Sampson : Samuel. Simson, Simpson : Simms = MacShimes : of Simon, Monad from Simon, as

Stimpson, Stimson, Stevens : Stephen. Tonson : of Tony for Antony = De Antonio, Danton.

Watson : Wat for Walter = MacOuat, Mac Walter. Nill- SON (madame) from Corneille.

It is more easy than desirable to enlarge, this catalogue. We, therefore, pass to the germane subject of

Diminutives.

The following are the most prevalent forms in our language : — ullus, ucci, je, ie, ing, in, kin, ot, otte, otti, ell, elk, enne, et, ette, etti, etto, ach, och, eogan, egan, an, een, ad, un, ig, cock, and y. Before considering the part played by diminutives, we should premise that, as a rule, final s in personal names makes no difference as to meaning, being generally only phonetic or formative. Thus Hawkin, con. Hal for Harry, tends to Hawkins, as Edward glides into Edwards. Some hold 8 in such words as Edwards to be a genetive form as though Edwards : son of Edward, but it is mostly formative. Yet in some cases the terminal s does indicate son, and so may be termed a patronymical form. Is a man called George Peter ? The ear is unsatisfied until that becomes George Peters. On this principle Will assumes the forms Willis, Wiles. — In the subscribed examples understand either son or little after the original name.

LucuLLUS (conquered Tigranes) : Luke = Lucian, if that does not mean born at daybreak.

Lltke : man of Lucania, south Italy, given, also, as shining, brilliant.

Marcellus (slew Viridoraarus) : Mark. Faustulus (shep- herd) : Faustus (Dr.), Festus : lucky.

Verucci: Verus: true = Truman, Liprot, and Amen. But Veron, Verron : man of Verona, Veronica : true image (of Christ).

Brammetje: little Abraham = Mabbot. Epje : Joseph, cow. Jaap, Jebb.

Jantje: John = SHONEEN, Atkins: Arthur. Dakins, Dawkins, Deakins, Davitt : for David.

DoNKiN, Donaldson, English for MacDonald, the Irish for it being Donegan, and the Lowland MacWhannell.

Ekin is derivable from Edward, Edmund, Edgar, or Eadie. Hankin : Hans : John = Hansom (son).

JiFKiN: little Joseph = Epje, former English, latter Dutch, each =: JowETT (professor).

PATRONYMICS. 273

Fergus gives Forgie, as Ronald does Rennie, and Gabriel gives Gebbie.

Just: born on St. Just's day, gives Joscelin, Josselyn. Lawrence gives Lakin, Larkins, Larry, Lawrie, Lawson.

Oliver supplies NoLL, Nollekins. Isaac becomes Nye, Nykin = Mackissock, also giving Ike.

Rankin is of Randall, while from Simon we derive Simpkins, SiMKiNS, SiMCOX. As Simkins shapes into Simpkins, so Sim- cox grows to SiMPCox.

Gloucester : " What's thine own name ? SiMPCox : Saunder Simpcox, an' if it please you, master.

Gloucester : Then Saunder, sit there, the lyingest knave in Christendom."

QuAGLiENNE : little Quaglia, which consult. Adcock, Ady (Joseph) : from Adam. Thousands of children have been named from Adam, in the belief such would attain to a great age. " Old as Adam." The Jews viewing him as the first rebel, and he being no Jew, name no child after him.

Alcock from Hal, for Harry. Arnot from Arnold. BiR- KETT from Burke (from Bury), when not birch vjood. *

Badcock is from Bartholomew, whence also Bartlett, and Batty (equestrian); but Bad : good, from Bid : to pray.

Pius (Pio : I atone for) : who has made an atonement, a religeuse, Pyat (red), Biot, Bioti, Biagotti..

BuoN for Bon : good, from Bonus, gives the great name BuoNAROTTi = Goody, con. with

BuoNAFEDE (wrote "Political Chronology"): truce observer, faith keeper, identical with bonajicle = A'M0N, Amnon : amen, men. These answer to

Fidelia: keeping her tryst;=BEAUFOY : good faith. Bos- suet (the learned), BossUE : boss shouldered, gibbous.

Paget (M.D.) may mean little page, or son of Page, con. Pageantry : great show of many servants.

Buffet (corps legislatif) : waiter on the buffet, sideboard. Beefeater (Tower) : buffetier = Page.

Barrell, Barrett, from Barry or Barrie ,f rom Barr : a hill, or Barry : bare island.

Lawcock : little hill = Knowles, or little Law : a hill. In keeping with former view.

Braes : living on a hill, con. Brant : living on a steep. Branton = Hilton, con.

Tannahill (Paisley) : a hill whether heather perishes from heat, con. Beltane, but

Tannock for Tannerock : young Tanner (faster) : worker in oak tan = Barker.

Bernadotte (Sweden), N adaud : from Bernard. Burnet (bishop) from Brown or Burn : a boundary =

274 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Beckett: little beck, con. Beccles (bishop): brook runninoj through meadow (lees). But Beckey from Rebecca.

Corbet from Corvus : a crow (on shield), one of the oldest surnames in Scotland.

Cobbet (Preston), Coppock, Cob (father) : from Jacob. Diderot (cyclopedist) from Desiderius : desiderated.

DoRRiT (little), Dolly: from Dorothy. Elliott, from Ellis, for Elias, for Elijah.

Fontinelle from Fontaine = Fountain = Tiber (father), Spring.

GuizoT (statesman), Why ATT, Giotto (O) from Guy. Gillot (pens) : Giles or Gill.

Wilmet, Guilmette, Guillotin, Willimott, Wilmot, WooLcocK, Willie (We have missed you), Wilkie, Ullin (lord). Ullick : young or little William.

Grocock from Gregory, whence Gorham : where is church of St. Gregory.

HiGGS : a wild ash, gives Higgins, Higgot, Hignet. Her- belot (orientalist), formed on Herbert.

QuiN^T: from Jacques, for James, and so = Jamie, Jimmy. Hancock : Hans : John = Van Hahn.

Hitchcock (geology and religion) : from Richard. Glass : a stream, as Glassford ; Glasscock = MacGlashan.

Brogan: little badger, biter. Crossan : little cross (on shield). Hoppet, Hopkins : Hob for Robert.

Hewitt, Hewett, Hewson (old), Huessen, Huie : sons of Hugh, or little Hughs.

Ivett from Ives. Jewett, Jewell: from Jew: from Judah. Morell (H. M. I.) : from Moor or More : dark, con. Morison.

Marcet (Mrs.), MuRCUTT, from Mark = MARCELLUS, whence Marcellinus (pope).

Martinet (disciplinarian) : from Martin. NicoT (tobacco) : Nicholas.

Othello, Odette : Otho. Pellatt (Apsle}^) : from Pell : Pilgrim. Tippet : from Theobald.

Perkins (and Barclay), Parkin, Parnell (Land League), Perucci, Petrucchio (and Catherine), Perrott, Pirrie, Pirie, Pirret, Perry (when not trade name : maker of perry from pear), Pierotti, Parrott : are all formations on Peter the apostle, prolific of names.

Donizetti: formed on Dominus: a lord, and so = Toole : of lordly descent.

Timkins : from Timothy. Tonkin, Tony, Antonelli (non- possumus) : formed on Anthony.

Thomasseau, Thomassen (son) = Tommy and Thomson.

Moloch and Molloch are living family names from Maol, Mul : bald, and each means little baldheaded man.

PATRONYMICS. 275

De and Mac.

From the Latin De : of, we get a patronymical sign common to French, Italian, and even German names. Thus

Deluc: of Luke. De Mattos: of Matthew = MacMath, M ADDISON, Madison.

Dearle : of Earl. De Ruyter : son of a knight = Ritson, MacKnight.

DwiGHT (theologian) : of Wight. Danton (red, very) : of Antoine = Dante (poet),

Durante : lasting (as to fame) is given as its source, but Durante, Durant: lasting (in fight) = Constant.

Dando (English), Dandy (Scotch), Tandy (Napper) = Danton (French), Dante (Italian) on Andrew.

D'IsRAELi : of Israel = Scobeloff (general) : son of Jacob, con. KopiNSKi : James' town, and Scobie.

De Santos : of the saints, from Sanctus : holy. Sang, Sancho (Pansa). Sanctus: holy, from Sanguis: blood (of sacrificial victim), hence Sanction. D'Eremao (Dr.): of a hermit.

De Foe : of the faith. Delmonico (hotel) : of the monk. When local, la is added, as

De la Croix : of the cross = Crosby : dwelling near a cross. Crossley, Crutchly : cross field.

De la Rue : of the row, streets Rows, and Italian, Stradu- ARius (violins). In German, Stross, whence Strossmayer (bold bishop): street mayor, burgh officer. The South American town Callao: the street = Main Street, High Street.

De la Marche: of the border, as Bondy = Delawar (whence Delaware), Dewar : of the ward, part guarded. From the Latin ending acius, the French derive ac, used* locally or patronymically, as

PoLiGNAC (cardinal) : of Poligny, and that from a Pole.

Balzac (author) : of Bale, for Basil, from Basileus : a king.

LussAC (Guy): of Luke = Deluc. Martignac : of Mar- tigny : Martin's dwelling.

EsPAGNAC (general) : of Spain. Ravaillac (Henry 4th) : of Ravius : son of Rapp : a raven.

Coligny (admiral) : for Colignac : of the hill district = CoLLis, Hills.

Fitz.

The more general patronymic indulged in by our Gallic neighbours is fits for Filius : a son, received through the Normans. " Robert, son of King Henry 1st, having proposed

276 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

marriage to Osbeorht, daughter of Baron Fitz Hamon, she politely declined, for said she, —

" It were to me a great shame To have a lord withouten his twa name."

His father came to the rescue, and made him eligible for husbandship by styling his pet " Robert Fitzroy :" son of a king = (En)FAUNTLEROY : king's infant = Cree for MacRee, Basilowitz and Rene (roy natus). Her name Osbeorht : glory, brightness, of the Ases (for her beauty). One name, and that monosyllabic, or, at most, of two syllables, was the rule for the poor and slaves in Greece, Rome, England, and America. To marry a one-named man then would forfeit aristocratic position. Demosthenes, in his imperishable oration, " The Crown" accuses -^schines of violating that law. " He is not such a man as you may meet every day, but one of those execrable to the people. For lately — lately, did I say ? — ay, yesterday, and no longer ago, he became at once a citizen and orator, and adding two syllables to his father's name, he changed it from Tromes to Atrometus." In giving the word of command a long name is harder to be uttered than one that is short. Hence Oppian advises that dogs have short names, —

" Lest at the huntsman's call they trace in vain. And run with open cry confus'dly o'er the plain."

In Sweden the poor still have but one name, and that a short one. Second names are useful in fixing a first. Before the Reformation men changed names as expeditiously as jail birds yet do. Then persons were often baptized in one name, married in a second, and buried with a third, as then a Registrar-General and a Postman were unthought of. So lately as 1760 the Poles passed from one name to another at a bound. Priests named an entire estate of serfs Peter, and another, under a different noble, John. Their surname alone prevented confusion. To return to^/i^c oryiims. This became jfitt in certain families, as Parfitt: good son. Sometimes Jilius assumes the form if as Druiff = Drugan : son of Drew.

Van, Von.

Corresponding more or less closely with de, etc, is the Dutch vmi, usually applied with the force of the, as Vandersteen : of the stone, hill = FoLLi, Fell, Knox. Van Osterzee (divine) : of the eastern sea, living on the Baltic shore. Baltic: belted, land locked = Mediterranean, which does not mean in the middle of the earth. So Zuyder Zee : south sea, Zealand : sea land, island. South from Seethe : to boil, to be

PATRONYMICS. 277

hot = Ham: a temanite, southron, man of liot climate. Van- DELEUR : of the Eure valley, a Norman name. Vandervelde (painter) : of the field = Vanloo. Van Meter (Rome) : living on hired land, carefully measured, paying a feu, the op. of Tennant and Hodder (and Stoughton): holding allocZial land = Franklin : free from feus. Vandeveer: of the ferry = OvEREND = Overton : town where people pass over: Over- newtown: the new town at the ferry. Partick : a portage,a ferry. Van Buren : of the cottages, boors' houses. Sometimes Van slips into position as a veritable patronymic as Van Hahn = Johnson. It passes into von with an emphatic force, as Von- ROBERT: the Robert, becomes Canrobert (Crimea). Von der Tann (general) : of the pines = Du Pin and con. Tangye : pine wood. " Von Reaumer : of the sea, a shoresman = Connal. A living leading politician in Belgium is Vandenpeereboom: of the pear tree.

The Welsh Patronymic

is a form of the Celtic nuic, which the Cambrian people made onab or maj:), and shortening it to a letter h, p, or its cognate /, gave it work to do as a patronymical prefix, thus :

Probart: son of Robert. Probyn, Provan: of Robin. Blake (mighty) : Lake.

Barry, Parry (captain) : Harry. Bevan: of Evan: John, varies to

Biffin (Miss), Baffin ('s Bay). Bowen : Owen. Boyu (when not Gaelic) : Lloyd.

Bethel (attorney-general) : of Ithell, an ancient Welsh name. Bews, Pugh,"Pue, Pye : of Hugh.

Price : Rheese, or Rice : king (rex), ruler, so that it = Machree and Cressidas.

Priddle : Riddle. Pritchard : Richard, Powell, Bowell, BowELLS: Howell = Mac Hale. In old English Powell is a form of Paul. So Chaucer speaks of the words, " Of Christ, John and Poivell."

Progers: Rogers. Prigg : Rigg = KNOWLES, Knolls, Knolys, Hills. Prowse (Jeffray) : Rouse.

Fluellen : Lewellyn : "Captain Fluellen, you must come presently to the mines : the Duke of Gloster would speak with you."

Fowell (Buxton) : Howell. Flack, Black : Lake = Blake. When, however.

Black is not Welsh it means dark = Niger, Ham. Few (when not local) : son of Hugh. The Welsh are ridiculed for their much use of ap for mah in pedigrees. Beaufoy says, cheese is ''Adam's own cousin-german by its birth, ap Curds.

278 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

ap Milk, ap Cow, ap Grass, ap Earth." From the ancient family of Eynion : just = SADOC, we have

Onion, whence the immortal dreamer Bunyan : Mab Onion. At one period of English history it seemed probable that viah would become as common throughout Britain as mac in the Highlands, in the form of ho}^, for ap, for mab ; thus

Hop Pringle : son of the pilgrim. Hop Cornell ; son of Cornwall. The popular vote put the veto on hoj) as a patrony- mical sign soon after the Reformation, but left us

Apps, Upp, Hopps : beloved son, only son = Maccus (from whom Maxwell, the spring of St. Maccus), Mack (general). Idas, Iff, Faunt, Egan, Goss, Kidd, Kyd, Ingo (whence Ingle), Zoon, Enfant, Mapps (Oxonian professor), and Mappin (of razor fame) : all son par excellence. Sometimes loved one is used in the sense of son, as

Wickliffe (wig : war, LifFe : life, loved one) : son of war, a warrior = Cadogan, After analysis of the Cambrian ancestral sign we reach the

Milesian Patronymic.

" By Mac and O you'll surely know True Irishmen, they say: But, if they lack both " O" and " Mac," No Irishmen are they."

A free rendering this of

" Per 0, atque Mac, veras cognoscis Hibernos; His duobus demptis, nuUus Hibernus adest."

Favour, reader, by being sceptical hereabout as more than half the orthodox Irish names have neither Mac nor 0. The Highlanders, Irish, and Welsh hold mac in common, but, as we have seen, the Cambro Britons delight to have it in the forms mah, map, ap, hop, h, p, f. In Irish names onac tends towards mag, ma, and c. Howbeit, Hibernia did not take to rtiac as lovingly as did Caledonia. The Milesians found a greater charm in Eoghan : a son, forming na,, and that used as O in the sense of eldest son, for he only was allowed to use it. The Irish developed a patronymic out of their Erse treasury more elastic and poetic than the Gaelic mac. The Celtic for young, oftspring son, is, as above given, eoghan, whence

Egan (Pierce) for Hugh, eoghan : son of IIugh = BEWs, Pye, PuGH, Few, Ewing, Huessen, Hewson. This eoghan, abbre- viated to a, is then used as a patronymical affix, thus, Ach : a horse, Achaia : horse producing country = Parthia.

EcHEGAN : son of a horse = HoRSMAN, Philip, answering closely to Hippias. B}^ prefixing mac changed to mag, to the foregiven we have

PATRONYMICS. 279

MAGEOGHEfjAN (historian) : son of Echegan. Congan : son of a dog, great tighter.

DoNEGAN, DuGGAN : son o£ DuNN : brown haired = Mac- Donald.

Flanegan : son of Flan : ruddy, whence Lynn (when not local from Lin : a lake),

Flanegan = Macklin. Finigan (M.R): fair young man, con. Fingal ('s cave).

Harrigan: Harry = Barry, Parry. Mulligan: son of the miller.

Gilligan: Gill = MAcGiLL, Gilson. Costigan : Costa (leader) : Koster : doorkeeper.

Talligan : little hill, is the exact Hibernian equivalent for TuLLOCH. Sometimes og only was used in name-making, as

HiCKOG : doctor's son, becomes HiCKHOCK, suggesting when we said, —

" Hie, licec, hoc : lay him on the block, Dives : riches : pull down his breeches. Qui, que, quod : lay on the rod."

Crannage (N.Y. Dr.) : son of Crann : a tree = Woodhouse, Bamber (beam burg), living in a log hut, resident on an artificial island of wood, a lake dweller. These names are more than 3000 years old, antedating Irish history. Sometimes the last part of eor/han, an, was used patronymically or as a diminutive, as

Cashan : little Cash, or son of Cash. Cash is a directory name, uncon. money.

Adamnan (St.) : little Adam. Crossan, Crosson : a small cross. In theology the cross removes the curse, but, sad to say, in philology, it is its root. From cross we derive the Saxon verb Corsian : to curse by reversal of cross, hence Curse : to im- precate.

COBHAN : little Jacob. Granahan : little Graine. Now Graine (con. the sun): light, joy, loved one = HAUSSCHEi\, gives Greene, to be distinguished from Green : living on a = Fields and Dupree.

OssiAN : a little deer, a fawn, graceful as Apollo Belvidere.

CuNNiAN : son of a dog, a bold warrior = Canning, Chan- NING, which consult.

Clanahan : formed from Lean by riiac before, and eoghan behind ^ MacLean, Lennie.

Gallyon : son of the Gall, stranger. Englishmen were so called by the Irish seven centuries since. This an frequently changes to on, oon, but raoi^e usually to een, in which forms it supplies a good dim. to our language.

" Kathleen, mavourneen, the grey dawn is breaking."

280 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

AvouRNEEN : little dear, darling. Mavourneen : my dar- ling =

Carrachioli: little cherished one = Jeshurun. M,ma,mo, signify 'niy in half a dozen languages.

Carrigan, carigheen (moss) : little rock, con. Carrick, crag, Shoneen : little Shane, rude boy =

Gossoon (garcon) : little Goss, con. Cospatrick : son or servant of Patrick. Squireen = Squeers : little squire.

R.USKIN (art critic) : little wood, from Ross : a wood, giving RossA (Donovan) = Woods, Quiddy is

Killeen : little wood, formed on Coyle : a wood. Our college for ladies,

GuRTON (Gammer: grandmother) is Celtic, being Gorteen : little meadow =

Cluny' (MacPherson), con. Clontarf : bull meadow = Huxley: OxLEY = Butt Green = Geshur, from gor, ghor, ghau, and Shur : an ox. In such favour is een with Milesians that they intermingle it with English names, marrying their words, as they do their girls, to the hated Saxon. Hence

Smithereens : smitten to small pieces.

Potcheen: pot stilled whiskey. Shebeen: small wayside inn.

Camptine : little camp becomes Cantine = CAMPALETTO.

Velveteen: small quantity of velvet. Gombeen : small money lender. Poreen : small path. Ballyporeen : road.

Buttereen, etc. Besides eoghan, they used mac, gos, cos, and gil, so that Irishman have no grievance as to lack of patronjmiics. A Fenian would say : " Small thanks to the Crown for that. And sure we got them from our own tongue." Here it seems proper to trace a name through some of its multi- tudinous ramifications, a word originative with the Celts, but used half over Christendom. Aodh, the Celtic for fire, con. the Persian Arta : high, the sacrificial flame, and Ara, (an altar) : that which flames,

Hugh : ardent, fiery, easily incensed, ready tor battle, whence Hughes,

HuGGiNS, Mogue : my Hugh = Hughie. Guzzi is its Italian dim. Hugh becomes Kay, which, in non Celtic names, is a form of

Caius for Gaius (Kay Shuttleworth), M'Kay, Euing, Ewixg.

Hewitt: little Hugh = Whewell (Trin. Coll., Cam.). Found without aspirate we have the less known

EwELL. Houston : Hugh's town. Hugh varies to Hutchan (eoghan) : son of Hugh = Thus we get

Hutcheson, Hutchings, Hutcheon. Philologically, Hous- ton = Hutchesontown.

Mackay, Mackie, Egan, Euing, Ewing, Pugh, Bews, Few, Pye, are some few of its varied forms, as are

PATRONYMICS. 281

Macgee (MacHugh), Gee, Mahew (London poor), Hewson, HuTCHAX; and the well known Glasgow names

HuTCHESON, AiTCHisoN": sons of Hugh, and, crowning all, the double patronymic M'Hutcheson.

GuiNXESS (Dublin) st^-nds for M'Geeinnis : M'Gee's islan'l,a native ot".

(M') EvoY is compounded of Hugh and Boyd : fair-haired Hugh. This supplies high proof of the great antiquity of the name. Moreover, half his offspring is not here presented. By the study of Hugh our mind is carried back to, at least, when Samuel slew Agag.

The Gallic Patronmyic

is mac: a son, used as a prefix, nick: a daughter, now obsolete, and 0 from eoghan, for a first, born son. Mac, mah, mag (for they are one) is con., Maggot : breeder, meaning one who is bred of another, a son, offspring. It is an actual name. Mab (queen) is dream breeder. Probably to this source is to be traced Midge : (insect) breeder. The Gaels also had a patro- nymical affix derived from eoghan, viz., ach, och, the source of our ock, as seen in Hillock: little hill = i^e^^oc^. All dims. were first pafe. This corresponds to the Hebrew i, for im, as Moabira : one of the people of Moab, the Greek idas, the English ite and the Irish egan. Thus MuRROCH : a Maryite, devotee to the B. V. M. = Murison when not a form of MoRisoN, nor of Mum. Tosh : a leader = Hanlon, gives TosHACH : son of Tosh = MacIntosh : son of the leader. Wall: a pilgrim, gives Wallach = Hop Pringle ; son of the pilgrim Skeach: son of Sky. Stoach: of Story. Cattanach {con., Cath : war) : son of a warrior, then a marauder.

FiNACH : son of the fair man = the Irish FiNNIGAN. Darroch : son of Drew, or of an oak, robust.

Greig : rough, uncouth, Gregalach (l formative) M'Gregor: a Gregorite, where ach — ite and mac, —

"The moon's on the lake, and tlie mist's on the brae, And the clan has a name that is nameless by day; Om- signal for fight, which from monarchs we drew. Must be heard but my night in our vengeful halloo —

Then halloo, halloo, halloo, Gregalach ! If they rob us of name, and pursue us with beagles, Give their roofs to the flames and their flesh to the eagles,

Then gather, gather, gather! While there's leaves in the forest, and foam on the river, Macgregor, despite them, shall flourish for ever."

DOMHNUALLOCH : a MacDonaldite, or if Lowland, a Mac- Whannellite.

Albanach : a Highlander, son of the mountain = Mac Alpine: 19

282 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

son of Albyn, con. Albion. The McAlpines are almost as aboriginal as heather; hence the proverb: "Evils and hills and the McAlpines." They pair well with Lamont : a hills- man, highlander, or castle man.

EiRiNEACH: a son of Erin, an Erinite = the soft sounding Erigena : Irish born. From that ancient root Caw : to turn, to curve, we have Curvus : crooked, Cavus : hollow, Cavan=: Holland : hollow land = Logan and Hole : From Caw we have Corve : a basket (hollowed), Cawb.

Caw : a chariot (whose wheels caw), a charioteer = McAra. Hence, too,

CoRMAC : son of a chariot, swift as the scythed war chariot =: Antiochus giving Antioch. In this and similar names avtl is used with the force instead of, as Antipas (" my martyr"), Antipater : in his father's place, nearly answering to Bar-

ABBAS, PATROBAS, IcILIUS.

OcHUS (Darius) : moving like a chariot. The double patronymic

McCoRMACK arose wdien the meaning of CoRMAC began to be lost sight of.

Cawliffe : son of a chariot, identical with Cormac, some- times son of Caw, his life, his love.

TosHACH = to an inversion of McTosH, ToSH : first, leader. Macintosh : son of the leader. In few national names arc political and social changes more deeply engraven than in those of the Celts. Some proscribed clansman disguised Gaelic origin by letting fall their characteristic mac, doffed their kilt, and gave the body of their name a lowland twist. Such happened when certain of the McGregor's left their country for their country's good, over the Colquhoun business, and found an asylum in Ireland. Once there they became

Griers, Greers, Griggs, or took the name of their native place, as

Bri.mer, from the braes of Mar. So the Graemes or Grahams made for Wales, and there gave name Groomsport : harbour of Graham.

Grimes is a Cambrianised form of Graham, which name hunters tangle with those from the Asir Grimr. The McKinnon's emigrated from the Isle of Skye to that of Saints, becoming

McCannon, or naked Cannon, under which designation their descendants are thei'e found.

M'Kinnon is formed upon Finn on a famous saint. FiNNON {on for an from eoghan) : son of the fair, a blonde = Bain, FiNGAL, Blake when that means bleached.

McNab : son of the abbot, was absorbed into the unrecognis- able names

PATBONYMICS. 283

McNeice, Nenres, Munnis, Monies. Many a cognomen has been disguised through servility as Malloch to Mallet. Others have been barbarised through the Sassanach being ignorant of Gaelic, and so transcribing by ear the copy bear- ing so faint a resemblance to its original that there was little enough to swear by, as

McEachran into Cochrane, McDougall, McDowell into Dole, M'Arthur, into Arter.

Yet the Celt has no more to grumble about than the Sas- senach and the German, when Oestman, Sterling : man from the east = KEDEMAH, CaDxMUS is distorted into Oysterman and Ostrich, which is actually the case.

MacAllister into Callister, while the Irishman Macody collapses to Cody.

MacEochall : son of a horseman = De Ruyter, shrunk into Keogh. So that Cochrane precisely = Keogh. Then we have

Machree (widow) : king's son, into Cree. MacWade becomes Quj*.id (Mick Mac). In such cases mac shrivels to a letter ?>i, c, or k. Thus

McCrobie : son of Robert, where c belongs to mac. So Anders : Andrew's son, becomes

Manders (menagerie) as Kendrick ; from Hendry, for Henry, becomes McKendrick = Henderson.

McKinlay forms on Finlay. Now Finlay : fair hair = Harfager (Harold), so that

Finlayson exactly corresponds to M'Kinlay, The popular names

McOmish, McTavish, McTause, McComb (giving McCum- ber) are contortions of tlie Biblical Thomas, and so =

Thomson, Thompson, Combkin. Rae : prosperous = Luckie, Gluck, Felix, Long (when Chinese).

BoNHEUR (Rosa) : good hour, born when some such star as Jupiter was rising, gives

Raith, MTlraith {il for gil, but mere phonetic padding), and Macrae, which becomes

McCraw (Jock), thought to be origin of the Irish McGrath.

Caelum, for Columba: a dove, gives (Mc)Callam, Calmon, Colman (O'Lochlin).

Maccallummore : the great Macallum (Argyll). Some Celts make

CuLLOCH: folder of cattle = Stoddart, Coward, others have it boar slayer, gives

MacCulloch : son of. McHarg : red (headed) son = Roy, and con. Dearg Lough.

McIlrov, looks as though Roy's servant, but il is added to prevent its becoming McRoy, which colloquially glides into Croy. So that

284 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

McIlroy : son of Roy = Kogan, Regan (Roy eoghan). When Norman,

Roy : a king == Conig, whence Conigsby : king's dwelling =^ Cunningham. The late author of the novel Coningsby, wrote LoTHAiR, con. Luther, as it was to do anti- papal work.

Roy takes the forms Ree, Rae, but Raeside : living at rath side. We are pretty safe in allocating names in RoY as red headed.

Roe is the form it came out in among the Irish, as O'Connor Roe : eldest son of red headed Connor.

RowE is its Eno^lish form, which tans^les with those from Rue : a street.

" King James the First, Roy of this Regioun, Said David was ane sair sanct to the crown."

The change of a letter or two gives a new look to a name, as

Drood (Edwin), for Druid = Drew. So we have Adjai for Hadji: a pilgrim, as "The Right Rev, Samuel Adjai Crowther, the black bishop."

So Smallback (beck) = Burnet : little brook. Mira becomes Myra ; Gaunt (ge want, waned): thus, Caunt ; Moller is but Miller, and Egen is Egan : son of Hugh. So corresponding words puzzle from other countries, as the Ger- man Kl KIN = Short; Ziegler = Tyler; Zahn = Tooth.

Madge (Wildfire), Matty (meddlesome), formed on Margaret. So again,

Yeddie and Peddie upon Neddie for Edward. Vokes, upon Ffoulks : for folks : vulgus, demos = Demas: a demotic person, vulgarite. Such names, coming of artifice rather than spontaniety, suggest

Caliban (Shakespeare), a formation upon Cannibal : a Carib (bean sea). This reading names backward after the anagram style, which is somewhat Hebraic, supplies many a nom de plwme : pen name, disguising an author's true desig- nation. Thus the father of Voltaire was Arouet, a dAm. of Aroux, formed from Arnulf (heerulph wulph) : army wolf, i.e., slashing fighter. Of course Voltaire was Arouet junior, in French Arouet le jeune, and as u and v were interchangable, as were i and j, the great deist anagrammatised it into Voltaire. Some give that as a form of Walter.

MacNair : son of heir (of estate) becomes Macaire. English equivalents are

Eyre, Ayre. But. the well known

Hair is a form of (0') Hara. Bane, Bain: white, fair, gives

Vane (O Sir Harry), and Sullivan: fair eyed, blue eyed. Vv'e should not say

Mac Vain : son of the white (man), as that held good only once, i.e., when borne by its first wearer, but shuuld say

PATRONYMICS. 28r

Mac Vain : son of Vain. Bane «= White, though in some Ceases White for Wight: a strong man, but in sense here given it supphes

Whiting for Whitting, (as): sons of White, then Whitting- TON (Dick) : town of, etc. Dhu : dark, as Roderick Dhu : Roderick the swarthy, gives

Duff (Dr.), Duffy, which, bisected, give Fie, MacPhee, Macfie,

MAcDuFF = the Muscovite name, Karakoff : son of dark (man), con., Caracal : black eared (wild beast). Karadagh the Russian, confor., Montenegro.

Karatheodory : swarthy Theodore. From Darn : dark. Tarn : dark waters (by reason of depth). Tarnish : to darken.

Darncombe : dark valley = Valesneri : shaded by trees and hills.

Darnley : dark visaged. Duffy gives, by Milesian variation,

M'Haffie, M'Guffie, and, oddly enough, Cuffe, changing to Coffee (king).

" Sinful Macduff, They were all struck down for thee ! naught that I am, Not for their own demerits, but for mine Fell slaughter on their souls ! Heaven rest them now."

(M') GowAN, (M') Gavin : a smith. Govan : smith's town. Gavigan : young smith = Gowanlock = Macgowan, which cor. to MGoun.

MacShimmes, M'Immey, M'Kim = Simson, Simpson. John gives

MacInnes (when local, from Innis : an island = Lisles), MacOwen,

MacShane, MacGeoch, MacKean (when not from Kean : head) = Johnson.

MacFadyan: son of tall John, which becomes Fadden, Some authorities give

MacInnes as a form of Angus. The Highland nomenclature supplies few trade names. Of those few the most prominent are

(M') Intyre : the carpenter, shades off to (M') Tear (dia- monds), which bereft of mac stands bare Teer, (M') Growther: brewer (to king) = Brewster. The Celts had neither public brewer nor baker, as the Saxons had. Their nearest approach was (M') Dade: kneader = Baxter.

(M') Naughtan (Pictish king) : a bull, strong as, perhaps con. worship of Thor. Naughtan abbreviates to Neat : a bullock, as " Neat's foot oil." Hence

Natman: neat herd = CuLLOCH, and Notman when Not is not from NoTH : bold, audacious, then Notman : brave, man of audacity. By an intolerable Gaelic twist M'Naughtan becomes

286 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

M'Crackex, whom he resembles as young Adam would an aged clansman.

M'Naught, which any poor Saxon might be pardoned for thinking it to be a form of

M'Naughtan, is a modification of M'KNiGHTr=RiTSON. Such Gaelic eccentricities are paralleled by M'DoUGALL, forming

M'DowALL, Dole, M'Houl, and M'Owl. Variation of "this type are due to Gaels living in non Celtic localities, where the unskilled natives fell upon Highlanders by lip and pen till they hardly knew their own address.

M'GuiRE disfigures in some families into M'Quarry, and that goes into Wharry.

MacFarlane is from Parlane, for Bartholomew. (M') Tosh = Alph(EUS.

(Mc)Intosh : the first (of his clan). Fin : fair, gives

FiNNACH, FiNIGAN, FiNGAL,

(Mc)Phin, (Mc)Phun : who were what ladies call blondes, and fortune tellers, hearts.

Finella : fair Irish lady = Welsh Venus, Nel Gwyn : Ellen White.

(Mc)Kellar may easily be taken as akin to Kellarman : cellar man, a butber, but is formed on cell, Jcil, as Kilpatrick : Patrick's cell or church, so Kellar : superior of monastery = Foreman, Pryor.

Kelloch : son of the cell, hermit, forms McKilloch, unco7i. McKiLLOP : son of Philip.

Lewis (when local), from island, literally meaning land of lakes, shades into McLisE (David) and Leece. Worthy mem- bers of the sans culotte nationality, when reading the Book of Maccabees, viz., " For Ptolemeus, that was called Macron, choosing rather to do justice unto the Jews for the wrong he had done unto them, endeavoured to continue peace with them," straightway pushed their macs almost into the Bible, in the belief that Maccabees, Macron, were members of the Tnac sodahty. Such is not quite the case.

Ptolemeus Macron : Ptolemy the tall, similar to Edward LoNGSHANKS, suggesting

Sheepshanks (picture collector) : thin legged, quick footed, the op. of FuLJAMBE, Tardieu. Macron is met with as a Christian name in the fcjrm of

Macro, but shines best in Almaoro (conquistador) : the thin, spare = Longman (bookseller), Longfellow.

PizARRO (his fellow soldier) = Slater, Sclater, Latta, Hulyer.

MacKissack : son of Isaac. Certain Highlanders aflirm Hebrew is misspelled Gaelic.

MacGauley is the Irish form of Macaulay (Babington) :

PATRONYMICS. 287

son of Aulay, varies to McGarlie. The original Aulay was the Earl ol: Lennox's son, who flourished in the 14th century.

Cahill, Caddle, Cattle, Cathal : battle eye, gives McGaul or MacAll, which latter transmutes into Almack(s) of terpsichorian fame.

From Lind : a lime tree (sometimes a snake), Lindsay : lime tree island, gallicised into

McLintock (Arctic voyager). Some conception may be formed of variations by misspelling from the fact that

Main WARING : a strong built manor house, is spelled in 130 different ways.

(Mc)MuRROCH (Hibernian): sea commander, becomes (Mc)MoRRAN, Morrow.

McQuillan = Wilson, is from Will of Asiric celebrity, but (Mc)QuiLKiN is a form of Wilkins, and so = MacQuilkin = Wilkinson. Highlanders having no iv are in the fix fastened on Italians by the Cockneys. " They can't spell tvaggon." Whenever Celtic names begin with w we know they are Saxon corruptions, as

McVVee, a form of McVey, a case deserving the attention of Captain McAll. The same observation applies to McQuade, formed on Mac Wade.

McQuaker is not a friend once in drab who has taken to kilts, but a form of McVicar= McPherson.

MacLarty (Mrs), MacLaren (Edinburgh) are from Laurence, and = Larkins.

Mackenzie, MacKinney, MacMinn are from Kenneth (Pictish king).

MacLymont is a form of the almost indigenous Lamont : the mountaineer = (Mc)Bean, (Mc)Vean (from Ben). Lamont is credited with giving name Lomond to Loch and Ben.

(Mc)Lerie is the Milesian synonym for Clerk. The same nation stands accused of distorting good looking Duncan into the unrecognisable

(Mc)Connachie, so that MacConnacbie = Duncanson. If possible, the Irish did worse — actually made McLeod into MacElligot. But their conviction did not tarry. A learned Highlander brought it pat home to Pat.

(Mc)Inally is also Hibernian, meaning a teacher, a doctor of learning. Each or Ach : a horse, gives the widely spread

(Mc)Eachrain : a horseman, whence McKechnie, the /c of which is the c of mac. Probably we find the root of Auriga : a charioteer, in

(Mc)Ara : a footman, charioteer = Cor, thoroughly British of an age when the essede (war chariot) was used in battle on this island, Ara and CoR would leap off, fight, jump on again, retire. From (Mc)Ara, Hair, and (O')Hara we get also

288 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

McKerrow. Though the next three names be not macs, they are too thoroughly Albanach to be torn from their con- freres.

LocHiEL (head of Camerons) : bird lake, living near a loch frequented by migratory birds ==

Cranmer : mere frequented by cranes, con. Cranston : crane's town.

LoCHABER, LocHiNVAR : living at confluence of lochs, loch mouth, con. Kinloch, —

" There was mounting 'mong Graemes of the Netherby clan, Forsters, Fenwicks, and Musgraves, they rode and they ran ; There was racing and chasing on Canobie Lea, But the lost bride of Netherby ne'er did they see. So daring in love, and so dauntless in war, Have ye e'er heard of gallant like young Lochinvar ? "

Kinloch : head of lake, as Kenmuir : head of moor. But Balloch : a gap, pass = Hindoo Ghaut, and Hebrew Abar (im), and the English Slapp.

Glengarry : rough glen, con. Garrioch : rough district = Badenoch.

Fenwick : dwelling place on a moor, fen = Morton, when that does not mean great town = Granton.

Panmure (pen): hill on a moor, con. Pengelly, and =

DUNMl^RE.

" I saw our chief come o'er the hill Wi' Drummond and Glengarry, And through the pass came brave Lochiel, Famnure, and gallant Murray. Macdonald's men, Clanronald's men, Mackenzie's men, Macgilvray's men, 0' Callendar, and Airley."

Ben: a hill, mountain (Mc)Bean : a hillsman, gives (Mc)Vean, (Mc)Ve*y.

Pen : a hill, Pender : oak hills, Pinkerton (caer) : fortified town on a hill.

(Mc)Sween is formed on Sweyn (Danish king), the McSweens claim high northern descent.

(Mc)Gibbon is Sassenach in " the garb of old Gaul." We have seen

Gilbert : pledged to fight in an ordeal, giving Gibbs, Gibb, Gibbon : great Gilbert, in the garb of old Gaul it stands

MacGibbon = Gibson (Milner). We have also shown that Geoch is Jock, so then

MacGeachy = Jackson. Nine Englishmen out of ten would say

McOuAT as a form of McWat: son of Walter, Watty = Watson, but that would be McQuat. McOuat is formed on

PATRONYMICS. 289

McHowiT, and Howit is = TuLLOCH : a little hill, probably con. the Biblical Tell : a hill, as Tell-abib : hill of corn = Corn- hill. Tel-el-Kebir : strong hill = Montfort. " Then I came to them of the captivity at Tell-Ahib, that dwelt by the river Chebar."

Howe (John), from which McOuat is formed : a hill = Fell, whence Felton, when not from field —

Hilton = Craig : man living on a crag. Howe also = Knowe, whence

Knolls, Knollys, Knowles, Knox, and Knee. From the man Howe we have the patronymical diminutive Howie, like Dix, Dixie. " I wish I was in Dixie" = Dixon, Dickson,—

" Gae briog my gude anld harp ance rnair,

Gae bring it free and fast ; For I maun sing anither sang,

Ere a' my glee be past, And trow ye as I sing, my lads.

The burden o't shall be, Auld Scotland's Jiowes, and Scotland's hnowes,

And Scotland's hills for me ! I'll drink a cup to Scotland yet,

Wi' a' the honours three."

Adam takes the dim. Ennan (Adam eoghan) : little Adam, giving

(Mc)Lennan (L phonetic), cor. to (Mc)Lennand, which becomes Cleland (Burns).

(Mc)Grory is formed on (Mc)Rory, from Koderic. In like manner

(Mc)Farland (N.Y. fame) is a form of McFarlane of Pare AN, of Paul.

Zetland is by some given as a form of Shetland, by others from Yet for Gate, and so land enclosed and entered only by a gate, and yet others demand its being con. Zee for Sea, as Zealand: sea land = Attica, Pontus, Pomerania : foreshcae countries.

ToRQUlL, TORMAID (famous Scottish names) are formations on our esteemed friend Thor. ToRMAlD is the Gaelic equi- valent for

Norman : north man, whence Norval, Normandy, Norway : way to the north.

ToRQUiL gives the Highland (Mc)Corckle, whence(Mc)CoEK- indale. We have seen that the Gaels compared with tiie Germans have few trade names of those.

(Mc)Creach: a ploughman = Plews.

An account of the awful results forth-flowing from High- landers doffing their kilts comes from the United States, to which one McLean had emigrated. By some unpatriotic freak he dropped his lawful Mac, and put in his appearance on the

290 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

pages of the "Boston Directory" as bare Lean. His punish- ment soon overtook him. A bookwright giving an account of proper names exhibited him as Lean, the opposite of fat.

The Spa^n^ish and Portuguese Patronymic

is formed by az or ez affixed. The two are variations of the tail of Filius : a son, as

Alvarez : son of Alva : pale, from Albis : white, answer- ing to Vane for Bain.

Diaz (Bartholomew) : of Diego, for Jago, from James, and

SO = FlTZJAMES.

Perez (as in Perez de la Rua, who gave name to Peru) : Peter = Pearson.

Enriquez: of Henry = Hendricks, from Hendry, for Henry.

Gomez (C^-rlist general) : of Jo am, for John = Gamgee, Gange, con. Gambetta, Jantjee, which consult.

Juarez (Mexican) : Juan, for John = our Johnson.

Lopez (Paraguayan dictator) : Lobos = Wolf, so that Lopez = LuPSON. The commonest of all names amongst the Spanish speaking race are Lopez and Diaz, like our Smith and Jones.

Mendez : Clement, which through Spanish love of the sonorous o becomes Mendoza, —

" AnJ bow he had storm'd, and treated her ill, Because she refused to go down to a mill, She didn't know where, but remember'd still, That the miller's name was Mendoza."

Melendez, however, means of the ^milian gens., Roman descent.

Lainez (Jesuit general) : of Lane : last born.

Barthez (" History of Savans"): Bartholomew = MacFar- lane.

Narvaez (premier) : of Nervius, which is also a j^t. mean- ing son of Nerva. Italian and Spanish families affect deriva- tion from Romans.

Vasquez : Gascon, Basque, whence Gasconade : a boast. • Velasquez (painter) : Velasco. Dominiquez : Dominic, " Desperdicios, or DomAniguez, the famous torreador, lies dying, having been frightfully wounded by a bull in the ring of Puerto de Santa Maria, in the presence of ten thousand spectators."

Desperdicios : desperate (fellow) : a Madrid nickname, of which Perdita may be termed a fern.

Valdez : son of Valens, who gave name to Valentia. The d formative.

Ruiz : of Ru, from Roderisfo for Roderick.

PATRONYMICS. 291

CoBEZ : Jacobs our Jacobs, when s is patronyinical = Ben Yacoub. In South America names in az or ez change to iz. Though many names ending in az, ez, or iz are j)afe., yet some so ending are the mere outcome of Spanish fondness for z, whereby words ending in « or j; blend into z or ez without patronymical force. Thus

JuEZ : for Judex : a judge = Dempster, Day: and the lady name

Inez for Agnes ; as also Luz for Lux : light. So Cortez (discovered California) for Cortes, our

Court: a courtier, well bred = Curtis: courteous, Townly : town like.

Hoffman : court man. Hoff is identical with Haft', Have, Haven = Hithe, Hyde: where ships hide from storm. Havre de Grace: harbour of grace. FrischhatF: fresh water haven. HofF: a temple, court, farm, harbour : these all have one underlying sense, protection. Hoff gives

HovEY : a farmer, Hofrichter : court judge, a judicial title. The Spanish patronymical sign was got by the Spaniards from the Goths, previously to whose arrival they used HiJO, from Filius : a son, a name to be numbered by thousands, and maybe formulated as = Hopps, Ingo. Hence we derive the grand title and well known name

Hidalgo (filius de al Goth) : son of the Goth. Filius gave hijo and ez to the Peninsula, fitz to Normandy, v^fc/i to Russia, ii to Hungary, figli and li to Italy, but nothing of that nature to England, Lopez being like our Smith, Jones, Robinson, one of that name termed himself.

Le Lubez : the Lopez, as the Irish have The O'Donaghue.

SuARius : a swine herd, gives Suarez (Jesuit author).

The Italian Patronymic

was sometimes formed by placing the name of a son before that of a his father, as

Galileo Galilei : Galileo, the son of Galilei : a crusading- name.

Galileo, con. Galilee, one distinguishing himself there = our well known

Crosskey : who in the crusades carried the Papal standard, Peter's two keys.

Speron Speroni : Speron, the son of Speroni. Speron : hopeful, con. Nil desperandum.

Masatonio : Thomas, the son of Antony.

Giancarlo : John, son of Charles. This mode of expressing filial relationship was adopted from the Greeks, who have a class of names similarly formed, as

292 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Dion Cassius : Dion, son of Cassius. It is used in Muscovy, as

Paulina Petrowna : Pauline, daughter of Peter. And also

Paul-Petrowich : Paul, son of Peter. This is a more exact

expression, sonship, than ours, and so may be termed the

definite patronymic. Contrast it with

Wilson : son of Will, which ? If we said Tam Will : Thomas, son of William, we should be more exact. Now, this is done in the Yorkshire dales.

GlANFiGLlAZZi : John, the son of Azi. Then Azi : strong, con. Ases. The French also form patronymics after this pattern.

Bassompierre (marshal) : Bassom, the son of Peter, And the original

Bassom : short, con. Base : the foundation, Bassi (Ugo), and our

BissET : a dwarf = CuRCi : curt = Bass (ale), Short, Pettet, Klein. Consult

Basvecchi, capable of meaning little old man = SEACHLAN. Vecchi : old = AuLD, is in common use all through Italy. But our

Veitch is from De Vesci (vetus civitas) : of the old town = Oldham.

Robespierre : Robert, son of Peter. Italians often use <li for de, as

Andreuccio di Pietro: Andreuccio, the son of Peter. Andreuccio : little Andrew. Occasionally jilius, jigli ter- minates a name, as

Macchiavelli : Michael's son = MAcMiCKiNG. Napoleon said, " Macchiavel is the only author really worth reading."

Benedetto il Ferondi : Benedict (il for filius) son of Ferondi.

Ferondi {con. /erocious) : stern = Severus, Suwarrow. Filius forms yi in certain Spanish names, as

FiGUEROLA (senor) : son of GUEROLA : great warrior. Guerre: war. Italy is given over to a passion for the sonorous o, as Serb : a native of Servia, is formed into Servoni. So her genius is illustrated in the last of these names: — Ecolampadius (Greek) : house lamp, Hausschein (German) : house shine, HousEGO (English) : house joy, Humbert (king), Umberto (Italian) : house brightness : birth names. Coccapiella (con. our cock : of a gun and Pello : I drive) is the Italian name answering to Arcuballister : arrow thrower. Alabaster (ballo).

Here it becomes me to acknowledge my indebtedness to Padre Gavazzi, who, in 1858, gave me valuable information on the patronymics of his charming Italian language.

PATRONYMICS. 293

The Russian Patronymic

is itch for a son, of, ef, or if for a grandson or descendant. The latter is called a papponymic, similar to the Celtic O. This of, ef, if iorms owna, ova, or ina for wife or daughter, as the Celtic O forms ua: a daughter.

RoMANOViTCH JouRiFF : son of Romain, grandson of Joury.

JoURY, Jury: George. The name Iff: a grandson, one of good descent = Atheling. Names in ski are generally local, that meaning city, as

KoPiNSKi : the town of St. James, con. Jacob, Coppock.

Tobolsk: ski on the Tobol river. Okotsk : ski on the Okota.

Peteropaulski : city of Peter and Paul, saints or czars. Muscovites are as fond of ski as Spaniards of ez, and so use it as verbal padding. Thus two Russian nobles took the names

Nevvsky and Sudanowsky, the former for Swedes on the Neva, the latter for Turks on the south bank of the Danau, Danube, con. Onderdonk.

Czarina: wife of the Czar. Klawina: daughter of Nicholas.

Alex andrina (our. own) : daughter of Alexander. Kath- AROWNA: of Catherine, one of the rare instances of a daughter named from her mother.

IvANOWNA: daughter of John. Nicholaljewitch = Nicholson.

Philippova (Nihilist leader) : daughter of Philip, nearly = our Philippa (queen).

Paskievitch (prince of Poland) : born at passover time.

Langiewitz (patriotic Pole): son of Lange, the German form of Long.

Stojanovits = Stevenson. Basilowitz, Vassilovitch : son of a king =

Rajahputra, Fitzroy, Cree, Rene. Czarowitz: Czar's son = the old Greek Cressidas.

Czar is not from Caesar, but from the ancient Sar : a military prince, con. Sarai : princess.

Feodorovitch : of Theodorus = Dorokoff. " General Dorokoff captured a whole regiment of Westphalians."

Romanoff (dynasty) : descended from Romain : son of Rome.

Ivanoff = Johnson. Korniloff (admiral) : of Cornelius.

Mouravieff (prince) : of Moravian ancestry.

Menschikoff (Alma) : of little, less {con. Minus), given by empress Katharine.

YoussuPOFF (diplomatist) : of Joseph. Orloff (count) : of Orlow. Ignatieff (diplomatist) : of Ignatius.

294 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Orlow: an eagle = Aquila, Ninus, from whom Nineveh.

Trepoff (shot by Nihilist) : son of the steppe, a foundling.

ScoBELOFF (Plevna) : Jacob's son = FitzJames. Popoff (admiral) : of a priest = MacPherson.

Melikoff (governor of St. Petersburg) : son of Meles, an Armenian river, near which the original Melikoff dwelt.

Melikoff (Loris) answers closely, and yet by chance coin- cidence, to

Melesigines : son of Meles, a river near Smyrna, which gave Homer one of his poetic bye names, suggesting

NiLOGENES : son of the Nile, Moses. The name of the father of epic poetry.

Homer : a hostage = Borrows, Borrowman : one borrowed from the foe to be given back.

Arsniew : descended from a lion, con. Alp Arslan : the lion. The Russians took it from the Turks, having the same right to their names as to their lands, —

" Though led by Arsnieiv, that great son of slaughter."

Ojf becomes etu, and when needed jew.

Gregorjew : descended from Gregory. Apart from the difficulty of deciphering Sclavonic words, we have to contend with a difficulty hardly less when trying to identify familiar names in a Muscovite uniform. Who but a Russian could see Simson in

Sentsch, or Elizabeth in Elze, Abraham in Obrys, or the classical Euphrosyne in Phrouzka ? It is is said that Russian children do not speak Sclavonic till months later than those born at the same time in sunny Hesperia can freely speak Italian. That says something for the taste of babies seeing light under the shadow of the Bear, —

" How shall I spell the name of each Cossaque Who were immortal, coukl one tell their story ? Alas I what to their memory can lack ? Achilles' self was not more grim and gory Than thousands of this new and polished nation, Whose names want nothing — but pronunciation.

And Tschitsshakoff, and Roguennoff, Chokenoff, And others of twelve consonants apiece Ending with ' ischskin,' ' ousckin,' ' iffshcchy,' ' ouski,' Of whom we can msert but Rousamouski."

Demidoff (prince) : descended from Demetrius.

DiERKOFF : descendant of Theodoric. Ladlslaus, Wladis- LAW : glorious chief or ruler = Clearchus (retreating myriad).

Jaroslav (Crimean prince) : glorious George. Radoslav (king of the Bosnians) : glorious Conrad.

PATRONYMICS. 29i

Petroslav : olorious Peter. Boleslaus, Bogoslav : the glory of God. Certain of the above are obviously not patrony- mical, yet connection justifies this grouping. Howbeit, we will part company with our newly acquired friends by giving a genuine pat. in oiu for o/f, viz. :

Suwarrow (crossed Alps) : son of Severus, a severe man.

The Modern Greek Patronymic assumes the forms pulos, oula, as in the names

NicoLOPULOS : son of Nicholas = CoLLiNGS. Stasoula : of Anastasius.

Karageorgeopulos : son of Black George: Pappadopulos: of a priest = PoPOFF : of a father.

Theophilopoula : of Theophilus. And, strange to add,

Christopulos (Otho's premier) : son of Christ = Christie.

Christos: our Christ, is common in the Athens of 1883, and is often given to brigands and other pests of civilisation.

The German, Dutch, Swedish, and Lapland Patronymics.

are sohn, sen, sen, son, zoon and dotter, as

Mendelssohn (musical composer): son of Mendel, for Clement = Mendez, whence Mendoza.

Heinzen : of John = Van Hahn, Anson, Johnson, con. Heyne.

Harpertzoon: of Harper. Claussen, Kolsen: of Nicholas = CouLSON. Tonsen : of Antony.

HuESSEN: of Hugh. Deitrichessen (almanack): of Theo- doric.

Thorwaldsen : of Thorwald: ivklder of Thor's hammer, powerful.

Larsdotter : son of Lars, and Lars, a form of Lawrence. " Christina Catharina Larsdotter, the Lapland giantess, stands seven feet two inches, was born at Brennas. Her parents are of diminutive stature, not exceeding four feet in height." No terror should be exhibited at a girl being called

Larsdotter : son of Lars, as no Laplander would be terrified at hearing of Mary Wilson. Dotter means offspring, con. DoDDS, without respect of sex, then it is limited to a son, although philologically identical with

Thugater (giving Thyatira, so called in honour of a royal daughter being born), and Daughter.

Hansdotter is the Laplandic for Johnson, Dotter gives

Tot, the pet name for a little girl. Hertzen (Alexander) = MacArthur.

Dirk Willemzoon : Theodoric Williamson. " Amongst the

PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

persecuted people was a poor protesfcant named Birk Willem- zoon, who was condemned to death by the Bh^od Council."

ZoON, by itself, is common among the northern nations = our

Kyd, Young (which does not mean juvenile but first born son) =

Hiji, Hopps, Ingo, Juvenal, Idas, Maggot, etc. Brodersen: brother's son, like his uncle = Nepos (Cornelius).

The Lithuanian Patronymic.

Those ancient people, the Lithuanians, though rapidly losing their characteristics in the absorbing militarian action of Russia, liad a language and literature all their own. Their patronymic, still used, the monument of a lost nationality, is a it is, ait, or at, used as an affix thus : —

Adomaitis: son of Adam = B ADAMS. Jokubaitis: Jacob = Cobbet.

Tammasait: Thomas = MacOmish. Jurgaitis: of George = Jorgez and Jouresex.

Obrigakat: Abraham = Tabraham. These suffice to illus- trate the truth that names looking horridly strange are only foreign modification of household words, as Negroes, Chinese, and Lapps, are but variations of Adam : man.

The Hindostanee Patronymic is putra added as an affix, as

Brahmaputra (river god): son of Bram, Brahma = Tiberius: son of Tiber, con. Tobermory.

Ra.iaputra : king's son = Tyrannion : of Tyrannus : a king.

ViSHNAPUTRA (very common) : of Vishnu, of the Hindoo Tri-mutri.

Indraputra: of Indra, mythically applied to Delhi. Indra, the god of heaven, the Indian Jove. The Maharatta's use jee, as

Shahjee : king's son = Machree, Regan, Price, Fitzroy.

SiVAJEE (founder of*»Maharatta confederation) : of the god Siva.

Siva : destroyer = Apollyon, Agag, Beor. Add to these

Jamsetjee (well known Bombay merchant) : son of a man named Jamset as Gamgee (prof essor) = Jantjee.

The Chinese Patronymic

is tse or se used as an affix, as in the name of the Chinese Socrates,

KuNG-FUT-SE : Kung, the son of Fo, for Buddha, whence Confucius.

PATRONYMICS. 297

BuDDHA: wise, giving Botan for Buddha Stan: country of Fo.

Tao-tse : son of the sickle, applied to a farmer, answers surprisingly to CuRRAN.

HoANG-TSE : son of Augustus, Hoang being the Chinese for it.

Yang-tse-Kiang : river, son of the ocean, very large river.

The majority of Chinese personal names are drawn from a sacred poem written by the emperor Tao, which does not con- tain more than 408 choice names, but by permutation they suffice the vast population of Sinim. The popular Christian names in Britain are not more than 20, while those for women are even fewer, but these would allow of every human being bearing a* different appellation. We have seen how unrecog- nisable the Cossacks made well known names, but the pigtail man exceeds the worst Muscovite in such baseness. Who would identify Jeremiah in Pekin where he is called Jale- MEIOHANG ? This is no translation, merely a pure (?) transfer. Sinalogues (learned in Chinese) surely suffer occasional puzzle- ment ! Our commonest name is Smith, of those in the flowery Empire, Chang = Rivers, Stromier, Ribas, in the sense of living in or near a stream. On that great river, the river St. Lawrence, notable for its rapids, the most noteworthy is La Chine : the Chinese. The early navigators thought that was the way to China, as Columbus thought India could be reached by sailing west. When passing along the streets of Montreal, in 1880, I saw a laundry, the sign of which was Sing Long. My name being Long, I entered and parleyed with a Mongolian featured man, having eyes like button holes cut upside down, and a skin coloured like cod liver oil. He was washing a shirt in a basin a few sizes larger than what we use for sugar. I was anxious to learn something of my name in Chinese. Alas 1 the man seemed a negative quantity, knowing, apparently, a trifle less than nothing. I walked away in disgust, and the impression made by the circumstances gradually began to fade. Three months after I was strolling down a street in New York when I saw on a sign board " Sing Long, Chinese Laundry." Of course, the impression made at Montreal was deepened, and I was doubly puzzled. Howbeit, that was little to this: — The next day, while passing through a street in Brooklyn another Chinese laundry thrust itself upon my notice, this time kept by one Sam Long. Now, as my late father was named Samuel Long, and fifty years before I had heard familiar friends call him Sam Long, my surprise was inexpressible. Flesh and blood could endure no more. Learning that not far from Dr. Talmage's Tabernacle was the Brooklyn Young Men's Christian Association, whereat was held a Chinese Sunday school, I made therefor. One part of the instruction was in Cantonese, the other in English. When hearing the grotes que 20

298 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

sons of the Flowery Land sing- our hymns, and seeing them chalk on the black board portions of our holy faith, 1 was forcibly reminded of Isa. xlix. 12, " Behold these shall come from far: and, look, these from the land of Sinim :" the Sinoe, which gives Sindon : fine linen, the product of Chinese looms, as Calico from Calcutta, the work of the Indian weaver. Rev. xviii. 12. I seemed to hear One saying, " This day is this scripture fulfilled in your ears." At the close of the address I spoke to the sinalogue and learned, " What you took for names were mere signs posted there partly as horse-shoes are nailed over doors to keep away witches." As the Greeks and Romans concealed city names, in fact, gave them two names, one true and secret, the other sham and popular, lest enemies should get hold of its designation, and by incantations bring calamities upon the city, so these Chinese hide their names. When Balak desired Balaam to curse God's people, he gave their precise name, or else the sorcerer would have had nothing to work upon : " Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel." Though he had that material he goes to work with this result : " Surely no enchantment against Jacob, neither any divination against Israel." In China, Long : fortunate, -successful, lucky. SiXG Long : much luck, elliptical for " I hope I shall have much luck." Sam Long: great success (I hope to have). So Rev. ii. 17, " I will give him a new name written, which no man hnoweth saving he that receiveth it," i.e.. No one shall hurt him, and he shall prosper. I then saw that Sing Long of Montreal had deceived H. A. Long of Glasgow. He was no negative quantity. I was. Neverthe- less, as I had learned something of the Chinese customs in spite of China men, in gratitude I sent my linen to a Chinese laundryman, who passed it through his bason, sending it home like a snow drift, accompanied b}^ semi-invisible paper covered with tea-chest oddities, b}^ which two dollars fifty cents, was laid to my charge. As we have seen, Charm is the root of Harm, whence Harmer : a wizard, a drew, a magus.

The Latin Patronymic

is ilius, originally idius, from the Greek idas. Thus

HosTiLius : son of Hostis, originally written Hostidius.

HosTis : a stranger, ger, alien = Xeno, Agur, Lestrange, Gall, Balaam, L'Hoste.

HosTiLius: son of a stranger, exactly = Gallyon, Gallagher.

POMPILIUS (for Pompidius) : of Pompey. PoPiLlUS : of the people, becomes

PuBLius. IciLius (Icidius) : equal son (to his father in fame) =

PATRONYMICS. 299

Patrobas. " Icilius her lover boldly opposed the decrees, and obliged Claudius," etc.

Manlius (Manilius, Manidius): son of the morning, morning born, suggesting

Phosphorus : Lucifer : light bringer. Spurius : of Spura.

Spura : a sower, con. spores. Aquilius : of an eagle, swift footed. In later times, enus, inus, anus, ianus, onius pre- vailed, probably finding an origin in the Greek patronymical sign uion, uios, on. Thus we have Labienus, Rufinus, Te- banus, Hadrianus, Vipsianus, Sidonius, etc.

Labienus (Titus): son of Labeo. Labko: thick lipped, slow speaker = Chilo, con. Achilles.

Hadrianus : of Adrian, from Ater : black (soil) = Swart- ZERD. Hence Adriatic : sea of Adria (n) and Adrianople : Hadrian's city. Of the above patronymical signs, ianus per- tains to adoption, as

Emilianus : the adopted son of ^milian ; Sejanus : Sejii.

Seji : sower = Spura, early agricultural names. When ianus applied to daughters it became iana, as

PuDENTiANA (St.) : adopted daughter of Pudens. And

PuDENS : shame faced, modest. But the usual patronymic form for daughter was eja, as

CiCEREJA: Cicero's daughter. Parallel with Celtic ni, nic, as

Caitrin NIC Seain : Catherine, daughter of John, and the well known

Maible ni Neill : Mable, daughter of Neil. Of course the Highland form is the more definite, but both forms are obsolete.

Mable: merry, joyous, Mab like = LETiTiA, whence Lettice. We owe the word name to the Latins, it being a form of nomen, for notamen, from Noto : I mark, denote, from Nosco: I know, recogmse. The Romans said, — " Nomen et omen : " a name is a sign, ominous. With Roman names were not only to be won, but, in later years, told of gens (clan), or familict, a subdivision of gens. Familiar means of the same family. Defective names argued ignoble descent. Gentleman : man of gens, noble origin. Cicero complained that he was only known through himself, i.e., his name was not famous until he made it so. When children were named, a feast was observed called nominalia, kept on the eighth day after birth, if a female, but the ninth day when a male. After single names fell into disuse a second name was added, which, ceasing to satisfy, a third was appropriated, and, in some cases, a fourth, termed Agnomen : to the name. Those of later periods are divided under three heads.

Praenomen : fore name, answering to our Christian name.

Nomen : the name, indicating descent, or place of birth.

300 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Cognomen : with the name, added through a family being distinguished. Thus

Marcus Junius Brutus. Marcus is the prainonien, like our Mark, and means polished, urbane,

Junius, the nomen, describes his age, juniority.

Brutus, the cognomen, intimates he was of the gens Brutii.

Brutus : a fugitive slave = Phyg-ellus (con. Fugio : I flee), was descriptive of the original applying to Marcus Junius genealogically. His name, stripped of appendages, was Junius. No pei-son can have more than one name save by a figure. Our Prince of Wales is named Edward Albert Guelph. If crowned, he would be Edward VII. His name is one, Guelph : Wolf. The possession of three names was the sole privilege of free Romans. Thus: " Habet tria nomina:" he has three names, came to signify he is a free citizen. Such names were to dwellers on the Tiber what long names were to dwellers on the Ilissus in the age of Pericles, and what two names were on the banks of the Thames in the reign of King Richard. No slave dare have a prasnomen, so that its absence was fatal to a man's admission into good society. Hence the force of the line —

" Gauclent prtenoraiue mollis auriculae : "

delicate ears love the prsenomen. Much of this ceased after A.D. 212, when Caracalla enfranchised most of the Roman provinces, upon which myriads of the one named at once availed themselves of the ability to take as many names as fancy dictated, to the confusion of society of the time being.

The Greek Patronymics

is idas, modified to ida, ides, id, i, od. Also, but not so widely spread through classic Greek, we have ion, on, one, and an (like the Celtic an, from eoghan) from Uios : a son. Like- wise genes and goni, formations on Geno : I beget. To idas we owe ite, so familiar in such words as

Ammonite : a descendant of Amnion. A Celt would say O'Ammon or MacAmmon; the Russians would have Ammonotf; Hebrews would say Ammoni, like Gibeoni: a Gibeonite. The following is a selection of best known examples of its use.

Aristides : son of Ariston = Betson : son of Best.

Aristos : most like Ares, Mars. Best for beatest, who beats all, con. Aristogiton : best neighbour = Neighbour.

SiRACHiDES (Jesus) : son of Sirach.

AscELPlADES (Bythinian physician): of Esculapius, figurative for a clever medical man.

Basilides (father of Herodotus) — Tyranion (Csesar's

PATRONYMICS. 301

friend) : son of a king, of royal descent = Ahimelech, Machree.

Crcesus (king) : a governor, Cressidas : son of a king, Cressida : royal daughter = Rene,

Pylades (and Orestes): of Pyleus, Pyleus: son of Pyle, and

Pvle: a gate, having charge of city gate = our Southgate, con. Pylorus : gate keeper, Hecatompylaj : hundred gates, Thebes, Thermopylne : gate of hot springs.

Pelopidas: of Pelops. Pelops: dark face = Duff, Swartz.

Epamixondas (" who at Leuctra bled ") : of Epamnon.

Epamnon: a defender = Hector, Weir, Ware, Bailey.

Leonidas : of Leon. Leon : a lion. The rqyal beast was common in Greece up to the time of the Persian invasion,

Lycidas : son of Luke. Herod (the Idumean) for Heroidas, Herodias : son of a hero.

Herodias for Herodiah, like Elias for Elijah, is its/e>?2, form,

ToLMiDES : descendants of Ptolemy, here dynastic as

HeraclidE: of Hercules. Epigoni: sons of the seven (epta) who came from the siege of Troy.

Theogonls : begotten of a god, Polygonus : one of many children.

Telegoxus: last born^^LAXE, Imogen, con. Telephone.

Erigoxe (the constellation of Virgo) : Eris (strife) born, born at the time of battle, op. of Shallum, Irene: time of peace.

EuMENiDES : daughters of Eumenes and Eumenes : of a good mind, genial — a propitiatory name applied to the Furies through fear of them. Some say daughters of memory, remorse.

SiMONiDES (poet) : of Simon. Simon, from Semi : half, half nosed, simioe like.

Hesperides : daughters of the west = Atlantiades, con.

Nereides : daughters of Nereus. Nereus : sparkling sea, phosphorescent waves.

Hyperides : of Hyperion. Hyperion (uper, super) : of above, the sun.

Sarronide : of Sarron fa Celtic king, the Solomon of his age), applied to a philosopher. But

Saroxidas: son of an oak, robust = Bexhail, Darroch, Echius.

Sarony : an oak = EcK, or Eyck. Oak from Eke: to grow. Eke out: to prolong.

Meoxides (Homer) : son or Meonia, Asia Minor, whence Meander : Meonian river. One of the few^ cases where a country gives name to a river as Indus from India.

Melesigixes (Homer): of Meles, a river near Smyrna = Melikoff,

Hyades (stars so called) : daughters of rain, bring wet weather, con. Hudor : water, whence Sudor : sweat, i.e., wet.

302 FEB SON AL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Triones: three daup^liters. Ahcturus : son of the bear, —

" Hie oanit errantem Lunam, Solisque labores ; Untie hominum genus, et pecudes ; unde imber, et iprtes : Arcturuui, pluviasque Hyades, geminosque Triones."

Theosebius : of Theosebes. Theosebes : worshipper of God in opposition to polytheism = Gotobed, Gotobedde.

EusEBius (historian): good worshipper, devotee = Godfrey.

AcTEON (and dogs) : of sea shore, dweller on, con. Attica : coast line = Costa (Rica: rich): coast. Costigax : young Costa.

Euripides (tragedy) : of Euiipus, born near it. Aristotle is said to have drowned himself therein because he could not discover reason for its ebb and flow. Now called Negropont : black bridge, from one connecting island with mainland.

Marcion (heresiarch) : of Mark = MARCELLUS.

C^SARION (child of Cleopatra by) : of C^SAR. MiLTO : beautiful, gives

MiLTiADES (Cimon's son) : of Milto. Marsyas (flayed) : son of Mars = ARius (Arianism) of Ares.

Palladius : of Pallas. EuCLiD (of Megara) : of Eucleos.

EucLEOS : good glory, famous = Marr, Bright, Shem.

Apollos (" may plant") : of Apollo, eloquent. Apollyox : of Apollo, destroyer, slaying like sunstroke.

Hormisdas (pope) : of the god Ormuzd, the antagonist of Arimanes.

Diogexes (tub): god begotten, of divine ancestry = Theo- GONis. ^OLAS : variegated, tatooed, a warrior, con. j^olus (king of winds) : variable, as the winds are.

AiOLiD : soldier bred = Herring, Herod, Wickliffe.

AsTERiON : of a star. Alexius : of Alexis. Alexis : a helper, con. elixir.

ASCANIUS (puer) : of the old stock, of iEsc: the ash, the Asir Adam. Su: bear hunter, for Suagros, con. Ursa: grunter, gives

Suidas (grammatist) : son of Su, or son of the bearhunter.

Lapide (Cornelius a) : of James == our Jamiesox.

Rasselas (Johnson) : of an apostle, walker in the true faith = De Foe and De Santos.

When the 7>a^. is /em. it softens from ulos to eis, on becomes one, while genes become (jenia, and idas forms ida.

Chryseis : daughter of Chryses, while Chryses : golden haired = Flavius.

Bryseis : daughter of Bryses, and Bryses : strong, athletic.

Pyrois (one of the mares of the sun) : daughter of fire, swift as lightning.

DiONE (mother of Venus) : divine daughter = Bethulia.

PATRONYMICS. 30.^

Hermione (wife of Cadmus) : daughter of Mercury = Her-

MOGENES.

Themisto (t formative) : daughter of Themis, and Themis : right, justice.

Themistocles : glory of Themis, Ouida : no one's daughter, orphanee. On passes into the gentile yat. ian, as Arabia?!, Wallach?'a7i; also into ine, as Philisti7ie.

Endymion (enthymion, from Thumis : animus, mens) : son of mind, intellectual —originally applied to an observer of heavenly bodies, like son of harmony for a musician. This j)at. form uios, us, an enables us to analyse names which else might seem uncompounded. Thus

Tyrann-os is from Turra, Turris : a tower, from Terra : earth, an earth-work., giving

TuRANN : son of a tower, its governor; now he who governed it was called its king, in keeping with what children say, " I'm king of the castle," hence we have

Tyrannos : royal, kingly bred, castle born, ultimately giving Tyrant. So

Duncan: head of the fort = TiERNY (in which t, r, n are identical with consonants in Turann): castle king, earth work lord = Kenealy, con., Healy : a rampart or rath.

TiGHEARNA : son of a king or lord. Thus from Domus : a house, we derive

DoMiNUS : a house lord. So Kir : a wall, a walled city, giving Carthage, gives

KuRios: son of the city, its governor = AsTYANAX : king of the city, con. Senex.

Cyrus : city king, is a form of Kurios. So the name of the Cilician

Oppian : not son of Ops, nor yet earth born, i.e., autoch- thonal, but son of earth work builder, tower maker = Tyrannos TiGHEARNA, DoMiNUS (domus inos), Kurios, Cyrus, and Oppian may all be viewed as ^^((^s., similar to

O'Brian : son of the great house, castle, palace : all being like

Porphyrogenetus : palace born. There can be no doubt the Latin

Terence and the Iri.sh Terence are identical, and not by chance, but identity of origin, each signifying a tower lord, the raiser of an earth work, and ~

Carey, when not from Carus : dear. Castles were the foci of civilization from Greece to Ireland.

Purgos : a tower, con. Pergamos, whence jxirchment is from Ge : earth. Burglar was one who dug through a dried mud wall. The g in Purgos, Geometry, and Burglar, is the same.

Onion (Alexandrian temple) : son of On : the sun, divinely born = Diogenes and Dioscorides.

304 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

The Hebrew Patronymic

proper is ben from Eben : a stone, from Banah : to build. Sons build families as stones do houses. When John said, "God, is able of these stones to raise up sons unto Abraham," probably he meant such act was as easy to God as it was for a scribe to make ehen, by omitting the tittle, into ben. The Jews adopted Bar : a son, from the Babylonians. The Chaldees used Bar in the sense of lofty, elevated, superior, which was primarily applied to an eminence, and is identical with our Barr, as

Barskimming : the hill at the bend of the river. Hence Skimming, whence M'Skimmixg. Barrhead = Hillhead. It was first said of eminent places and then of eminent persons, in contrast with captives, slaves, and servants : " Kiss the Bar lest He be angry," i.e., obey Him who is the Lofty One, the Uplifted.

Naib : a prophet, a seer, gives Nebo : the god whose oracles told futurity. The god was worshipped on Mount Nebo.

Barnaib : son of a prophet, whence Barnabas : of consola- tion, as a good son is a great consolation =

SciPio : a staff (to his father), con. Sceptre : leant upon, patriarchal staff. Thence our Barnaby (Rudge) and Barnardo (cardinal), and Bernardo (orphans), if not from Bernard.

Rudge: a hill, con. rig, ridge = Barr : one dwelling on a hill = Hills. But Longridge: big farm.

Barzillai : of Zillai, and Zillai : blacksmith. Zillai : iron, the sounding metal. This is the first use of iron in the Bible, " Which took a wife of Barzillai^ the Gileadite."

Barkos (nethinim) : son after his father = Barabbas : of his father = IciLius, Patrobas, Papias. "Now Barabbas was a robber." Assumes form of Barkas.

Bar Jesus: of Joshua (Jehovah Hosea). Berosus (historian): of Hosea, and Hosea : saviour = Soter, Hafiz, as

Hafiz-Allah = Joshua : saviour of Jehovah. Calmet says. Diet. p. 152,

Bar-Jona, should be Bar Johanna: son of John = Van Hahn and Gamgee, usually given

Bar-Jona : of Jonah. As Jonah : a dove, and Livy : a dove = ToRTOLA (tur, tur), Tovey (from dove), we cannot be far wrong by saying that literally Barjona = Livius.

Bartholomew : of Tolmai, gives Bartlemy : born Aug. 24th, at St. Bartholomew's mass, Bartlemy Fair. Bartlett, Batt, Bates (when not boatman). Batty (equestrian), Barth (African explorer), Bartle (Sir), Barletta, Badcock, accord- ing to some authors it corrupts in Spain to Balthazar (wise- man). Bauthez: son of Baitholomew.

PATRONYMICS. 305

ToLMAi : a furrow, tall as = Longfellow, Aulay.

Bartimeus: of Tiraeus. Timeus: honourable = Timon (of Athens), TiTUS, which some make into Tate, whence

Tatius = Tatlock : little Tate, or son of Titus, which differ little from Bartimeus. But the Spanish

Tato: the tacit, silent = Tacitus, Mudo, Mudie, Moodie, Still. About the time Israel was waiting her Messiah, an impostor arose, calling himself

Barchocab : son of a star = Asterion. " There shall come a star out of Jacob." Facts falsifying his promises, he was called

Barcosba : son of a lie, con. CosBi (slain by dart) : ensnarer, deceiver, not greatly differing from the better known

Rebecca: a snare, a fascinating woman = Spooner, Pack, Thug, and Dolon.

Barsabas (Joseph) : seventh son, as Bathsheba : seventh daughter. The use of the Ohaldee ]Jat. bar is but a paren- thesis in Hebrew onamatology. Their hen was used long before it, and is now in use after bay' has become obsolete. That hen was used early is plain from

Ben-ammi : son of my people = Ammon : my people, as also

Reuben : see ! a son. Benjamin : son of my right hand, Benoni : son of my sorrow. That it is still in use is manifest from the following modern names.

Bolivar (gave name to Bolivia), for Ben Oliver = Olivarez.

Badams is Ben Adam = MacAdam, whence Macadamise : to pave after his recipe. Odams is a form of Adams forming Ody : little Adams. The Jews call those of their blood born in Egypt

Beni Masr : sons of Mizraim. Beni for benim. Hence i, a gentile pat, as

Beni Shem : children of Syria, Beni Franza : sons of France, applied by Turkish Jews to all western foreigners. Let us get back to our Bible, where we have

Benhail: son of strength, strong born, about = Meikle- WEAN : big baby, as

Meiklehead : much head = Testa, Meiklereid : great man of the Reid's. " In the third year of Jehosaphat's reign, he sent to his princes, even to Benhail."

Benhanan : son of compassion, pitiful, con. Ananus, whom John calls, xviii. 13, Annas : gracious, merciful.

ZoHETH : (who is) taken away, born when parents changed residence.

Ben-zoheth : son of removal, who emigrates against parental advice. " The sons of IsHi were Zoheth and Ben- zoheth."

306 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

IsHi (from Ish: a man) for Ishim : men = to many men = Periander, Mann us.

Bene-barak : sons of lightning, whose spears and swords flash and glitter. They were Danites. Dagger is from Dag : day, because it Hashes like day light, Barak (and Deborah) : lightnings Llewellyn.

Boanerges : thunder bolts (James and John). We meet with

Ben-Geber: son of the strong, exactly = the Saxon Whiting. Certain Hebrew names intimate relationship to God as father, •SO)?, daughter, brother. Those of the first are professions of faith and claims to sonship that surprise us the more they are studied. Nowhere in the Old Testament are men invited so to do, nor is permission to do so even intimated. The others seem to intimate holiness, godliness, as

Ahimelech: king's brother, i.e., kingly, magnificent = Regulus, Royle, Ryle, Cortereal {con. cort, curt, roy), fine fellows all.

Eliah : God my father— Abiel. " Kish the son of Ahiel."

Joab : Jehovah father = Abijah. " Joab, son of Zeruiah."

Bariah : son of Jehovah = Benahiah. " Benahiah, son of Jehoidah.

Bethuel : daughter of God, a pure person = BiTHiAH : of Jehovah. " These are the sons of Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh." She being of Egypt, her husband, Mered, is sup- posed to have dropt her Coptic designation and called her thus, signifying she was to be a pure worshipper of Jehovah.

Ahiah : brother of Jehovah, his servant = JoAH. " Joah, the son of Asaph, the recorder." Bold strange names, any of which I should be unwilling to bear.

Abital (David's wife) : (whose) father (is as) dew ; he gave one who refreshed, consoled.

Ben - Joseph corresponds to the latinised Greek form Josephus (uios) : son of Joseph.

:;:"':;: Some onlj of the above are patrouymical, but all are given as illustrations of our main subject.

( 307 )

SUPERADDENDA.

WiNDTHORST (opposition) : winding wood, allied by original position to the following queer folk, viz. : Question, Quiddy, Quilt, Quittacus ; wood dwellers all, con. With, Wid, Quid : a wood. Tartuffe : a truffle eater, living luxuriously, and yet pulling a long visage. Tithonus : narrow chested like a locust, the oj). of Petiox and = Agabus. Martyr (Justin) : one who witnessed for the truth by blood. Marble: worker in. Marvel (Andrew). Tanz is a form of Athanasius (creed): deathless == Ambroise, formed on Ambrose : not mortal. PouLiN (current French Canadian) : a foal, con. palfrey and = Colt (revolver): wild a wee. Pangborn (pen burn): brook head = Pengelly, Kinglass. Ariel : aery, fairy like. Gossip (chess): God sib: related through God by baptism, a godfather. As people focussing the baby babble somewhat, Gossip became a verb, gossip: to chatter inanities about neighbours. Amongst the few biblical trade names is Heresh: a carpenter ("Heresh and Galal"). Ullathorne : a settler among elm trees and thorn bushes = Brackenbury.

Gau (Nubia), Hebrew for a stranger. Xenos, Greek, whence Euxine: good (safe) for strangers, Hostis, L'Hoste = Gau, HosPiTALis : stranger receiver = Prendergast and Liebgast, answers to the Scoto English Frame : frae far, co7i., from a distance. Punch : tunbodied = Punshox, Pansa, Wamba, MiCKLEWAiM, Hogarth, which consult. Bohn (s library): bean planter = Cyamitas, giving the grotesque Bones, Bone. ZuKERTORT (lit., sugav tart): a pastry baker = Mazarix. Tanhauser: pine wood dweller = Tanguye. Strombi (Gui- seppe) : trumpet- voiced = Trumpf, Trump (uncon., trump at card.s) =^ Belcher. Stromboli: mountain making a rumbling- noise like a trumpet. Osteravald (commentator) answers to our Eastwood. Probably twenty per cent, of all known names are corrupted thrice, twice or once, generally through the igno- rance of the corrupter as to the form or meaning of the name subjected to violence. It is usually done on the principle of the Irish preacher's, " Putting what sinse he could into this text." Thus Snaefell : snow hill, where snow remained the year round was tortured into Snowball, and the Spanish

308 SUPERADDENDA.

HiJO, from Filius: son, was disguised into Igo, which feu- would think meant a son, but turns up unexpectedly in Jo. "John Anderson, my jo," loved like a son.

IxGO : a son, Mar : glorious, Ingomar : glorious son, cor. to

IXKHAMMER.

BoDKix (bodykin): a dwarf = Curtin: short. Crooks (in some cases), Crockett: crooked = Bossue : humped. The German is rich in birth names, amongst the most beautiful of which is MoRGANSTERN: morning star, born at the appearance of = Gad, Yergilius. When Morgan is not Cambrian, in which it signifies a mariner, it is German, and means morning horn = Manius. Amongst Boston names I find ZoucH : the stock of a notable tree = BuMM, Attree. A writer of that learned city gives in his voluminous work on names, Fevre, as a case of personal names derived from diseases ! Of course, a form of Le Fevre. Coyle : a wood, gives Kelly. Albuql^erque : white oak. Ahaziah : held (of) Jehovah, Heb. ii. 16. Axdromedus : commander of men, great general, con. Alcaxder : strong man. Ardmillax : bald mountain = Moxtcalm. Lewis shades ofi' into (Mc) Leish.

Murray is formed on Moray (shire), said to obtain its name from Moravian settlers.

Beer is formed on Bauer: a boor. Cadi, Kadi: a judge, fern., Cadijali. Kadijah (Mahomet's wife) = Hypatia, Con- suelia. Brigham (Young) = Bridgeton, Poxt, which see. Episcopus (con. microscope): overseer = Bishop, gives Epis- copius (lit): son of a bishop. Conceit is a form of Coxcetta. Blackmoxster (minister) : living in a Dominican house. PuFFEXDORF = Pkestox : priest's town. Budge (Montreal, Y.M.C.A.) for Bodger: Cooper gives dim. Budgett. Sedigitus: born with six fingers. Yoss, Yocius, Foss, con. Fox : crafty and cruel. AURELIUS : golden - haired, giving AURELIA = FuLViA. Pamphilox (con. Dupanloup, FouLts) = our Pencoit, Woodhead. Sabbadini (Irridentist) : learned = Sage, and con. sapio, savoir. Sabellius (Sabellian) : one of the Sabelli : aborigines of Italy, and who, with the Sabines, are supposed to have been named in connection with star worship, con. Sab : an army, sabaism, Sabaoth.

INDEX

OF NAMES, TITLES, OE DESIGNATIONS.

	Page		Page		Page
Aaron	...14,25	Abraham ...	52, 445	Adjai ...	284
Aasbiorn	... 173	Abram	... 52	Adier ...	... 41, 270
Ab	... 99	Abu YsLya ...	... 94	Admiral	... 53, 261
Abba ... 29	, 71, 252	Absalom	... 52	Adomaitis	296
Abbadon	64, 185	Abu Bekir ...	... 99	Adonai...	77
Abbema	... 52	Abu Fudle Allah 99	Adonia...	77
Abbess	... 81	Abu Horeira	... 99	Adonijah	... 53, 192
Abbot	... 252	Abul Feda ...	... 99	Adoniram	54
Abb(s)	... 102	Abu Suleyman	... 99	Adonis	... 144, 189
Abdallah ...	... 260	Ace ... 36	130, 153	Adrammelech ... 60
Abdi	... 260	Ach	... 127	Adrastus	28
Abdeel	... 260	Achates	... 16	Adrian	... 29, 299
Abdiel	... 260	Achau,	190, 207	Ady ...	... 111,273
Abdolonymus	... 260	Achar	... 207	^Egeade	209
Abdalrahman	... 260	Achbor	...87,97	^Egeus ...	209
Abdastartus	... 260	Achaius	... 225	Jj]gidius	224
Abdal Issu ...	... 262	Achenback ...	... 146	/Egon ...	209
Abdou	64, 261	Achilles	92, 188	aElfreding	269
Abdul Aziz ...	... 260	Achsah	... 112	/Emilius	59, 102, 233
Abdul Kadir	... 260	Acker mau ...	... 232	^Eneas...	...54,83,108
Abdul Medjid	14, 245	Ackmau	... 121	^olas ...	... 103, 302
A'Becket ...	... 120	Acres	... 232	^Eolus ...	... 188, 302
Abednego ...	... 260	Acteon	... 302	iEsc ...	... 174, 179
Abel	...27,81	Acton	... 127	^Eschines	42
Abelard	... 251	Acutus	... 39	^Eschylus	... 42, 192
Abeubrod ...	... 81	Acwith	... 127	.Ecingas	... 121, 179
Abeudroth ...	... 81	Acworth	... 127	iEsop ...	33, 64, 160
Abercromby	... 142	Ad	... 77	^tion ...	201
Abernethy ...	... 172	Adair	127, 223	Afer ...	... 33, 159
Abi	... 252	Adah	... 67	Africander	33
Abiah	... 52	Adalbert ...	... 37	Africaner	... 33, 159
Abiabal	... 52	Adam ... 27,	107, 254	Africanus	... 33, 159
Abialbon	... 28	Adamina ...	... 100	Afflick ...	83, 102, 148
Abiasapli ...	... 256	Adamnan ...	... 279	Affleck...	... 102, 148
Abiathar	... 52	Adcock	... 173	A<'abus	... 87, 307
Abiel 28	52, 306	Addenbrook	... 120 Agag ...	15, 261, 290
Abiezer	... 165	Addie	... 107 Agamemnon ... 41
Abigail	... 52	Addison	... 271 Agandice	110
Abihud	...52,54	Adean	... 144 Agapetus	40
Abijah	51, 306	Adela	... 102 Agasthenes	28
Abijam... ..	... 249	Adelaide ...	... 102	Agatha...	... 42, 102
Abimelech ...	..52,60 Adelgar	... 215	Agatho...	42
Abiuidab	... 52	Adelgonde ...	... 102	Agathocles	38
Abirarn	... 52	Adelina	... 107	Agathos	... 42. 102
Abishalom ...	..52,99	Adeline	... 208	Agee ...	57
Abital	.. 306	Adelind	... 112	Agenor...	74
Abner	..16,25	Adehnde	... 208	Ager ...	15, 143, 232
Aboru	.. 120	Ad herbal ...	... 193	Ageso ...	233

310

INDEX.

	Page		Pa're	1	Pa?e
Agericus	... 232	Alabaster ...	217, 292	Alick ...	223
Ages	... 143	Aladdin	... 44	Aligbieri	... 219, 226
Agesilaus ...	122 222	Alafieri	... 219	Alison ...	... 223, 271
Aggie	... ' 102	Alam	... 90	.\llah ...	... 64, 69, 77
Aglaia	... 186	Alaric	... 234	Allard ...	213
Agnello	... 86	Alnsdair	... 223	Allan ...	34, 107, 131
Agnes	112, 185	Alazon	... 43	AUayne	107
Agnew	40, 198	Alba	... 86	Allbones	73
Agni	15, 184	Albanach ...	74, 281	Allen...	36
Agnidasa ...	... 261	Albany	... 74	Alley ...	223
Agno	... 112	Albemarle ...	... 223	Allgood	59, 87, 238
Agnon	... 112	Alberoni	... 73	Allon ...	67
Agrestes	... 19'J	Albert	... 37	AUister	223
Agricola	... 232	Albinus	29	Alloa ...	75
Agrippa	88, 102	Albis	73, 290	AUonville	127
Agrippina ...	... 102	Albon	73, 79	Almack	82, 87
Agiir	205, 298	Alboni	73, 79	Almagro	32, 47, 280
Ahab	. 55, 88	Alborak ...	17,25	Almanzor	124
Ahala	... 220	Albrecht ...	... 37	Almiral	261
Aharah	88	Albuquerque	... 308	Alonzo...	172
Ahaz	... 54	Albyn	... 282	Alopex...	207
Ahaziah	... 308	Alcander	... 308	Alorus ...	17, 25
Ahenobarbus	... 31	Alcimus	... 28	Aloysius	57
Ahi(m)	... 78	Alcinous	... 41	Alp Arslan	... 206, 294
Ahiah	... 306	Alcithoe	127, 167	Alphceus	... 221,285
Ahiam	55	Alcitlioeus ...	107, 127	Alpin ...	151
Ahiezer	... 223	Alcman	28, 41	Al Raschid	14
Ahimelecli 55	301, 300	Alcock	... 273	Al Seddek	44
Ahimoth	...55,86	Alcorn	... 267	Alston ...	149
Ahinoam ...	55	Alcuin	... 224	Altamont	72, 134, 137
Ahisbahar ...	... 80	Alder	... 234	Alt ...	16
Abitbophel...	55	Alderman- ...	202, 234	Alter ...	16
Ahitub	55	Aldhelm ...	... 123	Althea...	.. 33, 102
Ahmed	... 37	Aldo	... 234	Altheius	102
Abolibamah	... 115	Aldred	... 57	Alton ...	39
Aidan	...14, 26	Aldric	... 234	Altree ...	125
Aiah	... 89	.-Vldrovaudo...	... 172	Alva ...	75, 255, 390
Aikman	... 232	Alectryon ...	'... 198	Alvarez	.. 255, 290
Aiken	... 127	Alessandro ...	... 223	Am ...	.. 165, 72
Aikenbead ...	... 126	Alethia	... 102	Amal ...	59
Aikenside ...	... 126	Alethius	... 102	Amala ...	102
Aimee	... 117	Alexander 102	223, 201	Amalricli	233
Ain	... 94	Alexandra ...	... 102	Amanda	..35,40,114
Ainsworth ...	... 94	Alexandriua	102, 293	Amarashina	... 205
Aiolid	... 302	Alexis, ... 53	223, 302	Amariah	53
Aird ... 14	126, 236	Alexius 53	223, 302	Amasa...	58
Airde	... 130	Alfonso	... 172	Amaziah	53,58
Airy	... 232	Alford	.. 255	Amazon	165
Aitchison ...	... 281	Alfred ... 56	102, 255	Ambroise	307
Aitken	... 127	Algar	... 213	Ambrose	.. 37, 307
Ajax	99, 201	Algebar	... 28	Aniedeus	107
Akiister	120, 151	Algernon ...	... 213	Ameen Edd	n ... 53
Akbar	28, 87	Ali	... 247	Ameena	.. 102, 117
A'lvempis ...	... 132	Ali Baba ...	... 52	Amelia	.. 102, 233
Akkabi	91, 95	Alio	... 271	Amen ...	.. 39, 44, 72
Akkub	91, 95	Alice	... 113	.\mena...	44
Akroyd	... 127	.\licia	... 113	.\mer ...	210

INDEX.

311

	Pasre			Page		Pase
Amerigo	... 233	Ankarstrom	...	148	Apthorp	... 150, 129
Amery	... 233	Anlap ...	...	173	Aqnaviva	151
Ammihud . . .	... 55	Ann ... 93	114	118	Aquila ...	58, 201, 294
Ammiel	... 56	Annabella . . .		114	Aquilius	... . 292, 299
Amminidab	... 52	Annan	210	266	Ara ...	287
Ammishaddai,	...55,70	Annandale ...		266	Arba ...	113, 154, 190
Ammittai ...	...53,72	Annanias ...		93	Arabella	... 114,238
Ammon ...59,70,305	Annas		805	Arabi ...	... 77,241
Amnon	... 273	Anne		93	Arad ...	208
Amon	44, 273	Anneque		127	Aram ...	87, 209, 196
Amor	132, 210	Annie		114	Aran ...	54, 69, 210
Amos	... 58	Annunciata...		83	Aratus ...	83, 92
Amoun	...71, 53	Annville		93	Araunah	121
Amoz	28, 53, 87	Anonyma ...		115	Arbuckle	258
Ampere	... 98	Anscar		213	Archemorus ... 92
Amphitrite ...	... 188	Anscharius ...		213	Archibald,	L22, 124, 222
Amuratli	... 221	Anselm	...	173	Archimedes	216
Amy	114, 117	Anselmo		173	Archippus	... 105, 203
Annabella ...	... 114	Auser		267	Archon	234
Annas	... 305	Anson ... 173	271	295	Arcturus	302
Anah	... 115	Anstey		81	Arcubaliste	• ... 292
Anak	... 64	Anstrutlier ...	...	151	Ardgour	266
Anamelecli ...	... 60	Antioclms 50	151	282	Ardley...	132
Anani ... ...	... 79	Antiope	107	188	Arda ...	154
Anani(m) ...	... 79	Antiopns		107	Ardmillan	308
Ananias	... 93	Antipas		282	Ardon ...	57
Ananus	93, 305	Antipater ...	...	282	AreU(m)	14, 83, 205
Anastasius ...	... 81	Antistes		245	Ares	... 182, 183
Anax ... 48	202, 234	Antliff		174	Aretas ...	182
Ancel	261, 262	Antonelli ...		274	Arethusa	182
Ancus ... 30,48,247	Antoinette ...	...	108	Aretino	182
Anders	... 283	Anuari		37	Argar ...	215
Anderson 29	226, 271	Anuar		37	Arge ..."	131
Andreuccio ...	... 292	Apelles ... .	. 32	190	Argelander	30, 39
Andrew 28, 74, 84, 159	Aphius		48	Argo . . .	131
Andrez	84, 271	Appia	...	102	Argument	134
Androcles ...	103, 226	Appius		102	Argus ...	60, 74, 131
Androgeos ...	... 233	Aphrodite 110	112	182	Argyle ...	155
Andromache	102, 226	Apicius	...	89	Aridatha	...14, 25, 41
Audromachus	102, 226	Apion		169	Ariel, ... 205, 206, 307
Andromeda...	... 102	Apollo	185	192	Arioch ...	205
Andromedes	... 102	ApoUodonius		185	Arion ...	182
Andromedus	... 308	ApoUodorus	185	204	Ariovistus	216
Andromicus	... 102	Apollonius ...		61	Aristides	300
Andy	... 226	ApoUus	185	302	Aristobulus	... 104, 255
Anello	... 86	Apollyon 17	296	302	Aristocles	232
Aner	... 59	Appaim	63	204	Aristodemu	5 52,122,222
Angel	93, 102	Apphia	48	102	Aristogiton	... 42, 300
Angelica	... 102	Apphias		48	Aristos...	... 182, 300
Angelina ...	102, 113	Appian		63	Arius ...	302
Anger	... 152	Appius	"48	102	Ark ...	... 74, 236
Angliotto ...	86, 93	Applegarth ...		133	Arkwright	... 74, 236
Angowe	... 250	Applequist ...		123	Arle ...	269
Angus	... 29	Applethwaite	...	139	Arhss ...	267
Angott	... 173	Appleton ...		123	Arlotte...	248
Anicetus	... 224	Apps	121,	278	Arly ...	133
Anita	... 108	Apsley	...	121	Armiger	261

312

INDEX.

	Page		Page		Page
Ai-minius	.. '210,2-18	Askwith	124	Atwell	241
Armour	258	Asian	... 173	Atwood	... 120,125
Ai-mourer	258	Asian Bey ...	... 204	Aube ...	... 128,206
Armsti-oug	.. 33, 259	Asland	... 173	Aubusson	123
Aruabella	104	Asmaveth ...	... 167	Auchinleck	148
Arnaud	201	Asnapper . . .	. 33	Auckland	127
Aruheim	104	Aspasia	98, 105	Audley	... 131,145
Aruhilda	201	Aspatha ...	... 204	Audrey	41
Amobius	198	AspimLrtas ...	101, 105	Audus	.. 34,130
Arnold	201	Aspinwall . . .	... 121	Aufidius	145
Arnot ...	... 201,273	Asplen	.. 121	Auge ...	153
Arnulf...	284	Asrallah ...	... 53	Auger ...	152
Arnsteiu	.. 125, 149	Assad	... 205	Augerean	215
Arod ...	208	Assad Allah	... 205	Augostino	197
Arouet	284	Asser	... 83	August	15
Arrol ...	140	Astarte 116	184, 180	Augusta	.. 100,102
Arrowsmitli	249, 258	Asteria	... 184	Augustine	197
Arsa ...	.. 185, 192	Asterion 184	302, 305	Augustus	15, 08, 197
Arsimenes	41	Asterope	... 184	Augustulus	120, 197
Arses ...	.. 17, 182	Astley	... 132	Aulay ...	... 128,304
Arsinoe	41, 42	Astolph	... 175	Auliffe ...	32
Arslan Bey	... 204	Aston	... 137	Auld ...	... 202, 292
Arsmith	258	Astor	39, 70, 89	Auldhelm	223
Arsuiew	294	Astrifiammaute 110, 184	Auletes	253
Art ab anus	14, 198, 245	Astrmf:;er ...	... 249	Aumale	223
Artaphernes	14, 193, 239	Astrophile . . .	... 184	Aurelia	308
Artaxerxes	14, 25, 234	Astyages 191	199, 207	Aurelian	34
Artemesia	.. 14,185	Astyanax 57	139, 303	Aurelius	308
Artemis	.. 14, 185	Asyncritus ...	42, 58	Aurora	18, 25
Artemus	185	Atarah	... 07	Auslan...	173
Arter ...	283	Ataroth	... 07	Ausonius	154
Arthur	15,26	Ath	... 139	Austin	197
Arundel	20, 20	Athaliah ...	... 53	Austria	100
Arva . . .	29	Athalric	... 234	Autolycus	.. 71, 176
As	77	Athanasius	... 307	Avah ...	64
Asaph ...	108	Athel	... 102	Aventin	86
Asby ...	121	Athelgar ...	... 215	Avellana	.. 120, 149
Ascanius	302	Athelgif ...	... 102	Aves ...	47, 101, 202
Asclepiades	... 300	Atheling 00	, 270, 293	Avourneen	280
Ascham	121	Athelric	... 234	Awlay ...	32
Asdrubal .	193	Athelstan ...	41, 112	Ayoub ...	99
Asenatli	.. 01, 194	Atherton	... 139	Ayesha	115
Ashbea	58	Athey	... 131)	Aylward	240
Ashbel	192	Athoi	... 140	Ayre ...	284
Ashbash .	. ... 121	Athlai	... 53	Ayub . . .	99
Ashby ... .	121	Atkins	... 272	Az	77,87
Ashby-de-la	Zouch 121	Atlantiades ...	186, 301	Azar ...	105
Ashconner .	.. 179, 180	Atlas	... 180	Azgad	83
Asher ... .	83	Atmor	... 132	Azi ...	292
Ashet ... .	83	Atreus	... 33	Azrael	53
Ashman	. 121, 147	Atrides	... 33	Azraeel	58
Ashpenaz .	204	Atropos	... 187	Azariah	53
Ashtarotli Karnaim G5	Atta	... 252	Azaz ...	.. 59, 104
Ashton	121	Attack	121, 127	Azazel	.. ... 209
Ashwood	121	Attila	... 252	Aziel ... .	53
Asinius	239	Attree ... 120,	125, 308	Azmaveth	.. 88, 107
Askew ... .	173	Attwood	120, 125	Azubah	117

INDEX.

313

	Page.		Page		Page
Baal ... 100, 190, 191	BallingaU ...	144, 149	Barkos	... 304
Baalam	192	BalUol	... 31	B arietta ...	... 304
Baalath	100	Balloch ...	30, 288	Barley	... 130
Baal-hanan	87, 193	Balls	... 224	Barlow	... 199
Baal-peor .	192	B aimer	... 241	Barnabas ...	... 304
Baal-phegoi	... 192	Balmerino 133,	152, 196	Barnabo	... 304
Baalzebub .	.. 192,260	Balnaves ...	... 153	Barnaby	... 304
Baalzebul	192	Balquidder	... 123	Barnaib	... 304
Baa-ul	.. ... 77	Balthazar 82,	192, 304	Barnard	... 199
Baba ...	252	Bal-ti-mor	... 196	Barnardo ...	... 304
Babington	53	Baltimore ...	122, 196	Barnes	... 243
Baboo ...	52	Balzac	39, 275	Barnet	53,146
Babty ...	83	B amber	125, 128	Barney	... 130
Baby ...	93	Bamberger	... 12G	Barnum	... 146
Bacchus	.. 149, 19G	Bamfylde ...	... 125	Barnwell ...	... 146
Bachelor	.. 240, 267	Bampton ...	... 243	Baron	74, 159
Bachman	146	Banco	... 30	Baronius	... 233
Back ...	146	Bancroft	... 133	Barr ... 136	273, 304
Backie	146	Bane	30, 285	B arras	... 152
Backler	236	Banham	... 270	Barrel!	... 273
Bacon ...	.. 127,236	Bani (m) ...	... 78	Barret	... 273
Bacqueville	... 152	Banias	... 186	Barrie	151,273
Bad ...	273	Banker	... 136	Barron	... 74
Badams	.. 296, 305	Bankier	... 136	Barrow	134,150
Baddams	296	Banks	136, 149	Barrows	... 139
Badcock	.. 273,304	Bann	... 270	Barrus	... 206
Badenoch	65, 135,288	Bannatyne ...	15,44	Barry ... 151	271, 277
Badger	214	Bannerman	... 219	Barsabas ...	91, 305
B adman	238	Bannister ...	... 237	Barskimming	134, 304
Bael ...	196	Banshee	75, 107	Barth	... 304
Baffin ...	277	Baptist	... 83	Barthez	... 304
Bailey	.. 237,301	Baptista	... 83	Bartholomew	... 304
Bailly	237	Barabbas ...	... 304	Bartimeus ...	... 305
Bain ...	32, 72, 282	Barachel	... 53	Bartlemy . . .	... 304
Baines	237	Barachiah ...	... 53	Bartle	... 304
Baird ...	241	Barak	17,306	Bartlett	273, 304
Baker ...	239	Barbara	112, 155	Barton	... 131
Balaam	56, 185, 192	Barbarossa	31, 255	Baruch	... 53
Baladan	192	Barbour	... 237	Barzillai ...3	2, 89, 304
Balak ...	57	Barca	17,183	Bascombe ...	... 156
Balbi ...	... 140, 194	Barca-Yassous	... 262	Bash	... 216
Balboa	31, 140, 194	Barchocab ...	... 305	Basham	... 199
Balbus	31	Barclay	... 132	Bashaw	117,234
Bald ...	29	Barcosba ...	... 305	Basil	235, 275
Baldred	170	Bard	... 253	Basileus	235, 275
Baldrey	170	Bardolph ...	... 176	Basilewski ...	... 132
Baldur	170	Barebones 31	, 46, 237	Basihdes	293, 301
Baldwin	170	Barefoot ...	24, 264	Basilowitz ...	276, 293
Bates ...	275	Barend	... 199	Baskerville	... 152
Balius	203	Barentz	... 199	Basquet	... 125
Balfe ...	176	Bariah	72, 306	Bass ... 97,99,292
Balfour	58,, 129, 147	Baru2g	41, 270	Bassi	... 292
Balguy	.. 123,125	Bar- Jesus . . .	... 304	Basseti	... 97
Balius	203	Bar- Jonah ...	... 304	Bassetti	... 169
Ball ...	224	Bar-Johannah	... 304	Basset	... 34
Ballantyne	44	iBarkas	... 304	Bassett	... 131
Ballard 21	15, 26, 224	Barker	237, 273	Bassom	... 292

314

	Page		Page
Bassompierre	9G, 292 Becket	... 142
Bastien	... 197	Beckett 120	146, 152
Basvecchi ...	... 169	Beckford	... 147
Barth	... 304	Beckner	... 238
Bartle	... 304	Beckwith ...	... 122
Bateman ...	... 250	Beechenhaugh	... 128
Bates	2.30, 304	Bedad	... 56
Bath	... 53	Bede	114, 238
Bathiah ...	... 53	Bedell	238, 254
BathoDi	... 53	Beeman	... 251
Bathsheba a	3, 91, 305	Beer	... 308
Batt	... 304	Beffana	... 81
Battini	... 83	Beg	... 73
BatteU	... 250	Begg	... 73
Battle	149, 256	Begue	... 47
Batterscomb	] 38, 234	Behring	... 270
Batteur	138, 234	Beith ... 48,	180, 221
Batti	... 83	Bel	108, 191
Battista	... 53	Belagneau	... 144
Batty	273, 304	Belcher 3C	, 67, 307
Bauer ... 59	232, 308	Belcombe ...	... 68
Baum	125,243	Beldam	... 40
Baumgarten	125,133	Belephantes	... 193
Baumtree ...	... 125	Belesarius	... 170
Bausket	... 251	Beli	67, 108
Bavey	... 122	Belial	... 191
Bavister	250, 252	Belinda	... 208
Bawn	... 110	Belknap	... 262
Baxter	.. 237	Bell	218, 267
Bayard	... 203	Bella	... 108
Bayle	... 237	Bellamy	39, 139
Bays	... 218	Bellarmine	... 144
Beach	127, 251	Belerophon	... 212
Beaconsfielcl	137, 203	Belle	... 48
Beales	... 168	Bellew	152, 153
Beatrice	53,83	Bellona ...	102, 216
Beatrix	... 53	Bellot	... 31
Beatus	53,83	Bellows	... 152
Beauclerk	... 244	Bellus	... 31
Beaufoy	... 273	Belshan ...	.. 56
Beauhamois	... 223	Belshazzar	... 192
Beauly	... 143	Belteshazzar	... 192
Beaupoil ...	... 254	Belus	... 191
Beaupre	... 143	Belvidera ...	... 69
Beauregard 113, 135,100	Belvidere ...	69, 135
Beauvoisin ...	... 42	Belzebub ...	... 260
Bebee	... 251	Bembo... 217	218, 256
Beby	... 251	Ben ... 4^	[, 90, 291
Beccles	140, 274	Benaiah	53
Beckey	... 274	Ben-ammi	... 305
Becky	... 113	Benahiah ...	... 306
Becher	... 90	Bene Barak	... 306
Bechman ...	... 254	Bendigo	... 88
Bechorath ...	90	Benedetto	... 292
Beecher	90, 230	Benedict	8S, 246
Beechy	... 128	Benet	... 246
Beck ... 39	120, 140	Ben Geber ...	... 306

Bengel

Benhadad

Benhanan

Benhail

Benoit

Page ... 42 ... 195 ... 305 301,305 ... 246

Benjamim 88, 100, 305 Benjamin 37, 43, 88, 135

Benmore

Benoui

Bensham

Benson

Bentham

Bentley

Benton

Benzohetl

Beor

Beorming

Beormingham

Beppo

Beranger ...

Berechiah

Bered

Berengarius

Beresford ...

Berger

Beriah

Berkley

Berhuda

Bermuda ...

Bermunda

Bernadotte

Bernard

Bernardo ...

Berners

Bernhardt ...

Bernice

Bernicius ...

Berosus

Bernstein |Berri I Berry j Berry er j Bertha 1 Bertheim ... [ Bertholett : Bertholon ...

jBert

I Berti

BertoU [ Bertram } Bertrand j Bei'wick

Besant

:b

Best Bess Bet

33

. 88, 305 . ... 149 . ... 88 . ... 149 . ... 119

] ... 305 56, 67, 296 ... 269 ... 269 ... 108 ... 215 ... 53 ... 90 ... 215 ... 35 176, 266 57, 72, 92 ... 132 ... 112 ... 223 ... 223 199, 273 ... 198 ... 304 243, 257 ... 199 107, 224 107, 224 ... 304 109, 220 ... 139 ... 139 152. 256 37,81 86, 97 ... 37 ... 37 ... 37 ... 37 ... 37 ... 200 ... 200 ... 150 ... 265 ... 122 , 182, 300 ... 108 53. 108

INDEX.

315

Betson 300

Bethel 277

Bethuel 59, 112, 806 Bethulia 07, 99, 203

Betsy 53

Bettany 81

Betty 58, 108

Bevan ... 94,271

Beveridge 226

Bevilacqua 47, 73

Bevill 150

Beville ... 125, 150 Bews 152, 277, 280

Bey 117

Beza 125

Bezaleel ... 55, 78

Bezantio 2G5

Biagotti ... 45, 273

Bianco 30

Bianchi 80

Bias ... 28, 121, 190 Biberius Mero ...40,47

Bibron 73

Bibulus 47

Bicheno 128

Bicbri 90

Bickerstaff ... 214

Biddle 288

Biddulph 176

Bidwell 288

Biffin 277

Bigelow 186

Biggar 239

Bigham 139

Biggs 239

Bigot 156

Bilhah 88

Bilhan 88

Bill 178

Billings 178

Bilshan ... 56,88

Bilsland 178

Bilson 178

Binder 226

Binney 88

Biot 45,278

Biotti ... 45,273

Bii-ch ... 128, 147

Bii-d 106,253

Birchenbaugli ... 128

Birkbeck 147

Bii-kett 147, 260, 273

Birks 147

Birmingham ... 269

Biron 238

Biscob 252

Biscomb 252

1	Page		Pa-e
Bishlam	32, 52, 92	Bobo ...	94
Bishop	... 308	Boccacio	81
Bisland	138, 252	Bochart	238
Bismarck . . .	138,160	Bock ...	71
Bisset	... 292	Boddam	123
Bissett	... 84	Bodger	... 240,308
Bithiah	... 306	Bodkin	307
Black	33, 277	Body ...	246
Blacker	... 238	Boece ...	39
Blacklock ...	... 254	Boer ...	100
Blacksmith	... 258	Boetbius	... 89,223
Blackwater	71, 142	Boig ...	289
Blah-	... 136	Bog ...	51, 77, 239
Blake ...30,33,110,277	Bogdan	51, 77, 122
Blanc	... 30	Bogatsky	77, 122, 196
Blanch	80, 107	Bogie ...	122
Blanchard ...	... 80	Bogey	77
Blanche ...	30, 107	Bogoslav	88, 122, 295
Blancleon ...	... 205	Bogue	289
Bland	47, 102	Bohn ...	... 42, 307
Blandina . . .	... 102	BoUeau	47
Blane	30, 144	Boisson	124
Blank	... 110	Bold ...	29
! Blanket ...	... 110	Bolden	... 136,236
Blankleon ...	... 205	Bolder	214
Bias	... 31	Boleslaus	... 38, 295
Blase	... 31	Boleyn	... 169,199
Blasius	... 81	Bolingbrokf	146, 148
Blastus	... 48	Bolivar	... 218, 305
Blewe	... 158	BoUand	204
Blewett	... 153	Bolster	217
Bhnkhorn ...	... 239	Bom ...	123
Bhss	... 152	Bomgarson	... 125
BlCESUS	... 31	Bonaparte	... 55
Blois	... 31	Bonaventura ... 86
Blondell ...	... 30	Bond ...	282
Blondin	32, 72	Bondy	275
Blood	166, 245	Bone ...	307
Bloom	... 149	Bones	307
Bloomenkloof	... 150	Bonham	288
Bloomer 144	147, 187	Bonheur	.. 88,283
Bloomfield	... 129	Bonhomme	... 270
Bloomenroden	... 129	Boniface	42, 97, 217
Blott ... 47,	166, 245	Boning	42
Blount	... 30	Bonner	42,46
Blum	... 147	Bonet	42
Blumenbach	... 147	Bonomi	238
Blumenrodeu	... 129	Bonpland	... 183
Blumenstein	185, 150	Boodle	238
Blunt	... 30	Booker	65, 106, 238
Blutaxt	... 47	Bookless	238
Boadicea	... 103	Boorhaave	... 43
Boanerges	... 306	Boos ...	125
Boatman	... 250	Bootes	.. 233,289
Boatswain	... 263	Booth ...	L44, 149, 256
Boaz	59, 164	Bopis ...	81, 58, 75
Bob	... 255	Bord ...	.. 147,218

316

INDEX.

	Paa;e		Page		Page
Bortlclay	140	Boyle 30,	125, 152	Brian	... 303
Bordman	232	Boz	... 125	B riant	... 130
Borghese	139	Brabazoa ...	... 157	Briareos	... 188
Borgia	139	Brabner	... 140	Brice	... 234
Borland	232	Braby	140, 157	Bridges	... 253
Borne	147	Brabo	... 88	Bride	... 110
Borromeo	20, 73, 145	Bradbury ...	... 130	Bridges	140, 253
Boroni	73	Brabender ...	140, 157	Bridget	... 110
Bon-owman 230, 294	Brackenbury	129, 307	Bridgeton ...	139, 308
Borrows	139, 230, 294	Bracciohni	... 242	Briggs 140	253, 258
Borthwick	138, 252	Braddock ...	... 127	Brigham . . .	... 308
Borwick	lOG, 138, 147	Brad don	... 126	Bright	37, 302
Boscawen	121	Bradford ...	... 126	Brighthehn...	... 223
Bos ...	125	Bradhurst	... 126	Brimer	140, 252
Bosch	250	Bradlaugh	... 126	Brinkley	... 132
Boscher	248	Bradley	... 126	Brimley	132, 152
Boscobel	125	Braes	... 273	Brimstone ...	... 220
Bosdet	125	Bradshaw ...	... 126	Brisbane 158	253, 216
Bosh ...	... 125,177	Brady	... 40	Brisco	... 128
Bosmina	109	Brae	... 51	Brithmor ...	... 75
Boscowen	125	Braham	... 152	Britomartis	110, 188
Bosom	121	Brahmaputra	... 296	Briton	... 154
Bosquet	125	Brahmin	... 261	Brithomor ...	... 74
Boss ...	125	Braidwood	... 126	Broadfoot ...	32, 74
Bossue	48, 58, 273	Brain	... 200	Broadhead ...	... 83
Bossuet	273	Bramante	... 92	Brochie	... 30
Bost ...	125	Brammetje	... 272	Brock	... 209
Bostock	130	Bramwell ...	... 52	Brockle ...	... 146
Boston	176	Brancaleone	... 205	Brocklehurst	... 146
Boswell	125	Branchus . . .	... 92	Brodersen ...	55, 296
Bostwick	121	Brand 136,	200, 217	Brodie	... 144
Bothwell	144, 149, 155	Bran dan	... 200	Brody	... 144
Botte ...	246	Brandaur ...	216, 217	Brogan	274,276
Bottle	246	Brandubh ...	... 200	Brogger	258, 267
Bottom	141, 149, 241	Brannigan	... 200	Broglie ... 60	122, 126
BouAmeena ... 117	Brash	... 216	Broker	... 267
Bouch	106	Brant	... 273	Bromhead ...	... 149
Boucher	226	Branton	136, 273	Brontes	... 188
Boukolos	239	Braschi	... 267	Brooklands . . .	... 140
Bourbon	239	Brassey	... 258	Brooks... 14, 39,92, 142
Bousfield	129	Bravo 71,	103, 113	Broom... 149	171, 247
Bouverie	131, 239, 266	Bravura 31	103, 132	Brough	... 139
Bowd	246	Brazier 21	258, 266	Brown	273, 167
Bowden	144	Bree	29, 110	Brownell . . .	... 23
Bowell	277	Breakspear	214, 215	Brownbill ...	... 258
Bowels	277	Brebceuf	... 218	Brown smith	18, 258
Bowen	... 94, 277	Brebisson ...	... 198	Bruce	... 167
Bowers	... 144,232	Breeckenridgc	... 137	Bruff	... 139
Bowie	198	Breen	... 29	Brummagum	... 269
Bowman	... 209,239	Brennus	... 200	Brunhilda . . .	102, 172
BowteU	149	Brent.	... 23	BruneU	...23,26
Bowyer	249	Bretschineider	... 255	Bruno	... 172
Boyack	149	Brett	... 154	Brunswick ...	172, 266
Box ...	... 217,265	Bretwald ...	... 235	Brunton	... 126
Boycot	121	Brewin	... 41	Brutus... 40, 55	, 260, 300
Boyd ...	30, 34, 104	Brewer	... 237	Bryant	... 120
Boydan	51	Brewster ...	237, 285	Bryce	... 234

INDEX.

Bryses

Bryseis

Bubier

Bubulcus ...

Bucephalus...

Bucer

Buclian

Buchanan . . .

Buck

Buckett

Buckland ...

Buckmaster

Budd ... 103,

Buddha

Budge

Budgett

Buffet

Buffon

Bugby

Bugden

Bugg

Bugbed

Bugbie

Bukki(m) ...

Buist

Buisson

Bull

Bullen

BulUnger ...

BuUis

Bullock Bullstrode ...

Bulwer

Bumm

Bumpstead... Buncombe ... Bunkum Bunyan

Buon

Buonafede ...

Buonaparte...

Buonarotti ...

Buocnompagne

Burbage

Burbush

Burden

Burdett

Bui-en

Bui-ford Burgess

Burgin

Burgoyne ...

Burke

Burleigh

Burly

Burnap Burnet 146,

re I

-'> Burnham .

Burnley

Burns ...

Burrage

BurreU... .

Burrhus

Burrows

Burt ... .

Burwell

Bury ... .

Busby ... .

Busembaum

Bushell

Bushnell

Busked

Bussman .

Butcher

Butler ... .

Butt

Buttman

Button

Buttress Buxton

Buz

Byars

Byask

Bye

Byng

Byron

... 302 ... 239

... 239 74, 204

... 238

... 210

... 210

... 265

... 248

... 236

... 265

199, 236 42, 297

... 308

... 308

... 273

... 201

... 132

... 144

... 132

... 132

... 132

... 78

149, 249

... 241

... 80

169, 199

... 237

... 152 ^

... 199 Bythesea

... 199!

... 167 I Cabballero 243, 308 Cabot 125, 243 ' Cabral

... 138 'Cabrera 138 Cacodemon Cacus Caddel Caddie Cade ... Cadena Cadi ... . Cadijah Cadman Cadmus Cadogan 1' Cadwaladyr Caffarelli ., Cagnola Caius Caleb Caesar Caesarion CahiU

Cain ... . Caird

35,

278 273 273 245 ... 273 ... 245 ... 125 ... 125 ... 264 139, 262 ... 242 ... 140 ... 139 ... 155 ... 155 139, 273 180, 232 ... 232 ... 121 , 273 284

Page

, ... 147

, ... 129

.14,41, 92

... 241

Caia

Caiaphas CaiquU ... . , Caiquihus ... . 23 Cairn ey 20, 21, 25 I Cairas ... .

... 139 Caitrin nic Seain

317

Pa-je ... 102 141, 268

103

87 Caius ... 23, 26 , Cajetan ... 273 { Calcol ... 125 Calcot ... 122 Calcraft ... 125 I Caldecot 121, 125 [ Calderon 123 Caldicott

102.

103 141 134

299

182, 133 ... 140 ... 56 ... 56 ... 133 ... 56 245, 259

^ 148

125 Caldwell 238

226 Calgach 221

240 Caleb 229

236 Calhoun 228

240 Caliban 284

267 Caligula 225

236 Caliph 285

126 CaUxtus 250

125 I CaHmachus ... 226

181, 266 Callan 110

121 Calliope 187

258 Callinicus 46

286 Callister ... 223, 283

283 Callisto 81

125 Callow 263

97, 150 Galium ... 48,283 Caiman 237, 256, 283

Calton 122

Calthorp 150

Calvert ... 239, 255

Calvin 268

Calypso ... 188, 189

188 Cam bell 30

220 i Cambrensis ... I57

287 I Cambyses ... 241

Camden 144

Camerarius ... 142

. ... 808 Cameron ... 80,142

. ... 308 Camille 245

• ... 240 CamiUus 245

59, 08, 283 I Camoys 32

3, 216, 220 Campaletto ... 280

... 221 I Campbell 30

, ... 256 [Campion 216,226,244 , ... 229 iCampobasso 131,141,151 280 , Campobello ... 30

225 243 209 239 188

59, 87

... 229 Cane ... 89, 206 ' Cange ... 802 ^ Canning 220, 287 i Canmore

27, 81 Canon 245, 259 I Canova

... 229 ... 242 ... 228,279 46, 73, 227

245

149, 153, 242

318

rage

Cannon ... 227,282

Canrobert ... 255,277

Canutius 32, 50, 254 Cantaloup ... 130,174

Capel ... 225,240

Capet 48

Capino 39

Cappon ... 33, 73

Carabceuf ... 233,241

Caracalla 2"Z5

Caractacus ... 40

Caradoc 40

Carbarns 254

Carcas 201

CardweU 153

Carew 130

Carfax 150

Cargill 147

Carey 40, 134, 153, 203

Carfax

Carioli

Carl ...

Carling

Carloman

Carlos

Carlotto

Carloving

Carlowitz

Carlyle

Carmi

Carmichael

Carnac

Carnation

Carnegie

Carno

Carnot

Caro

Caroline

Carolus

Caroll

Carpenter

Carpo

Carr

Carrachioli

Carracci

Cai-rick

Carrigan

Carrion

Carron

Carruthen

Carrutbers

Carry ...

Carsheua

Carstairs

Carter

Cartwright

Cams ...

150, 254

241

... 43, 143

209

43

43, 103, 108

103

43

43

, 130

.. 78,241 28, 54

141

83

141

47

47

40

43, 103, 108 48, 103, 108

43

241

45

151

249, 280 ,.. 135,270

280

280

73

.. 71,144 123

... 143

103

38

151

242

... 241 28, 40, 134

Carvosso Casabianca 133, Casaboni Casanova ... Casaubon ...

Casca

Case

Casey

Cash

Cashan

Casbow

Casimir

Cassagnac ...

Cassander ...

Cassandra . . .

Cassels

Cassibelan ...

Cassidy

Cassiuo

Cassiope

Cassias

Cassivelauuu

Castor

Casvine

Caswallawn

Castlebar

Castelar

Castiglione

Castlereagh

Castriotto ..

Cat

Cataline

Catcbpole

Cateran

CatLal

Catharine ..

Cathcart

Cathie

Cathlin

Cathmor

Cato

Cattle

Catt ...

Cattanacli

Catulus

Caudle

Caughie

Caunt ...

Cavagnac

Cavan

Cavanagh

Cave ...

Cavour

Caw

CawUffe

Caxton

Cazimir

110,

32 132,

Pafre ... 13G 242, 271 ... 129 ... 242 ... 129 ... 103 ... 242 ... 221

74, 103 ... 279 123,132

38, 222 ... 127 ... 103 ... 103 ... 200 ... 193 ... 40 ... 242 103,10!) ... 103 193, 220 ... 103 ... 242 ... 220 ... 151 ... 130 ... 73 130, 250 ... 73 ... 221 ... 140 ... 242 ... 221 ... 287 ... 112 ... 143 ... 220 110,220 ... 75 ... 229 220, 287 ... 110 221, 281 ... 229 ... 238 ... 250 1, 47, 284 133, 151 132, 151 133, 151 174, 200 , 74, 151 225, 282 ... 282 ... 138 ... 38

	Page
Caznove	153, 242
Cazvine	... 242
Cecchi	... 31
Cecil ... 103	107, 331
Ceciha	103, 331
Censorius ...	... 47
Celestiua 103	, 113, 187
Celestiue	... 103
Cepheus	... 222
Celsus	... 140
Centgi-ave ...	... 258
Ccnwin	... 242
Ceraunus . . .	... 46
Ceres	... 183
Cervantes ...	... 29
Cervoni	... 71
Cespedes	92, 149
Cetewayo ...	... 07
Chabot	... 243
Chacemoro	124, 241
Chaceporc	... 144
Chaff	... 236
Chaffer	... 239
Chaffel	... 236
Chaffey	... 236
Chaka	07, 220
Chalcas	... 259
Chalcus	... 259
ChalUs	... 250
Challouer . . .	... 237
Chalmers ...	... 243
Cham	... 30
Chambers	... 243
Chamberlain	142, 243
Champolliou	... 130
Chancellor	... 242
Chandler ...	... 243
Chang	... 298
Changarnier	... 233
Chauuing ...	228, 279
Chantraino	... 130
Chantrey ...	... 250
Chanzy 31	-, 59, 254
Chapman ...	230, 240
Chaplin	... 246
Chardon	129,153
Charette	... 241
Charilaus ...	... 92
Charles 43,	103, 108
Charlemagne	... 43
Charlier ...	... 43
Charlotte 43,	103, 108
Charlesworth	... 43
Oharrette ...	... 241
Charron	... 242
Charteris ...	... 247
Chater	... 252

INDEX.

819

Pa^e

Chateaubriand 34, 130 Chatterton 121, 139

Chatrapa 220

Chatto ... 120,220

Chauchard ... 243

Chaucer ... 03,244 Chauviu ... 230,263, Chavah 27, 60, 101

Chedorlaoruer 65, 266 ] Cheese ... 34, 153 1 Cheevers ... 209,261;

Cheffer 239]

Chenevix 127

Cheney 127

Chenuex 127

Cheran 198

Cheery 40

Cherry ... 28,40

Cherub 00

Cherubim 66

Cherubim 66

Cheval 225

Cheyne 229

Chiara 37

Cliiarimonte ... 135

Chidon 70

Chiese ... 242,271

Chad 41

Childe 41

Childebert ... 41, 172

Childeric 41

Childs 218

Childers 14,41

Cliileab 229

Chilham 141

ChiUon 70

Chilperic 227

Chilo 299

Chiniquy 127

Chione ... 30, 110 Chisholm 127, 143, 151

Chislon 67

Chitty 41,48

Chloe 34, 114

Chlorus 30, 79, 114

Chlodowig 222

Cholmondeley ... 148

Chon 245

Chopin ... 240,250

Choragus 187

Chosroes 164

Chrestus 103

Christ ... 57, 75, 103

Christian 103

Cliristiana 103

Christie ... 104, 295 Christiern 103

	Page		I'age
Christopher	40, 219	Clonicus	220, 224
Christopolus	104, 225	Cleopas	... 37
Christos ...	104, 295	Cleopatra 52,	112, 219
Cliristy	... 104	Cleophas	... 37
Chrysaor ...	216, 217	Cleostratus ...	37, 221
Chrysaspes ...	... 204	Cleridge	... 129
Chryses	... 302	Clerk	... 244
Chryseis	... 302	Clesides	... 187
Chrysologus	56, 255	Cleveland ...	236, 26G
Chrysostom	56, 255	Clever	... 38
Chrystal	... 219	Clinton	... 130
Chrystie	... 219	Clmg	... 266
Chubb ;	53, 46, 75	Clinging	... 217
Chum	... 246	Clio	... 187
Chumly	... 148	Clisthenes ...	... 187
Chune	... 224	Clitus	... 37
Churchill ...	... 201	Clive	48, 266
Churchman...	... 250	Clodius	... 32
Chuza	... 58	Clones	... 130
Chuziah	... 58	Clontarf ...	... 230
Cicero	47, 234	Clopas	... 37
Cicereia	... 299	Clorinda	... 113
Cid	235,238	Close	... 130
Cincinnatus	... 31	Closet	... 150
Cinnamon ...	... 150	Closh	... 225
Cinqualbre ...	... 128	Clotaire	... 222
Cittadini ...	129, 139	Clothilda ...	... 172
Clack	... 38	Clotho 113	187, 237
Clanahan ...	... 279	Cloud	... 260
Clancy	... 27	Clough	48, 150
Clanricard ...	... 234	Clovis	... 222
Clara	37, 113	Clow	38, 150
Clarendon 113	129, 267	Clunie	... 130
Clanranald ...	... 235	Cluuy ... 130,	143, 280
Clarence	... 113	Clutterbuck...	... 146
Claret	... 37	Clutha	... 137
Claridge 113	129, 267	ciym	... 48.
Clarinda	37, 113	Clytus	37, 187
Clarissa	... 113	Coalmiu	... 109
Clark	... 244	Coat	... 242
Claude	... 32	Coates... 133	150, 232
Claudius	... 32	Cob	95, 274
Claussen	... 295	Cobb	... 95
Clausewitz ...	... 225	Cobbett 95	, 274, 296
Claverhouse	... 129	Cobbin	... 95
Clay	... 153	Cobden	... 144
Cleander	... 219	Cobell	... 95
Clearchus . . .	38, 294	Cobey	95, 291
Cleaver	240, 246	Cobban	... 279
Clee	... 206	Cobham	... 279
Clegg	... 33	Cobos	... 95
Cleghorn ...	... 33	Coburn	... 146
Cleland	262, 289	Coccapiella ...	... 292
Clement ...	41,43	Cochrane ...	31, 283
Cleombrotos	... 37	Cock	... 227
Cleomachus	... 220	Cockburn ...	... 146
ICleon ... 37	, 108, 136	Cocker... 112	237, 243

320

INDEX.

	Page		Page		Page
Cockerell ...	242, 243	Combe... .	. ... 138	Coparius ...	... 240
Cockshot ...	... 8G	Combkin .	. ... 283	Cope	... 257
Cocks	... 210	Commisky 1	38, 144, 2G6	Copeland ...	... 236
Cockswald ...	... 122	Commodus .	. ... 41	Copernicus ...	... 242
Cockle	9G, 2G4	Como ... .	. ... 95	Copestakes ...	130, 236
Cockswold .,.	... 123	Compton	. ... 138	Copp	... 95
Codes	... 188	Comstock .	. 130, 138	Copperfield ...	... 130
Codd	... 110	Comte ... .	245	Copperthorn	... 130
Codrus	... 90	Comyn... .	. 245,270	Copperthwaite	... 130
Cody	110, 283	Con ... .	228	Copping	95, 270
Coesar	89, 206	Conan ... .	228	Coppock	... 274
Coesarion	... 141	Concetta	.. 83,308	Copronymus	...48,98
Coe	1G9, 239	Conceit	308	Copsey	122, 130
Coecus	31, 103	Concha	83	Cor	... 287
Coevelt	137, 239	Concobhar .	.. 223, 228	Cora	... 115
Coglan	... 40	Conde ... .	245	Corax	... 200
Coeur de Lion	... 204	Conder... .	243	Corbet	... 274
Coffee	... 285	Condillac .	245	Corbett	... 200
Coffin	23G, 240	Condor	243	Corbyn	... 200
CoghiU	... 238	Condorcet .	245	Corcoran	... 27
Coghlan	... 40	Confucius .	29G	Cordelia	88, 114
Cohen	... 245	Congal... .	.. 155, 279	Cordeher ...	... 88
Coke	237, 243	Congan	.. 228,279	Corder	... 88
Coil	... 243	Conger... .	234	Cordus	... 88
Colbert	... 233	Congreve .	258	Corigan	... 246
Colbrand ...	... 14G	Conig ... .	284	Cork	... 149
Colkittoch ...	... 244	Conigsby	284	Corinna	... 115
Coldetor ...	... 199	Connal... .	.. 229, 2fiG	Coriolanus ...	... 140
Coldham	... 129	Connel... .	.. 228,229	Cormac 151	225, 282
ColdweU ...	... 238	Coohe ... .	2G3	Cornaro	... 29
Cole	225, 19G	Conmir	75	Corneille , ...	... 29
Colenzo	... 225	Connor 2	23, 224, 228	Cornehus ...	... 29
Coleridge ...	... 129	Conon ... .	.. 42, 228	Cornwall ...	... 155
Colfai	... 254	Conrad... .	255	Cornwallis ...	... 155
Colgan	... 217	Conroy... .	229	Corregio	... 149
Colet	... 225	Consedine .	44	Corry	... 246
Colette	... 225	Constable .	245	Corte	... 132
Coligny	... 275	Constance .	59,44	Cortereal ...	... 306
Colin	... 228	Constant .	.. 44,275	Cortez	... 291
Coll ... 48	19G, 221	Constantino	...30,44	Corti	... 32
Colleen Bawn	... 110	Constantinu	3 Chlorus 30	Corvus	... 200
Colleone ...	... 205	Consul... .	105	Cory	... 246
Colley	228, 245	Consueha .	.. 105,308	Corydon	... 246
CoUier	... 245	Contarina .	245	Corylus	... 128
Collings 225	270, 295	Convers	252	Corypheus ...	... 187
Collis	13G, 275	Conville	229	Cosbi, ... 4c	, 71, 305
Collop ... 129	148, 150	Conybeare .	257	Cosmo	... 31
Colley	... 288	Conyers	252	Cospatrick ...	2G3, 280
Colly	... 228	Conyhope .	126	Cossacks	... 157
Colman	245, 283	Cook ... .	247	Cosser	... 245
Colon	... 232	Coolaulin .	109	Cossus	... 254
Colquhoun ...	... 228	Cooley... .	.. 228,229	Cossutia	... 254
Colt	... 307	Coombe	138	Costa	29, 279
Columba ...	... 283	Coombes	138	Costard	... 267
Columbine ...	... 202	Cooper,	... 240	Costigan	29, 279
Columbus . . .	... 202	Coot ... .	. ... 201	Coster	... 236
Colville	... 137	Coote ... .	. ... 201	Costley	132, 152

INDEX.

321

	Page		Pase		Page
Coghie	... 240	Cree ...	34, 276, 283	Crum ... .	.. 142, 196
CostorphinellO, 136,219	Creek ...	30, 67, 227	Crumble	137
Cotby	... 232	Oreon ... .	. 104, 188	Crumlish .	142
Cotta	... 188	Cresset... .	. ... 246	Crumly	142
Cotterell ...	... 151	Cressida	. 188, 301	Crumpecker	... 137
Cotton	130, 239	Cressidas .	. 277,301	Crutchley .	. 148, 275
Cottus	... 188	Cressingham	... 129	Cuba ... .	85
Couba	... 104	Creusa 104, 188, 222	Cubina... .	. 85, 104
Coubina	85, 104	Crib ... .	. 73, 246	Cuchullin .	229
Coudereau ...	... 48	Cric ... .	. ... 227	Cuckold	123
Coulava	... 109	Cricket... .	. ... 227	Cuffe ... .	285
Coulson	271, 295	Crickett	. ... 227	Cuillean	228
Coulter	... 267	Crickitt	. ... 227	Culdee... .	262
Couper	... 240	Crickmer .	. ... 227	Cull ... .	147
Couples	... 86	Crickmore .	. ... 227	CuUen ... .	. 110, 228
Courier	... 246	Crisp ... .	. ... 31	Culloch	. 283, 285
Court	130, 291	Crispin... .	. ... 31	Culross	. ... 135
Courtney ...	... 32	Crispus	. ... 31	Culyer ... .	. ... 155
Courvoisier...	... 246	Cristoval	. ... 219	Cumara	228
Cousins	... 251	Ciito ... .	. ... 246	Cumming .	. 245, 270
Coutts	... 259	Croll ... .	. ... 264	Cumstock .	. ... 136
Covey	... 229	Crockett .	. 67, 307	Cunard	. 38, 138
Coville	... 137	Croisus... .	. ... 301	Cundle... .	. 42, 220
Cowan... 129	133, 259	Croft ... .	. ... 133	Cunliffe	. 87, 228
Coward	239, 283	Croke ... .	. 67, 240	Cunnian .	. 228, 279
Cowdray	... 127	Croker... (	7, 240, 246	Cunningham	139, 284
Cowie	169, 229	Croly ... .	. ... 31	Cupid ...	29, 33, 116
Cowley	228, 239	Crom ... .	. 142, 196	Cura ... .	292
Cowper	... 240	Crombie	71, 92	Curius ... .	. 44, 246
Cox ... 210	217, 265	Cromby	. ... 142	Curley ... .	31
Coyle ... 122	243, 280	Cromwell .	. ... 196	Curran... .	. 234, 297
Cozier	... 256	Cron ... .	. ... 33	Currant	. 133, 145
Crabbe	... 48	Crone ... .	. 33, 218	Currie ... .	. ... 246
Cracknel! ...	... 237	Cronhelm .	. ... 223	Currier	. ... 246
Crackstone ...	... 135	Crook ... .	. ... 247	Curry ... .	. ... 246
Cradock	... 40	Crookes	57, 58, 307	Curthose	. ... 32
Craib	... 48	Crookshanks	... 32	Curtin ... .	307
Cramer	... 265	Crop ... .	. ... 266	Curtis ...	41, 47, 240
Crane	... 202	Cropley		Curtius	59
Crann	... 279	Crosier... .	". '.■.". 257	Curzon... .	128
Crannage ...	123, 279	Cross ... .	. 82, 264	Cush ...	33, 64, 160
Crannatch ...	123, 124	Crossan	. 246,274	Cusham	. ... 64
Crassus	... 47	Crosson	. ... 279	Cushi ... .	64
Craig	289, 135	Crossby	. 148,275	Cushman .	237
Craik	... 30	Crosse ... .	. ... 82	Cusin ... .	229
Cramb	... 142	Crosskey	. 246,291	Custance	.. 130, 236
Cranaus	... 188	Crossley	. 148, 275	Cutbrush .	130
Cranmer ...	202, 288	Crouch... .	. ... 82	Cutbush .	.. 122, 130
Cranston ...	202, 288	Crowder	. ... 253	Cuthbert .	255
Crantz	... 218	Crow ... .	. ... 200	Cuvier ... .	240
Crassus	... 47	Crowther .	. ... 253	Cyamitas .	.. 234, 307
Crateus	... 28	Croy ... .	. ... 283	Cybele... .	186
Craven	... 239	Croyland .	. ... 200	Cybiosactes .	46
Crawford ...	140, 200	Crozier	257	Cyclops	188
Crasham ...	... 125	Cruciger	148	Cynegirus .	243
Cream	... 85	Cruden... .	157	Cynosura .	230
Crebillon ... 22	73, 246	Cruickshank	s ... 32	Cypselus	221

322

INDEX.

	Page		Page		Page
Cyr ...	85	Dampierre .	. ... 96	De Antonio	... 272
Cyria ... .	.. 235, 115	Damsel	. ... 114	Dearie	... 275
Cyrenius	214	Dan ... .	. 53, 104	Dearlove 93, 97, 117
Cjriacus	85	Dana ... .	. ... 157	Deas	38,146
CyriU ...	85	Danby	. ... 157	Death	... 139
Cyrus ... 203,235,260	Dancer	. ... 87	Debir	... 56
Cytheris	253	Dancy	. ... 87	Debonaire ...	42,47
Cythceron	253	Dandle	. ... 29	Dehor	... 104
Czar ...	96	Dando	. ... 275	Deborah ...	56, 104
Czarina	293	D'Andy	. ... 34	Debuke	... 120
Czarowitz	293	Dandy	. 34, 275	Decayes	... 133
Czentivenny	... 94	Danger	. ... 130	De Chair ...	... 151
		D'Angerfield	... 152	Decimus	... 91
Dabbs	242	Daniel	. ... 53	Decius	... 91
Dabney	92	Daniels	. ... 53	Deck	... 256
Dacier	259	Danskin	. ... 157	Decker	... 256
Dacobi	95	Dante	. ... 275	Dedan	... 64
Dacre ... .	143	Danton	. 272,275	Dee 33,45,190	224, 263
Dacroy	127	Danvers	. ... 140	Deeks	207, 234
Dad ...	93	Danville .	. ... 93	Deer'	... 179
Dadman	239	Daoud	. ... 92	Deerfoot	... 22
Daedalus	42	Daphne	. ... 128	De Foe 238,	275, 301
Daffin ...	37	Dar	. 96, 247	Defraine	... 121
Daffy ...	92	Dara ... .	. ... 127	Deguignes ....	... 128
Daft ...	33	Darach	. ... 76	D'Israeli ...	... 275
Dag ...	70	Darby	. ... 148	Deitch	... 161
Dagbrod	157	Dar da	. ... 56	Deitrichessen	... 295
Dagfin	37	Darg ... .	. ... 243	Deity	... 76
Dagmar	157	Darling	28, 38, 93	Dejoces	191, 207
Dago ...	86	Damcombe	... 285	De la Bost	... 149
Dagobert	.. 86,168	Damley 33,	39, 190, 285	De la Croix	... 275
Dagon	195	Darrach ''	re, 127, 281	De la^Faye	... 126
Daguerre	213	Darwin	. ... 38	De la Field	133, 143
Dakin	92	Dasa	. ... 261	De la Fontaine	... 241
Dakins	272	Dashwood	... 121	De la Hay ...	... 143
Dalbeth	149	Daspodius	32, 74	De la Marche	... 275
Dalby	.. 143,163	Dass ... .	. ... 261	De la Motte	... 134
Dale ...	.. 143, 151	Dathan	. ... 62	De la Place	152, 206
Dalhousie	138	D'Aubigne	... 92	De la Pole	... 48
Dalkeith	143	Daughter .	. ... 295	Delaport	152, 206
Dallas	138	Dauncy	. ... 87	De la Roche	... 136
Dallinger	86	Dauney	. 121,128	De la Rovere	121,127
Dairy	143	Dawe	. ... 92	DelaRue ...	266, 275
Dalrvmple	143	Dawes	. ... 92	De la Vega	... 133
Dalton ]	26, 137, 143	Dawkins	. ... 272	Delcambre	... 243
Darn ...	33	Dawson	. ... 92	Delescluse ...	... 145
Dalziel	143	David ...	54, 59, 92	Deluc	... 275
Dana ...	.. 33,114	Davidoff .	. ... 92	Delcombre ...	... 243
Damaris	47, 200, 247	Davie ... .	. ... 92	De Lolme ...	... 127
Damaspa	200	Davies	. ... 92	Do las Penas	... 88
Dame ...	.. 114,115	Davitt	. 92, 272	Delaunnay	... 260
Damian	84, 115, 252	Davoust	. ... 98	Delaware ...	... 275
Damo	246	Davy ... .	. ... 92	Delfino	... 210
Damocles	37	Day ... 2	33, 247, 291	De Lhuys ...	... 145
Damon	.. 37,246	Deacre	. ... 143	De Ligny ...	... 125
DaiDper	96	Deakins	. ... 272	Delilah	112, 243
Dampier	.. J.. 96	Deane	. ... 144	Dellar	... 241

		INDEX			32a
	Page		Page		Page
Delmonico ...	251,275	Devin	... 152	Dionysius ...	... 183
Delong	... 35	Devine	... 152	Diophantus	... 254
Delphino	... 210	DevUn	98, 114	Dios ... 76,	104, 183
Deluc	... 275	Dewar	250, 275	Dioscorides	184, 303
Demas	... 222	De Warrenue	... 248	Dioscuri	77, 184
De Mattos	199, 275	Dewberry ...	... 139	Diotrephes	... 183
Dembinski	... 122	Dewburst ...	... 126	Diphilus	... 40
Demeter	... 183	De Winton	... 143	Dirk Willemzoon 295
Demetrius	183, 222	De Witt ...	98, 125	Dis	... 183
Demidoff ...	... 294	De Worms ...	... 140	Disbmy	140, 153
Democbares	... 92	Dbas	... 261	Discalzeado	24, 264
Demogorgon	... 188	Dbu 33, 227,	262, 285	Dishan	209, 210
Demon	... 99	Dia	... 77	Dishon	... 209
Demonico ...	... 99	Diable	... 51	Ditchen	... 152
De Monti ...	... 134	Diablo	51,105	Ditmarsh ...	... 161
Demosthenes	188, 222	Diabolos	51, 203	Dittmar ...	... 161
Dempster	247, 291	Diack	... 234	Diva	104, 183
Dencbfield	... 157	Diamond	... 134	Diver	... 33
Denfortb ...	... 157	Diana ... 104,	184, 192	Dives	... 183
Denman 128	138, 144	Diavolo	... 203	Divorty	149, 150
Denmark ...	157, 161	Diaz	95, 290	Divus	104, 183
Dennis	183, 268	Dibble	... 235	Dix	... 289
Dennison ...	... 268	Dibden	... 33	Dixie	153, 289
Dennistoun	... 268	Dice	42, 186	Dixon	234, 289
Denny	... 144	Dicearcbus	... 42	Djuleep	... 153
Denovan	133,142	Dick	118,234	Dobbie	... 255
Dent	... 157	Dickens	... 234	Dobler	... 240
Dentatus	... 87	Dickerman	... 236	Dobroslav ...	... 38
Denton	... 157	Dickson	... 289	Dobyn	... 255
Deocbarns ...	... 54	Diderot 39, 92, 274	Docharty ...	... 128
Deodanda ...	115,235	Didier	... 92	Dodai(m) ...	... 78
D'Eremao	... 275	Dido	59,78,94	Dodd	195, 235
Derby	... 148	Didymus	... 86	DoddreU ...	... 235
Derrick	76, 234	Dieckmann	... 136	Doddridge ...	137,195
Derringer ...	... 76	Diego	95,290	Dodds 98	,222,235
De Ruyter 271	, 275, 283	Dierkhoff ...	... 294	Dodge	... 229
Derwentwater	... 47	Dietz	... 235	Dodman	... 239
Desais	... 148	Dieu	... 76	Doeg	195,243
De Sanctis	... 238	Digby	... 136	Doig ... 75	, 229, 239
De Santos ...	275, 302	Diggles	... 153	^oge	... 248
De Saulcy ...	... 128	Dignum	... 93	Dogfin	... 37
Descartes ...	... 247	Dilk	40, 92	Doggart	... 229
Desdemona	... 188	DHke	... 198	Doggett ...	229
Desiderius 3£	, 235, 274	DUkie	40,92	DolabeUa ..	!!*. 226
Desmond ...	... 143	DiUon	74,92	Dole	... 283
Desmoiilins...	... 252	DUly	... 92	Dolgoruky	... 33
Desormeaux	... 121	Dimitri	... 183	Dolliner	... 143
De Soto ...	... 266	Dimmock ...	... 127	Dollmger ...	... 86
Desperdicios	... 290	Dinah	... 104	DoUy ... 11"	, 235, 274
Despot	... 235	Dingle	... 144	Dolor	43, 305
Despotes ...	... 235	Dio	76,77	Dolores	84, 117
De Triana ...	... 143	Diocletian ...	... 183	Dom	... 247
Detroit	... 143	Diogenes 183	, 302, 304	Dombrowsky	... 121
Deucbar	... 250	Diomedes ...	... 226	1 Domhnuallocb	... 281
Deus	70,77	Dion	183, 302	Domina	... 101
Deutscli ...	... 161	Dion Cassius	... 292	Dominie	... 85
Devil	... 51	iDione ... 10^	[, 184, 303	Dominiquez	... 290

324

INDEX.

Dominus 101	Page , 247, 303	Drew ...	Page ... 264, 284	Duncan	Page .. 227,303
Domitian . . .	200, 247	Dreyfuss	173	Duncanson	... 287
Don	94,101	Drinan	122	Duncombe	... 138
Donaghue ...	... 227	Driog	159	Duncy	. ... 87
Donald	... 45	Drinkwater	47, 72, 73	Dundee	133
Donald Bain	... 30	Driscoll	40	Dumville .	. ... 137
Donaldson	... 272	Drood	284	Dundas	134
Donatello ...	... 247	Drouin	... 44,145	Dundonald	... 45
Donavan	... 133	Drudge	242	Dunlop	. ... 134
D'Ondes ...	... 97	Dnigan	... 264,276	Dunmure .	. ... 288
Donegan	272, 279	Druid	... 124,125	Dunn ...	33, 227, 279
Douizetti ...	247, 274	Druiif	... 264,276	Dunois	128
Don Juan ...	94, 247	DrusiUa	104	Dunoyer	. ... 126
Donovan 133	227, 280	Drusus	104	Duns Scotus	... 160
Donna	... 101	Dryander	... 12!, 127	Dunville	. ... 371
Donner	... 89	Dryburgh	... 139,149	Dupin	. 128, 277
Donkin	... 272	Dryden	... 72,144	Duns ... .	157
Don Pedro ...	... 247	Dualde	48, 149, 266	Dunstan	. ... 170
Doo	... 33	Duarte	224	Dunstone .	. ... 170
Dora	... 117	Dubarry	... 139,151	Dupanloup	... 175
Dorcas 104	109, 202	Duberry	151	Dupre	. 145, 279
Dorman	... 236	Dubbs	242	Duquesne .	. ... 127
Dormer 121	128, 236	Dubois	125	Durant	. 229,275
Domer	... 128	Dubuke	126	Durante	. 229, 275
Dorokoff ...	... 293	Duchesne	127	Durley	. 72, 132
Dorothy	115,235	Du Cange	... 135,242	Duroc	. ... 136
Dorritt	... 274	Dueardonnet ... 129	Durocque .	. ... 136
D'Orsay ...	... 235	Duce ...	... 220, 248	Durward	. 60, 236
D'Orsey ...	204, 235	Duck ...	... 220,248	Dust ... .	. ... 123
Doryclus	... 215	Duckett	... 220,248	Duval	. ... 143
Doubleday	... 86	Dudgeon	... 168,216	D wight	. ... 275
Doubles	... 86	Duenna	101	Dwyer	. ... 33
Douce	220, 248	Duessa	117	Dyball C	8, 224, 234
Doucherty	... 128	DufaiUy	... 126,127	Dyce ... .	. ... 38
Dougan	... 227	Dufoy	... 126,127	Dyer ... .	. ... 256
Doughty ...	... 29	Duff ...	33, 190, 262	Dykes	. ... 136
Douglas	142, 147	Dufferin	142	Dymond	. ... 134
Douglass	... 71	Duffus	... 149,155	Dymont	. ... 134
DouU	... 33	Duffy	... 33,227	Dyson	98, 271
Doutremer	... 266	Dufraine	121	Dzohara	. 106, 157
Dove ... 33	227, 262	Dufresnoy	126
Dow 33, 45	227, 262	Dugald	33, 155, 227	E'anthropos	... 100
DowaU ...	... 33	Dugall	155	Eachran .	. 225, 161
Dowl	33, 155	Duggan	279	Ead ... .	. .. 107
Dowd	... 66	Duguid 42,	46, 123, 217	Eaden ... .	. ... 144
Dowds	66,215	Duguignes	128	Eadie ... .	. ... Ill
DoweU	... 155	Du Halde	48, 149, 266	Eagles ... .	. ... 152
Dowlat	... 221	Duilius	261	Eaglesham .	. ... 152
Downie	... 85	Duke	208, 220, 247	Earl ... .	. 202, 248
D'Oyle Drabble ...	... 159	Dulcibella	118	Early ... .	. 59, 248
... 233	Dulcinea	118	Easel ... .	. ... 239
Draco	... 207	Dulong	139	Easter... .	. ... 184
Dragoman	... 251	Dumah	47,70	Easton... .	. ... 137
Draper	... 267	Dumas	127	Eastwood .	. ... 307
Drayton	139,149	Dumesnil	136	Easy ... .	. ... 60
Dred	... 57	Dumnorix	... 226	Eaton ... .	. ... 138
Dredge	... 249	Dunbar	137	Ebba ... .	. ... 102

INDEX.

325

Page		rage
Ebed 260	Eleorn ...	.. 267,180
Ebedmelech ... 260	Eldad ...	93
Eben-Daoud ... 92	Elder ...	234
Ebenezer 53, 66, 165	Eleanor	36
Eber 64	Electra	... 36,189
Eccles 152, 153, 235	Eleutherius	... 269
Ecliegan ... 278, 279	Elf ...	... 75,255
Echius 76, 301	Elfreda	... 102,115
Eck ... 67, 127, 301	El Gebar	28
Eckhardt 44	Elger ...	213
Eckius 76,127	Elgin ...	171
Eclecta 115	Elgiva	... 102,115
Ecolampadius 75,96, 292	Elgol ...	200
Ed 107	Eliab ...	52
Edart 224	Eliah ...	52, 206, 306
Edden 44	Eliakim	54
Eddeen 44	Eliam ...	56
Eddy 43	Elias ...	54
Eden 144, 159	Eliezer	53
Edison 271	Eligius	57,40
Edith 58, 107	EUhu	52,54
Edgar 107, 214	Elijah	54
Edge 121	Elimelech	55
Edgecomb 121	Elioeni (m)	... 78
Edgewood 121, 122, 152	EUphal	53
Edgiva 115	EUsha	53,54
Edipus 32	Elishamali	... 81
EdHn 41,270	Elisheba	53
Edmonds ... 223,227	EUseus	54
Edmund 223	EHsie	53
Edom ... 44, 159, 254	Elissa	118
Edouart 224	Ehza ...	... 53,108
Edward 224	EUzabeth	... 53,108
Edwards 272	EUzur	55
Edwin 224	EUen ...	36, 107, 132
Eels 152	Ellenwood	122
Eekhout ... 121,149	ElHs ...	54, 272, 274
Effie 114	ElHott ...	54,113,274
Egan 278, 280	EUiston	54
Egar 172	Ellwood	122
Egbert 172	Elmo ...	222
Egede 261	El Mudo	35
Eggleston 152	Elnathan	77
Eggs 152	EloaU ...	64
EghmUy 225	Eloliim	56,64
Eglah 200	Elon ...	67
EgUn 171	Eloysius	40
Eglon ... 62, 71, 200	Elpidias	93
Egon 239	Elpis	55,93
Egremont ... 134, 158	Elsie ...	... 53,108
Ehud 54	El Tato	41
Einstein 149	Elymas	... 90,264
Eirineach 282	Elzabad	97
Ekin 272	Elze ...	294
El 56, 64	EiTia,Tiuel	67
Elam ... 90, 67, 171	Embla	179
Elazarus 53	Emigdio	84

Page

EmilianuB 299

Emily ... 102, 233

Emir 260

Emir al Omiali 53, 260 Emly ... 96,113,225

Emma ...	99,72,102
Emmanuel	... 67
Emmery	. ... 233
Emmet	. 99,113
Emmings .	. ... 217
Emmons 134, 137, 150
Emmor	22, 25
Empedocles	... 37
Encke	. 203, 225
Enclos	. ... 130
Endymion .	303
Eneas	45
Enfant	278
Engelmau .	. ... 222
Engels	149
EngUsch	157
Engstrom .	.. 134,148
Ennius	91
Ennan	289
Enoch ...	59, 67, 238
Enosh ... .	28
Enriquez .	290
Enshaw	125
Ensor ... .	125
Eoster ...	76,81,184
Epaminondas ... 301
Epamnon .	.. 270,301
Epaphras .	182
Epenetus .	54
Epeus	225
Epicurus	223
Epigoni	301
Epimanes .	46
Epiphanius	46, 81
Ephraim .	68
Ephrem Syi	us ... 160
Ephron	.. 71, 104
Episcopius	... 308
Episcopus .	308
Epje ... .	272
Epps ...	108
Epsom	102
Epsy ...	118
Erasmus	.. 38, 182
Erastus	59
Erato ...	38, 187, 182
Eratosthenes 182, 187
Erchenbold	... 222
Ercole	37, 182, 212
Erebus	.. 05,200
Eric ...	234
Erigena	.. 157,282

326

INDEX.

	age		Page
Erigone	. ... 301	Euler ...	240
Erinnys	18, 25	Eumens	.. 41,301
Eris ... .	18,25	Eumenides	41, 301
Ermete	. ... 264	Eumerus	43
Erne ... .	. 104, 201	Eunice	.. 115,224
Ernest	. ... 201	Eunicius	224
Eros ... .	. 132, 183	Enuomia	186
Erythra	. ... 25	Euodia	115
Erytbras .	. ... 18	Eupator	42
Esau ... .	71,78	Euphemia	112
Escombe	. ... 138	Euphemius	... 60
Eschol ... .	.78,45,58	Euphrastus	... 255
Esculapius .	188	Eupbrosyne	186, 224
Esdras ...	78, 53, 223	Eupolemos	224, 226
Esbbael	. ... 192	Euripides .	.. 188, 302 1
Esbton... .	100	Europa	.. 31,188,
Esihiian	. ... 239	Euryale	188 i
Esmeralda .	. ... 112	Eurynome .	.. 188,235
Esop ... .	. ... 15	Eusebes	238
Espagnac .	. ... 275	Eusebius 104, 114, 302 !
Espe ... .	. ... 214	Eustace	44
Espie ... .	. ... 214	Eustachius	... 44
Espon ... .	. ... 214	Eutaxia	31
Esquire	. 224, 261	Euterpe	187
Espartero .	. ... 247	Eutropius .	187
Esra ... .	. ... 223	Eutycbus	43,58,221
Esserbaddon	... 194	Eva ... .	27,60
Essip ... .	. ... 152	Evan ... .	277
Esteban	. ... 218	Evander	42,76
Estelle	. ... 184	Evangel	113
Esterbazy .	. ... 126	Evangeline	... 113
Estia ... .	. ... 184	Evans	94
Esther	. 116,184	Eve ...	27, 60, 114
Ethel ... .	. 41,102	Eveletb .	152
Etbelbert .	. ... 37	Evelyn	114
Ethelburg .	. ... 104	Everard	200
Ethelburga	... 104	Everett	200
Ethelgiva .	. ... 102	Evergetes .	46
Ethelred .	. 41,255	Every ... .	206
Ethelrida .	. ... 41	Evii-chomi .	lUV
Etbelwald .	. ... 122	Evippus	203 >
Etbelwood	... 122	Evremond	... 135}
Ethron	. ... 104	Ewart	2061
Ettie ... .	. ... Ill	EweU	280;
Etty ... .	. ... Ill	Ewing	280
Eubulus	. 56, 255	Excellency	90, 202
Eucbaris .	. ... 112	Exiguus	47!
Eucleos	. 38, 302	Eyck ... .	301
Euclid	. 38, 302	Eynion	278]
Eudes	. ... 226	Eyre ... .	284;
Euergetes .	42,46	Ezer ... .	53,78
Eugene	. ... 167	Ezra ...	78, 165, 223
Eugenie	. 134,167	Ezri ... .	78
Euing	. ... 280	Ezbon	71
Eulalia	. ... 112
Eule ... .	. ... 201	Faber ... .	. ... 241
Eulenbui-g	... 201	Fabius ... .	. ... 245

	Page
Fabricius ...	... 241
Faddom	... 93
Fader	... 72
Fadladeen ...	... 44
Fadyan	137, 227
Faing	... 32
Fairbairn . . .	... 87
Fairbrass ...	... 259
Fairbrother...	88, 252
Faircliilds . . .	... 87
Fau-cloth ...	149, 150
Fail-fax	... 254
Fau-head ...	... 152
Faiers	... 87
Fairservice ...	... 233
Faith	75, 122
Falconer	... 249
Falk	.. 125
Falkenstein	125, 135
Falkland ...	125, 236
Fall	... 136
FaUon	... 38
FaUas	... 138
Falsbaw	... 149
Falstaff ...	... 214
Farefoot	... 264
Farie	... 259
Farm	232
Farmer	... 232
Farthing	... 153
Farnworth ...	... 149
Fancomb ...	... 138
Fancy	... 189
Fane	32, 152
Faneuil	... 152
Fanny	... 109
Fanshaw . . .	125, 126
Farina	... 253
Farnie	... 491
Farnworth ...	129, 149
Farr	... 248
Farragut	... 248
Farrant	... 248
Farrar	239, 248
Fan-en	... 248
Farquhar ...	... 29
Fates	... J87
Father	72, 252
Fatican	... 227
Faucheur ...	... 234
Faulds	129, 130
Faunt ... 52	241,278
Fauntleroy...41,52, 276
Faunus	... 18i;
Faust	... 43
Faustina 43	104, ]00
Faustulus ...	48, 272

INDEX.

327

Faustus Favel .. Favre... Fawcett Fearghal

Page

43, 104 ... 34 ... 241 ... 170 29

Featherstonehaugh 138

Feely

Feeny ...

Felicia...

Felicula

Feliculus

Felippa

Felix ...

45

40,47

43, 58, 104

104

104, 110, 111

106

...43,83,221

FeU

Fellows

Felsberg

Felton ..

Fenian..

Fenner..

Fennimore .

Fenwick

Feodrovitch

Ferdinand .

Fergus ...

Ferishta

Fern ...

Fernandez .

Ferney... .

Ferondi

Ferracino .

Ferrand

Ferrar ... .

Ferrari... .

Ferrars

Fei-retti

Ferrie ...

Feny ... .

Festus ...

Fetcham

Fe vre . . .

Few

Ffoulks

Fiacre ...

Flamingo

Fianzuola

Fichte ...

Fiddaman

Fiddes ...

Fidler ...

Fidelia...

Fidelius

Fidus ...

Fie

Fife ...

Field ...

Fields ...

Fieldsmith

43, 48, 135, 149

246

137

129, 139, 289 257, 122, 243

257

... 122 150, 288 ... 293 ... 45 29,74 ... 221 ... 247 ... 45 ... ... 149

292

259

259

29

259

259

259

29

41

43, 83, 272

129

308

122, 278, 280

235

201

157

143

128

... 39, 123

123

177

... 112,273

53

102

285

... 158, 253 ... 129, 136

153

258

Figaro ...

Figuerola

Filatrice

Fillan ...

Filkin ...

Filmer...

Filmore

Filomel

Filomena

Filshill...

Finach...

Finch ...

Findlater

Finigan

Finiguei-ra

Finella

Fingal...

Finguerola

Finlay . . .

Finlayson

Finn ...

Finnach

Finney...

Finnigan

Finette...

Finnon

Firdusi...

FirgQ ...

Firmius

Fisher ...

Fisk ...

Fitch ...

Fitts ...

Fitz -James

Fitz-John

Fitzroy . . .

Fiveash

Flaccus

Flack

Flambard ...t Flamestead . . . Flamstead ... Flamsteed ... Flamina Flamtuius . . .

Flan

Flanders Flanegan ...

Flann

Flanner Flatman

Flatt

Flattery

Flavel

Flavia...

Flavins

Flasman

Page

128!

2921

... 187, 113

174

204

... 73, 204

204

187

118

45

281

203

136

72, 279, 286

228

136

227, 279, 282

228

283

283

133

286

148

.. 279, 281

108

282

144

,., 29,155

190

243

243

234

123

294, 290

94

52, 276, 294

, 121

34

.. 34,277 ..56, 67, 226

137

157

203

110

245 .'..17,20,279

157

... 27, 279

87

237

249

131

40

34

104, 117, 176

22, 34, 227

244

Fleming Flemming Fletcher Flett ... Fleury ... Flindt ... Flinn ... Flint ... Flobert Flood ... Flora ... Florence Florimel Florus ... Flourens Flowers Floyd ... Fluellen Flugel ...

Fo

Fogarty

Fogg '...

Foggo ...

Foister...

FoU ...

Folks, ...

Folkhaidt

FoUet ...

FoUey ...

Folh ...

FoUy ...

Foly ...

Fontaine

Fontarive

Fontinelle

Fontleroy

Fonvielle

Foote ...

Foothead

Forbes ...

Forbie ...

Ford ...

Fordham

Fordyce

Foreman

Forgeur

Forgie

Forlong

Formosa

Formosus,

Fomarius

Foixest

Forrester

Forsyth

Fortescue

Fortuna

Fortunatus

Page

57, 157, 260

260

249

74

81

170

... 27,170

170

38

... 48, 140 48, 114, 187

48, 81, 187

118

... 148,187 ... 48,76,81

76

277

277

... 220 ... 42

30

... 133, 152 ... 133, 152

248

43, 149, 266 ... 222, 235 ... 188, 222

43

... 43, 266 276

43, 48, 149

149

274

... 143, 147

274

... 52, 276

130

131, 144, 246 ... 144, 151 ... 29, 188 29 ... 139, 148 ... 139, 147

29, 38, 129 ... 251, 286

258

... 29, 272 ... 35, 249 ... 116, 189 104, 113, 154 ...20, 25, 237 60, 126, 248

248

29 ... 224, 261 60

60, 83, 221

328

INDEX.

	Pa?e			Page		Page
Foscani	...19,25	Friedman		... 45	GaUagher ...	... 155
Foscai-i	... 25	Frigga ...	168	172, 180	GaUety ... 33	, 132, 246
Foscaro	...19,25	Frisby ...	...	... 157	Galliardi ...	28, 43
Foscoli	... 33	Fritb ...		... 122	GalUe	... 155
Fosetta	... 172	Fritbestan		138, 158	Gallio	92, 188
Foskett	... 123	Fritz ...		... 41	GalLnandona	... 110
Foss	... 308	Frizzle...	...	... 41	Gallocber ...	155
Foster ... 92	, 188, 248	Frobisber	23	249, 258	Galloway ...	123, 155
Fother	... 269	Frodobert	...	... 38	GaUows	... 144
Fothergill ...	147, 2G9	Froissard		... 253	GaUyon 92	,155,279
Fotheringbam	... 209	Froissart		... 93	Galpin	177, 206
Fouche	206, 235	Fromant		... 239	Gait	... 155
Foulis	48, 125	Fronto...		... 33	Gam	30,58
Fountain ...	... 274	Froscbammer	... 243	Game	... 30
FoweU	... 277	Fronde...		38, 42	Gammer 101,	202, 280
Fowler	... 253	Fry ...		... 43	GamaUi ...	... 78
Fowne	... 152	Fudle Allal		... 99	Gamaliel ...	... 57
Fox ... 177	206, 308	FuesH ...		33, 206	Gambetta ...	... 93
Fozier	... 170	Fuljambe		249, 286	Gamgee 295,	296, 304
Fra	117, 264	Fullalove	...	... 153	Gangadasa ...	... 261
Frame	... 307	Fullbrooke		... 146	Gange	... 295
Francia	... 82	FuUer ...		... 249	Gans	... 201
Frances	... 109	Fulton...		... 130	Ganymede 189,	209, 289
Francicello ...	... 109	Fulvia ...		104, 117	Gaol	... 133
Francis 108,	156, 251	Fulvius	...	... 104	Gaolnandona	... 130
Francisco . . .	... 109	Furioso		... 219	Garbett	... 214
Francombe ...	... 138	Furlong		... 249	Garcilasso ...	... 214
Franconi	... 75	Furnival		... 149	Garcon	... 263
Frangipani ...	... 257	Furcb ...		... 206	Gardiner	... 233
Frankenstein	... 149	Fuseli ...		... 33	Gardner	... 233
Franklin ...	232, 277	Fuss ...		32, 95	Gareb	... 35
Fraser	129, 246	Fust ...		... 43	Garfield ...	... 129
Frater	117, 262	Futber Eddeen	... 44	Garibaldi . . .	39,214
Fraulein	43, 114	Fyfe ...		... 253	GarUc	... 214
Frazer	... 246				Garner	... 233
Fredelinda ...	... 112	Gabalus	...	194, 294	Garnet	39, 214
Frederick 4C	, 56, 227	Gabbai...	...	... 256	Garrat	... 214
Free	85, 117	Gabriel		...28,87	Garrick	... 65
Freedman ...	... 45	Gad ...	83,	221, 219	Garriocb 135	236, 288
Freehouse ...	... 125	Gadsby	44,	185, 285	Garry	135, 233
Freeman 1."	, 68, 232	Gael ...		... 243	Garryowen ...	... 233
Freeman tie...	239, 233	Gaflfer ...	47,	101, 104	Garscadden	... 133
Freemont ...	... 168	Gage ...		222, 242	Gartb	... 133
Freischutz ...	... 114	Gains ...		182, 183	Gartbsbore	... 133
Frere	... 264	Galal ...		... 92	Garvey	... 213
Frejur	... 141	Galatea	...	188, 288	Garvon	... 133
Fi-eville	... 121	Galava...	...	... 109	Gascoigne ...	... 156
Frew ... 43, 45, 2G9	Galba ...	62,71,200	Gaskin	... 156
Freya	168, 172	Galbraitb		... 262	Gasparde ...	... 82
Freyer	... 168	Galentine		... 28	Gasper	... 82
Freyhoffer ...	... 232	Gales ...		57, 155	Gass	... 103
Freymont ...	... 168	Galgacus	...	... 221	Gaston	37, 156
Freymuth ...	... 108	Galletly		60, 107	Gates	185, 236
Freytag	85, 167	GalUlei		... 291	Gatling	... 44
Freywood ...	... 168	Gallileo		... 291	Gattina	99, 104
Friar	117, 204	Gall ...	155	, 196, 298	Gatty	... 99
Friday	85,89	Gallacber		92, 298	Gau	... 307

INDEX.

.329

Gault	... 155	Gibson
Gaunt	... 284	Gideon...
Gautrey	... 167	Giffard...
Gavazzi	... 31	Gilbert
Gavigan	... 285	Gilchrist
Gay	...28,43	Gildas ...
Gaylor	50, 59, 237	Gilderoy
Gebar	...28,87	Gildhelm
Gebbie	28, 272	Giles ...
Geddes	... 243	Gilfather
Gee	289, 281	Gilfeatber
Gehanguire	... 24	Gilfillan
Gehazi (m)	54,58,79	Gilkinson
Gelasius	31,262	Gilkisson
Geldart	... 262	Gill ...
Gelee	... 31	Gillan
Gemalli (m) 73, 183, 19G	Gillander
Gemmell	... 86	Gillespie
Genevieve ..	... 110	Gilleroy
Genaro	... 85	Gillevroy
Genseric	... 201	Gillibred
Geoch	... 288	GilUe ...
Gentleman	98, 299	Gillies
Geoffrey	... 168	Gilligan
George	74, 233	Gilliland
Gentil	... 29	Gillis ...
Gentles	... 98	Gillon ...
Georgina	... 104	GiUot ...
Georgius	... 104	Gilmaii-
Gera	... 265	Gilmer...
Gerard	38, 214	Gilmour
German	... 214	Gilpin ...
Gerold	... 214	Gilroy ...
Geron	... 202	Gilson ...
Geronimo ...	181, 260	Gimson
Gerram	... 214	Gingle ...
Gersbom	155, 265	Gingoulph
Gerstein	... 213	Giunethon
Gertrude	... 214	Giocondo
Gervas	... 222	Gionone
Geryon 18	r, 202, 267	Giordano
Geta	... 156	Giorgo
Gettings	173, 270	Giorgone
Gbirlandis ...	... 249	Giotto
Giacomo	... 95	Giovanetti
Gianantonio	... 94	Giovanni
Gianbatista	... 93	Gipp ...
Gianbiancbi	... 93	Gipps ...
Giancarlo . . .	... 291	Giradin
Gianfigliazzi	94, 292	Giraldi
Gianna	... 94	Giraldus
Giannakes ...	... 94	Girlandus
Gianone	... 93	Girling...
Gibb	... 288	Girolamo
Gibbar	... 28	Gissela...
Gibbon	222, 288	Gisselda
Gibbs	... 288	Gladstein
23

222,

222,

271, 288 ... 71 ... 52 262, 288 104, 262 ... 262

260, 262 ... 170

261, 262 ... 147 ... 147

262, 174 ... 76 ... 76 108,147 ... 262 ... 262 ... 252

... 262 ... 262 ... 262 ... 279 ... 147

31,262 262, 263 ... 274 ... 262 ... 262 ... 262 ... 222 ... 262 271, 279

95, 271 ... 250 ... 174

71,233 ... 43 ... 93 ... 92 ... 73

73,233

86, 274 ... 93 ... 93 . ... 222 ... 222 ... 214 ... 214 ... 157 ... 249 ... 249 181, 260

108 113 125

	Page
Gladstone ..	39, 125
Gladuse	... 32
Glancy	... 27
GlanviUe ..	... 127
Glander ..	... 236
Glanders ..	... 127
Glares	... 43
Glashier	... 258

Glass ... 31, 142, 274

Glasse 227

Glassford 227

Glasspole 142, 152, 242

Glasscock 274

Glashan ... 142, 146

Glaucus 31

Glaukopis ... 31,109

Glaukus 109

Glendinning ... 143

Glenfield 127

Glengany ... 288

Gliddon ... 125,135

Gloriosa 84

Gluck ... 43,58,221

Glycera 238

Gnatho 92

Gnatus 261

God ... 75, 76, 77

Goda 76

Godard 76

Godfrey 84, 107, 115

Godfrith 107

Godiva 76, 96, 115

Godman 76

Godolphin 176

Godsell 260

Godshall 260

Godwin 224

Goes 201

Goethe 156

Goff 259

Goggle 142

Gold 40

Goldeustrom ... 148

Goldie 93

Golding 93

Goldschmid ... 258

Goldsmid 258

Goldsmith 258

Goliath 57

Gohghtly ... 60, 240

Gollacher 92

Golland 147

Golowatsheff ... 33

Gombeen 280

Gomez ... 94, 290

Gompertz 220

Gondemar 155

330

INDEX.

	Page
Gonville	... 94
Gonzales	... 220
Gonzalo	... 220
Good	42,93
Goodblood ...	... 245
Goodbrother	... 55
Goodchild ...	93, 238
Goode	42,70,93
Goodenough	... 152
Goodfellow	... 245
GoodUffe ...	... 87
Goodman 42	, 208, 238
Goodwin	... 224
Goody	... 273
Gool	... 147
Goole	... 39
Gopaladasa	...
Gor	... 200
Gordon 147	210, 200
Gore	... 214
Gorman	... 214
Gorgon	188, 208
Gorham	... 274
Gorteen	... 280
Gory	... 200
Gossip	... 307
Goschen	... 201
Gosling	201, 270
Gospatrick ...	203, 271
Goss ... 263,	270, 278
Gossaladasa	... 201
Gosset	... 263
Gossip	... 76
Gossoon	... 280
Gother... 27,42,238
Gothman ...	... 238
Gothram	... 76
Gotobed	114, 238
Goton	... 112
Gott ... 75, 70, 180
Gottebedde...	... 302
Gottescbalcus	200, 261
Gottin	.. 180
Gottreu	... 72
Goudie	40,93
Gough	... 259
Goulburn . . .	... 147
Gourko	... 32
Govan	131, 259
Gow	... 25
Gowan	... 259
Gowanlock ...	... 285
Gowdie	... 93
Gower	... 210
Goy	... 200
Gracchus ...	... 32
Grace	... 110

Page

Gracy 74, 244

Gradgrind ... 242,253

Grady 34, 60, 04

Graeffe 248

Graeme 107

Graff 248

Grafton 125

Graham 107

Graine... 107,110,279 Grammatacus . . . 244

Grammont 134

Granahan 279

Grandius 34

Granger 233

Grant 34

Granton 138

Granville 139

Grasselh 47

Gratian 41

Graves 188, 258, 248 Gray ... 31, 109, 209

Greathead 33

Green 133, 279

Greene 279

Greenhill 153

Greenshields ... 150 Greenwood... 122,153

Greers 282

Gregalach 281

Gregorjew 294

Gregory 200

Grenville 139

Greers 282

Gresham 34, 129, 139

Gretchen 112

Greig 281

Grey 209

Griers 282

Griesbach ... 92, 140

Griffin 207

Griffith 27

Grig 44

Grigg 251

Griggs ... 44, 282, 109

Grimaldi 107

Grimbald 107

Grimes 282

Grimm 107

Grimmond 107

Grimr 167

Grimstone 107

Grist 252

Grocock 274

Groenvelt 152

Grogan 30, 07, 227

Groom 257,203

Groomsport ... 282

97,

GO,

Groot

Grosjean Grosshezog ... Gx'ossteste ... Grosvenor ...

Grote

Grotius

Grouchy

Groves...

Grubb ...

Grucchio

Grumble

Grund ...

Grundy

Gryphus

Gualterio

Guelph

Guercino

Guerola

Guerrero

Guerricke ...

Guest

Gueuse

Guffie

Guido

Guildenstern Guillotin Guilmette ... Gulippus

Guild

Guin

Guinness

Guion

Guire

Guiscard

Guise

Guisseppe ...

Guisseppina

Guiteau

Guizot

Gulippus

Gull

Gulliver

Gully

Giilph

Gumboil Gumbold ... Gumprecht... (kmdolph ...

Gundy

Guni (m)

Gunn

Gunning

Gunter

Gunton

Guppy

Gurney

Page ... 34 ... 93

... 33

... 243

... 84

... 34

... 32

123, 170

... 129

... 32

... 137

... 144

... 144

... 40

... 210

174, 206

... 31

... 292

... 251

... 251

... 257

... 39

... 33

123, 125

... 218

171, 274

... 274

... 203

... 202

... 30

30, 281

... 123

... 210

... 204

... 130

... 108

... 108

... 123

... 274

... 203

... 147

... 43

... 147

... 66

... 220

... 220

220, 202

... 170

... 220

... 78

... 220

... 270

220, 270

... 220

... 206

140, 227

INDEX.

331

	Page
Gurton	... 280
Gush	... 145
Guthram ...	... 208
Guthrie	171, 208
Guttenburg...	... 139
Guy	94, 125
Guyon... 94	123, 133
Guzman	15, 42
Guzzi	... 280
Gwyder 134	222, 238
Gwyn	110, 286
Gwynne	30, 242
Gyges	... 182
Gypsey	162, 166

Haag 143,150

Habakkuk 58

Habo 43

Hachmoni ... 42,56,78

Hack 215

Hacke 226

Hackenborger ... 137

Hacking 226

Haco ... 47,215,226 Hadad 56, 166, 192

Hadadezer ... 195

Hadassah 116

Hadden 144

Hadjai 82, 265, 284

Hadrianus ... 299

Haeckel 232

Hasphestos ... 184

Hafid 46,94

Hafiz 46,94

Hafiz AUah 94, 304

Hagan ... 16,226

Hagar ... 82,157,265

Hagab 87

Haggai ... 82,108

Haggar 82

Haggart 245

Haggarty 245

Haggiah 82

Haggis 202

Haggith 52, 82, 108

Hague 137,143,150

Hahan 290

Haidee 43, 106, 108

Hair 287

Hakketan 35

Hal 178,272

Halcyon 249

Haldane ... 92,157

Hale 66

Hales 28,43,47

Halihead 267

Halthyde 267

	Pa-e		Page
Halgier	. ... 213	Hardacre . . .	... 137
Hall	. ... 66	Hardcastle	137, 151
HaUack .	. ... 223	Hardicanute47,137,224
Halle ... .	. ... 250	Hardman ...	... 233
Halliday .	. ... 98	Hardmuth ...	... 224
Halley	. 178,266	Hardwicke	... 167
Hallward .	. ... 213	Hardwidge	... 167
Hallosheth	... 31	Hardy	47,224
Halmoneus	... 249	Hare	... 41
Halocrates	... 255	Harenc	... 211
Halohesh .	. ... 31	Harfager	254,283
Halpin	. ... 151	Hargi-aves ...	... 216
Halsey	. ... 178	Haridelle ...	... 250
Ham ... .	. 64,277	Harim	... 32
Hamadryad	... 124	Harkness ...
Hamburg .	. ... 94	Harlech ...	'.".". 148
Ha-melk-art	14, 15, 25	Harley	42, 133
Hamilcar	15,25,193	Harlow	... 137
Hamilton .	. ... 150	Hai-man	... 248
Hamish	. ... 95	Harmer	216, 298
Hamlet	. ... 135	Harmodius	... 242
Hammedtha	... 86	Harms	... 92
Hammond .	. 137,150	Harrold ...	... 216
Hamor	22	Haroun	... 14
Hampden .	. ... 119	Haroun al Kaschid 14
Hanan	. ... 93	Harpagus ...	... 177
Hancock	.. 94,274	Harpalyce ...	46, 107
Handel	240	Harpalycus	107, 177
Handley	94	Harper	... 253
Handricks .	178	Harpertzoon	253, 295
Handyside	... 222	Harpocrates	... 28
Hanefan	94	Harpy 107	, 177, 200
Hankin	272	Harriett ...	108, 178
Hanks	94	Harrigan 151	, 271, 279
Hanlan	135	Harris	178, 271
Hanlon 216, 135, 281	Harrison	178, 271
Hannah	87,93,116	narrower ...	... 249
Hannaniah	... 93	HaiTy 108	, 178, 270
Hannethon .	93,94	Hart ... .	25, 177
Hannibal	93,192,193	Hartley	... 133
Hanno	93	Hartshorn ...	... 137
Hanoch	59	Harumaph	... 32
Hans ... .	94	Harvard	... 43
Hansard	173	HarVood ...	... 125
Hansdotter	... 295	Haslam	126,127
Hansom	272	Haslop	... 126
Hanson	94, 96, 272	Hassan	219, 227
Hanswurst .	94	Hastifraga ...	... 215
Hap ... .	.. 125, 135	Hastings	... 175
Hapgood	126	Hasty	... 214
Hapsburg	39,125,135	HasweU ...	... 127
Hara ... .	41	Hatch	... 236
Haran	32	Hatfield ...	... 129
Harapha	65	Hatherley ...	129, 150
Harbona .	226	Hatt	... 220
Harcourt .	130	Hatto	157, 220
Hard ... .	224	Hatton	... 138

332

INDEX.

	Taije		Page		Page
Haugh	... 150	Heller	... 266	! Herries	... 178
Hausschein 14, 97, 292	Helmont	... 134	Herring 191	, 228, 247
Ilausman . . .	... 237	Helon	69,76	HerscheU ...	... 268
Havard	... 43	Heloise	105, 251	Hertha	167, 183
Havelock ...	... 172	' Helvetius . . .	137, 156	Hertogh	220, 248
Harvest	... 98	Hemans	217, 271	Hertzen	... 295
Haviland ...	... 151	Hemp	... 41	Hervest	... 98
Hawes 12g	,150,178	Heuan	... 122	Herzog	... 248
Hawker	... 240	Henchman ...	203, 225	Hesperides ...	186, 301
H^wkin	... 272	Hendeorson ...	178, 283	Hesperus ...	... 186
Hawkins	... 272	Hendrick . . .	... 178	Hester... 81	, 184, 185
Hawks	... 135	Hendricks ...	... 290	Hetherley ...	... 150
Hawkwood	... 39	Hendry 4	1,178,290	Hewett	... 274
Hawley	... 150	Hendriot		Hewitt	274, 280
Hay ... 14,26,143	Hengist	203, 225	Hewson 274	278, 280
Hayes	14,26	Hengler ...	203, 225	Heyne	94, 295
Hayman	... 150	Hennesy ...	... 45	Hickhock 97	, 251, 279
Haynau	... 143	Henrietta ...	108, 178	Hickie	... 251
Hay ward ...	... 236	Henry 41	, 178, 247	Hickog	251, 279
Hazelelponi	55	Hepbm-u	... 146	Hickman ...	232, 251
Hazeleloponi	55	Hephestus ...	... 184	Hicks	97, 251
Hazlewood	... 127	Hepwith	124, 134	Hidalgo	156, 291
HazUtt ...	... 127	Hepzibah ...	... 118	Hiddai(m) ...	... 78
Hazzard	... 32	Hera	182, 183	Hierax	... 201
Head	... 137	Heraclitus ...	37, 183	Hieronymus	260, 181
Headdy	... 44	Heraclide ...	... 301	Hierophantus	... 254
Headlam . . .	... 150	Heraclius ...	... 184	Higginbottom	... 127
Headland ...	137, 150	Herapath ...	... 223	Higgins	127, 274
Healy	... 303	Herbert	... 37	Higgot	... 274
Heath	... 149	Herbelot ...	... 274	Higgs	... 274
Heaton	... 138	Herbest	... 98	Higham ...	... 137
Hebblewhite	... 129	Hercules 37	,162,172	Hignet	... 274
Hebe	... 189	Herepath ...	... 223	Hiji	... 296
Hebel	... 81	Hereward . . .	... 216	Hijo	... 307
Heber	04, 206	Herimar	... 216	Hilarius	... 43
Hector	... 301	Heriot	... 216	Hilary	... 43
Hedderwick	129, 149	Herman 171	216, 248	Hilda ... 172	180,216
Hedges 124	134,137	Hermes	182, 183	Hildebrand . . .	... 172
Hedji	... 82	Hermianax...	... 193	Hildegarde . . .	113, 172
Heenan	122, 149	Hermione ...	... 302	Hildemar ...	... 172
Hegel	... 85	Hermino	... 171	Hildersheim	... 180
Hegistratus	... 220	Hermodulus	... 193	Hildyard ...	... 172
Heinrich	... 247	llermogenes	... 302	HiUbrand ...	... 172
Heinzen	... 295	Ilermosa . . .	104, 106	HiUel 5(	}, 64, 108
Hierax	... 201	Hermosus ...	104, 106	HiUhcad ...	46, 137
Hela ... 171,	172, 180	Hermozus ...	... 154	Hills ... 127	149, 136
Helbrand ...	... 172 1	Ilernand	... 45	Hilton ... 137	236, 273
Heldenbrand	... 172	Hernandez ...	... 45	Himmehnal03	113,187
Helderbrand	... 172	Heme ... 58	125, 201	Himmeltruda	... 113
Heifer	... 210	Hero	182, 183	Hind	... 233
Helem 59,	106, 217	Herod ... 105,	228, 301	Hines	... 271
Helen ... 3C	, 40, 106	Ilerodiah ...	... 105	Hinnom	... 57
Helena	... 36	Herodius . . .	105, 301	Hinshaw ...	125, 137
Helfmann ...	... 262	Herodotus ...	... 182	Hinsou	233, 271
Heliogabulus	... 194	Herr ... 96,	247, 248	Hinton... 125,135,137
Heliophantes	... 194	Herrara	... 105	Hipparchus...	... 289
Hellbrand	... 172	Herrick	... 178	Hippias 235,	242, 278

INDEX.

333

	Page		Page
Hippocrates	31, 28, 203	Holman	... 250
Hippodamus . . . 204	Holms	... 127
Hippolytus	203	Holofernes ...	14, 239
Hipponax	203	Holroyd	... 129
Hippothce	33	Holstead ...	... 123
Hippothoon	... 33	Holt	... 126
Hippothous	33	Holtum	123, 250
Hirpus...	.. 177, 200	Holybad ...	... 238
Hirsch...	177	Holyoake . . .	... 127
Hirtius...	254	Holywell ...	... 238
Hislop ...	12G	Holzman ...	... 250
Hitchcock	274	Home ... 135	151, 282
Hludwigj?	105	Homer 139	, 152, 230
Ho .	144	Honor	... 118
Hoad ...	236	Honora	... 118
Hoadley	236	Honorius ...	... 41
Hoang-tse	297	Honeyman...	... 251
Hoard ...	238	Hood	... 271
Hoare ...	.. 59, 267	Hook	... 136
Hobab...	93	Hooker	... 243
Hobart	41	Hooper	... 240
Hobbs ...	255	Hoorn	... 136
Hobkirk	126	Hop Cornell	... 278
Hobson	.. 255, 271	Hope ... 75, 93, 126
Hoche ...	.. 16, 136	Hopeton	... 126
Hockley	127	Hopetoun ...	... 126
Hod ...	54,78	Hopgood 126	138, 143
Hodaviah	54	Hophni	... 88
Hodder	.. 107, 277	Hophrah ...	... 61
Hodesh	82	Hopkins	... 274
Hodevah	54	Hopley	... 126
Hodge...	215	Hoppet	226, 274
Hodges	215	Hop Pringle	264, 281
Hodgesou	271	Hopps... 41	278, 291
Hodijah	54,77	Hor	... 135
Hoeland	.. 75,251	Horace	113, 238
Hoff ...	218	Horatio	... 238
Hoffman 1	66, 232, 245	Hormisdas ...	... 302
Hoffrichter	291	Horn	136, 250
Hogan ...	16, 41, 226	Home	... 253
Hogarth	.. 47, 138	Horner	... 250
Hogben	127	Horrocks ...	... 216
Hogg ...	167	Horrox	... 216
Hoggpen	137	Horsa	203, 225
Hoglah	201	Horsefall ...	137, 218
Hogsmouth	210	Horseman ...	... 203
HohenzoUei	n 134, 256	Horsman ...	225, 278
Hogwarden	236	Horsenail ...	... 199
Holbein	87	Hortense ...	... 233
Holden	.. 136,236	Hortensius ...	... 233
Holder... .	.. 136, 236	Horus	...14,60
Holdmg	236	Hosea	94, 304
Holdsworth	127	Hosheim	... 137
Hole ...	.. 157, 282	Hosier	63, 244
Holland	.. 132, 157	Hosius... 87	113, 238
Hollinshed	126	Hospitalis ...	... 307
Holm ...	127	Hostilius ...	48, 298

Page

Hostis 298

Hotspur ... 204, 225

Houri 17, 103

Hou.se ... 34, 130, 149 Housego ...39,78,292

Housenear 131

Houston 280

Hout 126

Houten 125

Hoveden 119

Hovey 232,291

Howard 236

Howden ... 119, 144

Howe 136, 289

Howell 36

Howie 289

Howitt 289

Howland 138

Howlet 201

Howlett 36

Hoy 143, 209

Hozier 63

Hoyle 151

Hross 173, 178

Hruodland 219

Hubert 37,41

Hubbard 41

Huckster 240

Huddlestone ... 41 Hudibras ... 226, 259

Hudson 271

Huessen 274, 278, 295

Huggins 280

Hugh ... 14, 105, 280

Hughie 280

Hugibert 41

Hughina 105

Hugin 167, 185

Hughes 280

Hughtenburg ... 137

Huie 274

Hugo 167

Huldah 97

Hulyer... 221, 256, 286

Human 239

Humbert 292

Humboldt 157

Hume ... 62, 135, 151

Hun 177

Hunniades 157

Hunt 199, 243

Hunter ... 95, 199

Hupatos 105

Hur 135

Hurai 250

Hurd 239

Hurdis 239

384

INDEX.

	Paare		Pa^'c		Page
Hurley	... 183	Ike	... 273	Ischia	263
Hurst	... 126	Ikkish	... 57	Isco	171
Husband	... 233	Ildefonsa ...	... 172	Isdale ...	138, 144, 147
Hush	... 78	Immacolato	. 83, 102	Isenbard	215
Hushah ...	... 8<J	Immanuei ...	... 67	Isengar	215
Husliai	...78,89	Imogen	91, 301	Isenman	... 215,259
Husham	... 89	Imola	... 141	Ishi ...	77, 226, 305
Hushim	... 89	Impey	... 41	Ishbosheth	192, 292
Huskisson ...	173, 271	Imrie	... 233	Ishmael	57, 72, 196
Huss	... 202	Ince	30,152	Ishmerai	55
Hussey	... 153	Inches	... 152	Ishni ...	88
Hussy	... 150	Inclytus	56, 69	Ishod ...	54,71.88
Hutchan	280, 281	Incognita ...	... 115	Isis ...	100,161,290
Hutcheou ...	... 280	Ind	257, 271	Iskander	223
Hutchesou	280, 281	Indraputra . . .	... 296	Ison	271
Hutcbiugs ...	... 280	ludicopleustes	162, 249	Ispah ...	16
Hutin	... 45	Indicott	... 122	Israel ...	96
Hutt	... 133	Inez	... 291	Issa ...	37
Hutton	138,150	Infant	41, 93	Issacher	40,58,113
Huxley 161	, 236, 280	Infanta	... 41	Issu	37
Huygens ...	... 167	Infante	... 41	Ithai ...	Ill
Hyacintb . . .	... 104	Inigo	... 44	Ithamar	128
Hyatles	... 301	Ing	... 41	Ittai ...	... 78,111
Hyam	137,196	Ingo 41,171,278,291,296	Ittem ...	123
Hyde	133, 267	IngersoU 74,	130, 152	lulus . . .	141
Hyder Ali ...	... 247	Ingle	41,171	Ivan ...	94
Hydrogenes	... 91	Inglis	... 157	Ivanoff	94, 290, 293
Hy Nial ...	... 155	Ingomar	... 308	Ivanovitch	... 94
Hyke	... 97	Ingram	... 171	Ivanowna	293
Hyllus	... 124	Inkhammer	... 308	Ives	271
Hyloeus	... 124	Inkpen	... 137	Ivett ...	274
Hylus	... 124	Inman	... 240	Izahiah	58
Hyndman ...	233, 257	Innis ... 30	, 152, 285	Izett ...	... 88,154
Hypatia	105, 308	Innocent	... 85	Izhar ...	57
Hyperides . . .	... 301	lolanthe	... 117	Izod ..	68, 88, 154
Hyperion . . .	... 301	Iphicrates ...	... 208
Hyrcanus ...	159, 269	Iphidamus ...	... 208	Jaacobi(m)	... 77
Hyrde	... 239	Iphigenia ...	28, 208	Jaakobah	94
Hyslop	... 126	Iphinoe	... 208	Jaap ...	72
Hystaspes ...	... 165	Iphinous	... 208	Jaaps ...	108
		Iphis	28, 208	Jabez ...	88
Iago	... 95	Ippofilo	... 204	Jablonowsky ... 122
Ibbotson	... 98	Irad	... 208	Jablonsky	123
Ibrahim	... 52	Irene ... 45	186, 289	Jachini	54
Ibri	... 97	Ireneus 45	189, 289	Jacinta	22, 104, 109
Ichabod ...	51,88	Ireton	... 267	Jacob ...	94
IciUus 173	, 298, 304	Iris	189, 289	Jacobin	95
Ida	... 105	Irman	... 171	Jacobite	95
Idas ... 105	, 278, 296	Irons	... 153	Jacobus	95
Iddo	59, 105	Ironsides ...	... 28	Jack ...	93
lesus	... 94	Irving	... 141	Jackett	93
Iff	278, 293	Isaac	... 97	Jackson	288
Iglesias	235, 250	Isabella ...	148, 248	Jacquard	95
Ignatieff	... 293	Isaiah	... 60	Jacqueline	... 95, 104
Ignatius	15,44	Isbister	... 151	Jacques	... 95,105
Ignazio	... 44	jscariot	62, 141	Jaddua	54
Igo	... 807	Iscariotes ...	68, 141	Jael ...	114,115,209

INDEX.

33^

	Page
Jager ...	43
Jagielski	95
Jagg ...	... 95,243
Jaggard	47,95
Jago ...	... 243,290
Jair	14
Jairus ...	14
Jalemieiohang ... 298
James	... 95,104
Jamie ...	95,271,274
Jamieson	... 95,111
Jamim	45,57,221
Jamin ...	... 43,221
Jamsetjee	29G
Jan	94
Jane	94, 105, 108
Janet ...	... 94,108
J an away	140
Jank ...	94
Jankovitz	94
Janks ...	94
Jannceus	94
Jannet	98
Jamsen	94
Jantje	272
Janus ...	45,40,135
Janzoon	94
Japhia	37
Jaqueline	... 95,104
Jaram	68
Jardine	... 71,233
Jarman	157
Jaroah	32
Jaroslav	... 38,274
Jarvey	222
Jasher	55,73
Jason ...	251
Jasper	82
Jay	39,43
Jaziz ...	57
Jeam ...	95
Jean ...	93,94,120
Jean Bois	120
Jeannette	... 94, 108
Jeanot	108
Jeannotte	108
Jebb ...	... 108,272
Jebus ...	141
Jedaiah	54
Jedidah	54
Jedidiali	78, 92, 105
Jeffry ...	106
Jeban	94
Jebanputra	... 94
Jebisbai	59
Jeboabaz	54
Jehoidah	54

Pajre

Jeboikim 55

Jehoram 54

Jehosbaphat ... 52 Jebovab ... 50, 54, 77 Jebovah-nissi ... 55 Jebovab-i'opbi ... 55 Jebovab-tzkinu ... 55

Jebudab 108

Jebudi 105

Jehudijah 105

Jelf 177

Jemima ... 37,202 Jemimah ... 57,207

Jemmy 95

Jenkins 94

Jenner 242

Jennings ... 94,270

Jenny 94

Jenyns 94

Jerab ... 68,82

Jerabmeel 57

Jerebai(m) ... 78

Jeremiab 54

Jerimotb 68

Jeriotb 68

Jermyn 137

Jeroab 82

Jerome 101,181,214

Jerold 214

Jerraui 214

Jerrold 214

Jerry 52,54

Jerubael ... 78,192

Jervis 140,222

Jesbisbai 100

Jesburun 55, 73, 280

Jesse 144,196

Jessica 108

Jessie 108

Jessop 108

Jesuit 95

Jesus 94

Jetber 90

Jetbro 90

Jetur 68

Jeuz 205

Jew 274

Jewell ... 83, 274

Jewett 274

Jex 96

Jezebel ... 112,185

Jifkin 272

JiU 141

Jimmy 274

Jingo 174

Jiunie 94

Jinny 108

Jo

Joab ...

Joam ...

Joame

Joan ...

Joanne

Job ...

Jocbebed

Jock ...

Jockell

Jockie

Jockey

Joel

Joelab

Joey ...

Joezer

Jobanna

Jobannab

Jobannes

Jobn ...

Jobnson

[ Jobnstone

! Joksban

j Joktan

: Jokubaitis

jJoliffe .

I Jolivau Jonab . Jonas .

I Jonathan Jones

! Jong JontU Jopson Joram ... Jordan Jorgez Jorissen Josceylin Jose Josepb Josepbi(m) Josepbine Josepiius Joses ... Josey ... Josbua

96,

Jotun

Jotuns

Joturnus

Jourdain

Joui'ieif

Joury

Jourissen

Jove ...

Jo vis ...

Pa^c

.. 307 52, 306 .. 290 93,94 94, 108, 290 ... 39 ... 99 ... 51 ... 93 i03, 225 ... 93 ... 93 ... 54 ... 129 ... 108 ... 53 93, 105 94, 105 93, 105 93,105,159 94, 290, 295 ... 94 ... 253 35,59 ... 296 ... 87 ... ^43 202, 304 ... 202 ... 93 ... 290 ... 34 ... 95 ... 108 ... 54 ... 92 ... 296 ... 233 42, 273 ... 108 ... 108 ... 77 ... 108 ... 306 ... 108 ... 108 55,94 ... 273 ... 45 172, 182 ... 173 ... 92 ... 293 233, 293 ... 233 ... 184 ... 184

336

INDEX.

	Page,		rage
Jowett	272	Katharowna	... 293
Juan ... .	94 1	Kate	IV-i, IIG
Juan Lopez	... nil	Kathleen 75,	no, 220
Juanita	108	Kathlin	... no
Juanito	94	Katliy	... no
Juarez	290	Kattie	... 112
Juba ...	85	Kaufman ...	236, 240
Jubal ...	59	Kay ... 29,	182, 280
Jubina	.. 85,104	Kean 33, 4(	), 73, 127
Judali ...	.. 45,78,83	Keats	... 219
Judas ...	83	Kearney	... 141
Judd ...	83	Kedar	... 59
Jude ...	83	Kedemah ...	... 59
Judith ...	83, 105, 108	Keith	... 143
Judtt'us	40,83	Kee	... 107
Judson	83	Keen	... 241
Judy ...	83	Kellar	... 28G
Juez	291	Kellerman ...	240, 28G
Jukes ...	83	KeUoch ...	... 28G
Juler ...	83	Kelly	124, 308
Jules ...	45, 83, 141	Kells	124, 125
Julia ...	141	Kelt ... 123	15G, 243
Julian	.. 83,141	Kemp	... 244
Julien	141	Kempenfeldt	... 132
Julius	141	Kemper	21G, 244
Julvatter	1G7	Kempster . . .	... 244
Juucker	34	Kempton . . .	... 130
Jungfrau	.. G9,2G9	Kendrick ...	41, 283
Junius ...	34, 108, 300	Kenealy	152, 303
Juno ...	184	Kenmare ...	... 227
Junot ...	34	Kenmuir ...	... 288
Jupiter	... 50,184	Kennedy ...	... 227
Jurgaitis	29G	Kenneth	41, 227
Jury ...	293	Kenny	... 227
Just ...	273	Kenrick	... 41
Justus	42, Gl	Kent	... 127
Jute	45,83,182	Kentigern ...	227
Juvenal	34, 291, 29G	Kenwolf	'.'.'. 174
Juxon	94	Kenyon	... 34
		Keo	... 31
Kadi ...	308	Keogh	31, 283
Kadijah	308	Kepler	... 237
Kali ...	31, 1G2, 187	Keppell	... 24G
Kalidasa	2G1	Keren-happuch ... 29
Kallai ...	59	Kern	... 155
Kaltschmid	... 259	Kerr ... G2, CS, 151
Karnes . . .	244	Kenidge	151, 152
Kammerer	238	Kerse	... 138
Kant . . .	42	Kersley	... 103
Kanzler	242	Kettle	... 1G9
Karadagh	285	Keturah	... llG
Karageorgeopulos 29r>	Key	107, 182
Karakoff	285	Keziah	... IIG
Karatheodory ... 285	Khan	101, 250
Karl Bitter	43	Khanam	... 101
Karolyi	43	Kidd ... 41	209, 278
Katharine	112	Kidder	... 240

	Page
Kidman	... 240
Kidston	... 209
Kilburn	... 124
Kilgour	210, 2G6
Killeen	. . 280
Killigrew . . .	... 124
Kilpatrick ...	... 28G
Kincaid	... 227
Kinch	... 250
Kinealy	... 227
Kinear	... 207
King	... 234
Kinglass 142,	207, 227
Kingsley	... 132
Kingston ...	39, 139
Kink	... 250
Kinloch	227, 288
Kinnaird ...	... 227
Kinroy	... 142
Kintor	... 4G
Kirby	... 148
Kircher	... 250
Kircheule ...	... 201
Kirk	153, 250
Kirke	... 235
Kirkhoppe ...	... 12G
Kirkup	... 126
Kirstie	... 103
Kirsty	... 103
Kirwau	... 45
Kish	... 82
Kishi (m) ...	78,82
Kiss	... 240
Kistner	... 236
Kit	123, 219
Kitt	... 123
Kitto	... 219
Kitts .. ...	... 219
Klahwina ...	... 293
Klaus	... 225
Klein ... 85	283, 292
Kling	... 266
Klinging ...	... 270
Klinkscales...	... 266
Klosh	... 225
Kmety	... 261
Knaggs	... 136
1 Knapp	151, 262
iKuatchbuU...	169, 212
Knave	... 260
Knee	136, 289
! Knell	... 127
j Knight... 92	169, 261
; Knobell	1G9, 210
' Knobbs	277, 289
'Knock... 124	, 127, 136
1 Knollys 136	, 277, 289

INDEX.

837

	Page		Page		Page
Knowe	... 289	Lachman ...	... 261	Lannes	... 151
Knowles 136	, 273, 289	Lackie	... 43	Lanfranc . . .	... 232
Knowlton ...	... 137	Lackland ...	... 39	Lang	... 34
Knotte	... 202	Lacordaire ...	... 206	L'Ange	... 76
Knox ... 65	, 127, 137	Lactantius ...	... 188	Lange	...34,76
Knuckler ...	... 250	Lacy	238, 244	Langeher ...	... 243
Koch	... 237	Ladds	222	Langham ...	139, 149
Kohler	... 245	Lade	123, 145	Langhorne ...	135, 137
KoUsen ...	... 295	Ladislaus ...	38, 294	Langley	... 157
Konig	... 234	Tiady	101, 105	Langridge ...	... 135
Konigsberg...	39, 139	T/a^dyman ...	... 84	Langton 75,	131, 137
Konigsfeldt . . .	... 132	Lagan	... 144	T/angtry	... 152
Kopf	33,46	Lagden	... 144	Lanshuil	... 109
Kopinski ...	275, 293	Lagide	...46,64	Lanyer	... 238
Korah	32, 263	Lagus	...64,40	Lanyon	... 150
Kore	... 201	La Haye	... 150	Laocoon	... 245
Korniloff . . .	29, 293	Lahmi	... 226	Laodike	... 112
Kort	... 34	Laid	... 145	La Paume ...	... 264
Kortman ...	... 32	Laidlaw	123, 145	La Peyroux...	... 149
Koskiusko ...	... 87	Laing	... 34	Lapide	96, 302
Kossuth	... 254	Lainez	... 290	Lapidoth 17	103, 302
Koster	236, 279	Laird	105, 257	Lapper	... 34
Kouli Khan	... 263	Laish	... 205	Lara	145, 191
Kovacs	... 259	Lake	... 34	Larcher	... 217
Kraft	28, 235	Lakin	... 273	Lardner	226, 236
Kratts	... 156	Lala Eookh	... 48	Large	... 139
Kriga	... 227	Lalemand ...	... 157	Laridan	...32,47
Krishna	38, 103	Lalor	31,47	Larkins	218, 273
Krogg	... 240	Lamarck ...	147, 149	Larpent	... 131
Kron	... 218	Lamartine ...	... 236	Larrieux	... 132
KroUman ...	... 31	Lamas	... 84	Larrive	... 133
Kronhelm ...	... 223	Lamb ... 134	144, 198	Larry	218, 273
Kronos	82, 193	Lambert	52, 219	Lars 105,145	, 191, 295
Kruger	... 240	Lambie	... 40	Larsdotter ...	... 295
Krummacher	... 249	Lambruschini	... 241	Lartia	... 105
Krupp	32, 266	Lambshead	137, 150	Lartius	... 191
Kunth	... 42	Lammie 39	, 144, 198	Lascelles ...	... 247
Kuria	... 115	Lammermoor	265, 267	Lasthenes ...	... 28
Kuriakos ...	... 85	Lamont 134	, 282, 287	Latham	... 157
Kurios	235, 303	Lamoricierre	... 155	Lathyrus ...	... 47
Kushahiah	73, 78, 82	Lamour	... 255	Latimer	... 250
Kyd	278, 296	Lamplough...	... 232	Latinus	105, 131
Kyle	... 143	Lamyrus . . .	... 47	Latner	... 250
		Tia.ngiewitz ...	... 293	Latona... 131	, 188, 189
Laban	72, 76, 79	Langley	... 157	Latta	73, 286
Labda	... 221	Langlois ...	... 157	Latto	... 255
LaBelleSauvage48,248	Lance	76, 293	Laud	... 86
Labeo	32, 299	Lancelot	... 162	Laudius	... 45
Labienus ..	32, 299	Lander	... 249	Laugh	... 131
Labonde	... 147	Landells	126, 150	Laughton ...	131, 137
Labouchere..	... 226	Landless	...24,39	Launce	... 162
Lacey	... 42	Landseer ...	... 233	Laura	105, 128
Lachaise ..	149, 152	Landor	... 144	Laurence ...	... 218
Lachesis	... 187	Laudes	... 151	Lauretta ...	... 105
Lachlan	... 74	Landt	... 144	Lavater	... 252
Lachland	24, 34, 148	Lane	90, 301	Laveau	47, 202
		Laney	... 216	Lavender ...	... 249

24

338

INDEX.

	Pa-c		Page		Page
Lavinia	... 105	Lemuel	... 59	Liffe	... 87
Lavoiser ...	226, 251	Lennie	205, 279 .	Light ... 33, 60, 151
Lavotte	... 135	Lennox	... 126 1	Lightbodv 33,	132, 151
Lavrilliat ...	... 98	Lento	... 46,	Lightfoot ...	... 151
Law	130, 273	Lentulus	... 46'	Lightstono ...	... 137
Lawcock	... 273	Leo	... 204	Ligny	... 125
Lawrence ...	105, 218	Leodigarius...	... 215	Liguori	... 140
Lawrie	218, 273	Leofingstan	... 38	Lillienthal ...	... 143
Lawson	... 273	Leofric	... 38	Lillith	... 107
Layard	105, 257	Leon	204, 301	Lilly white ...	... 129
Layboulaye...	... 2G0	Leonard	... 205	Limeweaver	... 236
Layfayette ...	... 127	Leuardo	... 205	Linacre	... 232
Lazarus	... 53	Lentula	... 110	Liud ... 107	144, 208
Lea	... 131	Leonatus ...	91, 204	Linde	... Ill
Leach	... 251	Leoni	... 205	Lindsay 111	, 128, 208
Leadbetter ...	... 250	Leonidas ...	204, 301	Ling	149, 247
Leah	... 88	Leonric	... 204	Lingard	238, 250
Leander	... 204	Leopardi	... 35	Linn	... 27
Lear	... 114	Leopokl	... 224	Linnaeus	... 128
Learchus . . .	... 204	Leosthenes ...	28, 205	Lintrude	112, 208
Leas	... 114	Leotard	... 205	Lion	... 204
Leatherhead	235, 255	Leotychides	... 221	Lipman	... 247
Lebboeus ...	205, 229	Leotychus ...	... 221	Lippo	... 200
Le Blond ...	... 30	Lepailleur ...	... 233	Lipton	... 204
Lebon	... 42	Lepidus	... 42	Liptrot	246, 272
Lebonah	... 82	Le Poer	... 39	Lisbura	... 131
Le Brun	... 23	Leporella ...	... 200	Lisles	... 285
Leckie	... 148	Lepsius	... 204	Lismore	75, 131
Leclerc	... 244	Leroux	...21,25	Lissette	... 108
Ledderhose...	... 225	Leroy	... 234	List	... 235
Ledger	... 214	Le Sage	... 125	Lister	... 235
Ledru	55, 245	Lesley	... 133	Litchfield ...	... 251
Ledwith ...	... 123	Leslie	131, 133	Litster	236, 256
Lee ... 130	, 131, 133	L'Estrange 155	, 265, 298	Little	34, 85, 87
Leece	... 286	Lethy	... 102	Littlejohn ...	35, 87, 98
Leech	251, 286	Letitia ... 43,	105, 299	Littlethwaite	... 129
Lefebre ...	... 241	Leto ... 188,	189, 190	Livia	... 202
Lefever	... 241	Lettice	105, 299	Livermore ...	202, 203
Lefevre	241, 308	Letty	... 102	Livingstone	... 38
Le Fort	... 29	Leucaspis ...	... 223	Livius	... 304
Lefroy	42, 234	Leucippe . . .	... 107	Livy	... 304
Leger	... 215	Leucippus ...	... 107	Lizars	... 53
Leggat	... 246	Leucothea ...	... 189	Lizzy	... 108
Leibnitz	... 126	Leucretia ...	... 113	Llewel	222
Leichtenstein	... 149	Leucretius ...	... 113	Llewellyn 17	, 183. 222
Leigh	... 131	Leuwenhock	... 205	Llorente	76,81
Leigh ton ...	... 130	Levi	... 96	Lloyd	114,150
Leiper	... 35	Lewes	... 131	Lo	... 45
Leith ... 131	, 133, 157	Lewis ... 148	222, '286	Lo-ammi ...	... 59
Leland	... 133	L'Hoste ...	298, 307	Lobel	... 205
Lehibez ...	111, 291	Liberator ...	... <i9	Lobos ... 174	, 177, 290
Le Maire ...	... 248	Liberius 58	219, 269	Lobwasser ...	... 47
Lemaitre ...	... 260	Libni	... 79	Lochaber ...	... 288
Leman	... 251	Licinius	... 36	Lochiel	203, 288
Lemoine	... 251	Liebgast	40, 257	Lochinvar ...	... 288
Lemon	... 251	Liebig	... 38	Lochhn	... 148
Lemprien e . . .	... 251	Liebrood	... 38	Lochhead ...	... 227

		INDEX			389
	ra;,'c	Pa-e ;	Page
Lockhart ...	171,255	L'Ouverture	155,217 Lycambes ...	... 175
Lockman ...	... 171	Louvois	... 175 Lycaon	... 174
Lockston ...	... 171	Love ... 117,	174,271 Lycias	... 36
Lockporte ...	... 151	Loveday ...	... 82	Lycidas 36	174, 301
Locker	... 259	Lovell	... 175	Lycomedes	... 176
Lockyer	... 259	Lovet	... 177	Lycon
Locock	... 205	Lovois	... 175	Lycophron	'.'.'. 175
Locusta	19,25	Low	... 131	Lycorias	176,177
Ltt'tus	... 105	Lowe	... 205	Lycus ... 107	174, 177
Logan 131,	144, 282	Lowndes	... 144	Lycurgus ...	176,266
Lois	... 115	Lowrie	... 253	Lynch	... 133
Loki	172, 178	Lowther	131,144	Lyndhurst	... 126
Lola	... 84	Loxton	... 171	Lyon	... 204
Lomas	... 84	Loyola	... 136	Lysander 45	219, 269
Lombard ...	... 157	Loys	222	Lysanias	... 45
London	... 85	Loyson	40, 222	Lysias	36,58
Long ... M	, 83, 221	Lubbock	... 140	Lysimachus	15,58,99
Long ... 35,	240, 250	Lubez	... 271	Lyttleton ...	139, 266
Longfellow	60, 305	Lucan	36,58	Lyulph	176, 229
Longimanus	... 33	Lucanus	... 36
Longinus ...	... 34	Lucas	... 40	Maachah 105	131,141
Longius	34,35	Lucchesi	140, 141	Mab	105, 281
Longhead ...	... 227	Lucetta	... 105	Mabbot	272
Longman ...	... 286	Lucia	... 105	Mabel	'.'.'. ol05
Longomontanus 135	Lucian	... 272	Maberly	... 52
Longshanks	32, 286	Lucifer	36, 299	Mable	105, 299
Longstreet ...	... 152	Lucina	... 37	Mabillon	... 73
Longueville	75, 139	Lucipor	... 36	Mac	105, 152
Longus	... 34	Lucius	36,86	Macau:e	... 284
Longwill	75, 139	Luckie 58, 83, 283	Macaulay ...	... 286
Longworthy	... 152	Lucothea . . .	... 189	Macbeth ...	... 92
Loo ... 131	133, 145	Lucrece	... 105	Maccabee ...	... 213
Lope	... 174	Lucretia	105,113	Maccabeus ...	168, 217
Lope de Vega	... 174	Lucretius 36	105, 113	Macallum ...	48, 283
Lopez ... Ill	174, 271	Lucullus	... 272	Maccullummore 202
Lord	105, 257	Lucy	36,105	Maccus 41	138, 278
Lorelias	... 76	Luders	... 216	Macduff ...	... 285
Lorenzo 4^	, 73, 218	Ludovic	219,222	Mace .... 86	, 168, 213
Lorenzoni ...	... 73	Luke	36, 272	Macgee	... 280
Loretto 105	128, 218	Lumm	... 129	Macgeorge	... 269
Lorimer	... 252	Lumner	... 140	Macgill	... 262
Lorraine	... 222	Lumsden ...	... 129	Macgillian ...	... 262
Lo-ruhama	... 59	Lun	... 202	Macgilhbride	... 76
Lot	... 57	Lunhunter ...	... 202	Macharg ...	... 296
Lotan	... 57	Lund	... 144	Macharness	... 223
Lothair	... 284	Lundt	... 144	Machiavelli	... 292
Lothario	222	Luudy	... 85	Machree 277	, 283, 296
Lotharius ...	222	1-iupa	... 176	Mack ... 138	, 152, 278
Lothian	... 131	Lupson 111	, 174, 271	Mackanelly	... 271
Lothrop	... 126	Lupinof	... 176	Mackay	... 280
Lotta	... 103	Lupus	... 177	Maclehose ...	... 225
Lottie	... 103	Lussac	... 275	Mackie	... 280
Louder	... 131	Lush	... 236	Maclaurin ...	... 218
Loudon	... 141	Lusher	60,236	Macklin ...	27, 279
Louis	105, 222	Lushington	. . . 236	Macmath ...	96, 199
Louisa	105, 222	1 Luther	222, 284	Macrae	... 283
Lourdes	... 144	Lutz	... 253	Macready ...	... 85

340

INDEX.

	Page		Page		Page
Macree	... 234	Male 141,238	Margrave . . .	138,160
Macro	... 286	Malebranche	. 33	Maria 84,	111, 232
Macrobius ...	... 59	Malherb ... .	. 133	Maria Diaz	... Ill
Macrochier	... 33	Malise ... .	. 262	Marian	... 84
Macron	... 286	Mallet ... 2	62, 283	Mariamne ...	... 84
Macrone	... 33	Malloch 64, 2	62, 283	Mariana	... 84
Macros	32, 47	Malluch ... .	. 64	Marian ski ...	... 122
Madai	59,96	Malon ... .	. 105	Mario	... 84
Madam	114, 252	Mai thus ... .	. 149	Marioth	... 68
Mademoiselle	... 114	Malvinia ... .	. 109	Mariott	... 84
Madden	... 176	Malvoisin ... .	. 131	Maris	... 84
Madison	... 275	Malvolio ... .	. 217	Marjoribanks	... 112
Maddison ...	96, 271	Mamre ... .	. 59	Marjory	... 112
Maddox	... 97	xMan 1	00, 159	Markham ...	... 160
Madge	112, 284	Manasseh ...	41,61	Mark	... 300
Madison	96, 271	Manby ... .	. 142	Marmaduke	... 85
Madog	... 96	Manders ... .	. 283	Marmond ...	... 37
Madox	... 42	Mandeville	. 75	Marmont . . .	... 185
Macgee	... 2^	Manes ... .	55	Marner	... 250
Magellan ...	... 152	Manfred ... .	. 227	Marnoc	... 76
Mageoghegan	... 279	Mandley ... .	. 141	Maro	... 84
Maggie	... 112	Mani	55	Marquess ...	... 261
Maggot	... 281	Manichoeus	55	Marquis	138, 160
Magdalen ...	... 141	Manius	86, 308	Marr	84, 302
Magdalene ...	60,66	Manlius	86, 299	Marriot	... 98
Magister ...	... 260	Manly ... .	. 29	Man-yatt ...	84,98
Maginnes . . .	... 281	Mann	. 159	Mars	161,199
Magnus 14, 34, 260	Mannering ... .	. 270	Marsden	... 144
Magot	... 41	Manners ... .	. 270	Marsh 132	148, 239
Magus	... 264	Manning ... .	. 270	Marshall 148	165, 203
Mahalah ...	... 131	Mannus 74, 1	59, 171	Marsham ...	148, 149
Mahalath ...	... 108	Manuell ... .	. 07	MarsigU	... 140
Mahaleel ...	... 56	Manse ... .	. 46	Marsters	... 260
Maharajah 14, 24, 234	Manteufell	. 75	Marston 122	133, 150
Mahew	280, 281	Manto ... .	. 254	Marsyas	... 302
Mahlah	... 105	Manuel ... .	. 67	Martel 168	213,217
MahU	... 105	Maoch ... .	. 105	Martha 105	115, 222
^Mahlmann	... 238	Maolscachlan .	. 90	Martignac ...	... 275
Mahlon	70, 105	Mappin ... .	. 278	Martigny ...	... 275
Mahmoud	... 37	Mar ... 84,1	05, 270	Martin	48, 182
Mahomet ...	37,44	Mara	18, 25	Martinet	... 274
Mahon	... 144	Marat ... .	. 84	Martins	... 48
Mahoney ...	144, 199	]\Iaravilla ... .	. 122	Martyn	... 226
Maidulph ...	... 176	Marcellinus	. 274	Martyr	... 307
Maible ni NeiU	299	.Marble ... .	. 307	Marvel	... 307
Mainwaring	136, 287	Marcellus ... 2	72, 274	Marwick	138, 252
Maira	18,25	Marcet ... .	. 274	Marwood . . .	... 138
Maison	150, 242	Marchioness 1	38, 100	Mary ... 7	i, 84, 232
Maisters	... 260	Marcion ... .	. 302	Masaniello	... 86
Maitland ...	... 96	Marco Polo	. 48	Masatonio ...	... 291
Majoribanks	... 112	Marcus ... .	. 300	Maseuna ...	... 80
Makepeace	15.58,99	Mardonius ... .	. 159	Mason	... 242
Malachi	90, 263	Mareschalk	. 245	Massa	... 57
Malachy	... 263	Margaredon	10, 20	Massey	... 86
Malateste ...	... 44	Margaret 16,	26, 116	Massillon . . .	... 73
Malchus	... 60	Margerison	98, 112	Massimo 90	248, 260
Malcolm	... 268			Massinger ...	... 246

		INDEX			341
	Page		Pai,'e		Page
Massman . . .	... 149	Medici	48, 251	Mercier	... 252
Masson	... 86	Medina	... 117	Mercury	... 184
Mastai	... 86	Medoc	... 42	Mere	... 47
Masters	... 2601	Medon	188, 226	Meribaal	... 192
Math	... 96	Medusa	188, 226	Merle	... 203
Mathaniab ...	... 44	Mee	... 34	Merlin g	84, 270
Mather	... 199 1	Meek	... 217	Mero	... 47
Mathers ...	... 199	Meeking	217, 270	Merode 221,	223, 270
Mathwin	96, 199	Meerbach ...	... 146	Merope	... 107
MatUda 112	141, 172	Meers	... 152	Merops	... 107
Matri	... 59	Meg	... 112	Meroveus ...	... 225
Mattan	44,96	Meganices ...	... 200	Merrick	... 152
Mattaniah ...	90,96	Mehazioth ...	... 68	Merrilees . . .	... 153
Mattens	... 86	Mehr-ul-Nica	... 24	Men-iman ...	... 43
Matthew ...44,90,96	Mehujael ...	... 50	Merry	... 28
Matthews ...	... 90	Meikle	... 34	Mersey	... 138
Matthewson	... 96	Meikleham 34,	129, 139	Merton	133, 160
Matthiah ...	... 97	Meiklehead...	... 305	Mervarid ...	... 16
Matthias	... 97	Meiklejohn...	... 93	Mesembria ...	... 86
Mattock ...	... 97	Meiklem	34, 153	Messer	... 259
Matturin ...	... 96	Meiklereid ...	... 305	Messerschmid	... 259
Matty	44, 284	Meiklewaim	... 307	Messiah	75, 57,
Matwiischen	... 263	Meiklwean ...	... 305	Messman ...	... 149
Matys	... 90	Melancthon	39, 153	Mesmer	... 250
Maud	141, 172	Melanippus...	... 203	Metanaste ...	57, 139
Maudhn	... 141	Melchiah ...	... 60	Metarius	... 233
Maudsley ...	... 141	Melchias	... 60	Metayer	... 233
Maughan ...	144, 199	Melchior	... 82	Metcalf 65	5, 71, 236
Maul	... 213	Melchizedek	61, 212	Metcalfe ...	... 199
Maule 141,	168, 217	Meleager . . .	189, 239	Metellus ...	... 252
Maund	247, 251	Melech	00, 212	Methumballes	... 193
Maundrell ...	... 247	Melete	... 64	Metbusaleh 78	193, 212
Maurice	... 155	Melendez ...	... 290	Metiche	... 255
Mavor	... 199	Melesigines	294, 301	Meton	... 217
Mavors	161, 199	Meliboeus ...	209, 239	Metternich ...	83,86
Mavourneen	... 280	Mehkoff ...	294, 301	Metubischen	... 263
Maximilian...	... 90	Melpomene	108, 187	Metzler	... 252
Maximin . . .	... 200	Melrose	... 135	Mexetla	... 161
Maximus 90	202, 260	MelviUe ...	... 144	Mezzanotte...	... 86
Maxton	... 138	Menage	... 252	Mezzofanti ...	... 86
Maxum	... 152	Menahem ...	... 54	Micah	... 213
Maxwell 138	152, 278	Menander ...	... 74	Micaiah	54, 213
May ... 98	112, 248	Mendelsohn	43, 295	Michael ... 28, 48, 54
Major	... 248	Mendez 85	, 290, 295	Michael de la Pole 48
Maynard ...	15, 42	Mendoza 85	, 290, 295	Miohal	... 147
Mazarin 73	237, 307	Menees	... 283	Mickey	... 28
Mazzini	33, 75	, Menelaus ...	... 222	;Mickie	28,54
Mead 130	133, 147	1 Menschikoff	43, 293	Micklejohn ...	... 93
Meadows 130	, 133, 154	1 Mentor	... 42	Micklereid ...	... 85
Meagher	... 40	Menu	... 159	Mickelthwaite	... 129
Meara	... 40	1 Menzies	... 43	Micklewaim	... 47
Mece	... 270	Meonides ...	... 301	Middlemass	... 84
Mechi	217, 270	Mepbibosheth	... 192	Middlemiss...	... 84
Medad	... 93	Merarioth ...	... 68	Middleton ...	139, 150
Medcalt ...	199, 236	Mercator ...	... 252	Midwinter ...	... 84
Mede	... 147	1 Mercedes ...	... 84	Mignonette...	... 117
Medea	... 188	Mercer	... 252	Miguel	... 54

842

INDEX.

	Paj^e 1		Pafc-e		Page
Mike	14, 54 1	Moggy	... 112	More ... i	)4, 48, 128
MiUbrooke ..	. ... 252:	Mobammed	... 44	MoreU	... 274
Milcent .	. ... 85 1	Mobun	82, 178	Morgan 24!:	), 250, 308
Milcbior	. ... 82	Moir	34, 121	Morganrotb	... 86
Milchiou	. ... 70,	Moliere	... 241	]\Iorganstern	... 308
Milchom	. ... 70	Molinos	... 252	Moriarty	... 35
Miles ... .	. ... 228	Moll	... 84	Morison	... 281
Mill ... .	. ... 102	MoUer	... 284	Morrisey ...	... 35
MQlen... .	. ... 252	Mollison 84	t, 98, 112	Morley	... 150
Miller ... .	. 252,284	MoUocb	... 274	Morny	... 44
MUligan	. ... 263	MoUy	... 84	Moroson	... 128
Million	. ... 153	Molocb	10, 274	Morpetb ...	... 150
Milner... .	. 168, 253	Molynenx ...	... 252	Morpbe	... 190
Milo ... .	. ... 253	Monad	... 272	Morpbey	... 345
Mills ... .	. ... 228	Monboddo ...	... 238	Morpbeus ...	... 189
Milroy ... .	. ... 263	Moncrieff ...	... 135	]\Iorris	... 155
Miltiades .	. ... 302	Moncur	... 134	Morrow	... 287
Milto ... .	. ... 302	Moncure	... 134	Mors	... 199
Milton... .	. 139, 150	Money 122,	266, 257	Morse	... 210
Milvius	. ... 202	Moneymore	122, 266	Mortara	... 223
Mina ... .	. ... 171	Moneypenny	133, 153	Mortimer ...	... 85
Minghetti .	32, 34	Monies	... 283	Morton	... 288
Minister	. ... 260	Monica	105, 251	Morven	75, 134
Minerva	. 28, 185	Monicbos ...	105, 251	Moscbus	... 200
Minie ... .	171	Monod	... 72	Mosely	... 91
Minion... .	85	Monsabre . . .	... 230	Moses	91, 188
Minnie... .	.. 171, 106	Monsieur 114	252, 247	Mosbeim	132, 149
Minnocb	85, 86	Monsignore...	... 352	Moss ... 91,289,265
Minos ... .	159	Montague ...	158, 134	Mosscrip	91, 149
Minstrel	253	Montalto	... 134	Mosscrop ...	91, 266
Minto ... .	210	Montanus ...	... 134	Mossman	31, 92, 149
Minuit... .	83	Montcrieff ...	... 135	Motberwell . .	... 84
Minus ... .	294	Monteagle ...	... 135	Motion	... 153
Minutius	34	Montefiore ...	... 135	Motley	... 225
Miolner	168	Monteitb ...	... 135	Moton	... 153
Mirabeau .	113	Montejo	134, 136	Mott	134, 136
Mirafora .	.. 114, 118	Montero	136, 243	Moncb	... 210
Mira ... .	.. 115,284	Montes	... 134	Moule	236, 263
Miranda	115	Montuccio ...	... 134	Mountain ..	... 134
Miriam	.. 84, 232	Montfort	134, 259	MouravielY ..	... 293
Miriamne	.. 84, 232	Montfaucon	... 134	Moussa	... 91
Misbma	57	Montgolfier...	... 174	Mowatt	91, 134
Mitcbell	34	Montjoy	... 135	Moyse	... 91
Mitbras	60, 76, 192	Montmagny	... 134	Mozart	. . 91
Mitbridates GO, 185, 20i	Montmorency	... 137	Muddocks ..	... 255
Mitnacbt	83	Montrey	... 134	Mudie	35, 47, 70
Mitbredatb	60	Moodie	47, 305	Mudo	35, 305
Mittag...	85	Moody	35,47	Muscbet	... 134
Mittendorf	.. 139, 150	Moon	82, 84	Musculus ..	... 87
Mizraini	62	1 Mooney	... 266	Mufti	... 251
Mnason	79	Moor	34, 121	Mublwasser	... 252
(M) Nemesis ... 41	Moorad	121, 221	Muir	34, 121
(M) Nestor	41	Mopb	... 64	Muirbead ..	149, 150
Moab ...	86	Morddaine ...	... 248	Mulciber	... 184
Moer ...	100	Mordant	45, 245	Mulbare	... 41
Moet ...	134	Mordecai ...	55,116	Mulqueen ..	... 229
Moffat...	41, 144, 150	Mordent	... 245	Mullen	252, 263

INDEX.

348

	Page		Rage
MuUer	... 252	M'Arly	... 133
Mullgx-ave ...	... 258	— Arthur 15,	283, 295
MuUhoUand	... 150	— Asian ...	... 173
Mulligan ...	... 263	— Arthy ...	... 15
Mulvaney ...	40,47	— Artney ...	... 15
Mulyon	... 229	— Aulay ...	... 32
Mummery ...	... 187	— Auliffe ...	... 32
Munchausen	... 251	— Auslan ...	... 173
Muncaster ...	147, 151	— Ausland ...	... 173
Muncy	... 223	— Bean 134,	287, 288
Mundella ...	... 124	— Beth ...	... 92
Mungo... 38	, 93, 104	— Brayne ...	... 200
Munnin	1G7, 185	— Bride	... 110
Munnis	... 283	— Caire	... 284
Munns	165, 223	— CaUum 48,	202, 283
Munson	... 271	— Calmon ...	... 283
Muntz	145, 223	— Cann St	3, 46, 227
Mun/er	... 266	— Cannon ...	... 282
Muppim	... 64	— Carlie	... 133
Murad	... 221	— Carthy ...	... 15
Murat 221,	228, 266	— Caulay ...	... 286
Murch	... 255	— Caw	151, 204
Murchie	... 84	— Cheyne ...	... 229
Murchison ...	84, 255	— Chree	28, 32, 96
Murcutt	... 274	— Clarty ...	... 287
Murdoch	... 255	— Clellan ...	... 262
Murillo	... 266	— Clymont...	... 287
Murison	... 281	-Cody ...	... 283
Murchy	... 35	— CoU	180, 244
Murroch	... 281	— Comb ...	... 283
Murray	... 308	— Combe . . .	... 86
^lurtogh ...	... 84	— Comber ...	... 86
Murtough ...	... 255	— Connachie	137, 287
Muschat	... 134	— Coombe ...	... 86
Musculus ...	... 87	— Corkcle ...	... 289
Muses	... 188	— Cormac ...	... 202
Musgrave ...	248, 258	— Corquodale	... 289
Musprat	... 133	— Cracken ...	... 286
Muspratt ...	... 149	— Craw	... 283
Mussa	... 91	— Credie ...	... 254
Mustard	... 224	— Cready ...	... 85
Muter	... 252	— Creogh ...	... 289
Mutimer	... 85	— Crobie	... 283
Mutter	47, 252	— Crone	... 33
Myers	... 233	— CuUoch 239	, 206, 283
Mynheer 247	, 252, 262	— Cumber ...	283, 286
Myotis	58, 188	— Currich ...	... 246
Myra	... 284	— Currie ...	... 246
		— Cusker ...	... 226
M'Adam	... 305	— Dade	237, 285
— Alister ...	... 223	— Dermid ...	... 219
— All	244, 287	— Dermot ...	... 219
— AUister ...	283, 223	— Diarmid ...	... 219
— Alpine ...	... 281	— Donachie	... 137
— Ara ... 204	, 226, 282	— Donald ...	45, 279
— Arl	... 43	— Dougall 33,283,286
— Arle	... 269	— Dowall ...	... 286

M

Pag-c

Dowell 283

Duff 285

Dugald 155

Eachran ... 283, 287

Eachall 283

Elligot 287

Evoy ... 34, 281 Fadyan ... 93, 285

Farland 289

Farlane 286, 289, 290

Fie 285

GarHe 287

Gaul 287

Gauley 286

■Gavin 285

■Geachy 288

-Gee 281

- Geoch 285, 93, 94

-Gibbon 288

-Gill 262,271

-Gillian 262

- Gillibride ... 76 -Glashan ... 142, 274

-Goun 285

-Gourlay 210

- Gowan . . . 259, 285

-Gown 259

-Grath 283

-Greagh 232

- Gregor 140

- Greusich 253

- Grory 289

- Grouther... 237, 285

-Guifie 285

-Guu:e ... 210,286

-Haffie 285

-Haffy 33

-Hale 277

-Hare • 283

-Harg 283

-Harness 223

-Hendrick ... 41

-Houl 286

-Howit 289

-Hugh 280

- Hutcheson 280, 281 -Ilraith 283

- Ihoy 262, 283, 284

-livride 76

-Ilwain 262

- Inimey 285

-Inally 287

-Indoe 262

- Iniernie 157

-Innes 285

- Intosh 281, 282, 286

- Intyi-e ... 259, 285

344

INDEX.

Pagej M'lver 217,271

— Janet 98

— Jannet 98

— Kay 280

— Kean 285

— Kechnie 287

— Kellar 286

— Kendrick ... 283

— Kenzie ... 227,287

— Kerrow 288

— Killoch 286

— Killop ... 204,286

— Kim 285

— Kinlay 283

— Ivinney 287

— Kinnon 245, 227, 282

— Kissoch 97, 286, 273

— Knaughtan ... 285

— Knight ... 275,286

— Lachlan 148

— Lagan 131

— Laren ... 218,287

— Larty 287

— Latchie 261

— Lawin 218

— Lay 97,251

— Lean 262, 263, 279

— Leish 308

— Leod ... 235,215

— Leary 287

— Lerie 287

— Lennan 289

— Lennand ... 289

— Lintock 287

— Lisa 286

— Lure 262

— Lymont 287

— Mahon 199

— Marry 84

— Manus 24, 34, 260

— Math 96, 199, 271

— Micking 292

— Millen 252

— Minn 287

— Morran 287

— Murchie 84

— Murroch 76, 84, 287

— Nab 252,282

— Namara 249

— Namee ... 131, 133

— Nair 284

— Naught 280

— Naughtan 285, 286

— Namara 249

— Neice 283

— Nee 134,135

— Neil 155

	Pa«e		Page
M'Nish	134, 135	Nadab	... 52
— Nulty ...	131, 228	Nadaud ...	199, 273
— Omish 86,	283, 296	Nagle	... 155
— Onie	229	Nahar	... 62
— Ouat 216	288, 289	Naliash	... 207
— Owen ...	... 285	Nahor	... 63
— Owl	... 286	Nain	... 232
— Phail ...	88, 271	Nahum	... 54
— Phee ...	... 285	Naib	77, 304
— Phelan ...	... 174	Naismith ...	... 260
— Pherson 245	, 287, 294	Nancy	... 114
— Phim ...	... 286	Nanna	... 114
— Quade ...	... 287	Nanni	... 216
— Quaker ...	... 287	Nannucci ...	... 93
— Quarry ...	... 286	Nanny	... 114
— Quat	... 288	Naomi(m) 69	, 78, 232
— Queen . . .	... 229	Naphish	... 60
— Quiddy ...	... 123	NapthaH ...	78,88
— Quilkin ...	... 287	Napthalim ...	... 66
— Quillan ...	... 287	Napier	... 253
— Eae	... 283	Napoleon ...	... 140
— Rory	... 289	Napper	... 34
— Roy	... 283	Napps	... 121
— Shane ...	... 285	Nares	... 63
— Shimes ...	... 285	Narayan	... 261
— Sorley ...	22	Narses	... 201
— Sporran ...	255, 267	Nai-vaez	... 290
— Skimming	48, 304	Nassau... 133,	144, 145
— Sween ...	... 288	Nash	... 120
— Tause ...	... 283	Nasithous ...	... 33
— Tavish ...	... 283	Nasonius	... 63
— Tear	... 285	Nast	... 135
— Teer	... 259	Nat	... 96
— Tosh ...	282, 286	Nathan	64,96
— Turk	... 206	Nathaniel ...	96, 99
— Vain ...	284, 285	Natman	... 285
— Vean 151	287, 288	Nattrass	... 121
— Vey	287, 288	Nauari	... 37
— Vicar ...	... 287	Naudaud	... 273
— Wade ...	... 283	Naughtan ...	... 285
— Walter ...	... 288	Naulet	... 83
— Wat	... 288	Nausithous ...	... 33
— Wee	... 287	Naylor	... 259
— Whannell	... 45	Neal ... 57,	152, 155
		Nearachus ...	... 255
Naamah	69, 105	Neasham ...	... 135
Naaman	78, 105	Nebo	193, 304
Naarath	... 105	Nebuchadnezzar 193
Naarai	105, 108	Nebushashban	... 193
Naashan	... 207	Nebuzar-adan	... 193
Nabal	38, 52	Necho	... 32
Nabob ... 03, 77, li>0	Neck	... 121
Nabopolasser	... 193	Ned	... 224
Naboth	68, 196	Neddie	... 284
Nachman ...	... 83	Neddy	... 224
Nachmann ...	... 266	Nee	... 137
Nachon	... 70	Needham ...	... 137

345

	Paj^e ;		Page		Page
Needles ...	... 137	Nicias ...	224	Norval 143,	161, 289
Neff	... 47	Nick ...	178	tSIostrodamus	84, 115
Nehemiah ...	... 54	Nicolas	225	Noth	220, 285
Neighbour ...	131, 300	Nicocles	224	Notman 31,	175, 239
Neil	155	Nicodemus	225	Nouri	... 37
Neitli	... 61	Nicopulos	295	Nourjehan ...	24, 25
Neligan	... 271	Nicot ...	... 225, 274	Nourmahal...	... 25
Nell	... 242	Niebuer	232	Novatian ...	76, 251
Nell Gwynne	... 30	Nigel ...	... 155, 160	Novello	... 76
Nelmes	... 121	NigeU ...	155	Nowal	... 161
Nelson	98, 271	Niger ...	33, 64, 277	Nu	155, 160
Nemesis	41, 190	Nigh ...	131	Nugent	126, 132
Nenees	... 283	Nile ...	155	Numa	... 48
Neoptolemus	... 216	NiUson	272	Numenius ...	... 82
Nephusim ...	... 04	Nilogenes	294	Numitor	... 48
Nepos ... 3C	, 47, 101	Nimrod	... 62, 212	Nun ... 70, 72, 221
Nepomuk ...	... 89	Nimshi	57, 91, 115	Nurrish	... 92
Nepthalim ...	... 88	Nina ...	35, 93, 118	Nureddin ...	24,25
Neptune	... 190	Ninian...	32, 35, 117	Nussbaum ...	... 243
Ner	24, 25	Ninon ...	35	Nutt	... 220
Nergal	194, 198	Ninus ...	201	Nutter	... 220
Nergal-sharezerl94, 198	Nipheus	30	Nye »	97, 273
Nereides	... 301	Nisas ...	202	Nykin	97, 273
Nereus	... 301	Nisroch	201	Nym	34, 45
Neri	... 33	Niobe ...	190	Nympha	36, 40, 56
Nero	28, 185	Nish ...	135	Nymphas ...	30,50
Nerva	28, 185	Nitocris	61, 118, 194
Nei-vander ...	... 28	Nix ...	225	Oakley	... 127
Nervius	28, 290	Nixon ...	178	Oakwood	... 149
Nervus	... 28	Noa ...	132, 133, 144	O'Anthropos	... 100
Ness	... 135	Noadiah	116	Oastler	... 257
Nesselrode ...	... 129	Noah ...	54	Gates	... 145
Nest	112, 135	Noakes...	121	Oatman	... 173
Netherby ...	... 157	Nobah ...	31	Oatts ... 4.5	, 173, 182
Neve	... 30	Nobbs ...	261	Obeah	... 208
Neville	... 139	Noble ...	55	Obed	... 261
Nevins	...30,90	Nock ...	... 121, 127	Obededom ...	... 261
Nevius	... 90	Noel ...	83	Obediah ...	... 261
Nevus	... 90	Nou- ...	33	Obel	... 191
New	76, 251	Noise ...	128	Oberdank ...	... 163
Newcombe ...	... 352	Nokes ...	121	Oberlin	... 206
Neweome ...	155, 251	Nolan ...	83, 88	Oberon	... 75
Newcomen ...	76, 251	Noll ...	273	Obi	... 208
Newdorf	... 150	Nollekins	273	O'Brian 2S	, 129, 303
Newell	... 139	Non ...	45, 70, 221	Obrigcat	... 296
Newhaus ...	149, 242	I Nonnatus	89	Obrislaine ...	... 216
Newland	... 145	Nonus ...	91	Obrys	... 294
Newman ...	... 251	1 Noon ...	86	Occam	... 121
Newsham ...	... 139	I Norah ...	118	OceUa	... 142
Newsky	146, 293	1 Norbury	137	Ochus	42, 282
Newsome ...	135, 139	Norden	143	O'Connell ...	... 228
Newstead ...	... 139	! Nordenskjold 214, 270	O'Connor Roe	... 284
Newton	139, 150	Norgate	250	O'Connor Eoo	... 22
Nicanor	115, 220	Norman	... 101, 289	Octavius	... 91
Nicephorus ...	... 224	N orris ...	... 92, 249	Ocyroe	... 33
Nicholjewitch	... 293	Norroy...	249	Odams	... 305
Nicholson ... 25	... 293	Norton...	137	Odell	... 143

346

INDEX.

	Page
Oddette	... 226,274
Odgers ...	214
Odillou...	226
Odin ...	166
Odo ...	226
Ody ...	... 226, 305
Oestman	283
O'Ferrol	29
Offa ...	35
Offenbach	147
Og	15
Ogal ...	155
Ogg ...	127
Ogilvie...	155
Ogle ...	253
Oglen ...	48
Ognisanti	85
0' Grady	242
Ogi-e ...	172
Ogyges...	16
Ogygia...	... 16, 143
O'Hagan	226
O'Hara	226, 284, 287
O'Hart...	15
Oichova	lOi)
Oil	159
Oin	94
Olaf ...	173
Olam ...	264
O'Lane...	216
Olander	157
Olave ...	173
Oldcastle	... 135, 136
Oldcorn	... 180,267
Oldham	292
Olgar ...	113
Oliphant	... 206,218
O'Lochlin	148
OUfant...	... 206,218
Olivarez	... 218,305
Oliver ...	218
Ohio ...	234
Olt	126
Olshausen	251
( )ltramare	26(;
Olympa	40
( )lympas	154
( )lympia	25, 40, 105
Olympus	37, 105, 155
Olynthus	128
Om	39, 99, 165
Omar Pasha ... r'-i
Om Ayub	ill)
Omisli ...	m
Oiii])lial('	190
Omr.ih ...	53
Oiiiii ...	53, 200

Omi-iah ... 53,260 Om Suleyman ... 99

Ondedieu 27

Onderdonk ... 163, 293

O'Neil 155

Onesimus ... 40, 58 Onesiphorus . . . 58

Onfant 93

Onion ... 195, 278, 303

Onkelos 58

Onosander 223

Onybrains 267

Opiielia ... 105, 240

Ophelius 105

Ophion 191

Ophiucha 191

Opici 183

Oppian 303

Oppidius 182

Oppius 182

Ops 183

Orabell 114

Orabella 238

Oranmore 75

Orbius 19

Orby 267

Orders 40, 238

Oreb 65, 200

Oregon 209

Orellana ... 132, 151

Oren 60

Orestes 134, 130

Orfever 258

Orfevre 258

Orgetorix 221

Origin 260

Orion ... 16, 18, 25

Orispus 131, 144, 147

Ormond 143

Orl 201

Orlando Furioso 219

Orloff 201, 293

Orlow 294

Orm 121, 208

Orme 121

Ormiston 121

Ormond 143

Ormsbv 208

Oman'... 32, 60, 121

OrosiuR 14, 25

Orpah ... 29, 104, 114

Orphah 114

Orr ... 138,147,150

Orridge 267

Orsini 199

OriKino 199

Or.son Ill, 199

Ortolan

Orton . . .

Orum ...

Orville ...

Osbeorght

Osbeort

Osborn...

Oscar . . .

Osgoode

O'Shanter

O'Shee...

Osiander

Osiris ...

Oskinski

Osman...

Osmanli

Ossian ...

Osterman

Osterzee

Osterwald

Ostler ...

Ostorius

Ostrich...

Oswald...

Othello...

Othman

Othniel...

Otho ...

Otter ...

Ottermare

Otto ...

Ottoman

Oudin ...

Oudinot

Ouida ...

Ouseley

Outhout

Outram

Outremer

Outwith

Over . . .

Overbury

Overend

Overing

Overton

Ovid

Ovideo

Owen

Oxenstern ...

Oxley

Oysterman ...

Paankah

Pa

Paarai(m) ...

Pablo

Pacchioni ...

Page

233

233

... 138, 150

233

... 174, 276

174

173

226

173

... 48, 125

266

103, 238, 113

190

122

... 216, 253 216

29, 226

139,

279 283 276 307 287 236 283 174 274 ... 216 ... 205 ... 226 ... 216 ... 265 91, 221 ... 216 ... 224 ... 224 ... 105 ... 251 ... 121 ... 28 ... 56 ... 121 147, 149 ... 139 139, 277 ... 147 277, 147 ... 198 ... 198 ... 94 ... 218 236 283

194 99

78

88

161

INDEX.

847

Pa-e . ... 56 5tj, 'Jd . 56, 189 . ... 73 58, 43, 305 . 132, 248

148.

263,

148.

Pacific

Pacifico Pacificus Pachoni Paeke ... Paddock,

Paddy

Padou

Padre

Pagan

Pagani

Paganini

I'age

Paget

Paimboeuf ..

Paine

Painviu

Pail-

Pais

Palafox Palamedes .. Palavicini . . Palearius Palemon Paleologus .. Palestrina . .

Paley

Palfrey

Palgrave Palladius . .

Pallas

Palmer

Palmerstou.. Pamphilon ..

Pan

Panchard . . Panchita

Pandi

Pandora Panebianco ..

Pangborn

Panbypersebaste Panmure ... 150

55, 219 .. 252

240

240

240

273

273

199

. 240

... 206

... 24

... 100

... 87

... 226

130, 131

... 254

... 216

48,98

... 159

88, 264

... 258

... 258

252, 302

185, 214

... 264

... 264

... 318

... 186

... 247

... 109

... 89

186

201

307

120

288

117

P

Pantaleone Panton... Paoli ...

Pape

Papias

Papillon Papirius

Pappa

Pappadopulos

Pappus

Paracelsus ... Paraclete

47, 73, 307 219

139

87

252

252

304

.. 252 .. 295 .. 101 .. 140 37, 57

Paraskeva

Parce . . .

Pardon...

Partitt ...

Pargiter

Paris . . .

Park . . .

Parker . . .

Parkin . . .

Parkins

Parkinson

Pai'lan ...

Parlaue

Parley ...

Parlior . . .

Parlor ...

Parmenas

Parmenion

Parmenter

Parnach

Parnell

Parley ...

Parr ...

Parran . . .

Parbasius

Parris . . .

Parrisb

Parrock

Parrot ...

Parry . . .

Parsons

Partbenia

Partbenias

Partbenas

Pascal ...

Pascbasius

Pascbino

Pascovitcb

Paskievitcb

Pasb

Pasba ...

Pasbler

Pasipbae

Pasitiles

Passavant

Pat

Patcb ...

Pater ...

Paternoster

Paton ...

Patrician

Patrick . . .

Patrobas

Patrobus

Patrocinio

Patrocltls

Patron

Page

81

61

267

276

... 238, 241

140

... 132, 248

248

... 96, 274

96

96

289

286

129

254

254

59

59

253

34

... 96, 274

129

96

206

140

140

97

248

274

... 151, 277

245

67, 81, 112

112

99, 112, 185

81

81

81

27, 71

293

216

33, 117, 234 216

36,56

45

245

... 241, 252

225

... 72, 252

238

241

252

... 252, 97

75, 93, 173

173

117

219

252

Pagu

Patterson 271

Patti ... 105, 239, 253 Paul ... 32, 87 242

Pauley 88

Paulina 292

Paulomir 38

Pauloslav 38

Paul Petrowicb ... 292

Paulus 34,88

Pausanius 85

Pausius ... ... 85

Pawley 88

Paxman 263

Paxton 43, 58, 263

Payne 148

Pay 74

Payson 74, 240

Peabody 45

Peace 232

Peale 136

Pearse 143

Pearson ... 271, 290

Peasoop 152

Peats 153

Pecci 73

Peddie 74

Peck 136, 236

Pedabazur 55

Peddie ... 74, 224, 284 Peden ... 131, 132, 144

Pedrez 271

Pedro 96

Peed 74, 224

Peek 236

Peel 254

Pegasus 148

Pege 240

Peggie 118

Peggy 118

Pekab 31, 53

Pekabiab 53

Pelagius ... 249, 250

Peleg 35

Peletb 60

Peleus 33, 190

Pelbam 264

Pell 264, 271

Pellett 264

Pellatt 274

Pelletan 237

Pellissier 237

Pellon 73

Pelops ... 33, 190, 301 Pelopidas ... 190, 301

Pembroke 148

Penclutba 137, 142, 147 Pencoitl26,137,147,308

348

INDEX.

	Pa-e		rage		Page
Pendar...	42	Peruzzi	96	Pbuibe	36, 185
Penden	141	Peter ...	28, 96, 106	Pbcebus	.. 185
Pender	288	Peterloo	96	Phocas	.. 210
Pendergast	40	Pethuel	60	Pbocion	.. 210
Pendergrass	... 40	Peticote	.. 133, 152	Phoedrus	.. 36
Pendragon	207	Petion...	73, 232, 307	Phosphorus	36, 299
Penelope	113	Petifer . . .	32	Photinus	.. 36
Penfound	142	Peto ...	.. 153, 158	Pbotius	.. 86
PeugeUy 142, 207, 288	Petley ...	.. 91, 149	Phrouzka ...	.. 294
Penman	2G7	Petit ...	34	Phryne ... ]	L86, 224
Penn ...	151	Petnian	.. 91,149	Phuvah	56,58
Pennant 148, 151, 219	Petrarch	90	Pbygellus 57, 5	J60, 300
Penninah	.. 16, 116	Petrouius	96	Pbylhs	.. 48
Penny ...	.. 207, 239	Petroslav	.. 38,295	Physcou	.. 47
Pennycuik	130	Petrowna	292	Physicus	.. 48
Pennyfathei	... 207	Petnicbio	274	Pi	.. 106
Pennygant	129	PetruUa	.. 96, 106	Piazza	.. 91
Pew ...	79	Pettee ...	93	Picador	.. 158
Penrod	129	Pettet ...	292	Picard	.. 158
Pentecost	85	Pettijean	35	Piccoh	.. 85
Penrybn	.. 149,207	Pettit ...	.. 32, 85, 97	Pichard	.. 158
Penthesilea	... 44, 58	Petts ...	93	Picbaud	.. 158
Pentheus	44	Petty ...	.. 97,264	Piccoh	.. 35
PenneU	60	Poulthai	58	Piccolimini ...	.. 35
Pepin ...	252	Peveusey	223	Picton ]	58, 214
Pepley...	91	Pfeifier	253	Pickersgill ...	.. 147
Peploe ...	.. 17, 225	Pbalec ...	35	Pickles	.. 215
Pepper...	239	Phanuel	60	Pickwith ...	.. 236
Peppercorn	239	Pharamond	248	Piece	.. 232
Pepys ...	108	Pharnaces	34	Pied	.. 74
Percival	.. 144, 148	Pharaoh	36	Piedleu	.. 74
Percy ...	144	Pharnambu	cey ... 124	Pierce	96, 143
Perdita	.. 115, 290	Pbarnaspes	165,203,239	Pierotti	.. 274
Pere-et-mero ... 97	Pheasant	240	Pierre	.. 96
Peregrine	264	Pbelan	175	Piers	.. 96
Peregrino	264	Phelim...	42	Pierson	.. 96
Pereu-a...	96	Phelps...	204	Pietro	.. 96
Perez ...	.. 96, 290	Phenissa	117	Pigfat	.. 137
Perez-de la Rua... 26G	Pbicol ...	56, 69, 216	Pigot	.. 30
Periander	29, 74, 305	Philemon	40, 59	Pigott	.. 156
Pericles	37, 74	Philetus	40,59	Pike	.. 215
Perigonus	75	PhUamore	.. 73, 204	Pilate t.	15, 254
Perizada	102	Phihnna	40	Pilcher	.. 254
Perkin ...	90	Phihp 1	06, 161, 203	Pileus	.. 254
Perkins	274	Phihpon	73	Pilgrim	.. 264
Perillon	73	Philippova .	.. 106, 293	Pillsbury ...	.. 264
Peron ...	96	Phihppa	.. 106,293	Pilson	.. 271
Peroni...	96	Pbilo ...	40	Pirn	.. 30
Perowne	73	Philologus	40	Pinceloup . . .	.. 175
Perrin ...	201	Philomela 1	18, 187, 209	Pindar	42, 207
Perron ...	96	Philometer	46	Pinelh	.. 128
Perrott	274	Philopater .	46	Pinbornc ...	.. 137
Perry ...	.. 96, 274	Philpot	204	Pink	.. 203
Perseus	17, 18, 25	Pbineas	50,58	Pinkerton 68, 1	51, 288
Pertinax	44	Phinebas	56	Pinney	.. 207
Perucci	274	Pbipps...	204	Pinnock	. . 203
PeiTigino	96	Pblegon	190	Pinon	.. 72

INDEX.

349

	Page		Page
Pinus	. 60, 121	Pollock	.. 43, 242
Pio	. 45, 198	Poison... .	271
Piper	. ... 253 i	Polybius .	.. 59, 187
Piram	. ... 2081	Polycarp .	.. 45, 72, 78
Pirie	. ... 274	Polydor	117
Pirrett	. 'JG, 274	Polygonus .	301
Piirie ... .	. ... 274	Polyhistor .	117
Pisano	. ... 140	Polymeles	78, 187, 239
Pisistratus .	. ... 255	Polymina .	187
Pison ... .	. ... 145	Polyuices	224
Pistorius	. ... 237	Polyphemus	187, 112
Pitcairn	. ... 14	Polyxena	40, 112, 257
Pitchers .	. ... 243	Pombal	,. 202, 204
Pithom	. ... 207	Pomeroy	249
Pithou... .	. ... 72	Pompey	48,90
Pitman	. 241, 267	Pompilius	.. 48, 298
Pitt ... 142, 241, 2G7	Ponce ...	242
Pius ...	45, 60, 198	Pond ...	153
Pizano... .	. ... 140	Poniatowski	... 126
Pizarro	. ... 286	Pont ...	.. 253, 308
Plancus	. ... 32	Pontifex	253
Plantagenet	... 247	Pontiff...	253
Plato ... .	. 33, 232	Pontius	249
Piatt ... .	. 131,144	Poock ...	75
Playfair .	. ... 40	Pool ...	48, 151, 152
Pleione	. ... 249	Poole ...	242
Plews ... .	. ... 232	Poor ...	39
PlimsoU .	. ... 145	Pope ...	252
Plowright .	241	Popilius	298
Plum ... .	151	Popoff ...	.. 294, 295
Plumstead .	151	Popp ...	252
Plutarch .	183	Poratha	60
Pluto ... .	183	Porcia ...	.. 106,236
Plutus ... .	183	Porcius	.. 106,236
Podarce	60	Porcher	231
Podarge	107	Pordenone	73
Podargus	59, 74, 131	Porphyry	17, 25, 225
Podgers	138	Porphyrogenetus 17, 25
Podio ... .	.. 32, 74, 95	Porson . . .	271
Poe ... .	39	Porteous	238
Poggio ... .	131	Porus ...	41
Pogon ... .	45,46	1 Portman	73
Pognatus	31	Portwine	153
Pointer	153	Posideon	... 190,235
Pointon	253	Possinet	202
Poisson	.. 211, 271	Posthuuius	91
Poissoner	243	Potiphah	32, 61, 194
Poland...	157	Potipherah	... 61,194
Pole ...	.. 157, 275	Pott ...	240
Polemou	.. 40, 216	Potter ...	240
Polignac	.. 157, 275	Pottinger	241
Poligny	275	Potts ...	... 240, 241
Poliocertes	47	Poulin ...	307
Polk ...	88	Pounds	153
Pollard	31	Poussin	202
PoUio ...	254 Powell...	277
Pollion ..	130	Power ...	39

Pozzo	... 241
Pratt 132,	133, 145
Praxidioe ...	45, 117
Praxiteles ...	45, 117
Pre	... 145
Precious	40, 93
Prendergast	185, 307
Presbyter ...	.. 202
Preston	245, 308
Pretorius . . .	... 266
Prettyman ...	... 154
Preu	... 40
Preus	... 40
Priam	... 219
Price ... 234,	277, 296>
Priddle	... 277
Pride	... 243
Prideaux ...	... 151
Priest	... 245
Priestly	... 245
Prigg	... 277
Prim	70,90
Prima	70,90
Prime	... 86
Prince	... 235
Pringle 264	271, 281
Priscilla	100, 244
Prisons 48	103, 121
Pritchard ...	224, 277
Pritty ... 133	144, 154
Probart 255	271, 277
Probus	42, 90
Probyn	... 277
Proctor	... 246
Proculus	... 89
Procurator ...	... 246
Progers	... 277
Properjohn ...	... 87
Protesilaus ...	... 52
Protogenes ...	... 80
Protogenia ..	... 90
Protus	... 90
Proudfoot . . .	... 74
Pro van	... 277
Prowse	... 277
Pnice	... 157
Prudhomme	... 183
Prudhon	... 183
Prujean	... 93
iPryd	... 154
Pryor	... 286
i Ptolemeus Macron 286
1 Ptolemy	48, 116
Puah ... 53, 78, 106
Publicola 69	, 222, 235
Publius	235, 298
PuceUa	... 75
I Puck	... 75

350

INDEX.

	Pajje		Tayc		FuLSC
Pudens	42. 299	Quean ...	160	Ralph	... 176
Pudentiana . . .	... 299	Queen ...	.. 160,229	Ralston	176, 270
Pue	... 277	Quintin	90	Ram ... 54	106, 144
Puella	... 105	Question	307	Ramage 48	125, 252
Puer	... 105	Quick ...	.. 60, 242	Ram Bukah	... 51
Putfendorf ...	... 308	Quiddy	307	Rammer	... 252
Pugh ... 277,	278, 280	Quigg •••	138	Ramolini ...	... 125
Pair	... 39	Quigley	143	Ramsbottom	... 144
Pul	... 206	QuUlan	287	Ramsay	... 175
Pulcheria ol,	105, 116	Quillman	267	Ranald	... 235
PulUnger ...	... 237	Quilt ...	307	Rauce	129, 218
Pulvermachev	... 249	Quilty ...	124	Rand	... 275
Punch	... 307	Quin ...	... 228, 229	Randal	138, 218
Punchion ...	... 216	Quince...	91	Handle	... 188
Punclion	216, 307	Quincy	155	Raudoli^h ...	... 176
i'lipillus	19, 25	Quinet ...	274	Ranger	... 126
Purcell	... 31	QuinUvan	229	Rani	... 101
Purchase	... 243	Quirinus	214	Ranke	129, 139
Pui-die	... 45	Quintillian	90	Rankin	... 273
Purdon	... 267	Quintin	96	Ransom	... 219
Purkiss	... 96	Quintus	90	Raper	... 233
PurUeu	... 129	Quinze	90	Rapha	... 65
Purvis	... 252	Quittacus	307	Raphael	... 55
Pusa	... 100	Quixote	217	Rapin	... 200
Pusilla	... 100			Kapp	200, 275
Puxley	... 75	Rabbi ...	... 254, 260	Raschid	... 14
Puypariier ...	... 106	Rabboni	... 77, 260	Rashi (m) ...	79, 221
Pyat	58, 273	Rabshakeh	254	Rasselas	238, 302
Pybus	121, 125	Raby...	200	Rat	136, 152
Pycott	133, 152	Race ...	148	Ratican 136	, 152, 256
Pye ... 277	278, 280	Rachel...	198	Rato	... 254
Pygmahon ...	... 88	Racine...	201	Ratsey	... 256
Pygme	... 88	Rad ...	... 152, 255	Rattee	... 254
Pylades	... 301	Radbert	255	Ratter	... 152
Pyle	... 301	Radcliife	21, 26	Ratto	... 152
Pyleus	... 301	Raddax	127	Rattray	... 256
I'ym	... 30	Radetsky	254	Raumer	... 234
Pyramus	17, 25	Radford	23	Ravaillac . . .	... 275
Pyrois ... 17, 2.5, 302	Radoslav	... 38, 294	Raven	... 200
Pyrosporus ...	16, 41	Radstock	153	Ravius	... 275
Pyrrhus	17, 25	Rae ...	43, 283, 284	Rawclitt'e ...	21, 26
Pythagoras . . .	224, 255	Raeside	284	Rav^ley	... 132
Python	191, 207	Raffin ...	152	Rawlings ...	175, 270
		Rattles ...	55	Rayment ...	44, 223
QUAGGENBOSH	... 122	Rafflin...	... 136, 143	Raymond . . .	44, 223
QuagUa	... 201	Raftor ...	134	Rayner	... 216
Quaghenne ...	... 273	Ragg ...	... 136,137	Reach	48, 134
Quaid	... 283	Raglan...	236	Read	... 254
Quain	... 228	Rahab ...	69	Reba	... 90
Quant	... 42	Raham	106	Rebecca	113,305
Quarles	... 241	Raikes...	... 234, 264	Rebekah ...	... 113
Quarrier	... 241	Raimes	48, 125, 252	Rechab	204, 225
Quarterfagcs	... 127	Rainey...	264	Reddie	... 254
Quartermass	... 84	Raith ...	283	Redhead	... 20
Quartus	... 90	Rajah ...	... 101, 234	Redmond 17, 20, 227
Quasheba ...	85, 106	Rajahputra	... 293,296	Redpath ...	... 38
Quashee	85, 106	Raleigh	132	Ree	234, 284

INDEX.

351

	Pa-e		Pa-e		Pasre
Reece	... 234	Richter	65, 247	Romanovitch ... 293
Eeeclman ...	... 238	Rickett	... 234	Rome ...	264
Eeeves	... 137	Riddal	... 147	Romero	264
Began 247,	209, 284	Riddle	147, 200	Romulus	146
Kegina	... 101	Ridley	21, 26	Ronald...	235
Keginald ...	... 235	Rienzi	... 218	Ronge ...	129
Reginmar ...	... 234	Rigby	... 137	Ronquillo	30
Regiomontanus	39, 139	Rigg ... 136	246, 247	Roo ...	22
Regulus	234, 30(5	Riley	21, 26	Rook ...	22, 26, 30
Rehabiah ...	... G8	Rimmon	... 194	Roper ...	... 233, 253
Rehob	... 68	Ringwood ...	... 126	Rory ...	234
Rehoboam ...	... 69	Rion	... 143	Rosabella	114
Rehoboth ...	... 68	Rise	... 151	Rosalind	... 114,208
Relium	... 57	Risely	... 147	Rosamond	... 114, 173
Rehumali ...	... 106	Rishton	... 138	Rosan ...	114
Rei	... 77	Risk	... 151	Rosbaum	205
Reid	131, 254	Ritchard ...	... 118	Rosconi	70
Reimarn.s ...	... 234	Ritchie	... 234	Rose ...	23, 26. 265
Reimer	... 234	Ritson 271	275, 286	Rosencrantz ... 218
Reine	... 101	Ritter	... 225	Rosetti...	173
Reis	... 148	Rivas	... 297	Rosgrana	110
Remaliah ...	... 54	Rivers... 133	143, 148	Rosh ...	79, 106, 221
Rembrandt . . .	... 226	Rizpah	... 116	Roshena	... 106, 222
Remigius . . .	... 255	Roadman ...	... 219	Roslin ...	135
Remington ...	... 255	Roan	... 284	Ross ...	70, 149, 173
Remus	... 146	Rob	... 255	Rossa ...	280
Rene ... G4,	276, 293	Robb	... 255	Rosseau	21
Rennie	235, 272	Robert ... 23	106, 255	Rossetti	... 21, 173
Renny	... 255	Robertson ...	255, 271	Rossi ...	21
Renard	... 177	Robespierre...	96, 292	Rossignol	209
Renaud	... 200	Robin	106, 255	Rossina	173
Renier	... 216	Robina	... 106	Rossini	... 21, 173
Renolf	218, 235	Robinson ...	... 271	Roth ...	87
Renovata ...	... 242	Robson	... 271	Rothacker	21, 25
Renzoni	... 218	Roche	... 136	Rothchild	21, 25, 218
Reuben 54, 90, 117	Rochefort ...	136, 266	Rounsiwell	121
Reuchlin	... 39	Rocket	... 214	Rountree	121
Reumah	55, 102	Rockwood ...	... 149	Rourke...	22, 23, 25
Reuss	... 146	Roden	136, 129	Rous ...	21, 25
Revell	... 257	Roderic de Triana 143	Rouse ...	... 21, 173
Revely	... 258	Roderick 33	143, 234	Rousillon	73
Reves	... 258	Roderigo	... 234	Rousseau	... 21, 25, 95
Rex	101, 234	Rodger	... 215	Roustan	... 23, 146
Rey	... 235	Rodman	... 257	Rowan...	60, 70, 121
Reymond ...	... 200	Rodolph	174, 176	Rowe ...	22, 275, 284
Reynolds ...	... 235	Rodomont ...	... 156	Rowell...	153
Rhadegund...	... 255	Rodney	129, 144	Rowena	... 106, 110
Rhesus	... 107	Roe	25, 284	Rowland	219
Rhin	... 220	Roebuck	132, 209	Rowley	21
Rhoda	... 265	Roff	... 176	Roxana	... 106, 222
Rhodopis ...	... 27	Rogan	... ^84	Roy 17, 25,	233, 234, 236
Ribas ... 133	143, 148	Roger	... 215	Royle ...	234, 236, 306
Ribai(m) ...	... 78	Rogers	... 215	Royston	200
Ricardo	... 234	Rokesby	... 149	Rubens	90
Riccoboni ...	... 73	Roland	... 219	Rubenstein	125
Rice	... 234	Romaine	264, 293	Rubini	90
Richard	118, 234	Romanoff . . .	... 293	Rubio ...	84

352

INDEX.

		Paye		Page;		Page
RucU ...	23, 84,	265 Saggers	... 245	Saron	... 127
Ruddimau .		27	Sahib ... 52,	106, 248	Saronidas ...	... 301
Rudge .., .	.* 136,	304	Said ... 35	, 43, 109	Saronides ...	... 127
Rudiger		2151	Saintey	... 204 i	Sarony	127, 301
Rudolph .		174!	Saker	... 218	Sarronide ...	... 301
Rulfiuus	'.'. ' 2	X 25 1	Sala	... 66	Sarsechem ...	... 164
Rufus ...	20, 22, 25 i	Saladin	... 44	Sarsfield ...	... 128
Rugg ... .		149	Salah	... 66	Satan ... 51	, 60, 171
Ruggiero		215	Salem	... 221	Satchell	... 267
Ruiz ... .		290	Sales	... 128	Satrap	... 220
Rule ...		234	Salignac	... 128	Saturn	183, 234
Ruma ...		146	Salinator ...	... 255	Satyr us	... 248
Rumbelow		250	Salmaheben Daoud 92	Saul	92, 235
Rumbold .	.'..	224	Salmasius ...	... 140	Saunders ...	... 223
Runciman		245	Salmon 55, 60, 66, 73	Saurin... 2i	, 34, 227
RuDJeet Singh ...	205	Salt	... 255	Sausure	... 251
Rupert...		255	Salter	... 255	Sautree	... 253
Rupertino		255	Salvator ...	... 94	Saumarez ...	128, 150
Rushbrook		147	Salverte ...	... 82	Saunders ...	... 223
Rushbury		138	Sam	... 81	Sauvage	... 248
Rushout		138	Sambo	... 81	Savage... 60,	125, 186
Rushton		138	Samborn ...	... 92	Savaton	... 244
RusseU...		21	Sam Long ...	... 29	Severthal . . .	... 143
Rust ...		21	Samson 36, L	8, 71,81	Saville	... 125
Ruskin...		280	Sampson	81, 272	Savigny	... 125
Ruth 54,	90, lOG	,107	Samuel 7'.	,81,115	Savanarola...	141, 143
Rutherford		148	Sancho	... 275	Savaton	... 144
Ruthlan		26	Sandbank ...	... 148	Sawney	... 92
Ruthven	25, 20	.142	Sandemau ...	... 246	Saxe	... 213
Rutilius	2	0,25	Sanderson ...	223, 271	Say	... 152
Ruthland		21	Sandon	... 74	Sayers	... 255
Rutter ...		225	Sandford ... ~	... 148	Sayle	... 128
Ruysdael		147	Sands ... 74,	133, 149	Scald	241,261
Ruyter		225	Sandy	74, 223	Scaldwell ...	... 196
Ryder ...		225	Sandyfaulds	... 130	Scales	... 266
Rye ...		143	Sandyford ...	... 23	Scaliger	... 228
Ryle ...	'.'. 234	,306	Sang	... 275	Scanderbeg...	73, 223
Rynn ...		152	Sangster	215, 250	Scanlan 23	126, 135
Ryno . . .		152	Sankey	135, 244	Scaredevil ...	135, 137
			Sanquhar ...	... 135	Scarlett	27, 87
Saad . . .		44	Santa Croce	... 264	Scaurus	... 32
Saadut...		221	Santa Cruz ...	... 38	Schaifer	... 239
Sabbadini		308	Santa Klaus	... 225	Schah-Daoud	92
Sabbathias		85	Santamaria...	... 84	Schamyl	... 81
SabeUius		308	Santhague ...	... 92	Schapler	... 249
Sabina . . .		104	Saph	... 60	Schepler	... 249
Sacar ...		58	Sapor	... 234	Schenko	... 240
Saccharissa	".'.' lib	, 238	Saphir... 63	224, 238	Schiller	31, 137
Sacchoni		73	Sapphira 65	106, 244	Schinner	... 72
Sack ...		270	Sar	96, 106	Schirmann ...	... 242
Sacy ...		97	Sara	106, 222	Schlegel ...	... 168
Sadd ...		44	Sarai ... 5	L, 96, ]o»;	Schliermacher	... 249
Saddler		26()	Sarah ... 51	106, 159	Schmidbrecht	... 259
Sadi ...		43	Sarajih	... 207	Schmidt ...	... 59
Sadlier		255	Sardan	... 206	Scobeloff	275, 294
Sadoc ...	"55,'g1	,278	Sardanapalus	... 206	Scholastica ...	... 118
Sage ...	... I2r	,308	Sardon	... 240	Scholasticus	... 118

INDEX.

353

	Page		Page
Schneider ...	... 256	Selena	... 118
Schomburg . . .	... 37	Selene	... 118
Schonthal ...	... 143	Seleucide ...	... 46
Scbrader	... 256	Seleucus	... 46
Schreiber ...	... 267	Selim	... 55
Schrevalius	238, 267	Selina	... 37
Schroeter ...	... 256	Selkirk	235, 245
Schummacher	... 244	Sell	... 255
Scbwarbach	... 147	Sellars	... 255
Schwartenberg	... 242	Seller	... 266
Scbwatz	... 33	Sellers	... 255
Scipio ... 31	, 56, 159	Semele	... 196
Sclater ...	73, 256	Semiramis 78	96, 108
Scobie	... 275	Semiramide	... 196
Scolding	223, 228	Semmet	... 140
Score	151, 135	Semple	... 88
Scoresby 135,	137, 151	Sempronius...	42, 224
Scotcher	... 244	Semy	... 252
Scott	... 157	Seneca	... 202
Scotus	157, 159	Sennex	... 127
Scribe	... 267	Sentsch	... 294
Scribonius ...	... 238	Sentschisschinn	... 263
Scrimegeour	... 222	Sephar	... 65
Scrimshaw ...	... 125	Sepharvaim	... 244
Serine	250, 254	Sepher	65, 244
Scripture	... 75	Septimus ...	... 91
Scrivener ...	... 238	Serapion	... 169
Scroggie	122, 128	Serapis	... 169
Scroggs	... 122	Sereno	... 234
Scrope	... 122	Serjeant	... 261
Scruby	... 122	Serpentarius	... 191
Scudamore 33	224, 261	Serrano	... 233
Scully	... 232	Serrauus	... 233
Scylla	... 188	Servetus	... 261
Seachlan ...	135, 292	Service	... 233
Seafart	... 248	Servius	... 91
Seamans	... 250	Servoni	... 292
Seaton 133	152, 196	Seth	... 60
Sebaste	... 197	Seton	... 237
Sebastian ...	... 197	Settle	131, 266
Seechi	... 109	Severus	41, 292
Sechnall ...	... 90	Seward	... 255
Seeker	... 255	Sexton	... 250
Secundinus . . .	... 90	Sextus	... 91
Secundus ...	... 90	Seymour ...	140, 244
Securius	... 45	Sezzi	... 91
Sedigitus	... 308	Sforza	... 29
Seekings	... 270	Shabbathai ...	... 85
Seely	... 198	Shadbolt ...	... 217
Seer	... 254	Shadlaw ...	... 137
Segi	... 221	Shaddai	... 61
Seidhtz 131	, 152, 266	Shadlow	... 137
Seignior	... 202	Shaftesbury	... 215
Seir ... G5, 87, 254	Shafto	... 215
Sejanus	234, 299	Shah	... 234
Seji	234, 299	Shaharaim ...	63,86
Selden	... 144	Shahjee	... 296
26

Page

Shakar-lab 113

Shakelady 123

Shakespeare 204, 214

Shallum 301

Shalmai 78

Shalmanaser ... 55

Shalom 55

Shamar 72

Shamgar 265

Shammai 56

Shammuah 83

Shamus 95

Shan 94

Shanagau 88, 100, 135

Shand 135

Shandon 135

Shandy 44

Shane 94

Shanks 241

Shanter 51

Shapfer 239

Shaphan 97

Shaphat ... 01, 247

Shaphatiah 52

Shararaiin 86

Sharezer 194

Sharman 256

Sharon 127

Sharp 45, 59

Shaw 125

Sheal 97

Shealtiel 97

Shearer 256

Sheba 150

Sheber 66

Shebha 58

Shedden 237

Sheddy 237

Sheen ... 68,150

Sheepshanks . . . 286

Sheik 234

Shelah 45

Sheldon ... 137,150

Sheldrick 203

Shelly 247

Shelomi ... 56, 108 Shelomith ... 56,108

Shelton 150

Shem ... 56,77,196 Shema ... 33,83

Shemah 196

Shemer ... 55,7-2, 78 Shemiramoth ... 69

Shemuel 81

Shemuliel 56

Shenkin 94

Shenstone 94

354

INDEX.

	Pajje		Page		Pajje
Sheplier	... 106	Siculua	47	Skeacb	281
Shephupban	... 207	Sidik ...	55	Skeels	261
Sherbourne	... 137	Siddons	137	Skegg ...	31
Sberidau	... 256	Side	... 126,139	Skene ...	176
Sberlock ...	30,31	Sidelas	35,47	Skerratt	.. 30,151
Sberman ...	... 256	Sidetes	35,43,199	Skey ...	218, 224, 270
Sberry	... 168	Sidonia	163	Skidmore	.. 33,270
Sberwood ...	137, 138	Sidlaw	137	Skiffington	137
Sbesbadri ...	... 261	Sidney	183	Skiinining	134
Sbesbai	... 91	Siebenecber 121,127	Skinner	72
Shesbbazzar	... 19-4	Sieber	246	Skiold	270
Sbetbar ...	... 116	Siemaus	250	Skiolding	.. 223,270
Sbetberbozuai	... 116	Sigbert	150, 164, 224	Skipper	250
Sbiel	... 137	Sigbertfitborp ... 150	Slade ...	133
Sbiels	... 150	Sigbrand	... 164,222	Slagg ...	... 164,219
Sbiekls	30, 218	Siegel ...	... 131,152	Slapp ...	288
Sbierlaw ...	... 137	Sigga ...	164, 217, 224	Slater ...	.. 256,286
Sbilbi(m) ...	... 78	Sigismund	164, 224, 227	Sleeman	238
Sbillacker ...	... 243	Sigourney	227	Slevin ...	151
SbiUinglaw	133, 137	Sigvalladur	... 227	Slick ...	36
SbiUingswortb	... 152	Silas ...	32, 125, 186	Slide ...	56
Shilob ...	56, 66, 78	Silenus	32	Sliman	228
Shiloni	... 56	Silliman	232	Slocum	138
Sbilsba	... 90	Silvanus	125, 186, 248	Slogg ...	119
Sbimei(m) ...	108, 196	Silverside	222	Sloman	36
Sbimeatb ...	... 108	Simcox	273	Sloper	241
Sbimeon	... 83	Simpcox	273	Sloss ...	254
Sbimei 37, 77, 19G	Simeon	72,83,196	Slovacten	161
Sbimon	... 72	Simeoni	77	Sluse ...	145
Sbimri(m) ...	... 78	Simkins	273	Sly ...	228
Sbimritb	... 108	Simnel	81	Small ...	239
Sbimron	... 72	Simon 3	2, 72, 83, 301	Smallback	284
Sbimnel	... 81	Simouides	... 72,301	Smallmau	239
Sbinab	52, 75	Simond	72	Smart ...	45
Shipbrab ...	... 106	Simpkins	273	Smeaton	131
Sbippey	... 175	Simpson	81,270,285	Smee ...	.. 34,131
Sbipton	... 137	Sims ...	83	Smidbrecht	... 259
Sboebottom	127, 1-4-1	Simson	81,272,285	Smikros	34
Sboueen	94, 272	Sindbad	155	Smitb ...	70, 188, 258
Sbore	... 150	Sindouia	113	Smitbfield	236
Sborrocks ...	... 127	Singer	215	Smoker	241
Sbort ... 3	2, 34, 284	Singb ...	... 153,205	Smollett	81
Sbual	... 246	Sing Long	298	Smytbe	258
SbulHebottom	... 144	Sippai ...	60	Snaefell	307
Sbulamite ...	... 56	Sippel ...	204	Snarley	34,82
Sbuni	... 78	Sippell	96	Suiveldy	137
Sbupban	66, 207	Sir	52, 90, 252	Snell ...	33,59
Sbuppim	... 66	Siracbides	300	Snodgrass	236
Sburmer	... 242	Sire	52, 90, 252	Snooks	121
Sibbakl	76, 222	Siret ...	90	Snow ...	.. 30,110
Sibbecbai ...	... 60	Sisera ...	209	Snowball	307
Sibley	... 76	Sismey	227	Snyder	236
Sibtliorp	... 150	Sisypbus	190	Socrates	... 223,261
Sibyl	... 196	Siva	171	Soffar ...	266
Sicilius	... 91	Sivajee	296	Sotfarides	266
Sickles	... 258	Sixsmitb	258	Softley	.. 132,144
Sickman ...	222,224	Sizar ...	256	Soffuk	217

INDEX.

355

	Pacre		rage		Page
Sofy ...	'J24	Spinoza	128	Stella	116,184
8oho ...	126,128,150	Spiridion	251	Stephen	25, 218
Sojourner	2G5	Spite ...	135, 152, 241	Stephanus ...	... 218
Solauiler	39	Spittle	257	Sterling	68, 253
Solano	145	Spohr ...	225	Stern	200, 218
Soldene	145	Spon ...	... 214,215	Sternhold 48	, 136, 201
Sole ...	145	Spooner	.. 43, 305	Stertinus ...	63,78
Solis ...	84	Spratt ...	215	Stevens	218, 272
Solomon	.. 45,56,78	Spring	.. 241,274	Stevenson ...	... 293
Solyman	221	Springdale	... 126	Steward	243, 258
Soman	55	Springfield	... 137	Stewart	... 258
Somers	.. 140,152	Sprout	215	Sthenelaus ...	... 188
Sonueborn	... 90	Spry ...	45	Stheno	... 188
Sontag	85	Sprye ...	34	Stilicho	... 259
Sopater	58	Spura ...	299	Still ... 35,47,106
Sophia	38, 190, 224	Spurge	19, 26, 241	Stilpon	... 37
Sophilus	34	Spurgeon	241	Stimson	... 272
Sophocles	38	Spm-inna	251	Stimpson ...	... 272
Sophonisba	112, 224	Spurius	.. 233,299	Stinton	... 251
Sophron	228	Squeers	280	Stitt	44, 220
Sophronicut	42, 224	Squires	.. 224,261	St. Jean d'Acre ... 93
Sor ...	117	Stacey	81	Stoach	... 281
Sorbey	266	Stack ...	130	Stobo	... 122
Sorby ...	.. 133,152	Stadtholder	... 258	Stock	... 121
Sorley ...	25, 34, 227	Stael ...	259	Stocks	... 130
Sorr ...	252	Stafford	.. 140,148	Stockenstrom	... 148
Sosipater	58	Stagno	153	Stockwell ...	... 130
Sosthenes	223	Stahl ...	259	Stockings ...	... 117
Sothern	145	Stahlman	259	Stoddart	239,253
Sottenville	38	Staines	146	Stoffel	... 219
Soter ...	46, 94, 223	Stally ...	259	Stofflet	... 219
Soul ...	146	Stallybrass	... 259	Stoganowitz	... 293
Soule ...	146	Stallyman	259	Stoke	... 130
Soult ...	126	Stamford	148	Stoker	... 130
Southack	127	Stanback	148	Stokes	... 130
Southey	145	Standen	126	Stone	... 149
Southgate	L45, 256, 301	Standish	149	Stonehouse	... 251
Souter	244	Stanford	148	Storar	... 146
Sozomon	223	Stanhope	.. 124,149	Storks	... 202
Spada ...	214	Stanhow	.. .. 153	Story	34, 145
Sparman	255	Stanley	.. 149,265	Stott	... 220
Sparrow	... 197,203	Stauners	265	Stout	44, 220
Spellman	258	Stark ...	29	Stowe	130, 243
Spelman	257	Starkey	57	Stowell	... 130
Spencer	252	Starling	218	Strabane	... 151
Spens	252	Starmer	222	Strabo	... 31
Speron	291	Stasoula	295	Strachen	... 94
Speroni	291	Stead ...	220	Straduarius	68, 275
Spes ...	93	Steady	.. 44,220	Strahan	... 94
Spicer ...	239	Stean ...	149	Strang	... 158
Spielman	253	Steele	259	Strange	... 155
Spiers ...	162	Steely	198	Strategus ...	... 220
Spike ...	215	Steen ...	149	Stratford ...	140, 148
Spillman	258	Steeper	137	Stratocles ...	216, 221
Spink ...	203	Steeple	218	Stratonice ...	100,115
Spinner	128	Stein ...	.. 136,149	Strauss	160, 203
Spinoli	128	Steinits	136	Strichen	... 94

356

INDEX.

	Pasei		Page		Page
Strickland ...	... 236]	Sutton	... 127	Tag-Maluil	218
Strinadona	... 110	Suttur	... 178:	Tagg ...	86, 168, 253
Stringer	... 249'	Suwarrow 41,	292, 295	Taggart	245
Strombi	... 307 i	Swaageman	46,173	Tagliapetra	... 73
Stromier ...	U8, 298	Swain 158,	236, 263	Taghavue	73
Strongbow ...	... 217	Swaine	... 29	Taglioni	73
Stress	... 275	Swainland ...	... 236	Tahrea	82
Strossmajer	... 275	Swaite	129, 145	Tait ...	33,73
Struther ...	... 151	Swan	... 201	Talbot	229
Struthers ...	151, 203	Swann	... 201	Talboys	126,250,200
Stuart	... 243	Swanhilda	... 172	Talford	260
Stubbiugs ...	... 270	Swauthaler	... 143	Talhiran	... 32,109
Stubbs	122, 129	Swartz 19,	190, 301	Taliesan	32
Stuhlman ...	... 241	Swartzerd ...	39, 299	Tallach	... 125,135
Stunt	... 33	Swayne	... 158	Talliafero	120
Sturmer	222	Sweaborg ...	... 139	Talligan	279
Sturrocks 199	210, 230	Swedenborg	... 139	Tallis ...	126
Sturton	139, 140	Sweeny	29, 50	Tallow	136
Styles	... 151	Sweet	... 93	Tallmadge	... 98,112
Su	... 302	Switt ... 33,59,158	Tallyrand	... 1.55,217
Suagros	111,199	Swindell	144,230	Talmage	... 98,112
Suarez	226, 291	Swinfen	... 144	Tarn ...	33, 48, 292
Suarius 106	236, 291	Swing	... 158	Tamar	128
Sudanowsky	246, 293	Swiulioe	... 144	Tamiesier	86
Sudbury	... 137	Swinkleman	... 232	Tambroni	73
Sudden	... 143	Swires	... 29	Tamerlane	31,32
Sue ... 93,98,232	Swisher	... 158	Tam O'Shanter ... 135
Sueuo	29, 158	Swithen	29, 158	Tarn Will	292
Suffetes	... 53	Sword	... 217	Tanagra	... 103,145
Sugden	144,236	Sybel	... 117	Tanaquil	103
Sugros	... 199	Sybella 102	104, 117	Tancred	255
Suidas	199, 302	S'yke	... 147	Tandy	... 34,275
Suilaluin	... 109	Sykes	... 147	Tan guy e	123, 128, 277
Suilgorm . . .	... 109	Sylla	... 30	Tanhauser	307
Suilmalda ...	... 109	Sylph	... 125	Tann ...	60
Suke	... 93	Sylvanus ...	... 180	Tannahill	273
Suleyman ...	50, 99	Symes	... 83	Tanner	... 237,273
Sullivan 30	, 109, 284	Symachus	... 45	Tannerock	273
Sulpice	... 30	Symington	... 83	Tanuock	273
Sulpicius	... 32	Syntyche ...	... 58	Tan Sein	145
Summer	... 257	Syren	114,110	Tantalus	... 81,187
Summerlee	... 151	Syrus	... 160	Tanz ...	307
Summers ...	... 257	Syth	... 29	Taot-se	297
Sumpter	... 257			Taphath	97
Sunter	... 83	Tabbaoth ...	... 09	Tardieu	... 74,286
Suntion	... 85	Tabbey	... 150	Tarn ...	33
Superbus ...	... 48	Tabby	... 209	Tarc^uin	... 134,234
Surat	... 244	JTabeel	55	Tarr ...	153
Surr ... 117, 145, Sr/i	Tabitha 114	, 202, 209	Tarrant	153
Surrey	... 249	Tabraham ...	52, 296	Tarry ...	... 133,153
Surry	... 249	, Tabram	... 52	Tartu ffe	307
Surtees	... 145	Tabrimmon	... 195	Tascher	256
Surtur	... 178	Tachus	... 33	Tash ...	121
Susan	... 93	Tacitus 35,47	, 100, 305	Tashwood	121
Susannah ...	... 93	Taddy	... 241	Tasker	... 234,256
Suther	... 146	Tadeoni	58	Tasmau	241
Sutherland	146, 148	Taffy	... 92	Tass ...	241

INDEX.

357

Tasso 208

Tassoni 73

Tassy 241

Tate ... 41,75,305

Tatian 41

Tatius 305

Tatlock 305

Tato 305 I

Taurus 169 i

Tavernier 25()

Taylor 25 G

Tawell 137 i

Tawse 13G !

Teague 241

Teazle 244

Teba 134,130

Tebah 55

TebaUah CO

Teck 25g|

Tedesco 100 1

Teer 285

Tegiilarius 256

Telegonus 91

Telemachus ... 217

Telfer 120,200

Tell 127,130

Tellwright 242

Temple 245

Templemore 84, 235, 245

Thais Thai Thalbei

Thales Thalia Thalpius Thamah Thammuz ...

Thana

Thana-Lartia

Thane

Thaumas

ra;,'e

... 100 ... 143 137, 143

... 187

114,187, 189

187

97

189

103

... 145 103, 145 ... 189

Thaumaturgua ... 189 Thecla ... 38,77,100

Teunant Tennyson Terah ... Terence Terentius Teresa

Terpander ... Tei-psichore

Terris

Terry

Tertius Tertulius ... TertuUian ... Teschenmaker

Testa

Tetley

Tetrander

Tetricus

Teucer

Teufel

Teut

Tew

Tewson

Thackeray

Thackombau

Thaddeus ..

Thade

Thady

Theia

Themis Themisto .. Themistocles Theobald .. Theobulus .. Theocles Theocritus The O'Donaghu

151,277

208

8S 134, 130, 151 ... 33,159

lOG

40

.. 187

.. 247

.. 234

.. 90

90, 182

.. 182 i

.. 240 :

, ... 305

, ... 130 i

29, 40, 190 I

. ... 190

. ... 195

. ... 75^

. ... 195

. ... 77

77,89

... 250

... 89

. ... 58

. ... 58

, 58, 241

Theodore Theodoric Theodorus Theodosia ... Theodosius ... Theogonus ... Theophanius Theophila ... Theophilopoul Theophilus ... Theophorus Theophrastus

100 ... 303 ... 303 ... 303 ... 235 ... 117 ,77,100 ... 53

227

76, 122, 235

7G, 234

70, 77, 90

96, 235

96, 235

301,302

... 81

... 295 , ... 295 ... 107 ... 219 196, 255

Theophylact ... 55 Theos ... 50,76,106

Theosebes

Theosebius

Theresa

Therou

Theseus

Thessalonica

Theta

Thetis

Thia

Thierry Thing

Thirlwall ... Thistlethwaite Thoburn ... Thodotus ... Thomas

Thon

Thor ., Thora ., Thoraga

238, 302 ... 202 ... 100 ... 100 ... 48 ... 107 70, 100 70 ... lOe ... 234 ... 254 ... 136 ... 129

169

... 90,235

274

153

100,109,188

100

109

	Page
Thorburn ...	... 1G9
Tlioresby	... 180
Thorgar	... 170
Thorkettle ...	... 109
Thornes	... 128
Thorold	... 109
Thoroughgood	... 152
Thorp	... 1,50
Thorwald ...	109, 295
Thorwaldsen	109, 295
Thoth	77, 195
Thothmethes	... 195
Thrale	... 34
Thraseus ...	... 224
Thrasonicus	... 224
Thrasymachus	... 225
Thresher ...	70,138
Thrower	... 230
Thug	... 305
Thugater ...	... 295
Times	1G8,180
Thurkettle ...	... 169
Thurlow ...	144,169
Thurstan ...	... 170
Thurtell ...	... 169
Thwaites 129	,136,144
Thynne	... 123
Ti	... 77
Tiber	146, 274
Tiberias	146, 296
Tichborne ...	... 147
Tichbourne	... 152
Tickel	... 87
Ticklepenny	... 135
Tidal	... 57
Tiddler	... 87
Tidy	... 235
Tidyman	... 235
Tierny	304
Tiers	... 90
Tieu	... 195
Tiffany	... 81
Tigellinus ...	... 242
Tiger ... 213,214,215
Tighearna ...	303
Tiglathpileser	... 194
Tilden	... 144
Tillinghast ...	... 144
Tillman	... 232
Tillot	... 128
Tilroyd	... 128
Tilley	... 238
Tilly	... 128
Timeus	. . . 305
Timoleon ...	... 205
Timon	... 305
Timor	... 196

358

INDEX.

	Pa-e		Paf,'e	1	Pajrc
Timour	32	Torelli	... 199	Triton ...	40
Timpkins .	274	; Torfid	... 123	1 Troilus	141
Tiadale	145	Toiigos	... 136	TroUliope	126
Tingay	254	Tormaid	... 289	' TroUope	126
Tinto ... .	. ... 25G	Toro	... 169	! Tromp	253
Tintoretto .	. ... 250	Torquatus . . .	... 218	f Tronchet	121
Tippet ... .	. ... 274	Torquemada	... 136	! Tropbimus	... 45
Tii-as ... .	. ... 97	Torquil	170, 289	Trotter	... 60,246
Tirawley .	. ... 173	Torr	136, 137	Trubody	... 33,246
Tiridates	41,00,204	Torrance ...	20, 20, 48	Trufit ...	123
Tiscbendorf	150, 242	Torreador ...	... 199	Trufitt	170
Tista ... ■ .	. ... 93	Torrentius ...	... 20	Truman	... 17,272
Tita ... .	. ... 93	Torrero	... 199	Trumball	199
Titan ... .	. ... 188	Torricelli ...	136, 242	Trumbel	29
Titcomb .	. ... 138	Torsleff ...	... 170	Trump	307
Titbonus .	. ... 307	Tortola ...	202, 304	Trumpf	307
Titian ... .	. ... 41	Tot	... 295	Truwbitt	123
Titiens	. ... 41	Tottie	... 87	Trypbena	... 112,243
Titus ...	41,80,305	Tottenbam ...	... 195	Trypbo	45
Tityrus	. ... 248	Toussaint ...	... 85	Trypbosa	40,112,243
Tiu ... .	. ... 77	Tovey	202, 304	Tu ...	77
Tob ... .	. ... 195	Towell	... 137	Tubal-Cain	... 269
Tobiab	. ... 195	Towers	... 136	Tuck ...	... 229,256
Tobias	. ... 195	Townley 42	, 130, 139	Tucker	256
Toby ... .	. 119,195	Townly	... 240	Tudbope	1'45
Todd	. ... 206	Townsend ...	... 139	Tudor ...	... 76,2;^
Todbunter ..	. 206,243	Toxicrate ...	... 217	Tuerto	31
Todleben ..	. ... 88	Toy	... 257	Tuff ...	219
Toe	. 136, 137	Tozer	... 244	Tuffil ...	... 75,219
Tofts	. 133,139	Traill	... 134	Tui ...	77
Toke	. ... 229	Travel	... 200	Tuis	77
Tola	. ... 87	Travil	... 233	Tuisco ...	182
Toland	. ... 134	Trayner	... 29	Tuisden	144
Toler	. ... 153	Trebelli 31,40,112	TuUian	... 182,183
Toletus	. ... 140	Trebonius ...	... 42	Tullius	48, 182, 183
Toller	. ... 256	Tredgett ...	... 249	Tullocb	136, 279, 289
Tolliday ..	. 82, 173	Tree	123, 125	Tully ...	.. 182, 183
Tollner	. ... 256	Treffry	... 127	Tunstan	170
Tolmai	. ... 305	Tregeiles ...	... 147	Tupman	240
Tolmides ..	. ... 301	Trelawney ...	127,151	Tupper	240
Tolvie ... ..	. ... 120	Tremble ...	42, 199	Turenne	240
Tommy	. ... 274	Tremfear ...	29, 39	Turnarelli	242
Tompson	. ... 86	Treucb	... 130	Turnbull	29, 42, 199
Tomson >.	. ... 80,	Trenton	... 125	Turner	242
Tonkin	. ... 274;	Trepoff	88,91	Turnbam	128
Tonner	. 89, 169 1	Tresbam	... 119	Turnus ...	45,71,173
Tonson	. ... 272	Trevannion	... 151	Turpin	177
Tony	. 272, 274 1	Trewent ...	... 129	Turracremata ... 136
Tooby	. 119,195;	Triana	... 143	Turrentin	130
Toogood	. ... 137 1	Trim	... 121	Turtle	202
Toole	. 257, 274	Triones	... 302	Turton	139
Tootb ... 45,245,284	TripbUus ...	... 40	Tuson	77
Topfer	. ... 240	Tripp	... 253	Tuvee	73
Toplady	. ... 84!	Trippeumaker	... 253	Twa ...	80
Tora	. ... 216 Trippner	... 253	Tweedale	145
Toraga	. 106, 169 1 Trismegistus	... 264	Tweedle .	145
Tordenskiold	... 270 1	Tristam	... 44	Twells	240

INDEX.

359

	Page		Page 1		Page
Twentyman	... 239	Usi-mahse ...	... 89	Van Rhyn ...	... 226
Twina	... 8G	Uther-Peudragon 207 1	Vans	40
Twiss	... 138	Utteridge ...	... 137	Vansteen ...	... 149
Twistletoa ...	... 138	Uttermare ...	... 152	Van Trorap...	... 253
Twysdeu	144,150	Uxor	57,75	Van Winkle	... 149
Tycho	... 229	Uz ... 53,	209, 255	Varden	... 153
Tychicus	... 43	Uzzah	59, 164	Variolus	... 30
Tyerman ...	... 250	Uzzi	... 78	Varius	... 30
Tyler	256,281	Uzziah	53, 164	Varley	... 43
Tymlale ...	... 145	Uzziel	... 53	Varrow	... 29
Tyndall	... 145	Uzzi(m)	... 78	Varus	... 32
Typlion	... 185			Vasa _ ... 45,	136, 267
Tyraunion ...	296, 301	Valdeloge...	... 153	Vasari	83, 240
Tyrannus ...	235, 296	Valdez	... 290	Vasco	... 156
Tyrell 134	136, 169	Valens	28,47	Vashni	.. 90
Tyrwhit	123, 136	Valentine 28	, 47, 156	Vashti	31, 116
Tytler	... 253	Valentinian...	23, 47	Vasquez	156, 290
		Valerius	... 200	Vass	136, 199
Udal	41,47	Valkiriers ...	... 172	Vassilovitch	... 293
Ugo	... 167	Vallensteen...	... 149	Vatel	... 237
Ugoliai	... 167	Vallesneri ...	33, 285	Vatta	252
Uu-hu	... 89	Vallesteen ...	... 149	Vauban	... 143
Ulam	90, 264	Valletort ...	... 144	Vaughan ...	34
Ulic	... 118	Valpy	... 207	Vaux	136, 144
Ullathorne ...	... 307	Van Amburg	... 94	Vavasour ...	... 261
UUick	... 274	Vanan	... 40	Vecchi	292
UUia	171, 274	Vant Brunt...	... 136	Vedah	... 243
Ulman	... 16	Van Buren 133	, 150, 277	Veddas	... 243
Ulph	... 177	Vance	... 40	Vedder	120, 124
Ulphilas	174, 175	Vandeleur ...	... 277	Vega	... 174
Ulpian	... 206	Vandeman ...	... 149	Veitch	... 292
Ulric ... 134	171, 234	Vandeput ...	... 241	Velasquez ...	... 29
Ulysses	88, 190	Vanderbecken	146, 148	Velpeu	139, 266
Umbeito	... 292	Vanderbilt ...	... 135	Venantius ...	... 243
Umbreit	... 97	Vanderchild	... 218	Venard	... 243
Umpisi	... 89	Vanderhoff . . .	... 232	Veneroni ...	... 73
Una ... 98	117, 118	Vanderkemp	132, 133	Venn ... 122	150, 257
Underwood...	... 123	Vanderpeereboom 277	Vent	86
Unding	... 97	Vandersteen	149, 276	Ventriss	86, 243
Unitt	... D8	Van der Tan	... 128	Venua	... 243
Uno-tsmbi ...	... 89	Vanderveld...	128, 277	Venus ... 116	189, 192
Underwalden	... 122	Vardev6er ...	149, 277	Verger	... 257
Uawin	... 224	Vanduzee 149,	150, 152	Vergilius ...	... 308
Upjohn	... 94	Vandyke	... 136	Verna	... 260
Upp	61. 278	Vane ... 32,	219, 290	Veruet	128, 260
Urania 17	, 187 192	Van Hahn ...	... 277	Veron	... 272
Urban... 42	139, 240	Vanelli	... 94	Veronica	... 272
Urbane	139, 240	Vanneque ...	127, 128	Verres	... 206
Ure	147, 150	VanHoutenl25,126,149	Veron	... 272
Uriah	14, 25	Vanka	... 105	Verstegan ...	... 236
Uriel	14, 25	Vanloo... 128	132, 277	Verucci	... 272
Urijah	14, 25	Van Meter ...	151, 277	Verus	44, 273
Uri{m)	... 78	Vannan	... 40	Very	... 206
Urket	... 132	Van Neck ...	... 121	|Vesey	31,46
Urquhart ...	... 132	: Vanuer	... 144	Vespasian ...	98, 165
Ursula	110, 199	Van Osterzee	... 276	Vespucci	... 210
Usher	60, 236	Van Eeaiuuer	... 277	Vesta	... 184

360

INDEX.

	Pas,'e		Pa<re		Pa^e
Vetch	... 234	Vose	... 31	Wansborough	... 167
Vial	... 242	Vosey	... 31	Wanstead ...	... 167
Vicars	... 257	Voss	... 206	Warboys	... 153
Vickers	... 257	Voyle	... 263	Ward	59, 72
Vickery ...	... 257	Vulpius	... 206	Wardlaw ...	... 137
Victor 100,	115, 136	Vye	98, 112	Wardrop	233, 253
Victoria	100, 103			AVardrupp ...	... 122
Vida	92, 104	Waccup	... 126	Ware ... 72,	145, 270
Vidocque ...	123, 125	Waddell ...	... 145	Wark	... 204
Vierftiss	32, 74	Waddelow ...	... 176	Warner	... 257
Vieuxtemps	... 135	Waddilove ...	... 177	Warren	... 257
Vigilantius ...	66, 82	Wadding	... 270	Warrington	... 270
Vigneron ...	... 73	Waddington	... 270	Warton	139, 150
Vignoles 128,	153, 241	Waddle	... 145	Washington 45	267, 270
Vikars	... 257	Waddy	... 150	Wass ... 45,	267, 270
Villar	... 171	Wade	148, 270	Wasser	... 267
Villeneuve ...	... 139	Wadlow	... 177	Wasserbohr...	... 267
ViUeroy ...	39, 139	Wadrapp	... 122	Wassing	... 45
Villiers	... 171	Wadsworth . . .	... 150	Wat ... 216,	248, 256
Vincent	... 224	Wager	222	Wateau	137, 237
Vincenzio ...	... 224	Wagner	"77, 242	Waters... 39	151, 252
Vinegar ...	... 214	Wagstaff ...	... 215	Waterston ...	... 138
Vmter	... 257	Wainwrigbt	... 241	Watling ...	... 269
Violet	... 117	Waistcot ...	... 137	Watson	272, 288
Vipend	... 254	Waitman ..	... 242	Watts	216, 248
Vipond	... 254	Waits	... 253	Watty	... 288
Vir	... 100	Waldbrook ...	... 146	Wat Tyler ...	... 256
Virgil	... 82	Waldegrave	... 248	Wauchope ...	... 126
Virginia G7.	100, 112	Waldemar ...	... 38	Way land ...	... 170
Virginius 100	112, 185	Waldeu ...	129, 144	Wayman	... 242
Virgo	... 100	Waldo	... 29	Wear	... 145
Virtue	... 75	Wale	... 155	Weatherby ...	... 123
Visconti	... 245	Wales	... 155	Weatherhead	123, 126
Visbnaputra	... 296	Wallah	... 266	Weaver	... 237
Vitalian ...	154, 200	Walker	248, 249	Webb	... 237
Vitalis	... 242	Walkinshaw	126, 137	Weber	... 237
Vitellius ...	... 200	Walkup ...	... 126	Webster ...	... 237
Vitus	... 242	Wallace	... 155	Wedderbura	... 122
Vivian	113, 242	Wallach ...	152, 264	Wedders ...	... 198
Vixen	... 101	Wallonsteiii	122, 124	Wedgewood	... 122
Vladimir	... 38	Waller	... 264	Weeler	211,280
Voce	... 206	Wallet	... 159	Weir	145, 301
Voddam ...	... 122	Wallop	126, 148	Weird	... 187
Vodrey	... 248	Walls	159, 264	Weisensteia	... 149
Vogel	106, 253	Wallsend ...	... 136	Welcombe ...	138,148
Vogelsang ...	... 125	Walner	163, 264	Weller	148,171
Voglit	... 237	Walpole	... 242	Wellesley ...	... 137
Vokes	... 284	Walpurgis ..	... 113	Wellhausen	,.. 148
Volpicelli ...	... 207	Walsh ... ..	157, 161	Wellington	... 270
Volta	... 151	Walter	... 216	Wells	... 62
Voltaire	... 284	Walters	... 122	WoLsli	... 161
Voltz	... 122	AValton	122, 126	Wemys	... 62
Von der Tann	... 277	Walworth ..	... 122	Wemyss 135	, 151, 266
Von Reaumer	... 150	Walz	... 122	Wcndel	... 106
Von Robert	111, 255	Waltz	... 122	Weniloll ...	... 158
Vopiscus	... 86	Wamba	47, 307	Weudohne ...	... 106
Vortigern ...	40, 227	[Wands	... 265	Wen man	... 242

INDEX.

361

	Page		Page			rage
Wentworth	212, 271	Widness ...	... 124	Winthrop	37,68	150
Werter	... 198	Wiggin(s) ...	... 271	Wisby ... .		167
Wesley	... 137	Wight	75, 285	Wise ...		34
Wessensteia	... 149	Wife	233, 237	Wiseman .	.. 38	264
Wesson	... 137	Wightgar ...	... 215	Wisgar		215
Westley	... 137	Wigmore ...	200, 242	Wishart	15, 26	264
Weston	... 137	Wigram	... 200	Withcraft		124
Weatherby	... 122	Wilberforce	... 136	Witgar...		215
Weatherhead	... 123	Wilderspin	... 42	With ...		122
Wetherspoon	... 130	Wiles	171,272	Wither...		124
Wetla	... 269	Wilfred	... 171	Witherhead		126
Wette	... 122	Wilfritb ...	... 171	Witherow		123
Wballey ...	... 148	Wilhelm ...	... 106	Withers	.".' 124	125
Wbarrie	... 241	Wilhelmina	106, 171	Witney		124
Wbarry ...	... 286	Wilkes	... 171	With wrong		122
Wbeeler ...	241,280	Wilkie	... 274	Witley ...		266
Wbelpton ...	... 176	Wilkinson ...	76, 287	Witt ...		122
WbeweU ...	... 280	wm	... 171	Witticin		128
Wbib	... 237	WUlard	... 171	Witton...		97
Wbibley ...	... 237	Willemzoon	... 295	Witty ...		122
Wbigmore ...	... 242	Wilier	... 171	Wise ...		34
Wbipps	... 237	Willet	171,274	Wladislaw	.'.' '38	, 294
Wbipperman	... 237	William 97	, 108, 171	Woden...		166
Wbidden ...	... 123	Willie	... 274	Woffendale		176
Wbisker ...	... 215	Willimar ...	... 171	Wolcot...		139
Wbiskin ...	... 215	Willimore . . .	... 75	Wolemuth		175
Wbitcombe	... 123	Willimot ...	171,274	AVolf ...		177
Wbite 42,75,	249, 270	Willing	... 171	Wolfgang		174
Wbitebread	... 201	Willis	171,274	Wolfrad		176
Wbitefield ...	... 266	Willmer ...	75, 171	Wolfsruna		176
Wbitebead ...	... 242	Willocks ...	.. 171	Wolfstan		174
Wbitelaw ...	... 149	Willougiiby	... 128	Wollaston		139
Wbiteside 123	126, 222	Willox	... 171	Wolmuth		175
Wbitesmitb	258, 259	Wilmer	75, 171	Wolseley		176
Wbitgar	... 215	WiUmet ...	... 274	Wolsey...		175
Wbitgift ...	... 85	Wilmot	... 274	Wolski...		122
Wbitbam ...	... ]23	Wilsher ...	... 128	Woman		100
Wbitberow	... 123	Wilson	287, 292	Womba		47
Wbiting 270,285,306	Windsor	... 133	Wonfor		167
Wbitlock ...	... 32	Windthorst	... 307	Wooden		166
Whitman ...	... 39	Wine	... 93	Woodgrave		248
Wbitmore ...	... 75	Winegar ...	... 214	Woodhead	.'.' 123	308
Wbitside ...	126,222	Wink	... 149	Woodhouse		279
Whitster ...	238, 249	Winkle	... 149	Woodley		129
Wbittem ...	.. 123	Winks	... 149	Woodman	39, 123	, 124
Wbitting ...	... 285	Wiukleman	... 232	Woodrow		248
W^bittington	... 285	Winegar	... 214	Woodruffe		248
Whittle ...	259, 269	Winne	... 30	Woods ...	60, 120	, 280
Whitworth	... 271	Winnie	... 93	Woodside		126
Whyatt	... 274	Wiunifred ...	... 45	Woodstock		126
Wbybrow ...	... 139	Winnoc	... 93	Woodward		248
Whyman ...	... 239	Winship	... 240	Woolard		139
Whyte	... 159	Winslow ...	134,136	Woolcock	'.".' 171	,274
Wickliffe 162	, 228, 271	Winterbach	... 144	Woolfield		139
Wicks	34, 242	Winterbottom	... 144	Woolfrad		176
Widdows 122	124, 125	Winterborn	92, 144	Wolfrand		176
Widmore ... 27	123, 124	Winters	... 257	Wolfsruna		176

3(J2

INDEX.

	Page		Page		Page
Woolcock ...	... 171	Youssupoff	293	Zethar ...	... 78, 116
Woolnoth 139	175, 220	YuiU ...	84	Zetland	289
Woolsey ...	... 175	Yuille ...	167	Zeus ..	45, 77, 183
Woolward ...	... 139	Yule ...	84	Zibiah ...	109, 114, 209
Wootoa 122	123, 151	Zab ...	174	Zibion ...	71
Wordie 46	139, 150	Zabad ...	.. 97, 106	Zibrah ...	109
Wortley	... 133	Zabdi ...	97	Zichri ...	60
Wotherspoon	... 130	Zabdiah	97	Ziegler	284
Wren	... 234	Zabdiel	97	Zill ...	55, 99
Wright	... 241	Zaccar ...	55	Zillah ...	55, 99, 109
Wunder ...	... 265	Zaccheus	58	Zill AUah	55, 99
Wunsch	.. 97	Zacchiah	58, 79	Zillai ...	... 32, 304
Wunnaer ...	... 140	Zaccur...	79	Zilpah ...	116
Wycherley ...	128, 180	Zacbary	55	Zilthai...	99
Wynn	... 133	Zacher...	79	ZUthaiah	99
Wynship ...	... 240	Zadok ...	44	Zimmerman ... 241
		Zahn ...	284	Zimri ...	78
Xanthus ...	22, 203	Zalmoni	72	Zimri(m)	78
Xantippe ...	22, 203	Zalmon	55, 72, 99	Zinzendorl	... 131, 150
Xantippas ...	... 203	Zalmunna	55,72	Ziphion	71
Xavier	... 136	Zambianchi	... 93	Ziphon...	78
Xenia	... 257	Zambo...	81	Zippor ...	... 46, 106
Xeno ... 112	257, 298	Zampa...	94	Zipporah	106
Xenopbanes	... 307	Zanchius	94	Zisca ...	31
Xenophilus ...	40, 257	Zancoff	94	Zita ...	... 83, 101
Xenophon ...	... 251	Zauoni...	94	Zitella ...	101
Xenos	257, 307	Zany ...	94	Zithri ...	60
Xerxes	... 234	Zaphenath	.. 61, 194	Zittau ...	253
Ximenes	... 83	Zarah...	86	Ziza ...	57
Xylander ...	39, 250	Zebedee	97	Zizca ...	31
Xystus	... 91	ZebediaU	97, 106, 129	Zohar ...	58
		Zebudah	106	Zoheth	305
Yacoub	... 291	Zebul ...	260	Zoilus ...	45
Yahya	... 94	Zebulun	69	Zollner...	256
Yair	... 135	Zechariah	55, 60, 79	Zoon ...	41, 278, 296
Yakoub	... 95	Zechori(m)	79	Zophah	59
YarreU	125, 135	Zedekiah	44	Zoppi ...	83, 240, 250
Yates	185, 236	Zeeb ...	66, 71, 174	Zopyrus	17, 25, 183
Yeamans ...	... 271	Zenab ...	112	Zorah ...	... 58, 106
Yeddie	224, 284	Zelophehad	90	Zorilla ...	207
Yelverton ...	... 137	Zemindar	247	Zoroaster	16, 41, 184
Yemans	217, 271	Zenas ...	45	Zorra . . .	206
Yeoman	217, 271	Zeno ...	45, 112, 257	Zosimus	45
Yett	136, 152	Zenobia	.. 45, 112	Zouch ...	308
Yocum	... 121	Zephi(m)	78	Zuar ...	87
Yohanan	... 94	Zepho ...	93	Zucca ...	246
Yoland	... 147	Zephon	66, 71, 72	Zuingle	29
Yonge	34, 108	Zephyr...	183	ZuingUus	... 29, 158
York	... 150	Zerah ... .	58, 86	Zukertort	307
Yorrick	... 150	Zerahiah	58	Zulleka	108, 112, 187
Young	34, 296	Zeresh... .	.. 93, 116	Zur	86
Youngman ...	... 108	Zeruah... .	116	Zuriel ...	55
Youngster ...	... 101	Zerubabel .	.. 140, 194	Zurshaddai	... 55, 145
Younker	... 101	Zeruiah	.. 55, 116	Zwingle	... 29, 158