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OLYMPUS AND ITS INHABITANTS:

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PREFACE. iy ^ L- 1

In oflfering to the Public a New Edition of the " De- cerpta from Ovid's Metamorphoses," it may be proper to explain shortly the plan which has been adopted. The object of the Editor has been to furnish Teachers with an edition of a long-established schoolbook, adapted to the present state of classical scholarship, and to the system of teaching now pursued in our burgh and parochial schools. He has endeavoured to give a correct Text, with Explanatory Notes on each page, and has be- sides added an Indfex, containing Mythological, Geo- graphical, and Historical Illustrations.

The Text has been formed after a careful comparison of the edition of Burman, 1727, with those of Jahn, 1832 ; of Bach, 1831-6 ; and of Baumgarten^Crusius, 1834. To none of these has the Editor strictly adhered : in all disputed passages he has thought himself at liberty to exercise his own judgment, and has not hesitated to adopt the improvements of the German Philologists, when these were supported by manuscript authority, or justified by the rules of fair and legitimate criticism. To the Punctuation of the Text he has paid particular

W PREFACE.

attention, and hopes that without injuring the sentences by too minute a division, he has succeeded in making the meaning sufl&ciently intelligible.

In the Notes which are appended to the Text, a translation has been given of those expressions and clauses which seemed likely to obstruct the progress of the learner, together with such illustrations as appeared necessary to elucidate grammatical and idiomatic diffi- culties, or to put bJTTi in possession of the meaning of the Author. To prevent the Text from being overloaded with Notes, and also to hold out an inducement to the Pupil to consult the Index, the expressions in immediate connexion with Proper Names are there explained. Up- wards of 400 passages have thus been illustrated, be- sides many others to which references merely have been given. In this part of his work the Editor has had recourse to the annotations of Gierig, Jahn, and Bach, and to Billerbeck's Dictionary to the Metamor- phoses.* Numerous references have also been made in the Notes to Adam's Roman Antiquities, for the pur- pose of drawing the attention of the Pupil to a work an acquaintance with which is essential to the under- standing of the classical writers. They are marked A.R.A., and apply to the edition of Dr Boyd, which has been preferred, both because it is cheap, and also be- cause, being stereotyped, the numbers of the pages are not likely to be changed.

The Index has been compiled solely for the purpose

* f'oJJsfSndiges Worterhvch zn den (^encandlimgen des Ovi- dius Naso. Fon Dr Juiiu* Billerbeck. Hannover, 1831.

PREFACE.

of illustrating the Text, and therefore lays no claim to originality. In the Mythological Articles, the Editor has availed himself of the labours of Mr Keightley, in his excellent work on " The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy," from which, in addition to the more common sources of infomiation, the materials hare been chiefly drawn. The indelicate detaUs have been stated very briefly, while those which bear more im- mediately upon the narrative of Ovid have been given at greater length. To those who are acquainted with the Ovidian Mythology, as developed m the Metamor- phoses, it is hardly necessary to say that it is attended with very considerable difficulties in the explanation, in consequence of the frequent mixing up of the older Mythi with those which the author had derived from a later period of Greek literature. His system is thus rendered incongruous, and the various parts of it irre- concilable with each other. The Editor can scarcely venture to hope that he has in every case rendered it intelligible to the learner ; but he has endeavoured to do so as far as the subject and the limits which he had prescribed to himself woiild permit.

In drawmg up the Articles on Geography, he has consulted the works of Dr Cramer, on Ancient Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, and has availed himself ii-eely of their contents, and particularly of the admirable digest of them which is given in the Eton Geography. His obligations to this last work deserve a more exten- sive acknowledgment ; and he embraces this opportunity of expressing the great satisfaction which he has always had in consulting it, and the perfect reliance which he

VI PREFACE.

has felt himself justified in placing on its accuracy. In the Orthography of Modern Names he has followed it exclusively.

The Historical Articles, which are not numerous, have been prepared with all possible care.

On the last two pages of the Index will be found a Table of the Declension of Greek Nouns, and a list of the lines which contain any peculiarity of Scanning.

Edinburgh Academt, Auffust 1838.

DECERPTA, &c.

BOOK I.

PROtEMIUM.

In nova fert^ animus mutatas dicere formas Corpora.^ Di, coeptis, nam vos mutastis et illas,' Adspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi Ad mea perpetuum* deducite tempora carmen.

Fab. I. — Chaos and the Creation.

Ante mate et ten-as'' et, quod tegit omnia, coelum,

Unus erat toto naturae vultus^ in orbe.

Quern dixere^ Chaos ; rudis indigestaque moles ;

Nee quicquam, nisi pondus rners ; congestaque eodein

Non bene junctarum discordia semina* rerum. 5

Nullus adhuc mundo prsebebat lumina Titan ;

Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe ;

Nee cii'cumfuso pendebat in aere Tellus

Ponderibus librata^ suis ; nee brachia longo

1 Anim\is fert {me), my mind inclines me, I purpose, I intend.

2 Formas mutatas in nova corpora, bodies changed into new forms, i. e. the transformation of bodies. The words formas and corpora may be here considered as synonymous.

3 Mutastis et illas. you transformed them also ; be pleased therefore to a-.sist me m recording the transformations.

4 Perpetuum carmen, a connected or uninterr^ipted popm,—so tliat each transformation may be connected with that -which precedes it.

5 Ante mare et terras, before the (sejiarate) existence of sea and land. Terras, for which there is sufficient manuscript authority, has been adopted

instead of the common reading, tellus.

6 Unus vultus erat naturae, there was one appear ance of nature, nature presented one unvaried appearance. 7 Dixere (i. e. homines).

8 Discordia semina, the incongruous principles, or elements, i. e. fire, or ether, air, earth, and water. The order is, discordiaque semina rerum non bene junctarum congesta eodem, huddled together in the someplace.

9 Librata suis ponderibus balanced by its own weight kepi in equiU- brium.

A

2 CHAOS AND THE CREATION. LBOOK 1.

Margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite. 10

Quaque fuit tellus, illic et pontus ct aer ;

Sic erat instabilis' tellus, innabilis unda,

Lucis egens aer : nuUi sua forma iiiancbat ;

Obstabatque aliis aliud :^ quia corpore in uno

Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis, 15

Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus.'

Hanc Deus et melior litem Natura diremit : Nam coelo terras, et terris abscidit undas, Et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere coelum.^ Quae* postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo, 20

Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit.*" Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere cceli Emicuit,' summaque locum sibi legit in ai'ce. Proximus est aer illi levitate locoque ; Densior his tellus, elementaque grandia traxit,* 25

Et pressa est gravitate sui : circumfluus humor Ultima'' possedit, solidunique coercuit orbem.

Fab. II. — The, Creation of Man.

Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis fuit ille Deorum, Congeriem secuit sectamque in membra redegit ;'" Principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni Parte foret, niagni sj)eciem glomeravit in orbis.

1 Instabilis, unstable, not fixed, or not to be stood upon.

2 Aliud obstabat aliis, one element stood in the tear/ of others.

3 Habentia pondus (pugnabant cum its qtue erant) sine pondere, bodies having weight struggled u-iih those which were without weight, i. e. heavy bodies with light.

4 Liquidum coelum, the pure ether ; aere, the atmosphere.

5 Qua {semiiia, or eleinenta), these, the elements previously mentioned.

6 Dissociata locis llgavit concordi pace, being disunited from their (for- mer) places, /cf combined in harmonious peace.

7 Ignea et sine pondere vis convexi coeli emicuit, Vicfieiy and weighUe»* element of the vaulted heaven, i. e. the ether, darted up. Vis call are used for ccelum, and convexi is used in the sense of concavi.

8 Traxit grandia elementa, attracted the heavier particles tif matter.

9 Possedit ultima (loca), took possession (if the most remote parts; as en- circling the extremities of the earth's surface.

10 The order is, Ubi (Deus), quisquis deorum illefuit, secuit congeriem »ic dispositam, redegitque {earn) sectam in membra, and reduced it when thus divided to (distinct) elements, i. e. to fire, air, earth and tcater.

FAB, II.J THE CREATION OF MAN. 3

Turn freta diffundi, rapidisque tumescere ventis 5

Jussit, et ambitae circumdare litora terras.

Addidit ct fontes, immensaque stagna lacusque,

Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis :

0,1186 diversa locis' partim sorbentur ab ipsa,*

In mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta 10

Liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsant.

Jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles,

Fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes.

Utque duse dextra' coelum totidemque sinistra

Parte secant ZonsB, quinta est ardentior illis ; 1 5

Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit* eodem

Cura Dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur.'

Quarum quae media® est, non est habitabilis aestu ;

Nix tegit alta duas ; totidem inter utramque locavit,

Temperiemque^ dedit mixta cum frigore flamma. 20

Imminet his aer, qui, quanto est pondere terrae

Pondus aquae levius, tanto est onerosior igni."

Illic' et nebulas, illic^ consistere nubes

Jussit, et humanas motura'° touitrua mentes,

Et cum fubninibus facientes frigora ventos." 2-5

His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum''^

1 Diversa locis, for diversis locis, in various places. Diversa is here made to agree with quce, the nominative to the verb, instead of being in the same case as locis, a form of expression not unusual with Ovid. See 1,6, 11.

2 Sorbentur ab (terra) ipsa, are swallowed up by the earth itself. See Arethusa in Index.

3 Utque duffi Zonse secant coelum dextra parte, and as two zones divide the heaven on the right. See Zona.

4 Distinxit inclusum onus, divided the enclosed mass, i. e. the earth, •which was supposed to be included within the sphere of the heavens.

5 Totidemque piagas premuntur (Mi) tellure, and as many zones are marked on the earth, i. e. are imprinted on the earth by the corresponding zones of the celestial sphere.

6 Quarum {zonarum, zona) quae est media, of which zones that which it in the centre.

7 Temperiera, due temperature ; mixta flamma, by mixing heat.

8 Qui est tanto onerosior igni, quanto pondus aquae est levius ponders terrae, which is as much heavier than fire (i. e. ethet-) as the weight qf water {slighter than the tveight of earth.

9 lUic, there, i. e. in the atmosphere. 10 Motura, calculated to alarm.

11 Ventos cum fulminibus, for fuhnina et ventos, a form of expression frequently employed by Ovid.

12 Habendum passim, to be possessed by them without control.

4 THE CREATION OF MAN. [booK I.

Aera permisit : vix nunc obsistitur' illis,

Q,uum sua quisque rcgant^ diverse flamina tractu,

Quin lament mundum ; tantaest discordiafratrum/

Eurus ad Auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit SO

Persidaque, et radiis juga subdita matutinis.

Vesper et occiduo quae litora Sole tepescunt,

Proxiraa sunt Zepliyro ; Scytbiam Septemque trionera*

Hori'ifer invasit Boreas ; contraria tellus^

Nubibus assiduis pluvioque madeseit ab Austro. P-5

Haec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem

jEthera, nee quicquam terrenoe faecis habentem.''

Vix ea limitibus dLssepserat omnia certis,

Q,uum, quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia,

Sidera coeperunt toto effervescere" coelo. 40

Neu regio foret ulla suis animantibus' orba,

Astra tenent coeleste solum/ formaeque Deorum ;

Cesserunt nitidis habitandee piscibus undae ;

Terra feras cepit, volucres agitabilis aer.

Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae'" 45 Deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cetera posset. Natus homo est, sive hunc divino semiue fecit Ills opifex rerum, mundi melioiis origo ;" Sive recens tellus, seductaque nuper ab alto JEthere, cognati retinebat semina coeli.'* 50

1 Vix obsi?tifiir illis— quin lanient mnndum, resistanceis with difficulty made to Otem ,- they can scarcely be prevented from tearing the uwld to pieces.

2 RegarU refers to the ti-inds collectively, and is therefore put in the plural ; while quisque refers to each singly, and requires re{iat to be supplied in the singular. 3 Fratrum, See Ventus. A. R. A. 473.

4 Septemque trionem, /or Septemtrionemque, and the north, a Contraria tellus, the opposite part of the earth, the southern.

6 Nee habentem quicquam terrenae fa;cis, and containing no portion of earthy maUei: Ea, these, i. e. thefour elements.

7 Effervescere toto coelo, to burst forth over the whole sky.

8 Suis animantibus, animals peculiar to itself.

!• Cceleste solum, the firmament of heaven ; formse Deorum, J^rDii.

10 Capacius altse mentis, more capal/lc of lofty thought,

1 1 Origo melioris mundi, the creator of a better world.

12 'RetinehSLt seminsi cogna.t\ cceli, still retained the properties of heaven, to which it was related. It was a dogma of the Pythagoreans that the soul of man was a portion of that all-pervading deity who animated the universe.

FAB. II.] THE CREATION OF MAN. 5

Q,uam satus lapeto, mixtam fluvialibus undis, Finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta Deorum. Pronaque quum spectent^ animalia cetera terrain, Os homini sublime dedit, ccelumque tueri Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere viiltus. 35

Sic, modo quae fuerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus Induit iguotas honiinum conversa figuras.*

Fab. III. — The Four Ages.

AuKEA prima sata est eetas, quae, vindice' nullo, Sponte sua, sine lege, fidem rectumque colebat.* Poena metusque aberant ; nee verba minacia fixo iEre' legebantur : nee supplex turba tiniebant Judicis ora sui ; sed erant sine judice tuti. 5

Nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat^ undas ; NuUaque mortales praeter sua litora norant. Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae ; Non tuba directi,' non aeris comua flexi, 10

Non galeae, non ensis erant ; sine militis usu Mollia securse peragebant otia gentes. Ipsa quoque unmunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis Saucia vomeribus, per se dabat* omnia tellus ; Contentique cibis, nullo cogente, creatis, 15

Arbuteos fetus,'^ montanaque fraga legebant,

1 Prona spectent teiTam, stooping downicards look upon Vie earth.

2 Conversa induit figuras hominum ignotas, being changed assumed the figures of men, till then unknown.

3 NuUo vindice, wiVwut any avenger of wrong. The ablative absolute.

4 Colebat fidem rectumque, practised honesty and integrity.

5 Fixo sere, on, plates of brass fixed up. See Adam's Roman Antiqui- ties, p. 79.

6 Nondum descenderat in liquidas undas, had not pet descended into the liquid waves, had not yet been launched. Pinus is here used for a ship, because ships were frequently made of pine. A. R. A. 347.

7 Non tuba directi (ceris), no trumpet of straight brass. A. R. A. 314.

8 Ipsa per se dabat omnia, produced spontaneously all kinds of fruit.

9 Arbuteos fetus, the fruit of the arbute, or strawberry tree. The ever- green strawberry tree grows wild in Italy, and produces a fruit very much resembling our strawberry, but larger. Fraga, wild strawberries, which are often found on wooded hills. Coma, cornels, the fruit of the cornel tree, a species of cherry of a beautiful red colour. Mora, blackberriet, the fruit of the bramble.

a2

fi THE FOUR AGES. [book I.

Coniaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis, Et quae deciderant patula Jovis arbore' glandes. ' Ygj. QYat setemum, placidique tepentibus auris - Mulcebant Zephyii natos sine semine flores. 20

Mox etiam fruges tcllus inarata ferebat, Nee renovatus^ ager gravidis canebat aristis. Flnmina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibaut ; Flavaque de viridi stillabaut ilice mella.

Fab. IV. — The Four Seasons.

PosTQUAM, Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,'

Sub Jove muudus erat ; subiit argentea proles,*

Auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior sere.

Jupiter antiqui contraxit tempera veris ;

Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos 5

Et breve ver, spatiis exegit' quatuor annum.

Turn primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus

Canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependiL

Turn prim urn sul)^e^e dombs ; dom'us antra meruht,

Et densi frutices, et vinctae cbrtice virgje.'' 10

Semiria tum prinium loligls Cerealia sUlcis ,

Obruta sunt, w^ssiquejuo'O gemuere juvenci.

Tertia' liosfulas successitabenea proles^ ~ Saevior ingeni^set ad homda promptior.anna. Nee sc^Ierata'tamcn.- Dc dure est ultima* fen-o. 15

1 Patula arbore Jovis, /mw the fpreculhig tree of Jupiter, i. e. the oak. This clause seems to limit glans, in the present passage, to the fruit of the oak, which, in soutliem countries, is large, and is used as food both in a raw state and roasted. The oak was sacred to Jupiter, the laurel to Apollo, the ash to Mars, the olive to Minerva, the myrtle to Venus, the poplar to Hercules, the rine to Bacchus, and the cypress to Pluto.

2 Et ager non renovatus, and the land without being plowed.

3 Saturno uiisso in tenebrosa Tartara, on Saturn being sent down to gloomy Tartarus ; being expelled from his kingdom. See Saturnus.

4 Argentea proles subiit, the silver age tucceeded ; auro, tM golden age ,- are, the brazen age.

5 Exegit annum quatuor spatiis, completed the gear with four teatont, or diinded the pear into four seasons. A. R. A., 205. See Annus.

6 Virgae vinctae cortice, twigs fastened together with bark.

7 Tertia post illas {eetates), the third in order after these, 1. e. after the golden and silver ages. 8 Ultima (<ttas, or proles).

FAB. IV.] THE FOUR SEASONS. 7

Protinus iiTunipit vente^ pejoris in sevuin,

Omne nefas ; mgere pudor ve^umque fidesque ;

In quorum subiere'^ locum fraudcsque dolique,

Insidiieque et vis et amor sceleiratus ha^endi.^

Vela aabat* ventis, nee adhuc bene noverat illos, 20

Navita ; quseque din steterant in montibus altis,

Fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae.*

Communemque prius, ceu lumina solis et auras,

Cautus humiun longo signavit® limite mensor.

Nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives 25

Poscebatur^ humus ; sed itum est* in viscera terrae,

Quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat^ umbris,

EiFodiuntur opes, initamenta malorum.

Jamque nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius auxum

Prodierant ;^° prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque, SO

Sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma.

Vivitur^^ ex rapto : non bospes ab hospite tutus,

Non socer a genero ; fratram quoque gratia^*^ rara est.

Imminet^^ exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ;

Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercjs ; 36

Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos."

1 Irrumpit in sevum pejoris vense, bursts in upon an age cf baser metal. Vaia, which properly signifies the vein of metal in the mine, is here applied to the age which is characterized by that metal.

2 In locum quorum subiere, in room o/which siccceeded.

3 Sceleratus amor habendi, the wicked desire of amassing wealth, L & covetoiisness.

4 Dabat vela ventis, spread his sail.; to the wind. A. B. A. 344.

5 Carinae insultavere, keels (i. e. ships) bounded over. Carina properly «ignifies trees made into keels. A. K. A. 342.

6 Signavit humum longo limite, divided the ground by a long boundary.

7 Poscebatur, was called upon for ,- debita, due by it.

8 Sed itum est {ab hominibus), but men even penetrated.

9 Admoverat Stygiis umbris, had placed near the Stygian shades, in allusion to the depth of the mines.

10 Prodierant, had come forth, had showed themselves,- prodit, arises .• utroque, with both, i. e. with bribes of gold and swords of iron.

li Vivitur {ab hominibus) ex rapto, men live by plunder.

12 GTaXia iT&tTnm, the agreeme^it of brothers ; brotherly affection.

13 Imminet exitio, icatchesfw the death — ilia {imminet exitio).

14 Ante diem inquirit in patrios annos, before the appointed time, pre- maturely inquires into the years of his father ; consults the astrologera to know how many years ho is likely to live. A. R. A. 244.

8 THE FOUR SEASONS. LbOOK I.

Victa jacet Pietas,' et Virgo caede madentes, Ultima ccelestiim, terras Astrea reliquit.

Fab. Y.—The Giants.

Neve" foret terris seciirior arduus aether ; Affectasse^ ferunt regnum coeleste Gigantas, Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes. Turn pater omnipotens misso perfregit* Olympum Fulmiiie, et excussit subjecto Pelion Ossse. 6

Obruta mole sua^ quum corpora dira jacerent ; Perfusam multo natorum sanguine Terrara Incaluisse feinint, calidumque animasse'' cruorem ; Et, ne nulla suoe stirpis monumenta manerent, In faciem vertisse' hominum. Sed et ilia propago 10 Contemptrix Superum, saevaeque avidissima caedis, Et violenta fuit : scires e sanguine natos.*

Fab. VI. — Lycaon.

Quie' pater ut summa vidit Satumius arce, Ingemit ; et, facto nondum vulgata recenti, Foeda Lj'^caoniae referens^" convivia mensae, Ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras ; Conciliumque vocat : tenuit^^ mora nulla vocatos. o

1 Vietas, natural affection ; cailestum, o/ the celestial deities.

2 Neve (for etne) arduus aether foret, and that the lofty ether might notbe.

3 Ferunt Gigantas aflfectasse coeleste return, they say that the Giants at- tempted to seize the kingdom of heaven. See Giga?.

4 Fulmine misso perfregit Olympum, by discharging a thunderbolt dashed Olympus to pieces.

5 Obruta sua mole, buried under the pile of their own raising, i. e. under the mmcntains which they had piled upon each other.

6 Animasse calidum cruorem, animated the toarm gore.

7 Vertisse in faciem hominum, changed Viem into the shape of men ; th4 humanform.

8 Scires (eos) nates (esse) e sanguine, you might have known t/iat they were sprung from blood.

9 Quae, which things, i. e. the wickedness and impiety of the offspring of the giants ; s\invcai.a.rc&,from the highest eminence of heaven, where Jupi- ter's palace was. See 14.

10 Referens foeda conrivia Ljcaonias mensa, nondum vulgata facto re- centi, reflecting upon the alominable entertainment of Lycaon's table, which uxu not yet generally known, as the crime had been but lately committed.

11 Tenuit deos vocatos, detained the gods when summoned.

FAB. VI.] LYCAON. 9

Est via sublimis, coelo manifesta sereno ; Lactea nomen habet,^ candore notabilis ipso. Hac'' iter est Superis ad magni tecta Tonantis, Regalemque domiim. Dextra Isvaque' Deorum Atria nobilium valvis celebrantur* apertis ; 10

Plebs habitant diversa locis ;^ a fronte poteutes Ccelicolse clarique suos posuere Penates.'' Hie locus est, quern, si verbis audaeia dctur,' Hand timeam magni dixisse Palatia coeli. Ergo' ubi marmoreo Superi sedere recessu,^ 16

Celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno, Terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque Csesariem, cum qua terram, mare, sidera, movit. Talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit :'° Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia 20

Tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat Injicere anguipedum" captivo brachia ccelo: Nam, quanquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno Coi-pore et ex una pendebat origine bellum. Nunc mijii, qua totum Nereus circumsonat orbem, 25

1 Habet nomen lactea (via), has Vie name of the milky way, or galaxy. The construction here is peculiar. The strict syntax would have required lactece, under the government of nom^n, or lacteam, to agree with it. Lactea is probably an instance of the nominative absolute. See Lactea.

2 Hae (via) est iter superis, along this is the way for the gods.

3 Destra Isvaque (parte) , on the right and left of the milky tcay.

4 Atria nobilium deorum celebrantur, the halls of the poicerful gods are thronged. The Komans, in allusion to the division of the senators, divided their gods into two classes, the Dii Majorum Gentium, who are here called nobiles, and the Dii Minorum Gentium, who are designated plebs, the in- ferior deities, A. R. A. 221 and 230. The words nobiles and plebs refer to the division of the Roman citizens into patricians and 2)lelieians, A. R. A. I. In atria celebrantur there is an allusion to the halls in which the Roman no- bility received the morning visits of their friends and dependents, A. R. A. 94.

5 Diversa locis. See 1, 2, 9. A fronte, in front of the royal palace.

a Posuere suos penates, have fixed their abodes. Penates, which properly denotes the household gods, is here used to signify a house. A. R. A. 2.30.

7 Si audaeia detur verbis, if boldness may be allowed to my words. The poet here oficrs a delicate compliment to Augustus, whose residence -svas on the Palatine hill, and thence called Palatium.

8 Ergo, therefore ; resuming the narrative from the fifth line.

9 Marmoreo recessu, in the marble council^'oom.

10 Solvit indignantia ora talibus modis, opened his angry lipt in tuch strains as thefollowing.

11 Angmpedam{gigantuin),nf the snakefooted giants. SeeGigas. Iiyi- csre brachia captivo coelo, to lay his hundred hands on captive heaven.

10 LYCAON. [book I.

Perdendum est mortale genus.* Per flumina juro

Infera, sub terras Stygio labentia luco,

Cimcta prius tentata :'- sed immedieabile vulnus

Ense' recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur.

Sunt mihi Semidei, sunt rustiea numina, Nymphse ' 30

Faunique Satyrique et monticolae Silvani :

Quos quoniam cceli nondum dignamur honore,

Quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamns.

An satis, o Superi, tutos fore creditis illos,

Quum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque, 36

Struxcrit insidias notus feritate Lycaon V

Confrcmuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausum

Talia deposcunt.' Sic, quum mauus impia'' saevit

SanguLae Caesareo Romanum exstinguere' nomen,

Attonitum tantae subito terrore ruinae 40

Hamanum genus est, totusque perhorruit orbis.

Nee tibi grata minus pietas,** Auguste, tuorum,

Quam fait ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque

Murmura comprcssit ; tenuere sUentia cuncti.

Substitit lit clamor, pressus gravitate regentis f 45

Jupiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rumpit :

Ille quidem poenas, curam hanc diniittite, solvit ;

Quod tamen admissum,'" quae sit vindicta, docebo.

1 Mortale genus perdendum est mihi, the human race mutt be destroyed by me.

2 Cuncta prius tentata (etsemihi), that every other remedy has already been tried by me.

3 Recidendum est ense, must be cut out with the surgeon's kni/e ; ne {/or ut non) sincera pars trahatur, that the sound part be not affected.

4 The order is, Quum Lycaon notus feritate struxcrit insidias mihi (has laid a p'otfor me), qui {habeoque regoque) fulmen, qui habeoque regoque vos.

5 Ardentibusque studiis deposcunt ausum talia, and with burning zeal demand/or punishment Ike man who dared to commit such wickedness.

6 Irapia manus, a wicked band, i. e. the conspirators under Brutus and Cassius.

7 SjBvit exstinguere Romanum nomen Cxsareo siLTtguine, furiously strove to extinguish the Roman empire by the assassination of Caesar. The poet, to flatter Augustus, here compares Julius Caesar with Jupiter, and the Roman empire with the unlimited dominions of the §ods.

8 Pietas tuorum, the loyalty of your sutjccts ; quam ilia, thanlhat—HM indignation of the gods at the conduct of Lycaon. See 37.

9 Pressus gravitate regentis, checked by the authority o/the sovereign.

10 Quod admissum {sit\, what ft/f crime was.

FAB. VI,] LYCAUN. 11

Contigerat nostras infamia' temporis aures ;

Quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo, 60

Et deus humana lustro sub imagine terras.

Longa mora'' est, quantum noxse sit ubique repertum,

Enumerare : minor fuit ipsa infamia vero.

Msenala transieram, latebris hoiTenda ferarum,

Et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei ; 55

Arcados hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni

Ligredior, traherent quum sera crepuscula noctem.

Signa dedi' venisse Deum ; vulg-usque precari

Coeperat. Irridet primo pia vota Lycaon,

Mox ait, Experiar, Deus hie, discrimine aperto,* 60

An sit mortalis ; ncc erit dubitabile verum.

Nocte gravem^ somno necopina perdere morte

Me pai'at : hsc illi placet experientia veri.

Nee contentus eo, missi de gente Molossa

Obsidis unius jugulum mucrone resolvit f 66

Atque ita^ semineces partim fei'ventibus artus

Mollit aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni.

Q,uos simul imposuit mensis ; ego vindice flamma

In domino dignos everti tecta Penates.^

Territus ille fugit, nactusque silentia mris 70

Exululat, frustraque loqui conatur: ab ipso

Colligit OS rabiem,^ solitseque cupidine caedis

Vertitur in pecudes ;^° et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet.

In villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti ;

1 Infamia temporis, a report of the ivickedness of the time ; cupiens quam (esse) falsam, and wishing to find it false.

2 Longa mora est enumerare, it would he tedious to relate.

3 Dedi signa Deum venisse , I gave proofs that a God had arrived ,- by his gait, size, and splendour. See 3, 7, 99.

4 Experiar aperto discrimine (num) hie sit Deus an mortalis, / mil try by a clear test whether this be a God or a mortal.

5 Gravem somno, overpowered by sleep ; necopina, unexpected.

6 Eesolvit mucrone jugulum, laid open, or cut with a sivord the neck.

7 Atque ita, and having done so ; igni subjecto, with fire put under it.

8 Everti tecta in Penates dignos domino, I overturned the house upon the household gods, worthy of their master, i'e. equally wicked. A. R. A. 230.

9 Os colligit rabiem ab ipso, his mouth acquires fury from himself , i. a from his natural disposition, and not from any external cause.

10 Vertitur in pecudes, he falls upon sheep ; abeunt, are clianged.

12 LYCAON. [book I.

Fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia forniae : 75

Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultu.

Idem oculi lucent,' eadem feritatis imago.

Occidit una donius f sed non domus una peiire

Digna fuit : qua teiTa patet, ftra regnat Erinnys ;

In facinus jurasse' putes : dent ocius omnes 80

Quas meruere pati, sic stat sententia,* poenas.

Fab. YIL— The Deluge.

Dicta Jovis pars* voce probant stimulosque furenti Adjiciunt ; alii partes assensibus implent. Est tamen humani generis jactura dolori Omnibus ; et, quae sit terrse mortalibus orba» Forma futura, rogant ; quis sit laturus^ in aras 5

Thura I ferisne paret populandas tradere terras ? Talia quaerentes, sibi enim fore cetera curae," Rex Superum trepidare vetat, sobolemque priori Dissirnilem populo promittit origine mira.

Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras ; 10 Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether Conciperet flammas,^ longusque ardesceret axis.'^ Esse quoque in fatis'" reminiscitur, afFore tempiis, Q,uo mare, quo tcUus, correptaque regia coeli

1 Mem ocuii\u<XDt, the tame eyes glare; hit eyu glare a* brfore.

2 Una domus, one house, i. e. Otat of Lycaon ; non una, nol one merely.

3 {Homines) jurasse in facinus, Viat men had mom to commit crimes.

4 Sic sententia stat {mihi), thus my resolution has beenfixed.

5 Pare— alii, /or pars — pars, or aUi — alii, some — others ; implent i«rtes assensibus, complete the number (theparty) by their assent ; signify their as- sent by a nod. Allusion is here made to the different modes of expressing assent in the Roman senate. A. R. A. 12.

6 Quislaturus sit thura, icho would offer frankincense. Frankincense was not used in sacrifices in the earliest ages ; but Ovid here, as in many other passages, describes the practices as they existed in his own time.

7 (Dicit) enim cetera fore curse sihi, for he tells them that the rest tcoulU be a matter of care to himself.

8 Conciperet flammas, should catch the flames,- l/e set on fire.

9 Longus axis, tliC ra t heai-er\. The ancients believed that an axis passed from the one pole of heaven to the other, through the centre of the earth, on which the whole frame of the universe revolved. Axis is frequently used bv the poets to signify the whole heavens. A. R. A. 480.

10 Es.se in fatis, thcU it teas in t.e decree* of fate. A. R. A. 230.

FAB. VH.J THE DELUGE. 13

Ardeat, et mundi moles operosa laboret. 15

Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum : Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis Perdere, et ex omni nimbos diniittere ccelo. Protinus Mollis Aquilonem claudit in antris, Et qusecunque fugant inductas^ flamina nubes ; 20

Emittitque Notuni. Madidis Notus evolat alis, Terribilem picea tectus caligine^ \Tiltum : Barba sfravis nimbis ; canis fiuit unda capilUs ; Fronte sedent nebulas ; rorant pennseque sinusque. Utque manu lata pendentia nubila pressit, 25

Fit fragor ; liinc densi funduntur ab aethere nimbi. Nuntia Junonis varios induta* colores, Concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus affert. Stemuntiu- segetes, et deplorata coloni Vota jacent/ longique labor perit irritus anni. 80

Nee coelo contenta sue est Jovis ira ; sed ilium Caeruleus frater'' juvat auxiliaribus undis. Convocat liic Amnes : qui postquam tecta tyranni Intravere sui, Non est hortamine longo Nunc, ait, utendum ;'' vires efiundite vestras, 36

Sic opus est ; aperite domes, ac, mole remota,' Fluminibus vestris totas immittite^ habenas. Jusserat : hi redeuut, ac fontibus ora relaxant,

1 Operosa moles mundi laboret, the ingeniouslp-ivrought fabric of the universe should be in danger of perishing.

2 Inductas (terris), tvken hrought over the earth. See 2, 1, 307.

3 Tectus {secundum) terribilem vultum picea caligine, having his dreadful countenance covered with pitchy darkness. The accusative is frequently joined to passive verbs for the purpose of defining more exactly the part to which the verb relates. This construction is usually explained by supply- ing the preposition secundum (as to) ; and occurs very often in Ovid.

4 Induta varios colores, clad in her various colours. Some of the verbs of clothing, as induo, accingo, take, in the passive voice, an accusative of the thing put on. See Latin Rud., Rule 33.

5 Vota coloni jacent deplorata, the hopes of thehusbandmanlie desperate, i. e. the crops. 6 Caeruleus frater, his sea-green brother, i. e. Neptune.

7 Non utendum est {mihi) longo hortamine, / must not employ a long exhortation.

8 Moleremota, removing every obstacle; drawing up thefood-gates.

9 Immittite totas habenas vestris fluminibus, give the reins entirely to your streams. The metaphor in this line, and in 39, is taken from the reins of horses, which are slackened to give them full speed.

14 THE DELUGE. [BOOK I.

Et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cuvsu.

Ipse tridente suo terrain percussit ; at ilia 40

Intremuit, motuque sinus patefecit' aquaruin.

Exspatiata ruunt per apertos flumina campos,

Cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque

Tectaque, cmnque suis rapiunt penetralia^ sacris.

Si qua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto 45

Indejecta malo ; ciilmen tamen altior hujus

Unda tegit/ pressaeque labant sub gurgite turres.

Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant : Omnia pontus erant ; deerant quoque litora ponto. Occupat liic collem ; cymba sedet alter adunca, 50

Et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat. Ille supra segetes aut mersse culmina villse Navigat ; hie simima piscem deprendit in ulmo.* Figitur in viridi, si fors tulit,'^ anchora prato ; Aut subjecta teinint curva vtneta carinse. 55

Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellse, Nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocse. Mirantur sub aqua luces urbesque domosque Nereides ; sUvasque tenent delpliLnes, et altis Incursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant." 60

Nat lupus inter oves ; fulvos vehit unda leones ; Unda vehit tigres ; nee vires fulminis' apro, Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia ccrvo, Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sidere detur, In mare lassatis voluciis vaga decidit alls. 65

1 Patefecit sinus aquanim, laid open the subterraneous reservoirs o/ water. ■ her secret repositories of wate.r.

2 Penetralia cum suis sacris, sanctuaries with their sacred deposits; 1. e. with tite Penates, or household Gods. A. R. A. 230.

3 Unda altior tegit culmen hujus, the water rising hioher than it, covert the top of it; turres, palaces, lofty buildings. The towers, or spires of the moderns, were unknown to the ancients.

4 In sumina ulmo, on the top of an elm-tree.

5 Si fors tulit, if chance directed it so.

6 Pulsant agitata, for pulsant et agitant, strike apainst and move ; indi- cating the force with which the trees were struck by the dolphins.

7 Nee vires fulminis' (prosunt) apro, nor does his strength of Oiunder (hit destructive strength) avail the boar. The metaphor is taken from the Irresistililo force of tlij (hundcrhoU ; a';Iato, carried mcaii by tJie current.

I

FAB. VII.] THE DELUGE. 15

Obruerat tumulos iramensa licentia poiiti,' Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. Maxima pars unda rapitur ; quibus unda pepercit, lilos longa domant inopi jejunia victu.''

Fab. VIII. — Deucalion and Pyrrha.

Separat Aoriios QStaeis Phocis ab arvis,

Terra ferax/ dum terra fuit ; sed tempore in illo

Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquaruin.

Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus,

Nomine Parnassus, superatque cacumine nubes. 5

Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat sequor,

Cum consorte* tori parva rate vectus adhaesit ;

Corycidas nymphas et numina mentis adorant,*

Fatidicamque Them in, quae tunc oracla tencbat.

Non illo^ melior quisquam nee amantior aequi 10

Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla Deorum.

Jupiter ut liquidis stagnare' paludibus orbem,

Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unum,

Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unam,

Innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos ; ] 5

Nubila disjecit ; nimbisque Aquilone remotis,

Et coelo terras ostendit et setliera terns.

Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide'^ tclo

Mulcet aquas rector pelagi ; supraque profundum

Exstantem, atque humeros innato murice tectum,' 20

1 Immensa licentia ponti, the boundless fury of the sea.

2 Domant inopi victu, kills from want offooi.

3 Plioeis, ferax terra, dum fuit terra, a fertile land while it was latvl.

4 Cum consorte tori, with the partner of his bed, i. e. A w wife Pi/rrha.

5 Adorant is here put in the plural, though depending upon the samo nominative as adhasit. Similar changes of construction are by no means unusual with the Latin poets, and particularly with 0\id, who often con- strues two nouns connected by cum in the same way as a plural noun.

6 Illo, than he, i. e. Deucalion — ilia, than she, i. c. Pyrrha.

7 TJt Jupiter videt orbem stagnare liquidis paludibus, wiien Jupiter seet that the world is covered with pools of water ; unum (hominem) — unam ( /e- minam.)

8 Tricuspide telo posito, laying aside his three-pronged weapon, his tri- dent. A. R. A. 223.

9 Vocatque cseruleum Tritona exstantem supra profundum (who stands out above the water), atque tectum isecundum) humeros nuirice innato.

16 DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. [book I.

Ccuruleum Tritona vocat, concliaeque sonaci Inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo Jam revocare clato. Cava buccina sumitui- illi, Tortilis, in latum qus turbine crescit^ ab imo ; Buccina, quse medio concepit ut aera ponto, 25

Litora voce rcplet sub utroque jacentia Phcebo. Turn quoque, ut ora Dei madida rorantia barba Contigit, et cccinit jussos inflata nceptus, Omnibus audita est telluris et sequoris undis ; j

Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit^ omnes. 30 '

Jam mare litus habet ; plenos capit alveus amnes ; Flumina subsidunt; colles exii-e videntur; Surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis ; Postque di'.m' longam nudata cacumina silvae Ostendunt limumque tenent in fronde relictum. 35

Redditus orbis erat. Quern postquam vidit inanem, Et desolatas agere alta silentia ten-as ; Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham afFatur obortis : 0 soror,'* o conjux, o femina sola superstes, Q,uam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo,* 40

Dcinde tonis junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt ; Terrarum, quascunque vident occasus et ortus, Nos duo turba® sumus : possedit cetera pontus. Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostra Certa satis : terrent etiamnunc nubila mentem . 45

Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses,

ufith shell-fish growing on them. Murex, which is properly the fish from the juice of which tlie purple dye was obtained, is here used for any shell- fish. The murex was found chiefly on the coast of Phoenicia, the north of Africa, and off the Taenarian promontory in the Peloponnesus. The purple most valued resembled the colour of clotted blood. A. R. A. 365.

1 Quae crescit in latum ab imo turbine, which increases in width/rom a small circular end ,- voce, ivith its sound.

2 Coercuit omnes (undas) quibus undis audita est, checked all the waters by which it was heard.

3 Longam diem, a long time. Dies, when it refers to a specified time, is generally masculine ; when it implies the duration o/time, it is frequently feminine. 'Su1hta.,/ree/rom water.

4 Soror is here used as a term of .endearment ; for Pyrrha was his cousin andnot his «!>?(•)•,■ oritmay beusedforsor(>rjja<n/€Z«,acousin. See 13, 1,.31.

5 Patruelis origo, our descent from brothers. See Deucalion and Pyrrha.

6 Nos duo sumus turba, we two are the whole population.

FAB. VIII.] DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. 17

Nunc animi,* miseranda, foret I quo sola timorem Ferre modo posses ? quo consolante^ doleres ? Namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet, Te sequerer, conjux, et me quoque pontus haberet. 60 O utinam possem populos reparare patemis^ Artibus, atque animas fonnatae infundere terras ! Nunc genus in nobis restat mortals duobus, Sic visum Superis,* homiiiumque exempla mauemus.

Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit coeleste precari 55

Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes.'^ Nulla mora est ; adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, Ut nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes, Inde ubi libatos irroravere^ liquores Vestibus et capiti ; flectunt vestigia sanctee 60

Ad delubra Deae, quorum fastigia*^ turpi Pallebant jnusco, stabantque siae ignibus arse. Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque Pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo. Atque ita, Si precibus, dixerunt, numina justis 65

Victa^ remoUescunt, si flectitur ira Deorum ; Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparable nostri Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus. Mota Dea est, sortemque dedit : Discedite templo,

1 Quid animi nunc foret Ubi, what feelings would t/ou now have hadf What would have now been your feelinris? Fatis, /rom the fatal deluge.

2 Quo consolante doleres /or quis consolaretur te dolentem, who would have consoled you in your grief?

3 Patemls artibus, by my father's arts. See Prometlieus.

4 Sic visum (est) Superis, so it has seemed good to the gods / exempla, patterns, copies.

5 Per sacras sortes, by means of the sacred oracle. Oracles had, amongst other means of divination, also sortes {dice, tallies), which were given to those who came for advice, and on which the answer was written. Hence tors is used to signify the oracle itself, and also any verbal reply, or respoiue of an oracle, as in 69. A. R. A. 243. Ut — sic, though— yet.

6 Irroravere vestibus et capiti, had sprinlUed upon their clothes and head ; libatos inde, taken from it. It was customary for the ancients to sprinkle themselves with water taken from a fountain or a running stream, before offering sacrifice or entering the temples of their gods. A. R. A. 260.

7 Fasligium properly signifies the projecting point, or gable-end, of a tem- ple or palace, which was at first used for the conveyance of rain-water, and was afterwards adorned with various devices — it also signifies the roof.

8 Victa justis precibus, moved by the prayers nf the just.

b2

58 DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. [book I.

Et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes,' 70

Ossaque post tergum magnse jactate parentis.

Obstupuere diu ; rumpitque silentia voce

PjTrha prior, jussisque Dese parere recusat ;

Detque sibi veniam, pa\iclo rogat ore, pavetque

Lsedere'^ jactatis matemas ossibus umbras. 76

Interea repetunt csecis obscura' latebris

Verba datse sortis secum, inter seque volutant.

Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis

Mulcet et, Aut fallax, ait, est solertia nobis,

Aut pia sunt nullumque nefas oracula suadent. 80

Magna parens TeiTa est ; lapides in corpore terrae

Ossa reor dici ; jacere hos post terga jubemur.

Conjugis augurio* quanquam Titania mota est,

Spes tanien in dubio est ; adeo coelestibus anibo

Diffidunt monitis : sed quid tentare nocebit 1 86

Discedunt, velantque caput tunicasque recingunt,

Et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt.

Saxa, quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas !

Ponere duritiem ccepere suumque rigorem,

MoUirique mora,* mollitaque ducere formam. 90

Mox, ubi creverunt, naturaque raitior illis

Contigit, ut qusedam sic non manifesta videri

Forma* potest honiinis, sed, uti de marmore coepto,

Non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis.

Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars humida succo, 95

Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum ;

Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ;

1 Resolvite cinctas vestes, loosen the clothes which are girt about you. A. R. A. 258.

2 Laedere maternas umbras jactatis ossibus, to offend the shade ctf her mother by throwing ahout her bones. To desecrate the ashes or bones of their ancestors was considered by the Romans a heinous crime. See Mane».

3 Obscura cjecis latebris, hard to be understood from their dark am- biguities.

4 Augurio, interpretation, or conjecture. A. R. A. 240.

6 Mora, by time. See 1,8, 6 ; ducere formam, to assume a new shape.

6 The order is, Ut qusedam forma hominis potest videri, sic non manifesta, *ed uti {/orma^ de marmore cccpto non satis exacta, simillimaque rudibu» «ignis. Rudia signa were statues in a rough state, which had been blocked out, but had not received the finishing touch of the sculptor.

FAB. VIII.] DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. 19

Q,iiod modo veiia fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit.

Inque brevi spatio, Superorum numine, saxa

Missa viri manibus faciem traxere' virilem ; 100

Et de femineo reparata est femina jactu.

Tnde genus durum sumus experiensque"^ laborum,

Et documenta damns, qua simus origine nati.

Fab. IX.— Python.

Cetera diversis tellus animalia formis

Sponte sua' peperit, postquam vetus humor ab igne

Percaluit Solis, coenumque udseque paludes

Intumuere sestu, fecundaque semina rerum

Vivaci nutrita solo,* ceu matris in alvo S

Creverunt, faciemque aliquam cepere morando.

Sic ubi deseruit madidos septemfluus agros

Nilus, et antiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo,

-^therioque recens exarsit* sidere limus ;

Plurima cul tores versis animalia giebis 10

Inveniunt, et in his qusedam modo coepta, sub ipsum

Nascendi spatium f quadam imperfecta suisque

Trunca vident numeris ; et eodem in corpore saepe

Altera pars vivit, rudis est pars altera tellus.

Quippe ubi temperiem sumsere humorque calorque, 15

Concipiunt, et ab his oriuntur cuncta duobus :^

Quumque sit ignis aquae pugnax ; vapor humidus omnes

Res creat, et discors concordia^ fetibus apta est.

1 Traxere virilem faciem, assumed the shape of men.

2 Experiens laborum, capable ofendunng toils.

3 Sua sponte, spontaneoiisl;/, i. e. without the intervention of divine or human agency. Ovid has here adopted an Egyptian tradition prevalent among the early Greeks, according to which the earth was said to have produced spontaneously animals of every sort from the mud and stagnant waters left on its surface after the deluge. In proof of the earth having once possessed this productive power, the Egyptians adduced the myriads of insects which are generated by the heat of the sun in the refuse left by the Nile after the annual inundation.

4 Vivaci solo, the enlivening, or life-giving soil.

5 Exarsit astherio sole, has been icarmed by the etherial sun.

6 Sub ipsum spatium nascendi, about the very time of their birth, or frit formation; trunca suis numeris, destitute of some of their parts.

7 Ab his dnohus,from these two elements, i. e. moisture and heat.

8 Discors concordia est apta fetibus, the discordant harmony it xvetl

20 PYTHON. [book I,

Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti

Solibus setheriis almoque recanduit sestu ; 20

Edidit innumeras species, partinique figuras

Retulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit.

Illa^ quidem nollet, sed te quoque, maxims Python,

Tum genuit, populisque novis, incognite serpens,

Terror eras : tantum''' spatii de monte tenebas. 25

Hunc Dens arcitenens,' et nimquam talibus armis

Ante nisi in damis capreisque fugacibus usus,

Mille gravem telis, exliausta psene pharetra,

Perdidit eflFuso per vulnera nigra veneno.

Neve operis famam posset delere vetustas,'' 30

Instituit sacros celebri certamine ludos,

Pythia de domiti serpentis nomine dictos.

His juvenum quicumque manu pedibusve rotave*

Vicerat, aesculeae capiebat frondis honorem :*

Nondum laurus erat, longoque decentia crine 36

Tempora cingebat de qualibet arbore Phoebus.

Fab. X. — Daphne.

Primus amor Phoebi Daphne Peneia, quem non Fors ignara dedit, sed sasva Cupidinis ira. Delius hunc nuper victa serpente superbus' Viderat adducto flectentem* cornua nervo,

adapted for procreation. Reference is here made to those principles of things which, though ever in direct opposition to each other, yet unite in preserving the great stlieme of the universe, as fire and water, <&c.

1 Ilia, i. e. Tellus, — nollet (genuissc), would have refused. The produc- tion of Python is here represented as the natural consequence of the heat of the sun acting upon the refuse left by the deluge, and as involuntary on the part of Tellus.

2 Tantum spatii de monte tenebas, so large a portion of the mountain (Parnassus) did you occupy. De monte are used for mantis.

3 Deus arcitenens, the god who bears the bow, i. e. Apollo. A. R. A. 2£7.

4 Neve (for ut non) vetustas posset delere famam operis, and that time might not efface the fame of the deed. See Python.

5 Manu jiedibusve rotive, in booking, or in running, or in the chariot race. A. R. A. 276 and 277.

6 Capiebat honorem assculeiB frondis, received as a reward a crown of oaken leaves. A. R. A. 322.

7 Superbus victa serpente, elated with his victory over the serpent.

8 Flectentem comua adducto nervo, bending his bow by drawinu ihf string towards him.

FAB. X.] DAPHNE. 21

Quidque tibi,' lascive puer, cum fortibus armis ! 6

Dixerat : ista decent humeros gestamina nostros, Q,ui^ dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti, Qui modo pestifero tot jugera ventre prementem' Stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis. Tu face nescio* quos esto contentus amores 10

Irritare tua, nee laudes assere" nostras. Filius huic Veneris : Figat tuus omnia, Phoebe, Te meus arcus, ait : quantoque'' animalia cedunt Cuncta tibi, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra. Dixit : et eliso percussis^ acre pennis 15

Impiger umbrosa Parnassi constitit arce ; Eque sagittifera promsit duo tela pharetra Diversorum operum f fugat hoc, facit illud amorem. 1 Quod facit, auratum^ est, et cuspide fulget acuta ; ' Quod fugat, obtusum est, et habet sub arundine'" j plumbum. 20

I Hoc Deus in nympha Peneide fixit ; at illo Laesit" ApoUineas trajecta per ossa medullas. Protinus alter^'^ amat ; fugit altera nomen amantis, Silvarum latebris captivarumque ferarum Exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes. 25

1 Quid (esl) tibi cum fortibus armis, what have you to do mth brave arms? ista gestamina, tte^e ami^.

2 Qui, in this and the following line, has as its antecedent the personal pronoun nos, implied in nostros.

3 Prementem tot jugera, which covered so many acres. A. R. A. 436.

4 Nescio quos amores, / know not what kind of love, some sort of love, I know not what, implying contempt.

5 Nee assere nostras laudes, and claim not the praises due to me. Assero, In the forensic sense, signifies to establish a claim to any thing before a judge. A. R. A. 189.

6 Quanto — tanto, as much as — so much.

7 Aere eliso percussis pennis, cleaving the air by the movement of his wingt.

8 Diversorum operum, of different properties, producing opposite ^ects.

9 The order is, (Tehim) quod fecit {amorem) est auratum—(<eZ«m) quod fugat (amorem) est obtusum.

10 Habet plumbum subarundine.Tia* leadbelow, oi at t?ie end of the shaft, i. e. is tipped with lead.

U Laesit ApoUineas medullas per trajecta ossa, for trajecit ossa et laesit, he pierced the bones of Apollo, and wounded his very marrow.

12 Alter, the one, i. e. Apollo; altera, the other, i. e. Daphne. Alter sXgai- fies the one of two, and is thus distinguished from alius, which signifie» one of many.

22 DAPHNE. [^BOOK I.

Vitta coerceLat positos sine lege capillos.

Multi illam petiere : ilia aversata' petentes,

Impatiens cxpersque viri, nemonim avia lustrat,

Nee quid Hymen, quid Amor, quid sint connubia, curat.

Saepe pater dixit : Generum mihi, filia, debes ; 30

Saepe pater dixit : Debes mihi, nata, nepotes.

Ilia, velut crunen taedas exosa''^ jugales,

Pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore,

Inque patris blandis li£erens cervice lacertis

Da mihi perpetua, genitor carissime, dixit, 35

Virginitate frui ; dedit hoc pater ante Diaiiae,

Ille quidem obsequitur ; sed te decor iste, quod optas,

Esse vetat, votoque tuo tua forma repugnat.

Phoebus amat, visseque cupit connubia Daphnes ;

Quseque cupit, sperat ; suaque ilium oracula fallunt. 40

Utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis,^

Ut facibus sepes ardent, quas forte viator

Vel nimis admovit, vel jam sub luce reliquit ;*•

Sic Deus in flammas abiit ; sic pectore toto

Uritur, et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem. 45

Spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos,

Et, Quid, si comantur,* ait. Videt igne micantes

Sideribus similes oculos : videt oscula, quoe non

Est vidisse satis ; laudat digitosque manusque

1 Aversata petentes, hating her suitors; impatiens expersque, unable to endure and without experience of ; avia nemorum, the solitary parts of Ote xcoods. Kemus denotes generally any wood or forest, and lucus, the irrove or thicket closely surrounded by trees, in which the temple or altar of some deity was situated.

2 Exosajugales taedas, hating themarriage torches, i. e. marriage- Marriages among the Romans were celebrated by night, and the processions were preceded by torches. Hence tada is used to signify marriage. A. R. A. 404.

3 Aristis demptis, after the ears have been taken off. There is here an allusion to the ancient mode of reaping, in which the ear, with only a small part of the stalli, was stripped off, the rest of the straw being aUowed to remain on the ground, and afterwards burnt to manure the land and de- stroy the weeds. A. R. A. 468 and 469.

4 "Reliquit sub luce, left unextinguished at day-break. The simile is bor- rowed from apraetice which existed in .ancient times, of people who travelled by night carrying torches with them, which were sometimes thrown into a hedge at daybreak, or carelessly left unextinguished, and frequently caused alarming conflagrations.

5 Quid (sint) si comantnr, what would t^.ey be if they were combed f

FAB. X.j DAPHNE. 23

Brachiaque' et nudos media plus parte lacertos. 50

Si qua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura Ilia levi, neque ad hoec revocantis verba resistit : Nympha, precor, Penei", mane : non insequor hostis : Nympha, mane. Sic ag-na lupum, sic cerva leonem, Sic aquilam penna fugiunt trepidante columbae, 55

Hostes quaeque'^ suos ; amor est milii causa sequendi. Me miserum ! ne prona cadas/ indignave laedi Crura secent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris. Aspera, qua properas, loca sunt ; moderatius, oro, Curre fugamque inhibe ; moderatius insequar ipse. 60 Cui placeas, inquire tamen : non incola montis, Non ego sum pastor ; non hie armenta gregesve Horridus* observe. Nescis, temeraria, nescis Quern fugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus Et Claros et Tenedos Pataraeaque regia servit. 65

Jupiter est genitor : per me, quod eritque fuitque Estque, patet f per me concordant carmina nervis. Certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta Certior, in vacuo'' qua vulnera pectore fecit. Inventum medicina meum est, Opiferque per orbem 70 Dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia' nobis. Hei mihi, quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis. Nee prosunt domino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes !

1 BracMum sig^nifies the arm from the wrist to the elbow, and lacertut, from the elbow to the shoulder. The different parts of the arm are hera mentioned in order, from the fingers to the shoulder. The attendants of Diana are always represented with their arms and shoulders uncovered.

2 Quaeque (ftigit) suos hostes, each creature flies. frmn its oivn enemies.

3 (Timeo) ne cadas prona, / am afraid that you fall on your face.

4 Non horridus observe, / do not here, in mean attire, icatch. Armen- tum, when distinguished from fjrex, signifies a herd oflarpe cattle, as oxen, camels, &c. ; and tjrex, a flock of small cattle, as sheep, goats, &c.

5 Quod eritque fuitque estque, patet, the future, the past, and the present, are made known ,• carmina concordant nervis, songs harmonize with the tlrings of the lyre, are set to music. Music, of which Apollo was the inventor, was held in high esteem by the ancients ; and the invention of their best instruments was ascribed to the gods. The cilhara was said to have been invented by ApoUo, and the lyra by Mercury.

6 Vacuo (ab amove), which was before free from love.

7 Potentia herbarum, the healiny properties cf plants. The medical knowledge of the ancients was limited to an acquaintance with the healing properties of certain plants.

24 DAPHNE. [book I.

Plura locuturum timido Peneia cursu Fugit, cumque ipso verba imperfecta' reliquit : 75

Turn quoque visa decens ; nudabant corpora venti, Obviaque adversas vibrabant" flamina vestes, Et levis impulses i-etro dabat aura capUlos ; Aucta fuga forma est. Sed enim' non sustinet ultra Perdere blanditias juvenis Deus ; utque movebat 80 Ipse Amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu. Ut canis in vacuo leporem quum Gallicus arvo Vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, Ule salutem ; Alter inhacsuro* similis, jam jamque tenere Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ; 85

Alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis Morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora reiinquit : Sic Deus et virgo est, hie spe celer, ilia timore. Qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus Amoris Ocior est, requiemque negat ; tergoque fugacis 90

Imminet,^ et crinem sparsum cervicibus afflat. Viribus absumptis expalluit ilia, citseque Victa labore fugae, spectans Peneidas undas, Fer, pater, inquit, opem, si flumina numen habetis. Qua nimium placui,® tellus, aut hisce, vel istam, 96 Quae facit ut la^dar, mutando perde figuram.

Vix prece finita, torpor gravis alligat artus ; Mollia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro ; In frondem crines, in ramos bracliia crescunt ; Pes, modo tam velox, pigris radicibus haeret ;" 100

Ora cacumen obit ; rcmanet nitor unus in ilia.

1 Cumque ipso verba imperfecta, for et ipsum {Appottinem) et verba imperfecta, uiifinlshed, not tittered.

2 Flaminaque obvia vibrabant adversas vestes, and the breezet meeting her tossed back tier clothes which opposed them ; dabat retro, blew back.

3 Sed enim, but now, but in truth ,■ admisso passu, toiih swift steps, at full speed. Tiie metaphor is talten from a horse which has got fuU reins.

4 Similis inh^suro, as if on the point of seizing the hare ; stringit vesti- gia extento rostro, grazes its heels with his extended snouL

5 Imminet tergo fugacis, is close upon her back as sheflies.

6 Qua nimium placui, where I have pleased too much ; perde mutando, de- strot/ by changing it ,■ quje facit ut laedar, which is Oie cause of my being hurt

7 Hseret pigris radicibus, is held fast by immovable roots ; cacumen obit era, the lop of the tree covers her face.

KAB. X.J DAPHNE. 25

Hanc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque iii stipite dextra Sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus ; Complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis, Oscula dat ligno ; refugit tamen oscula lignum. 105

Cui Deus, At conjux quoniam mea non potes esse, Arbor eris certe, dixit, mea ; semper habebunt' Te coma, te citharje, te nostrse, Laure, pharetrse. Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, quum laeta triumphum Vox canet, et longas visent Capitolia pompas. 110

Postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos Ante fores stabis,'^ mediamque tuebere quercum. Utque meum intonsis caput est juvenile capillis, Tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores. Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis 116

Annuit, utque caput, visa est agitasse cacumen.

Fab. XI.— Jo.

Est nemus Hsemonioe, prserupta quod undique claudit

Silva ; vocant Tempe ; per quae Peneus, ab imo

EflFusus Pindo, spumosis volvitur undis,

Dejectuque gravi tenues agitantia fumos

Nubila conducit,' summasque aspergine silvas 5

[mpluit, et sonitu plus quam vicina fatigat.''

HsBC domus, hsec sedes, haec sunt penetralia magni

A.mnis ; in hoc residens facto de cautibus antro,

Qndis jura dabat Nymphisque colentibus undas.

1 Semper habebunt te, shall always he adorned with thee ; aderis Latiis lucibus, Shalt attend upon, shall adorn the Roman generals. Among the Romans the laurel was the emblem both of victory and of triumph, and was ised to adorn the/asces of the generals and the arms of the soldiers. The . ictorious general in the triumphal procession wore a crown of laurel, and leld a branch of it in his right hand. A. R. A. 325. See Triumphus.

2 {Tu) eadem stabis fidissima custos, thou shall ah:o stand as a most faith- 'ul guardian. One of the honours decreed to Augustus by the senate was, hat a civic crown should be suspended from the top of his house, between wo laurel branches, which were set up in the vestibule before the gate. \. R. A. 323.

3 Gravique dejectu conducit nubila agitantia tenues fumos, and hy \U icavy fall produces clouds which emit a thin vapour.

4 Fatigat sonitu plus quam vici a (loca), disturbs with its noise more than he places adjoining to it, i. e. eva> places at a distance.

26 10. [book I.

Conveniunt illuc popularia flumina' primuni, 10

Nescia gratentur, consolenturne parentem,*''

Populifer Spercheos et irrequietus Enipeus,

Apiclauusque senex lenisque Amphrysos et JEas ;

Moxquc amnes alii, qui, qua tulit impetus illos,

In mare dcducunt fessas erroribus undas. 16

Inachus unus abest, imoque reconditus antro

Fletibus auget aquas, natamque miserrimus lo

Luget ut aniissani : ucscit vitane fruatur,'

An sit apud manes ; sed quam non invenit usquam,

Esse putat nusquam, atque animo pejora veretur. 20

Viderat a patrio redeimtem Jupiter lo Flumine, et, 0 virgo Jove digna, tuoque beatum Nescio quern factura toro,^ pete, dixerat, umbras Altorum neniorum, et nemorum monstraverat umbras ; Dum calet et medio Sol est altissimus orbe. 25

Quod si sola times latebras intrare feranim ; Praeside tuta Deo nemoram secreta^ subibis : Nee de plebe Deo, sed qui ccelestia magna Sceptra manu teneo, sed qui vaga fulmina mitto. Ne fuge me ! fugiebat enim. Jam pascua Lema;, 30 Consitaque arboribus Lyrcea reliquerat ar\a ; Quum Deus inducta latas caligine terras Occuluit,'' tenuitque fugam rapuitque pudorem. Interea medios Juno despexit in agros, Et noctis faciem nebulas fecisse volucres Sub nitido inirata die ; non flumuiis illas Esse, nee humenti sensit tellure remitti f

J Popularia fluniina, tfie rivers of the country, i. e. o/Thessaly.

2 Nescia (num) gratentur {paradi) consolenturne parentem, not knowing u-hether Oicy should congratulate or console the/alher of Daphne, i. e. Peneut.

3 Nescit fruaturne vita, an sit apud manes, heknows not whether she stiU enjoys life, or is with the manes, i. e. is dead. A. R. A. 415. See Manes.

4 Factura nescio quern beatum, destined to make some one, I know not whom, happy ; some person or other; pete, <70 to.

5 Secreta nemorum, the lonely places of the woods ,- Deo prseside, vili, a god as your protector ; nee Deo de plebe, Jioc an inferior god. See ],(i, 11.

6 Occuluit latas terras caligine inducta, covered the extensive carUt iritli darkness drawn over it.

7 Jllas non esse (nei'das) fluminis, ncc remitti huraenti tellure, tJiat they were not the vapours of a river, nor were exhakdfrom the moist earth.

i

FAB. XI,] 10. 27

Atque, suus conjux ubi sit, circumspicit, ut qus

Deprensi toties jam nosset fui-ta mariti.^

Quern postquam coelo non reperit ; Aut ego fall or, 40

Aut ego Iffldor, ait ; delapsaque ab setliere summo

Constitit in terris, nebulasqiie recedere jussit.

Conjugis adventum priesenserat, inque uitcutem

Inachidos vultus mutaverat ille juvencam.

Bos quoque fomiosa est. Speciem Saturnia vaccce, 45

Quanquam invita, probat ; nee non et cnjus, et unde,*

Quove sit armento, veri quasi nescia, quaerit.

Jupiter e terra genitam mentitur,' ut auctor

Desinat inquiri. Petit hanc Saturnia inunus.

Quid faciat I crudele, sues addicere araores ;* 50

Non dare, suspectum. Pudor est, qui suadeat illinc,

Hinc dissuadet amor. Victus pudor esset amore ;

Sed leve si munus sociae generisque torique'

Vacca negaretui", poterat non vacca videri.®

Pellice donata, non protinus exuit omnem 55

Diva metum, timuitque Jovem et fuit anxia furti,

Donee Arestoridae servandam tradidit Argo.

Fab. XII. — Argus.

Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus habebat : Inde* suis vicibus capiebant bina quietem ; Cetera servabant, atque in statione manebant.

1 TTt quas n68set furta mariti jam toties deprensi, assJie knew well the in- trigttes of her husband, who had been already so often detected.

2 Quasrit cujus («<) , et unde (sit) , she asks whose she is and whence she is.

3 Mentitur (earn) genitam esse e terra, falsely asserts that she was pro- duced from the earth.

4 Addicere suos amores, to give up his mistress ; BuspBctxxm,liai>le to sus- picion. Addicere is a term borrowed from the Roman law, and is applied to the surrender of insolvent debtors to their creditors. A. R. A. 40.

5 Sociae generis torique, to the sharer (if his descent and of his bed, i. e. to Juno. 5ee 11, 10,62.

{ 6 Poterat vidcri non vacca, might seem not to be a coiO; to be something more than a cow.

7 Anxia furti, afraid of theft,— afraid that the cow would be stolen ; (vaccam) servandam, to be watched.

8 Inde, of them, i. e. of the hundred eyes ; suis vicibus. in their turn ; bina, two at a time; in statione, on guard, on duty — a metaphor borrowed from the soldiers appointed to keep guard. A. R. A. 314.

28 ARGUS. [book I.

Constiterat quocumquc mode, spcctabat ad lo ;

Ante ociilos lo, qiiamvis aversus, habehat. 5

Luce sinit pasci ; qiium Sol tellure sub alta est,

Claudit et indigno' circumdat vincula cello.

Froudibus arboreis et amara pascitur herba,

Proque toro, teiTse, non semper gramen habenti,

Incubat iufelix, limosaque flumina potat. 10

Ilia ctiam supplex Argo quum brachia vellet

Tendere, non habuit qufe brachia tenderet Argo ;

Et conata queri mugitus edidit ore ;

Pertimuitque sonos, propriaque exterrita voce est.

Veuit et ad ripas, ubi ludere sa?pe solebat, 15

Inachidas ripas ; novaque ut conspexit in unda

Cornua, pertimuit seque exsternata refugit.*

Na'ides ignorant, ignorat et Inachus ipse,

Quse sit ; at ilia patrem sequitur sequiturque sororos,

Et patitur tangi, seque admirantibus ofFert. 20

Decerptas senior pon-exerat Inacbus herbas ;

lUa manus lambit, patriisque dat oscula palmis ;

Nee retinet lacrimas ; et, si modo verba sequantur,*

Oret opem, nomenque suum casusque loquatur.

Litera pro verbis,* quam pes in pulvere duxit, 25

Corporis indicium mutati triste peregit.

Me miserum ! exclamat pater Inachus ; inquo gementis

Cornibus et niveae pendens cervice juvencae,

Me miserum ! ingeminat. Tune es qusesita per omnes,

Nata, mihi terras i tu non inventa reperta* 30

Luctus eras levior. Retices, nee mutua nostris

Dicta refers ; alto tantum suspiria ducis

Pectore, quodque unum potes,* ad mea verba remugis.

1 Indigno, unworthy of such treatment.

2 Exsternata refugit se, and started back in aiarm at herself, fled in alarm from her own shadow.

3 Si modb verba sequantur, if words would but follow, if she could but utter words.

4 Pro verbis litera, instead of words letters, i. e. the letters I O.

5 Eras levior luctus reperta, caused less grief to m« than now when i/oti arefottnd ,■ dicta mutua nostris {dictis), words in reply to mine.

6 Quod unum potes, what alone you can do ,- ttedas. See 1, 10, 32.

FAB. XII.] AUGTJS. 29

At tibi ego ignarus thalamos tsedasque parabam ; Spesque fuit generi^ milii prima, secunda nepotum. 35 De grege nunc tibi vir, nunc de grege natus liabendus. Nee finii-e licet tantos milii niorte dolores ; Sed nocet^ esse Deum ; prEclusaque janua leti Sternum nostros luctus extendit in aevnm. Talia moerenti^ stellatus submovet Argus, 40

Ereptamque patri diversa in pascua natam Abstrahit : ipse procul monUs sublime cacumen Occupat, unde sedens partes speculatur in omnes.

Nee Superum rector mala tanta* Phoronidos ultra Ferre potest ; natumque vocat, quem lucida partu 45 Pleias enixa est, letoque det, imperat,^ Argum. Parva mora est, alas pedibus virgamque potenti Somniferam sumpsisse'' manu tegimenque capillis, Hoec ubi disposuit, patria Jove natus ab arce Desilit in teiTas. Illic tegimenque removit, 50

Et posuit pennas ; tantummodo virga retenta est, Hac^ agit, ut pastor, per devia rura capellas, Diim venit, abductas, et structis cantat avenis. Voce nova captus custos Junonius, At tu, Quisquis es,* hoc poteras mecum considere saxo, 55

Argus ait : neque enim^ pecori fecundior ullo

1 Prima spes milii fuit (spes) generi, mp first hope icas that of a son-in-law.

2 Nocet (mihi, me) esse Deura, it is my misfortune to be a god,

3 Submovet {earn) patri mcerenti talia, removes her from her father while uttering such lamentations ; ahs,i.Tz3a.\l,forces her away.

4 Tantamala, the great calamities ; ultra, any longer; natum, his ton, \. e. Mercury.

5 Imperat (ut) det Argum leto, orders him to put Argus to death. Tho conjunction ut is frequently omitted after verbs signifying to command, en- treat, &o. See 1, 8,74. 1, 12, 17.

6 Parva mora est surapsisse, but small delay is made in placing. Mer- cury was represented with a petasvs, or winged cap ; talaria, or winged sandals for his feet, and a caduceus, or wand mth two serpents entwined round it. A. R. A. 226.

7 Hac, with this, i. e. the caduceus ; abductas dum venit, stolen ashe comet, stolen by the way ; cantat avenis stnictis, plays on oaten straws joined to- gether. For the origin of this pipe, see 1 , 12, 23.

8 Qujsquis es, whoever you are, be you who you may. An expression UBed by the Romans when addressing a stranger or a god whoso name was unknown to them.

9 Neque enim est ullo 1oco,/ot* there is not in anyplace.

c2

30 ARGUS. [book I.

Herba loco est, aptamque vides pastoribus umbram. Sedit Atlantiades, et euntem multa loquendo Detinuit' sermone diem ; junctisque canendo Vincere arundinibus servantia lumina tentat. 60

lUe tamen pugnat molles evincere somnos, Et, quamvis sopor est oculorum parte receptus, Parte tamen vigilat ; quaerit quoque, namque reperta Fistula nuper erat, qua sit ratione reperta.*

Fab. XIII.— SV/rJna-.

TuiM Deus, Arcadiae gelidis sub montibus, inquit, Inter Hamad ryadas celeberrima Nonacrinas Naias una fuit ; Nymphse Syringa vocabant. Non semel et Satyros eluserat' ilia sequentes, EtqiioscumqueDeos umbrosavc silva, feraxve 5

Rus liabet. Ortygiam studiis ipsaque colebat Virginitate Deam. Ritu quoque cincta Dianae Falleret, et credi posset Latonia, si non Corneus huic arcus, si non foret aureus illi. Sic quoque fallebat. Redeuntem colle Lycaeo 10

Pan videt banc, pinuque caput prfeciuctus acuta,^ Talia verba refert. Restabat' verba referre, ^Et precibus spretis fugisse per avia Nynipham, Donee arcnosi placidum Ladonis ad amnem Venerit ; hie illi cursum impedientibus undis, 16

Ut se niutarent, liquidas orasse sorores f Panaque, quum prensam sibi jam Syringa putaret,

1 Et loquendo multa detinuit sermone euntem diem, and in tancingmueh bi:r!uiled by his conversation the passing clay.

2 Qua ratione reperta sit, by what means it was invented.

3 Non semel eluserat, she hadnot once, i. e. she had often escaped from. Eludere is a term borrowed from the gladiators, when one, by some parti- cular attitude, avoided the blow of his antagonist. A. R. A. 280.

4 PrsEcinctus (secutidum) caput acuta pinu, having his head encircled with sharp-pointed pine-leaves. Pan was represented with two small horns, .ind with a wreath of pine on his head. A. R. A. 232.

5 Restabat referre verba, it remained for him (Mercurj) to relate tite words of Pan, and to tell that, &c.

6 Liquidas sorores, her liquid sisteis, — the water-nymphs of the Ladon, who, as goddesses, possessed the power of changing her.

FAB. XIII.] 6YR.INX. 31

Corpore pro Nyniphae calamos tenuisse palustres ; Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in arundine ventos EflFecisse sonum tenuem similemque querenti ; 20

Arte nova vocisque Deuni dulcedine captum. Hoc mihi concilium^ tecum, dixisse, manebit ; Atque ita disparibus calamis compagine cerae Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse^ puellse. Talia dicturus vidit Cyllenius omnes 25

Succubuisse oculos, adopertaque lumina somno. Supprimit extemplo vocem, fimiatque soporem, Languida permulcens medicata' lumina virga. Nee mora : falcato' nutantem vulnerat ense, Qua collo est confine^ caput ; saxoque cruentum 30 Dejicit, et maculat prseruptam sanguine cautem. Arge, jaces ; quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas,* Extinctum est, centumque oculos nox occupat una. Excipit hos volucrisque suae Satumia pennis^ Collocat, et gemmis caudam stellantibus iraplet. 35

Protinus exarsit^ nee tempora distulit ins, Horriferamque oculis animoque objecit Erinnyn Pellieis Argolicse, stiniulosque in pectore csecos Condidit, et profugam^ per totum terniit orbem. Ultimus immense restabas, Nile, labori. 40

Queni simul ac tetigit, positisque in margine ripae

1 Hoc concilium tecum manebit milii, this intercourse with you shall be eontinued by me.

2 The preceding part of the clause from disparibus to junctis forms the accusative before the infinitive tenuisse. Pan's pipe consisted of seven un- equal reeds.

3 Medicata virgi, with his enchanted rod,- with his caduceus, which poi- sessed the power of causing sleep.

4 Falcato ense, with his crooked sicord, or falchion ; a weapon frequently mentioned by the mythological writers.

5 Qua caput est confine collo, where the head is joined to the neck. Hi» neck was particularly exposed by his posture while asleep.

6 Lumenque quod habebas in tot lumina, and the poivcr of vision which you had diffused over so many eyes.

7 Pennis suse volucris, in the feathers of her bird, i. e. the peacock. A. R. A. 222.

8 (Juno) protinus exarsit, Juno was immediately inflamed with rage.

9 Terruit {earn) profugam, forced her by terror to tvander ,■ uitimu» Ifinis) immenso labori, thefarthest limit to her immense toil, her wanderings.

32 SYRINX. LbOOK. I.

Procubuit genibus, resupinoque ardua' coUo,

Quos potuit solos, tollens ad sidera vultus ;

Et gemitu et lacrimis et luctisono mugitu

Cum Jove visa queri est, finemque orare maloi'um. 45

Conjugis ille suae complexus colla lacertis,

Finiat ut poenas tandem, rogat ; Inque futurum

Pone metus, inquit, nunquam tibi causa doloris

Hsec erit ; et Stygias jubet hoc audire paludes.

Ut lenita Dea est, vultus capit''' ilia priores ; 50

Fitque, quod ante fuit. Fugiunt e corpore sets ;

Cornua decrescunt ; fit luminis arctior orbis f

Contraliitur rictus ; redeunt humerique manusque ;

Ungulaque in quiiios dilapsa absumitur* ungues.

De bove nil superest, forms nisi candor, in ilia ; 65

Officioque pedum Nymphe contenta duorum

Erigitur ; metuitque loqui, ne more juvencse

Mugiat ; et timide verba intermissa retentat.*

Nunc Dea linigera^ colitur celeberrima turba.

Fab. XIV. — Epaphus and Fhaethon.

Huio Epaphus magni genitus^ de semine tandem Creditur esse Jovis ; perque uvbes juncta parenti Templa tenet. Fuit huic animis sequalis et annis Sole satus Phaethon ; quern quondam magna loquentem,' Nee sibi cedentem, PhcEboque parente superbum,^ 6

1 Arduaque collo resupino, !ooI:ing upwards with lier neck bent back.

2 11^ capit priores vultus, she (lo) recovers her former shape.

3 Orbis luminis, the ball (^ her eye, her eye; rictus, the aperture of her mouth, her mouth.

4 Ungula dilapsa absumitur, her hoof separating wastes away into.

5 Retentat verba intermissa, tries again words long discontinued.

6 Linigera turba, by the linen-wearing class, i. e. the priests of Isia, who were clothed in linen. lo was worshipped as a goddess by the Egyptian» under the name of Isis.

7 Creditur genitus esse huic, is believed to have been born by her ; juncta parenti, joined u'iift his mother, jointly with his mother. The strict con- struction would have required parentis under the government of tem- lili.t, understood. This shortened form of expression, though logically in- accurate, is frequently met with both in Latin prose and poetry.

8 Ijoquentem rasigna., boasting mightily ; non tulit, <;o«M no< 6car. ThSl meaning of^o is not unusual. See 2, 1, 22, &e.

9 Superbum. See \, 9, 3.

FAB. XIV.J EPAPHUS AND PHAETHOX. 33

iNon tulit Inacliides, Matrique, ait, omnia demens Credis, et es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi. ^ ' Erubuit Phaethon, iramque pudore repressit, Et tulit ad Clymenen Epaphi convicia matrem ; Quoque magis doleas,^ genitrix, ait, Ille ego liber, 10 Ille ferox tacui. Pudet lisec opprobria nobis Et dici potuisse, et non potuisse repelli. At tu, si modo sum coelesti stirpe creatus, 'Ede notam tanti generis, meque assere^ coelo. Dixit, et implicuit matemo bracliia coUo ; 15

Perque suum Meropisque caput taedasque sororum, Traderet, oravit, veri sibi signa parentis. iAmbiguum,* Clymene precibus Phaethontis, an ira ! Mota magis dicti sibi criminis ; utraque cceIo ! Brachia porrexit, spectansque ad lumina Solis, 20

Per j ubar hoc, inquit, radiis insigne coruscis, , Nate, tibi juro, quod nos auditque videtque. Hoc te, quern spectas, hoc te, qui temperat orbem, iSole satum.* Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum Se mihi, sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris. 25

Nee longus labor est patrios tibi nosse penates :® Unde oritur, domus est teiTse contermina nostrse. Si modo fert animus ; gradere, et scitabere ab ipso. Emicat extemplo laetus post talia matris ■Dicta suae Phaethon, et concipit athera mente ;' 30 jiEthiopasque suos positosque sub ignibus Indos Sidereis** transit, patriosque adit impiger ortus.

I 1 Es tumidus imagine falsi genitoris, are puffed up with the groitndlest itelie/ of a false father ,- in opposition to veri parentis in 17. ' 2 Quoque magis doleas, ego ille liber, ille ferox tacui, and, to grieve you /he more, I, that open-minded, that dauntless youth, remained silent.

3 Assere me coelo, vindicate for me my celestial origin, prove that I am descended from a god. A. R. A. 189. See 1,10, 11.

4 Ambiguum (est utrum) Clymene mota (sit), it is doubtful whether Cly- mene was moved; criminis dicti sibi, /or the calumny alleged against her.

5 Te satum (esse) hoe sole, that you are descended from thissun; tempe- rat, regulates — by diffusing light and heat, and producing the change of seasons, &c. The ancients were accustomed to swear by the sun, and to call him as a witness of their own innocence, or of the guilt of others.

6 'Noss.eT^s.triospen&tes, to visit your father's palace. A. R. A. 230.

7 Concipit mente aithera, fixes his thoughts upon heaven.

8 Sidereis ignibus, the violent heat of the sun, i. e. in the torrid zone.

34 PHAETHON. [book H.

BOOK II.

Fab. I. — Phatthon.

Regia Solis erat subliniibus alta columais,^ Clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo ;* Cujus ebur^ nitidum fastigia sxunma tenebat, Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae. Materiem superabat opus : nam Mulciber illic 5

-^quora caelarat medias cingentia terras, Terrarumque orbem, coelumque, quod imminet orbi. Caeruleos habet unda Deos, Tritona canorum, Proteaque ambiguum, balsenarumque prementem ^gaeona suis immania terga lacertLs, 10

Doridaque et natas ; quarum pars'' nare videntur, Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos, Pisce vebi qutedam ; facies non omnibus una, Jfec diversa tamen : qualem decet" esse sororum. Terra \'iros urbesque gerit, sUvasque ferasque, 1 .5

Fluminaque et Nymphas, et cetera numina ruris. Haec super imposita est coeli fulgentis imago," Signaque sex foribus dextris,^ totidemque sinistris. Quo simul acelivo ChTneneia limits'* proles Venit, et intra vit dubitati tecta parentis ; 20 ^

1 Alta sublimibus colamnis, raited by meant oflqfiy piliart.

2 PjTopo, /fcepyropt/j/ a mixture of three parts of copper and one of gold, ' which", as the word imports, was of a fiery colour. It may also be trans- ' lated, a carbuncle, or ruby ; a precious stone of a r«l fiery colour, resem- bling a burning coal.

3 Nitidum ebur, ttatues of polished ivory ; summa fastigia, the top of the roof. S2e\,6 61. A. R, A. 456. Bifores valvas, doublefolding-doort. A. R. A. 449.

4 Pars — pars, lome—oVurt—rn mole, on a rock — vehi, to ride.

5 (Talit faeiet) qualem decet (Jaciem) sororum esse, but tuch a Ukeneu as that of sitters ought to he.

6 Imago fulgentis coeli, a representation oftheheaven thiniw; with stars.

7 Sex signa dextris foribus, six signt on the right folding-door. See Zodiacus.

8 Acelivo limife, by an ascending path. The ancient temples were usually built on a rising ground, and the approach to tbem was bv a flight of steps. Se<l, 8, 63.

FAB. I.] PHAETHOX. 36

Protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus, Consistitque procul ; neque enim propiora ferebat Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat In solio Phoebus, Claris lucente zmaragdis/ A dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus, 25

Seculaque et positse spatiis aequalibus'^ Horse, Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona ; Stabat nuda ^stas et spicea serta gerebat : Stabat et Autumnus calcatis sordidus uvis f Et glacialis Hiems, canos hirsuta capillos. 30

Inde loco medius* renim novitate paventem ' Sol oculis juvenem, quibus adspicit omnia, vidit, j Quaeque viae tibi causa \ quid hac, ait, arce petisti, ' Progenies, Phaethon, baud inficianda' parenti \ Ille refert : O lux immensi publica mundi, 35

Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum. Nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine^ celat ; Pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago' ! Credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris. 1 Dixerat ; at genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 j Deposuit radios propiusque accedere jussit ; Amplexuque dato, Nee tu meus esse negarP Dignus es, et Clymene veros, ait, edidit ortus. Quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud. Me tribuente, feras : promissis testis adesto 46

Dis juranda palus,® oculis incognita nostris.

1 Zmaragdis, emeralds. The emerald is a precious stone usually of a green colour ; but the ancients seem to have used zmaragdus in a more extended sense, and to have understood by it green crystals, jaspers, &c.

2 Positae aqualibus spatiis, placed at equal distances. A. R. A. 230.

3 Sordidus calcatis uvis, besmeared with pressed grapes — in allusion to the custom of treading out the grapes, a practice still frequent in many parts of Italy. A. R. A. .388.

4 Sol medius loco, for in medio loco, Sol who u-as in the centre o/ the palace. See 1, 2, 9. and 1, 6, 16.

5 Haud infieianda parenti, not deserving to be disowned by your father.

6 Sub falsa imagine, under a feigned disguise.

7 Credar (esse) tua vera propago, / may be believed to be your real off'- tpring — errorem, uncertainty.

8 Nee tu es dignus negari esse meus (Jilius), you do not deserve to be denied to be my son.

i) Palus juranda Dls, let the lake by tvhich the gods are wont to swear-

36 PHAETHON. [book II.

Vix bene desierat : currus rogat ille j)atemo3, Inque diem alipedum jus et moderameu^ cquonim. Poenituit jurasse patrem, qui terque quaterque Concutiens illustre caput, Temeraria/ dixit, 50

Vox mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret Non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem. Dissuadere licet : non est tua tuta voluntas. Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis Munera conveniunt,^ nee tam pueiilibus annis. 55

Sors tua mortal is : non est mortale* quod optas. Plus etiam, quam quod Supciis contingere fas est,* Isescius afFectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit :® Non tamen ignifero quisquam consistcre in axe Me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Oljnnpi, 60 Qui fera tenibili jaculatur fulmina dextra, Non agat lios currus : et quid Jove majus habemu3 ! Ardua prima via' est, et qua vix mane recente» Enitantur equi ; medio est altissiraa coelo, Unde mare et terras ipsi milii saepe videre Go

Fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus. Ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo. Tunc etiam, quae me subjectis excipit undis,* Ne ferar in proeceps,^ Tethys solet ipsa vereri.

There is here a peculiarity of construction, the common form of expression being jurare per pahidem', though the same construction, without the pre- position, is also found. See 101. See Styx.

1 Jus et moderamen, the management and control — in diem, /or one daij.

2 Mea vox facta est temeraria tua {voce), my promise hat become rash ly your request.

3 Conveniunt nee istis viribus, suits neither that feeble strength of yours.

4 Non est mortale, is not possible for Mortals,- is beyond the power qf tiiorlals.

5 Fas est contingere, is allowed to fa'.l to the lot of— is allowed by those eternal laws by which the power of each god is limited and defined.

6 Licebit [u't) quisque placeat sibi, it will be allowed to eiery one to be pleased with himself— let every one think of himself as he chooses.

7 Prima via, t/ie first part of the road — qua, along which. This descrip- tion of the course of the sun is founded upon the erroneous opinion that th« »un revolves round the earth as the centre of the planetary system.

8 Quse excipit me subjectis undis , who receives me in her waters lyiruj below. The sun was supposed to lose himself in the sea in the west at night, and to rise from it in the east in the morning

& Ne ferar in prttceps, ksl I should be hurried headlong.

FAB. I.] PUAETHON. 37

Adde, quod assidua rapitur vertigine' ccelum, 70

Sideraque alta traliit celerique volumine torquet.

Nitor in adversum f nee me, qui cetera, vincit

Impetus ; et rapido contravius evehor orbi.

Finge datos currus : qmd agas I poterisne rotatis

Obvius ire polis, ne te citus auferat axis P 75

Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque domosque

Concipias animo, delubraque ditia donis

Esse : per insidias iter est formasque feranim/

Utque viam teneas nulloque errore traharis ;

Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80

Hcemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis,

Saevaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo

Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum.

Nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis,

Q,uos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 85

In promptu* regere est : vix me patiuntur, ut acres

Incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis.

At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor,

Nate, cave ; dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota.

Scilicet, ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90

Pignora certa petis : do pignora® certa timendo,

Et patrio pater esse metu probor. Adspice vultus

Ecce meos, utinamque oculos in pectora posses

Inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas !

Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 96

Eque tot ac tantis coeli terraeque marisque

1 Rapitur assidua vertigine, is carried forward in a ceaseless revolution. According to the opinions of some of tlie ancient philosophers, the heaven moved round in a rapid and incessant revohition, and carried along with it the stars.

2 Nitor in adversum, / advance with difficulty in the opposite direction, i. a. from east to west; while the planets moved from \vest to east.

3 Ne citus axis auferat te, and tue rapid axis, i. e. the rapid revolution of the heavens, not carry you away. See 1, 7, 12.

4 Formas ferarum, the forms of wild beasts— those by which the signs of the zodiac were represented, as Leo, Scorpio, &c. See'l, 2, 42.

5 Nee in promptu est tibi regere, nor is it easy for you to manage. Sol here speaks as if the sun would pass through all the signs of the zodiac in a single day, whereas the time necessary to accomplish this is a year.

6 Certa pignora, undoubted pledges ; timendo, by being afraid for you.

38 PHAETHON. [book II.

Posce bonis aliquid : nullani patiere repulsara. Deprecor' hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena, Non honor est : pcenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, laccrtis l 100

Ne dubita, dabitur, Stygias juravimus undas, Quodcumque optaris : sed tu sapientius opta. Finierat''' monitus : dictis tameu iUe repugnat, Pi-opositumque tenet, flagratque cupidbie curriis. Ergo, qua licuit,^ genitor cunctatus ad altos 106

Deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, curras. Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea sumnise Curvatura rot®,* radiorum argenteus ordo ; Per juga chrysolithi'' positaeque ex ordine gemmae Clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phcebo. 110

Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur opusque Perspicit ; ecce vigil rutilo patcfecit ab ortu Purpureas Aurora fores, et plena rosarum Atria. DiiFugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit^ Lucifer, et cceli statione no\Tssiraus exit. 115

At pater ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit, Comuaque extremae velut evanescere Lunae,' Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. Jussa Deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes Ambrosiae succo saturos,* prsesepibus altis 120

1 Deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine (est) pcena, linterpnse agaimt thit one thing, which, by its true name, is a punishment.

2 Finlerat, i.e. Phcebus — ille, i.e. Phaethon.

3 Cunctatus qua licuit, having delayed as long as he could.

4 Curvatura summae rotse, the outennost rimjorfdloe of the wheel ; ordo radionim, the row of spokes.

5 Chrysolithus, gold-stone, wa> a precious stone of a bright yellow colour, supposed to be a iopaz.

6 Cogit agmina, brings up the reai — a form of expression borrowed from an army on march. The stars are represented as an army marching off the tield at the approach of the morning star, with Lucifer as the com- mander of the last company.

7 Comuaque extremae Lunae velut evanescere, and the horns of the falling moon to va)iish as it were.

U Saturos succo ambrosiae, full-fed with the j'lice of ambrosia. Ambro- sia, which properly signifies the food of the gods, is represented by the poets as being the food of their horses also ; quadrupcdes, horses ; addunt, i-ut on.

FAB. I.] PHAETHON. 39

Quadrupedes ducunt, adduntqiue sonantia frena.

Turn patei- oi'a sui sacro medicamine nati

Contigit,' ct rapid £8 fecit patientia flammae,

Imposuitque comae radios, prssagaque luctus*

Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria, dixit : 1 25

Si potes hie saltern monitis parere paternis ;

Pavce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris :

Sponte sua properant ; labor est rahibere volentes.

Nee tihi directos placeat via quiaque per arcus/

Sectus in obliquum est lato cur\'amiiie limes,* 130

Zonarumque trium contentus fine ; polumque

EfFugito australem, j unctamque aquilonibus Arcton :

Hac sit iter ; manifesta rotse vestigia cemes.

Utque ferant aequos et coeluin et terra calores,

Nee preme, nee summimi molire per sethera cuiTum. 1 35

Altius egi'essus* coelestia tecta cremabis ;

Inferius, terras : medio tutissimus ibis.

Neu® te dexterior tortum declinetin Anguein,

Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram :

Inter utrumque tene. Fortune cetera mando, 140

Quae juvet,' et melius, quam tu tibi, consulat, opto.

Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas*

Humida nox tetigit : non est mora libera nobis ;

»

1 Contigit sa.cT3Ta&<iicaiimie,7'iibbedimth a celestial ointment; patientia, capable of endurivg.

2 'PriEsaga.lactus, utMch foreboded his future sorrow; stiumiis, the goadt. A. R. A. 481.

3 Nee via per quinque directos arcus placeat tibi, and let not the road through the five parallel circles please you, i. e. go not through the equator, the tropics, and the polar circles. See 1, 2, 14, &c.

4 Limes, the path, i.e. the ecliptic, which cuts the equator obliquely; contentus fine trium zonarum, confined within the limits of three zones. The ecliptic lies within the torrid zone, having one of the temperate zones on each side. The torrid and two temperate zones are therefore the three here referred to.

5 Hgressus altiiis, bp going too high; (egressus) inferiCis, bp goitig too low.

6 Neu — neve, neither— nor; tene {cursum), keep the way; anguem, aram. See Anguis, Ara.

7 Opto, quae (for ut ea) juvet, I pray that she may assist you.

8 Metas positas in Hesperio Utore, the goals placed on the western shore, i. e. the shore of the Atlantic. The Goddess of Night is represented as passing In a chariot across the sky, and reaching the western horizon at the same time that the sun rises in the east. A. R. A. 275.

40 PHAETHON. [book II.

Poscimur ; effulget tencbiis Aurora fugatis. Corripe lora manu ; vel, si mutabile pectus 1 45

Est tibi, consiliis, non curribiis, utere nostris, Dum potes et solidis etiamnum sedibus adstas, Dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes. Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris. Occupat ille levem juvenili coi-pore' cui-rum, 150

Statque super, manibiisque datas contingere habenas Gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti.

Interea volucres Pyroeis, Eous et ^Ethon, Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras Flammifeids implent, pedibusque repagula pulsant."^ 1 55 Quae postquam Tetbys, fatonim ignara nepotis, Repulit, et facta est imraensi copia mundi ;^ Corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis Obstantes findunt nebulas, pennisque levati Praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. 160

Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent Solis equi,* solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. Utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves, Perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur ; Sic onere assueto vacuos dat in aera saltus,^ 165

Succutiturque alte, sirailisque est currus inani. Quod simulac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquvmt Quadrijugi spatium, nee, quo prius, ordine cuiTunt. Ipse pavet, nee qua commissas flectat habenas, Nee scit, qua sit iter ; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170 Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones,

1 Levem juvenili corpore, light on account of hit youthful body ,- inde, from it, from the chariot.

2 Pulsant repagula, ttritce (he barriers. The repagula were beams of wood placed across the openinffs in the race-course from which the horses started, to prevent them from setting off before the time. A. R. A. 275.

3 Et copia iramensi mundi facta est, and fuM scope over the boundlat universe was given them.

4 Nee {for et) quod equi soils (non) possent cognoscere, and such at the korset of the sun could not feel.

6 Dat saltus in aera vacuos assueto onere, makes leaps into the air indi- cating the tcant of itt usual weight. Vacuos strictly refers to currui— tnani (cvrrui).

FAB. I.J PHAETHON. 41

Et vetito frustra tentarunt sequore tingi; Quseque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens, Frigore pigra pi-ius, nee formidabilis ulli, Incaluit, sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras.^ ] 75

Te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote, Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras Infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque jacentes f Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, ] 80

Suntque oculis tenebrte per tantum lumen obortae.' Et jam mallet equos nunquam tetigisse patemos ; Jamque agnosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando ; Jam Meropis dici cupiens, ita fertur,* ut acta Praecipiti pinus Borea, cui victa remisit 185

Frena suus rector, quam Dis votisque reliquit. Quid faciat \ multum cceli post terga relictum ; Ante oculos plus est ; animo metitur utrumque, Et modo, quos illi fato contingere non est,* Prospicit oc casus, interdum respicit ortus ; 190

QiUidque agat ignarus, stupet ; et nee frena remittit. Nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula ccelo^ Vastarumque videt trepidus simtJacra ferarmu.

Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus 1 96 Scorpios, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis Porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum. Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni

1 Sumpsit novas iras fervoribus, fell unitstial rage from the heat.

2 Jacentes penitus penitusque, lying deeper and deeper below him.

3 Tenebrae obortje sunt oculis per tantum lumen, darkness overspread his eyes from such a glare of light

4 Fertur ita ut pinus, is borne along like a ship; victa frena, the helm now unmanageable ,- Dis, to the tutelary gods, whose images were placed on the stern, and to whom the crew addressed prayers and made vows in a storm. A. R. A. 342.

5 Non est illi fato contingere, it is not allowed him by fate to reach.

6 Miracula sparsa passim in vario ccelo, strange objects scattered every where over the spangled heaven. In miracula there is an allusion to the constellations mentioned in 78, &c. and vario refers to the firmament bestudded with stars.

d2

42 PHAETHON. [book II.

Vulnera curvata minitantcm cuspide vidit ; Mentis inops gelida fomiidine lora remisit. 200

Quae postquam summum tetigere jaccntia tergum, Exspatiantur' equi, nulloque inhibente per auras Ignotae regionls eunt ; quaque impetus egit, Hac sine lege ruunt ; altoque sub sethere fixis Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. 205

Et modo sunima''' petunt, niodo per decliva viasque Praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur. Inferiusque suis^ fi-atemos currere Luna Admiratur equos ; ambustaque nubila fumant. Corripitur flammis, ut quasque altissima/ tellus, 210 Fissaque agit rimas, et succis aret ademptis. Pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbos ; Materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno. Parva queror ; magnae pereunt cum moenibus* urbes, Cum que suis totas populis incendia gentes 215

In cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent ; Ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et Tmolus et CEte ; Et nunc sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ide, Virgineusque Helicon, et uondum (Eagrius Haemos ; Ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus JEtne, 220

Pamassusque biceps et Eryx et C^-nth\is et Othrys, Et tandem Rhodope nivibus caritura, ^limasque Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithferon. Nee prosunt Scythise sua frigora : Caucasus ardet, Ossaque cum Pindo majorque ambobus Olympus, 225 Aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer Apenninus.

1 RxsTpaiiantuT, start/rom the road ; sine lege, tcithout control.

2 Summa (loca), the highest placet ; decliva (loca), declivitia ; spatio propiore terrae, a track nearer to the earth.

3 Inferiils suis (equis), lower than her oum horses. The moon moves round the earth in a smaller circle than the sun, and her horses are there- fore nearer the centre of attraction.

4 Tellus, ut fjua°que {tcUas) est altissiraa, the earth, as any part o/ it is very high, all the highest parts of the earth.

5 Curu mcenibus, tcith the buildings. Maenibus probably signifies tlio larger and more durable edifices, chiefly the public buildings; gentes cuin ■uis populis, countries with their inhalritants.

I'AB. 1.] PHAETHON. 43

Tunc vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem Adspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus ;' Ferventesque auras, velut e fornace profunda. Ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit ; 230

Et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam Ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo. Q,u6que eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus, Nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. Sanguine turn credunt in corpora summa vocato' 235 yEthiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem. Tum facta est Libye, raptis liumoribus sestu, Arida ; tum Nymphae passis fontesque lacusque Deflevere comis. Qujerit Boeotia Dircen, Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas. 240

Nee sortita loco distantes^ flumina ripas Tuta manent ; mediis Tana'is fumavit in undis, Peneosque senex Teuthranteusque Caicus Et celer Ismenos cum Psophaico Erymantho, Arsurusque iterum Xantlius flavusque Lycormas, 245 Quique recurvatis ludit Maeandros in undis, Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas ; Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, Thermodonque citus Gangesque et Phasis et Ister ; iEstuat Alpheos ; ripae Sperchei'des ardent ; 250

Q,uodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus,"* aurum ; Et, quae Maeouias celebrarant carmine ripas, Finminese volucres medio caluere Caystro. Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem, Occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255

1 Nee sustinet tantos sestus, and cannot endure such violent heat. Sus- tinet is used for potest sustinere, and is equivalent to potest /erre in line 232.

2 Sanguine vocato in summa corpora, />wu the blood being drawn to the surface of the body.

3 Sortita ripas "distantes loco, having obtained, which have banks distant in place, at a distance from each other, i. e. large rivers whose banks are farthest separated.

4 Fluit ignibus, is melted by the fire ; fluminese volucres, the birds of the river, i. e. the swans.

44 PHAETHON. [book 11.

Pulverulenta vacant,' septem sine flumine vallcs. Fors eadem Ismarios, Hebrum cum Strymone siccat, Hesperiosque amnes, Rhenum Rhodanumque Paduiuque, Cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin.

Dissilit- omne solum ; penetratque in Tartara rimis Lumen, et infemum terret cum conjuge regem ; 261 Et mare contrahitur ; siccceque est campus arente, Quod mod 6 pontus erat ; quosque altiim texerat squor, Exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent. Ima petunt pisces, nee se super sequora curvi 265

Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras. Corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo' Exanimata jacent ; ipsum quoque Nerea fama est Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu* 270

Exserere ausus erat : ter non tulit aeris sestus. Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat cii-cumdata ponto, Inter aquas pelagi contractosque tmdique fontes, Qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris, Sustulit omniferos^ coUo tenus arida vultus, 275

Opposuitque manum fronti ; magnoque tremore Omnia concutiens paulum subsedit ; et infra, Quam solet esse, fuit ; siccaque ita voce locuta est : Si placet hoc, meruique, quid 6 tua fulmina cessant,* Summe Deum ? liceat periturae viribus ignis,' 280

1 Septem ostia vacant pulverulenta, his seven mouths are tciOuniticater and full o/dusU

2 Dissilit, gapes — infemum regem cum conjuge, Pliilo and Proserpine.

3 Summo profundo, on the surface of the deep ; resupina, uiith the beUj/ upwards, on their back.

4 Brachia cum torvo vultu, his arms and his stem countenance. Allu- sion is here made to the attitude of the Roman orators, who u.sed, when speaking, to disengage the right arm from the toga. Neptune is here repre- sented as rising from the deep to plead the cause of the world. A. R. A. 350.

5 Omniferos vultus, her ail-productive countenance. This epithet is ap- plied to the earth as producing every thing necessary for the support of ! animal life. .

6 The order is, Si hoc placet (tibi), meruiqne, quid, O summe Deum, tua fulmina cessant ?

7 Liceat (mihi) periturse virfbus ignis, may it be allowed me, if I must perish by the force of fire. Virihus ignis are used for igne.

FAB. :.] PUAETHOX. 45

Igne perire tuo clademque auctore levare.'

Vix equidem fauces liKc ipsa in verba'^ resolvo ;

Presserat ora vapor ; tostos en adspice crines,

Inque ociilis tantum, tantum super ora favillae.

Hosne milii fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285

Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri

Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno ?

Quod pecori frondes, alimentaque mitia, fruges,

Humano generi, vobis quod thura ministro I

Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse :' quid undae, 290

Quid meruit frater 1 cur illi tradita sorte

^quora decrescunt et ab Eethere longius absunt ?

Q,uod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia' tangit ;

At coeli miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque ;*

Fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295

Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat,

Vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem.

Si freta, si terras pereunt, si regia coeli ;

In Chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis,

Si quid adhuc superest,'' et rerum consule summae." 300

Dixerat hsec Tellus ; neque enim tolerare vajjorem

Ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura ; suumque

Retulit* OS in se propioraque Mauibus antra.

At pater omnipotens Superos testatus'' et ipsum, Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 305 Interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem,'°

1 Levare cladem auctore, to alleviate mij calamity hy the author of it, i.e. let it be inflicted by you rather than be the result of Phaethon's imprudence.

2 In haec ipsa verba, ybr these words even.

3 Fac me meruisse, suppose, grant that I have deserved it — undae (meru- CTMnO— frater, i. e. Neptune.

4 Qu&d si nee (gratia) fratris, nee mea gratia tangit te, but if neither a regard for your brother nor for me affects you.

5 Circumspice utrumque (polum), look to both poles.

6 Si quid adhuc superest, whatever still remains.

1 Consule summse rerum, provide for the safety of the world.

8 Retulit OS in se, drew back her face within herself, 1. e. into the earth, of which she was the goddess.

9 Testatus — et ipsum, calling to witness — and him too — says.

10 Petit arduus summam arcem, mounts aloft to-the highest point ofheaven.

4G PHAETHO.V. [book II.

Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris ;

Unde movet' tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat.

Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes

Tunc habuit, nee, quos coelo demitteret, imbres. 310

Intouat, et dextra libratum'^ fulmen ab aure

Misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque

Expulit,' et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes.*

Consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto

Colla jugo eripiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315

Illic^ frena jacent, illic temone revrilsus

Axis, in hac radii fractamm parte rotarum ;

Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus.

At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos,

Volvitur in praeceps,'' longoque per aera tractu 320

Fertur ; ut interdum de coelo stella sereno,

Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri.

Quem procul a patria diverse niaximus orbe

Excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora.

Fab. II.— r^e Sisters of Phaethon.

Naides Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma

Corpora dant tumulo,^ signantque hoc caiTnine saxum :

Hie situs es^ Phaethon, currus auriga patemi;

Quem si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit ausis.

Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro, 6

Condiderat vultus ; et, si modo credimus, unum

1 Movet, hurls. ■ jactat vibrata fiilmina, dartt the brandished lightning. A.R. A. 221.

2 Libratum ab dextra aure, swung from his right ear.

3 ExpuUt animaque rotisque, deprived him of life and drove him from the chariot.

4 Compescuit icrnes «avis ignibus, quenched the fires (by which the earth was consumed) icith cruel fires, i. e. with lightning.

5 Illic — illic, in one place — in another place. A. R. A. 476.

6 Volvitur in praeceps, is hurled headlong ; potaityideri, mat/ have seemed.

7 Dant tumulo, commit to the tomb, bury. A. R. A. 4Ufl. Carmine, inscription, epitaph.

8 Ilic situs est, here is buried. These words were frequently used in the beginning of inscriptions on sepulchral monuments. A. R. A. 423. Tenuit, managed.

VAB. II.J THE SISTERS OP PHAETHON. 47

Isse diem siue Sole ferunt :' incendia lumen Prsebebant ; aliquisque malo fuit usus in Ulo.

At Clymene, postquam dixit qnaecumque fuerunt [n tantis dicenda malis ; lugubris et amens 10

Et laniata sinus''' totum percensuit orbem ; Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, Reperit ossa tamen peregiina condita ripa, [ncubuitque loco ; nomenque in marmore lectum Perfudit lacrimis et aperto pectore fovit.^ 16

Nee minus Heliades fletus et, inania* morti Muncra, dant lacrimas ; et caesae pectora pabnis Non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querelas Nocte dieque vocant ; adstemunturque sepulcro. Lima quater jvmctis implerat comibus orbem -J 20

Illse more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, Plangorem dederant. E quis Phaethusa sororum Maxima, quum vellet terrse procumbere, questa est Diriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire Candida Lampetie, subita radice^ retenta est. 25

Tertia, quum crinem manibus laniare pararet, AveUit frondes ; haec stipite crura teneri, Ilia dolet fieri longos sua brachia ramos. Dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina coi-tex, Perque gradus^ uterum pectusque humerosque ma- nusque 30

Ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocautia matrem. Q,uid faciat mater, nisi, quo trabat impetus Ularn, Hue eat atque Uluc, et, dum Ucet, oscula juugat 1 Non satis est : truncis aveilere corpora tentat,

1 Ferunt (homines), they say ; isse, passed,- lugubris, sorrowful, or dressed in mourning garments. A. R. A. 422.

2 Laniata (secundum) sinus, tearing her bosom — a usual mode, especially with women, of expressing grief. A. R. A. 414. SeelT.

3 Fovit aperto pectore, warmed it (tlie name) with her naked breast

4 Inania, unavailing ,- morti, to the dead body.

5 Implerat orbem, had completed her disk, i. e. four months had elapsed ; UBUs fecerat morem, custom had made it a habit.

6 Subita radice, by a root suddenly growing from her feet.

7 Per gradus, by degrees, gradually ; \my^t\xs\,rB.h&t, her phrensy hurries her.

48 THE SISTERS or PHAETHON. j_BOOK: II.

Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpere ; at inde 35

Sanguineae manant tanquam de vulnere guttae. Parce, precor, mater, quaecunique est saucia, clamat ; Parce, precor : nostrum laniatur in arbore corpus. Jamque vale. Cortex in verba uovissima venit.

Inde fluunt lacrimae, stillataque Sole rigescunt' 40 De ramis electra novis ; quae lucidus amnis Excipit, et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis.

Fab. III. — Cycnus.

Adflit huic monstro' proles Stheneleia Cycnus, Qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine junctus, Mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit. lile relicto, Nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes, Imperio ripas vii-ides amnemque querelis 5

Eridanum implerat silvamque sororibus auctam ■? Quuni vox est tenuata viro,* canaeque capillos Dissimulant plumae,^ collumque a pectore longum Porrigitur, digitosgue ligat junctura rubentes ; Penna latus vestit ; tenet os sine acumiue rostrum : 10 Fit nova Cycnus avis, nee se coeloque Jovique Credit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab illo :•' Stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemque perosus. Quae colat,' elegit contraria flumina flammis.

Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis et expers 1 5

1 Electra stillata de novis ramis rigescimt sole, amber dropping from the new branches hardens in the sun. See Elcctrum.

2 Adfuit huic momtro, teas present at this Irans/ormation. Monstrum was applied by tlie Latin writers to any thing sing:ular or strange in its form, behariour, or consequences, and therefore to any thing at variance with the ordinary laws of nature.

3 Silvamque auctam sororibus, and the tcood increased by the sisters, i. e, by the sisters of Pliaethon, who were changed into trees.

4 Quum vox tenuata est viro, u-hen the voice of the man was rendered thrill,- dissimulant, conceal.

5 Plumce signifies the small and soft Teathers which cover the bodies of birds, the plumaf/e ,- and penna is applied to the long and thick feathers of the tail and wings — it frequently also signifies a win/;.

6 Ignis injuste missi ab illo, ^jfire unjustly thrown by him, i.e. by Jupiter, against his friend Phaethon.

7 Quae colat, which he may inhabit, for his habitation.

FAB. III.] CYCNUS. 49

Ipse sui decoris, qualis, quum deficit orbem,'

Esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque,

Datque animum in luctus, et luctibus adjicit iram,

Officiumque negat rnundo. Satis, inquit, ab sevi

Sors mea principiis fuit irrequieta ; pigetque 20

Actorum sine fine milai, sine honore, laborum.*

Q,uilibet alter agat' portantes lumina currus.

Si nemo est, omnesque Dei non posse fatentur ;

Ipse agat ; ut saltern, dum nostras tentat habenas,

Orbatura'' patres aliquando fulmina ponat. 25

Turn sciet, ignipedum vires expcrtus equorum,

Non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit^ illos.

Talia dicentem crrcumstant omnia Solem

Numina, neve^ velit tenebras inducere rebus,

Supplice voce rogant : missos quoque Jupiter ignes 30

Excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit.

Colligit amentes et adhuc ten-ore paventes

Phoebus equos, stimuloque domans et verbere sscvit :

Ssevit enim, natumque objectat^ et imputat Ulis.

BOOK III.

Fab. I. — Cadmus,

Jamque Deus,* posita fallacis imagine tauri, Se confessus erat, Dictaeaque rura tenebat ; Quum pater^ ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam

1 Deficit orbem, deserts his orb, is eclipsed.

2 Piget {me) laborum actorum mihi sine fine, / am wearied of the toil» undergone by me without end.

3 Quilibet alter agat, let any one else who chooses drive. A. R. A. 230.

4 Orbatura patres, destined to deprive fathers of their children.

5 {Phaethonta) qui non rexerit illos bene, that PhaeVion, because ht did not manage them well.

6 Neve, /or et ne — et rogant jj« velit, and ask him not to resolve.

7 Objectat natum, reproaches them with the death of his son.

8 Deus, i. e. Jupiter,- fallacis tauri, of the deceitful bull. See Europa.

9 Pater, i. e. Agenor — ignarus, ignorant of the fate of his daughter; not knowing that she had been carried off by Jupiter to Crete ; raptam fjlliam), his daughter who had been carried off.

B

60 CADJIUS. LBOOK III.

Imperat, et poenani, si non invenerit, addit

Exsilium, facto pius ct sceleratus eodem. 5

Orbe pererrato, quis enim deprendere possit

Furta Jovis ? profugus patriamque ii-amque parentis

Vitat Agonorides, Phcebique oracula supplex

Consulit, et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit.

Bos tibi, Phoebus ait, solis occurret in arvis, 10

Nullum passa jugum cur\'ique immunis aratri.

Hac duce carpe' vias, et, qua requieverit herbl,

Moenia fac condas, Bceotiaque ilia vocato.

Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro ; Incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam, 16

Nullum servitii sigiium cervice gerentem. Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu,* Auctoremque viae Phoebum tacitumus adorat. Jam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva ; Bos stetit, tt tollens spatiosam comibus altis 20

Ad caelum frontem, mugitibus impulit auras ; Atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes, Procubuit teueraque latus submisit in herba. Cadmus agit grates, peregrinsequc oscula terrae Figit,^ et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25

Sacra Jovi facturus erat :* jubet ire ministros, Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas.^

Silva vetus stabat, nulla violata*' securi,

1 Carpe vias Iiac duce, proceed on t/oiir way vrith her as your guide; fee (uO condas, see Ihat you build. A. H. A. 495.

2 Legit vesti?ia presso pradu, follmrs her track at a slote pace, or to closely as to plant his feet in Uie marks left by the heifer ; auctorem, ad- viser. A.R. A. 2Cn. ^

3 Figit oscula, kisses. This practice is attribTOd by the poets to men on their arrival in a foreign laud, or on returning to their native country after a long absence.

4 Facturus erat sacra Jovi, he vas about to offer sacrifice to Jupiter — to sacrifice the heifer which bad conducted him on his way. The ancients employed great care in select!; g the aiiimals for sacrifice. It was necessary that they should be free from blemish, and, if oxen or heifers, that they should not have been desecrated by the yoke. A. R. A. 260.

5 Petere undas libandas e vivis fontibus, to fetch water for a libation from the runninii fountains. Running water was alwavs preferred for libations. A.R.A.SW.

(i Violata, profaned. The wood was sacred to Mars, and it w.as consi-

FAB. I.] CADMUS. 51

Et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 30

Uberibus fecundiis^ aquis : ubi conditus antro Martius anguis erat, cristis prsesignis et auro f Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet^ omne veneno ; Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine dentes. Quem postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 35

Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas Urna dedit sonitum ; longum caput extulit antro Ceeruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit. Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque reliquit Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40 Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes Torquet,* et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus ; Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est coi-pore,^ quanto, Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45

Nee mora ; Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant Sive fugam, sive ipse timor proliibebat utrumque, Occupat ; Iios" morsu, longis amplexibus illos, Hos necat afflati funest^ tabe veneniJ

Fecerat exiguas jam Sol altissimus umbras : 50

Quae mora sit sociis miratur Agenore natus, Vestigatque viros. Tegimen^ derepta leoni

dered sacrilege to cut down trees in a wood or grove which was consecrated to any deitj'.

1 Fecundus uberibus aquis, abounding loWi phniy of water.

2 I'rjEsignis cristis et auro, ./or aurea crista, adorned with a golden co- loured crest. Crista sigiiifies the tiijl or comb on the head of a bird or serpent ; it signifies also the crest of a helmet. A. R. A. 3U6.

3 Tumet veneno, sivells with poison. The poison of serpents is not dif- fused over the whole body, but is contained in a small bladder at the bot- tom of the upper jaw.

4 Ille torquet squamosos orbes volubilibus nexibus, he wreathes his scaly rim/s in rolling plaits .• sinuatur in immensos arcus, is bent into an immense bow.

5 The order w— Est tanto corpore, quanto, si spectes totum {if you view him as a whole), ille serpens est qui, &c. See Serpens.

6 Hos — illos, some — others. These words arc put in apposition with Phanicas.

7 Funesta tabe veneni afflati, by the destructive liquid of his poison which he breathed upon them.

8 Tegimen, his covering. The ancient heroes are often represented as clothed with the skins of wild beasts.

62 CADMUS. [book III.

Pellis erat ; telum splendenti lancea ferro

Et jaculum, teloque animus prsstantior omni.

Ut nemus intravit, letataque corpora \-idit, 55

Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem

Tristia sanguinea lamljentem vulnera lingua ;

Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis,

Aut comes, inquit, ero. Dixit, dextraque molarem'

Sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60

Illius impulsu cum turribus ardiia celsis

Mcenia mota forent ; serpens sine vulnere mansit,

Loricseque modo squamis defensus et atrae

Duritia pellis, validos cute repulit ictus.''

At non duritia jaculum quoque vincit eadcm ; 05

Quod medio lentae fixum curvamine spinas

Constitit, et toto descendit in ilia feiTo.'

lUe, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit

Vulneraque adspexit, fixumque hastile momordit ;

Idque, ubi vi multa partem labefecit* in omncm, 70

Vix tergo eripuit ; fernim tamen ossibus hoesit.

Turn vero, postquam solitas accessit ad iras

Plaga recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis,

Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus ;

Teri'aque rasa soiiat squamis ; quique halitus exit 75

Ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit herbas.

Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem

Cingitur ;* interdum louga trabe rectior exstat ;

Impete nunc vasto, ecu concitus imbribus amnis,

Fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 80

Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis^

Sustinet incui-sus, instantiaque ora retai-dat

1 Molarem, a large stone,- magnum, large as it was.

2 Repulit validos ictus cute, resisted Oieviighty blow with his skin. Cutis properly signifies the human skin while on the bod}', and pellis, a skin or hide stripped off. They are here both applied to the skin of the serpent.

3 Toto ferro, with tJie whole iron head. A. R. A. 3 6 — 7-

4 Ubi labefecit in omnem partem, after he hadloosencd it bytnoving it in every direction.

5 Cingitur spiris facientibus immensum orbem, is roUed up in coils form- ing an immense circle ; exstat, is stretched out, uncoils itsel/.

6. Spolio leonis, with the lion's skin.

FAB. J.] CADMUS. 53

Cuspide praetenta. Furit ille, et inania diiro

Vulnera dat ferro, frangitque in acumine dentcs.

Jam que venenifero sanguis manare palato 85

Coeperat, et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas ;

Sed leve vulnus erat ; quia se retrahebat ab ictu,

Laesaque coUa dabat' retro, plagamque sed ere

Cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat ;

Donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 00

Usque sequens^ pressit, dum retro quercus eunti

Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix.

Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imse

Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora^ caudse.

Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis ; 05

Vox subito audita est, neque erat cognoscere promptum

Unde, sed audita est : Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum

Serpentem spectas l et tu spectabere* serpens.

Ille diu pavidus, pariter cum mente colorem

Perdiderat, gelidoque comse terrore rigebant. 100

Ecce, viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras, Pallas adest, motaeque jiibet supponere'' terrs Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. Paret, et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro," Spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina,'' dentes. 105

Inde, fide majus, glebae ccepere moveri, Primaque de sulcis acies^ apparuit ha^tae ;

1 Dabat retro, pulled back ; arcebat plagam sedere cedendo, prevented the blow from sinking deep by giving way,

2 Usque sequens pressit in gutture, continuing to follow, pressed home in his throat.

3 Sua robora,/or se, that its trunk; spatium, the vast size.

4 Et tu spectabere serpens, you too shall be seen as a serpent, shall be changed into a serpent. There is here a play upon the words spectabere and spectas. The prediction is represented as proceeding from Mars, who was enraged at Cadmus for the death of the serpent, but was prevented by Jupiter from killing him.

5 Supponere terrse motas, to bury in the ground turned up by the plough, to sow ; incrementa, the seeds. The heroes of ancient mythology are re- presented as being under the special protection of certain deities, whose duty it was to assist and relieve them in cases of difficulty.

6 Presso aratro, with the plough forced into the ground. A. R. A. 463.

7 Mortalia semina, seeds to produce men.

8 Acies hastae, the point of a spear.

E 2

5-1 CADMCS. [book in.

Tcgmiua mox capitnm picto nutantia cono ;'

Mox humeri pectusquc onerataque brachia tclis

Exsistunt, crescitque seges clypeata virorum." 1 10

Sic, ubi tolluntur' festis aulaea theatris,

Surgere signa solent, primuraque ostendere vultus,

Cetera paulatim, placidoque educta teuore

Tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt.

Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : 115

Ne cape, de populo, quem terra creaverat, unus

Exclamat, nee te civilibiis insere bellis.

Atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum

Com inns ense ferit ; jaculo cadit eminus ipse.

Hie quoque, qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120

Vivit, et exspirat, modo quas acceperat, auras ;

Exemploqiie pari furit omnis turba, suoque

Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera iratres.

Jamque brevis \'itae spatium sortita* juventus

Sanguineam trepido plangebant pectore matrem, 125

Quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Echion.

Is sua jecit humi, monitu Tritonidis, arma,

Fratemaeque fidem' pacis petiitque deditque.

Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes,

Q,uum posuit jussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 130

Fab. II. — Acta-on. Jam stabant® Thebae ; poteras jam, Cadme, videri

1 Picto cono, tcith painted cretU Coniu properly signifies the knob on the top of the helmet in which the crest was fixed ; It signifies also Xhterett itself, which consisted of feathers, or of horses' hair of various colours. A. R. A. 306.

■2 CU-peata seges \Troruin,y^r seges clypeatorum vironiin, a crop qfmen armed with shields.

3 Aulsa tolluntur, the curtains are raised. There is here an allusion to the Roman theatre, in which the curtain was dropped (premebatur) at the commencement of the play, and raised [toUebatur) at the conclusion of it. As the curtain was gradually raised, the figures painted on it would neces- sarily present themselves as here described. A. R. A. 2&8.

4 Sortita spatium brevis vitaa, u ho had obtained a short span qf lifi.

5 Fidem fratemae pacis, a pledge of peace with his brothers.

6 Stabant, teas built; soceri. father and mother-in-law, for socer et =0- crus. Conjuge, see Harmonia.

KAB. II.] ACTION. 55

Exsilio felix ; soceri tibi Marsque Venusque

Contigerant ; hue adde genus de conjuge tanta.

Tot' natos natasque et, pignora cara, nepotes ;

Hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed scilicet^ ultima semper 6

Exspectanda dies homini, dicique beatus

Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet.

Prima nepos^ inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundaa Causa fuit luctus, alienaque cornua fronti Addita, vosque canes satiatse sanguine herili. 10

At bene si quaeras ; Fortune crimen in illo, Non scelus invenies : quod enim scelus error babebat ? Mons' evat infectus variarum csede ferrarnm ; Jamque dies rerum medius contraxerat umbras, Et Sol ex aequo meta distabat utraque ; 15

Quum juvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes Participes operum compellat Hyantius ore : Lina madent, comites, ferrumque cruore ferarum, Fortunamque dies habuit satis : altera lucem Quum croceis invecta rotis Aurora reducet, 20

Propositum repetemus opus : nunc Phoebus utraque Distat idem ten-a, iinditque vaporibus arva. Sistite opus prsesens, nodosaque tollite lina. Jussa viri faciunt intermittuntque laborem.

Vallis erat piceis et acuta densa cupresiu, 25

Nomine Gargaphie, succinctas sacra Dians, Cujus in extremo est antram nemorale recessu, Arte laboratum nulla : simulaverat artem Ingenio natura sue ; nam pumice vivo

1 Tot must be taken as refeiring to natos and natas collectively, and not separately. Mythologists have assigned to Cadmus only one son, Polydo- ru9, who succeeded him in the government of Thebes.

2 Scilicet, it is evident, certainly. This is the famous saying of Solon to Croesus, king of Lydia, while at the height of his prosperity. It has been frequently repeated, and variously applied by the classical writers, particu- larly by the Greek tragedians.

3 Nepos, i. e. Aclceon — aliena, not natural to him, i. e. those of a stag.

4 Mons, i. e. Ciihceron — ex sequo distabat utraque meta, was equally dis- tant from either goal, i. e. from the two extremities of the heavens, the east and west. See 22. The metaphor is borrowed from the race-course. A. R. A. 275.

6G ACTION. [book III.

Et levibus tophis nativum duxerat' arcum. 30

Fons sonat a dcxtra, tenui pcrlucidus unda,

l\Iargine gramineo patulos incinctus'^ hiatus.

Hie dea silvarum, venatu fcssa, solebat

Virgineos artus liquido pcrfundere rore.

Quo postquam subiit, Nympharum tradidit uni 35

Arraigerse jaculum phavetramque arcusque retentos ;

Altera depositae subjecit' bracliia pallae ;

Vincla duae pcdibus demunt : nam doctior illis

Ismenis Crocale sparsos per colla capillos

Coliigit in nodum, quamvis erat ipsa solutis.'* 40

Excipiunt laticem jS'eplieleque Hyaleque Rhanisque

Et Psecas et Phiale, funduntque capacibus urnis.

Dumque ibi pcrluitur solita Titania lynipha, Ecce, nepos Cadmi, dilata parte laborum, Plt nemus' ignotum non certis passibus'^ errans, 45 Pervenit in lucum ; sic ilium fata ferebant. Qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra ; Sicut erant, viso nudte sua pectora NymphfE Percussere viro, subitiaque iilulatibus omne Implevere nemus, circumfusaeque' Dianam 50

Corporibus texere suis ; tamen altior illis Ipsa Dea est, colloque tenus supereminet oranes. Qui color infectis adversi SoUs ab ictu Nubibus esse solet aut purpurece Aurorse, Is fuit in vultu visae sine veste Dianae. 65

Quae, quanquam coniitum turba stipata suarum,

1 Duxerat nativum arcum vivo pumice, had formtd a natural arch (tf native pumicestoiic.

2 Incinctus (secundum) patulos hiatus, having iUwidebason edged round.

3 Subjecit bracliia palla;,pu< her arms under her cloak, held her cloak; A. R. A. 357. Vincla, sandals. Those worn by hunters were called co- thurni, and reached up to the middle of the leg. A. R. A. 358.

4 (Capillis) solutis, iviih her hair loose. The ancients wore their hair collected in a knot on the back of the head. A. R. A. 360.

5 Nemus— lucum. See 1, 9, 27.

6 Non certis passibus, with undefined steps, without any definite object in view.

7 Circumfusa:, surrounding ; supereminet omnes coUo tenus, overtops them all by the neck.

FAB. II.] ACT^OX. 57

In latus obliquum tamen adstitit/ oraque retro

Flexit, et ut vellet''' promptas habuisse sagittas,

Quas habuit, sic hausit aquas, vviltumque virilem

Perfudit, spargensque comas ultricibus undis, 60

Addidit hsec cladis prsenuntia' verba futurse ;

Nunc tibi me posito visam velamine narres,*

Si poteris narrare, licet. Nee plura minata,

Dat sparse capiti vivacis* cornua cervi ;

Dat spatium cello, summasque cacuminat aures ; 6-5

Cum pedibusque manus, cum longis brachia mutat

Cruribus, et velat maculoso vellere corpus.

Additus et pavor est : fiigit Autonoeius lieros,

Et se tam celerem cursu miratur in ipso.

Ut vero vultus ct cornua vidit in unda, 70

Me miserum ! dicturus erat : vox nulla secuta est.

Ingemuit ; vox Ula fait ; lacrimseque per era

Non sua^ fluxenint ; mens tantum pristina mansit.

Quid faciat ? repetatne domum et regalia tecta ?

An lateat sU-sis ? timor hoc, pudor impedit illud. 75

Dum dubitat, videre canes ; primusque Melampus^

Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedere,

Gnossius Ichnobates, Spartan a gente Melampus.

Inde ruunt alii rapida velocius aura,

Pamphagus et Dorceus et Oribasus, Arcades omnes, 80

Nebrophonosque valens et trux cum Lslape Theron,

Et pedibus Pterelas et naribus utUis Agre,

Hylaeusque ferox nuper percussus ab apro,

Deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta

Pcemenis, et natis comitata Harpyia duobus, 85

1 Adstitit in obliquum latus, she stood, hending to the one side, askaunt.

2 Ut vellet habuisse, thouc/h she could have wished to have; sic hausit aquas quas habuit, yet site took up the icater which she had.

3 Praenuntia futurae cladis, declarative of his approaching calamity.

4 Licet tibi (ut) narres, you are at liberty to tell.

5 Vivacis, long-lived, a frequent epithet of the stag, which, by the an- cients, was believed to live a hundred years.

6 Non sua, not his own, not natural to him. See 9.

7 For an explanation of the namesof the dogs. See Index. Crete, Arcadia, nnd Laconia, were the countries most celebrated for their breed of dogs.

53 ACTION. [book III.

Et siibstricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon,

Et Dromas et Canacc Sticteque ct Tigris et Alee,

Et niveis Leucon ct villis Asbolus atris,

Prae valid usque Lacon, ct cursu fortis Aello,

Et Thous et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisce, 90

Et nigram medio frontom distinctus ab albo

Harpalos ct ^lelanens, hirsutaque corpore Lachne,

Et patre Dictceo, sed matre Laconide nati,

Labros, et Agriodos, et acutiE vocis Hylactor,

Quasque roferre mora est.' Ea turba cupidine praedae 95

Per mpes'^ scopulosque adituque carentia saxa,

Q,ua via difficilis quaque est via nulla, feruntur.

Hie fugit, per qua? fuerat loca^ saepe secutus,

Heu famulos fugit ipse sues ! clamare libebat,

Actaeon ego sum : dominum cognoscite vestrum. 100

Verba anirao desunt ; resonat latratibus aether.

Prima Melancbtetes in tergo vulnera fecit,

Proxima Theridamas ; Oresitrophos haesit in armo.

Tardius exierant ;* sed per compendia montis

Anticipata^ via est. Dominum retinentibus illis 105

Cetera turba coit, confertque in corpore dentes.

Jam loca vulneribus desunt. Gemit ille, sonumque,*^

Etsi non liominis, quem non tamen edere possit

Cervus, habet ; mcestisque replet juga nota querelis,

Et genibus supplex positis, similisque roganti 110

Circumfert tacitos, tanquam sua brachia, vultus.

At comites rapidum solitis hortatibus agmen

Ignari instigant, oculisque Actaeona quserunt,

1 Quasque est mora referre, and others which il were tedious to enumerate.

2 Rupes signifies a steep rock, a precipice ; scopulus, the point of a rocU, a cliff ; and saxum, any large mass of stone, a rock ; over precipices, cliffs, and rocks.

3 Per loca (per q'ice) saepe secutus fuerat, over places over which he had often followed the dogs.

' 4 Exierant tardius, had started later, a form of expression borrowed from the horses leaving the carceres in the Circus Maxiiiius. A. R. A. 274.

5 Via anticipata e>t per compendia montis, their way had been short- ened bi) a near cut over the mountain.

6 The order is. Habetque sonum, ctsi non {sonum) hominis, tamen (so- num) quem cervus non possit e:1ere.

PAB. 11. J ACTION. 59

Et velut abseiitem ceiiatim Actseona clamant.

A-d nomen' caput ille refert ; et abesse queruntur, 115

N^ec capere oblatse segnem spectacula prsedae.

Vellet abesse quidem ; scd adest ; velletque videre,

f^on etiam sentire^ canum ftra facta suorum.

LJndique circumstant, mersisque in corpore rostris,

Dilacerant falsi dominuni sub imagine^ cervi. 120

Fab. V. — Echo.

[lle^ per Aonias, fama celeberrimus, urbea

[iTeprehensa dabat populo responsa petenti.

Prima fide vocisqiie ratse tentaraina sumpsit'

HaErula Liriope ; quam quondam flumine curvo

[mplicuit, clausteque suis Cephisos in undis 5

V^im tulit.® Enixa est utero pulcherrima pleno

[nfantem, Nymphis jam nunc' qui posset amari,

N'arcissumque vocat. Dc quo consultus, an esset

Fempora maturae visurus longa senectae,

Fatidicus rates, Si se non viderit, inquit. 10

^'^ana diu visa est vox auguris : exitus Ulam

Resque probat* letique genus novitasque furorLi.

Jamque ter ad quinos unum Cephisius annum

\ddiderat, poteratque puer juvenisque videri.

Multi ilium juvenes, multae cupiere^ puellse ; 15

3ed fuit in tenera tam dira superbia forma ;

S^ulli ilium juvenes, nullje tetigere puellae.

Vdspicit hunc trepidos agitantem in retia cervos,

1 Ad nomen, at (the sound of) liis name, on hearing Ids name,- et que- tintur (eum) abesse, et segnem non capere, and the)/ nei-erihclcss cmiiplain hatha is absent, and, through indolence, docs not tcitness.

2 Videre, non etiam sentire, to see, but not at the same time to feel.

3 Sub imagine falsi cervi, under the form of an unreal stag.

4 Ille, i. c. Tiresias; see Index. Irreprebensa, unblamed.

5 Sumpsit prima tentamina fide rata:que vocis, made the first trial of, irst proved his truth and infallible predictions. Fide Is the old form of tha ;enitive iorfidci.

6 Tulit vim (ci) clausa?, offered violence to her uhcn confined.

7 Jam nunc, even noiv, even from his birth.

8 Probat illam, confirms the truth of it; novitas furoris, thetwvMyoJhi» ')assion.

9 Cupicre, courted,— tetigere, touched, affected hisfalings.

60 ECHO. [^BOOK III.

Vocalis Nymphe, quse nee reticere loquenti

Nee prior ipsa loqui didicit, resonabUis Echo. 20

Corpus adhue Echo, non vox erat ; et tamen usum

Garrula non alium, quain nunc habet, oris habebat,

Reddere' de multis ut vei-ba novissima posset.

Fecerat hoc Juno, quia, quum deprendere posset

Cum Jove Sispe suo Nymphas in monte jacentes, 25

Ilia Deam longo prudens'"' sennone tenebat,

Dum fugerent Nymphs. Postquam Saturnia sensii ;

Hujus, ait, linguae, qua sum delusa, potestas

Parva tibi dabitur vocisque brevissiraus usus.

Reque minas firmat : taraen haec in fine loquendi 30

Ingeminat^ voces, audita que verba reportat.

Ergo ubi Narcissum per devia lustra vagantem Vidit, et incaluit, sequitur vestigia furtim ; Quoque inagis sequitur, flamma propiore calescit, Non aliter, quam quum summis cu'cumlita tsedia 36 Admotam rapiunt vivacia''-sulfura flammam, 0 quoties voluit blandis accedere dictis, Et moUes adhibere preces ! natura repugnat, Nee sinit' incipiat ; sed, quod sinit, ilia parata est Exspectare sonos, ad quos sua verba remittat. 40

Forte puer, comitum seductus ab agmine fido, Dixerat, Ecquis adest \^ et, Adest, responderat Echo. Hie stupet, utque aciem partes dimisit in omnes, Voce, Veni, clamat magna : vocat ilia vocantem.^ Respicit ; et nullo rursus veniente, Quid, inquit, 46 Me fugis ? et totidem, quot dixit, verba recepit.

1 R«ddere novissima verba de multis, to repeal the last words oitt (^fmany.

2 Prudens tenebat, designedly detained.

3 Ingeminat, reileraicx ; reportat, repeats.

4 Vivacia sulfura ciruamiita sunmiis tsedis rapiunt flammam admotam, the inflammable sulphur dattbed round the tops of torches speedily catches the fire applied to it.

5 Sinit {ut) incipiat, permits her to begin; quod {natura) sinit, what nature rfo.!j alloio.

C 'Ei:qni3 adest, is ani/ one here f dimisit aciem in omnes partes, turned bis eyes in every direction. 7 ilia vocat {ilium) vocantem, she calls him who called her.

■AB. v.] ECHO. 61

i*erstat, et alternse deceptus^ imagme vocig,

luc coeamus, ait ; nullique libentius unquam

iesponsura sono, Coeamus, retulit Echo,

!)t verbis favet''' ipsa suis ; egressaque sUvis 50

loai, ut injiceret sperato brachia coUo.

lie fugit, fugiensque, Manus complexibus aufer :'

Late, ait, emoriar, quam sit tibi copia nostri.''

letulit ilia nihil nisi, Sit tibi copia nostri.

Jpreta latet silvis, pudibundaque frondibus ora 55

'rotegit, et solis ex illo' vivit in antris.

Jed tamen haeret amor, crescitque dolore repulsse.

Lttenuant vigUes corpus miserabUe curte,

Ldducitque^ cutem macies, et in aera succus

/orporis omnis abit; vox tantum atque ossa supersunt : 60

/"ox manet ; ossa femnt lapidis traxisse figuram.

nde latet silvis, nuUoque in nionte videtur ;

)mnibus auditur : sonus est, qui vivit in ilia.

Fab. VI. — Narcissus.

5ic hanc, sic alias, undis aut montibus oitas,

juserat hie' Nymphas, sic coetus ante viriles.

!nde manus aliquis despectus* ad sethera tollens,

>ic amet iste licet,® sic non potiatur amato,

Oixerat : assensit precibus Rhamnusia justis. 5

Fons erat illimis, nitidis argenteus undis, iuem neque pastores neque pastse monte capellse IJontigerant aliudve pecus ; quern nulla volucris.

1 Deoeptus imagine alternae voci3, being deceived bi/ the appearance of mother's voice.

2 Ipsa favet suis verbis, she is delighted iviih her own words.

3 Aufer manus complexibus, talce away your hands from embracing me, yresum^ not to embrace me.

4 Antd quam copia nostri sit tibi, btfore you have an opportunity (if en- oying me, or before I come into your power.

5 Ex illo (tempore), from that time.

6 Adducit, shrivels, — abit in aera, passes off, or evaporates into air.

7 Hie, i. e. Narcissus.

8 Aliquis despectus, one who had been despised by him.

9 Licet (mO iste sic amet, so may he lovej amato, tiie object loved.

V

62 NARCISSUS. [book III.

Ncc fera turbarat nee lapsus ab arbore ramus. Gramen erat circa, quod proximus humor alebat, 10 Silvaque sole lacum passura' tepcscere nullo. Hie puer, et studio venandi lassus et aestu, Procubuit, facicmque loci fontemque secutus f Dumque sitim sedare cupit, sitis altera' crevit ; Dumque bibit, visae correptus imagine* formae, 15

Spem sine corpore amat : corpus putat esse, quod umbra

est. Adstupet ipse sibi, \Tiltuque immotus eodem Haeret, ut e Pario formatum marmore signum. Spectat humi positus geminum, sua lumina, sidus,' Et dignos Baccho, dignos et Apolline crines, 20

Impubesque genas et ebumea colla, decusque Oris et in niveo mixtum candore'- ruborem ; Cunctaque mirntur, quibus est mirabilis ; ipse Se cupit imprudens, et, qui probat,' ipse probatur ; Dumque petit, petitur, pariterque incendit et ardet. 25 Irrita fallaci quoties dedit oscula fonti .' In medias quoties, visum captantia coUum, Bracliia mersit aquas, nee se deprendit in illis ! Quid videat, nescit ; sed, quod videt, uritur Ulo ; Atque oculos idem, qui decipit, incitat error. 30

Credule, quid frustra simulacra fugacia captas \ Quod petis, est nusquam ; quod amas, avertere,* perdes. Ista repercussae,^ quam cernis, imaginis umbra est :

1 Passura beam tepescerc, uJiicli iroukl aVoic thefovntain to he warmed.

2 Secutus faciem loci, allured hy the apjicarance o/the place.

3 Altera sitis, another Ihir.H, a different kind o/thirst, i. e. love.

4 Imagine forma;, u-ilh Vie refection o/his ouvi/orm, i. e. charmed vjith his shadow.

5 Spectat geminum sidus, sua lumina, he sees two stars, which are his ^own eyes.

6 In niveo candorc, wiOi snowy whiteness. Miscco, wliich is commonly followed Ijy the dative, the ablative, or tlie preposition cum, is licre followed by in. See 95.

7 Qui probat, ipse probatur, he tcho admires is himself Oie person ad- tnind.

ii Avertere perdes, quod amas, turn yourself away and you will destrop the object of your love. a Umbra repcrcussa; imagini?!, the shadmv of your own refected form.

FAB. VI.J NARCISSUS. 63

Nil habet ista sui ;' tecumque venitque inanetque, Tecum discedet, si tu discedere possis. So

Non ilium Cereris, non ilium cura quietis Abstvaliere inde potest ; sed opaca fusus in herbS Spectat inexpleto mendacem lumine formam, Perque oculos perit ijjse suos ; paulumque levatus, Ad circumstantes tendens sua brachia silvas 40

Ecquis, io silvae, crudelius, iuquit, amavit I Scitis enim, et multis latebra oppoi'tuna fuistis. Ecquem, quum vestrse tot agantur saecula vitae, Q,ui sic tabuerit, longo meministis in aevo I Et placet, et video ; sed quod videoque placetque, 45 Non tamen invenio : tantus tenet error amantem. Q,u6que niagis doleam, nee nos mare separat ingens. Nee via^ nee montes nee clausis moenia portis ; Exigua proliibemur aqua. Cupit ipse^ teneri : Nam quoties liquidis porreximus oscula Ijinpbis, 60 Hie to ties ad me resupino nititur ore. Posse jDutes tangi : minimum* est, quod amantibus obstat. Q,uisquis es, hue exi : quid me, puer unice,^ fallis I Q,u6ve petitus abis I Certe nee forma, nee setas Est mea, quam fugias f et amarunt me quoque Nymphse. 65

Spera mihi nescio quam vultu promittis amico ; Quumque ego porrexi tibi brachia, porrigis ultro ; Q,uum risi, arrides ; lacrimas quoque saepe notavi, Me lacrimante, tuas. Nutu quoque signa remittis ;" Et, quantum motu formosi suspicor oris, 60

Verba refers aures non pervenientia nostras.

1 Ista habet nil sui, that image has noViing of itself, has no existence of itself.

2 Via, a broad street, or a long way.

3 Ipse, he himself, i. e. the reflected image ; resupino ore, with his face turneil upicards.

4 Minimum est, it is a very slight obstacle.

5 Unice puer, matchless boy.

6 Quam fugias, such as you might to shun.

7 Remittis qufique signa nutu, you even return tigns to my nod. Nutu is here the dative for nutui.

04 NARCISSUS. [book HL

Iste ego Slim, r>ensi, nee me mea fallit imago.

Uror amore mei ; flamraas moveoque feroque.

Quid faciam 1 roger, annc rogem ? quid deinde rogabo \

Q,uod cupio mecum est ; inopem me copia fecit. G5

O utinam nostro secedeie corpore possem !

Votumin amante novum ;' vellem,quod amamus, abesset.

Jamque dolor vires adimit, nee tempora vitse

Longa meffi superant, primoque exstinguor in sevo.

Nee mihi mors gravis est posituro*^ morte dolores ; 70

Hie, qui diligitur, vellem diutnrnior esset :

Nunc duo Concordes^ anima moriemur in una.

Dixit, et ad faciem rediit male sanus* eandem,

Et lacrimis turbavit aquas ; obscuraque moto

Reddita forma lacu est. Quam quum vidisset abire, 76 ^

Quo fugis \ 0 remane, nee me, crudelis, amantem

Desere, clamavit : liceat, quod tangere non est,

Adspicere,* et misero praebere alimenta furori. "

Dumque dolet, sunima vestem deduxit ab ora,"

Nudaque marmoreis percussit pectora palmis. 80

Pectora traxerunt tenuem percussa niborem

Non aliter, quam poma solent, qure Candida parte,'

Parte nibent ; aut ut vai-iis solet uva racemis

Ducere purpureum, nondum matura, colorom.

Quae* simul auspexit liquefacta rursus in unda ; 8.5

Non tulit ulterius ; sed, ut intabescere flavae

Igne levi cerae, matutinacque pruinae

1 Novum votum in amante, a novel wish in a lover. Novum votum ar» put in apposition with the preceding line.

2 Posituro dolores morte. since Tarn about tolay asidemy sorroti» in death.

3 Duo Concordes moriemur in una anim^, we two, united in affection, shaM perish by the extinction of one life.

4 Maid sanus,//-a7i(ic, ilcludcd. The adverb male negatives the mean- ing of the adjective, though less strongly than non.

5 Liceat adspicere, quod non est tangere, let me be aUotced to look upon what I am not permitted to touch.

6 Deduxit vestem ab summ i ora, he tore down his garment from the up- per border, he tore down the upper part of his garment. A. R. A. 414.

7 {Sunt) Candida parte, are partly white ; variis racemis, in the party- coloured clusters.

8 Qua?, it, i.e. his breast reddened by the blow; non tulit ulteriils, could not bear it any longer.

FAB. VI.] NARCISSUS. P5

Sole tepente solent, sic attenuatus' ainore

Liquitur, et caeco paulatim carpitur igni ;

Et neque jam color est mixto candore rubori,^ 90

Nee vigor et vires et quae modo visa placebant.

Nee corpus remanet, quondam quod amaverat Echo.

Q,U8B'^ tamen ut vidit, quamvis irata memorque,

Indoluit ; quotiesque puer miserabilis, Eheu,

Dixerat, hsec resonis iterabat* vocibus, Ehcu. 9.5

Quumque suos manibus percusserat ille lacertos,

Haec quoque reddebat sonitum plangoris eundem.

Ultima vox solitam fuit hsec spectantis in undam :

Heu frustra dilecte puer ! totidemque remisit

Verba locus, dictoque Vale, Vale inquit et Echo. 100

Ille caput viridi fessum submisit in herba :

Lumina nox claudit, domini'mirantia formam.

Turn quoque se, postquam est inferna sede receptus.

In Stygia spectabat aqua. Planxere sorores

Nai'des, et sectos fratri posuere capillos.* 105

Planxere et Dryades ; plangentibus assonat Echo.

Jamque rogum quassasque faces feretrumque parabant ;"

Niisquam corpus erat ; croceum pro corpore florem

Inveniunt, foliis medium cingentibus albis.

Fab. VII. — Bacchus and Pentlieus. CoGNiTA res^ meritam vati per Acliaidas urbes

1 Attenuatus — liquitur, being wasted aivay — decays.

2 Et jam neque est color rubori raixto candore, and now neither does tfie red mixed with white retain its colour. See 22.

3 Q,use' {for ut ea) vidit, indoluit, when she saw (the distress of Narcis- 6us) she-was nevertheless prieved.

4 Iterabat resonis vocibus, repealed in responsive words.

5 Posuere sectos capillos fratri, consecrated locks of their hair to their brother. It was usual for surviving friends to dedicate locks of their hair to the dead. A. R. A. 412 and 417.

6 Parabant is here used in a general sense with homines as its nomina- tive,— preparations ivere made. The funeral pile (rogiis) was square, in the form of an altar, and was built of wood, whicli might easily catch fire, A. R. A. 417- Quassas expresses the movement of the torches in the fune- ral procession, funerals among the ancient Romans being celebrated ut night. A. R. A. 412.

7 Res, thefuljilment of the prediction respecting Narcissus ; vati, to tht 'prophet, i. e. Tiresias.

f2

66 RACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [BOOK III.

Attulerat famam, nomenque erat augurLs ingeus ; Speniit Echiouides tamen hune, ex omnibus* unus Contemptor Superum, Pentheus ; prcesagaquc ridet Verba senis, tenebrasque et cladem lucis ademptiE .5 Objicit.^ lUe movens albentia tempora canis Q,uam felix esses, si tu quoque luminis hujiis Orbus, ait, fieres, nee Bacchia sacra videres ! Namque dies aderit, jamque hand procul aiiguror esse, Qua nevus hue vcniet, proles Semeleia, Liber. 10

Q,uem nisi templorum fueris dignatus'^ honore ; Mille lacer spargere locis, et sanguine silvas Fcedabis niatremque tuam matrisque sorores. Evenient :* neque enim dignabere numen honore ; Meque sub Iiis tenebris nimium vidisse quereris. 16

Talia dicentem proturbat Ecliione natus. Dicta fides' sequitur, responsaque vatis aguntur. Liber adest, ^ festisque ft-emunt ululatibus agri ; Turba ruunt, mixtceque viris matresque nurusque Vulgusque proceresque ignota^ ad sacra feruntur. 20 Quis furor, anguigenae,* proles Mavortia, vestras Attonuit mentes ? Pentheus ait. ^rane tantum ^re repulsa valent, et adunco tibia comu,' Et magicse fraudes 2'° ut quos non beEiger ensis, Non tuba teiTuerint, non strictis agmina telis, 25

1 Ex omnibus, o/ all the descendants of Cadmtif ,- the others were de- voted to the worship of Bacchus.

2 Objieitque tenebras et cladem lucis ademptse, and vphraids him with his blindness and the calamity cf being deprived of his sight.

3 Nisi dignatus fueris honore templorum, unless you shall Odnk him worihy of the honour of a temple.

4 Evenient, these things will happen.

5 Fides, a confirmation, or fulfilment; aguntur, are accomplished

6 Adest, arrives, com.es from Lydia.

7 Ad ignota sacra, to the .tacred rites hitherto unktiown to them.

8 Anguigense, ye descendants of the serpent, i. e. ye Tttebans. See 3, J , 103. &c.

9 Tibia adunco comu, the pipe made of crooked horn, i. e. the Phrygian

£ipe. Cj-mbals (cera) and the Phrygian pipe were used in the woraliip of iacchus as well as in that of Cybele. A. R. A. 253.

10 Magic» fraudes, magical deceptions. The orgies of Bacchus were celebrated during the nigiit every third year, chiefly ct Cithaeron and Ismenns in Bceotia, and on Ismariis and Ilhodope m 'i hrace.

FAB. VII.] BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. 07

Feminese voces et mota^ insania vino,

Obsccenique greges et inania tympana vincant ?

Vosne, senes, mirer, qui longa per sqnora vecti

Hac Tyron,- hac profiigos posuistis sede Penates,

Nunc sinitis sine Marte capi I vosne, acrior aetas, oO

0 juvenes, propriorque me83, quos arma tenere,

Non thyrsos,' galeaque tegi, non fronde, decebat ?

Este, precor, memores, qua sitis stirpe creati ;

Iliiusque animos, qui multos perdidif* unus,

Suniite sei-pcntis : pro fontibus ille lacuque 35

Interiit ; at vos pro fama vincite vestra.

Ille dedit leto fortes ; vos pellite moUes,

Et patrium revocate* decus. Si fata vetabant

Stare diu Thebas ; utinam tormenta"^ virique

Moenia diruerent, ferrumque ignisque sonarent ! 40

Essemus miseri sine crimine ;' sorsque querenda,

Non celanda foret ; lacrimseque pudore carerent.

At nunc a puero Thebse capientur inenni,

Quem neque bella juvant nee tela nee usus equorum,

Sed madidus myn-ha crinis mollesque coronse, 45

Purpuraque et pictis intextum vestibus aurum.

Q,uem quidem ego actutum, modo vos absistite,^ cogam

Assumptumque'' patrem commentaque sacra fateri.

An satis Acrisio est animi, contemnere vanum

1 Mota vino, caused, or produced by wine ; obscoeni greges, crowds of disgusting creatures.

2 Posuistis Tyron, have built Tyre, i. e. a city. The name of the parent city was frequently transferred to the principal city of the colony. Cad- mus was a native of Phoenicia, of which 2'yrc ^vas one of the chief cities. Posuistis must be again taken with penates in the sense of settled or esta- blished. A. R. A. 230.

3 The thyrsus was a staff bound round with ivy and boughs of the vine, with which the bacchanals struck the ground when celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. See 157.

4 Qui unus perdidit multos, loho, though one, destroyed many.

5 Revocate patrium decus, recall to mind the honour of your country.

6 Tormerita, engines of war, as the catapuUa and Valista, used for throw- ing stones and other missiles. A. R. A. 332.

7 Sine crimine, tvithout blame, without the imputation of cowardice.

8 "Vos mod6 absistite, do you only stand aloof horn the sacred rites.

9 Patrem assumptum (esse), sacraque coramenta, that his father (Jupi- ter) is falsely assumed, and his sacred rites fictitious.

68 BACCnUS AND PENTUEUS. [book III,

Numen et Argolicas venienti claudere portas ; 60

Penthea terrcbit cum totis advena Thebis 1

Ite citi, famulis hoc impcrat, ite ducemque

Attrahite hue vinctum : jussis mora segnis abcsto.

Hunc avus/ hunc Atliamas, huuc cetera turba suorum

Corripiunt dictis, frustraque inhibere laborant. 65

Acrior''^ admonitu est, irritaturque retenta

Et crescit rabies, remoraminaque ipsa nocebant.

Sic ego torrentem, qua nil obstabat eunti,

Lenius et modico strepitu decurrere vidi ;

At, quacumque trabes obstructaque saxa tenebant,'^ 60

Spumeus et fervens et ab objice sasvior' ibat.

Ecce cruentati rcdeunt, et, Bacchus ubi esset,

Quaerenti domino Bacchum vidisse negarunt.*

Hunc, dixere, tamcn comitem famulumque sacrorum

Cepimus ; et tradunt manibus post terga ligatis 65

Sacra dei quondam Tyrrhena gente secutum.^

Adspicit hunc' oculis Pentheus, quos ira tremendos Fecerat ; et, quanquam poense vix tempora difFert, 0 periture, tuaque aliis documenta dature Morte, ait, ede tuum nomen nomenque parentum 70 Et patriam, morisque novi cur sacra ft-equentes." Ille metu vacuus, Nomen mihi, dixit, Acoetes ; Patria Maeonia est, humili de plebe parentes. Non mihi, quae duri colerent, pater, arva juvenci, Lanigerosve greges, non ulla armenta reliquit. 75

Pauper et ipse fuit, linoque solebat et hamo Decipere et calamo' salientes ducere pisces.

1 Avus, i. e. Cadmus, w!io was still alive, tliough he had transferred the government to Pentheus ; corripiunt hunc dictis, censu) e tiim severeli/.

2 Est acrior admonitu, he is rendered more resolute b>/ their admonitions.

3 Obstructaque Kixatenetaxit, and interposinrj rocks o^jstructed its course.

4 Saeviorab objice, more violent from the obstructions.

5 Negarunt domino (sc) vidisse bacchum, said to their master that thep had not seen Bacch us.

6 Secutum sacra Dei, who had attended on thesacred rites o/thegod.

7 Hunc, i. e. Bacchus, under the form oi Accelcs.

8 Cur frequentes sacra novi moris, why you solemnize those new-fashioned religious riOs. See iO.

9 Lino et harao et calamo, wit'i a line, a hook, and a rod. There is here

FAB. VII.] BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. 69

Ars illi sua census' erat. Q,uuin traderet^rtein ; Accipe, quas habeo, studii successor et teres. Dixit, opes ; moriensque mihi nihil ille reliquit 80

Prseter aquas : ununi hoc possum appellare patemum. Mox ego, ne scopulis hfererem semper in isdem, Addidici'"^ regimen dextra moderante carinas Flectere, et Oleniae sidus pluviale' capellae Taygetenque Hyadasque oculis Arctonque notavi, 85 Ventorumque domos* et portus puppibus aptos. Forte petens Delon, Chiee telluris ad oras Applicor, et dextris adducor' litora remis, Doque leves saltus, udasque innitor arenae. Nox ubi consumpta est, Aurora rubescere primum 90 Coeperat : exsurgo, laticesque inferre recentes Admoneo, monstroque viam, quse ducat ad undas. Ipse, quid aura mihi tumulo promittat"^ ab alto, Prospicio, comitesque voco repetoque carinam. Adsumus en, inquit, sociorum primus Opheltes ; 95

Utque putat, prsedam deserto nactus in agro, Virginea puerum ducit per littora forma. Ille, mero somnoque gravis, titubare^ videtur, Vixque sequi. Specto cultum faciemque gradumque : Nil ibi, quod credi posset mortale, videbam. 100

Et sensi, et dixi sociis : Quod numen in isto Corpore sit, dubito ; sed corpore numen in isto est. Quisquis es, o faveas nostrisque laboribus adsis ;

an allusion to those early times in which lands and cattle formed the only constituents of wealth. The condition of a fisherman was then regarded as one of abject poverty.

1 Sua ars erat census illi, his trade was his wealth. A. R. A. 107. See Census.

2 Addidici flectera regimen carinae, I learned besides to turn the helm (tf my boat ; to steer my boat. A. R. A. 342.

3 Pluviale sidus, the watery constellation. The constellations here enu- merated are those which principally guided the course of the ancient ma- riners. A. R. A. 346.

4 Domos ventorum, the abodes of the winds. See 1, 2, 32, &o.

5 Adducor littora dextris remis, I reach the shore by plying therightoars.

6 Quid aura promittat mihi, what the breeze promises to me; what sort of weather I may expect. A. R. A. .346.

7 Titubare vixque fequi, to red, and to follow with rlifficnity.

70 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [boOK III.

His quoque dcs vcniam. Pro nobis mitte' precari, Dictys ait, quo non alius conscendcre summas 105

Ocior antennas, prensoque rudente relabi.''' Hoc Lillys, hoc flavus, prorse tutela,^ Melanthus, Hoc probat Alcimedon et, qui requiemque modunique Voce dabat^ rcmis, auimomm hortator Epopeus ; Hoc onines alii :'praedfE tarn caeca cupido est. 110

Non taraen banc sacro violari pondere piuum Perpetiar, dixi : .pars bic milii maxima juris.* Inque aditu obsisto. Furit audacissimus omni Dc numero Lycabas, qui Thusca pulsus^ ab urbe Exsilium dira poenam pro ccede luebat. 115

Is milii, dum rcsto, juvenili guttura pugno Rupit ;' et excussum misisset in sequora, si non H.Tsissem, quamvis amens, in fune retentus.

Impia turba probant factum. Turn denique Bacchus, Bacchus enim fuerat, veluti clamore solutus 120

Sit sopor, aque mero^ redeant in pectora sensus. Quid facitis \ quis clamor I ait ; qua, dicite, nautae, Hue ope perveni ? quo me deferre paratis ? Pone nietum, Proreus,^ et quos contingere portus Ede velis, dixit ; terra sistcre''-* petita. 12

Naxon, ait Liber, cursus advertite vestros ; Ilia mihi domus est ; vobis erit hospita tellus. Per mare fallaces perque omnia numina jurant Sic fore, meque jubent pictae dare vela carinse."

1 Mitte precari pro nobis, (live ova- prat/inr/ /or tu.

2 Relabique prenso rudente, and in slipping down again by taking hold of a rope. A. R. A. 343.

3 Tutela prorae, the tcatck on the prow,- the pilot's mate, whoso duty it was to sit on the prow and direct tlie working of the ship. A. R. A. 347.

4 Dabat voce requiemque modunique remis, regulated with his voice the pause and measured stroke of the oar. A. R. A. 347.

5 Hie maxima pars juris est mihi, here I have the greatest share qf right. AccEtes was commander of tlic ship.

G Pulsus, being banished. A. R. A. 56 and 220.

7 Is rupit guttura milii, he attempted to tear open my tliroat.

8 A mero, after his tcine. A. R. A. 387.

9 Proreus, the tcatch on the proic, who, in 107. is called prorcc tutela.

10 Sistere terra petita, you shall be landed on the shore you wish.

11 Pictse carina, to my painted ship. Carina is here, and in 03, put for

i

FAB. VII.] BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. 71

Dextera Naxos erat : dextra mihi lintea danti' 180

Quid facis, o dcmens I quis te furor, inquit, Accete, Pro se quisque,^ tenet l laevam pete : maxima nutu Pars mihi significat ; pars, quid velit, aure susurrat. Obstupui, Capiatque aliquis moderamina, dixi, Meque ministcrio scelerisque artisque removi.^ 185

Increpor a cunctis, totumque immurmurat agmen ; E quibus ^thalion, Te scilicet* omnis in uno Nostra salus posita est ? ait, et subit^ ipse, meumque Explet opus, Naxoque petit diversa relicta.

Tum deus illudens, tanquam modo denique* fraudem Senserit, e puppi pontum prospectat adunca, 14i

Et flenti ^milis, Non haec mihi litora, nautae, Promisistis, ait ; non haec mihi terra rogata est/ Quo merui poenam facto ? quae gloria vestra est, Si puerum juvenes, si multi fallitis unum J^ 145

Jamdudum flebam : lacrimas manus impia nostras Ridet, et impellit properantibus aequora remis. Per tibi nunc ipsum, nee enim praesentior illo Est Deus, adjuro, tam me tibi vera referre, Quam veri majora fide f stetit tequore puppis 150

Haud aliter, quam si siccum navale teneret. nil admirantes remorum in verbere perstant,'"

the whole ship. Each ship liad a name peculiar to itself painted on it» prow, as its tutelary god was on the stern. Sometimes also the whole ship was painted. See 1, 4, 20. A. R. A. 342.

1 Danti Untea {vcntis) dextra, setting sail to the right. A. R. A. 337 and 467.

2 Quisque pro se, each for himself, i. e. each idlhout exception.

3 Removique me rainisterio scelerisque artisque, and withdrew myself from aiding in their wicked and deceitful conduct.

4 Scilicet, to be sure, I dare say ! said in derision.

5 Subit, succeeds me ,• petit diversa (loca) steers in a different direction. G Mod6 denique, otily then, then for thcfirst time.

7 The idea seems to be this, — There is here no shore — tliis is not the shore to which you promised to cotiduct me,- there is here no land — this is not the land to which I asked you to convey me.

8 Si (vos) juvenes {^fallitis mc) puerum, si (vos) multi fallitis {me) unum, If you, who arc men, deceive me, idio am but a boy, and if you who are many, deceive me tvho am but one.

0 Tam vera, quam majora fide veri, things as true as they are incredible , • beyond belief of the truth. lu Perstant in verbere remorum, they persist in striking icith their oars.

72 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [book HI.

Velaque deducunt, geniinaquc ope^ currere tentant.

Impediunt hederae remos, nexuque recurvo

Serpunt et gravidis distinguunt'' vela corxTJibis. 155

Ipse, racemiferis frontem circnmdatus uvis,

Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus liastara ;

Quern circa tigres' simulacraque immania lyncuin,

Pictarumque jacent fera corpora pantheramm.

Exsiluere viri ; sive hoc insania fecit, 160

Sive timor ; priniusque Medon nigrescere pinnis

Corpore deprcsso,* ct spins curvaraina fiecti

Incipit. Huic Lycabas, In qua? niiracula,' dixit,

Verteris I et lati rictus et panda loquenti

Naris erat, squamamque cutis durata trahebat. 165

At Libys, obstantes dum vult obvertere remos,

In spatium resilire* manus breve vidit, et iilas

Jam non esse manus, jam pumas posse vocari.

Alter, ad intortos cupiens dare brachia funes,

Brachia non habuit, truncoque repandus' in undas 170

Corpore desUuit : falcata novissima cauda est,*

Q,ualia dividuae sinuantur cornua Lunae.

Undique dant saltus, multaque aspergine rorant,

Emerguntque iterum redeuntque sub sequora rursus,

Inque chori ludunt speciem, lascivaque jactant 175

Corpora, et acceptum patulis mare naribus efflant.^

1 Gem'.na ope, with the double aid, i. e. of oars and sails.

2 Distinguunt vela gravidis corymbis, garnish the sailt rcith rich clut- ter» of ivy berries.

3 The lign- and panther were yoked to the chariot of Bacchus in com- memoration of his conquest of India, and, along with the lynx, were sacred to him.

4 Corpore depresso, et fiecti isecutidum) curvaraina spinse, his body being flattened, and to l/e turned up in the bend cf his back-bone, i. e. is changed

into a dolphin.

5 In qua; miracula, into tchat monstrorts creature; loquenti, while he irus speaking.

6 Resilire in breve spatium, to shrink into a small space, small dimensions.

7 Repandusque desiluit in undas corpore trunco, and, bent backward», leaps into the water with his body thus maimed.

8 Xovissima cauda est falcata, tite extreme part, or tipofhis tail, ishookcd, is in the form of a hook.

9 Efflant patulis naribus mare acceptum, spout out of their open nostrils the tea-water which they had inhaled.

FAB. VII,2 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. 73

De modo viginti, tot enim ratis ilia feiebat, Restabam solas. Pavidum gelidumque tremcnti Corpore, vixque meum^ firrnat Deus, Excute, diceng, Corde metum, Diamque tene. Delatus in illam 180 Accensis aris Bacchei'a sacra frequento.

Prsebuimus longis, Pentheus, ambagibus^ aures, Inquit, ut ii-a mora vires absnmere posset. Prsecipitem famuli rapite hunc, cruciataque diria Corpora toraientis Stygia? demittite nocti. 186

Protinus abstractus solidis Tyrrlienus Acoetes Clauditur in tectis ; et dum crudelia jussae •

Instrumenta necis femimqiie ignisque parantur, Sponte sua patuisse fores, lapsasque lacei-tis Sponte sua fama est, nullo solvente, catenas. 190

Perstat^ Echionides ; nee jam jubet ire, sed ipse Vadit, ubi electus facienda ad sacra Cithseron Cantibus et clara Bacchantum voce sonabat. Ut fremit acer equus, quum bellicus sere canoro Signa dedit tubicen, pugufequc assumit amorem : 196 Penthea sic ictus longis ululatibus fetlier"' Movit, et audito clamore recanduit ira.

Monte fere medio est, cingentibus ultima silvis,* Purus ab arboribus, spectabilis undique campus. Hie oculis ilium cementem sacra profanis 200

Prima videt, prima est insano concita motu. Prima suum misso violavit Penthea thyrso Mater : lo, geminoe, clamavit, adeste sorores. Hie aper, in nostris errat qui maximus agris,^ Ule milii feriendus aper. Ruit omnis in unum 206

1 Gelidum corpore trementi vixque meum, cold, with my iody Bhaking, and scarcely myself, i. e. almost distracted.

2 Longis ambagibus, to a long mnding story.

3 Perstat, persists ; neo jam jubet ire, and now does not order his ser- vants to ffo.

4 iEtlier ictus longis ululatibus, struckby the long-continued yells,- recan- duit. kindled afresh.

6 Silvis cingentibus ultima, woods enclosing the outskirts of it. 6 Qui raaximus (aper) errat in nostris agris, Khich very large boar, (hat immense boar which wanders in our fields.

a

74 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [book IV.

Turba furcns ; cunctse coeunt, cunctaeqiic sf>qiiuntur Jam trepiduiiij jam verba minus violenta loquentem, Jam se damnantem, jam se pcccasse fatcntem. Saucius ille tamon, Fer opem, matcrtera, dixit, Autonoe : movcant anunos Actaouis umbrii!.' 210

nia, quid Actseon, nescit, dcxtramque precauti Abstulit ;'^ Inoo lacerata est altera raptii. Non habet infelix quae raatri bracliia teiidat ; Trunca sed ostend_ns disjectis corpora membris,^ Adspice, mater, ait. Visis ululavit Agave, 215

Collaque jactavit mo^•itque per aera crinem ; A^^llsumque caput digitis complexa cruentis Clamat, lo comites, opus baec victoria nostrum est.^ Non citius frondes autumno frigore tactas, Jamque male hsrentes^ alta rapit arbore ventiis, 220 Quam sunt membra viri manibus dircpta nefandis. Talibus exemplis monitce nova sacra frequentant, Thuraque dant, sanctasque col\mt Ismenidcs aras.

BOOK IV.

Fab. I. — Alcitho'c and her Sisters.

At non Alcitlioe Minye'ias orgia censet Accipienda Dei ;'■ sed adlmc' temeraria Bacchum Progeniem negat esse Jovis, sociasque sororcs

i

t

1 TTmbrsE Acfaeonis moveant animos, let (he shade of Actaon influenct your mind. See 3. 2, 1, &c.

2 Abstulitque dextram (Uli) precanti, lore off his right hand as he trot itnplorinp her pity.

3 Trunca membris disjectis, hcrrft o/ils limhs ifhich lay scattered abovt

4 Haec victoria est nostrum opus, tltis victory is my achievement, Itasbeen achieved Ijij me.

5 Male liarentes, scarcely adherinej lo the branches. See 3, 6, 73.

G Orgia Dei accipienda (esse), thai the orgies of the god (Bacchus) ought to lie receiied, or cdel/rated.

7 Sed adliuc, — but still notmthstanding tbe severe punishment inflicted npon Pentiieus, Arc.

FAB. I.] ALCITHOE AND HER SISTERS. 73

Impietatis habet. Festum celebrare sacerdos Immunes operura dominas faaulasque suoi'um, 6

Pectora pelle tegi,' crinales solvere vittas, Serta coma, manibus frondentes sumcre thyrsos, Jusserat ; et ssevam Isesi fore numinis'^ iram Vaticinatus erat. Parent matresque nurusque, Telasque^ calathosqiie infectaque pensa reponunt, 1 0 Thuraque dant, Bacchumque vocant Bromiumquo Ly-

ffiumque, Ignigenamque satumque iterum solumqueBimatreni. Additur liis Nyseiis indetonsusque Thyoneus, Et cum Lenseo genialis consitor uvae, Nycteliusque Eleleusque parens et lacchus et Evan, 15 Et quae prteterea per Graias plurima' gcntes [tas ;

Nomina, Liber, habes. Tibi enim inconsumpta juven- Tu puer setemus, tu formosissimus alto Conspiceris ccelo ; tibi, quum sine cornibus adstas, Virgineum caput est ; Oriens tibi victus, adusque 20 Decolor extreme qua tingitur India Gange.^ Penthea tu, venerande, bipenniferumque Lycurgum Sacrilegos mactas ; Tyrrhenaque® mittis in sequor Corpora. Tu bijugum pictis insignia frenis Colla premis lyncum 'J Bacchae Satyrique sequuntur, 25

1 The order is — Sacerdos (i.e. Tircsias), jusserat domiiias famulasquo immunes operum, celebrare festum, tegi (secundum) pectora pelle. The bacchanals, while celebrating the orgies, were clothed with tne skins of fawns or deers. Viltas, A. R. A. 363. 'Jltyrsos, See 3, 7, 32.

2 Laesi numinis, a/ the offended deity, i. e. Bacchus.

3 Telas, icelis. The ancients used every method to encourage domestic industry in women. Spinning and we.iving formed their chief emplonnent, and to these there are frequent allusions in the poets, see 34, &c. The dif- ferent parts of the loom, and the process of weaving, are described, A. R. A. 452. Calathos, zvork-baskets. The calathxts was an osier basket, narrow at the bottom, and gradually increasing in width, used by the ladies for holding wool, flowers, &c. See 5, 7, 53.

4 Et plurima nomina qua;, and the numerous names tohich.

5 Adusque qua decolor India tinguitur extremo Gange, as far as where twarlhy India is watered, Ijy the remote Ganges. In decolor, which is strictly applied to something whicii has lost its natural colour, there is probably an allusion to the change of colour said to have been produced on the eastern nationsby the disaster of Phaethon. Sec 2, 1, 236.

U Tyrrhena corpora, the bodies o/ihe Tuscan sailors. See 3, 7, 162, &c 7 Tu premis colla bijugum lyncum insignia, pictis frenis, thou controllctt

7fi ALCITHOE AND HEU SISTERS. [bOOK IV,

Quique senex ferula titubantes ebrius^ artus

Sustinet, aut pando non fortiter haeret^ asello.

Quacumque ingrederis, clamor juvenilis et una

FeminesE voces, impulsaque tympana' palmis,

Concavaque sera sonant longoque foramine buxus.* 30

Placatus mitisque, rogant Ismenides, adsis ;

Jussaque sacra colunt. Solae Jlinyeides intus,

Intempestiva tui'bantes festa Minerva,

Aut ducunt lanas aut stamina pollice versant,

Aut haerent telae, famulasque laboribus urgent. 36

E quibus una levi deducens pollice filum,

Dum cessant alise commentaque sacra frequentant,

Nos quoque, quas Pallas, melior Dea, detinet, inquit

UtQe opus manuum vario sermone levemus ;

Perque vices aliquid, quod tempora longa^ videri 40

Non sinat, in medium vacuas rcferamus ad aures.

Dicta probant, primamque"' jubent narrare sorores.

Ilia, quid e multis referat, nam plurima norat,

Cogitat, et dubia est, de te. Babylonia, narret,^

Derceti, quam versa squamis velantibus artus 46

Stagna Palaestini credunt cclebrasse figura ;

An magis, ut sumptis illius filia^ pennis,

Extremos altis in turribus egerit annos ;

Kais an ut cantu nimiumque potentibus herbis

Verterit in tacitos juvenUia corpora pisces, 60

the ntchs of ike lynxes which draw thy chariot, adorned (as they are) teiUt painted reins.

1 Ebriiis senex, the drunk oM man, i. c. Silenus, the preceptor and com- panion of Bacchus ; ferula, tcith a statf. Hy ferula is here meaut a hollow Bticl; used by the Bacchantes, in which a torch was concealed.

■2 Hsret non fortiter, sits but insecurely.

3 Tj-mpana, drums. The tympanum was a kind of drum, beaten with tho hands, round at the top, where it was covered with skin, and flat un- derneath.

4 Buxus longo foramine, a flute with a long series of holes. Buxui, the wood of which the flute was made, is here put for the flute itself.

5 Non sinat tempora videri longa, may prevent the time from appearitiff tedious ; in medium, publicly, aloud.

C Primam, her first, i. e. her who made the proposal. 7 Dubia est {utrum) narret de te, she is in doubt wheOur she should tell a story of you ; an majis, or rather. U Filia i'Uius, her daxtghter, L e. Semiramis, q. v.

FAB. I.] ALCITHOE AND HER SISTERS. 77"

Donee idem passa est :* an, quae ponia alba ferebat,* Ut nunc nigra ferat contactu sanguinis arbor. Hasc placet ; banc, quoniam vulgaris fabula non est, Talibus orsa moclis, lana sua fila seqnente.

Fab. II. — Pyi-amus and Thisbe.

Pyramus et Thisbe, juvenum pulchorrimus alter,

Altera, quas Oriens liabuit, prselata puellis,

Contiguas tenuerc' domes, ubi dicitur altam

Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem.

Notitiam primosque gi-adus^ vicinia fecit ; 6

Tempore crevit amor : taedis quoque jure coissent,*

Sed vctuere patrcs : quod non potuere vetare,

Ex aequo captis° ardebant mentibus ambo.

Conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur ;

Quoque magis tegitur, tcctus niagis sestuat ignis. 1 0

Fissus erat tenui rinia, quam duxerat olim,^

Quum fieret, paries domui communis utrique.

Id vitium nulli per ssecula longa notatum,

Quid non scntit amor I primi sensistis amantcs,'

Et voci fecistis iter ; tuta2que per iliud 15

Murmure blanditice minimo transire solebant.^

Sa?pc, ut constiterant, bine Thisbe, Pyramus illinc,

Lique vicem fuerat captatus anlielitus^° oris,

1 Donee passa est idem, vndl she herself suffered the same transforma- tion, i. e. was clianneil inlo afsk.

2 The order is, An, ut arbor quse ferebat alba poma, nunc ferat nigra ipoma) contactu sanguinis.

3 Tenuere contiguas domos, inhabited contiguous houses/ urbcm, Le. Babylon. See Babylon.

4 Primos gradus (amwis), (he frst advances of lore.

5 Coissent jure tsedas, i!te>/ would have been wiited btj the rite ofmarriatje. A. R. A. 404. No young man or woman among tlie Romans was allowed to marry without the consent of parents or guardians. A. E. A. 402.

6 Ex aequo captis, eqnally captivated.

7 Quam olim du.xerat, which ithadfornurhj gotten.

8 Id vitium— amantes primi sensistis, this defect— you lovers were the first to discover.

9 Blanditia; solebant transire tutae, your expressions of endearment used to pass in safety.

10 Anlielitusque oris captatus fuerat in vicem, and the breath of tht other's mouUi had been inhaled bi, eacli in turn.

g2

78 PYRAM0S AND THISBE. [bOOK IV,

Invidc, dicebant, paries, quid amantibus obstas 1 Quantum erat, ut siaeres toto nos corpore jungi ; 20 Aut hcc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! Nee sumus ingrati : tibi nos debere fatemur, Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures. Talia diversa nequicquam sede^ locuti, Sub noctem dixere Vale ; partique'^ dedere 25

Oscula quisque suae, non pervenientia contra. Postera nocturnes Aurora removerat ignes, Solque pniinosas radiis siccaverat herbas : Ad solitum coiere locum. Turn murmure parvo Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte sUenti 30

Fallere custodes foribusque excedere tentent f Quumque domo exierint, urbis quoque claustra relin- Neve sit errandum' lato spatiantibus arvo, [quant ;

Conveniant ad busta^ Nini, lateantque sub umbra Arboris. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis, 35

Ardua moras erat, gelido contermina fonti. Pacta placent, et lux, tarde decedere visa, PriEcipitatur aquis, et aquis nox surgit^ ab isdem. Callida per tenebras, versato cardine, Tliisbe Egreditur fallitque suos ; adopertaque vultum 40

Pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti Ctede les&na boum spumantes oblita rictus, Depositura^ sitim vicini fontis in unda. Quam procul ad lunee radios Babylonia Thisbe 45

1 Diversa sede, on the opposite sides of the wall.

2 Suje parti, to his oicn side; non pervenientia contr^, which did not reach the opposite side.

3 Ut tentent fallere custodes excedereqne foribus, to try to elude the door-keepers and to pet out of the house. The verbs rclinquant, conveniant, and lateant, are also under the government of ut, and depend upon statuunt, Claustra, gates.

4 2v'eve errandum sit (ipsis) spatiantibus, and that they may not mitt each other while wandering.

5 Ad busta.'Sini, at the lombo/ifinus. A.R. A. 417. .5€«Bustum.

6 The ancients assigned to the night as well as to the day a chariot with a presiding divinity, wliich rose from the sea in the cast, as the chariot of the sun was plunged into it in tlie west.

7 Depositura sitim, /or the purpose o/ quenching her thirst

i

FAB. II.3 PYRAMUS AND THISBE. 79

Vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum ;

Dumque fugit, tergo velaniina lapsa reliquit.

Ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda,

Dum redit in sUvas, inventos forte siae ipsa'

Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 50

Serius egi'essus vestigia vidit in alto

Pulvere certa ferse, totoque expalluit ore

Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam

Reperit ; Una duos nox, iuquit, perdet amantes :

E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita ; 65

Nostra nocens anima est ; ego te, miseranda, peremi,

In loca plena metus qui jussi'^ nocte venires,

Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus,

Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu,

0 quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones. 60

Sed timidi est op tare necem. Velamina Thisbes

Tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram ;

Utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula, vesti,

Accipe nunc, iuquit, nostri quoque sanguinis haustus,'

Quoque erat acciuctus, demittit in ilia ferrum. 60

Nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit.

Ut jacuit resupinus bumi ; cruor emicat alte,

Non aliter, quam quvun vitiato fistula plumbo

Scinditur,* et tenues stridente foramine longe

Ejaculatur aquas, atque ictibus aera rumpit. 70

Arborei fetus aspergine* caedis in atram

Vertuntur faciem ; madefactaque sanguine radix

Puniceo tingit pendentia mora colore.

Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem,®

1 Sine ipsa, without Thisbe herself. A. R. A. 351.

2 Jussi (ut) venires, instead of the more common expression jusal U> venire, urged you to come.

3 Haustus nostri qu&que sanguinis, the stream of my blood too; demittit in ilia ferrum, plun/jes into his bowels the sword A. R. A. 307.

4 Fistula scinditiir plumbo vitiato, a pipe bursts from the lead being decayed.

5 Aspergine cjedis, /row being sprinkled with the blood.

6 Ne fallat amantem, that she maynot disappoint her lover, ye depends on redit, and not on metu.

80 PYRAMUS AND THISBE. [boOK IV.

Ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit, 75

Q,uantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit ;'

Utque locum et versani cognovit in arbore formam ;*

Sic facit incertam pomi color ; liaeret,'' an hsec sit.

Dura dubitat, tiemebunda videt pulsare cruentum

Membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo 80

Pallidiora gerens, exliorruit tequoris instar,

Quod tremit, exigua quum summum striugitur"* aura.

Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores f

Percutit indignos claro plangore laccrtos,

Et, laniata comas amplcxaque corpus amatum, 85

Vulnera supplcvit lacrimis,"^ fletuuique cruori

IMiscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens,

Pyramc, clamavit, quis te mihi casus ademit \

Pyrame, responde : tua te, carissimc, Thisbe

Nominat ; exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes.^ 90

Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos

Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia.

Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense

Vidit ebui-^ vacuum ; Tua te manus, inquit, amorque

Perdidit, infelix : est et mihi fortis in unum'' 95

Hoc manus ; est et amor, dabit hie in vulnera vires.

Proscquar exstinctum, letique miscrrima dicar

Causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte rcvelli^"

Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli.

1 Gestit narrare, longs to tell htm.

2 Formam in arbore" vcrsam, the appearance (of the fniit) upon the tret^ altered. It was not the appcaratice of the tree itself, hut of the fruit, wliich had been changed ; and therefore the expression in arbore is employed, and not the genitive arhoris.

3 Hasret, an ha;c sit, she doubts if this is the same tree.

4 Quum summum stringitur, iclien its sur/ace is grcned.

5 Suos amores, her lover, i. e. Pinamiis.

(j iSupplevit vulnera lacrimis, she.tillcd his tround with her tears.

7 Jacentes vultus, thy sinkinri countenance.

8 Kbur, the ivory— the scaihanl ornamented with ivory. Scabbards omameRted with ivory were anciently held in hish esteem.

!) Est et mihi manus fortis in hoc iinuni, I too have a hand stout enough for Viis single act.

10 7'«que qui poteras revelli a me morte sola, poteris revelli (a me) nee morte, and you who could lie torn front me by death only, shall be able to he torn from me not even by death.

FAB. II.] PYRAMUS A^D THISBE. 81

Hoc tameu amborum verbis estote rogati, 100

0 multurn iniseri, meus illiusque, parentes,^

Ut, quos cei-tus amor, quos hora novissima j unxit,

Componi tumulo non invideatis^ eodem.

At tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus

Nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum, 105

Signa tene caedis, puUosque et luctibus aptos

Semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta'^ cnioris.

Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum

Incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat.

Vota tamen tetigere Deos, tetigere parentes : 1 10

Nam color in porno est, ubi pemiaturuit, ater ;

Quodque rogis superest,* una requiescit in umS.

Fab. X. — The Minye'ides.

Finis erat dictis ;^ et adhuc MinyeJia proles Urget opus, spernitque Deum festumque profanat ; Tympana quum subito non apparentia" raucis Obstrepuere sonis, et adunco tibia comu, Tinnulaque aera sonant. Redolent myrrhaeque crocique ; Resque fide major,^ coepere virescere telse, 6

Inque hederae faciem pendens frondescere vestis.' Pars abit in vites ; et quae modo fila fuerunt, Palmite mutantur ; de stamine pampinus exit ; Purpura fulgorem pictis accommodat® uvis. 10

Jamque dies exactus erat, tempusque subibat. Quod tu nee tenebras nee possis dicere lucem,

1 O multOm miseri parentes, meus illiusque, estote rogate hoc, 0 most tniseraitle parents, mine and his, be ye entreated/or (his.

2 Ut non invideatis, not to envy, i. e. to permit. A. R. A. 410.

3 Monumenta gemini cruoris, memorials of the blood of us two.

4 Quodque superest rogis, vihat remains after the funeral pile, i. e. the ashes. A. R. A. 417 and 418.

5 Finis erat dictis, there ivas now an end to the words of Alcithoe — Alcithoe discontinued her narrative.

6 Tympana non apparentia, drums— unseen j tibia. See 3, 7, 23.

7 Major fide, beyond belief. See 3, 7, 150.

8 Vestisque pendens {co;pit) frondescere in faciem hederae, aTid the cloth hanping in the loom began to put forth leaves with the appearance of ivy. A. R. A. 452.

9 Purpura accommodat fulgorem, the purple (in the web) lendt its colour.

82 THE MINYEIDES- [BOOK IV.

Sed cum luce tamen dubise confinia noctis.' Tecta repente quati, pinguesque ardere videntur Lampadcs," et rutiiis coUucere ignibus aedes, 15

Falsaque saevarum sunulacra ululare ferarum. Fuuiida jamdudum latitant per tecta sorores, Di^erscequc locis^ ignes ac lumina vitant ; Dumque petunt latebr^ ; parvos membrana per artus Porrigitui", tenuique iuducit brachia penna/ 20

iS'ec, qua perdiderint veterem ratione figuram, Scire sinunt tenebra?. Non illas pluma levavit ; Sustinuere^ tamc-n se perlucentibus alls, Conataeque loqui, minimam pro corpore*' vocem Emittunt, peraguntque leyi stridore querelas. 23

Tectaque, non silvas, celebrant, lucemque perosse Nocte volant, seroquc trahunt a vespere" nomen.

Fab. XI. — Ino and Melicerta.

TuM vero totis Bacchi memorabile Thebis

Is'umen erat ; magnasque novi matertera^ vires

Narrat ubique Dei ; de totque sororibus' expera

Una doloris erat, nisi quern fecere sorores.'"

Adspicit hanc,natis thalamoque Athamantis" habentem 6

Sublimes animos, et alumno numine, Juno,

Nee tulit, et secum : Potuit de pellice natus''^

1 Confinia dubia» noctis cum lues, Oie confines o/iJoit'/t/ul night and day, I. e. the intermediate space hdween nifjht and daii, the twilifiht.

2 Pm^aoslinnpaile*, icell-trimmed lamps ; xdes, the apartment, ^det, in the singular number, strictly signifies an apartment, frequently a tempte, and in the plural, generally a house.

3 See 1, 2,9.

4 Inducitque brachia tenui penna, covers their armswith a thin film.

5 Sustinuere se, supported themselves.

6 Pro corpora, in proportion to their liody.

7 A scro vespere, /;-o»i (he late evening, i. e. Vespertiliones.

8 JVIatertera, his aunt, i. e. Ino, the sister ofSemele.

9 De tot sororibus, of so many sisters, viz. Agave, Autono'e, and Semele.. See Cadmus.

10 Nisi quern sorores fecere, except what her sisters (and their misfortunes) eatutcil. Agave had lo?t her son Pcntheus, and Autonoi had lost Actajon.

11 Natis thal.amoque Athamantis, on account of her sons (Learchus and Melicerta), and her marriaije icitli Athamas ; et numine alumno, andioith a deity as her niirslinp. i. e. liacchus, whomshehad brought tip. See Ino.

1^ Natus de pellice, the son of a mistress, i. c. Bacchus. See 3, 7> IJiO. itc

FAB. XI.] IKO AND aiELICERTA. 83

Vertere Maeonios pelagoque immergere nautas, Et laceranda siise nati^ dare viscera matri, Et triplices operire no"vas Minye'ides alis : 10

Nil poterit Juno nisi inultos flere dolores ? Idque mUii satis est ? liaec una potentia nostra est ! Ipse docet quid agam ; Fas est et ab hoste doceri : Quidque furor valcat,'"' Pentliea caede satisque Ac super ostendit. Cur non stimuletur, eatque 15

Per cognata suis exempla furoribus'' Ino ? Est via declivis funesta nubUa taxo ;* Ducit ad infernas per muta silentia sedes : Styx nebulas exhalat iners ; umbrseque recentes Descendunt Ulac, simulacraquc functa^ sepulchris. 20 Pallor Hiemsque tenent late loca senta f novique, Qua sit iter, Manes, Stygiam quod ducit ad urbem, Ignorant, nbi sit nigri fera regia Ditis. Mille capax aditus et apertas undiqiie portas Urbs liabet ; utque fretum de tota flumina teiTa, 25 Sic omnes animas locus accipit ille, nee ulli Exiguus' populo est, turbamve accedere sentit. Errant exsangues sine corporc et ossibus umbrse ; Parsque fonim celebrant,* pars imi tecta tyranni ; Pars alias artes, antiquse imitamina vitse, GO

1 Nati, i. e. Pcntfieiis; matri, i.e. Agave. See 3, 7, 202, &c

2 Quid furor valeat, ujiat madness can do, (he poxer (if madness ,• satLi «uperque, sufHcienllp, andmore tlian s^ifficicnll;/.

3 Eatque furoribus per cognata exempla, arid in her madness fodoui Qvt examples ojher kindred.

4 Funesta taxo, tcilh the deadly yeic. The berries of the yew tree were believed by the ancients to be poisonous; it is therefore placed as one of the trees in the infernal regions.

5 Functa sepiilcliris, which have received Ifie rites o/ burial. Thenncients believed that the souls of those who were unlniricd were not admitted into the abodes of the dead until they had wandered a hundred years on the banks of the Styx. A. R.A. 4liii.

C Tenent late senta loca, prevails extensive?!/ over these dreary mansions.

7 Nee estcxigiuis ulli populo, sentitve turhnm accedere, nor is it too small/or any number ofpeojile, nor docs it feci the crowd to increase,

8 Pars celebrant forum, some frequent the fonim. The. /ovum was tho place in Rome where the assemblies of the people were held, and where justice was administered. A. R. A. 4!)0. The word is hero ajiplicd to the court of law in the infernal regions, of which ]Minos, Rhadamanthus, and JEacus, were the judges. The gjiosts are represented as retaining the same inclinations, and following the same pursuits, with which they liad been

Hi INO AND MELICERTA. £uoOK IV.

Exercent ; aliam pailem sua poena coercet.

Sustinet ii-e illuc, ccelesti sedc relict a,

Tantura odiis iraeque dabat,' Satumia Juno.

Quo simul intravit, sacroque a corpore pressura

Ingemuit limen ; tria Cerberus extulit ora, 35

Et tres latratus simul edidit. Ilia sororcs

Nocte vocat genitas,"*' grave et iraplacaliUe numen.

Carceris' ante fores clausas adamante sedebant,

Deque suis atros pectebant crinibus angues.

Quam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras, 40

Surrexere Dese. Sedes scelerata vocatur.

Viscera praebebat Tityos lanianda, novemque

Jugeribus distentus erat : tibi, Tantale, nullae

Deprenduntur aquae, quaeque imminet, efiugit arbos.

Aut petis aut urges ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum. 45

Volvitur Ixion, et se sequiturque fugitque.

Molirique suis letum patruelibus ansae,

Assiduae repetunt, quas perdant, Belides undaa.

Quos omnes acie postquam Satumia torva

Vidit, et ante omnes Ixiona ; rursus ab illo 50

Sisyphon adspiciens, Cur hie e fratribus,^ inquit,

Perpetuas patitur poenas ; Athamanta superbum

Regia dives habet, qui me cum conjuge semper

Sprevit 1 et exponit causas odiique viaeque,

Quidque velit. Quod vellet, erat, ne regia Cadmi 55

Staret,^ et in facinus, traherent Athamanta sorores.®

familiar while alive. Some of them therefore are lawj'ers, some courtiers, some artificers, and some are shut up in prison for their crimes.

1 Tantum dabat odiis Irasque, so much did she give icay to her hatred and passion.

2 Sorores genitas nocte, Ote Hsteis bom of night, Le. thf Furies. Se* Erinnys.

3 Carceris, i. e. Tartarus, the place of punishment for the wicked. Ada- mas signifies any thing so hard that it cannot be pierced or destroyed- Hence the poets represent the pillars, chains, &c. in the infernal regions, and any instrument of unusual hardness or durabiUty, as being made of adamant. It is probably best transLited iron.

4 Fratribus, i. e. Sisi/phus and Athamas.

5 Ne regia Cadmi staret, that the palace (if Cadtrnu migld not stand, might /all.

6 ( Ut) sorores traherent Athamanta in facinus, Oial the titters (the Furies) might involve Athamas in some dreadful crime.

PAB. xr.] INO AND MELICERTA. 85

Imperium, promissa, preces confundit in unum, Sollicitatque Deas. Sic hsc Junone locuta, risiphone canos, iit ei-at turbata,^ capillos Movit, et obstantes rcjecit ab ore colubras, GO

A.tque ita, Non longis opus est ambagibus, infit ; Facta puta,^ quaecumque jubes ; inamabile regnum Desere, teque refer coeli melioris ad auras.

Laeta redit Juno ; quam coelum intrarc parantem Roratis lustravit aquis Thumantias Iris. 65

Nee mora, Tisiphone madefactam sangiiine sumit [mportuna facem ; fluidoque cruore nibentem' Induitur pallam, tortoque incingitur angue, Egrediturque domo. Luctus comitatur eunteni, Et Paver et Terror, trepidoque Insania vultu. 70

Limine^ constiterat : postes tremuisse feruntur ^olii, paltorque fores infccit acemas,^ Solque locum fugit. Monstris exterrita conjux, Territus est Athamas, tectoque exire parabant. Obstitit infelix aditumque obsedit Erinnys : 75

Nexaque vipereis distendens brachia nodis, Caesariem excussit ; motae sonuere colubrae. Parsque jacens humeris, pars'' circum tempora lapsse Sibila dant, saniemque vomunt linguasque coruscant. Inde duos raediis abrumpit crinibus angues, 80

Pestiferaque manu raptos immisit.' At illi Inoosque sinus Athamanteosque pererrant,

1 Ut erat turbata, as she teas in disorder, in disorder as she was.

2 Puta facta, quaicumque jubes, consider as done tpkatsoever you order.

3 Rubentem fluido cruore, red with fluid gore, with, gore running dowr^~ induitur. See 1, 7, 27.

4 Limine, on the threshold — of the palace of Athamas.

5 Acemas fores, the maple doors. The maple, acrording to Pliny, held the next place to the citron in the estimation of the ancients. It was accordingly much used in the most costly furniture of the rich. From ita extreme hardness and the closeness of its grain it was also in frequent use for tablets. Ovid represents Is'uma's throne as made of maple.

6 The construction in this line is peculiar. Pars in the first clause to used in the singular; and in the latter part, without any apparent neces- sity, it is made plural. See 147.

7 Immisit {ros) raptos, and after seizing them threw Oiem at them, Le. at Athamas and Ino.

86 INO AND MELICERTA. [bOOK ir.

Inspirantque' graves animas ; nee vulnera membris

Ulla ferunt ; mens est, quae diros sentiat ictus.

Attulerat secum liquid! quoque monstra^ veneni, 86

Oris Cerberei spunias, et vinis Echidna,

Erroresque vagos,^ caecijeque oblivia mentis,

Et scelus et lacrimas, rabienique et caedis amorem,

Omnia trita* simul ; quae sanguine mixta recenti

Coxerat sere cavo, viridi versata cicuta. 90

Dumque pavent illi ; vertit furiale venenum

Pectus in amborum, proecordiaque intima movit.

Turn, face jactata per eundem saepius orbem,*

Consequitur motos velociter ignibus ignes.

Sic victrix jussique potens'' ad inania magni 96

Regna redit Ditis, sumptumque recingitur anguem.

ProtLnus bolides media furibundus in aula Clamat, lo comites, liis retia tendite silvis : Hie modo cum gemina visa est mihi prole lesena. Utque ferae, sequitur vestigia' conjugis aniens ; 10(J

Deque sinu matris ridentem et parva Learchum Brachia tendentem rapit, et bis terque per auras More rotat funda?, rigidoque infantia saxo Discutit ossa ferox. Tum denique concita mater, Seu dolor hoc fecit, seu sparsi causa veneni,* 106

1 Inspirant graves animas, infuse into them Uieir pestiferous breath.

2 ^Tisiphone) attulerat secum monstra qu6que liquid! veneni, Tisiphon» had likewise brought along with her a monstrous composition of liquid poison. The diiTerent ingredients follow.

3 Vagos errores, obliviaque csecse mentis, the tcanderinffs lif delirium, and the/orgelfulncss of an insane mind.

4 Omnia trita fimiil, all pounded together ; versata \iridi cicuta, stirred about with a stalk of green hemlock. The juice of hemlock was given ai poison to criminals at Athens. The poison consisted of an extreme cold which stopped the circulation of the blood. Some critics, however, suppose that this poison was not tlie juice of hemlock, but consisted of a nii.\tur« of which hemlock formed an ingredient.

5 Face jactata saepius per eundem orbem, consequitnr ignes velociter jnotos ignibus, by moving the torch (iftcn in the same circle, she follows up Oie fires which were swiftly excited, with otlier fires, i. e. she makes a con- tinuous ring of hre.

6 Potens jussi, having executed her commission. ■ recingitur, ungirdt, lays aside.

7 Vestigia conjugis ut ferse, the footsteps of his wife as of a wild beast. U Causa veneni eparsi, the power qf the poison diffused over her.

I

FAB. XI.3 INO AND MELICERTA. 87

Exululat, passisque fugit male sana capillis : Teque ferens parvum nudis, Melicerta, lacertis, Evoe, Bacche, sonat. Bacchi sub nomine^ Juno Risit, et, Hos usus prgestet tibi, dixit, alumnus.

Imminet sequoribus scopulus :'■* pars ima cavatur 110 Fluctibus, et tectas defendit ab imbribus undas : Summa riget, frontemque in apertum porrigit sequor. Occupat liunc, vires insania fecerat, Ino, Seque super pontum, nullo tardata timore, Mittit onusque suum.^ Percussa recanduit unda. 115 At Venus, immeritse neptis* miserata labores, Sic patruo blandita suo est : 0 numen aquarum, Proxima cui coelo* cessit, Neptune, potestas, Magna quidem posco ; sed tu miserere meorum, Jactari quos cemis in lonio immenso, 120

Et Dis adde tuis. Aliqua et milii gratia^ ponto est ; Si tamen in dio quondam concreta profundo Spuma fui, Graiumque manet milii nomen ab illh. Annuit' oranti Neptunus, et abstulit illis, Q,uod mortale fuit, majestatemque verendam 125

Imposuit, nomenque simul faciemque novavit, Leucotheeque Deum cum matre Palssmona dixit.

Sidoniae comites, quantum valuere,^ secutiE Signa pedum, primo videre novissima saxo ; Nee dubium de morte ratse, Cadmeida palmis 130

Deplanxere domum, scissae cum veste capUlos ; Utque parum justse nimiumque in pellice saevae

1 Sub nomine Bacchi, at the name of Bacchus. See 3, 2, 115. Prastet tibi hos usus, make you this recompense.

2 Scopulus, o rock— one of theScironides on the coast of Megaiis; riget, rises erect.

3 Suum onus, her burden, i. e. Melicerta.

4 Immeritse neptis, of her innocent grand-daughter, i. e. Inoi suo patruo, her uncle, i. e. Neptune.

5 Caelo is here used for potestati coeli, to the empire of heaven. See 1 , 14, 2.

6 Aliqua gratia (m) ponto est et mihi, 1 also have some interest in the sea,- Graium nomen, my Grecian name, i.e. Aphrodite, q. v.

7 Annuit (ei) oranti, grants to her entreating, a/jrees to her reqttest.

8 Quantum valuere, as far as they could ; primo saxo, on the edge qftlie rock.

83 INO AND -MELICERTA. [BOOK IV.

Invidiam fccerc' Dcas. Convicia Juno

Kon tulit, et, Faciam vos ipsas maxima, dixit,

Srevitis monmnenta mess. Res dicta sccuta est. 135

Nam quiE pracipue fuerat pia, Persequar, inquit.

In frcta reginam ; saltumqiie datui-a, movcri

Hand usquam potuit, scopuloque affixa cohsesit.

Altera, dum solito tentat plangorc ferire

Pectora, tentatos sentit rigriisse lacertos.'^ 1 40

nia, manus ut forte tetenderat in maris undas,

Saxea facta manus in easdem porrigit undas ;

Hujus, ut arreptum laniabat vertice crinem,

Duratos subito digitos in crine videres.

Quo quaeque in gestu deprensa est, haesit^ in illo. 145

Pars volucres factae ; quae nunc quoque gurgite in illo

^quora destringunt sumniis Ismenides* alis.

Fab. XII. — Cadmus and Harmonia.

Nescit Agenorides, natam'' parvumque nepotem ^quoris esse Deos. Luctu serieque maloram Victus ct ostcntis,*' quae plurima viderat, exit Conditor urbe sua, tanquam fortuna locorum, Non sua se premeret ; longisque erratibus actus 6

Contigit Illyricos profuga cum conjuge fines. Jamque malis annisque graves, dum prima retractant^ Fata domus releguntque suos sermone labores ; Num sacer ille mea trajectus cuspide serpens Cadmus ait, fuerit^ turn, quum Sidone profectus 10

1 Fecere invidiam Deae, excited odium agaitut tkegoddets; {coma) qua ih.' atlentiant tcho.

2 Tentatos lacertos, Vie arms with tchich the had made the atiempU

3 Quaeque lijesit in illo gestu, in quo deprehensa est, evert/ one remained in that jiosture in which she was caught.

4 Qua; Ismenides, which, under die name oflsmenidet.

5 >i'atam, i. u. Ino — nepotem, i. e. Melicerta.

6 Ostentis, quie viderat plurima, bp the prodigies which he had teen in great number f.

7 Retractant prima fata, reflect upon the first mitforlunet.

8 Num ille serpens fuerit sacer, can tJiat serpent have been a tacred one. The serpent killed by Cadmus was sacred to Mars (Martius anguit), and the god of war is licre represented a:s punisiiing Cadmus for putting bim

PAB. xn.] CADMUS AND HARMONIA. 89

Vipereos sparsi per humum, nova semina, dentes ! Quern si cura Deum tam certa vindicat ira, Ipse precor serpens in longam porrigar alvum. Dixit ; et, ut serpens, in longam tenditur alnim ; Durataeque cuti squamas increscere sentit 15

Nigraque cseruleis variari corpora guttis ; In pectusque cadit pronus ; commissaque in unum Paulatim tereti siauantur acmnine crura.' Brachia jam restant : quae restant, brachia teiidit ; Et lacrimis per adhuc humana fluentibus ora, 20

Accede, 0 conjux, accede, miserrima, dixit, Dumque aliquid superest de me, me tange, manumque Accipe, dum manus est, dum non totum occupat anguis. Ille quidem vult plura loqui ; sed lingua repente In partes est fissa duas ; nee verba volenti 26

Sufficiunt,* quotiesque aliquos parat edere questus, SibUat : banc illi vocem Natura relinquit. Nuda manu feriens exclamat pectora conjux : Cadme, mane, teque his, infelix, exue monstris.' Cadme, quid hoc 1 ubi pes ? ubi sunt humerique manus- que » 30

Et color et facies et, dum loquor, omnia 1 cxir non Me quoque, coelestes, in eandem vertitis anguem !* Dixerat : ille suae lambebat conjugis ora, Inque sinus caros, veluti cognosceret, ibat ; Et dabat amplexus assuetaque coUa petebat. 36

Quisquis adest, aderant comites, terretur ; at ilia Lubrica permulcet cristati colla draconis ;

to death. The doubt of which Cadmus wishes to persuade himself, but which he does not feel, is well expressed by the subjunctive /«mi — the Indicative would have implied complete ignorance.

1 Cruraque commissa in unum paulatim sinuantur tereti acumine, and his legs, being joined in one, are gradually curved with a round point, i. e. assume the form of a curve and terminate in a point.

2 Nee verba sufficiunt (illi) volenti (loqui), tior has he words at command, {bough he wishes to speak.

3 Exue te his monstris,/ree yourselffrom this monstrous shape.

4 In eandem anguem, into a serpent tf the same sort, or lUcewite into « serpent.

H 2

90 CADMUS AND HARMOKIA. [book IV.

Et subito duo sunt, junctoque volumine' serpunt. Donee in appositi nemoris subiere latebras. Nunc quoque nee fugiunt homiuem, nee vulnere Ijedunt ; 40

Quidquc prius fuerint, placidi meminere draconcs.

Fab. Xlll.— Atlas.

Sed tamen ambobus versse solatia formse

Magna nepos''' fuerat, quem debellata colebat

India, quem positis cclebrabat Acliaia templis.

Solus Abantiadcs ab origine^ cretus eadem

Acrisius superest, qui moenibus arceat urbis 5

ArgoliciB, contraque Deum* ferat arma, genusque

Non putet esse Jovis : neque enim Jovis esse putabat

Persca, quem pluvio Danae concepcrat auro.

Mox tamen Acrisium, tanta est praescntia veri,

Tam violasse Dcum,^ quam non agnossc nepotem, 10

Poenitet : impositus jam ccelo est alter ;''' at alter,

Viperei referens spolium memorabile raonstri,"

Aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis.

Quumque super Libycas victor pendcret arenas,

Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidere cruentse ; 15

Quas humus exceptas varios animavit in angues ;

Unde fi-equens ilia est infestaque** terra colubris.

Inde per immcnsum ventis discordibus actus Nunc hue, nunc Uluc, exemplo nubis aquoss Fertur, et ex alto seductas jethere longe 20

1 Juncto volumine, with a Joint rolling, i. c. movinf/ side by side.

2 The order is, Sed tamen ncpos (i.e. Bacchus) qiicni dcbelbta India colebat, quem Achaia, &c. fuerat ambobus magna solatia verea; furmse.

3 Ab e.idem oripne, /com Vie same stock. Agcnor the father of Cad- mus, and Belus the progenitor of Acrisius, were brother.-.

4 Deum, i.e. Bacchus— esse {/ilium) JoWs, was the son o/Jupiter.

5 Tam violasse Dcum, quami bolh o/liacing abused the <lod and. (> Alter, the one, i. e. Bacchus — alter, lite other, i. e. Perseus.

7 Referens memorabile spolium viperei monstri, bcaritip offthe memor- able spoils o/ the viperous monster, i. e. the liead of the Gorgon Meduoa,. «hose hair had been changed into serpents.

8 Est frequens infestaque colubris, abounds wiOi and it infested by serpents.

FAB. XIII.] ATLAS. 91

Despectat terras, totumque supervolat oi^em.

Ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri bracliia viclit ;

Saepe sub occasus, ssepe est ablatus in ortus ;

Jamqiie cadente die veritus se credere nocti,

Constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe ; 26

Exigiiamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes

Evocet Auroras, currus Aurora diurnos.^

Ilic, hominum cunctos'^ ingenti corpore praestans,

lapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus'

Rege sub hoc et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis 80

-^quora subdit* equis, et fessos excipit axes.

Mille gregcs illi totidemque armenta per lierbas

Errabant, et humum vicinia nvilla premebant.^

Arborese frondes auro radiante virentes''

Ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tcgebant. 35

Hospes, ait Perseus illi, seu gloria tangit

Te generis magni, generis milii Jupiter auctor ;

Sive es mirator rerum, mirabere nostras.

liospitium, requiemque peto. Memor Ule vetustffi

Sortis erat : Themis hanc dederat Parnassia sortem : 4(J

Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro

Arbor ; et hunc praedae titulum Jove natus habebit.'^

Id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas

Mcenibus et vasto dederat servanda draconi,

Ai'cebatque suis externos finibus omnes. 45

Huic quoque, Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum,

1 Diumos currus, the diurnal chariot of the sun. Sec 2, 1, 112.

2 Cunctos hominum, for cunctos homines, is a Greek construction, which was imitiited by the Latin poets and by tlic later prose writers.

3 Ultima tellus, the most ranote part of the world, i.e. Mauritania, and the north-western coast of Africa.

4 Qui subdit Kquora anhelis equis Solis, which holds its tcaters under the panting horses oftlie sun, i. e. which receives in its waters the panting horse» of the s'un. See 2, 1 , 68.

5 Nulla vicinia premebant humum, no neighbouring states limited kit territories — because the kingdom of Atlas was placed at the western extre- mity of the world.

C Virentes radiante auro, shining ivith radiant gold. See Hesperides. .7 Natus Jove liabebit hunc titulum gloria;, awn o/Ji(p(7«r»AaWo6/(iin the glory of this prize. This prophecy referred to Hercules, by whom thesa golden apples were afterwards carried away. See 1, H, 9.

92 ATLAS. [book IV.

Quas mentu-is,' ait, longe tibi Jupiter absit. Vimque minis addit, foribusque expellere tentat Cimctantem et jilacidis miscentem'^ fortia dictis. Viribus inferior, quis enim par esset Atlanti 60

Viribus ? At quoniam parvi^ tibi gratia nostra est, Accipe munus, ait ; laeraque a parte Medusae Ipse fetroversus'' squallentia prodidit ora. Quantus erat, mons factus Atlas :• jam barba comaeque In silvas abeunt ; juga sunt humerique manusque ; 65 Quod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumen ; Ossa lapis fiunt : turn partes auctus in omnes Crevit in immensum, sic Di statuistis, et omne Cum tot sideribus coelum requievit in illo.

Fab. XIV. — Perseus and Andromeda.

Clausebat Hij)potades seterno carcere' ventos,

Admonitorque operum^ coelo clarissimus alto

Lucifer ortus erat : pennis ligat Ule resumptis

Parte ab utraque pedes, teloque acciugitur unco,

Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. 6

Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictia,

JEthiopum populos, Cepheia conspicit arva.

Illic immeritam matemae pendere lingua^

Andromedan poenas immitis jusserat Amnion.

Quam simul ad duras religatam bracliia cautes 10

Vidit Abantiades ; nisi quod levis aura capillos

1 Gloria renun, qoas mentiria, (he glory cf the exploits qf which you falsely boast.

2 Jliscentem fortia (virba) placidis dictis, mingling threats teith his mild expressions.

3 Quoniam nostra gratia est par\i tibi, since my favour is lightly esteem- ed by you.

4 RetroversQS, turning his face backwards— that he might not also be changed into stone.

5 jEtemo carcere, their eternal prison. Tlie winds are represented as being confined in caves in the JEoUan islands, under the command of ^olus. See Ventus.

6 Admonitor operum, puts men in mind of their work.

7 MatomsB linguae, for her mother's tongue, her mother's boasting. See Cassiope.

FAB. XIV.J PERSEUS AND ANDBOMEPA. 93

Moverat, et trepido manabant lumina fletu,' Marmoreum"^ ratus esset opus ; trahit inscius' ignes, Et stupet ; eximiae correptus imagine fomise, PiEiie suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. 15

Ut stetit,'' 0, dixit, non istis digna catenis, Sed quibus inter se ciipidi junguntur amantes, Pande requirenti nomen terraeque tmimque, Et cur vincla geras. Primo silet ilia, nee audet Appellare Adrum vii-go ; manibusque modestos 20

Celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortia. Ssepius instanti,'' sua ne delicta fateri Nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque, Quantaque matemae fuerit fiducia*' formae, 25

Indicat ; et, nondum memoratis omnibus, unda Insonuit, veniensque immenso bellua ponto Eminet, ct latum sub pectore possidet^ asquor. Conclamat virgo : genitor lugubris et amens Mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia ; 30

Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus Plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent.' Quum sic bospes ait : Lacrimarum longa manere Tempora vos poterunt ; ad opem brevis bora ferendam est. Hanc ego si peterem' Perseus Jove natus et ilia, 35 Q,uam clausam implevit fecundo Jupiter auro, Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alls j^Etherias ausus jactatis ire per auras ; Praeferrer cunctis certe gener : addere tantis

1 Lumina manabant trepido flet u , Tier eyes were flowing iciih trickling tears.

2 Marmoreum opus, a statue o/ marble.

3 Inscius trahit isrnes, though ignorant who she was, he caught the flame/ he fell in love with her,

4 U t stetit, when he alighted — {iis) quibus, tJiose (chains) by tchich.

5 Indicat («) sa;pius instant), she tells him as he repeatedly urged her.

6 Quantaque fidueia maternae formae fuerit, and the grecU confidence her motlter placed in Iter beauty.

7 Possidet sub pectore, covers with his breast.

H Adhaerent in vincto corpore, remain near the chained bods—ot Andromeda. 9 Peterem hanc, should seek her in marriage — et ilia, and her, i. e. Dana*.

94 PEnSEUS AND ANDROMEDA. [book IV,

Dotibus et meritum,^ faveant modo numina, tento. 40 Ut mea sit, servata mea virtute, paciscor. Accipiunt legem,'' quis enim dubitaret ! et orant Promittuntque supei- regnum dotale parentes. . Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro Sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acta lacertis ; 45

Sic fera, dimotis impulsu pectoris undis, Tantura aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere coeli ;' Q,uum sul)it6 juvenis, pedibus tellure repulsa,* Arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo 60

Umbra viri visa est ; visam fera ssevit in umbram. Utque Jovis praepes,^ vacuo quum vidit in arvo Praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconera, Occupat aversum f ueu saeva retorqueat era, Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues : 66

Sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu^ Terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in armo Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras Attollit, modo subdit" aquis modo more ferocis 60

Versat apri, quem turba canum circumsona terret. Ille avidos morsus velocibus efiugit alis ; Quaque patent,'' nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda Desinit in piscem, falcato verbvrat ense. 65

1 Adders et meritum tantis dotibus, to add merit also to so great qualifications.

2 Accipiunt legem, agree to the conditions ; dotale regnum, their king- dom as a dmeri/.

3 Tantum aberat scopulis, quantiim medii coell Balearica funda potest transmittere plumbo torto, teas as far distant from the rocks as a leaden bullet can pass when discharged from a Balearic sling ,- lit. as much of the mid air as a Balearic sling can slioot th rough with a bullet when dischargedfrom it,

4 Tellure repulsa pedibus, spurning the ground wilh hisfeeL

5 Praepes Jovis, the swift bird of Jupiter, i. e. tlie eagle.

6 Occupat {eum) aversum, seizes him behind.

7 Missus prajceps celeri volatu, darting down irilh rapidflight,

8 Subdit (se) aquis, plunges himself under the water.

9 Quaque patent, and wherever they are exposed, viz. his back, sidef , and taU.

FAB. XIV. J PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA. 05

Bellua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus

Ore vomit : maduere graves aspergine pennse ;

Nee bibulis' ultra Perseus talaribus ausus

Credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo

Stantibus exit aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. 70

Nixus eo, rupisque tenens juga prima^ sinistra,

Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum.

Litora cum plausu clamor^ superasque Deorum

Implevere domos. Gaudent generumque salutant,

Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur 75

Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis

Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris.

Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda ;

Anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat arena,

Mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas 80

SteiTiit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusse.

Virga recens bibulaque etiamnum' viva medulla,

Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus,

Percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem.

At pelagi Nymphae factum* mirabile tentant 85

Pluribus in vii'gis, et idem contingere gaudent ;

Seminaque ex illis iterant jactata^ per undas.

Nunc quoque curaliis" eadem natura remansit,

Duritiem tacto capiant ut ab aere ; quodque

"^'imen in aequore crat, fiat super aequora saxura. 90

Fab. XV. — Medusa. Dis tribus* ille focos totidem de cespite ponit,

1 Bibulis talaribus, to his dripping vcings, to his m)}gs now soaked.

2 Prima juga, the outmost ridge ; repetita, struck repeatedly.

3 Clamor cum plausu, ^br clamor et plausus. See 1, 10, 75.

4 Etiamnum viva bibula medulla, still retaining life in its sponge/ pith.

6 Tentant mirabile factum, put the wonderful /act to the test with mart twigs, 1. e. by appljing them to the head of Medusa.

6 Iterant jactata.Jor iterum itenunque jactant, repeatedly/ throw.

7 Curalium, Seelndex.

8 Tribus Dis ille ponit totidem focos de cespite, to three gods he (Per- seus) erects as many altars of turf. A. R. A. 26.3. Media, in the middle. The centre was regarded as the place of honour. Perseus erected altars to Minerva and Mercury, because he was under their special protection, an«!

96 MEDUSA. [book IV.

Laevum Mercurio, dextnim tibi, bellica virgo ; Ara Jovis media est. Mactatur vacca Minervae, AlipedP vitulus ; taurus tibi, siimme Deorum. Protlnus Andromedan et tanti prasmia facti 5

Indotata rapit :' taedas Hymeiiaeus Amorque Praecutiunt ;^ largis satiantur odoribus igncs ; Sertaque dependent tectis ; citharaeque lyraeque Tibiaque et cantus, animi feiicia laeti Argumenta, sonant ; reseratis aurea valvis 10

Atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu . Cephenum procercs ineunt convivia Regis. Postquam epulis functi'' generosi muncre Bacchi Diffudere animos : cultusquc liabitusquc locorum^ Quaerit Abantiades ; quaerenti protinus unus 15

Narrat Lj-ncidcs moresque habitusque virorum. Q,uae simul edocuit, Nunc, O fortissime, dixit, Fare, precor, Perseu, quanta virtute quibusque Artibus abstuleris*^ crinita draconibus ora. Narrat Agenorides, gelido sub Atlante jacentem 20

Esse locum, solidae tutum munimine molis ; Cujus in introitu geminas habit asse sororca Phorcydas, unius partitas' luminis usum ; Id se solerti furtim, dum traditur,^ astu Supposita cepLsse manu ; perque abdita longe 25

was assisted by them in his expedition against Medusa. Minerva is placed on the right of Jupiter, because she was his particular favourite, and had obtained from him this high honour.

1 AMpedi, to the winff-footeii god, i.e. Merc'irt/. Sf-cl, 12,47.

2 itapit, carriuoff—et indotata, even wiUioul the ttoicrp, i.e. the king- dom which her parents had promised him. See 4, 14, 43.

3 Pra>cutiunt tjedas, shake before, carry the torches before Ihem. A.R. A. 404.

i'P\rc\ci\eji\\\\i,havinij finished (he feast. A. R. A. 383. Diffudere ani- mos, cheered their minds. A. R. A. 387.

5 Cultiis habitusque locorum, (he mode of living, and (he condition of the •people of (he country. . . ^

0 Abstulerisora crinita draconibus, you cut qfOielieaa of iMcdusa, haired tcilh sncJ;et, i. c. which had snakes instead cfhair.

7 Partitas usum unius lumiuis, who shared beticeen them the use qf one eye.

8 Dumtraditur, if^i;<;t7(theeye) is passed from Iht one to the other : manu eupposit-i, by slipping in his hand beticeen them, or by dexterously putting hit hand under it and thereby abstracting it.

FAB. XV.] MEDUSA. 97

Deviaque et silvis horrentia saxa fragosis

Gorgoneas tetigisse domos ; passimque per agros

Perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra ferarumque,

In sUicem ex ipsis^ visa conversa Medusa :

Se tamen liorrendee clypei, quod IfEva gerebat, 30

^re repercusso"'' formarn adspexisse Medussc,

Dumque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsanique tenebat,

Eripuisse caput collo ; pennisque fugacem-'

Pegason et fratrem, matris de sanguine natos,

Addidit, et longi non falsa pericula cursus, 85

Q,u£e freta, quas terras sub se vidisset ab alto,

Et quae jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis.

Ante exspectatum* tacuit tamen. Excipit unu3

E numero procerum, quaerens, cur sola sororum

Gesserit altemis immixtos crinibus angues. 40

Hospes ait : Quoniam scitaris digna relatu, Accipe qujesiti causam. Clarissima forma, Multorumque fiiit spes invidiosa procorum Ilia ; nee in tota conspectior' ulla capillis Pars fuit. Inveni, qui se vidisse referret.^ 45

Hanc pelagi rector templo vitiasse Minervae Dicitur. Aversa est et castos aegide vultua Nata Jovis texit ; neve hoc impune fuisset,^ Gorgoneum turpes crinem mutavit in hydros. Nunc quoque, ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes, 50 Pectore in adverse,^ quos fecit, sustinet angues.

1 Ex ipsis (i.e. hominibus ferisque) Medusa visa, from their naturai forms by the sight of Medusa.

2 ^re clypei repercusso, by the reflection of the brass of his shield — of kit brazen shield. The shields of the ancients were so finely polished that they were frequently used as mirrors. A. R. A. 3(K3.

3 Pegason fugacem pennis, wiihflect wings, the winged Pegasus,- fratrem, i. e. Chrysaor.

4 Ante exspectatum, sooner than was expected.

5 In tota conspectior, in her whole person more beautiful.

6 Inveni (homincm), qui referret se vidisse, / have met with a man wAo told me that he had seen il—lhe hair.

7 Neve hoc fuisset impune, and that this crime might not pass unpunished, &e 1,5,1.

8 In adverso pectore, on her breast in front, i. e. on her breastplate, or, according to Homer, on her shield. A. R. A. 222.

1

98 PIII.NErS AND UIS COMPANIONS. [bOOK V.

BOOK V.

Fab. I. — Fhineus and his Companions.

DuMQuE ea Ccphenuni medio Danae'ius heros

Agmine commemorat, fremitu regalia turbae

Atria coraplcntui* ; nee, conjugialia festa

Qui canat,' est clamor, sed qui fera nuntief arma ;

Inque repentinos convivia versa tumultus 5

Assimilare freto possis, quod saeva quietum'

Ventorum rabies metis exasperat undis.

Primus in his Phineus, belli temerarius auctor,

Fraxineam quatiens seratte cuspidis"^ hastam,

En, ait, en adsum praereptae conjugis ultor ; 10

Nee milii te pennae, nee falsum versus* in aurum

Jupiter eripiet. Conanti mittere Cepheus

Quid facis ? exclamat ; quae te, germane, furentem

Mens agit in facinus l^ meritisne haec gratia tantis

Redditur I liac vitam servatae dote rependis \^ 16

Quam tibi non Perseus, veiiim si quaeris, ademit,

Sed grave Nereidum numen, sed corniger Amnion,

Sed quae visceribus veuiebat bellua ponti

Exsaturanda' meis. Illo tibi tempore rapta est,

1 Qui canat conjugialia festa, such as proclaims nuptial /estivitiet. A. R. A. 405.

2 Quietum, though previously calm. The qualifying adjective must often be taken witli a special reference to what goes before or follov.s.

3 ^ratae cuspidis, with a brazen point. Copper, which the ancients ap- pear to have understood how to harden by the admixture of tin, seems to nave been extensively used by them at a very early period, and is generally to be understood when brass is specifically distinguished from gold, silver, and iron. Of this metal they made their armour, both offensive and defen- sive, as well as various other implements, at a time when iron was nearly unknown to them, or too valuable to be much used.

4 Versus in falsum aurum, turned into unreal poM. See 4, 14, 36.

5 Agit te furentem in facinus, jyrompts you in passion to commit Oiis crime.

6 Hac dote repend s vitam {Andromeda) servatse, is it by Uiis reward that you make a recompense for the life of Andromeda who has been saved t

7 Exsaturanda meis visceribus, to be glutted with my bowels, i. e. with my daughter Andromeda.

FAB. 1.] PHINEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. .99

Q,uo peritura fuit. Nisi si, crudeiis, id ipsum 20

Exigis, ut pereat, luctuque levabere nostro.

Scilicet baud satis est, quod te spectante^ revincta est,

Et nullam quod opem patruus sponsusve tulisti :

Insuper, a quoquam quod sit servata, dolebis,

Prffiiniaque eripies 2 quse si tibi magna videntur ; 25

Ex illis scopulis, ubi erant affixa, petisses.^

Nunc sine,^ qui petiit, per quem haec non orba senectus,

Ferre, quod et meritis et voce est pactus ; eumque

Non tibi sed certse praelatum intellige morti.

Ille* nihil contra : sed et hunc et Persea vultu 30

Altemo spectans, petat hunc ignorat an ilium ;

Cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam,

Quantas ira dabat, nequicquam in Persea misit.

Ut stetit ilia toro ;* stratis turn denique Perseus

Exsiluit, teloque ferox inimica remisso , 35

Pectora rupisset, nisi post altaria Phineug

Isset : et, indignum ! scelerato profuit ara.

Fronte tamen Rhceti non irrita cuspis adhaesit ;

Qui postquam cecidit ferrumque ex osse revulsum est,

Palpitat et positas adspergit sanguine mensas. 40

Turn vero indomitas ardescit® vulgus in iras,

Telaque conjiciunt ; et sunt, qui Cephea dicaut

Cum genero debere mori. Sed limine tecti

Exierat Cepheus, testatus jusque fidemque

1 Te spectante, while you looked on with indifference.

2 Petisses ex illls scopulis, ubi affixa erant, you should have brought it (the reward, i. e. Andromeda) /rom the rocks where it was fixed.

3 The order is. Sine (eum), qui petiit, per quem liaec senectus non (est) orba (chadless), ferre (id), quod pactus est et meritis et voce, which lie /las gained by his scT^ices, and ivhich he stipulated for by vjords. Pactus est strictly refers only to voce, but is to be taken here as applicable also to meritis.

4 lUe, i. e. Phineus (dixit), — hunc, i. e. Cepheus ; ignorat, is in doubt.

5 ToTO, in the pillow,- eKstiuitstraXia, sprung from the couch. Ovid hera applies to the Ethiopians the practice of reclining on sofas at table, which existed among the Romans, and which they probably borrowed from the nations of the east. A. R. A. 371. Stratum properly signifies that which was laid on a couch, a bolster, mattress, &c.

6 Vulgus ardescit in indomitas iras, the company burst forth into unffo- vernable rage.

100 PHINEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. [BOOK V.

Hospitiique Decs, ca se prohibente moveri.' 45

Bellica Pallas adest, et protegit segide fratrcm,*

Datque aniiuos. Erat Indus Athis, quern, flumine Gange

Edita, Limnate vitreis peperisse sub antris

Creditur, egregius fonna, quam divite cultu

Augebat, bis adhuc octonis integer annis ;' 50

Indutus chlamydem Tyriam, quam limbus obibat*

Aureus ; ornabant aui-ata monilia coUum,

Et madidos myrrha curvum crinale" capillos.

Ille quidem jaculo quamvis distantia misso

Figere" doctus erat, sed tendere doctior arcus. 55

Turn quoque lenta manu flectentem" cornua Perseus

Stipite, qui media positus fumabat in ara,

Perculit, et fractis confudit* in ossibus era.

Hunc ubi laudatos jactantem in sanguine vultus

Assyrius vidit Ly cabas, junctissunus illi 60

Et comes et veri non dissimulator amoi'is ;

Postquam exlialantem sub acerbo vulnere vitam

Deploravit Atliin ; quos ille tetenderat, arcus

Arripit, et, Mecum tibi sijit cei-tamina, dixit ;

Nee longum puei-i fato laetabere, quo plus G5

Invidiae quam laudis habes. Hsec omnia nondum

Dixerat : emicuit nervo penetrabile telum,**

Vitatumque tamen sinuosa veste'" pependit.

Vertit in buuc harpen spectatam csede Medusae

1 Ea moveri se prohibente, that this disturbance was excited, notwiOt- ttandinp his altemjits to prevent it.

2 Fratrem, i. e. Perseus, who, as son of Jupiter, was tlie brother of Pallas.

3 Adhuc integer bis octonis annis, stiU in the bloom of youth, t>eing six- teen years old.

4 Aureus limbus obibat, a golden fringe surrounded. A. R- A. 310.

5 Cunnun crinale, a crooked hair-pin. A. U. A. 362.

6 Figere quamvis distantia misso jaculo, to strike (Ejects though distant try throwing the javelin.

7 Flectentem lenta cornua, while bending the flexible ends of his boic.

8 Confudit ora in fractis ossibus, obliterated his features by breaking the bones of his head. The preposition in should probably be considered as re- dundant.

9 Penetrabile teluti emicuit nervo, the piercing arrow sprung from the string.

10 Sinuos^ veste, in the folds of his garments.

FAB. 1.2 PHIXEUS AND HIS CO.MPANIONS. 101

Acrisioniades, adigitque in pectus : at ille, 70

Jam moriens, oculis sub nocte natantibus atra, Cii'cunispexit Athin, seque acclinavit in ilium, Et tulit ad Manes junctse solatia mortis. Nee Piiineus ausus concurrere cominus liosti, Intorquet jaculum, quod detulit error in Idan, 75

Expertem fnistra belli et neutra arma secutum.' Ille tuens oculis immitem. Phinea torvis, Quandoquidem in partes, ait, attralior : accipe, Phineu, Quern fecisti hostem, pensaque hoc vulnere vulnus ! Jamque remissurus tractum de corpore telum 80

Sanguine defectos cecidit collapsus"' in artus.

Hie quoque Cepbenum post Regem primus Odites Ense jacet Clymeni ; Protboenora percutit Hypseus ; Hypsea Lyncides. Fuit et graudaevus in illis Ematbion, aequi cultor timidusque Deorum ; 85

Q,uem quoniam probibent anni bellare, loquendo Pugnat, et incessit' scelerataque devovet arma. Huic Cbromis amplexo tremulis altaria palmis Demetit ense caput,* quod protiaus ineidit arae, Atque ibi semanimi verba exsecrantia lingua 90

Edidit, et medios animam exspiravit in ignes.

Plustamen exbausto superest;^ namque omnibus unum Opprimere est animus : conjurata undique pugnant Agmina pro causa meritum impugnante fidemque.* Hac pro parte^ socer fi-ustra plus et nova conjux 95 Cum genitrice favent, ululatuque atria complent.

1 Secutmn neutra arma, who had followed the arms of neither, had Joined neither party in arms.

2 Collapsus cecidit in artus defectos sanguine, sinking, he fen upon htt limbs now drained of blood.

3 Incessit devovetque, inveighs against and execrates.

4 Demetit ense caput huic amplexo altaria, cuts off his head with his sword while he embraced the altar.

5 Plus exhausto superest, more than had been accomplished stUl remains.

6 Impugnante meritum fidemque, which opposed merit and the fulfilment of a promise, i. e. the services of Perseus in rescuing Andromeda, and the promise made to him by Cepheus.

7 Favent pro hac parte, for huic parti, favour Viis party, i. e. that of Perseus.

i2

102 PHINEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. [bOOK V.

Sed souus armonim superat gcmitusque cadentuni,

Pollutosque semel multo BcUona penatis

Sanguine pcrfundit, reuovataquc proelia miscet.

Circueunt ununi Phineus ct niille sccuti' IGO

Phinea : tela volant hiberua grondinc plura^

PriEter utrumque latus, prseterque et lumen et aures.

Applicat hie bumeros ad magnse saxa columnae,

Tutaque terga gerens advei*saque in agmina versus,

Sustinet instantes. Instabant parte finistra 10.5

Chaonius Molpeus, dextra Nabataeus Etlieinon.

Tigris ut, auditis diversa valle diiorum

ExstimuUita fame mugitibus armentorum,

Nescit, utro'^ potius ruat, et mere ai-det utroque :

Sic dubius Perseus, dextra laevane feratur,* 110

Molpea trajecti submovit vulnere cruris,

Contentusque fuga est : neque enimdat tempus Ethemon,

Sed furit et, cupiens alto dare viilnera collo,

Non circumsp' ctis exactum^ vii-ibus ensem

Fregit ; et extrema percussae pai-te columnse 115

Lamina dissiluit,*' dominique in gutture fixa est.

Non tamen ad letum causas satis ilia valentes

Plaga dedit : trepidum Perseus, et inerinia fnistra

Brachia tendentem Cyllenidc confodit hai-pe.

Verum ubi virtutem turbce succurabere' vidit; 120

Auxilium, Perseus, quoniam sic cogitis ipsi.

Dixit, ab hoste petam. Vultus avertite vestros.

Si quis amicus adest ! et Goi-gonis extulit era.

Quaere alium, tua quern moveant miracula, dixit

Thescelus ; utque manu jaculum fatale parabat 125

1 Secuti Pliinea, teJio/oUoieed Phi nan ; the attendants of Phinau.

2 Piura hiberna grandine, thicker Vuin the hail in winter.

3 Utr6, ichich way ; utriique, both ujys.

4 (L'trum) feratur dextra laevaue, tcheiher he shoxtid charge on the right luxnii or on the l(fL

5 Exactum noncircinnspectisviribus, hurled icith inconsiderate strength.

6 IMssiluit extrenii parte, teat shivered against the surface.

1 Virtiitcm succumbere turba», that his courage was giving xcajf under the multitude of cr.emi; j.

FAB. J.] PHl.VECS AND HIS COMPAXIOKS. 103

Mittere, in lioc liicsit signum de marmore gestu,'

Proximus huic Ampyx animi i)leni5sima inagni

Pectoia Lyiicida; gladio petit ; inque petendo

Dcxtera diriguit nee citia mota nee nltra.

At Nileus, qui £C gcnitum septemplice Nilo 130

Ementitus erat, clypeo quoque fluniina septem

Argento partim partim caslaverat auro,

Adspice, ait, Perseu, nostras primordia gentis :

Magna feres tacitas solatia mortis ad umbras,

A tanto cecidisse viro. Pars ultima vocis 13S

In medio suppressa sono" est ; adapertaque velle

Ora loqui credas, nee sunt ea pervia verbis.

Inerepat hos, Vitioque animi, non viribus, inquit

Gorgoneis torpetis, Eryx ; incumte mecum,

Et prostcmite humi juvenemmagicaarmamoventem;! 141)

Incursurus erat ; tcnuit vestigia tellus,

Immotusque silcx armataque mansit imago.

Hi tamen ex merito poenam subiere ; sed unus Miles erat Persei, pro quo dum pugnat, Aconteus, Gorgone conspecta saxo concrevit oborto. 146

Quem ratus Astyages etiamnum vivere, longo Ense fcrit : sonuit tinnitibus eusis acutis.^ Dum stupet Astyages, naturam traxit eaudem, Marmorcoque manet vultus mirantis^ in ore. Nomina longa mora est media de plebe^ viromm 150 Dicere : bis centum restabant corpora pugnse ; Gorgone bis centum riguenint corpora visa. Pcenitet injusti nunc denique Phinea belli. Sed quid agat ? Simulacra videt diversa figuris, Agnoscitque sues, et nomine quemque vocatos® 155

1 na°sit signum de nmrmore in hoc gestu, he remained a statiteitfrnartU in thit ■position.

2 In medio sono, in the middle (if the sound, i. e. while the words were in the act of being pronounced.

3 Sonuit acutis tinnitibus, rung with, a shrill tinkling.

4 Vultus rairantis, the look of one wondering, a look of surprise. 6 De media plebe,/rCT» among the common people.

6 Vocatos quemque nomine, called each by his name.

104 PHINEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. [bOOK V.

Poscit opem ; credensque parum, sibi proxima tangit Corpora : marmor erant. Avertitur, atque ita supplex Confessasque manus obliquaque brachia' tendens Vincis, ait, Pei-seu : remove fera monstra, tuaeque Saxificos vultus, quaecumque- ea, tolle Medusa, 160 Tolle, precor : non nos odium regnive cupido Compulit ad bellum : pro conjuge movijnus arma. Causa fuit meritis' melior tua, tempore nostra. Non cessisse piget.'' Nihil, 0 fortissime, praeter Hanc animam concede mihi : tua cetera sunto. 166

Talia dicenti neque eum, quern voce rogabat, Respicere audenti. Quod, ait, timidissime Phineu, Et possum tribuisse^ et magnum munus inerti est,* Pone metum, tribuam : nuUo violabere ferro. Q,uin etiam mansura dabo monumenta per sevum, J 70 Inque domo soceri semper spectabere nostri, Ut mea se sponsi soletur imagine conjux.

Dixit, et in partem^ Phorcynida transtulit illam, Ad quam se trepido Phineus obverterat ore. Tum quoque conanti sua flectere lumina cervix 176 Diriguit, saxoque oculorum induruit humor. Sed tamen os timidum vultusque in marmore supplex Submissaeque manus faciesque obnoxia mansit.

Fab. rV. — Pyreneus and the Muses. Hactenus aurigenae' comitem Tritonia fratri

1 l^Ianus confessas brachiaque obliqua, hii hands in acknotcUdgment <if hU d(feat, and his arms sideicay* — ^because he was Etandiog with his ia.ce turned away from Perseus.

2 Quaecumque ea {sit), whosoever she may be.

3 Mentis, in point of merit ; tempore, in point of time.

4 Piget {me) non cessisse, it grieves me that I did not give way, I. e. did not quietly allow Andromeda to be given to you in marriage.

5 Tribuisse, to grant ; tribuisse is here used in the sense of an aoritt, and ie to be translated as a present.

6 Et (quod) est magnum munus inerti, arul what is a great boon to a coward, i. e. lift.

7 In illam partem, to that side.

8 Aurigens fratri, to her gML-begotten broOter, i. e. to Perseus. See i, 1,46.

\

FAB. IV. J PYRENEUS AND THE MUSES. 105

Se dedit. Inde cava cii-cumdata nube Seriphon

Deserit, a dextra Cythno Gyaroqiie relictis ;

Quaque super pontiim via visa brevissima, Thebas

Vii'giaeumque Helicona petit ; quo monte potita' 5

Constitit, et doctas sic est affata sorores :

Fama novi fontis nostras pervenit ad aures.

Dura Mcdusaei quern praepetis ungula rupit.

Is milii causa viae : volui mii-abile monstrum

Cemere ; vidi ipsum niaterno sanguine nasci.* 10

Excipit Uranie : Quaecumque est causa videndi

Has tibi, Diva, domos, animo gratissima nostro est.

Vera tamen fama est, et Pegasus hujus origo

Fontis ; et ad latices deducit Pallada sacros.

Quae, mirata diu factas pedis ictibus undas, 1 5

Silvarum lucos circumspicit antiquarum,

Antraque et innumeris distinctas floribus herbas ;

Felicesque^ vocat pariter studiique locique

Mnemonidas. Q,uam sic affata est una sororum :

0, nisi te vii-tas opera ad majora tulisset, 20

In partem ventura chori* Tritonia nostri,

Vera refers, meritoque probas artesque locvunque ;

Et gratam sortem, tutae modo simus, habemus.

Sed, vetitum est* adeo sceleri nihil, omnia terrent

Virgineas mentes, dirusque ante ora Pyreneus 2o

Vertitur, et nondum me tota mente recepi.

Daulia Threicio Phoceaque mUite rura

Ceperat ille ferox, injustaque regna tenebat.®

Templa petebamus Parnassia : vidit euntes,

1 Potit.i quo monte, Mving reached Oiis mountain ,- doctas sorores, the teanied sisters, i. e. the Muses, who arc called doctce, tn distinguish them from the Fates and Furies, who are merely termed sorores. A. R. A. 227 and 229. 5ee4, 11,50.

2 Nasci raatemo sanguine, spring from his mother's Wood. See Pegasus.

3 Pariter felices studiique locique, hajipy alike in their pursuits and their place of abode.

4 I;j partem nostri chori, to form a part of our company.

5 Adeo nihil est vetitum sceleri, so entirely is wickedness uncontrolled in any thing,- vertitur ante ora, is still b^ore our faces.

6 Tenebat Injusta rcgna, held the government of it unjustly, i. e. of Phocis-

106 PYRENEUS AND THE MUSES. £b00K V.

Nostraque fallaci veneratus numina cultu, 30

Mnemonides, cognorat enim, consistite, dixit,

Nee dubitate, precor, tecto grave sidus' et imbrem,

Imber erat, vitare meo : subiere niiuores

Saepe casas Superi. Dictis et tempore motae

Annuimusque viro, primasque intravimus sedes.'^ 35

Desierant imbres, victoque Aquilonibus Austro'

Fusca repurgato fugiebant nubila coelo.

Impetus ire fuit ;* claudit sua tecta Pyreneus,

Vimque parat, quam nos sumptis effugimus alia.

Ipse secuturo similis stetit arduus arce : 40

Q,uaque via est vobis, erit et mihi, dixit, eadem.

Seque jacit vecors e summae culmine turris,^

Et cadit in vultus, discussique ossibus oris

Tundit humum moriens scelerato sanguine tinctam.

Fab. V. — The Pierides and the Muses.

MusA loquebatur f pennae sonuere per auras, Voxque salutantum ramis veniebat ab altis. Suspicit, et linguae quaerit tarn certa loquentes' Unde sonent, hominemque putat Jove nata*" locutum. Ales erat, numeroque novem, sua fata querentes, 5

Institerant ramis imitantes omnia picae.^

1 Grave sidns, Vie bad tueafhcr, the storm. The ancients believed that rtornis were occasioned by the rising and setting of certain constellations.

2 Primas aedes, the first apartment of his house, i. e. the atrium or outer court. A. R. A. 451.

3 Austro victo Aquilonibus, after the south wind had been defeated by the north tni/ids. This expression is founded upon the idea that in a storm the winds fought with each other. The north wind is here represented as the conqueror. A. R. A. 473.

4 Impetus fuit ire, it was our earnest desire to go; sumptis alis, by tak- ing wings, i. e. by firing away.

5 E culmine sumfnae turris./rojn the roof of the highest turret.

6 The change of time in loquebatur, sonuere, and veniebat, is worth ob- •erving. The first expresses the continuation of the discourse, the second the sudden appearance of the unexpected visitants, and the third the im- mediate emission of the sound.

7 Loquentes tam certa, which spoke so distinctly.

8 Nata Jove, the daughter of Jupiter-, i. e. Minerva.

9 Picae imitantes omnia, magpies which imitate every tort of sound ; in- •titerant, hadperched themselves.

FAB. v.] THE PIERIDE8 AND THE MUSES. 107

Miranti sic orsa Deae^ Dea : Nuper et istae

Auxerunt volucrem victce certamine tuibam.

Pieros has genuit Pellseis dives in arvis ;

Paeonis Euippe mater fait : ilia potentem 10

Lucinam novies, novies paritura, vocavit.

Intumiiit'^ numero stolidarum turba soroinim,

Perque tot Hcemonias et per tot Aclia'idas urbes

Hue venit, et tali committunt proelia voce :

Desinite indoctum vana dulcedine viilgvts 15

Fallere ; nobiscum, si qua est fiducia^ vobis,

Thespiades certate Deas : nee voce nee arte

Vincemur, totidemque sumus. Vel cedite victse

Fonte Medusaeo et Hyantea Aganippe ;

Vel nos Emathiis ad JPaeonas usque nivosos 20

Cedamus campis : dirimant' certamine Nymphse.

Turpe quidem contendere erat ; sed cedere visum

Turpius : electae jurant per flumina Nympbse,

Factaque de vivo'^ pressere sedilia saxo.

Tunc, sine sorte prior quae se certare professa est,^ 25

Bella canit Superum ; falsoque in honore Gigantas

Ponit, et extenuat magnorum facta Deorum,

Emissumque ima de sede Typhoea terrae

Coelitibus fecisse metum ; cunctosque dedisse

Terga fugae, donee fessos ^Egyptia tellus 30

Ceperit et septem discretus in ostia Nilus.

Hue quoque terrigenam venisse Typhoea narrat,

Et se mentitis Superos celasse figuris -^

1 Deae, i. e. Minerva / Dea, i. e. the muse Urania; certamine, in a con- test with us, i. e. with the Muses. A. R. A. 227.

2 lutumuit numero, bccavte proud of their nximher ; tot, a great nump (used absolutely) ; committunt prcelia, challenpe us to a contest.

3 Si qua fiducia est vobis, i/i/oa have any conjidaxce in your skill in music.

4 Dirimant, decide the contest ; turpe, disgracrful (for the muses) ; cedere, to decline the coiiiest.

5 De vivo saxo, of natural stone, of stone in its natural state.

6 Qua; prior sine sorte professa est se certare, she viho first, mlhout Oie easting of lots, offered to contend with us; gave her name that she would strive with us, certare being used for certaturam esse. It was usual to decide by lot (sorte) whicli party should begin the contest ; here one of the Pierides presents herself without this ceremony. A. 11. A. 243.

7 Celasse se mentitis figuris, concealed themselves tinder false shape*.

108 THE PIERIDES AND THE Ml'SES. [BOOK V.

Duxque gregis,' dixit, fit Jupit.r ; unde rccurvis Nunc quoqueformatusLibvs estcumcornibus Ammon. 35 Delius in corvo, proles Semelei'a capro, Fele sorer Phoebi, nivea Satumia vacca, Pisce Venus latuit, Cyllenius ibidis alis.

Hactenus ad citharam vocalia moverat era : Poseimur Aonides : sed forsitan otia non sunt, 40

Nee nostris praebcre vacat tibi cantibus aures.^ Ne dubita, vostrumque mihi refer ordine carmen, Pallas ait, nemorisque levi consedit in umbra. Musa refert : dedimus sunimam certaminis uni/^ Surgit, et immissos hedera collecta* capillos 45

Calliope querulas praetentat pollice chordas, Atque haec percussis subjungit carmina nervis.

Fab. VI. — The Rape of Proserpine.

Prima Ceres unco glebam dimovit' aratro ; Prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris ; Prima dedit leges ; Cereris sumus'' omnia munus. Ula canenda mihi est. Utinam modo dicere possem Carmina digna' Dcae ! certe Dea carmine digna est. 5 Vasta giganteis injecta est insula membris Trinacris, et magnis subjectum molibus urget ^therias ausum^ sperare T}"pboea sedes. Nititur ille quidem pugnatque resurgere saepe ; Dextra sed Ausonio manus est subjecta Peloro ; 10

1 Dili gr^is, the leader of a flock, \. e. a he-goat.

2 Nee vacat tibi prsebere aurcs nostris caotibus, nor fiave you time to lend an ear to our tongs.

3 Dedimus summam certaminis uni, rce astifmed thi whoU of the conlett, the ichole contest to one of our number, i. e. to Calliope. See 5, 5, 25.

4 Collecta {secundum] immh^s cafMosheden, having her longhair tied up icith a sprig of ivy. A. I?. A. 362.

5 Dimovit glebam, turned up the clods, the soil. A. K. A. 463.

6 Nos omnia sumus munus Cereris, tre and all that we possess are tht gift of Ceres. A. U. A. 223.

7 Digna is here joined with the genitire instead of the more common construction with the ablative.

8 Ausum sperare sidercas sedes, who dared to hope to get possession (tfOvt ttarry mansions.

FAB. VI.] THE RAPE OF PROSERPINE. 109

Laeva, Pachyne, tibi ; Lilyboeo ciTira premimtur ; Degravat jEtna caput ; sub qua resupinus arenas Ejectat, flammamque fero vomit ore Typhoeus. Ssepe remoliri^ luctatur pondera teiTse, Oppidaque et niagnos evolvere corpora moiitcs. 16

Inde tremit tellus, et rex^ pavet ipse Silentum, Ne pateat latoque solum retegatur^ liiatu, Immissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras. Hanc metuens cladera tenebrosa sede tyrannus Exierat ; cuiTuqiie atrorum vectus equoiiim 20

Ambibat Siculse cautus fundamina teri'se. Postquam exploratum satis est, loca nulla labare/ Depositique metus ; videt hunc Erycina vagantem jS'Ionte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem, Anna manusque mese, mea, nate, potentia, dixit, 25 Ilia, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido, Inque Dei pectus celeres molire^ sagittas, Cui triplicis cessit fortuna novissima regni.^ Tu Superos ipsumque Jovem, tu numina ponti Victa domas ipsumque, regit qui numina ponti. 30

Tartara quid cessant V cur non matrisque tuumque Imperium profers ? Agitur^ pars tertia mundi. Et tamen in coelo, quae jam patientia^ nostra est, Spernimur, ac riiecum vires tenuantur Amoris. Pallada nonne vides jaculatricemque Dianam 35

1 Remoliri pondera terras, to remove from him Vie load ofearlh.

2 Rex Silentum, tte king of the silent shades, i. e. Pluto. A. R. A. 2iJ9.

3 Solumque retegatur lato hiatu, and the ground be parted by a wide chasm or opening.

4 Nulla loca labare, that no places were giving ivay.

5 Molire celeres sagittas in pectus Dei, discharge your swift arrows against the bt-east of the god, i. e. Pluto.

6 Cui novissima fortuna triplicis regni cessit, to ivhom the last portion of the triple kingdom fell, i. e. of the kingdom when divided into three parts — in allusion to the division of Saturn's kingdom, which took place after the ex- pulsion of that god from heaven. See Satvu-nus.

7 {Propter} quid Tartara cessant, ifA^/ is Tartarus neglected? i.e. why is Tartarus notalso subdued and added to my kingdom ? See Tartarus.

8 Agitur, is at stake, is in danger of being lost.

9 Quse jam est nostra patientia, hoie great is noio my remissness, or patience.

110 THE RAPE OP PROSERPINE. [BOOK T.

Abscessisse' mihi ? Cereris quoque filia virgo,

Si patiemur, crit : nam spes afFcctat easdem.

At tu, pro socio si qua est mea gratia"'' regno,

Junge' Deam patruo. Dixit Venus ; ille pharetram

Solvit, et arbitrio matris de mUle sagittis 40

Unam seposuit, sed qua nee acutior ulla,

Nee minus ineerta est, nee quae niagis audiat* arcum ;

Oppositoque genu' curvavit flexile cornu,

In que cor hamata percussit arundino Ditem.

Haud procul HennEeis lacus est a moenibus altse, 45 Nomine Fergus, aquce : non illo plura Caystros Carmina cygnoi-um labentibus audit in undis. Silva coronat aquas, cingens latus omne, suisque Frondibus, ut velo,'' Phoebeos submovet ignes. Frigora dant rami, varies humus humida flores ; 50

Perpetuum ver est. Q,uo dum Proserpina luco Ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit, M

Dumque puellari studio calathosque' sinumque V

Implet, et sequales certat superare legendo ; Psene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti : 66

Usque adeo properatur amor.* Dea territa ma?sto Et matrem et comites, sed matrem ssepius, ore Clamat ; et, ut sixmma vcstem laniarat ab era,' Collecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis ; Tantaque simplicit^s puerilibus adfuit annis, 60

1 Abseessisse mihi, have eluded me, i. e. have been allowed to make vows of perpetual celibacy. See I, 10, 36.

2 Si mea gratia est qua, if my influence with pott is anp thing — a form of expression frequently employed in entreaties. See 4, 11, 121.

3 Junge Deam patruo, unite the goddess to her uncle, i. e. Proserpine to Pluto. A. R. A. 229.

4 Nec quae magis audiat arcum, nor which would be more obedient to the t>ou\ i. e. would be more easily put in motion, or fly more rapidly.

5 Genuque opposito, and setting out his knee — assuming the posture of an archer when bending his bow.

6 Ut velo, as with an awning, — a form of expression borrowed from the amphitheatres, where an awTiir.i; was spread to protect the spectators from rain and from the rays of the sun. A. R. A. 285.

7 Calathos. See 4," 1,10. Superare aequales legendo, to excel her coevals in gathering flowers.

8 Aded lisque amor properatur, to suck a degree is his love accelerated, a See 3, 6, 79.

FAB. VI.] TUB RAPE OP PROSERPINE. Ill'

Usee quo^ue virgineum movit jactura dolorem. Raptor agit currus, et nomine quemque vocatos' Exhortatur equos, quorum per colla jubasque Excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine"'' habenas ; Perque lacus altos et olentia sulfure fertur 65

Stagna Palicorum, nipta ferventia terra ; Et qua Bacchiadse, bimari gens orta Corintho, Inter insequales^ posuerunt mcenia portus. Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae, Quod coit angustis inclusum cornibus, asquor. 70

Hie fuit, a cujus stagnum quoque nomine dictum est, Inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima Nymphas ; Gurgite quce medio summa tenus exstitit alvo/ Agnovitque Deam : Nee longius ibitis, inquit ; Non potes invitoe Cereris gener esse : roganda, 75

Non rapienda fuit.* Quod si componere magnis Parva mihl fas est, et me dilexit Anapis ; Exorata tamen, nee, ut liaec, exterrita nupsi.^ Dixit, et in partes diversas brachia tendens Obstitit. Hand ultra tenuit Satumius ii-am ; 80

Terribilesque hortatus equos, in gurgitis ima' Contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto Condidit : ieta viam tellus in Tartara fecit, Et pronos currus medio cratere* recepit. At Cyane, raptamque Deam contemptaque fontis 85

1 Sees, 1, 155. The names of Pluto's horses, according to Claudian, were, Orphnceus, MOion, Nycteus, and Alastor.

2 Tinctas obscura ferrugine, dyed with a dark rusty colour,

3 Inter inaiquales portus, between two harbours of unequal size, i. e. Sy- racuse. See Syracusas.

4 Summa tenus alvo, as far as the upper part of the belly.

6 Fuit roganda non rapienda, she ought to have been asked (from her mother) , not seized by violence.

6 Nupsi tamen (ej) exorata nee (for et non) exterrita ut haec, I married! Mm, however, in consequence of being courted, and not from being fright- ened into it, as she is.

7 In ima (parte) gurgitis, in the bottom of the pool.

8 Medio cratere, in the centre of the opening. Crater most commonly signifies a, bowl, in which the ancients mixed their wine with water, and from which they poured it into smaller vessels, as we do into glksses. A. R. A. 394.

1 12 THE KAPE OF PROSERPINE. [bOOK V.

Jura' sui moerens, inconsolabile Tulnus

Mente gerit tacita, lacrimisque absumitur omnis ;

Et, quarum fuerat magnum modo numen, in illas

Extenuatur aquas.'* Molliri membra vitleres,

Ossa pati flexus, ungues posuisse rigorem ; 90

Primaque de tota tenuissima quaeque^ liquescunt,

Carulei crines digitique et crura pedesque :

Nam brevis in gelidas membris exilibus' undas

Transitus est. Post bsec tergumque humerique latusque

Pectoraque in tenues abeunt evanida rivos ; 95

Denique pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas

LjTnpha subit ; restatque nihil, quod prendere possia.

Fab. Xll.—Stelks.

Ikterea pavidae nequicquam filia"' matri

Omnibus est terris, omni quaesita profundo.

Ulam non rutUis veniens Aurora capillis

Cessantem vidit, non Hesperus ; ilia duabus

FlammLfera pinus manibus succendit ab iEtna, 5

Perque pruinosas tulit iiTequieta^ tenebras.

Rursus, ut alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam

Solis ad occasum soils quserebat ab ortu.

Fessa labore sitim collegerat, oraque nulli

CoUuerant fontes ;' quum tectam stramine vidit 10

Forte casani, parvasque fores pulsavit : at inde

Prodit anus, Divamque videt, lympliamque roganti

Dulce dedit, tost a quod coxerat ante polenta.*

1 Jura, rights, or privileges ; because Pluto, without her consent, forced his way through her waters to the infernal regions.

2 Estenuatur in illas aquas, if melted away into those maters.

3 Quaeque tenuissima, a>l the most slender parts.

4 Brevis transitus est exilibus membris, the transition of these slender patis is short.

5 Filia, i. e. Proserpine ; Matre, i. c. Cera. A. R. A. 223.

6 Irrequieta tulit, restlessly carried them.

7 NulU fontes coUuerant era, no fountains had moistened her lips.

8 Dedit dulce quod ante coxerat tosta polenta, gave her a sxce-t drink tchich she had previously extracted from dried rwUt. The drink her» alluded to is called by Cicero cinnus, and is said to have consisted of water mixed with polenta, honey, wine, flowers, and cheese.

FAB. VII.] STELLES. 113

Dum bibit ilia datum, diiri puer oris et audax Constitit ante Deam, risitque avidamque vocavit. 16 OfFensa est, neque adhuc epota parte loquentem Cum liquido mixta perfudit Diva polenta. Combibit os maculas,' et, qua modo brachia gessit. Crura gerit ; cauda est mutatis addita membris ; Inque brevem formam, ne sit vis magna nocendi, 20 Contrahitur, parvaque minor mensura lacerta est, Mirantem flentemque et tangere monstra parantem Fugit anum, latebramque petit ; aptumque colori Nomen habet, variis stellatus corpora guttis."

Fab. VIII. — Ascalaphus.

Q,UAs Dea per terras et quas erraverit undas,

Dicere longa mora est : quserenti defuit orbis.'

Sicaniam repetit ; dumque omnia lustrat eundo,

Venit et ad Cyanen. Ea, ni mutata fuisset,

Omnia narrasset ; sed et os et lingua volenti 5

Dicere non aderant, nee, quo loqueretur, habebat.*

Signa tanien manifesta dedit, notamque parenti

Illo forte loco delapsam' in gurgite sacro,

Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis.

Quam simul agnovit, tanquam tum denique raptam 10

Scisset,^ inornatos laniavit Diva capillos,

Et repetita suis percussit'^ pectora palmis.

Nee scit adhuc ubi sit ; terras tamen increpat omnes,

Ingratasque vocat nee frugum munere dignas,

1 Os combibit maculas, his face imbibed the drops.

2 Stellatus (secwidum) corpora variis guttis, having his body speckled with various spots — hence called stellio, a kind of lizard with shining spots on its back which resemble stars ; a newt or evet.

3 Orbis defuit {illi) quaerenti, the tvorld was exhausted by her in her search, i. e. she had searched every part of the world.

4 Nee habebat, quo loqueretur, nor had she any other organ therewith the could speak.

5 Forte delapsam illo loco, which had happened to drop from her in that place.

6 Tanquam tum denique scisset (earn) raptam (esse), as if she had then only discovered that her daughter had been carried off.

7 Repetita percussit, repeatedly struck. See 4, 14, 72.

114 ASCALAPHUS. [bo'ok V.

Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni 15

Reperit. Ergo illic sseva vertentia glebas

Fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos

Ruricolasque bovcs leto dedit,^ arvaque jussit

Fallere depositum,' vitiataque semina fecit.

Fertilitas terras, latum vulgata per orbem, 20

Cassa jacet ;* prtniis segetes moriuntur in herbis ;'^

Et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corripit imber ; j

Sideraque ventique nocent ; avidaeque volucres m

Semina jacta legunt ; lolium tribulique fatigant^

Triticeas messes et inexpugnabile gramen. 25

Turn caput Eleis Alpheias extulit undis, Rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures, Atque ait : O toto quaesitae virginis orbe Et frugum genitrix, immensos siste labores, Neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae.' 30

Terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinse.* Nee sum pro patria supplex : hue hospita veni ; Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortum. Sicaniam pcregrina colo ; sed gratior omni Haec mUii terra solo est : hos nunc Arethusa penates,' 35 Hanc habeo sedem ; quam tu, mitissima, serva.^'' Mota loco cur sim,^' tantique per aequoris undas Advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora Tempestiva meis, quum tu curisque levata Et vultus melioris eris. I\Iihi pervia tellus 40

1 Vestigia damni, (he tokens of her loss, i. e. Proserpine's girdle.

2 Irataque dedit parili leto, in her anger doomed to the same death.

3 Fallere depositum, to disappoint the expectation qf a return o/ what teas deposited in them.

4 Jacet cassa, lies useless, is entirely destroyed.

5 In priraia herbis, in the first blade.

6 Fatigant triticeas messes, choke the crops of wheat, i.e. render It difficult for the wheat to grow ; gramen, weeds.

7 Neve violenta ir.iscerc terrx, and be not rashly angry with a land.

8 Patuitque invita rapina;, and opened against its will to the carrying i^ofyiAir daughter.

9 Arethusa nunc habeo hos penates, / Arethusa now have this as iny abode. A. R. A. 230.

10 Quam tu, mitissima, serva, which do you most graciously preserve.

11 Cur mota sim loco, uhy I have been removedfrom my native country.

FAB. VIII.J ASCALAPHUS. J 16

Praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas '

Hie caput attollo, desuetaque sidera cerno.

Ergo, dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor,

Visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris.

Ilia quidem tristis nee adliuc interrita vultu ;* 45

Sed regina tamen, sed opaei maxima niundi,^

Sed tamen infemi pollens matrona tyranni.

Mater ad auditas stupuit, ceii saxea, voces, Attonitseque diu similis fuit : utque dolore Pulsa gravi gravis est amentia ;* curribus auras 60

Exit in aetlierias. Ibi toto nubUa vultu^ Ante Jovem passis stetit invidiosa'^ capUlis : . Proque meo supplex veni tibi, Jupiter, inquit. Sanguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, Nata patrem moveat ; neu sit tibi cura,^ precamur, 55 Vilior illius, quod nostro est edita, partu. En quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta c st ; Si reperire vocas amittere certius ; aut si Scire ubi sit, reperii-e vocas. Quod rapta, feremus ;' Dummodo reddat cam ; neque enim praedone marito 60 Filia digna tua est, si jam mea filia digna est. Jupiter excepit : Commune est pignus onusque Nata mihi tecum f sed, si modo nomina rebus Addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, Verum amor est ; neque erit nobis gener ille pudori : 65 Tu modo. Diva, velis. Ut desint cetera : quantum est

1 Ablataque subter imas cavernas, and proceeding along the low caverns.

2 Interrita vultu, without fear in her looks.

3 Maxima opaci mundi, the greatest woman in the world of darkness, i. e. the queen of the infernal regions.

4 Utque gravis amentia pulsa est gravi dolore, and when her violent phrenzy was removed by intense grief.

5 Nubila toto vultu, with a gloom over her whole countenance.

6 Invidiosa,^Kerf with indignation— aX Jupiter for not exercising greater vigilance in the government of the world, and at Pluto for carrying off her daughter.

7 Neu cura illius sit vilior tibi, nor let your regard for her be the less.

8 Feremus qufcd rapta est, / wiU bear teith it that she was carried off by force.

9 Nata est commune pignus onusque mihi tecum, your daughter it a common pledge, and a common charge to you and to me.

116 ASCALAPHUS. [bOOK V.

Esse Jo vis fratiem !' quid, quod"^ nee cetera desunt,

Nee cedit nisi sorte' mihi ! sed tanta cupido

Si tibi discidii est ; vepetet Proserpina coelum :

Lege tamen certa, si nullos eontigit illic 70

Ore cibos : nam sic Parcainim fcedere cautum est.*

Dixerat : at Cereri certum est* educere natara.

Non ita fata sinunt ; quoniam jejunia virgo

Solverat® et, cultis dum simplex errat in hortis,

Puniceum' curva decerpserat aibore pomum, 75

Sumptaque pallenti septem de cortice grana

Presserat ore suo. Solusque ex omnibus illud

Viderat Ascalaphus, quern quondam dicitur Orphne,

Inter Avemales liaud ignotissima Xymplias,

Ex Acheronte suo furvis peperisse sub antris. 80

Vidit ; et inclicio reditum cmdelis ademit.*

Ingemuit regina Erebi, testemque profanam

Fecit avem,^ sparsumque caput Phlegethontide lympha

In rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit.

Ule sibi ablatus'" fulvis amicitur ab alis, 85

1 Ut cetera desint, quantum est esse fratrem Jovis, though other qualifi- cations be wanting, how great a matter is it to be tlie brother o/ Jupiter/

2 The phrase quid, quo<I, which can be used only when a verb follows, is elliptical, and is to be completed thus : — Quid de eo dicam quod. It im- plies that what follows is more surprising and decisive than what precedes, and may generally be translated nay or nai/ even.

3 Isec cedit mihi nisi sorte, nor does he yield to me but in fortune. See 5, 6, 28.

4 Sic cautum est fcedere Parcarum, thus it has been provided by the de- cree of the Fates. A. R. A. 229. The law of the Fates was, that nobody should leave the infernal regions who had tasted any thing there.

5 At certum est Cereri, but Ceres is resolved.

6 Solverat jejunia, had broken herfast^

7 Puniceum pomum, a crimson apple, a pomegranate ; cortice, ri)id ,- grana, seeds. The pomegranate is a fruit of a reddish colour, as large as an orange, having a hard hnd filled with a soft pulp and numerous seeds. The gardens in the infernal regions are described by Homer as containing pears, apples, figs, olives, and pomegranates.

8 Crudelis ademit reditum indicio, crueUy prevented her return by divulging it.

9 Profanam avem, an unclean or ill-boding bird, i. e. an owl. The epithet profanam refers to the circumstance of the owl being considered one of the unlucky birds, one whose presence in taking the auspices fore- boded something disastrous. See 89, A. R. A. 241.

10 Ablatus sibi, being deprived of his natural form.

FAB. Vlll.] ASCALAPHUS. 117

Inque caput crescit' longosque reflectitur ungues, Vixque raovet natas per inertia brachia pennas ; Foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus, Ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen.

Fab. IX.— The Sirens. Hic^ tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri Commeruisse potest ; vobis, Aclieloides, unde Pluma pedesque avium, quum virginis ora geratis ! An quia, qiium legeret veruos Proserpina flores, In comitum numero niixtas, Sirenes, eratis ? 5

Q,uam postquam toto frustra qusesistis in orbe ; Protinus ut vestram sentirent aequora curam, Posse super fiuctus alarum insistere' remis Optastis, facilesque Deos kabuistis, at artus Vidistis vestros subitis flavescere pennis. 10

Ne tameii ille canor,* mulcendas natus ad aures, Tantaque dos oris linguse deperderet usum ; Virginei vultus et vox humana remansit.

At medius fratrisqiie sui moestaeque sororis^ Jupiter ex sequo volventem dividit annum. 15

Nunc Dea, regnorum numen commune duorum, Cum matre est totidem, totidem cum conjuge menses. Vertitur extemplo facies et mentis et oris :® Nam, modo quae poterat Diti quoque moesta videri, Laeta Deae frons est : ut sol, qui tectus aquosis 20

Nubibus ante fuit, victis ubi nubibus exit/

1 Cre;citque in caput, and he groivs to the head, i. e. his head becomes disproportionately large, and his nails are bent into long claws.

2 Hie, i. e. Ascalaphus.

3 Insistere remis alarum, to ply your ivings as oars.

4 Ille canor, tJiat musical faculty ; tanta dos oris, so fine a talent for singing.

5 Medius suique fratris moestaeque sororis, mediating between his broOier and his disconsolate sistej:

6 Facies et mentis et oris, the state of her mind and the appearance of her face. The ancients believed that Proserpine remained beneath the earth with her husband during the winter months, and in heaven with her mo- ther from seed-time during the growth and successive stages of the crops.

7 Ubi exit nubibus victis, when he shines forth after the clouds are dispersed.

110 THE PIERIDES. [bOOK VU.

Fab. XU.—T/ie Pierides.

FiNiERAT dictos e nobis maxima' cantus. At Nymphfe vicisse Deas Helicona colentes Concordi dixere sono."'' Convicia victse^ Q,uum jacerent ; Quoniara, dixit, certamine vobis Supplicium meruisse parum est, maledictaque culpffi o Additis, et non est patientia libera nobis ;* Ibimus in pcenas, et, quo vocat ira, sequcmur. Rident Emathides spemuntqiie minacia verba ; Conatseque loqui et magno clamore protcrvas Intentare manus, pennas exire per ungues 10

Adspexere suos, operiri brachia plumis ; Alteraque alterius rigido concrescere rostro' Ora videt, volucresque novas accedere silvis. Dumque volunt plangi,° per bracliia mota levatae Aere pendebant, nemorum convicia, picae, 16

Nunc quoque in alitibus facundia prisca remansit, Raucaque garrulitas studiumque immane loquendi.

BOOK VII. Fab. I. — lason.

Jamque fretum Minyae Pagasaea puppe secabaut ; i

Perpetuaque traliens' inopem sub nocte senectam |

1 Maxima e nobis, the eldest of us, i. e. Calliope, to whom the task of con- tending with the Pierides had been assigned. See 5, 5, 44. Dictos, cU- ready mentioned by me.

2 Concordi sono, with unanimous voice, unanimously.

3 Victse, the defeated sisters, i. e. the Pierides ; jacerent convicia, were uttering calumny ; (Calliope) dixit.

4 Patientia non est libera nobis, forbearance is not free to us, we are not at liberty to exercise forbearance.

5. Concrescere rigido rostro, to shoot out in a stiff beak.

6 Plangi, to beat their breasts; per mota brachia, by the moving of their arms; facunAin, faculty of chattering. See 2, 2, 11.

7 Trahens inopem senectam sub perpetua nocte, dragging on a helpless old age in perpetual blindness.

I

PAB. I.] lASON. 119

Phineus visus erat, juvenesque^ Aquilone creati Virgineas^ volucres iniseri senis ore fugarant ; Multaque perpessi claro sub lasone tandem 5

Contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas. Dumque ade\int regem^ Phryxeaque vellera poscunt, Lexque datur numeris magnorum horrenda laborum :'' Concipit interea validos jEetias ignes ; Et luctata diu, postquam ratione furorem 10

Vincere non poterat, Frustra, Medea, repugnas ; Nescio quis Deus obstat,* ait ; mirumque, nisi hoc est,® Aut aliquid certe simUe huic, quod amare vocatur. Nam cur jussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur 1 Sunt quoque dura nimis. Cur, quern modo denique vidi, 15

Ne pereat, timeo ? quae tanti causa timoris I Excute virgineo conceptas pectore flammas, Si potes, iufelix : si possem, sanior essem. Sed trahit invitam nova vis ; aliudque^ cupido, Mens aliud suadet. Video meliora proboque ; 20

Deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo, Ureris et thalamos alieni concipis^ orbis ? Hsec quoque terra potest, quod ames,® dare. Vivat, an Ule Occidat, in Dis est.^" Vivat tamen ; idque precari, Vel sine amore licet : quid enim commisit lason ? 25 Quam, nisi crudelem, non tangat lasonis setas, Et genus, et virtus I quam non, ut cetera desint. Forma movere potest? certe mea pectora movit.

1 Juvenes. See Calais and Zethes.

2 Virgineas volucres, the virgin-faced hirds, i. e. the Harpies. See Harpyiae.

3 Regem, the ki7)g, i. e. Metes, king of Colcliis.

4 Lex datur horrenda numeris magnorum laborum, conditions are pre- scribed to them, dreadful fofr the number of formidable labours.

5 Nescio quis Deus obstat, some god, I know not who, opposes you.

6 Mirumque (est), nisi hoc est, and it is strange if it be-not this.

7 Aliud, on" thing, i.e. to love; mens, reason,- aliud, another thing, i. e. not to love.

8 Concipis thalamos alieni orbis, desire a husband belonging to a diffe- rent part of the viorld — a foreigner as your htisband. A. R. A. 405.

9 Quod ames, an object worthy of your love.

10 Est in Dis, is in the power of the gods, rests with the gods.

120 lASO.v. [book vir.

At, nisi opera tulero, taurorum afflabitur ore ;'

Concurretque"^ sure segcti, tellure creatis 30

Hostibus ; aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi.

Hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam,

Turn ferruin et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor.

Cur non et specto pereuntem, oculosque videndo

Conscelero i cur non tauros exhortor in illura 36

Terrigenasque feros insopitumque draconem ?

Di meliora velint !' Quanquam non ista precanda,

Sed facienda mihi. Prodamne ego regna parentis,

Atque ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra,

Ut, per me sospes, sine me det lintea ventis, 40

Virque sit alterius, poen® Medea reliuquar \*

Si facere hoc, aliamve potest praeponere nobis,

Occidat ingratus ! Sed non is vultus' in illo,

Non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae,

Ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri. 45

Et dabit ante fidem f cogamque in foedera testes

Esse Deos. Quid tuta times ? accingere,' et omnem

Pelle moram : tibi se semper debebit* lason,

Te face solemni junget sibi f perque Pelasgas

Servatrix nrbes matrum celebrabere turba. 50 i

Ergo ego germanam'" fratremque patremque Deosque

1 A£flabitnr ore taurorum, he will be brealhed upon by Vie moutht of the buUt—lu will be killed 6.y the breath of the bulls. The bulls are represented with brazen feet, and breathing Cre, to indicate their great strength and ferocity.

2 Concurret suae segeti, he tciU ennage wUh his own crop, L e. with the men who "ere to spring from the dragon's teeth when sown by him. A. R. A. 466.

3 Di velint meliora, ma>/ the gods ordain better things — a form of praj'er used for the purpose of avertirfg some anticij.atod evil.

4 Sitque vir alterius (ecu) Medea relinquar ycerne, he may become iJiehuB- band of another, and I Medea be left fyr punishment, i. e. by my father for baring assisted Jason in getting possession of the golden fleece.

5 Is vultus — ea nobilitas — ea gratia, a countenance so faithless — noliVtjf so rie(ieneraie— gracefulness so decei'ful.

6 Ante dabit fidem, ?ie shall first give me a promise of marriage.

7 Accingere, b- prepared, prepare yourself.

8 Semper debebit se tibi, he will always be indebted to you for his life.

9 Junget te sibi solemni face, will unite you to him by the sol-.-mn nuptitii torch, i. e. in marriage. A. II. A. 404.

10 Germanam, my sister, i. e. Chalciopt — fratreni, i. e. Apsyrlus.

KAB. I.] lASON. 121

Et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam I Nempe pater saeAois, nenipe est mea barbai-a tellus, Frater adhuc infans ; stant mecum vota sororis ;' Maximus intra me Deus"^ est. Non magna relinquam ; 55 Magna sequar ; tituliim servatae pubis Achivae, Notitiamque loci melioris et oppida, quorum Hie quoque fama viget, cultusque artesque virorum ; Quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis, ^soniden mutasse velim : quo conjuge felix 60

Et Dis cara ferar/ et vertice sidcra tangam. Quid, quod* nescio qui mediis concurrere in undis Dicuntur montes,* ratibusque inimica Charybdis Nunc sorbere fretum nunc reddere ; cinctaque see vis Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare profundo ? 65

Nempe tenens qiiod amo, gremioque in lasonis hserens Per freta longa trabar. Nihil ilium amplexa verebor ; Aut, si quid metuam, metuam de conjuge solo. Conjugiumne vocas, speciosaque nomina culpae Imponis, Medea, tuse ? quin adspice, quantum 70

Aggrediare nefas,^ et, dum licet, effuge crimen. Dixit ; et ante oculos rectum pietasque pudorque Constiterant, et victa dabat jam terga Cupido.

Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Perseidos aras, Quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebant. 75 Et jam fortis erat pulsusque resederat ardor ;' Quum videt .^oniden, exstinctaque flamma revixit, Et rubuere gense, totoque recanduit ore. Ut solet a ventis alimenta assumere, quaeque Parva sub inducta latuit* scintUla favilla, 80

1 Vota sororis stant mecum, the unshes of my sister stand teith me, are in my favour.

2 Deus, i. e. Love,

3 Ferar (esse) felix, I shall be celebrated as happy.

4 Quid, quod. See 5, 8, 68.

5 Montes. See Cyaneae.

6 Quantum nefas aggrediare, what a crime you intend.

7 Et jam erat fortis ardorque pulsus resederat, and she was now resolute, and her passion having been checked had abated.

a Quseque parva latuit, and what was small while it lay concealed.

122 lASON. [book VII.

Crescere et in veteres agitata resurgere vires :

Sic jam lentu3 amor, jam quern languere putares,

Ut vidit juvenem, specie praesentis inavsit.

Et casu solito formosior ^sone natus

Ilia luce fuit : posses ignoscere amanti. 85

Spectat, et in vultu, veluti turn denique viso,'

Lumina fixa tenet ; nee se mortalia deraens

Ora videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo.

Ut vero ccepitque loqui dextramque prehendit

Hospes, et auxilium submissa voce rogavit; 00

Promisitque torum ; lacrimis ait ilia profusis :

Quid faciam video : nee nie ignorantia veri

Decipiet, sed amor. Servabere mimcre^ nostro ;

Servatus promissa dato. Per sacra triformis

lUe Deae/ lucoque foret quod numen in illo, 95

Perque patreni soceri cementem cuncta futuri/

Eventusque suos et tanta pericula jurat.

Creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas,*

Edidicitque usum, Ifetusque in castra recessit.

Postera depiilerat Stellas Aiurora micantes : 100

Conveniunt populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum, Consistuntque jugis.^ Medio rex ipse resedit Agmine purpureus, sceptroque insignis ebumo. Ecce adamanteis Vulcanum uaribus e£Bant -lEripedes tauri ; tactseque vaporibus herbiE 106

Ardent.^ Utque solent pleni resonare camini, Aut ubi teiTena silices fornace soluti*

1 Turn denique ^^so, then for the first time teen.

2 Miinere, services — {lu) servatus dato prouiissa, do you when saved by me fulfil your promise.

3 Per sacra triformis Deas. by the sacred rites of the three-formed goddess, 1. e. Hecate; perque numen quod, and by the deity tihich.

4 Patrem soceri futuri, the father of his father-in-law about to be, i. e. Sol, the father of jEetes.

5 Cantatas herbas, enchanted herbs ; in castra, tohiscamp, i.e. to the place where the Argonauts had pitched their tents.

6 Jugis, on Vie kills, i. e. the ridges of Caucasus which surrounded Colchis.

7 Herbsque tactse vaporibus ardent, and the grass being touched by Ois vapours [the breath of the bulls) bums.

B Silices soluti terrena fornace, limestones slacked in an earthen kiln.

FAB. I.] lASON. 123

Concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspergine aquarum : Pectora sic intus clausas volventia flammas, Gutturaque usta sonant : tamen illis ^sone natus 110 Obvius it. Vertere truces venientis ad ora Terribiles Tultns' praefixaque comua ferro, Pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisnlco, Fumificisque locum mugitibus implevere, Diriguere metu Minyae : subit ille, nee ignes 115

Sentit anhelatos, tantum medicamina possunt,"^ Pendulaque audaci mulcet palearia dextra f Suppositosque jugo pondus grave cogit aratri Ducere, et insuetum ferro* proscindere campum. Mirantur Colchi ; Minyte clamoribus implent,* 120

Adjiciuntque animos. Galea tum sumit aena Vipereos dentes" et aratos spargit in agros. Semina moUit humus, valido prsetincta veneno ; Et crescunt, fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes. Utque hominis speciem matema sumit in alvo 1 25

Perque suos intus numeros' componitur infans, Nee nisi maturus communes exit in auras : Sic ubi visceribus gravidas telluris imago EflFecta est* hominis, feto consurgit in arvo ; QiUodque magis mirum est, simul edita® concutit arma. 130 Quos ubi videnint prseacutae cuspidis hastas

1 Truces vertere terribiles vultus, the bulls fiercely turned their terrible looks; praefixa ferro, pointed with iron.

2 Tantum medicamina possunt, sttch is the potoer of the enchanted herbs.

3 Mulcetque pendula paleaiia audaci dextra, and strokes their hanging dewlaps with his bold right hand.

4 Insuetum ferro, unaccustomed to the ploughshare, because sacred to Mars. See 101. A. R. A. 463.

5 Implent (eum) clamoribus, fill his ears with their cheers — cry, or caU to him.

6 Vipereos dentes, the teeth of the serpent, i. e. the teeth of the ser- pent slain by Cadmus, some of which were brought to ^etes by Minerva. See 3, 1.

7 Componitur per suos numeros, is completed in all its parts.

8 Ubi imago liominis effecta est (in) visceribus gravidas telluris, when the form of a man was completed in the bowels of the pregnant earth.

9 Arma edita simul, arms which were produced at the same time with themselves; prasacutae cuspidis, vnth very sharp points.

124 lASON. [book vii.

In caput Haemonii juvenis torquere parantes ;^ Demisere^ metu vultumque animumque Pelasgi. Ipsa quoque extimuit, quee tutum feceiat ilium ; Utque peti juvenem tot vidit ab hostibus unum, 135 Palluit, et subito sine sanguine Irigida sedit. Neve paruni valeaut a se data gramina, carmen' AuxUiare canit, secretasque advocat artes. Hie, gravem medios silicem jaculatus in hostes, A se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos.* 140

Terrigense pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres Civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Acliivi, Victoreiuque tenent, avidisque amplexibus haerent^. Tu quoque victorem complecti, bai'bara, velles ; Obstitit incepto pudor ; et complexa fuisses ; 145

Sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae.* Quod licet, afifectu tacito Isetaris, agisque Carrainibus grates et Djs auctoribus horum.

Pervigilem superest lierbis sopire^ draconem, Q,ui, crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis 150

Dentibus horrendus, custos erat arboris aureae.* Hunc postquam sparsit Lethaei gramine succi, Verbaque ter dixit placidos facientia somnos, Quae mare turbatum, quae concita flumina sistant ;

1 The order is, Ubi Pelasgi viderunt quos parantes torquere, when the Pelasgi saw tliem, &e. The relative quos agrees ■svitli its antecedent imago hominis in sense, but not in strict sj-ntax.

2 Demisere vultumque animumque metu, lowered both Uteir countenances and their courage through fear, i. e. their countenance sank, and their courage failed them.

3 Carmen, charm, or incantation; advocatque secretas artes, calls to his aid her sacred arts, i. e. magic.

4 In ipsos, upon Viemseh-es — they attacked each other under the belief that the stone had been thrown by one of their own number.

5 Haerentque avidis amplexibus, cling to him ivith eager embraces.

6 Reverentia fama» tenuit te, ne faceres, a regard for your character restrained 'j iitfrom doing so.

7 Superest sopire, it remains to lay asleep.

S Aureffi arDoris, of the tree on which teas hung the golden fleece. Aureir. is to be pronounced as a word of two syllables. This, whidi is the reading of nearly all the manuscripts, has been considered unsatisfactory, and in- stead of it the conjectural reading arietis aurei, of the golden ram, has been proposed. If the latter reading oe adopted arietis must be taken as three ■syllables and aurei as two.

FAB. I.J lASON. 126

Somnus in ignotos oculos^ advenit ; et auro 156

Heros ^sonius potitur ; spolioque superbus,* Muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans, Victor lolciacos tetigit cum conjuge portus.

BOOK XI.

Fab. X. — Ceyx and Halcyone.

Interea fratrisque sui fratremque secutis

Anxia prodigiis turbatus^ pectora Ceyx,

Consulat ut sacras, liominum oblectamina,^ sortes,

Ad Clarium parat ire Deum : nam templa profanus

Invia cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica Phorbas. 5

Consilii tamen ante sui, fidissima, certam

Te facit,* Halcyone. Cui protinus intima frjgus

Ossa receperunt, buxoque simLllimus ora

Pallor obit, lacrimisque genae maduere profusis.

Ter conata loqui, ter fletibus ora rigavit ; 10

Singultuque pias interrumpente querelas,

Q,ua2 mea culpa tuam, dixit, carissime, mentem

Vertit \^ ubi est, quae cura mei prius esse solebat V

Jam potes Halcyone securus abesse relicta ;

Jam via longa placet ; jam sum tibi carior absens ; 16

At, puto, per terras iter est,* tantumque dolebo,

Non etiam metuam, curaeque timore carebunt.

1 In oculos ignotos, upon eyes which were previously strangers to it.

2 Superbus spolio, exulting in the spoil. A. R. A. 324.

3 Turbatus (securidum) anxia pectora prodigiis sui fratris, (prodigiisque) secutis fratrem, being perplexed in his anxious mind by the fate of his bro- ther, and by the prodigies which followed the transformation of his brother, i.e. Daedalion, q.v.

4 Oblectamina hominum, that source of consolation to men.

5 Facit te certam sui consilii, makes you acquainted wilhJiis design.

6 Vertit tuam mentem, has alienated your affections from me.

7 TJbi est cura mei quse solebat esse priOs, where is that affection for me which used to exist formerly,- securus, without regret.

8 At, puto, iter est per terras, but I suppose your Journey is by land.

h2

]2G CKYX AM) HALCYONE. [book M.

^quora me terrent, et poiiti tristis im%o.

Et laceras nuper tabulas' in litore vidi,

Et saepe in tumulis sine corpore'^ nomina legi. 20

Neve tuum fallax animum liducia tangat,

Quod socer Hippotades tibi sit, qui carcere fortes

Contineat ventos, et, quum velit, aequora placet :

Quum semel emissi tenuerunt' jequora venti ;

Nil illis vetitum est,'' incommendataque tellus 2.5

Omnis et omne fretum ; coeli quoque nubUa vexaiit,

Excutiuntque feris rutilos concursibus ignes/'

Quo magis hos novi, nam novi, et sspe patema

Parva dome vidi, niagis hos reor esse timendos.

Quod tua si flecti precibus sententia nullis, GO

Care, potest, conjux, nimiumque es certus cundi ;"

Me quoque tolle simul. Certe jactabimur una,

Nee, nisi qu£e patiar, metuam ; pariterque feremus'

Quicquid erit, pariter super aequora lata feremur.

Talibus jEolidos dictis lacrimisque movetur 05

Sidereus conjux f neque enira minor ignis in ipso est. Sed neque propositos pelagi dimittere cursus. Nee vult Halcyonen in partem adhibere pericli ; ISIultaque respondit timidum solantia pectus ; Nee tamen idcirco causara probat.^ Addidit illis 40 Hoc quoque lenimen, quo solo flexit amantem : Longa quidem nobis omnis mora ; sed tibi jui'o

1 Laceras tabulas, brokeit boards, i. e. part of a -wreck.

2" In tumulis sine corpore, on tombs wiOiout bodies, emply tombs. There is here an allusion to the practice of erecting cenuUiphia (empty tombs) to those whose bodies could not be found after death, or to those who died and were buried in foreign coimtries. A. R. A. -lOS.

3 Tenuerunt Eequora, have taken possession o/ the seas.

4 Nil vetitum est illis, noViinp is/orbidden to them, they disdain all con- trol; incommendata, disregarded. A. R. A, 473.

5 Excutiunt rutilos ignes feris concursibus, force from tliem Ote red ligktnint) bi/ their fierce onsets; parva, trhen a child, when young.

6 Es nimiilm certus cundi, you are unalterably determined to go.

7 Feremus, «y shall endure ; feremur, we shcUi be carried.

8 Sidereus conjux, her star-born husband, i. e. Ceyx, who was the son of Lucifer. Neque enim ignis in ipso est minor, for tjie flame of love in him- self is ""' '**•* strong than in his wife.

9 Nee tamen idcirco probat rem, and yet he does not on that account Jus- tify to her his resolution ,- flexit, gained over.

FAB. X,] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 127

Per patrios ignes, si me niodo fata remittent,

Ante reversunim, quam Lima bis impleat orbem.

His ubi promissis spes est admota* recursus ; 45

Protinus eductam navalibus aequore tingi,

Aptariqtie suis pinum jubet armamentis.''

Q,ua rursus visa, veluti prsesaga futuri,

Horruit Halcyone, lacrimasque emisit obortas,

Amplexusque dedit ; tristique miserrima tandem 50

Ore, Vale, dixit ; collapsaque corpore tota est.'

At juvenes, quserente moras Ceyce, reducunt

Ordinibus gcminis ad fortia pectora remos,*

^qualique ictu scindunt freta. Sustulit Ula

Humentes oculos, stantemque in puppe recurva, 55

Concussaque manu dantem^ sibi signa maritum

Prima videt, redditque notas. Ubi terra recessit

Longius, atque oculi nequeunt cognoscere vultus ;

Dmn licet, insequitur fugientem lumine pinum.

Haec quoque ut baud poterat, spatio submota," videri, 60

Vela tamen spectat summo fluitantia malo.

Ut nee vela videt ; vacuum petit anxia lectum,'

Seque toro ponit. Renovat lectusque locusque

Halcyones lacrimas, et quas pars admonet absit.*

Portubus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes ; 66

1 spes recursfls admota est, the hope of his return was brought near, i. e. the hope of a speedy return was held out.

2 Aptari suis ai-mamentis, to be furnished with its ringing, to be rigged. A.R. A. 344 and 345.

3 Collapsa est toto corpore, became powerless over her whole bodi/.

4 Reducunt remos ad fortia pectora, pull back the oars to their stout breasts — in allusion to the exertion of reaving. Young men were always selected as rowers. A. R. A. 339. The ship here referred to was a bireme. A. R. A. 338.

5 Dantemque signa coiicussa manu, and making signals to her by waving his hand.

6 Submota spatio, removed to a great distance.

7 Petit vacuum lectum, ponitque se toro, site retires to her bed now empty, and lays herself on Vie pillow. Lectus, when opposed to torus, sig- nifies the bedstead, which was made of wood, sometimes ornamented with jvorj; and the precious metals ; and torus signifies the mattress, pillow, or cushion, on which the person lay. A. R. A. 373.

8 Admonet quae pars absit, remind her qfthe part of herself which it absent

128 CEYX A^D HALCYONi;. [book XI.

Obvertit lateri pendentes navita rcmos ;

Cornuaque in summa locat arbore/ totaque malo

Carbasa deducit venientesque excipit auras.

Aut minus aut certe medium non amplius aequor*

Puppe secabatur, longeque erat utraque tellus ; 70

Quum mare sub noctem tumidis albescere coepit

Fluctibus et prseceps spirare valentius Eurus.

Ardua jamdudum deniittite cornua, rector

Clamat, et antennis totum subnectite velum.

Hie jubet ; impediunt adversae jussa procellaB, 75

Xec sinit audii'i vocem fragor sequoris ullam.

Sponte t-imen properant alii subducere remos/

Pars muuire latus, pars ventis vela negare.

Egerit hie fluctus, sequorquc refundit in sequor ;

Hie rapit antennas. Q,uge dum sine lege geruntur, 80

Aspera crescit liiems, omnique e parte feroces

Bella gerunt venti, fretaque indignantia miscent.

Ipse pavet, nee se, qui sit status,* ipse fatetur

Scire ratis rector, nee quid jubeatve vetetve :

Tanta mali moles, tantoque potentior arte est. 85

Quippe sonant clamore viri, stridore mdentes,

Undarum incursu gravis unda, tonitribus cether.

Fluctibus ei-igitur, ccelumque arquare videtur

Pontus et indue tas aspergine tangere nubes ;

Et modo, quum fulvas ex imo verrit arenas, 90

Concolor est illis, Stygia modo nigrior unda ;

Sternitur interdum spumisque sonantibus albet.

Ipsa quoque his agitur vicibus Trachmia puppis,

1 Locat cornua in summA arbore, Jixes (he tail-yard on Vie top of the mast. Cornua, which properly signifies the extremities of the sailyard, ia here, and in 73, used for the sailyard itself. A. R. A. 343.

2 Aut minCis aut cert6 non" amplids medium aoquor, either less, or certainiy not more than half the sea. Utraque tellus, the land on either side, i. e. Greece and Asia Minor.

3 Subducere remos, to take in the oars — that they might not be broken by the waves ; munire latus, to secure the sides — by stopping up the hole* through which the oars were put.

4 Qui sit status, ichat their condition is ; gravis unda incursu undarum, £Ac heavy waves by the dashing Cjf other waves.

FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 129

Et modo subliinis, veluti de vertice mentis,

Despicere in valies imumque Aclieronta videtur ; 95

Nunc, ubi demissam curvTim cii'cumstetit ssquor,'

Suspicere inferno summum de gurgite ccelum.

Saepe dat ingentem fluctu latus icta fragorem,

Nee levius pulsata sonat, quam ferreus olim

Q,uum laceras aries'' ballistave concutit arces. 100

Utque Solent, sumptis in cursu viribus,^ ire

Pectore in arma feri prnetentaque tela leones :

Sic ubi se ventis admiserat* unda cooitis,

Ibat in arma ratis, multoqne erat altior iliis.

Jamque labant cunei,^ spoliataque tegmine cerse" 105

Rima patet, praebetque viam letalibus undis,

Ecce cadunt largi resolutis nubibus' imbres,

luque fretum credas totum descendere coelum,

Inque plagas coeli tumefactum ascendere pontum.

Vela madent nimbis, et cum coelestibus undis 110

^quoreae miscentur aquae ; caret ignibus aether,

Csecaque nox premitur tenebris hiemisque suisque.

Discutiunt tamen has praebentque micantia lumen

Fulmina ; fulmineis ardescunt ignibus undae.

Dat quoque jam saltus intra cava texta^ carinae 1 1 5

Fluctus : et, ut miles, numero praestantior omni,

Quum saepe assiluit defensae mcenibus urbis,

Spe potitiir tandem, laudisque accensus amore

Inter mUle viros murum tamcn occupat unus ;

1 Ubi curvum aequor circumstetit (earn) demissam, when the arched wave has surrounded it sunk dotun.

2 Aries. A. R. A. 334. BaUista. A. R. A. 332.

3 Viribus sumptis inoursu, acquiring strengVi/rom the (»uet.

4 Admiserat se, had raided itself, had been raised j ibat in amia ratis, it dashed against the rigging of the ship.

5 Ctmei labant, the pins start, or give way, i. e. the pins with which the planks of the vessel were fastened. By others cunei is here supposed to signify the strong planking on the bottom of the ship, placed there to defend it against the rocks.

6 Spoliata tegmine cerse, deprived of its stoppage of wax — probably a clammy substance resembling wax used in caulkuig ships.

7 Resolutis nubibus, when the clouds break up.

8 Cava texta, the hollow ribs of the ship.

laO CEYX AND HALCrONE. [BOOK XI.

Sic, ubi pulsarunt acres latera ardua fluctus, 120

Vastius insurgcns decinue mit impetus undse ;' Kcc prius absistit fessam oppugnare carinam, Quam velut in captiK descendat moenia navis.' Pars igitur tentabat adhuc invadere pinum, Pars maris intus crat. Trepidant baud segnius omnes, 126 Q,uam solet urbs, aliis mumm fodicntibus extra, Atque aliis muram, trepidare, teneutibus intus. Deficit ars animique cadunt ; totidemque videntur, Q,uot veniunt fluctus, mere atque iiTumpcre mortes.' Non tenet hie lacrimas ; stupet hie ; vocat ille beatos, 130 Funera quos maneant ;* hie votis numen adorat, Brachiaque ad coelum, quod non videt, iiTita tollens Poscit opem ; subeunt^ illi fratresque parensque ; Huic cum pignoribus domus, et quod cuique relictura est. Halcyone Ceyca movet ; Ceycis in ore 135

Nulla nisi Halcyone est ; et, quum desideret unam, Gaudet abesse tamen. Patriae quoque vellet ad oras Respicere in que domum supremos vertere vultus ; Verum ubi sit nescit : tanta vertigine^ pontus Ferret, et inducta piceis e nubibus umbra, 140

Omne latet coelum, duplicataque noctis hnago est.' Frangitur incursu nimbosi turbinis arbor,* t

Frangitur et regimen ; spoliisque animosa superstes

1 Impetus decimse ondae, the fury ^ the tenth wave. The Romans be- lieved that the tenth wive was always larger and more formidable than the preceding nine, an opinion which was also entertained by the Greeks. A. R. A. 473.

2 In mcenia navis relut captse, within the sides (wallt) of the ship as if it had been taken.

3 Totidem mortes, death in as many forms.

4 Quos funera maneant, trhom funeral rites aicait, i.e. who die on land. No form of death was more dreaded by the ancients than that bv shipwreck. A. R. A. 4IJ9.

5 Subeunt, come into his mind, occur to him,- cam pisnoribus, with his dear pledges, i. e. his children.

6 Tanta vertigine, tcith such agitation ,- umbra e piceis nubibus inducta, by a shade of dark clouds drawn over it

7 Imaso noctis duplicata est, the image of night (for night) it doubled, 1. e. the darkness is twice that of an ordinary night.

8 Arbor et regimen fraTigitur incursu nimbosi turbinis, the mast and helm are shivered by the force ufa violent ffust of wind. A. R. A. 343.

FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 131

Unda, velut victrix, siniiatas despicit undas.' Nee laevius, quam si quis Athon Pindumve, revulsos 145 Sede sua, totos in apertum everteret sequor, Praecipitata cadit, pariterque et poudere et ictu Mergit in ima ratem ;^ cum qua pars magna vrrorum Gurgite pressa gravi, neque in aera reddita, fato Functa suo est.^ Alii partes et membra carinse 150 Trunca tenent. Tenet ipse manu, qua sceptra solebat, Fragmina navigii Ceyx, socenimque patremque Invocat, heu ! frustra. Sed plurima* nantis in ore Halcyone conjux. Illam meminitque refertque ; Illius ante oculos ut agant sua corpora fluctus, 155

Optat, et exanimis manibus tixmuletur amicis.* Dum natat, absentem, quoties sinit hiscere fluctus, Nominat Halcyonen, ipsisque immurmurat undis.^ Ecce super medios fluctus niger arcus aquarum Frangitur, et rupta mersum caput obiiiit unda. 160 Lucifer obscurus, nee quem cognoscere posses, Ilia nocte fait ; quoniamque excedere coelo Non licuit, densis texit sua nubibus ora.

^oUs interea tantorum ignara malorum Dinumerat noctes ; et jam, quas induat Ule, 1 65

Festinat vestes ;' jam quas, ubi venerit Die, Ipsa gerat ; reditusque sibi promittit inanes. Onmibus ilia quidem Superis pia thura ferebat ; Ante tamen cunctos Junonis templa colebat, Proque viro, qui nuUus erat,^ veniebat ad aras ; 1 70

1 Undaque animosa spoliis supertesque, velut victrix, despicit sinuatas undas, and the tcave elated hy the spoils (i e. the mast and helm which had been shivered by it), and standing over them like a conqueress looks down upofi the curving ivaves below.

2 Mergit ratem in ima, sinks the ship to the bottom.

3 Functa est suo fsito, /idjilled their destiny, i. e. perished.

4 {Est) plurima in ore {ejus) nantis, is most in his mouth as he swims.

5 Et {ut) exanimis tumuletur amicis manibus, and that ivheii dead he may he buried by her friendly hands.

6 Immurmuratque ipsis undis, and mutters it in (he midst of the icateri.

7 Festinat vestes, quas ille induat, hastily prepares clothes for him to put on ; ipsa gerat, she may herself wear.

8 Qui erat nullu3, wiio was no longer, i. e. who was dead.

132 CliYX AND HALCYONE. [book xi.

Utque foret sospes conjux suns utque redii-et, Optabat, nuUamque sibi prtEferrct. At illi Hoc de tot votis poterat contingere solum.'

At Dea non ultra pro functo morte rogari'' Sustinet ; utque raanus funestas arceat aris, 175

Iri, meae, dixit, fidissima nuntia vocis. Vise soporiferam Somni vclociter aulam, Exstinctique jube Ceycis imagine^ mittat Somnia ad Halcyouen, veros narrantia casus. Dixerat. Induitur velamina mUle colorum 180

Iris, et arquato coelum curvamrne signans* i

Tecta petit jussi sub rupe latentia regis.

Est prope Cimmerios longo spelunca receasu, Mons cavTis, ignavi domus et penetralia Somni ; Q,u6 nunquam radiis oriens mediusve cadensve 185

Phoebus adire potest. Nebulae caligine mixtae Exhalantur humo dubiaeque crepuscula lucis. Non vigil ales' ibi cristati cantibus oris Evocat Auroram ; nee voce sUentia rumpunt Sollicitive canes, canibusve sagacior anser ; 190 F

Non fera, non pecudes, non moti flamine rami, Humanaeve sonum reddunt convicia linguae ;^ Muta quies habitat. Saxo tamen exit ab irao Rivus aquas Lethes, per quern cum murmure labens Invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis. 195

Ante fores antri fecunda papavera florent Iiuiimierffique herbse, quarum de lacte" soporem Nox legit et spargit per opacas humida terras.

1 Hoc {voium) solum, this last wish alone, viz. that he might prefer no other woman to herself.

2 Rogari pro (homine) functo morte, to be prayed to for a man who had undergone death ,■ funestas manus, polluted hands — as if they had been pol- luted by touching the dead body of her husband.

3 Imagine Ceycis exstincti, in the form ofCci/x who is dead.

4 Signans coelum arquato curvamine, marking the sky with a bending arch, i. e. forming an arch across the sky.

,1 Vigil ales, the wakeful bird. i. e. the cock.

6 Conviciave human'ae lingua; reddunt sonum, nor the clamours of a human tongue produce any noise. 1 De lacte quarum, /rom the juice of which.

FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. ITiS

Janua, quae verso stridorem cardine reddat,'

Nulla domo tota ; custos in limine nulliis. 20O

At medio torus est ebeno subltmis^ in antro,

Plumeus, unicolor, pullo velamine tectus ;

Quo cubat ipse Deus membris languore solutis.'

Hunc circa passim varias imitantia formas

Somnia vana jacent totidem, quot messis aristas, 205

Silva gerit frondes, ejectas litus arenas.

Q,u6 simul intravit, manibusque obstantia virgo

Somnia dimovit ; vestis fulgore reluxit

Sacra domus ; tardaque Deus gravitate jacentes*

Vix oculos tollens, iterumque iternmque relabens 210

Summaque percutiens nutanti pectora mento,

Excussit* tandem sibi se, cubitoque levatus,

Q,uid veniat, cognovit enim, scitatur. At ilia :

Somne, quies rerura, placidissime, Somne, Deorum,

Pax aninii, qucm cura fugit, qui corpora duris 215

Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori,^

Somnia, quae veras sequant imitamine' formas,

Herculea Trachine jube sub imagine regis

Halcyonen adeant, simulacraque naufraga fingant.*

Imperat hoc Juno. Postquam mandata peregit 220

Iris, abit ; neque enim ulterius tolerare vaporis

Vim poterat ; labique^ ut somnum sensit in artus,

Effugit et remeat per quos mod 6 venerat arcus.

At pater^" e populo natorum mUle suorum Excitat artificem simulatoremque figura", 225

1 Keddat stridorem verso cardine, to make a noise by Vte turning tf the hinge.

2 Bublimis ebeno, raised high oti a frame of ivory. See 63.

3 Membris solutis, with his limbs relaxed in sleep.

4 Jacentes tardS gravitate, sunk in languid sle^.

5 Excussit se sibi, shook off himself, i. c. slcef. — roused himself.

6 Qui muicfs corpora fessa duris ministeriis reparasque labor!, who refreshest the body when wearied with severe toils, and recntitesl itfor labour.

7 Equant imitamine, equal by imitation, perfectly resefMe.

8 Fingantque naufraga simulacra, assume the appearance of one who ha* been shipwrecked.

9 Labi in artus, stealing over her limbs.

10 Pater, i.e. Sommts; e populo, /i-oni Uie crowd.

M

1.M4 CFAX AND HALCYONE. LboOK Xt.

Morphea. Non illo jussos solcrtius alter

Exprimit incessus' vultumque sonumque loquendi ;

Adjicit et vestes et consuetissima cuique

Verba. Sed hie solos homines iraitatur ; at alter

Fit fera, fit volucris, fit longo corpora serpens. 230

Hunc Icelon Superi. mortale Phobetora vulgus

Nominat. Est etiam divcrsae tertius artis [bemque,

Phantasos. lUe in humum sasumque undamque tra-

Quaeque vacant anima, fallaciter omnia transit.

Regibus hi ducibusque suos ostendere vultus 236

Nocte solent ; populos alii plebemque pererrant.

Praeterit hos senior f cunctisque e fratribus unum

Morphea, qui pei'agat^ Thaumantidos edita, Somnus

Eligit ; et rursus moUi languors solutus

Deposuitque caput, stratoque recondidit alto. 240

Ille volat nullos strepitus facientibus alis

Per tenebras, intraque moris breve tempus in urbem

Pcrvenit Hsmoniam : positisque e corpora pennis

In faciem Ceycis abit ; sumptaque figura

Luridus, exsangui similis, sine vestibus uUis, 245

Conjugis ante torum miserae stetit. Uda videtur

Barba viri, madidisque gravis fluere unda capillis.

Tum lecto incumbens, iietu super ora refuso

Hsec ait : Agnoscis Ceyca, miserrima conjux 1

An mea mutata est facies nece \ respice ; nosces, 250

Inveniesque tuo pro conjuge conjugis umbram.

Nil opis, Halcyone, nobis tua vota tulerunt :

Occidimus ; falso tibi me promittere noli.*

Nubilus ^gaeo deprendit in aequore navim

Auster et ingenti jactatam flamine solvit ; 255 (

Oraque nostra, tuum fi'ustra clamantia nomen,

Implerunt fluctus. Non haec tibi nunciat auctor i

1 Exprimit jussos incessus, represents the gait which he was ordered.

2 Senior praeterit hos, the aged pod passes over these.

3 Qui peragat edita. to execute the orders.

4 Noli falso promittere me tilii, do not groundlcssly promise me to your- tti/, i. e. do not groundlessly expect me to return.

FAB. X.J CEYX AND HALCi'ONE. 335

Ambiguus ;' non ista vagis nimoribus audis ;

Ipse ego fata tibi praesens mea naufragus edo.

Surge, age, da lacrimas, lugubriaque indue,''' nee me 260

Indeploratum sub inania Tartara mitte.

Adjicit his vocem Jlorpheus, quam conjugis'' ilia

Crederet esse sui ; fletus quoque fundere veros

Visus erat, gestumque manus Ceycis habebat.

Ingemit Halcyone, lacrimas movet atque lacertos'' 266

Per somnum, corpusque petens ampleetitur auras,

Exclamatque, Mane. Quo te rapis I ibimus una.

Voce sua specieque viri turbata soporem

Excutit, et primo si sit circumspicit illic,

Qua modo visus erat : najn moti voce ministri 270

Intulerant lumen. Postquam non invenit usquam ;

Percutit ora manu, laniatque a pectore vestes,

Pectoraque ipsa ferit. Nee crines solvere curat ;

Scindit ; et altrici, quae luctus causa,^ roganti

Nulla est Halcyone, nulla est, ait : occidit una 275

Cum Ceyca suo. Solantia tollite verba.

Naufragus interiit. Vidi agnovique, manusque

Ad discedentem, cupiens retinere, tetendi :

Umbra fuit ; sed et umbra tamen manifesta^ virique

Vera mei. Non ille quidem, si quaeris, habebat 280

Assuetos vultus, nee, quo prius ore, nitebat.

Pallentem nudumque et adhuc humente capUlo

Infelix vidi. Stetit hoc miserabilis ipso

Ecce loco ; et quaerit, vestigia si qua supersint."

Hoc erat, hoc, animo quod divmante timebam, 285

1 Ambiguus auctor, a questionable messenger; ego ipse naufragus edo tibi praesens mea fata, / the very individual who suffered shipwreck announce to you in person my fate-

2 Indue lugubria (vestimenta) , put on mourning, i. e. black clothes, A. R. A. 422.

3 Esse (vocem) sui conjugis, to be the voice of her husband.

4 Movet lacrimas atque lacertos, for (emittii) lacrimas atque movet la- certos, sheds tears and moves her arms.

5 Quae (sit) causa luctOs, what is the cause of her grief; est nulla, U no more, is undone.

6 Manifesta veraque umbra, the undoubted and real ghost.

7 Si qua vestigia supersint, if any footmarks are l^t.

136 CEyX AND nALCyO.\E. [cook XI.

Et ne, nie fugiens, ventos sequerere rogabam.

At certe vellem, quoniam periturus abibas,

Me quoque duxisses. Fuit, all fuit utile, tecum

Ire milii : neque enim de vitse tempore quicquam

Non simul ogissem,' nee mors discreta fuisset. 290

Nunc absens peril, jactor quoque fluctibus absens,

Et sine me me pontus habet. Crudelior ipso

Sit mihi mens pelago, si vitam ducere nitar

Longius, et tanto pugnem superesse dolori.

Sed neque pugnabo, nee te, miserande, relinquam ; 295

Et tibi nunc saltem veniam comes f inque sepulchro,

Si non urna, tamen junget nos litera ; si non

Ossibus ossa meis, at nomen nomine tangam.

Plura dolor prohibet, verboque intervcuit omni

Plangor,^ et attonito gemitus a corde trahuntur. 300

Mane erat : egreditur tectis ad litus, et ilium Moesta locum repetit, de quo spectarat euntem. Dumque moratur ibi, dumque, Hinc retinacula solvit ;* Hoc mihi disc.dens dedit oscula litore, dicit, Dumque notata oculis reminiscitur^ acta, fretumque 305 Prospicit ; in liquida spatio distante tuetur Ncscio quid quasi covpus** aqua ; primoque, quid illud Esset, erat dubium. Postquam paulo appulit unda, Et, quamvis aberat, corpus tamen esse liquebat ;' Q,uis foret ignorans, quia naufragus, omine mota est, 310 Et, tanquam ignoto lacrimas daret, Heu ! miser, inquit, Quisquis es, et si qua est conjux tibi ! Fluctibus actum

1 Neque enira egissem quieouam do tempore vitae non simul, /or neither would I have spent any part of the time of my life not with you.

2 Et veniam saltem comes tibi, t will come at least as your companion ,■ litera, an inscription, an epitaph.

3 Plangor intervenit omni verbo, wailing (blows on Vie breast) interrupts every word. A. R. A. 414.

4 Hinc solvit retinacula, /rom iJiis spot he loosed the cables.

5 Dumque reminiscitur acta notata oculis, for notat (loca) oculis et re- niiniscitur acta, and while she observes the places with her eyes and calls to mind what had happened Oiere.

6 Nescio quid quasi corpus, something, I know not what, resembling a t>ody.

7 Liquebat tamen esse corpus, yet it was clear tJial it was a body.

FAB. X,] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 137

Fit propius corpus. Quod c^uo magis ilia tuetur,

Hoc minus et minus est mentis.^ Jam jamque propinquae

Admotum terrae, jam quod cognoscere posset,''^ 815

Cernit : erat conjux. lUe est, exclamat, et una

Ora comas vestem lacerat ; tendensque trementes

Ad Ceyca manus, Sic, o carissime conjux.

Sic ad me, miserande, redis I ait. Adjacet undLs

Facta manu moles, quae primas aequoris iras 320

Frangit, et incursus quae praedelassat aquarum.'

Insilit hue ; mirumque fuit potuisse : volabat ;

Percutiensque levem mod 6 natis aera pennis,

Sti'ingebat summas ales miserabUis undas.*

Dumque volat, moesto similem plenumque querelee 325

Ora dedere sonum tenui crepitantia rostro.

Ut vero tetigit mutum et sine sanguine corpus ;

Dilectos artus amplexa recentibus alls,

Frigida nequicquam duro dedit oscula rostro.

Senserit* hoc Ceyx an vultum motibus undse -330

ToUere sit visus, populus dubitabat ; at ille

Senserat ; et tandem, Superis miserantibus, ambo

Alite mutantur. Fatis obnoxius isdem

Tunc quoque mansit amor, nee conjugiale solutum

Foedus in alitibus ; coeunt fiuntque parentes ; 335

Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem

Incubat Halcyone pendentibus aequore nidis.^

Turn via tuta maris ; ventos custodit et arcet

-^olus egressu, prsestatque nepotibus aequor.^

1 Hoc minOs et minCls mentis est, the less and less of reason remaint.

2 Jam quod posset cognoscere, now so that she could distinguish iU

3 Praedelassat incursus aquarum, iveakens thefury of the waves.

4 Miserabilis ales stringebat summas undas, now a miserable bird, the skimmed along the surface ofttie water.

5 ( Utriim) Ceyx senserit hoc, whether Ceyx was sensible of this.

6 Incubat nidis pendentibus aequore, she broods upon her nest suspended on the sea.

7 Praestatque sequor nepotibus, renders the sea safe to hii grandchildren, i. e. to the young of Ceyx and Halcyone.

138 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [^BOOK XII i.

BOOK XIII. Fab. I. — Ajax and Ulysses. :

CoNSEDERE duccs,* et, vulgi stante corona,

Surgit ad hos clypei dominus septemplicis Ajax ;

Utque ei-at impatiens irae, Sigeia torvo

Litora respesit'^ classemque in litore vultu,

Intendensque manus, Agimus, pro Jupiter ! inquit, o

Ante rates causam ;' et mecum confertur Ulixes !

At non Hectoreis dubitavit cedere* flammis,

Q,uas ego sustinui, quas hac a classe fugavi.

Tutius est igitur fictis contendere verbis/

Quam pugnare manu. Sed nee mihi dicere^ promptum, 10

Nee facere est isti ; quantumque ego Marte feroci,

Q,uantum acie valeo, tantum valet iste loqueudo.

"Nee memoranda' tamen vobis mca facta, Pelasgi,

Esse reor : vidistis eniin ; sua narret Ulixes,

Quae sine teste gerit, quorum nox conscia sola est. ] 5

Praemia magna peti fateor ; sed demit honorem

^mulus. Ajaci non est tenuisse superbum,*

Sit licet hoc ingens, quicquid speravit Ulixes.

Iste tulit pretium jam nunc certaminis hujus ;

1 Duces, the leaders of the Greeks, viz. Asamemnon, Menelaiis, Nestor, &.C. ; corona vulgi stante, while acircle of the common soldiers stood round.

2 Respexit Sigeia litora, looked atray from the judges towards the Sigean shore — because indignant at the insult offered to him, by Ulysses being al- lowed to contend with him for the armour of Achilles.

3 Agimus causam ante rates, do we plead our cause bifure the ships? i. e. before the ships which I defended against Hector, when he defeated the Greeks under Ulysses, and when he was proceeding to set them on fire.

4 At non dubitavit cedere, and yethe scrupled not to yield — when Hector attempted to set fire to the fleet, but was prevented oy me.

5 Fictis verbis, with artful, or plausible words — contemptuously aimed at the eloquence of Ulyssss.

6 Dicere, to speak, to excel in eloqtunce; facere, to act, to excel in action; Uti, that fellow — implying contempt.

7 Nee memoranda {esse) vobia, require not to be enumerated to you.

8 Non est superbum Ajaci tenuisse, it i$ no honour for Ajax to have obtained.

FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 1S9'

Quo quum victus erit, mecuta certasse feretur. 20

Atque ego, si virtus in me dubitabilis esset/

Nobilitate potens essem, Telamone creatus,

Mcenia qui forti Trojana sub Hercule cepit,

Litoraque intravit Pagasaea Colcha carina.

^acus huic pater est, qui jura Silentibus"'' illic 25

Reddit, ubi ^oliden saxum grave Sisypbon urget.'

^acon agnoscit summus prolemque fatetur

Jupiter esse suam. Sic ab Jove tertius Ajax.

Nee tamen'* haec series in causa prosit, Achivi,

Si mihi cum magno non est communis Achille. 80

Frater erat -J" fraterna peto. Quid sanguine cretus

Sisyphio, fui-tisque et fraude simillimus illi,

Inserit ^acidis alienae nomina gentis ?®

An, quod in arma prior nulloque sub indioe" veni,

Anna neganda mihi \ potiorque videbitur ille, 35

Ultima^ qui cepit detrectavitque furore

Militiam ficto ; donee solertior isto,

Sed sibi inutilior, timidi commenta retexit

Naupliades animi vitataque traxit ad anna \

Optima nunc sumat, qui sumere noluit ulla ; 40

Nos inhonorati et donis patruelibus orbi,*

Obtulimus quia nos ad prima pericula, simus \

Atque utinam aut verus furor ille aut creditus^° essct,

1 Si virtus in me esset dubitabilis, if my valour were qiieslionable ,• es- sem potens, should prevail.

2 Silentibus, See 5, 6, 16.

3 TTrget Sisjphon, distresses SisypJius. Sisyphus is particularly men- tioned here, because he was alleged by some to be the father of Ulysses, Tlie contrast between the judge and the condemned felon is very striking.

4 Nee tamen haec series prosit (mihi) in causa, let not, however, this de- scent avail me in Vie present cause.

5 Erat frater, he was my cousin. Pcleus and Telamon, the fathers cf Achilles and Ajax, were brothers. The term/rater is sometimes used to denote a cousin. Seel,ii,ii). FTzterna, ivhat belonged to my cousin.

6 Inserit nomiua alienae gentis Jiacidis, intrude the name of a strange family among the 2Eacid<B, i. e. claim kindred with Achilles and myseh".

7 Sub nuUo indice,y5wc€d by no informer. See Palamedes.

8 Qui cepit ultima {arma), who took up arms last.

9 Orbi patruelibus donis, deprived of a present which belonged to rny emisin,- obtulimus, exposed.

10 Verus aut creditus, real or believed to be so.

140 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [book Xin.

Nec comes hie Phrygias unquam venisset ad arces Hortator scelerum : non te, Poeantia proles, 45

Expositum Lemnos nostro cum crimine' haberet : Qui nunc, ut memorant, silvestribus abditus antris, Saxa moves gemitu, Laertiadseque precaris, Quae meruit : quae, si Di sunt, non vana preceris. Et nunc Hie eadem nobis juratus in arma,^ 50

Heu, pars una ducum, quo successore' sagittse Herculis utuntur, fractus morboque fameque, Velaturque aliturque avibus : volucresque petendo Debita* Trojanis exercet spicula fatis. Ille tamen vivit, quia non comitavit Ulixen. 66

Mallet et infelix Palamedes esse relictus : Viveret, aut certe letum sine crimine'^ haberet. Quem male convicti nimium memor iste furoris^ Prodere rem Danaam finxit, fictumque proba\at Crimen, et ostendit, quod jam praefoderat, aurum. 60 Ergo aut exsUio vires subduxit Achivis," Aut nece : sic pugnat, sic est metuendus Ulixes.. Qui, licet eloquio fidum quoque Nestora vincat, Haud tamen efficiet, desertum ut Nestora crimen* Esse rear nullum : qui, quum imploraret Ulixen 66 Vulnere tardus equi fessusque senilibus annis, Proditus a socio est. Non haec mihi crimina fingi,

1 Expositum cum nostro crimine, landed there to our great reproach.

2 Ille juratus in eadem arma nobis, he who hat tworn to the same arms tciOi us. A. R. A. 3 2. Sobis is here in the dative, and under the govern- ment of eadem ,- una pars, one and that a distinguished part

3 Quo successore, v:hom as their successive owner.

4 Debita Trojanis fatis, destined by the fates for the destruction of Troy. A. R. A. 229. Philoctetes had received from Hercules, at his death, his bow and poisoned arrows, without which the oracle had declared that Troy could not be taken.

5 Sine crimine, tciOioid a charge qf treason, i. e. of attemptmg to betray the Grecian army. Sec Palamedes.

6 Furoris mal6 convicti, qfhis pietended madness tchich he /lad detected to his loss. ^ ,

7 Subduxit \ires Achivis, ha-i deprived the Greeks of their strength— by caus- ing Philoctetes to be left on the island of Lemnos, and Palamedes to be put to death.

8 Nestora desertum esse nullum crimen, thai the forsaking of A estor uxu no crime. ^Vhen the Greeks had fled in alarm at the thunderbolt of Jupi-

FAB. I.J AJAX AND ULYSSES. 141

Scit bene Tydides, qui nomine ssepe vocatum Corripuit, trepidoque fugam exprobravit amico. Adspiciunt oculis Superi mortalia justis. 70

En eget auxUio, qui non tulit ; utque reliquit, Sic linquendus erat : legem sibi dixerat ipse.' Conclamat socios : adsum, videoque trementem Pallentemque metu et trepidantem morte futura."'' Opposui molem clypei,^ texique jacentem, 75

Servavique animam, minimum est hoc laudis, iaertem. Si perstas certare ; locum redeamus in ilium : Redde hostem vulnusque tuum solitumque timorem, Post clypeumque late, et mecum contende sub illo. At postquam eripui, cui standi vulnera vires 80

Non dederant/ nullo tardatus vulnere fugit. Hector adest, secumque Deos^ in prcelia ducit ; Q,uaque ruit, non tu tantum terreris, Ulixe, Sed fortes etiam : tantum ti'ahit ille timoris. Hunc ego sanguineae successu caedis ovantem 85

Cominus ingenti resuptnum pondei'e fadi,^ Hunc ego poscentem, cum quo concurreret,^ unus Sustinui ; sortemque meam vovistis,* Achivi,

ter, Nestor was unable to accompany them in consequence of his horse having been wounded by Paris ; and ttiomedes, fearing that the aged cliief might fall into the hands of the Trojans, called Ulysses to his assistance. Ulysses, however, disregarded the call, and took refuge in the Grecian camp,

1 Ipse dixerat legem sibi, he had prescribed the rule to be observed to- wards himself, i. e. he had set an example in abandoning Nestor which ought to have been followed in his own case.

2 Futura morte, at the death which awaited him.

3 Molem clypei, the bulk of my shield, my large shield. A. R. A. 306.

4 Cui vulnera non dederant vires standi, though his wounds had not left Mm, strength to stand.

5 Decs, the gods. Apollo was sent by Jupiter, covered with a cloud, and armed with the aegis which Vulcan had made for him, to attend Hector, and so alarmed the Greeks that they immediately fled.

6 Fudi resupinum ingenti pondere, / laid him prostrate on his back with a huge stone.

7 Poscentem (hominem) cum quo concurreret, demanding one with whom he might fght ; challenging any one to fight him.

8 Vovistis meam sortem, tvishedfor my lot, i. e. wished that the lot might fall upon me ; that my lot might be drawn out of the helmet in which the lots had been put. On this occasion nine chiefs presented their claims, and there were therefore nine lots put into the helmet. A. R. A. 243.

14:2 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII.

Et vestrae valuere preces. Si quseritis hujus

Fortunam pugnae ; non sum superatus ab illo. 90

Ecce feruut Troes ferrumque ignemque Jovemque

In Daiiaas classes : ubi nunc facundus Ulixes ?

Nempe ego mille meo protexi pectore puppcs,

Spem vestri reditus. Date tot pro navibus arma.'

Quod si vera licet mUii dicere ; quseritur istis, ~^6

Q,uam mibi, major honos, conjunctaque gloria nostra est,

Atque Ajax armis,'^ non Ajaci arma petuntur.

Conferat his' Ithacus Rhesum imbellemque Dolona

Priamidenque Helenum rapta cum Pallade captum.

Luce niliil gestum, nihil est Diomede remoto. 100

Si semel ista datis meritis tam vilibus arma ;

Diyidite, et major pars sit Diomedis in illis.

Quo tamen haec Ithaco/ qui clam, qui semper inermis

Rem gerit, et furtis incautum decipit hostem ?

Ipse nitor galeae claro radiantis ab auro 1 05

Insidias prodet, manifestabitque latentem.

Sed neque Dulichius sub Achillis casside vertex

Pondera tanta feret ; nee non onerosa gravisquo

Pelias esse potest imbellibus hasta lacertis ;

Nee clypeus, vasti caelatus imagine mundi,* 1 10

Conveniet timidae natajque ad furta sinistrae.

Debilitaturum quid te jietis, improbe, munus ?

Quod tibi si populi donaverit error Achivi ;

Cur spolieris, erit f non, cur metuaris ab hoste.

Et fuga, qua sola cunctos, timidissime, vincis, 116

1 Date arma pro tot navibus, give me the arms for having preserved so many ships.

2 Ajax petitur armis, an Jjax is sought for the arms, i.e. to do them honour by receiving them.

3 His, with these achievements — those which have been enumerated.

4 Qud (sunt) hjee (ai-ma) Ithaco, of what use are these arms to Vie Itha- can, i. e. to Ulysses ? Quo is here used for quoi, the old form of the dative, and is to be taken in the sense of cut bono, of what advantage.

5 Caelatus imajine vasti niundi, having a representation of the vast world engraved upon it. Of this shield, which was made by Vulcan, Homer has given a minute and beautiful description. II. 18, 474 — 605.

6 Erit, cur spolieris, it will be a reason why you shotild be plundered,- it will lead to your being plundered.

FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. l43

Tarda futura tibi est, gestamina tanta trahenti. Adde, quod iste tiius, tam raro prcelia passus, Integer est clypeus ; nostro, qui tela ferendo Mille patet plagis, novus est successor habendus.' Denique, quid verbis opus est? spectemur agendo : 120 Arma viri fortis medios mittantur in hostes ; Inde jubete peti, et referentem ornate relatis.'* Finierat Telamone satus, vulgique secutum Ultima' murmur erat ; donee Laertius heros Adstitit, at que oculos paulum tellure moratos 125

Sustulit ad proceres, exspectatoque resolvit Ora sono ; neque abest facundis gratia'' dictis. Si mea cum vestris valuissent vota, Pelasgi, Non foret ambiguus tanti cei'taminis heres. Tuque tuis armis/ nos te poteremur, Achille. 130

Quem quoniam non aequa mihi vobisque negarunt Fata ; manuque siniul veluti lacrimantia tersit Lumina ; quis magno melius succedat Achilli, Quam per qn.em magnus Dana'is successit Achilles l^ Huic modo ne prosit, qu6d,ut est, hebes esse videtur ;^ 186 Neve mihi noceat, quod vobis semper, Achivi, Profuit ingeniimi ; meaque haec facundia, si qua est, Quae nunc pro domino, pro vobis ssepe locuta est, Invidia careat ; bona nee sua quisque recuset.^

1 Novus successor habendus est nostro (clypeo), a new svccesscyr mvst b« had to my shield, i. e. a new shield must take the place of mine, which la pierced with a thousand holes.

2 Orrate (eum) referentem {arma, armis) relatis, adorn the man who brings back the arms, with the arms which he has brought back.

3 Ultima (verba), his last words,- the conclusion of his address.

4 Gratia, gracefulness of action.

5 Tuque, Achille, (potereris) tuis armis, and you, Achilles, would now enjoy your armour. A. R. A. 306.

6 Per quem magnus Achilles successit Danais, than he by whose meant the great Achilles jained the Greeks. Achilles had taken refuge with Lyco- medes, king of Seyros, and was there discovered by Ulysses, disguised in a female dress. See Achilles.

7 Ne prosit huic, quod videtur esse liebes, ut est, let it not avail Uiii fellow that he seems to be stupid as he really is.

8 Nee quisque recuset sua boi;a, a7id let no one reject, or leave unem- ployed, accomplishments which are really his own, i.e. which he has ac- quired for himself— in opposition to the accidents of birth and fortune.

144 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [book XIII.

Nam genus et proavos et quse non fecimiis ipsi, 140

Vix ea nostra voco. Sed enim, quia retulit Ajax Esse Jovis pronepos/ nostri quoque sanguinis auctor Jupiter est, totidemquc gradus distamus ab illo. Nam mihi Laertes pater est, Arcesius illi, Jupiter huic : nequc in his quisquam duranatus et exsul.'^ 145

Est quoque per niatrem Cyllenius addita nobis Altera nobilitas :^ Deus est in utroque parcnte. Sed neque matemo quod sum generosior ortu, Nee milii quod pater est fraterni sanguinis insons,* Proposita arnia peto ; meritis expenditc causam. 150 Dummodo, quod fratres Telamon Peleusque fuerunt, Ajacis moiitum non sit ; nee sanguinis ordo* Sed virtutis honos spoliis quseratur in istis. Aut si proximitas primusque requiiitur heres ; Est genitor Peleus, est Pynhus filius illi : 155

Quis locus Ajaci I Phthiam Scyronve ferantur. Nee minus est isto Teucer patruelis Achilli. Nmn petit ille tamen ? num, si petat, auferat arma 1 Ergo operum quoniam nudum certamen habetur :* Plura quidem feci, quam quse comprendere dictis 160 In promptu mihi sit ; rerum tamen ordine ducar." Praescia venturi genitrix Nereia leti Dissimulat cultu natum :^ et deceperat omncs, In quibus Ajacem, sumptae fallacia vestis.

1 Retulit esse pronepos Jovis, has told you that )ie is the great-grandson of Jupiter. Tile nominative is here used in imitation of the Greek, instead of the accusative, ic esse pronepotem.

2 Neque quisquam in his erat damnatus et exsul, nor was any one of them condemned and an exile. Ulysses here alludes to the banishment of Peleus and Telamon by their father ^acus, for having accidentally killed their brother Phocus with a quoit.

3 Altera nobilitas, a second claim to nohiUtii- See Anticlea-

4 Insons fratorni sanguinis, innocent of his brother's blood. See 145.

5 Ordo sanguini?. order of descent, propinquity of blood. See 29.

6 Quoniam nudum certamen operum habetur, since this is merely a con- test in acliievemenis — not for nobility of descent.

7 Ducar ordine rerum, J shall be guided by the order of the actions, i. e. I shall enumerate them in chronological order.

8 Dissimulat natum cultu, disguises her son by a female dress.

FAB. I.J AJAX AND ULYSSES. 145

Arma ego femineis, animum motura' virilem, 165

Mercibus inserui ; neque adhuc projecerat heros Virgineos habitus, quum parmam hastamque tenenti, Nate Dea, dixi, tibi se peritura reservant^ Pergama : quid dubitas ingenteni evertere Trojam 1 Injecique manum^ fortenique ad fortia misi, ] 70

Ergo opera illius mea sunt. Ego Telephon hasta Pugnantem domui ; victum orantemque refeci.* Q,u6d Thebs cecidere, menm est ; me credite Lesbon, Me Tenedon Chrysenque et Cyllan, ApoUinis urbes, Et Scyron cepisse : mea concussa putate 1 75

Procubuisse solo Lyrnesia moenia dextra. Utque alios taceam : qui saevum perdere posset Hectora, nempe dedi :^ per me jacet inclytus Hector. Illis base armis, quibus est inventus Achilles, Arma peto :^ vivo dederam, post fata reposco. 180

Ut dolor unius^ Danaos pervenit ad omnes, Aulidaque Euboicam complerunt mille carinae ; Exspectata diu, nulla aut contraria classi Flamina sunt ; durseque jubent Agamemnona sortes* Immeritam ssevie natam mactare Dianae. 185

Denegat hoc genitor, Divisque irascitur ipsis, Atque in rege tamen pater est.^ Ego mite parentis Ingenium verbis ad publica commoda verti. Hanc equidem fateor, fassoque ignoscat Atrides,

1 Ego insenai femineis mercibus arma motura, / introduced among femalewares arms likely to excite, i. e. a shield and spear among implements for spinning and weaving. See Iphigeria.

2 Keservant se tibi, reserves itself for you.

3 Injeci manum, I laid my hands on him, i. e. claimed him as my pri- soner. A. R. A. 188. Ad fortia, to the performance of brave actions.

4 Refeci, restored, healed. See Telephus.

5 Nempe dedi {hominem), qui posset perdere, I certainly furnished ymt with a man who could kill.

6 Peto haec arma illis armis, I ask these arms in return for those. The statement in the following clause seems not to correspond with this. The poet probably studied effect rather than a strict adherence to truth.

7 Unlus, of one, i. e. Menelaus.

8 Durae sortes, the cruel oracle, i. e. the response of Calchas. A. R. A. 243. Immeritam, innocent.

9 Atque pater taraen est in rege, and though a king is nevertheless a father ; and in the king there is nevertheless the ujjection of a father.

146 A J AX AND ULYSSES. (_BOOK Xlll.

Difficilem teuui sub iniquo judice* causani. 190

Hunc tamen utilitas populi fi-aterque datique

Suinma movet sceptri,'* laudeiu ut cum saugnine penset.

Mittor et ad matrem, qua non hortanda, sed astu'

Decipienda fmt. Q,u6 si Telamonius isset,

Orba suis essent etiamnum lintea ventis.* 195

Mittor et Iliacas audax orator ad arces ;

Visaque et intrata est altce mihi curia Trojse ;

Plenaque adhuc erat ilia \'iris. Interritus egi,

Quam mihi mandarat communis Graecia, causam,

Accusoque Paiin, priEdamque Helenamque reposco;' 200

Et moveo Priamum Priamoque Antenora junctum.

At Paris et fratres et, qui rapuere sub illo,

Vix tenuere manus, scis hoc, Menelae, nefandas ;

Primaque lux nostri tecum fuit ilia pericli.

Longa referre mora est, quae consilioque manuque 205

UtiUter feci spatiosi tempore belli.*'

Post acies primas lubis se moenibus hostes

Contiauere diu, nee aperti copia Martis .

Ulla fuit ; decimo demiun pugnavimus anno.

Quid facis interea, qui nil nisi prcelia nosti 1 210

Q,uis tuus usus erat ? nam si mea facta requiris ;

Hostibus insidior ; fossas munimine cingo ;

Consolor socios, ut longi taedia belli

Mente ferant placida ; doceo quo simus alendi

1 Tenui sub iniquo judice, I gained before a partial judge, L c. before Agamemnon, who was opposed to the sacrificing of his daughter Iphigenia.

2 Summaque sceptri dati movet, ut penset laudem cum sanguine, and the tupreme power of the sceptre which had been conferred upon him induce* him to weigh praise in the balance with blood, i. e. to purchase glory by the sacrifice of his daughter. Agamemnon had been invested by the Greeks with the office of commander-in-chief, the badge of which "office was a sceptre.

3 Astu, by cunning. Ulysses prevailed upon Clytemnestra to send her daughter along with him, by assuring her that she had been esx>oused by her father to Achilles.

4 Orba suis ventis, without favourable winds. A. R. A. 337.

5 Reposco praedamque Helenamque, I demand back both the plunder and Helen, i. e. Helen and the valuable plunder which be had carried off along with her.

6 Tempore spatiosi belli, during the Ume ofUie long war. Sec Troja.

I

FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 147

Armandive inodo ; mittor quo postulat usus. 216

Ecce. Jovis monitu deceptus imagine somni/

Rex jubet incepti curam dimittere belli.

Ille potest auctore"- suam defendere causam.

Non sinat hoc Ajax delendaque Pergama poscat,

Quodque potest/ pugnet. Cur non remoratur ituros 1

Cur non arma capit l det, quod vaga turba sequatur.* 221

Non erat hoc nimium nunquam nisi magna loquenti.

Quid, quod' et ipse fugit I vidi, puduitque videre,

Quum tu terga dares inhonestaque vela pararcs.

Nee mora, Q,uid facitis ? quae vos dementia, dixi, 225

Concitat, o socii, captain dimittere Trojam ?

Quidve domum fertis decimo nisi dedecus anno I

Talibus atque aliis, in qute dolor ipse disertum

Fecerat,^ aversos profuga de classe reduxi.

Convocat Atrides socios terrore paventes : 230

Nee Telamoniades etiam nunc hiscere quicquam^

Audet ; et axisiis erat reges incessere dictis"

Thersites, etiam per me haud impune, protervis.

Erigor et trepidos cives exhortor in hostem,

Amissamque mea virtutem voce reposco. 2.35

Tempore ab hoc, quodcumque potest fecisse videri

Fortiter iste, meum est, qui dantem terga retraxi.

Denique de Danais quis te laudatve petitve ^^

At sua Tydides mecum communicat acta ;

Me probat, et socio semper confidit Ulixe. 240

1 Deceptus imagine somni, being deceived hy a vition in his sleep, I. e. by a dream.

2 Auctore, by the author of it, i. e. on the authority of Jupiter.

3 Quod potest, what alone he can do. The whole of this sentence is spoken ironically, and for the purpose of turning into ridicule the military prowess of Ajax.

4 Det, quod vaga turba sequatur, let him give an advice which thefickle crowd may follow.

5 Quid, quod, &c. See 5, 8, 67.

6 In quae dolor ipse fecerat me disertum, for which grief itself had made me eloquent.

7 Hiscere quicquam, to utter any thing, to speak at all.

8 Incessere reges protervis dictis, to assail the chiifs (principally Aga- memnon) with insolent language.

9 Petitve te {comitem), m- chooses you as his companion.

148 AJAX AND VLYSSES. [bOOK XIII,

Est aliquid, de tot Graiorum millibus unum

A Diomede legi.' Nee me sors ire jubebat :

Sic tamen ct spreto noctisque bostisque periclo

Ausum eadein, quae nos, Phrygia de gente Dolona

Interimo ; non ante tamen, quam cuncta coegi 245

Prodere, et edidici quid perSda Troja pararet.

Omnia cognoram, nee, quod specularer, babebam ;'

Et jam promissa poteram cum laude reverti.

Haud contentus ea, petii tentoria Rhesi,

Inque suis ipsum castris comitesque pevemi ; 250

Atque ita captivo victor votisque potitus

Ingredior curru laetos imitante triumphos.'

Cujus equos pretium pro nocte poposcerat hostis/

Arma negate mibi, fueritque benignior Ajax.'

Quid Lycii referam Sarpedonis agmina feiTo 265

Devastata meo I quum multo sanguine fudi

Cceranon Iphitiden, et Alastoraque Cbromiumque

Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemonaque Prytaninque,

Exitioque dedi cum Chersidamante Thoona,

Et Charopem fatisque immitibus Ennomon actum,* 260

Q,uique minus celebres nostra sub moenibus urbis .

Procubuere manu. Sunt et mihi ■s^ilnera, cives.

Ipso pulchra loco :^ nee vanis credite verbis ;

Adspicite en ! vestemque manu deducit, et, Haec sunt

1 Legi unum a Diomecle, to be the only person selected by Diomedes.

2 Nee habebam quod, specularer, nor had I any thing farther to examine.

3 Ingredior curru imitante laetos triumphos, / ride in (enter) a chariot in imitation of a joyful triumph, i. e. I return in triumph to the camp. Ovid, from this expression, seems to have forgotten that Ulysses was a Greek. A. R. A. 325.

4 Cujus equos hostis poposcerat pretium pro nocte, whose horses the ene- my (Dolon) had demanded as his reward for that night's service. Dolon, before leaving Troy, had prevailed upon Hector to promise him tlie horses and chariot of Achilles, as a reward for exploring the enemy's camp.

5 Ajaxque fuerit benignior, and Ajax will have been more just Oian you. There seems to be here a reference to line 102, where Ajax says, that if the arms of Achilles are given to Ulysses at all, they ought to be divided between him and Diomedes.

6 Actum immitibus fatis, driven on (to destruction) by the cruel fater A. R. A. 229.

7 Pulchra ipso loco, honourable from their very position, i. e. in the breast : wounds in the back were considered dishonourable.

F,AB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 149

Pectora semper, ait, vestris exercita rebus. 265

At nihil impendit per tot Telamonius annos

Sanguinis in socios, et liabet sine vulnere corpus.

Quid tamen hoc refert,' si se pro classe Pelasga

Arma tulisse refert contra Troasque Jovemque I

Confiteorque, tulit : neque enim benefacta maligne'^ 270

Detrectare meum est ; sed nee communia solus

Occupet, atque aliquem vobis quoque reddat honorem.

Repulit Actorides, sub imagine tutus Achillis,

Troas ab arsuris cum defensore^ carinis.

Ausum etiam Hectoreo'' solum concurrere Marti 275

Se putat, oblitus regisquc ducumque meique,

Nonus in officio' et praelatus munere sortis.

Sed tamen eventus vestrae, fortissime, pugna?

Quis fuit 1 Hector abit \'iolatus vulnere nullo.

Me miserum, quanto cogor meminisse dolore 280

Temporis illius, quo Graium murus, Achilles,

Procubmt ! nee me laciinise luctusve timorve

Tardarunt, quia corpus hximo sublime referrem.^

His htimeris, his, inquam, humeris ego corpus Achillis

Et simul arma tuli; quae nunc quoque ferre laboro. 285

Sunt mihi, quae valeant in taha pondera, vires ;

Est animus vestros certe sensurus honores.

Scilicet idcirco pro gnato cserula mater

Ambitiosa suo fuit,^ ut coelestia dona,

Artis opus tantae, rudis et sine pectore miles 290

1 Quid tamen hoc refert, yet what avails this f

2 Malignd detractare benefacta, enviously to detractfrom brave actions; sed nee solus occupet communia, but let him not alone claim actions whi<A are common, i. e. in which all had a share.

3 Cum defensore, toith their defender, i. e. Ajax.

4 Concurrere Hectoreo Marti, to engaae in single combat with Hector. See 87.

5 ifonns in officio, the ninth in that affair. See 88. According to Homer, Ajax was the third who oflFered himself, and Ulysses the ninth ; but nonus is probably to be taken here in the sense of one of nine.

e Quin referrem corpus sublime humo,/rojra carrying off the body raised from the groxmd.

7 Scilicet idcirco easrula mater fuit ambitiosa pro suo gnato, was it for- sooth, for this reason that his sea-green mother (Thetis) teas so urgent with Vulcan in behaJfofher son ?

A 2

loO AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII.

Indueretl neque enim clypei caelamina noiit,* Oceanum et terras cumque alto sidera coelo, Pleiadasque Hyadasque immunemque iEquoris Arcton, Diversasque urbes nitidumque Ononis ensem. Postulat ut capiat, quae non intelligit, anna. 295

Quid, quod me, duri fugientem niunera belli, Arguit'^ incepto serum accessisse labori, Nee se magnanimo maledicere sentit Achilli 1 Si simulasse vocat crimen f simulavimus ambo. Si mora pro culpa est ; ego sum maturior illo. 300

Me pia detinuit conjux, pia mater Achillem ; Primaque sunt illis* data tempora, cetera vobis. Hand timeo, si jam nequeo defendere crimen Cum tanto commune viro. Deprensus Ulixia Ingenio' tameii ille ; at non Ajacis Ulixes. 306

Neve in me stolidae convicia fundere linguae Admiremur eum : vobis quoque digna pudore Objicit. An falso Palameden crimine turpe est Accusasse mihi, vobis damnasse decorum ? Sed neque Naupliades facinus defendere tantum 310 Tamque patens valuit ; nee vos audistis in illo Crimina ; vidistis, pretioque objecta patebant.^ Nee Poeantiaden quod liabet Vulcania Lemnos, Esse reus merui ; factum defendite vestrum : Consensistis enim. Nee me suasisse negabo, 315

Ut se subtraberet bellique viseque labori, Tentaretque feros requie lenire dolores. Paruit, et vivit. Non haec sententia tantum Fida, sed et felix ; quum sit satis, esse fidelem.

1 Neque enim norit cselamina cljiiei, /or he wiU not understand tht devices on the shield.

2 Arguit me fugientem, accuses me of avoiding. See 5, 8, 67.

3 Si vocat simulasse crimen, if he calls dissembling {to tiave dissembled) a crime. See 36-39.

4 lUis, to them, i. e. to my wife and to his mother.

5 Ille deprehensus (est) ingenio Ulixis, he (Achilles) teas detected bt/ the dexterity cf Ulysses. See 165.

6 Objert.a patebant pretio, the charges made against Mm were proved by the reward Bent to him, i. e. by the gold found in his tent.

FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 151

Quem quoniam vates delenda ad Pergama poscunt : 320

Ne mandate mihi ;^ melius Telamonius ibit,

Eloqtdoque virum morbis ii'aque furentem

Molliet, aut aliqua produce! callidus arte.

Ante retro Simois fluet et sine frondibus Ida

Stabit, et auxilium promittet Achaia Trojoe, 325

Q,uam, cessante meo pro vestris pectore rebus,^

Ajacis stolidi Danais solertia prosit.

Sis licet infestus sociis regique mihique,

Dure PhUoctete ; licet exsecrere meumque

Devoveas sine fine caput, cupiasque dolenti 330

Me tibi forte dari,^ nostrumque haurire cruorem,

Utque tui mihi, sic fiat tibi copia nostri :*

Te tamen aggrediar, mecumque reducere nitar.

Tamqiie tuis potiar, faveat Fortuna, sagittis,

Quam^ sum Dardanio, quern cepi, vate potitus ; 335

Q,uam responsa Deum Trojanaque fata retexi ;

Q,uam rapui Phrygiae signum penetrale Minervse

Hostibus e mediis. Et se mihi conferat Ajax ?

Nempe capi Trojam prohibebant fata sine Hlo.

Fortis ubi est Ajax 1 ubi sunt ingentia magni 340

Verba viri 1 cur hie metuit ? cur audet Ulixes

Ire per excubias, et se committere nocti,

Perque feros enses non tantum mcenia Troum,

Verum etiam summas arces intrare, suaque

Eripere sede Deam,^ raptamque efferre per hostes t 346

1 Ne mandate mihi, do not intrust that to me— to bringbackPhiloctetes, whose presence the soothsayers had declared to be necessary before Troy could be taken.

■ 2 Meo pectore cessante pro vestris rebus, if my talents cease to be ex- erted for your interest.

3 Me forte dari tibi, that I may happen to fall into your hands.

4 This line is, by the best editors of Ovid, considered spurious. If it is retained, the most probable interpretation seems to be, Utque copia tui ifacta est) mihi, sic copia nostri fiat tibi, and as I have had you in my power (when I caused you to be left on the island of Lemnos), so may you have me in your poicer, — so may you have the power of treating me as you think I deserve.

5 Tam — q\Jiva, as surely— is ; Dardanio vate, tJte Trojan prophelf U e. Helenus.

6 Deam, the goddess, i. e. the Palladium, q. v.

152 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII.

Quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus

Gestasset Iseva taiirorum tergora septem.^

Ilia nocte mihi Trojae victoria parta est ;

Pergama turn vici, quum vinci posse coegi."''

Desine Tydiden vultuque et miirmm-e nobis 350

Ostentare meum :' pars est sua laudis in illis.

Nee tu, quum socia clypenm pro classe tenebas.

Solus eras : tibi turba comes, mihi contigit unus.

Qui, nisi pugnacem sciret sapiente miiiorem''

Esse, nee indomitse deberi prsemia dextrse, 355

Ipse quoque haec peteret ; peteret moderatior Ajax,*

Eurj^ylusque ferox claroque Andraemone natus ;

Nee minus Idomeneus, patriaque creatus eadem

Meriones ; peteret majoris frater Atridae.

Quippe manu fortes nee sunt tibi Marte secundi ; 360

ConsUiis cessere meis. Tibi dextera bello

Utilis ; ingenium est, quod eget moderamine nostro,'^

Tu vires sine mente geris ; mihi cura futuri est.

Tu pugnare potes ; liugnandi tempoi*a mccum

Eligit Atrides. Tu tantum corpore prodes ; 365

Nos animo. Quantoque ratem qui temperat, anteit

Remigis officium, quanto dux milite major ;

Tanto ego te supero. Nee nou in corpore nostro

Peetora sunt potiora manu ; vigor omnis in illis.

At vos, 0 proccres, vigili date praemia vestro ; 370

Proque tot annorum curis, quas anxius egi,"

Hunc titulum meritis pensandum^ reddite nostris.

Jam labor in fine est : obstantia fata removi,

1 Tergora septein taurorum, tfte hides of seven lulls, i. e. his shield covered with the hides of seven bulls. «See 2.

2 Quum coegi posse vinci, when J rendered it capable of being taken.

3 Vultu et murmure ostentare meum Tydiden vobis, by your looks and murmuring to bring forward my companion Diomedes. See 100.

4 Pugnacem {hominem) esse rainorem sapiente, that a fighting man it it\ferior to a man of prudence.

5 Moderatior Ajax, tJie more discreet Ajax, i. e. Ajax the son of Oileus.

6 Ingenium est, quod eget nostro moderamine, it is your understanding which requires my direction.

7 Q,uas anxius egi, which I have undergone with anxiety.

8 Pensandum meis meritis, as a recompense due to my services.

FAB. I.J AJAX ANB ULYSSES. 163

Altaque posse capi faciendo, Pergama cepi.

Per spes nunc socias casuraque moenia Tronm, 375

Perque Deos,^ oro, quos hosti nuper ademi,

Per si quid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum,^

Si quid adhuc audax ex praecipitique petendum est,'

Si Trojae fatis aliquid restare putatis ;

Este mei memores ; aut, si milii non datis arma, 380

Huic date ! ' et ostendit signum fatale Minervse.

Mota manus procerum est ; et, quid facundia posset, Re patuit,^ fortisque viri tulit arma disertus. Hectora qui solus, qui ferrum ignemque Jovemque Sustinuit toties, unam non sustinet iram ; 385

Invictumque virum vincit dolor. Arripit ensem, Et, Meus hie certe est. An et hunc sibi poscet Ulixes ! Hoc, ait, utendum est in me mihi ; quique cruore Saepe Phrygum maduit, domini nunc caede madebit ; Ne quisquam Ajacem possit superare nisi Ajax. 390 Dixit ; et in pectus, turn demum vulnera passum,^ Qua patuit ferro, letalem condidit ensem. Nee valuere manus infixum educere telum ; Expulit ipse cruor, rubefactaque sanguine tellus Purpureum viridi genuit de cespite florem, 395

Qui prius CEbalio fuerat de vulnere natus. Litera communis mediis pueroque viroque Inscripta est foliis, hsec nominis, ilia querela?.'

1 Per Deos, 6y the goddess. Bees, though plural and masculine, refers only to Minerva. See 345.

2 Per si quid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum, 6y whatever requires to he transacted with wisdom, if any such thing remains.

3 Petendum est ex praeeipiti, is to be brought from a dangerous place — like the stealing of the palladium from the temple of Minerva.

4 I»ate huic, give them to this goddess, i. e. consecrate them in the temple of Minerva.

5 Patuit re, was shown by the result.

6 Tum demum passum vulnera, which then for the first time suffered a wound. See 267.

7 Hasc {est litera) nominis, ilia {litera) querelas, these are the letter» of Ajax's name, those the letters of complaint — the letters AI, which are the first two of Ajax's name, and whicli also form the exclamation.

154 PYTHAGORAS. [bOOK XV.

BOOK XV. Fab. II. — Pythagoras.

ViB fuit hie,' ortu Samius ; sed fugerat una

Et Samon et dominos,^ odioque tyrannidis exsul

Sponte erat. Isque, licet coeli regione remotus,

Mente Deos adiit f et, quse natura negabat

Visibus humanis, oculis ea pectoris hausit.* 5

Quumque animo et vigili perspexerat omnia cura,

In medium discenda dabat ;' ccetusque silentum,

Dictaque mirantum niagni primordia mundi

Et rerum causas, et quid natura,^ doccbat,

Q,uid Deus, unde nives, qua? fulminis esset origo, 10

Jupiter an venti discussa nube tonarent/

Quid quateret terras, qua sidera lege mearent,*

Et quodcumque latet. Primusque animalia mensis

Arguit imponi f primus quoque talibus ora

Docta quidem solvit, sed non et credita, verbis : 15

Parcite, moi-tales, dapibus temerare nefandis

1 Hlc, here, i. e. at Croton, q. v.

2 Dominos, the tyrants, i.e. Polycrates and his brotlicrs. See Polycrates.

3 Adiit Deos mente, approached the gods with ?iis7nind, i. e. studied the nature of the gods.

4 Hausit oculis pectoris, comprehended by the ei/es of his understanding, perceived by the eye of reason.

5 Dabat in medium discenda, made them public, gave them out to be learned; silentum, o/ silent scholars. For the purpose of forming in hi» pupils habits of reflection, Pythagoras imposed on some of them a silence of two, and on others of three years.

6 Q,uid natura (sit), what the natural state of things is, i. e. the laws of nature, natural philosophy.

7 Tonarent, produced the noise of the thnnder ,- quateret terras, shook the earth, i. e. the cause of earthqual^es. The origin of thunder and the cause of earthquakes were two favourite subjects of speculation with the ancient philosophers.

H Sidera mearent, the heavenly bodies, the planets moved in their orbits ; quodcumque latet, whatever else is concealed from men ; all the mysteries of nature.

9 Arguit animalia imponi, tav(iht that it was a crime for animal food to be served up.

Fab. II.] PVTHAGORAS. ISiS

Corpora : sunt fruges ; sunt deducentia ramos

Pondere poma suo, tumidfeque in \dtibus uvse ;

Sunt herbae dulces ; sunt, quae mitescere flamma

Mollirique queant ;^ nee vobis lacteus humor 20

Eripitur, nee mella thymi redolentia flore.

Prodiga divitias alimentaque mitia tellus

Suggerit, atque epulas sine caede et sanguine prcebet.

Carne ferae sedant jejunia, nee tamen omnes :

Quippe equus et peeudes armentaque gramine vivunt. 25

At quibus ingenium est immansuetumque fenunque,

Armeniaeque tigres iracundique leones

Cumque lupis ursi, dLipibus cum sanguine gaudent.

Heu quantum scelus est, in viscera viscera condi,""'

Congestoque aviduni pinguescere corpore coi-pus, 30

Alteriusque animantem aniinantis vivere leto !

SeUicet in tantis opibus, quas optima matrum

Terra parit, nil te nisi tristia mandere saevo

Vulnera' dente juvat, ritusque referre Cyclopum?

Nee, nisi perdideris alium, plaeare voraeis 35

Et male morati poteris jejunia ventris l

At vetus ilia setas, cui fecimus Aurea nomeu,

Fetibus arboreis et, quas humus educat, herbis,

Fortunata fuit, nee polluit ora eruore.

Tune et aves tutae nio^ere per aera pennas, 40

Et lepus impavidus mediis erravit in agris,

Nee sua credulitas piscem suspenderat hamo :

Cuneta sine insidiis nullamque timeutia fraudem

Plenaque pacis erant. Postquam non utilis auctor

Victibus invidit, quisquis fuit ille, virorum,* 45

Corporeasque dapes avidam demersit in alvum ;

1 Sunt {herba), quae queant mitescere, there are other herb* which can be made palatable.

2 Viscera condi in viscera, that carcass should be buried in carcass ; cor- pore congesto, by another body being crammed into it.

3 Mandere sxvo dente tristia vulnera, to devour with greedy tooUi fiosh mangled by cruel wounds.

4 Non utilis auctor in«dit vjotibus virorum, a mischievous ijinovalor despised this simple ytorf of men, i. e. milk, fruits, and vegetables.

166 PYTHAGORAS. [BOOK XV.

Fecit iter sceleri : primaque e ca?de ferarum

Incaluisse putem maculatum sanguine ferrum.

Idque satis fuerat, nostrumque petentia latum

Corpora niissa neci salva pietate' fatemur ; 50

Sed quam danda neci, tarn'' non epulanda fuerunt.

Longiiis inde nefas abiit, et prima putatur

Hostia' sus meruisse mori, quia semina pando

Eruerit rostro spemque interceperit anni ;

Vite caper morsa Bacchi mactandus ad aras 55

Ducitur ultoris : nocuit sua culpa duobus.*

Quid meruistis, oves, placidum pecus iuque tueudos

Natum homines,'' pleno quae fertis in ubere nectar,

Mollia quae nobis vestras velamina lanas

Prffibetis, vitaque magis quam morte juvatis 2 60

Quid meruere boves, animal sine fraude dolisque,

Innocuum, simplex, natum tolerare labores i

Immemor® est demum nee frugum munere dignus,

Q,ui potuit curvi dempto modo pondere aratri

Ruricolam mactare suum ; qui trita labore 65

Ilia, quibus toties dumm renovaverat arvum,

Tot dederat messes, percussit colla securi.

Nee satis est, quod tale nefas committitur : ipsoa

Inscripsere Decs sceleri,' numenque supemum

Caede laboriferi credunt gaudere juvenci. 70

Victima labe carens et praestantissima forma,

Nam placuisse nocet,* vittis prsesignis et auro,

Sistitur ante arjis, auditque ignara precantem,^

1 Pietate salva, without violating the law of nature — rMlurcU affection.

2 Quam — tarn, thouah—yet; ahntXovsiiis, went farther.

3 Prima hostia, as ihefirst victim, viz. to Ceres. A. R. A. 223.

4 Sua culpa nocuit dudbus, their own offences occasioned the death ofOiest two animals — the sow and the goat.

5 In tuendos homines, to protect men against cold—\>y furnishing clothing.

6 {Homo) est demum immeraor, that man is truly ungrateful.

7 Inscripsere Deos ipsos sceleri, have made even the gods the authors of their wickedness, i. e. profess that it is committed in honour of the gods.

8 Placuisse nocet, to have pleased is ruinous to the animal. For the mode of selecting and sacrificing the victim. See A. R. A. 260.

9 Ignara audit precantera, unconscious of its danger, hears the priest praying,- fruges, the cake. A. R. A. 260.

FAB. II.3 PYTHAGORAS. 157

Imponique suae videt inter cornua fronti,

Q,uas coluit, fruges ; percussaque sanguine cultros 7o

Inficit in liqiiida praevisos forsitan unda.

Protinus ereptas viventi pectore fibras^

Inspiciunt, nientesque Deum scrutantur in illis.

Unde fames homini vetitorum tanta ciborum I

Audetis vesci, genus o mortale I quod, oro, 80

Ne facite, et nionitis animos advertite nostris ;

Quumque bourn dabitis caesorum membra palato,

Mandere vos vestros scite et sentite colonos.''^

Et quoniam Deus ora movet/ sequar ora moventem

Rite Deum, Delphosque meos ipsumque recludam 85

^thera,* et augustae reserabo oracula mentis.

Magna nee ingeniis evestigata prionim

Q,u8eque diu latuere, canam. Juvat ire per alta

Astra ; juvat, terris et inerti sede relictis,

Nube vchi, validique humeris iusistere Atlantis, 90

Palantesque animos passim ac rationis egentes

Despectare procul, trepidosque obitumque timentea

Sic exbortari, seriemquc evolvere fati.'

O genus attonitum gelidse fonnidine mortis. Quid Styga, quid tenebras, quid nomina vana timetis, 95 Materiem vatum, falsique piacula mundi l^ Corpora sive rogus flamma, seu tabe vetustas Abstulerit,' mala posse pati non uUa putetis : Morte carent animae, semperque, priore relicta* Sede, novis domibus vivunt habitantque receptee. 100

1 Fibras ereptas viventi pectore, the entrails taken out of its breait still throbbing. A. R. A. 261.

2 "Vos mandere vestros colonos, that you are devouring the tillers of your toil.

3 Movet ora, opens my lips, i. e. inspires me.

4 Ipsumque aethera, and the mysteries of heaven itself.

5 Evolvere seriem fati, to unfold the order of fate.

6 Materiem vatum, piaculaque falsi mundi, the fictions of the poets, the punishments of an imaginary world.

7 Abstulerit corpora flamma, shall have consumed the bodies with fire, A. R. A. 410 and 417 ; putetis, be assured that you.

H Priore sede relicta, on leaving its former habitation, i. e. the body. Pythagoras here inculcates hia favourite doctrine of the transmigration of «ouls.

O

15S PYTHAGORAS. [bOOK XV.

Ipse ego, nam memini, Trojani tempore belli

Panthoides Euphorbus eram, cui pectorc quondam

Sedit in adverse gravis hasta minoris Atridse.

Cognovi clypeum, laevse gestamina nostrae,'

Nuper Abanteis temple Junonis in Argis. 106

Omnia mutantur ; nihil iuterit. En-at, et illinc

Hue venit, hinc illuc, et quoslibet occupat artus

Spiritus, eque feris liumana in corpora transit,

Inque feras noster, nee tempore deperit ullo.*

Utque novis facilis signatur cera figuris, 110

Nee manet, ut fuerat, nee f'ormas servat easdem,

Sed tamen ipsa cad.m est : animam sic semper eandem

Esse, seJ in varias doceo migrare figuras.

Ergo, ne pietas^ sit vieta cupidine ventris,

Parcite, vaticinor, cognatas caede ncfanda 115

Exturbare animas, nee sanguine sanguis alatur.

Et quoniam magno feror sequore, pleuaque ventis Vela dcdi ; nihil est toto quod perstet* in orbe : Cuncta fluunt, omnisque vagans fonnatur imago.' Ipsa quoqiie assiduo labimtur tempora motu, 120

Non secus ae flumen : neque enim consistere flumen, Nee levis hora potest ; sed ut unda impellitur unda, Urgeturque prior veniente urgetque priorem ; Tempora sic fugiunt pariter pariterque sequuntur, 124 Et nova sunt semper : nam quod fuit ante, relictum est, Fitque,quod baud fuerat,^ momentaqiie cuncta novantur.

1 Gestamina nostrae laevae, which I bore on my l^t arm.

2 Nosterque (spiritus transit) in feras, nee deperit uUo tempore, aniX our souls pass into wild beasts, nor are they annihilated at any time.

3 Pietas, your natural affection; exturbare cognatas animas nefandA esede, to drive the souls of your kindred from ilteir bodies by impious murder.

4 Perstet, rem^iins in the same state ; is free from change.

5 Cuncta fluunt, omnisque imago formatur vagans, all things pass away , and every object is formed in a state of fluctuation — vagans formatur being a stronger form of expression for vagans est, or vagatur.

6 Nam (tempits) quod fuit ante, relictum est, tempusciue quod baud fuerat, fit, for the time which was once the present becomes the past, and that which jirevioiitly had no existence becomes the present, i. e. the future becomes the presci t.

FAB. II.] PYTHAGORAS. 159

Cemis et einersas iu lucem tendere noctes,'

Et jubar hoc nitidum nigrae succedere nocti.

Nee color est idem coelo, quum lassa quiete

Cuncta jacent media, quum que albo Lucifer exit 130

Clarus equo ; rursumque alius,^ qunm praevia luci

Tradendum Phoebo Pallantias rnficit orbem.

Ipse Dei clypeus/ terra quum tollitur ima,

Mane rubet, terraque rubet quum conditur ima ;

Candidus in summo^ est : melior natura quod illic 136

JEtheris est, terraeque procul contagia vitat.

Nee par aut eadem nocturnse forma Dianae

Esse potest unquam ; semperque hodiema* sequente,

Si crescit, minor est, major, si contrahit orbem.

Quid? non in species succedere quatuor^ annum 140

Adspicis, aetatis peragentem imitamina nostras I

Nam teuer et lactens puevique simillimus sevo

Vere novo est. Tunc herba nitens et roboris expers

Turget et insolida est, et spe delectat agrestes.

Omnia tunc florent, florumque coloribus almus 145

Ridet ager ; neque adhuc virtus in frondibus uUa est.

Transit in ^Estatem post Ver robustior Annus,

Fitque valens juvenis : neque enim robustior aetas

Ulla nee uberior nee, quae magis ardeat,' ulla est.

Excipit Autumnus, posito fervore juventae 1.50

Maturus^ mitisque, inter juvenemque senemque

Temperie medius, spai-sus quoque tempora canis.

Inde senilis Hiems tremulo venit horrida passu,

1 Noctes emersas tendere in lucem, that the nights, as soon as they emerge from the sea, hasten to light ; hoc citidum jubar, this bright luminary.

2 Alius {est color), its colour is different; prjevia, who precedes.

3 Clypeus Dei ipse, the orb of the sun itself, which is round like a shield. The expression is unusual.

4 In Eummo (calo), on the summit of the sky, i. e. at mid-day

5 Hodiema (luna), this day's moon ; sequente {luna).

6 Succedere in quatuor species, successively assumes .four different ap- pearances, i. e. is divided into four seasons, each presenting a different appearance.

7 Quae magis ardeat, tehich is more warm.

8 Maturus, of manly age,- medius temperie, of medium temperature t sparsus {secmidum) tempora, hairing his temples thinly covered.

160 PYTHAGORAS. [BOOK XV.

Awt spoliata^ sues aut, quos habet, alba capillos. Nostra quoque ipsorutn semper requieque sine uUa 165 Corpora vertuntur ; nee, quod fuimusve sumusve, Cras erimus. Fuit ilia dies, qua semina tantum Spesque hominum primse matema habitavimus alvo. Artifices Natura manus admovit, et angi Corpora visccribus distentse condita matris 160

Noliiit, eque domo vacuas emisit in auras. Editus in lucem jacuit sine viribus infans ; Mox quadi-upes" rituque tulit sua membra feranim ; Paulatimque tremens et nondum poplite firmo Constitit, adjutis aliquo conamine nervis :^ 16.5

Inde valens veloxque fuit, spatiumque juventiE Transit, et emensis medii quoque temporis annis,'* Labitur occiduae per iter declive senectae. Subruit boec sevi dcTnoliturque prioris Robora ; fletque Milon senior, quum spectat inanes* 170 Illos, qui fuerant solidorum mole tororum Herculeis similes, fluidos pendere lacertos. Fltt quoque, ut in speculo rugas adspexit aniles, Tyndaris et secum, cur sit bis rapta,** requirit. Tempus edax rerum tuque, invidiosa vetustas, 1 75

Omnia destruitis, vitiataque dentibus £Evi Paulatim lenta consumitis omnia morte.

Haec quoque non perstant, quse nosElcmenta vocamus ; Quasque vices peragant,' animos adhibete, docebo. Quatuor aetemus genitalia corpora* mundus 180

1 SpoUata Euos capillos, aut alba (illos), quos babet, eiOter ttript o/hit hair, or teith that tchite which he has.

2 Quadrupes, on aUfour, i. e. crept on its hands and knees.

3 >ervis adjutis aliquo conamine, its sineics being assisted by some support.

4 Annis medii temjwris qubque emensis, having completed the j/ears of middle age also.

5 Inanei, feeble, or useless; mole solidorum tororum, in the size of their brawny muscUt.

6 Cur rapta sit bis, why she teat twice carried off", i. e. by Theseus and by Paris.

7 Quas vices peraarunt, what changes they undergo.

8 Quatuor genitalia corpora, four generative bodies, or element* — which posses? the power of producing every thinj. See J, 1, 22, *c.

FAB. tl.] PYTHAGORAS. 161

Continet : ex illis duo sunt onerosa, suoque

Pondere in inferius,^ tellus atque unda, feruntur ;

Et totidem gravitate carent, nuUoque premente

Alta petunt/ aer atque aere purior ignis.

Quae quanquam spatio distant, tamen omnia fiunt 1 85

Ex ipsis, et in ipsa cadunt f resolutaque tellus

In liquidas rarescit aquas ; tenuatus in auras

Aeraque humor abit ; dempto quoque pondere rursus

In superos aer tenuissimus emicat ignes.*

Inde retro redeunt, idemque retexitur* ordo. 190

Ignis enim densum spissatus in aera transit,

Hie in aquas ; tellus glomerata cogitur unda.*

Nee species sua cuique manct, rerumque novatrix

Ex aliis alias reparat Natm-a figuras.

Nee perit in tanto quicquam, milii credite, mundo, 195

Sed variat faciemque novat : nascique vocatur

Incipere esse aliud, quam quod fuit ante ; morique

Desinere illud idem ; quum sint hue forsitan ilia,

Haec translata illuc ;" summa tamen omnia constant.

Nil equidem durare diu sub imagine eadem 200

Crediderim.* Sic ad ferrum venistis ab auro, Ssecula ; sic toties versa est fortuna locoi-um. Vidi ego, quod fuerat quondam solidissima tellus, Esse fretum ; vidi factas ex aequore terras ; Et procul a pelago conchse jacuere marinae, 205

Et vetus inventa est in montibus ancora summis. Quodque fuit campus, vallem decursus aquarum

1 Feruntur in inferius, are depressed to the lowest place.

2 NuBo premente petunt alta, as nothing presses themdoiim they ascend f lit. make/or the high places.

3 Cadunt in ipsa, are resolved into these.

4 Emicat in superos ignes, darts up into high ether.

5 Reteidtur, is renewed. The metaphor is borrowed from the loom. A. R. A. 452.

a Tellus cogitur glomerata unda, earth is composed of condensed water.

7 Quum ilia translata sint hue, haec {translata sint) illuc ; omnia tamen eumma constant, though those particles may have been transferred to this body, and Oiese to that body, yet all things in the main continue the same.

S Crediderim, / should be inclined U> believe. This use of the subjunc- tive in modifying and softening the affirmation is not uncommon.

o 2

1G2 PYTHAGORAS. [book XV.

Fecit ;' et eluvie mons est deductus in «equor ;

Eque paludosa" siccis humus arct arenis,

Qufeque sitim tulerant, stagnata paludibus huraent. 210

Hie fontes Natura novos emisit, at illic

Clausit, et antiqui tarn m\ilta trcmoribus orbis

Fluinina prosiliunt aut excsecata residunt.^

Fab. IX. — Julius Cce-sar.

Hic^ tamen acceSsit delubris advena' nostris :

Caesar in Urbe sua Deus est ; quem Marte togaque

Prsecipuum,® non bella magis finita triuniphis

Resque domi gestae properataque gloria rerum'

In sidus vertere novum stellamque comantem, .5

Quani sua progenies. Neque enim de Caesaris actis

Ullum majus opus, qiiam quod pater exstitit hujus.

ScUicet sequoreos plus est domuisse Britannos,

Perque papyriferi septemflua flumina Nili

Victrices egisse rates, Numidasque rebelles 10

Cinyphiumque Jubam ]Mithridateisque tumcntem

Nominibus Pontum populo adjecisse Quirini,

Et multos meniisse, aliquos egisse triumphos,"

1 Decursus aqiiarum fecit vallem, a current of water has made a chan- nel; eluvie, htj a torrent, or by dcirHion.

2 E paliidosa (h)imo),from belnr/ marshy ground ; stagnata paludibus, beinp covered witJi marshes.

.1 Tam multa flumina prosiliunt antiquis tremoribus orbis, aut excfficata residunt, as tnany rivers burst forth by old earthquakes, or, being stopped up. sink into the ground.

4 Hie, Viis god, i. e. iEsculapius, who had a temple at Rome where divine honours were paid to him.

5 Advena, a stranger, in opposition to Caesar, who was one of the Dii Indigetes. Julius Ca?sar was ranked among the gods, A. U. 712, and a temple erected to him in the great Forum,

6 Prsecipuura marte togaque, renmcneU in tear and in peace. The toga, which was tlie robe of peace, is frequently put in opposition to the sagum, or military cloak — it is here opposed to marte. A. R. A. 310 and 226. Triumphis. A. R. A. 325.

7 Properata gloria rerum, the rapid glory o/his conquests ; sua progenies, his son, i.e. Auj^stus, wlio was his grand-nephew, and was adopted as hi? son and successor in the empire.

8 Egisse aliquos triumphos, to have celebrated some triumphs. Caesar ol>tained five triumphs — four in the same month, after defeating Scipio, and another afterwards for the defeat of tlie sons of Pompey. A. R. A. 325.

FAB. IX.] JULIUS CjESAR. 163

Q,uam tantum genuisse^ virum, quo praeside rerum

Hnmano generi, Superi, cavistis abunde. 15

Ne foret hie igitur mortali semine cretus,

Ille Deus faciendus erat. Q,uod ut aurea vidit

-^ilnetE genitrix f vidit quoque triste parari

Pontifici letum et conjurata arma'' moveri.

Palluit, et cunctis, ut cuique erat obvia, Divis, 20

Adspice, dicebat, quanta mihi mole* parentur

Insidiae, quantaque caput cum fraude petatur,

Q,uod de Dardanio solum mihi restat liilo.

Solane semper ero justis exercita curis,

Q,uam modo Tydidse Calydouia vulneret hasta, 2.5

Nunc male defensae confundant moenia Trojse ;

Quae videam natum* longis erroribus actum,

Jactarique freto, sedesque intrare Silentum,

Bellaque cum Tumo gerere aut, si vera fatemur.

Cum Junone magis 1 Quid nunc antiqua recorder 30

Damna mei generis 2 timer hie meminisse priorum

Non sinit : in me acui sceleratos cemitis enses.

Quos prohibete, precor, facinusque repellite, neve

Caede sacerdotis flammas exstinguite Vestae.

Talia nequicquam toto Venus anxia coelo 35

Verba jacit," Superosque movet ; qui rumpere quanqtiam Ferrea non possunt veterum decreta Sororum,' Signa tamen luctus dant baud incerta futuri. Anna ferunt nigras inter crepitantia nubes Terribilesque tubas auditaque comua coelo 40

1 Genuisse, to have adopted as his son; quo praeside rerum, with whom asjfuardian of the Roman empire.

2 Aurea genitrix^nese, the beautiftil mother ofMmas, i. e. Venus. Pon- tifici, for the high priest, i.e. for Julius Csesar, who, A.U. 710, was ap- pointed Poutifex Maximus. A. R. A. 235.

3 Anna conjurata, the arms of the conspirators, i. e. of the conspirators led on by Brutus and Cassius. Seel,6,3&.

4 Quanta mole, with what eagerness,- caput, tJtat person, L e. Julius Caesar. Justis, well-grounded,- confundant, disquiet.

.5 Natum, i.e. Mneas; mei generis, of my family , i. e. of the Trojans; in me, against my offspring, i. e. J. Caesar.

6 Jacit talia verba, gives utterance to such words as these.

7 Ferrea decreta veterum Sororum, the unalterable decrees qf the aged «>ter«, i. e. of the Fates. See 5, i, 5. Signa, intimations.

164 JULIUS CiESAR. [book XV.

Praemonuisse nefas ; Solis quoque tristis imago

Lurida sollicitis praebebat lumina terris.

Sspe faces visse mediis ai-dere sub astris ;

Saepe inter nimbos guttae cecidere cruentse ;

Caemlus' et Aultum ferrugine Lucifer atra 45

Sparsus erat, sparsi lunares sanguine cun-us.

Tristia mille locis Stygius dedit omiua bubo ;

Mille locis lacrimavit ebur/ cantusque fenintur

Auditi, Sanctis et verba minacia lucis.

Victima nulla litat,^ magnosque instare tumultus 50

Fibra monet, caesumque caput reperitur in extis.

Inque foro circumque demos et templa Deorum

Noctumos ululasse canes, umbrasque Silentum

Erravisse ferunt, motamque tremoribus* urbera.

Non tamen insidias venturaque vincere fata 65

Praemonitus potuere Deum ; strictique feruntur

In templum^ gladii ; neque enim locus ullus in Urbe

Ad facinus diramque placet, nisi Curia, caedem.

Turn vero Cytherea manu percussit utraque

Pectus, et aetherea molitur condere® nube, 60

Qua prius infesto Paris est ereptus Atridae,

Et Diomedeos iEneas fugerat enses.

Talibus hanc^ genitor : Sola insuperabilc fatum,

Nata, movere paras 1 intres licet ipsa Sororum

Tecta trium : cerncs illic molimine vasto 66

Ex aere et solido rerum tubularia ferro ;

1 Caerulus, dMK; airii fermgine, tcitk a dusky hue.

2 Ebur, the ivory statue* of the gods ; cantus, predicliont.

3 Litat, appeases the gods ; fibra, the entrails,- in extis caput reperitur caesum, among the entrails the head of one is found to be cut off. By caput is here meant a protuberance at the head of the right lobe of the liver, which is generally found in oxen and other animals. It was considered ominous if this was wanting. A. R. A. 261.

4 Jlotam tremoribus, shaken by an earthquake.

5 Templum jiToperly signifies any consecrated place ; it here denotes the senate-house, the Curia Pompeia, in which Caesar was murdered. A. R. A. 7.

6 Molitur condere (Ccesarem), endeavours to hide Casar.

7 (Alloquitur) banc, addresses her,- movere, to alter; Sororum. Se« 37. Vasto molimine, of large and solid construction; tabularia rerum, archives for the records qfthe world.

FAB. IX.^ JULIUS CiESAR. 166

Quse neque concursum coeli neque fulminis iram

Nee metuunt uUas tuta atqiie setema ruinas.

Invenies illic iiiclusa adamante perenni

Fata tiii generis : legi ipse animoque notavi, ^ 70

Et referam, ne sis etiaranum ignara futuri.

Hic^ sua complevit, pro quo, Cytherea, laboras,

Tempora perfectis, quos terrse debuit, annis.

Ut Deus accedat coelo templisque locetur,

Tu facies natusque suus,^ qui nominis heres 7o

Impositum feret Urbis onus,'^ csesique parentis

Nos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit.

lUius auspiciis obsessae moenia pacem

Victa petent Mutinae ; Pharsalia sentiet ilium,

Emathiaque iterum madefacti csede Philippi ; 80

Et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur* undis ;

Romanique ducis conjux ^gyptia, taedse

Non bene fisa,^ cadet f frustraque erit iUa minata,

Servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo."

Quid tibi Barbariem, gentesque ab utroque jacentes 85

Oceano* numerem ? Quodcumque habitabile tellus

Sustinet, hujus erit ; pontus quoque scrviet illi.

Pace data terris, animum ad civil ia vertet

Jura' suum, legesque feret justissimus auctor ;

1 Hie, i. e. J. CcBsar ; quos debuit terras, which he awed to the earth — which it had been ordained by the Pates he should spend on earth.

2 Tu facies suusque natus Ifaciet), you and his sen will cause, i. e. Augustus.

3 Onus, the burden, i. e. the management of the empire ; nos suos, ut as his assistants.

4 Magnum nomen superabitur, a great name, a man of great celebrity shall be defeated — ^in allusion to Sextus, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who was defeated by Agrippa near the island of Sicily.

5 Non bene fisa tEedae, who imprudently trusted to her marriage with Antony, i. e. rashly expected that by marrying Antony she would become queen of the Roman empire. A. R. A. 404.

6 Cadet, shall fall, i.e. being vanquished by Augustus at the battle of Actium will die by poison.

7 Nostra Capitolia servitura (esse) suo Canopo, that our Capitol shall be subject to her Canopus, i. e. that the Roman empire shall be subject to Egypt.

8 Jacentes ab utroque oceano, situate on both oceans — the eastern and western, i. e. Africa and Asia.

9 Civilia jura, the civil rights of his subjects ; auctor, a legislator.

166. JULIUS CESAR. [book XV.

Exemploque suo mores reget ; inque futuri 90

Temporis aetatera venturorumque nepotum Prospiciens, prolem^ sancta de conjuge natam Ferre siraul nomenque siium curasque jubebit. Nee, nisi quum senior Pylios £Equavcrit annos, ^tlierias sedes cognataque sidera^ tanget. 95

Hanc aniraam interea caeso de corpore raptam Fac jubar,' nt semper Capitolia nostra Forumque Divus ab excelsa prospectet Julius sede.

Vix ea fatus erat, media quum sede Senatus Constitit alma Venus, nulli cernenda, suique 100

Caesaris eripuit membris nee in aera solvi* Passa recentem animam coelestibus intulit astris. Dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit, Emisitque sinu, Luna volat altius ilia, Flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem* 1 05 Stella micat, natique videns benefacta fatetur Esse suis majora, et vinci gaudet ab illo. Hie* sua prseferri quanquam vetat acta patemis, Libera fama tamen nullisque obnoxia jussis Invitum praefert, unaque in parte repugnat. 110

Sic magnus cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus ; ^gea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vincit Achilles ; Denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus' utar, Sic et Satumus minor est Jove. Jupiter arces

1 Prolem, ofsprinff, i. e. Tiberius, the son of Livia the wife of Augus- tus, who was latterly adopted by liim as his successor, and therefore assumed the name of Caesar.

2 Cognata sidera, the star of his relation, i. e. of Julius Caesar.

3 Jubar, a star,- ab excelsa aede, from his lofty matision, i e. from hea- ven. This fable took its rise from a comet which appeared in the north- west for seven successive nights after the murder of Cssar, and which is again alluded to in 105

4 Nee passa solvi in aera, without suflerinr/ it to he dissolved info air.

5 Trahensque flammiferum crinem spatioso limite, and draming after it afierfi tail throuiih a long space,

6 Hie, i.e. Augustus,- obnoxia rwMia )\i?.%\a, subject to the eommandt of no one; in una parte, in this one instance only.

7 iEquantibus ipsos, tchich are equal to them, i. e. to Caesar and ^lugustus.

FAB. IX.J JULIUS C^SAR. 167

Temperat setheiias et mundi regua triformis ;' 1 16

Terra sub Augusto est ; pater est et rector uterque. Di, precor, ^nese comites,'' quibus ensis et ignis Cesseruiit, Dique Indigetes,^ genitorque Quirine Urbis, et invicti genitor Gradive Quirini, Vestaque Caesareos inter sacrata Penates,* 120

Et cum Csesarea tu, Phoebe domestice,* Vesta, Q,uique tencs altus Tarpeias, Jupiter, arces, Quosque alios vati fas appellare piumque, Tarda sit ilia dies et nostro serior aevo, Q,ua caput Augustum, quem temperat, orbe relicto, 125 Accedat ccelo, faveatque precantibus absens.

PERORATION.

Jamquk opus exegi,* quod nee Jo vis ira nee ignes Nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas. Q,uum volet ilia dies,^ quae nil nisi corporis hujus Jus habet, incerti spatium niihi finiat £evi ; Parte tamen meliore mei^ super alta perennis 6

Astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum ; Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, Ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fam&, Si quid habent veri vatum prtesagia, vivam.

1 Triformis mimdi, of the triple world, 1. e. Leaven, earth, and the infer- nal regions. Uterque, each, i. e. Jupiter and Augustus.

2 Comites JEneas, the attendants ofMneas, i. e. the Penates, which were rescued by ^neas from the fiames of Troy, and brought by hini into Italy, and by whose interposition he was delivered from the sword of his enemies and the fire of Troy.

.3 Di Indigetes, ve native gods of the country, as Janus, Faunus, .Eneas, &c. A. R. A. 231.

4 Sacrata inter Caesareos Penates, held sacred among the household god» ofCasar. Caesar was Pontifex Maximus, and therefore priest of Vesta. A R. A. 2.S5.

5 Domestice Phoebe, domestic Phoebus. Augustus built a temple to Apollo in the Palatium on the Palatine hill.

6 Exegi opus, / have finished a work; ira Jovls, the thunderbolt.

7 'JtTie order is. Ilia dies (i. e. the day of my death) quse habet nil jus nisi buius corporis {which has no power over me except as to this body), finiat mini spatium incerti aevi, quum volet.

8 Meliore parte mei, in my better part, i. e. in my fame ; perennis, iff»* mm-tal; indelebile, imperishable ,• patet, is extended.

INDEX.

Note. — A vowel in the penult, followed by another vowel is to be pro- nounced short, unless when otherwise marked. The abbreviations diss, and tris. indicate that the words after which they are placed are to be pronounced as dissyllables, or trisyllabUs. Crr. Ace. represent Greek Ac- cusative.

Abanteus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Abas. In Abun- teis Argis, in Argos, of vtrhich Abas was king, xv. 2. 105. See Abas.

Abantiades,-8e, JK., a patronymic applied to the descendants of Abas ; bence it signifies generally, a descendant of Abas, whether son, grandson, &c. In iv. 13. 4. and iv. 14. 11. it is applied to Acrisius, the son of Abas, and in iv. 15. 15. it refers to Perseus {diss.), vrho was his great-grandson

Abas, -antis, m., Abas, akingof Argos, famous for his geniu» and valour. He was the son of Lynceus {diss. ) and Hypermnes- tra, father of Acrisius and Prcetus, grandfather of Danae, and great-grandfather of Perseus (diss.) In illustration of iv. 13. 4. it may be here stated that Agenor and Belus were brothers ; from the former sprung Cadmus, Semele, and Bacchus ; and from the latter ^gyptus, Lynceus, Abas, Acrisius, Danae, and Perseus.

Achaia, -S£,J., Acliaia, a division of the Peloponnesus, lying along the Gulf of Corinth, which formed its northern boundary. It adjoined Megaris on the east, and was separated by a chain of hills from Argolis, Arcadia, and EUs, on the south. Its western boundary was that part of the Ionian Sea which lies between the mouth of the Larissus and the Strait of Lepanto. Achaia included the territories of Corinthia, Sicyonia, and Phliasia, and the towns of Corinth, Sicyon, Patrae, and Dyme. The ancient name is said to have been ^gialus. After the whole of Greece came under the power of the Romans, and was divided by them into the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia, the latter included the Peloponnesus, and that part of Graecia Propria which lay to the south of Thessaly and the east of the Achelous. It is frequently used to signify Greece in general, iv. 13. 3. xiii. 1. 325.

Achais, -idis, or -idos^ adj. f., of, or relating to Achaia, Achcean, Grecian, Per Achdidas urbes, throughout the Grecian cities, iii. 7. 1.

ACH 170 ACh

Acheloides, -urn,/., the Acheloides, a name given to the Sirens as the daughters of the river-god Achelous. See Siren.

Achelous, -i, 77?.. the Achelous, now called the Aspro Pota- mo, a river which rises in the northern pirt of Mount Pindus, flows through eastern Epirus, and after separating yStolia from Acarnania, falls into the Ionian Sea.

Acheron, -otitis, m., the Acheron, or SouU, a river of Eplnw, « hich rises in the chain of mountains to the west of Pindus, and after flowing through the Acherusian Lake, falls into the Ionian Sea. The Acheron is an inconsiderable stream, but is celebrated in mythology from its supposed communication with the infernal regions, a fable which probably derived its origin from the dark colour of its waters, and from the destructive malaria, or tainted air, which infested the lower part of its course. According to the poets, Acheron was the son of Sol and Terra, and was cast into the infernal regions, and there changed into a river, for having sup- plied the Titans with water during the war which they waged with Jupiter. Its waters are represented as muddy and bitter, and it was the stream over which the souls of the dead were first conveyed, when on their way to Hades. It is frequently used to denote the lower world. Acheron was the father of Ascalaphus by Orphne. Quern Orphne dicitur peperisse ex suo Acherontesubfurvisan- tris, whom Orphne is said to have brought forth to her husband, Acheron, in a dusky cave, v. 8. 80. Imum Acheronta, the bot- tom of Acheron, xi. It). 9.3. Gr, ^cc.-ontd.

Achilles, -is, m., Achilles, the bravest of the Greeks, and the hero of the lUad, was the son of Peleus (diss.), king of Phthiotis in Thessaly, and the sea-nymph Thetb. Soon afier he was born, his mother plunged him into the river Styx, and thereby rendered him invulnerable in every part of his body, except the heel, by which she held him. His education was intrusted to the Centaur Chiron, the instructor of the greatest heroes of his age. His mo- ther, knowing that he was destined to perish if he went to the Tro- jan war. sent him disguised in a female dress to the court of Lyco- medes, king of the island of Scyros. In consequence, however, of a prophi^cy •;{ Calchas, that Troy could not be taken without his assistance, it !)f came necessary to take measures to entice him from his place of concealment. Accordingly, Ulysses, who had under- taken this duty, went to Scyros in the disguise of a travelling niei chant, carrying with him various articles of female dress, and along with the.n some pieces of armour. When these were ex- posed for sale, Achilles discovered himself by preferring the armour, and was prevailed upon by Ulysses to accompany him to the seat of war. Here he signalized himself greatly by his valour, until a dis- pute arose between him and Agamemnon respecting a female captive, in consequence of which he separated himself from the Grecian army, snd refused to co-operate-with his countrymen in prosecuting the

ACH 171 AGO

siege. To this resolution he obstinately adhered, until the death of his friend Patroclus, by the hand of Hector, roused him to revenge. His arms, in which he had permitted Patroclus to appear, had come into the possession of Hector ; and Vulcan, at the request of Thetis, made a suit of impenetrable armour for her son. Arrayed in this he took the field, and after revenging the death of his friend by the slaughter of many of the 'most distinguished of the Trojan heroes, engaged in single combat with Hector, and slew him by the assis- tance of Minerva. Not satisfied with killing his enemy, he inhu- manly dragged his dead body thrice round the walls of Troy, and afterwards sold it for a large Tansora to the aged Priam. Soon after Achilles became enamoured of Polyxena, the daughter of Priam, and having offered to become the ally of the Troj m mo- narch, on condition of receiving the hand of his daughter, went for this purpose into the temple of Apollo, where he was treacherously slain by Paris, who wounded him with an arrow in the vulnerable heel. He was buried along with Patroclus, on the promontory of Sigeum, their ashes being placed together in the same urn. After his death, his arms were the subject of a dispute between Ajax, the son of Telamon, and Ulysses, to the latter of whom they were as- signed by the Grecian chiefs. See xiii. 1.

Achivi, -orum, m-, the Achivi, properly the inhahitants of Achaia, but frequently employed to signify the Greeks in general.

Achivus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Achaia, Ai^arviarAs used to signify Grecian. Titulum Achivce pubis servatm, the glory of saving the Grecian youth, vii. 1. 66.

Acoetes, -as, m., Acatea, the son of a fisherman of Moeonia, and commander of a band of Tuscan pirates, who found Bacchus asleep on the coast of the island of Ceos, and forced him on board their ship, promising to convey him to the island of Naxos. Not- withstanding the remonstrances of their captain, the crew assumed the command of the ship, and steered in a different direction, fur the purpose of profiting by the spoil which they had taken. They had not, however, proceeded far, when the god avenged their per- fidy, by changing them all except Acoetes into dolphins. Bacchus assumed the name of Acoetes, when he allowed himself to be taken by the servants of Pentheus (diss.), and was carried .before that prince for punishment, iii. 7. 67., &c. Tyrrhenus Accetes, the Tuscan Acoetes, iii. 7. 186.

Aconitum, -i, ;?., a poisonous herb, said to have sprung from the foam which fell from the dog Cerberus, when Hercules dragged him from the infernal regions, by the Acherusian cave in Bithynia. It is generally translated Wolf's-bane, Wolf's-wort, Aconite, and is said by Pliny to be the most active of all poisons. It is certain that this is what is now called Aconitum, but whether by it the ancients understood the same plant, has not been fully ascertained. It is used by the poets as the general name for a poisonous herb.

Aco 172 ^.:ac

Ovid derives the naine from axsvi), a whetstone, because it grows on hard rocks ; by others it is derived from Ac'me, a town near Heraelea, in Bithynia, where the plant is said to have abounded.

Aconteus {tris.), -eos, & -ei, ni., Aconteus, one of the companions of Perseus {diss.), who was changed into a stone, by accidentally looking a' the h?ad of Medusa

Acrisioniades, -ae, m.. Aciisioniades, a name given to Per- seus (diss.), who, as son of Danae, was the grandson of Acrisius. Acrisioniades vertit in /tunc harpen spectatam cade Medusa, the grandson of Acrisius, i. e. I'erseus, turns upon him the falchion which had been proved in the slaughter of Medusa, v. 1 . 69.

Acrisius, -ii, m., Acrisius, a king of Argos, the son of Abas and Ocalea, and father of Danae. He disputed the sovereignty of -Vrgos with his twin-brother Proetus, and after many violent strug- gles, was allowed to remain in possession of the kingdom. He married Eurydice, the daughter of Laceda;mon, by whom he had Danae; and being told by an oracle that he should be killed by this daughter's son, he confined her in a brazen tower to prevent the fulfilment of the prophecy. She, notwithstanding, became the mother of Perseus {diss.) bv Jupiter, and being, by the orders of her father, thrown, along with her child, into the sea in a chest, was carried to the island of Serlphus, where her son was educated in the temple of .Minerva. The fame of his grandson afterwards reached Acrisius, and induced him to go to Larissa to witness his feats at funeral games, which were there to be cele- brated. While Perseus was displaying hi? skill in throwing the quoit, he killed an old man, who was discovered to be his grand- father, and thus fulfilled the prediction of the oracle. An sati.<i animi est Acrisio, contemnere vanum numen et cluudere Ar- golicas portas (ei) venienfi^ has Acrisius sufficient courage to despise this pretended deity, and to shut the gates of Argos against him as he approaches ? iii. 7 49. See Danae and Perseus.

AcUeon -onis, m.. Actaon, a famous hunter, the son of Ar- istiEus and Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, from whom he is called Autonoci'is lieros (iii. 2 68.) Being one day exhausted by the fatigues of the rhase, he retired to the vale of Gargaphie, to avoid the scorching heat of the sun. and having there accidentally seen Diana and her nymphs bathing in a cave, was changed by the goddess into a stag to prevent the disclosure. He was afterwards pursued and torn to pieces by his own dogs. For an account of his dogs see iii. 2. 7(3., &c. Gr. afc.-ona.

Actorides, -ae, m. . the grandson of Actor, a patronymic applied to Patroclus. Actorides tutus sub imagine AchiUis, Patroclus safe under the appearance of Achilles, — because he was clad in the armour of .Achilles, xiii. 1. 273.

-•Eacides, -£e, m., a son, or a descendant, of ./Eacus. a name applied by Ulysses to Achilles and himself, as grandsons of ./Eacus.

iEAC 173 yEGE

-^acos, -i, & jEacus, -i, m., JEacus, the son of Jupiter and ^gina, and king of (Enopia, an island in the Saronic Gulf, which he named ^gina after his mother. He married Endeis, a daughter of Chiron, and had by her Telamon and Peleus (diss.) He was remarkable for his strict observance of justice, and was, in conse- quence of this, after his death, appointed a judge in the infernal regions, along with Minos and Rhadamanthus. Sumnius Jupiter agnoscit JEucon futeturque (eum) esse suum prolem, supreme Jupiter acknowledges iEacus. and confesses that he is his son, xiii. 1. 27.

jEas, -antis, m., the uF.as^ now the Vojuzza, a river which rises in the chain of Pindus, on the borders of Thessaly and EpTrus, and after separating the latter country from Macedonia and part of lUyria, flowed past ApoUonia, and fell into the Hadriatic.

jEeta. cr ^ete--, -ae, «2., jEetes, a king of Colchis, the son of Sol and Perseis, andfather of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope. He was in possession of the golden fleece, which he obtained by the murder of Phryxus, who had visited his court, and which he kept guarded by a venomous dragon, and by bulls which breathed fire. This fleece the Argonauts recovered by means of Medea, who had conceived an ardent passion for Jason. See Phryxus, Medea, and Jason.

.^e'.ias^ -adis f., the duuyhter of JEeLes, a patronymic applied to Medea. yEetias concipit validos ignes, the daughter of iEetes, i. e. Medea, conceives an ardent passion, vii. 1. 9. See ^etes.

j5Egaeon, -onis, m., MgcRon, called by the Gods Briareus (tris.), a gigantic sea-deity, the son of Ccelus and Terra, or, ac- cording to others, the son of Neptune. He is represented as having fifty heads and a hundred hands, and as riding upon the sea-mon- sters. By some mythologists he is mentioned as one of the giants who conspired to dethrone Jupiter. jEgaonaque prementem im- mania terga halmnarum suis lacertis, and ^gaeon touching the huge backs of whales with his arms, — in allusion, probably, to his posture when riding on the whale, with his arms resting on its back, ii. 1. 10. Gr. ace. -ona.

.^gaeus, -a, -um, adj., JEgcean, relating to the JEgccan Sea, the Archipelago. By the name ot JEgceiim mare, the ancients de- signated that part of the Mediterranean which lies between the eastern shores of Greece and the opposite continent of, Asia Minor. Tradition referred the origin of its name to iEgeus {diss.), but Strabo, with more probability, deduced it from the small island of jEgae, in the vicinity of Euboea. The ^gcean was considered par- ticularly stormy and dangerous to navigators. It abounds with islands, the principal of which are the Cyclades and the Sporades.

.ffigeus (diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., A'.f,iiis, a king of Athens, the son of Pandion, father of Theseus (<Ym.) by Mthra., and of Medu»

p2

by ^letlea. He involved himself in a war with Mino?, king of Crete, by putting to death his son Androgens, who had excited his jealousy by the popularity which he acquired by his wrestling at Athens, and was compelled to purchase peace by an agreement to send annually to Crete seven young men and seven young women, the choice of the youth, to be devoured by the Minotaur. Theseus, on one occasion, insisted on being allowed to go as one of the number, to which his father with reluctance consented, and, with the assistance of Ari- adne, the daughter of Minos, slew the Minotaur. But the pilot neglected, on his return, to hoist, according to agreement, a white sail instead of a black one, and .(3igeus beUeving that his son had been killed, threw himself into the sea, and, according to some iny- thologists, gave his name to the ^■Egaean. See .^gaeus.

^gyptiu.'5, -a, • um, adj. of, or relating to Egypt, Egyptian. ^■Egyptia tellits, the land of Egypt, v. 5. 30. JEgyplia conjux Bomani duds, the Egyptian wife of the Roman general, i. e. Cleopatra, xv. 9. 82. See Antonius.

.^gyptus, -i../., Egypt, an extensive country in the north-east of Africa, bounded on the north by the Mediterranean, on the east by Arabia, and the Sinus Arabicus, or Red Sea, on the south by ^Ethiopia, and on the west by the deserts of Libya. It con- sisted chiefly of a narrow valley, stretching along the course of the Nile, and was confined to that portion of land which was watered by the annual inundation of the river. This tract, to the south of the Delta, was very narrow, but widened gradually as the river approach- ed the sea. Egypt was divided by ancient geographers into JLgyp- tus Superior, extending from Syene, on the frontiers of Ethiopia, to Memphis, near the apex of the Delta; and ^Egyptris Inferior, which comprehended the Delta and the narrow tracts on each side of it. In tipper Egypt was the city of Memphis, not far from the site of Grand Cairo, the modern capital ; and about 200 miles farther up the river, Thebae, Thehes, famous for its hundred gates. Lower Egypt contained Alexandria, the ancient capital, Nicopolis, and Canopus. About forty stadia to the west of Memphis were raised the famous pyramids, the most stupendous buildings in the world. They are many in number, but three of them are particularly re- markable, two of which are reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. They were intended as sepulchres for the kings and great people of Egypt, and were of such high antiquity, that even an ancient writer has recorded, that in his time neither natives nor foreigners were able to ascertain their age. The largest of these is represented by modern travellers as covering more than eleven acres of ground, each side being about 660 feet long, and nearly fiOO high. Egypt is a country of great antiquity, and has been j'jstiy regarded as the source from which civilisation was diffused nver the ancient world. The learning of the Egyptians, and their skill in astrology and m.ogic, are frequently alluded to in the Sa-

AEL 175 ^OL

cred Scriptures, and several of the heroes of Grecian mythology were obviously natives of this country. It was esteemed in ancient times the school of learning ; and we accordingly find, that tha most illustrious men in Greece, as Homer, Herodotus, Pythagijras, &c repaired to it for instruction.

Aello, -onis, & -us, J'., Storm, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Aello foriis cursu. Storm distinguished in the chase, iii. 2. 89.

^neas, -£e, v?., JEneas, a Trojan prince, the son of Anchises and Venus, and the hero of Virgil's JJneid. Different opinions of his character are given by different authors. He is represent- ed by some as behaving with great valour during the Trojan war, and by others as uniting with Antenor to betray his country into the hands of the Greeks. He married CreQsa, the daughter of Priam, by whom he had Ascanius. On the night on which Troy was burnt, he made his escape, carrying on his shoulders his father Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, and lead- ing in his hand his son Ascanius. Being joined by numbers of those who had escaped from the Greeks, he sailed from the Trojan shores, and, after a voyage of seven years and the loss of thirteen ships, he landed with his companions at the mouth of the Tiber. He soon after married Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of that part of Italy, and built a tovvn, which, from the name of his wife, he called Lavinium. His son Ascanius built Alba Longa, and from him was descended Romiilus, the founder of Roir.e.

iEoIia^ -ae, /*., JEoUa, a name given to the seven Lipari islands on the north of Sicily, which were said to form the kingdom of ^olus, the god of the winds. The most important of them were Strongyle, Sirornho/i ; Lipara, Lipari ; and Hiera or Vulcania, Vulcano, all famous for their volcanic eruptions. Here ^Eolus is represented as keeping the winds confined in a strong cave ; and here he gave to Ulysses all the adverse winds bound up in a bag. See Ulysses.

.bolides, -ffi, nz., a son of ^olus, a patronymic applied to Athamas, iv. 11. 97. JEolides furihundus clamat in. media aula, the sonof^olus, i. e. Athamas, filled with rage, calls out in the middle of his palace, iv 11.97. In xiii. 1. 26. it is applied to Sisy- phus. See ^olus.

^.olis, -idiSj & -idos, j:, a daughter of JEolus, Halcyune.

Mo^VlS, -a., -um,aflj.. of, or relating to ^olia. Claudit Aqvilonem in .AEoliis antris. shuts up the north wind in the caves of ^olia, i. 7. 19. Also, of, or relating to j^olus. ^oliipostes feruntur tremuis.se, the door-posts of the son of .^ilolus, i. e. Atha- mas, are said to have shaken, iv. 11. 71.

..^-6]us_, -i, 777., uSoli's, a king of Thessaly, the son of Helen, grandson of Deucalion, and father of Sisjrphus, Athamas, Salmo- neus (fris.), &.C.

by ]\Ioftea. He involved himself in a war with Mino?, king of Crete, by putting to death his son Androgens, who had excited his jealousy by the popularity which he acquired by his wrestling at Athens, and was compelled to purchase peace by an agreement to send annually to Crete seven young men and seven young women, the choice of the yoiith, to bo devoured by the Minotaur. Theseus, on one occasion, insisted on being allowed to go as one of the number, to which his father with reluctance consented, and, with the assistance of Ari- adne, the daughter of Minos, slew the Minotaur. But the pilot neglected, on his return, to hoist, according to agreement, a white sail instead of a black one, and jlDgeus believing that his son had been killed, threw himself into the sea, and, according to some my- thologists, gave his name to the Mgseain. See .^gseus.

-dEgyptiu.';, -a, - um, adj. of, or relating to Egypt, Egyptian. ^■Egijptia teUus, the land of Egypt, v. 5. 30. jEgyplia conjttx Romani duds, the Egyptian wife of the Roman general, i. e. Cleopatra, xv. 9. 82. See Antonius.

.^gyptus, -i../'-, Egypt, an extensive country in the north-east of Africa, bounded on the north by the Mediterranean, on the east by Arabia, and the Sinus Arabicus, or Red Sea, on the south by JEthiopia, and on the west by the deserts of Libya. It con- sisted chiefly of a narrow valley, stretching along the course of the Nile, and was confined to that portion of land which was watered by the annual inundation of the river. This tract, to the south of the Delta, was very narrow, but widened gradually as the river approach- ed the sea. Egypt was divided by ancient geographers into jEgyp- tus Superior, extending from Syene, on the frontiers of /Ethiopia, to Memphis, near the apex of the Delta; and JEgyptvs Inferior, which comprehended the Delta and the narrow tracts on each side of it. In tipper Egypt was the city of Memphis, not far from the site of Grand Cairo, the modern capital ; and about 200 miles farther up the river, Thebae, Thebes, famous for its hundred gates. Lower Egypt contained Alexandria, the ancient capital, Nicopolis, and Canopus. About forty stadia to the west of Memphis were raised the famous pyramids, the most stupendous buildings in the world. They are many in number, but three of them are particularly re- markable, two of which are reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. They were intended as sepulchres for the kings and great people of Egypt, and were of such high antiquity, that even an ancient writer has recorded, that in his time neither natives nor foreigners were able to ascertain their age. The largest of these is represented by modern travellers as covering more than eleven acres of ground, each side being about 680 feet long, and nearly fiOO high. Egypt is a country of great antiquity, and has been justly regarded as the si)urce from which civilisation was diffused over the ancient world. The learning of the Egyptians, and their skill in astrology and mngic, are frequently alluded to in the Sa-

AEL 175 ^OL

cred Scriptures, and several of the heroes of Grecian mythology were obviously natives of this country. It was esteemed in ancient times the school of learning ; and we accordingly find, that the most illustrious men in Greece, as Homer, Herodotus, Pythagoras, &c repaired to it for instruction.

Aello, -onis, & -us, J"., Storm, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Aello fortis cursu. Storm distinguished in the chase, iii. 2. 89.

.ffitieaSj -£e, m., JEneas, a Trojan prince, the son of AnchTses and Venus, and the hero of Virgil's jEneid. Different opinions of his character are given by different authors. He is represent- ed by some as behaving with great valour during the Trojan war, and by others as uniting with Antenor to betray his country into the hands of the Greeks. He married Creiisa, the daughter of Priam, by whom he had Ascanius. On the night on which Troy was burnt, he made his escape, carrying on his shoulders his father Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, and lead- ing in his hand his son Ascanius. Being joined by numbers of those who had escaped from the Greeks, he sailed from the Trojan shores, and, after a voyage of seven years and the loss of thirteen ships, he landed with his companions at the mouth of the Tiber. He soon after married Lavinia, the daughter of Latlnus, king of that part of Italy, and built a town, which, from the name of his wife, he called Lavinium. His son Ascanius built Alba Longu, and from him was descended Romiilus, the founder of Roii.e.

-i3Eolia^ -ae, f., JEolia, a name given to the seven Lipari islands on the north of Sicily, which were said to form the kingdom of ^olus, the god of the winds. The most important of them were Strongyle, Stromholi ; Lipara, Lipari; and Hiera or Vulcania, VuJcano, all famous for their volcanic eruptions. Here jEoIus is represented as keeping the winds confined in a strong cave ; and here he gave to Ulysses all the adverse winds bound up in a bag. See Ulysses.

viEolides^ -se, m., a son of JEolus, a patronymic applied to Athamas, iv. 11. 97. jEolides furihundus clamat in media, aidd, the sonof^olus, i. e. Athamas, filled with rage, calls out in the middle of his palace, iv 11. 97. In xiii. 1. 26. it is applied to Sisy- phus. See .^olus.

^,6Iis, -Tdis, & -idos, /, a daughter of ^olus, Halcyune.

-Solius, -a, -\xm,aflj.^ of, or relating to ^olia. Claudit Aquilonem in jEoliis antris. shuts up the north wind in the caves of iEolia, i. 7. 19. Also, of, or relating to .Molus. ^oliipontes feruntur tremuisne, the door-posts of the son of .^olus, i. e. Atha- mas, are said to have shaken, iv. 11. 71.

^-6]us_, -i, m., JEolvs, a king of Thessaly, the son of Helen, grandson of Deucalion, and father of Sisj?phus, Athamas, Salmo- neus {tris.), kc.

.t:SC 17G /ESO

-Ssculapius, -ii, m., jEsculapius, the son of Apollo and the n\Tnph Coronis, the daughter of Phlegyas, a Thessalian prince. He was born at Epidaiirus, a town of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. Immediately after his birth, he was exposed on Mount TithJon, where he was suckled by a goat, while the goatherd's <iog kept guard over him. The herdsman missing his dog and one of his goats, went in search of them, and found the babe, whose body emitted rays of brilliant light. Overawed by this indication of di- vinity, the goatherd was afraid to carry the infant home ; but the fame of his miraculous birth soon spread abroad, and people flocked from all quarters to see him. He was afterwards placed under the tuition of the Centaur Chiron, by whose instructions he made such progress, that he not only became a great physician, but was even reckoned the inventor and god of the healing art. .(Esculapius accompanied Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and, by his medi- cal skill, rendered very important services to the Argonauts. Tho chief seat of the worship of ^sculapius was Epidaurus, where he was represented as an old man with a venerable beard, wrapped in a mantle, and leaning on a staff, round which a serpent was entwined. The fable says, that when he was called in to restoi e to life Glau- cus, the son of Minos, king of Crete, as he stood leaning on his staff, a serpent came and wound itself round it. Alarmed at the sight, he shook it off and killed it, when immediately another snake came, bearing in its mouth an herb, which, when applied to the other, restored it to life. .iEsculapius availed himself of this disco- very, and employed the herb with success in restoring the dead to life. But Jupiter, becoming apprehensive that if men were put in possession of the means of triumphing over death, they might cease to reverence the gods, killed /Esculapius with a thunderbolt, in revenge for which deed Apollo destroyed the Cyclops. The cock, the serpent, the crow, and the goat, were sacred to jEsculapius.

.ffisoUj -onis, 7)2., JE&nn, a Thessalian prince, the son of Cre- theus (rfm.), and father of Jason. He succeeded his father mthe kingdom of lolchos, but was soon expelled by his brother Pelias. When Jason arrived at the years of manhood, he made an unsuccess- ful attempt to recover the kingdom for his father ; and, to avoid the vengeance of his uncle, went in quest of the golden fleece. Find- ing on his return his father in the decrepitude of old age, he pre- vailed upon Medea to restore him to youth. The sorceress infused into his veins the juice of certain plants which she had collected, and immediately the old man recovered the vigour and bloom of }outh. Natus JEs-onc fuit formosior f^olito illd. luce, the son of /Eson, i. e. Jason, was more comely than usual on that day, vii. I. 84.

^sonideSj -ae, ;»., the^son ofJEson, Jason. (Sequar) ^soni- den quern ego velim mntdsse cum rebus quas totus orbis possiilet, I shall follow the son of .^son, for whom I would wiUingly give in exchange the possessions which the whole world contains, vii. 1 . 59.

^SO 177 AGA

^^sonius, -a, -um, adj.. of. or relatii.gto JEson, jEsonian. jEsonius heros, the ^sonian hero, i. e. Jason, vii. 1. 156.

iEthalion, -onis, m., ^thalion, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus.

^Ethiopia, -ae, ./!, j^thiopia, an extensive country of Africa, the hmits of which were not strictly defined. The name was cer- tainly applied to the country on the south of Egypt, lying along the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and seems to have extendea far into the interior. It corresponded with the modern divisions o( Nubia, Sennaar, imi Abyssinia, together with parts of Kordo- fun and DnrfHr. The chief city was Meroe, situated on an island formed by the Astapus, or Tacazze, and the Astaboras, or Ahawi\ eastern tributaries of the principal branch of the Nile.

-Sithiops, -opis, 777., an ^Ethiopian, an inhabitant of Ethio- pia. This term was used by the Greeks to denote any thing which had contracted a dark or swarthy colour from exposure to excessive heat. They also applied it to men of a dark. complexion, calling them ^thiopes, and their country ^Ethiopia, wherever situated, in the same way as we employ the terms Negro and Negroland, or Nigritia, According to Ovid, the .Ethiopians acquired their black colour from exposure to the scorching rays of the sun when the world was set on fire by Phaethon, their blood having been thereby forced to the surface of the body. Populos JEthiopum traxisse nigrum colorem, that the tribes of ^Ethiopians acquired their black colour, ii. 1. 236.

.^thon, -onis. m., JEthon (burning), the name of one of the horses of the Sun,

j3Etna, -fe^. & ^tne, -es, /., A^Ana, or Monte Gihello, a celebrated volcanic mountain in the north-east of Sicily, rising to the height of 10,954.feet. The volcanic character of this mountain was known to the Greeks in very ancient times, and various erup- tions are recorded by the writers of that country, as well as by the Latins. The god A^ulcan had a temple on the mountain, and here the poets placed his forge, and also the residence of the Cyclops, who assisted him in making thunderbolts for Jupiter. The giant Typhoeusi(fm.) was said to have been buried under Sicily, his hands being placed under the promontories Pelorum and Pachy- num, his feet under Lilybaeum, while iEtna rested upon his breast. Etne ardet in immensnm geminatis ignibus, ..Etna ttfirns to a vast height with redoubled fire, — the solar conflagration being added to the volcanic fire of the mountain, ii. 1. 220. Succendit pinus ab flammiferd JEtnd, lights torches at the fires of Etna, v. 7. 5.

Agamemnon, -onis, tw., Agamemnon, the son of Atreus {diss. ), and husband of Clytemnestra. He was king of Mycenae, and a large portion of the Peloponnesus, designated by the name of Argos. When the Grecian chiefs resolved to make war upon Troy,

AGA 178 AJA

for the purpose of recovering Helen, Agamemnon was appointed commander-in-chief, and, during the early part of the siege, con- tributed greatly to the success of the Greeks. His quarrel with Achilles (See Achilles) protracted the war, and proved very inju- rious to the interest of the combined chiefs. On his return to My- cenap, after the conclusion of the war, he was murdered by Cly- temnestra and her paramour .^gisthus.

Aganippe, -es.f.. Aganippe, a celebrated fountain on Mount Helicon, in Bceotia, sacred to the Muses. Aganippe is said to have been the daughter of the river Permessus, and to have been changed into this fountain.

Agave, -es, /"., Ac^ave, the daughter of Cadmus, wife of Echion, and mother ofPentheus {diss.), who succeeded his grand- father in the government of Thebes. She, along with the other women, favoured the introduction of the worship of Bacchus into Thebes, and assisted her sisters Ino and Autonoe in murdering her son Pentheus, who was instigated by the god to obtrude himself upon them while engaged in celebrating his orgies.

^ Agenor, -ori?, tw., Aaenor, a king of Phoenicia, the son of Neptune, and brother of Belus. He was the father of Cadmus, Phcenix, Cilix, Phineus (diss.), and Europa. 2^^aUis Agenore, the son of Agenor, i. e. Cadmus, iii. 1.51, and 96.

Agenorldes, -ee, m., the son of Agenor, Cadmus. Ageno- rides prnfugus vitai patriamque iramqve parentis, the son of Agenor, '.. e. Cadmus, going into exile, avoids his country and the anger of his father, iii. 1. 8. Also, any descendant of Agenor. In this sense it is applied (iv. 15. 20.) to Perseus {diss.), who de- rived his descent by the mother's side from Danaus, the brother of jEgyptus and son of Belus, who, about 1500 years b. c, planted a colony at Argos, where his grandfather Acrisius was king.

Agre, -es,y., Catcher, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Agre utilis naribus. Catcher dexterous with her nose, quick scented, iii. 2. 82.

Agriodos, -ontis, m., WHd-looth, the name of one of Ac- taeon's dogs ; a bastai-d from a 'Cretan dog and a Spartan bitch.

Ajax, -acis, m., Ajax, the son of Telamon and Periboea, and, next to .-Achilles, the bravest of the Greeks in the Trojan war. During the absence of Achilles he was chosen by lot to fight with Hector, when that hero challenged to single combat the bravest of the Greeks, and though he did not defeat his antagonist, he shared with him equally the glory of the field. After the death of Achil- les he contested with Ulysses the honour of possessing his arms. An account of this dispute is given by Ovid in the thirteenth Book, and forms one of the most remarkable and interesting pas- gages of the Metamorphoses. The character of the warrior is strik- ingly opposed to that of the artful and practised orator, the blunt- negs and the abruptness of the one being skilfully contrasted with

\.\A 179 ALC

the polished and nicely balanced periods of the other. Ajax rests his claim chiefly on his descent as the near relative of the departed hero, and on his feats of personal valour in the field, and places these in opposition to the doubtful genealogy and cowardice of his opponent. Eloquence, however, prevailed over valour; the arms were assigned by the Grecian chiefs to Ulysses ; and Ajax, after exhibiting other proofs of madness, stabbed himself with his own sword. The blood which flowed from the wound was changed into the flower hyacinth, on which were inscribed the first two let- ters of his name. Ajax dominus septemplicis clypei, Ajax lord of the seven-fold shield — because his shield was covered with seven pliesof a bull's hide, xiii. 1. 2. Dammodo non sit meritum Ajacis, quod Telamon Peleusque juerunt fratres, provided it be not con- sidered a merit in Ajax that Telamon and Peleus were brothers, xiii. 1. 151. Quam solertia stolidi Ajacis prosit Danais, than the talents of silly Ajax be of advantage to the Greeks, xiii. 1. 327. iVe quisquam possit superare Ajacem nisi Ajax, that no one may be able to conquer Ajax but Ajax himself, xiii. 1. 3J0.

Ajax, -acis, m,, Ajax, the son of Oileus (tris.), king of Locris, one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He was inferior to the other Ajax in strength and military prowess, but less impetuous in his temper, from which circumstance he is called by Ovid, xiii. 1 . 356. moderatior Ajax. The night on which Troy was taken he offered violence to Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, in the temple of Minerva, on which account he was killed with lightning by the goddess while on his return home, and his ship dashed to pieces on a rock.

Alastor, -oris, m., AJastor, one of the companions of Sar- pedon, king of Lycia, who was slain by Ulysses.

Alcander, -dri, in., Alcander, one of the companioi.s of Sar- pedon, king of Lycia, who was slain by Ulysses.

Alee, -es, f., Sirength, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Alcimedon, -ontis, m., Aldmedon, one ofthe Tuscan pirates, who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus.

Alcithoe, -es,/., Alcitlwe, one of the daughters of Minyas, king of Orchomenos, in BcBotia. She and her sisters denied the divinity of Bacchus, and opposed the introduction of liis worship into BoBotia, preferring the labours of the loom to joining their countrywomen in celebrating the orgies of the new god. To re- lieve the tediuni of their labour, a proposal was made by one of them that they should alternately relate some interesting story ; and it is in this way that Ovid finds an opportunity of introducing the beautiful and affecting narrative of Pyramus and Thisbe. In consequence of their obstinate refusal to acknowledge his divinity, she and her sisters were changed by Bacchus into bats, and their looms and webs into ivy and vines.

ANG 182 AN>

jea-goddesses, inundated the kingdom of .-Ethiopia, and sent a sea- monster to lay it waste. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon, on being consulted by Copheus, declared that the evil could be averted only by the exposure of Andromeda to the sea-monster. Cepheiis was forced by his subjects to consent, and the unhappy princess was bound to a rock. At the moment when the monster was going to devour her, Perseus {tliss.), who was on his return from killing the Gorgon Medusa, saw her, and being captivated with her beauty, promised to Cepheus to deliver his daughter on condition that siie should be given to him in marriage. Cepheus gladly agreed to the terms. Perseus attacked and killed the monster, and, in return for his services, received the hand of Andromeda. Phineus (diss. ), the brother of Cepheus, to whom she had previously been betrothed, resented the injury which had been thus done to him, and at- tempted to carry off .Andromeda during the celebration of the nuptial feast. A bloody battle ensued, in which many of his com- p.wiions were slain, and the rest were changed into stone by the Gorgon's head. Andromeda was afterwards changed into a con- stellation. See Phineus and Perseus.

Anguis, -is, m., fAe Serpe/if, a constellation between the two Bears, near the iNorth Pole. A'eu dexterior rota declinet te in tor- turn anguem, and let not the right wheel draw you towards the twisted Serpent, ii. I. 138. See Serpens.

Annus, -i., m., a year. Romijlus divided the year into ten months, beginning with March and ending with December, and in- cluding in ail £04 days. To the first month he gave the name of Martius, from Mars, his supposed father, and the last seven re- ceived their names from the place which they occupied in the calendar. July and August were anciently denominated Quintilis and Sextilb, and received their present names in compUment to Julius Caesar and Augustus. Two months were afterwards added by Numa ; January at the beginning, and February at the end of the year, and this arrangement continued till b. c. 452, v.hen the Decemvirs changed the order of the months, and placed February after January. The months now consisted of 29 and 30 days al- ternately, to correspond with the revolution of the moon, to which one day was added, to make the total number 355. To make the lunar year correspond with the course of the sun, Numa ordered an additional or intercalary month {mensis intercalaris), to be in- serted every second year, between the 23d and 24th of February, the length of which was regulated by certain pontiffs, to whom the care of the calendar was intrusted. This power was soon abused to serve political purposes, and the calendar consequently thrown into contusion. By giving a greater or less number of days to the intercalary month, the priests were enabled to prolong the term of a magistracy, or to hasten the annual elections ; and so little care had been taken to regulate the year, that, in the time of JuUus

ANT 18;3 ANT

Csesar, tlie civil equinox differed from the astronomical by three months. To put an end to this disorder, Julius Csesar abolished the use of the lunar year and the intercalary month, and, with the advice and assistance of Sosigenes, a celebrated astronomer of Alexandria, regulated the year according to the course of the sun, assigning to the aionths the number of days which they still retain. The first Julian year commenced with the 1st of Januai-y b. c. 46. and the Tf'Sth year from the foundation of Rome. This year still continues in use in all Christian countries, without any other varia- tion than that of new and old stj'le, a change which was occasioned by aregulation of Pope Gregory, a. d. 1582, and which was adopted in Britain in 1752. See Mensis and Dies.

Antenor, -oris, m., Antenor, a Trojan prince, related to Priam, who, during the Trojan war, was accused of maintaining a secret correspondence with Menelaus and Ulysses. He is repre- sented as recommending to the Trojans to restore Helen and con- clude the war, and at the same time advising the Greeks to build the wooden horse, which, by his influence, was introduced into the city. After the destruction of Troy, he is said to have settled with a colony of Heneti, in Italy, not far from the mouth of the Po, and to have founded Patavium, now Pudua. Ardenora junctnm Priamo, Antenor related to Priam, xiii. 1. 201. Gr. Ace. -ora.

Anticlea, -tn.f,, Anticha, the daughter of Autolycus, a fa- mous robber. He allowed Sisyphus to enjoy the favours of his daughter, by whom she is said to have been pregnant of Ulysses when she married Laertes. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax (xiii. 1. 26.) with his spurious descent as the son of Sisyphus. As son of Anticlea, Ulysses was the great-grandson of Mercury, to which allusion is made, xiii. 1 . 146.

Antcnius, (Marcus) -ii, (i,) m . Mark Antony, the son of Marcus Antonius Creticus, and of Julia, who belonged to the fa- mily of the Caesars. He was remarkable in his youth for comeli- ness and strength, but was addicted to the prevalent vices of his age. After travelling in Greece, where he cultivated elo- quence and military exercises, he joined the army under Caesar in Gaul, and was soon raised to the rank of lieutenant. By his promptitude and bravery in the field he secured for himself the support of his commander, in his canvasses for civil and political honours. In the civil war Antony was one of the most strenuous supporters of Caesar, and commanded the left wing of his army in the decisive battle of Pharsaha (b. c. 48.) In the following year, Caesar being appointed dictator, selected Antony as his master of the horse, an appointment which gave him the chief authority in the absence of the dictator. His conduct while he held this com- mand excited the serious displeasure of Caesai-, but Antony, not- withstanding, soon after regained his confidence, and 'oas assumed by him as his colleague in his fifth and last consulship. After the

AON 104 APO

assassination of Caesar, Antony made an artful attempt to secure for himself the sovereignty, and unscrupulously employed every method to establish his authority. He was, however, overpowered by the party of Octavius, afterwards the Emperor Augustus, and being compelled to leave Italv, took refuge with Lcpidus, who, at that time, held the command in Gaul. Octavius subsequently became reconciled to them, and agreed to share with them the sovereign power, sucrgesting that they should govern the empire under the name of Triumvirs. This compact was called the Second Trium- virate, and was followed by the cold-blooded murder of many of the most distinguished citizens of Rome. In the following year, Antony went to Asia, where he met with Cleopatra, the celebrated queen of Egj-pt, with whom he passed his time in luxurious dissi- pation. Various circumstances at length involved him in a new war with Octavius, and being defeated in the battle of Actium (b. c. 31.), he escaped into Egypt, where, on finding himself de- serted by all his adherents, and besieged by the Roman fleet, he stabbed himself to avoid falling into the hands of the conqueror.

Aon. -onis, 7n., Aon, a son of Neptune, who settled in Boeotia, and from whom the mountainous part of that country was called Aonia.

Aonis, -Tdis,/"., a female inhabitant of Boeotia ; Hence the muses are called Aonides, as inhabiting Helicon and Citheeron, and frequenting the fountain Aganippe.

Aonius, -a, -ium, adj., of, or belonging to Aonia, Thcban, Baotian. Per Aonias urbes, throughout the cities of Boeotia, ill. 5. 1. Hence, Aonii, -orum, m., the Boeotians, the inhabitants of Aonia, i. 8. 1.

Apennlnus, -i, in., the Apennines, a great chain of moun- tains in Italy, which branches off from the maritime Alps near Nice. The Apennines run diagonally across the country to the sources of the Arno and the Tiber, then extend in a curved line down the centre of the peninsula, and terminate in the promon- tory of Leucopetra, near Rhegium. The highest point is JVlons Cunarus, Monte Corno, or // Gran Sasso, in the noith of the kingdom of Naples, which reaches an elevation of 9,521 feet.

Aphrodite, -es f., . phrodite, aname givento Venus, from the Greek word a^^«?, froth, because she was said to have sprvmg from the froth of the sea. This, which is the account of Hesiod, seems to have originated in the similarity of the words ; but Homer makes Aphrodite the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. See iv. 11. 123.

Apidanus, -i, m., the Apidanus, novc the Sataldge,(\r Vlacho Jani, a river of Thessaly, which rises in Mount Othrys, and, after being joined by the Enipeus {diss.) near Pharsalus, enters the right bank of the Peneus, about the middle of its course.

Apollineus. -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Apollo. Apol- lineas medullas, the marrow of Apollo, i. 10. 22.

APO 1^5 ARC

Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo, the sun of Jupiter and Latona, was born in the island of Delos at the same time with his sister Diana (See Delos). Juno, perceiving that Latona was pregnant by Ju- piter, expelled her from heaven, and made Terra swear not to al- low her a place to bring forth in, and employed at the same time a large serpent, called Python, to pursue her wherever she went. Neptune at length took pity upon her, and conveyed her to the island of Delos, where she gave birth to two children. Apollo, soon after his birth, received from Vulcan a present of arrows, with which he slew the serpent Python, and, to commemorate his vic- tory, instituted the Pythian games (See Pythia). Apollo was the god of poetry, music, medicine, augury, and archery ; whence he is called Dens Ardtenens, the god who bears the bow, i. 9. 26. He had oracles in various places : at Claros, a town in Ionia, whence he is called Clarius ; at Patara, a city in Lycia, where he ■was supposed to reside for six months in winter, and from which he obtained the name Patareus (tris.) ; and in the island of Te- nedos. But his chief oracle was at Delphi, whence the name Del- phicus was given to him. He had also various other names, as Delius from Delos, Cynthius from Cynthus, Latous from Latona, Phoebus, and Paean. He is represented as a beardless young man, with long uncut hau- (whence crines dignos Apolline, hair worthy of Apollo, iii. 6. 20.), holding in his right hand a bow and arrows, and in his left a harp, or lyre, which he received from his brother JMercury. His head is crowned with laurel, because this tree was accounted sacred to him, i. 10. 108. See Daphne.

Aquflo, -onis, m., properly the north-east wind, but more commonly used for the north wind. Aquilo was frequently employed by the gods to dispel the clouds, in opposition to Notus, the south wind, i. 8. 16. As a mythological personage, Aquilo was the hus- band of Orithyia (4 syl.), and father of Calais and Zethes.

Ara, -se, f., the Altar, a constellation in the southern hemi- sphere, near the south pole, deriving its name from the altar at which the gods formed themselves into a confederacy against the Titans. Neve sinisterior rota ducat (te) ad pressam aram, nor let the left wheel lead you towards the low altar, i. e. towards the south pole — because the earth was supposed to sink towards the south pole, ii. 1. 139.

Arcadia, -ae,/., Arcadia, the central province of the Pelo-

Eonnesus. It was surrounded on all sides by lofty mountains, and ad Achaia on the north, Argolis on the east, Laconia and Messenia on the south, and "EUs on the west. Arcadia was a rich pastoral country, producing horses and asses of peculiar strength and beauty, and was the second province in size in the Peloponnesus, The name of the country is said to have been derived from Areas, a son of Jupiter ; and the Arcades, as they beheved, settled in the country at so early a period, as to induce them to boast of having

q2

ARC 186 ARG

sprung from the earth, and of being older than the moon. They were chiefly shepherds, and lived upon acorns ; their country was the favourite residence of Pan, the god of shepherds, who was therefore worshipped by them with peculiar reverence. They were fond of independence, and are highly commended for their love of music.

Areas, -fidis, & -ados, m., an Arcadian, an inhabitant of Arcadia. It is used also as an adjective, Arcadian. Arcadoa ryranni, of the Arcadian tyrant, i. e. Lycaon, i. 6. 56.

Arcesius, -ii, ni., Arcesius, a son of Jupiter, the father of Laertes, and grandfather of Ulysses, xiii. 1. 144.

ArctOS, -i,y., the Bear, the name of two constellations near the north pole, of which the one is called Ursa Major, or the Great Bear, and the other Ursa Minor, or the Little Bear. Geminas Arctos, the two bears, iii. 1. 45. From being always visible to the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere, the constellation of the bear is said never to set ; hence Ovid, speaking of it, says that it is immunem aquoris, free from the sea, which sets not in the sea, xiii. 1. 293.

Arestorides, -ae, w?., the son of Arestor, a patronymic ap- plied to Argus, Tradidit (earn) scrvandam Argo .Arestoridee, delivered her to the care of Argus, the son of Arestor, i. 11. 57.

Arethusa, -ce,/., ^rrf/i?«a, a celebrated fountain in that part of Syracuse which was called Ortygia, or Insula. It emitted a copious stream of the sweetest water, resembling a river, and aboimded with fishes. Arethusa, according to the fable, was a nymph of Eiis, the daughter of Nereus (diit.t.) and Doris, and one of Diana's attendants. When returniTig one day from the chace, she bathed in the river Alpheus, and the river -god becoming ena- moured of her, pursued her until she was ready to sink under the fatigue, and implored Diana to change her into a fountain. The goddess complied witli her request, and that she might not be pol- luted by the waters of her pursuer, opened for her a passage \inder the sea to the island of Ortygia. The Alpheus, however, con- tinued to follow her, and hkewise rose in Ortygia, so that, as my- thologists say, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, rises again, some time after, in the fountain Arethusa, in Sicily. An allusion to the circumstance of rivers disappearing under ground is made by Ovid, i. 2. 9., and various instances are recorded by the ancient writers.

Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Argos, or to the province of Arc/oliti. Qui arceat momibus Argolicce urbis, to drive him from the walls of the Argohc city, i. e. Argos, iv. 13. 5.

Argos, «., Argo!!, the capital of ArgoUs, a division of the Pelo. ponnesus, lying to the east of Arcadia, and the south of Achaia. Argos was situated on the river laachus, and was generally con-

ARG 187 ASC

sidered as the most ancient city of Greece, and was famous for the excellence of its horses. The inhabitants were celebrated for their attention to sculpture and music. The goddess Juno was worshipped at Argos with especial honour ; and her attachment to its interests is frequently recorded in the ancient poets. Argos is neuter in the singular, and masculine in the plural, Argi, -orum.

Argus, -i, m., Arc/us, the son of Arestor, or, according to others, of Agenor. He is represented as a monster, with 100 eyes, and was appointed by Juno to watch lo after she had been changed into a cow by Jupiter. The rigour with which he executed his task, and the consequent misery suffered by lo, induced Jupiter to give Mercury a commission to put him to death. The son of Maia ac- cordingly lulled him to sleep with the music of his Hute, and by a stroke of his sword severed his head from his body. After his death, Juno placed his eyes in the tail of the peacock, a bird which was sacred to her divinity. Stellatus Argus, Argus, whose head was set with eyes — was covered with eyes as the sky is with stars, i. 12. 40.

Armenia, -se, y., Armenia, a large country of Asia, divided into Armenia Major and Armenia Minor. To the north it touched upon Colchis, Iberia, and Albania ; to the south, upon Media, Assyria, and Rlesopotamia; and to the west, upon Cappadocia and Pontus ; on the east it terminated at the junction of the Kur and Aras, near the Caspian Sea. Armenia Major, which is the mo- dern Turcowania, and is still sometimes called Armenia, compre- hended the Turkish pachalics of Erzeroum, Kars, and Van, and also the Russian province oi Erivan. Armenia Minor, vshich was separated from the preceding by the river Euphrates, was, properly speaking, a part of Cappadocia. It is now called Aladnlia, and be- longs to the Turks. Armenia is a rough elevated country, and is intersected by several ranges of mountains, which give rise to the Euphrates, Tigris, Araxes, the Aray, and other considerable streams. Mens AIdus, Agri Dag, which overhangs the Araxes, is supposed to be the same with the mountains of Ararat, on which the ark rested after the flood. The chief towns were Artaxata, Ardesh ; Arze, Erzeroum ; and Amida, Diarhekir.

Armenius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Armenia, Ar- menian. Armenia: tigres, Armenian tigresses, xv. 2. 27.

Asbolus, -i, 711; Soot, or Lampblack, the name of one of ActsEon's dogs. Asbolus atris villis. Soot with black hair, iii. 2. 88.

Ascalaphus, -i, m., Ascalaphus, the son of Acheron and Orphne, who, when Jupiter had agreed that Proserpine should re- turn to earth with her mother, provided she had not eaten any thing in the infernal regions, gave information that he had seen her pluck a pomegranate in the garden of Hades, and put seven of the seeds into her mouth. This disclosure so enraged Proserpine,

ASS 1»8 ATH

that she spiuikled his head with water from the river Phlegethon, and changed him into an owl. See Ceres and Proserpina.

Assyria, -iC,f., Assyria, an extensive country of Asia, cor- responding generally with the modern province of Kourdistan. It was bounded on the north by Armenia, on the east by Media, on the south by Susiana and Babylonia, and on the west was separated from Mesopotamia by the river Tigris. This was Assyria In its limited sense, and is not to be confounded with the kingdom of Assyria, which comprehended also Mesopotamia and Babylonia. The kingdom of Assyria was one of the most ancient in the world, and is said to have derived its name from Ashur, the son of Shem. The chief city was Ninus, or Nineveh, generally supposed to have been built by Nimrod, and named after his son Ninus. It was the raetropohs of the Assyrian empu-e, and is stated in Scripture to have been " an exceeding great city, of three days' journey" in circumference.

Assyrius, -a, -uni, adj.. of, or relating to Assyria, Assyrian.

Astraea, -£E,J-, Astrcea, the daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or, as others say, of Astraeus and Aurora. She was the goddess of justice, and is said to have descended from heaven along with others of the celestial inhabitants, to reside on earth during the golden age. Offended by the wickedness which prevailed during the age of iron, the celestial visiters returned to heaven, and Astraea is re- presented as the last who quitted the abodes of men. She was afterwards changed into the constellation Virgo. Virgo Astrma, the virgin Astrsea, i. e. justice, i. 4. 38.

Astruin, -i, J?i., any liHninoiis celestial body, a constellation. The stars, in the opinion of some of the ancient philosophers, were animated beings, who, being far removed from the humidity and impurities of earth, and breathing the pure unadulterated ether, were believed to be endowed with powers and faculties similar to those of the gods themselves. The truth.of this opinion was proved by the unerring regularity of the movements of the heavenly bodies, which, being supposed to be voluntary, could, it was alleged, be the result only of the highest intellectual powers ; hence we find that the planets and stars were objects of worship to the nations of antiquity, a worship which, in Scripture, is csdled the worship of the hoit ofhtarcn.

Astyages, -is, m.. Astyages, one of the companions of Phin- eus (diss.), who was changed into stone by looking upon the head of the Gorgon Medusa.

AthamanteUS, -a, -Um, adj., of, or relating to Athamas. Pererrant Inoosque Athamanteosque sinus, they creep over the breast of Ino and Athamas, iv. 11. 82.

Athamas, -antis, m., Athamas, a son of yEolus, and king of a district of Boeotia. He first married Nephele, by whom he nad

ATIl ISy ATL

Phryxus and Hellc, and havings divorced her, married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicevta. To avoid the vengeance of their stepmother, Phryxus and Helle iwade their escape on a golden ram, which Nephele got from Mercury. Juno, who had become jealous of the prospe- rity of Ino, soon after sent one of the furies to the hsuse of Atha- mas, who inspired him with such madness that he killed Learchus by dashing him against a rock. Ino, to save herself, fled with Melicerta, and with him in her arms, threw herself into the sea, where, according to the fable, the mother and child v^ere changed into sea-deities ; Ino, into Leucothce, and Melicerta, into Palaemon. Superbmn Athamanta, the proud Athamas, iv. 1 ] . 52. See Ino and Melicerta.

Athis, -ios, m,, Athls, an Indian prince, the son of Liranate, and grandson of the Ganges ; one of the companions of Phineus (diss.), who was killed by Perseus (diss.) with a burning fagot. Erat Indus Aihis, there was an Indian named Athis, v. i. 47. Gr. Ace. -in.

Athos, -i, 7??., Ailios, now Monte Santo, a mountain of Ma- cedonia, in^ the district of Chalcidlce, on a peninsula between the Sinus Strymonicus, Gulf of Contessa, and the Sinus Singiticus, Gulf of Monie Santo. Across the isthmus, to the west of Mount Athos, Xerxes caused a canal to be cut for his immense armament, of breadth sufiBcient to admit of two galleys rowing abreast, while its length amounted to a mile and a half. The size and height of this mountain were greatly exaggerated by the writers of antiquity. It was said to be so high, that it cast its shadow as far as the island of Lemnos, a distance of thirty-five miles. According to Pliny, Athos extends into the sea for seventy-five miles, and its base oc- cupies a circumference of 160 miles. Strabo reports that the in- habitants of the mountain saw the sun rise three hours before those who lived on the shore at its base. It received its modern name from the number of religious houses built around it. Its height is 6,400 feet.

Atlantiades, -ae, m., the grandson of Atlas, a patronymic applied to Mercury, as the son of Maia, and grandson of Atlas.

Atlas, -antis, m., Atlas, a lofty and extensive range of moun- tains in the north cf Africa, covered in many parts with perpetual snow, and rising to the height of 13,000 feet. It stretches from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, opposite to the Fortunate Islands, to Carthage, and the coasts of the Syrtis Minor, the Gulf of Cahes, receiving various names while passing through this great extent of country. According to the fable. Atlas was the son of Japetus, and king of Mauritania, Morocco and Fez. He was master of a thousand flocks, and also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species of fruit, which he had intrusted to the care of a dragon. Per- seus (diss.), after the conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the

ATR lyO AUG

palace of Atlas, and claimed his hospitality ; but the king liav- ing been warned by an oracle that he should be dethroned by a descendant of Jupiter, not only refused to admit him, but treated him with great violence. Perseus being altogether unequal in strength to his adversary, showed him Medusa's head, and thus changed him into a mountain, which was imagined to be so high that the heavens rested upon its top. Atlas was therefore said to bear the world on his shoulders, a legend which is supposed to have arisen from his cultivation of astronomy, and his intimate knowledge of the motions of the heavenly bodies, which induced him to frequent elevated places for the purpose of making observa- tions. Atlas is said to have been the inventor of the sphere. He had seven daughters by the nymph Pleione, who are said to have been converted into the constellation called Pleiades, the seven fitam. Atlas ipse laborat, vixque sustinet snis hvmcris cunden- tem axem. Atlas himself is in distress, and with diflSculty supports with his .shoulders the burning heaven, ii. 1. 296. Esse locum 'ace?item siib gelido Atlante, that there is a place lying close under cold Atlas, iv. 15. 20. Insistereque humeris validi Atlnnti--, to stand upon the shoulders of the powerful Atlas, xv. 2. 90. Gr. Ace. -anta. See Pleias.

Atreus (diss.), -ei, &. -eos, m., Atreus, the son of Pelops and Hippodamia, was king of Mycen». Along with his brother Thyestes, he was guilty of the murder of Chrysippus, his natural brother, and retired to the court of Eurystheus (tris.), king of Argos, whose daughter .Erope he married, and on the death of his father-in-law succeeded him in the kingdom. He was murdered by his nephew ^Egisthus, whom he had adopted as his son. Atreus was the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are from him called Atridae. Magnus Atreus cedit titulis Agamemnonis, il- lustrious Atreus yields in celebrity to Agamemnon, xv. 9. 111. Gr. Ace. Atrea, Voc. Ati-eu. See Atrides.

Atrldes, -re, m., a son of Atreus. .4trid<e is a patronymic applied to Agamemnon and Menelaus as the sons of Atreus. Atri- des, when placed by itself, generally denotes Agamemnon as being the elder ; and when it refers to ]Menelaus, is usually accompaniea by a qualifying adjective. Frater majoris AtridcB, the brother of the elder son of Atreus, i. e. Menelaus, xiii. 1. 359. Hasta min- oris Atridce, the spear of the younger son of Atreus, i. e. Mene- laus, XV. 2. 103. Qud Paris priits ereptus est infesto Atridce, by which Paris was formerly screened from the enraged son of Atreus, XV. 9. CI.

Augustus^ -1, 1)7., Augustus, a name given to the successor of Julius Caesar, and after him to the succeeding emperors. His original name was Caius Octavius, afterwards Caius Julius Octa- vianus Caesar. He was son of C. Octavius by Attia, the daughter of M. Attius Balbus and Julia, the sister of C. Julius Caesar, and

AUG l^'l AUR

was consequently the grand-nephew of the conqueror of Gaiil. Oc- tavius was born on 22d September b. c. 63, in the consulship of Cicero, and, after passing his boyhood under the -care of his mo- ther, Uved with his grand-uncle, who was delighted with his genius and dispositions, and, as he destined him for his heir, took the greatest care of his education. He attended the dictator during his expedition to Spain against the sons of Pompey, and was prosecuting his studies at Apollonia, ready to accompany him into Dacia, when intelligence reached him that his benefactor had fallen by the hands of assassins in the senate-house. He accordingly set out immediately for Italy, and though at that time only eighteen years old, contrary to the advice of some of his friends, declared himself the heir of Julius CcB'sar. In the difficult situation in which he was placed he displayed a degree of skiU and resolution which baffled the prudence of the oldest statesmen of Rome. He at first attached himself to the republican party, and professed to be guided chiefly by the advice of Cicero ; but finding them opposed to his ulterior designs, he afterwards deserted them and fonmed an alliance with Antony and Lepidus. These three assumed to themselves the title of triumvirs for settling he state of the republic, and their union was called the Second Triumvirate. In the bloody scenes which followed, Octavius acted a conspicuous part, and, partly by putting to death those who seemed likely to thwart his designs, and partly by his dexterity and address, succeeded in establishing his throne on the ruins of the republic. Being relieved from Antony, his last formidable enemy, by the battle of Actium (b. c. 31.), he found himself at liberty to discontinue the uncongenial pursuit of war, and to promote the internal prosperity of his vast empire. Four years after the battle of Actium (b. c. 27), he received, from the flattery of the senate, the title of Augustus, the name by which he is gene- rally known in history. He died at Nola on the 19th of August A. D. 14, in the 76th year of his age, after he had held the sove- reign power undisputed for 41 years. That part of the character of Augustus which it is most pleasing to contemplate, was his muni- ficent patronage of men of genius. His encouragement of literature, especially in the persons of Virgil and Horace, has procured the name of Augustan age for the brilliant period in which he lived.

Augustus, -a, -um, ndj.^ of, or relating to Augustus. I'or- tibus Aiigustis, at the gates of the palace of Augustus, i. 10. 111. Terra est sub Avgusto, the earth is under the dominion of Augus- tus, XV. 9. 110.

Amis, -\di&,f., Aulis, a small town of Boeotia, on the Eurl. pus, celebrated as the rendezvous of the Grecian fleet, when it was preparing to sail for Troy. Here the fleet was detained by contrary winds till Agamemnon appeased the anger of Diana by presenting his daughter Iphigenia for sacrifice at her altar. See Iphigenia.

Aurora, -ec f., Aiirora, the daughter of Hyperion and Thia,

AUS 192 AVE

or of Pallas, from whom she is called Pallaittias. She was the goddess of the dawn, or rather of the daylight, and ascended the celestial road in the morning before Phcebus, whose comin"' she announced. She was the wife of Astraeus, and mother of the v^inda and stars. Aurora is represented by the poets as riding in a rosa- coloured chariot, drawn by w hite horses, opening with rosy finders the gates of the east, and pouring down the dew upon the earth. Night and Sleep fly before her, and the constellations of heaven dis- appear at her approach. Aurora is frequently used for the mornin<T. Aurora, tenehris fupatis, eff'iilget, Aurora, i. e. the morning, hav- ing dispelled the darkness, shines forth, ii. 1. 144. Quum altera Aurora invecta croceis rotis rediicet lucetn, when the following Aurora, i. e. morning, riding in her saffron chariot, shall bring back the light, iii. 2. 20. Fostera Aurora renioverat noctvrnos ignes, the following morning had removed the fires of the night, i. e. the stars, iv. 2. 27. It is also used to signify the east : as, Auroram, the east, i. e. .^tlthiopia, the abode of Aurora, i. 2. 30.

Ausonia, -se.yi, Ausonia, one of the ancient names of Italy. This name is said to have been derived from the Aiisones, a people who at first possessed the whole of the southern part of the penin- sula, but were afterwards confined to a narrow tract on the borders of Latium and Campania.

Ausonius, -a, -uni, adj-, of, or relating to Ausonia, but generally used in the sense of Italian, Latin, Roman. Dextra manus suhjccta est Ausonio Peloro, his right hand was placed under Pelorum fronting Italy, v. 6. 10.

Auster, -i, m., the south wind, which was believed to produce ■rain. Pluvio Austr ,, the rainy south wind, i. 2. 35. Nubilvt Auster, the gloomy, cloud bringing south wind, xi. 10. 254,

Autonoe, -es, f., Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus, who wai the wife of Aristaeus, and mother of Actseon. She assisted her sisters in tearing Pentheus (Ji'vs.) to pieces See Pentheus.

Autonoeius -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Autonoe: as, Autonoeius heros. the hero, the son of Autonoe, i. e. Actaeon, iii. 2. 68.

Avernalis, -e, adj... of, or relating to the lake Acernus, or the infernal regii ns. Inter Avemales nymphas, among the nymph» of the infernal regions, v. 6. / 9.

Avernus, -i, ni., Avemus, nov Logo d'Averno, a lake of Campania in Italy, said to have derived its name from the exhala- tions of its waters proving fatal to birds. It was a circular sheet of clear water, about a mile and a half in circumference, of great depth, and closely surrounded with thick woods, which, in mo- dern times, have been supplanted by vineyards and gardens. Here the poets placed the scene of Ulysses's descent to the infernal regions, and also the subterraneous abodes of the Cimmerians, into which no ray of the sun ever penetrated ; whence the fable oi

AXI 193 BAG

Cimmerian darkness. Hence it is used to denote the infernal regions, Hades. See Cimmerii.

Axis, -is, m., an axis, an imaginary line passing through the centre of the earth, on which the earth performs its daily revolu- tion, and the extremities of which are called poles. It is sometimes used by the poets to denote the whole heavens : as, candentejii axem, the burning heavens, ii. 1. 296.

B. Babylon, -onis, /'., Babylon, the capital of the Babylonian empire, and the most ancient city in the world, was situated on the Euphrates, near a place now called Hillah, about fifty-three miles to the south of Bagdad. It was built by Nimrod, around the tower of Babel, and was afterwards much beautified and enlarged by his son and successor Ninus. Semiramis, the wife of the latter, was, according to Ovid, the founder of the city ; according to others, she merely surrounded it with a wall fifty cubits thick and 200 cubits high, built of bricks baked in the sun, and cemented together with bitumen. Its size and beauty were much increased by Nebuchadnezzar, who constructed the famous hanging gardens, so called from their seeming at a distance to be suspended in the air. It was taken by Cyrus, king of Persia, b. c. 638, according to the prediction of the Jewish prophets, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Macedonians. Here Alexander the Great died b. c. 323. The site of Babylon is still called .-^rrf ^a6i7. Gr.Acc-om.

Babylonia^ -?£, f., Babylonia, a country of Asia, bounded on the south and west by Arabia, on the north by Mesopotamia, an 1 on the east by Assyria and Susiana, being separated from the twi» last by the river Tigris. It corresponded generally with the mo- dem province of Irak Arabi, but contained in addition that pan of Arabia which touches immediately upon the Euphrates.

Babylonius, -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to Babylon, or Babylonia, Babylonian. Babylonius Euphrates, the Euphrates on which Babylon stood, ii. 1. 248.

Baccha, -?£,f., a Bacchanal, a female who celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, by raving through the streets and crying tvoe, with a wreath of laurel on her head, a deer -skin thrown across her If ft shoulder, and a thyrsus, or wand of ivy, in her hand.

Bacchans, -tis, c., a Bacchanal, a person who celebrated the orgies of Bacchu=.

BaccheiUS, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Bacchus. Aris accensis frequento Bacche'ia sacra, lighting the fires on the altars, I celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, iii. 7. 181.

Bacchiadae, -arum, m., the Bacchiada, a powerful family at ■ Corinth, who traced their origin to Bacchia, or Bacchis, the daughter of Bacchus. After enjoying the sovereign power at

Ii

BAC 194 BAL

Corinth for 200 years, they were banished by Cypselus, and, taking refuge in Sicily, founded Syracuse, v. 6. 67.

Bacchius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Bacchus. A'ec videres Bacchia sacra, and didst not witness the orgies of Bac- chus, iii. 7. 8.

Bacchus, -i, m., Bacchus, the god of wine, was the son of Jupiter by Semele, the daughter of Cadmus. Juno, actuated by jealousy of her rival, assumed the form of her aged nurse Beroe, and urged Semele to request Jupiter to prove his' divinity by visit- ing her in all his majesty, as he did Juno, The king of the gods had previously sworn that he would grant her whatever she should ask, and failed to prevail upon her to withdraw her request, though he foresaw that the consequences would be disastrous. He ac- cordingly came to her in a cloud, attended with lightning and thunderbolts, and Semele was reduced to ashes in his presence. Her child, however, was saved from destruction, and was sewed up in the thigh of Jupiter till the full time of gestation was corapletedL Hence Bacchus was called Ignigena, and Bimater (iv. 1. 12.) Ovid says, that after his birth he was brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards intrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa, a town in India He is said to have conauered India, and to his splendid return from this expedition is ascribed the origin of the triumphal procession ( See Triumphus). Bacchus discovered the use of the vine, and the art of making wine, and of extracting spirit from barley, and was therefore worshipped as the god of wine. He is said to have been the first who yoked oxen, from which circum- stance he is represented with horns (iv. i. 19.) He is represented as a young man with an efiFeminate face, long flowing hair {crines dignos Baccho, hair worthy of Bacchus, iii. b". 20.), a fillet or an ivy crown on his head, a long purple robe, and with a thyrsus in his hand. His chariot was drawn by tigers, lions, or lynxes. He is attended by his preceptor Silenus, riding upon an ass, and almost always intoxicated, and in his train follow the Bacchanals and Satyrs. The southern coast of Thrace seems to have been the origmal scat of the worship of Bacchus ; and from this country it was, at a subsequent period, introduced into Greece. The opposi- tion which was made to it by the Greeks gave rise to the fables which have been embellished by Ovid. Bacchus is frequently used to denote wine : as, munere gtnerosi Bacchi, with the bounty of generous Bacchus, i. e. wine, iv. 15. 13.

Baleares, -iuni, m., the Balearians, the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands, off the coast of Spain, now Majorca and Minorca, who were famous for their expertness in slinging. In this exer- cise they were trained from their infancy ; and Florus relates that the mothers never gave their children breakfast till they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree.

BAL 195 BOO

Ba]eariCUS, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or belonging to the Balearian Islands.

Barbaries, -el,y!, properly a /bretg'n country, in opposition to Greece or Italy. Among the Greeks it was used to signify any territory inhabited by strangers, and, in this sense, it is applied by Plautus to Italy. The Romans applied it to any country except Greece and Italy.

Belis, -Tdis, ./^j a daughter, or grand-daughter of Belus. The term Belides is generally applied to the fifty daughters of Danau?, the son of Belus, who married their cousins, the sons of ^Egyptus, and who all, except Hypermnestra, murdered their husbands on the night of their marriage. For this crime they were condemned in the infernal regions to the perpetual punishment of filling with water a vessel the bottom of which was full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as poured into it. Belides auste moliri ie- tum svis patruelihus assidua: repetunt undas, qitas perdaiit, the grand-daughters of Belus, who dared to perpetrate the murder of their cousins, incessantly replace the water which they happen to lose, iv. 11. -18.

Bellona^ -£e, /"., Bellona, the goddess of war, by some said to be the sister, and by others the daughter, of Mars. She was wor- shipped by the Romans with peculiar respect, and had a temple at Rome, without the city, in which the senate sometimes assem- bled to give audience to generals on their return from war, or to foreign ambassadors, who were not admitted into the city. Her priests, called Bellonaiii, consecrated themselves by making inci- sions in their arms and shoulders, and offered their own blood in sacrifice. A. R. A. 7.

Belus, -i, m., Belus, a king of Egypt, the father of Danaus and iEgyptus.

Boeotia, -as, f., Boeotia, now forming part of Livadia, was bounded on the west by Phocis, on the north by the Opuntian Locrians, on the east by the Euboean Sea, and on the south by .Attica, Megaris, and a small portion of the Corinthian Gulf. It was perhaps the richest and most fertile country in Greece ; and the abundance of the natural productions of the soil rendering ex- ertion on the part of the inhabitants unnecessary, depressed their intellectual and moral energies to such a degree, that they became proverbial for their dulness and stupidity. There were, however, some illustrious exceptions. Hesiod, Pindar, Plutarch, Epami- nondas, and Felopidas, were natives of Bceotia, The principal city was Thebse, Thebes, founded by Cadmus and a colony of Phoenicians. See Thebae.

Boeotius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Boeotia, Boeotian. Vocato ilia Boeotia (mcenia), call it the Boeotian city, iii. 1. ]3.

Bootes, -ae, & -is, m., £oo<es, the Greek name for a constel-

BOR lyO CAD

lation near the north pole, which was called by the Romans Bu- bulcus, the herdsman. From its position behind the Great Bear, it was called Arctophylax, the keeper of the Bear. Memorant te qudqtie, Boote, fugisse tnrhatum, they say that you too, Bootes, fleJ in alarm, ii. I. 176.

Boreas, -JE, m., Boreas, the north wind, frequently used to signify the north.

BritanniEj -ae, f.. Britain, called also Albion, the largest island in the world with which the ancients were acquainted. It seems to have been known at a very early period to the Phoenicians, who visited its shores in quest of tin. This metal formed so valuable an article of commerce in their connexion with the Greeks and Romans, that they carefully concealed all knowledge of the country from which they procured it. They gave the name of Cassiterides, the Tin Islands, to the Scilly Islands, including probably under this name Cornwall and part of Devonshire. At a subsequent pe- riod, the Carthaginians also visited Britain for the purposes of com- merce, and are said to have penetrated as far north as Thule, or the Shetland Islands. Britain was known to the Romans by re- port only, till Caesar invaded it (b. c. 55), from a desire, it is said, to collect its pearls, the reports concerning the beauty of which had reached him in Gaul ; or, more probably, from the ambitious desire of extending his conquests over countries bordering, as he believed, on the extremity of the world. He did not, however, persist in subduing it, and it appears to have almost escaped the notice of the Romans for nearly a century, till the reign of the em- peror Claudius, when it was again deemed an object worthy of the grasping avarice of Rome. In the reign of Domitian, Agricola reduced to the form of a province the whole of the island to the south of the Forth and Clyde, and built (a. d. 81) a wall between these two friths to prevent the incursions of the northern barbarians. From this time it continued in the possession of the Romans till A. D. 408, when they completely abandoned the island. The prin- cipal Roman stations were, — Camalodunum, Colchester; Verula- mium, St Albans ; Eboracam, York ; Londinium, or Augusta, London.

Britanni, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Britain, the Britons. jEqiioreos Britannos, the Britons surrounded by the sea, xv. 9. 8.

Bromius, -ii, m., Bromius (the bawler), a surname given to Bacchus, from the noise made by the Bacchanalians in celebrating. his orgies.

Bustum, -i, n., a name applied to the place where a dead body was burnt and buried. It is also used to signify a sepulchre, a tomb. The place, where the body was burnt only, was called Ustrina. A. R. A, 417.

C.

Cadmei.S, -idis, ./"., of, or belonging to Cadmus, Cadmean.

CAD 197 CMS

,2^ec ratce duhium ds morte deplanxcre Cadmc'ula domum palmii, and thinking there was no doubt of her death, they lamented the house of Cadmns bv striking their breasts with their hands, iv. 11. 130.

Cadmus, -i, m,, Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, was the son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia. He was sent by his father in quest of his sister Europa, who had be.en carried off by Jupiter, with orders not to return unless he found her. Prosecuting his search, ho ar- rived in Greece, and failing to hear any intelligence of his sister, he resolved to consult the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, that he might know in what pai-t of the earth to fix his abode. The oracle directed him to follow a heifer which was described to him, and, on the spot where she should lie down, to build a city, and call the country Boeotia. He found the heifer as the oracle had predicted, and wishing to sacrifice her to Jupiter, he sent his companions to fetch water for a libation from a neighbouring grove. The foun- tain was sacred to Mars, and was guarded by a huge dragon, who murdered his companions. Cadmus, in revenge, slew the monster, and, by the direction of Minerva, sowed his teeth in a plain, on which armed men suddenly sprung from the ground. He threw a stone among them, and they instantly turned their swords against each other, till they all fell, except five, who assisted him in build- ing Thebes. Hence the Thebans are called Anguig'cniE, sprung from the serpent (iii. 7. 21.) Cadmus soon after married Har- monia, the daughter of Venus, by whom he had a son, PolydoruS, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. The mis- fortunes which the vindictive persecution of Juno inflicted upon their family, so distressed Cadmus and Harmonia, that they retu-ed to lllyricum, and were there changed into serpents. Cadmus is supposed to have come into Greece, b. c. 1493, and to have in- troduced the use of letters, and the worship of many of the Egyp- tian and Phoenician deities.

CffiSar, -aris, m., CcBsar,the cognomen or distinctive family- name of a branch of the illustrious Julian gens at Rome. The Julian gens was one of the oldest of the Roman patrician houses, and that branch of it which bore the name of Caesar traced its origin to lulus, the son of iiineas, and consequently claimed a descent from divine blood. Caius Julius Csesar, the most distin- guished member of this family, was the son of C. Julius CiEsar and Aurelia, and was born on the 12th of July, b. c. 100. His aunt Julia was the wife of Caius Marius, and he himself, in his seven- teenth year, married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna, a connexion which exposed him to the resentment of the party of Sulla. The dictator deprived him of his wife's dowry, and with reluctance spared his life, observing to those who interceded for him, that the youth " would be the ruin of the aristocratic party, for there were many Marii in Caesar." He absented himself from Rome during

r2

c^.s 198 c.9i:s

the remainder of the life of Cinna, and was for some time employed in military service in the east. He returned to Rome on the death of the dictator, but failing in his first attempt as a public prosecu- tor, he retired to Rhodes, and devoted himself to the study of eloquence under the rhetorician Molo. The first public honour which he obtained was the office of military tribune, to which he was appointed by the suifiages of the people, about e. c. ()9. His splendid talents now began to display themselves, and his advance- ment in public life proceeded steadily in opposition even to obstacles which, by a less ambitious mind, would have been deemed insur- mountable. To counteract the influence of the aristocratic party, he found it necessary to court the favour of the people, and by splendid exhibitions, and a profuse expenditure of money, succeeded in attaching them permanently to his interest. After passing through the inferior offices of quaestor, aediie, and praetor, he was elected consul b. c. 59, in opposition to the powerful influence of the aristocracy, and strengthened his party by effecting a reconci- liation between Pompey and Crassus, and attaching them to him- self. This combination is commonly called the First Trhimvirate, At the close of his consulship, Caesar obtained the province of Gaul, including the north of Italy, for five years, with an army of four legions ; and before this time expired, succeeded in getting it renewed for an equal period. In nine years he subdued the whole of Transalpine Gaul ( the modern kingdoms of France and Bel- giuin, and a large portion of Switzerland), carried the terror of the Roman name across the Rhine into Germany, and tvrice in- vaded Britain. Through the interest of his friends, he had pro- cured a decree of the senate to enable him to stand candidate for the consulship in his absence ; but finding that Pompey, who had joined the aristocratic party, demanded as a condition that he should resign the command of his army, he proceeded to Italy in the spriiiK B. c. 51, for the purpose of enforcing his claims. On reach- ing Cisalpine Gaul, he became aware of the measures which were in operation against him, and, resolved to eiiforce by arms what was refused to him by the senate, crossed the Rubicon, a small stream, which formed the southern limit of his province, and <ii- rected his march to the south. The approach of Caesar's troop» spread alarm among the senatorial party, who immediately qiiitted Italy and took refuge in Greece. Caesar advanced to the capital, possessed himself of the public money, and after defeating Pompey's party in Spain, assumed the name of dictator, and nominated him- self and Servihus consuls for e. c. 48 The campaign of this year completed the destruction of the senatorial party, by the defeat of Pompey on the great plain of Pharsalia in Thessaly. During the three following years he was employed in crushing the adherents of the senate in various parts of the empire, and fought his last battle in the vicinity of Munda, iathe south of Spain, b. c. 45, a battle in which 30,000 men are said to have fallen on the side of the sons

CAiS 199 CAW

of PoiTipey. On his return to Rome, Cassar was created consul for ten years, and dictator for life. On the ides (15th) of March B. c. 44, he was assassinated in the senate-house, and, after his death, was enrolled among the gods, under the appellation of Divus Julius. As a writer and an orator, Caesar has received the highest praise from Cicero. His Commentaries, which are written in a plain perspicuous style, entirely free from all affectation, piace him in the same class with Xenophon, and those few individuals who have successfully united the pursuit of letters and philosophy with the business of active life. Ten books of his commentaries have descended to lis, — seven of his wars in Gaul, which are believed to have been written on the spot, and three which refer to the civil wars.

Caesareus, -a^ -ura, adj., of, or relating to Casar.

CalCUS, -i, m., the Caicus, now the Grimakli, or Mandra- gorai, a river of Mysia, in Asia Minor, which rises in Mount Temnos, flows through the plains of Teuthrania, and after passing Pergamos, falls into the ^gean Sea at Elaea, opposite to the south-eastern extremity of Lesbos,

Calais, -is, ni., Calau, the son of Boreas, or Aquilo, and Orithyia (4 syl.), and the twin-brother of Zethes, along with whom he accompanied Jason to Colchis, in quest of the golden fleece. When they reached the coast of Thrace, they reUeved Phineus (diss.), the king of that country, from the Harpies, a kind of raveno\is birds which Jupiter had Sfnt to torment him by pollut- ing or carrying away the food from his table. He and his brother are represented with wings, and are said to have been killed by Herciiles. See Harpyiae.

Calliope, -es, /., Calliope, the chief of the muses, whose of- fice it was to preside over eloquence and heroic poetry. She was represented holding in her hand a close-rolled parchment, and generally crowned with laurel. See Musse.

Calydon, -onis,/!, Calydon, now Evereo Castro, a city of iEtolia, in Greece, situate on the left bank of the Evenus, the Fidiri, a few miles from its mouth. It was famed in Grecian story for the ferocious boar sent by Diana to ravage the country, and which was killed by Meleager, the son of CEneus (diss.), king of the country.

Calydonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Calydon, Ca- lydonian. Quam modb Calydoniu hasta TydidcB vulneret, whom at one time the Calydonian spear of the son of Tydeus wounds, i. e. of Diomedes, whose father Tydeus was the -son of CEneus, king of Calydon, xv. 9. 25. See Diomedes.

Canace, -es,f., Barker, the name of one of Actseon's dogs.

Cancer, -cri, m., the Crab, one of the twelve signs of the

CAN 200 CAU

zodiac. CancTum cwvanlem brachia aliler, the crab bending his claws in a difiFerent direction, ii. 1 . 83. See Zodiacus.

Canopus, -i, rw., Canopus, now Aboukir, a city of Egypt, twelve miles from Alexandria, situate at one of the mouths of the >i'ile. It is said to have been founded by Menelaus, and to have derived. its name from CanSpus, the pilot of his ship, who was buried there. The inhabitants were proverbial for their luxury and profligate manners. Opposite to the town was the island of Canopus, Aboukir, so famed from the glorious victory of the Nile, obtained near it bv Lord Nelson over the French fleet, August 1 , 1799.

Capitolium, -ii, m.,the capilol, a celebrated temple and cita- del in Rome, built on the Tarpeian rock, on the Capitoline hill. The foundation was laid by Tarquinius Priscus, b. c. 615, the building was continued by his successor Servius TuUius, and finished by Tarquinius Superbus, b. c. 533 The consecration, however, did not take place till the third year after the expulsion of the kings, when this ceremony was performed by the consul Horatius. It consisted of three parts ; of which the centre was sacred to Jupiter, the right wing to Minerva and the left to Juno. The mag- nificence of this temple is said to have been almost incredible, and its wealth, which was derived from the presents of the successive consuls who here offered, sacrifices on the day they entered on their office, was verv great. Capitolia visfnt longas pampas, when the Capitol shall witness the long processions, i. e. the triumphal pro- cessions, in which the victorious general was crowned with laurel, i. 10. 110. See Triumphus.

Cassiope^ -es,/"., Cussiope, the wife of Cepheus {(lis.), king of ^Ethiopia, and mother of Andromeda. Proud of her beauty, she boasted that she was fairer than Juno or the Nereids, nnd thus provoked Neptune to punish her insolence by deluging jEthiopia, and sending a huge sea-monster to ravage the country. See An- dromeda.

Castalius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Castalia, a foun- tain at the foot of Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, which poured down the chasm between the two summits of the mountain, and was fed by the perpetual snows. Its pure and excellent waters were said to have the power of inspiring those who drank of them with the true spirit of poetry. Cadmus vix bene dcscenderat Castalio antra, scarcely had Cadmus well descended from the Castalian cave, i. e. left the oracle of Delphi, iii. I. 14. See Delphi.

Caucasus, -i, m-, Caucasus, an extensive range of mountains in Asia, extending between the Euxine and the Caspian Se.is, and supposed by the ancients to be a continuation of the chain of Tau- rus. It is so lofty as to be covered in many parts with perpetual ibow. On Strobelus, one of its highest peaks, was said to be the

CAY 201 CEP

rock to which Prometheus (tj'is.) was chained by Jupiter till he was delivered by Hercules.

Caystros, -i, m.,the Cai/ster, now the Kitchick-Meinder, or Little Minder, an inconsiderable river of Lydia, in Asia Minor, which rises in a branch of Mount Tmolus, and Tuns through the Asian Marsh into the JEgea.n Sea, near Ephesus. Its banks are said by the poets to have been much frequented by swans. Flumi- nece volucres cahiere wedio Caljstro, the birds of the river, i. e. the swans, grew hot in the middle of the Cayster, ii. 1. 253. Cajjstros in lahentibus vndis audit no a plura cannina cygnorum illo, the Cayster, in his gliding waters, hears not more songs of swans than it, v. 6. 46.

Census, -us, m., the census, a general review of the Roman people, made for the purpose of estimating thei • property, and pro- portioning their share of the public taxes. The census was insti- tuted by Servius TuUius, a. u. 125, and intrusted to magistrates called Censores, censors. Every citizen was obliged to give in to the Censors his name, residence, and occupation ; his wife's name, and the names of his children, with their age.-, the number of his slaves, and a minute and accurate account of his property. The goods of the person who made a false return were confiscated, and he himself, after being scourged, was sold as a slave. The Censors had also the charge of the public morals, and were invested with the power of advancing or degrading the citizens according as their character or wealth entitled them. Hence census came to signify wealth or property. See A. R. A. 107.

Cepheius, -a, -um, ndj.. of, or relating to Cephcus. Cephcia arva, the kingdom of Cepheus, i. e. .(Ethiopia, iv. 14. 7.

Cephenes, -um, m., the Cephenes, the principal subjects of Cepheus, the Ethiopian nobles. Proceres Cephenum, the .Ethiopian nobles, iv. 15. 12. Medio Cephenum, amidst the company of ^Ethiopians, v. 1. 1.

Cepheus {diss.), -ei, & -eos. m., Cepheus, king of .Ethiopia, a son of Belus, and the father of Andromeda by Cassiope, and fa- ther-in-law of Perseus (diss.) He was one of the Argonauts, and, after his death, was changed into a constellation. Sunt qui dicant Cephea cum genero dehere mori, there are some who say that Cepheus and his son-in-law, i. e. )"erseus, ought to be put to death, v. 1. 42.

Cephisis, -idis, adj., /., of, or relating to the Cephisus. Adeunt pmiter Cephisidas undas, ut nondum liquidas, sic jam secantes nota vada, they approach together the waters of the Cephisus, which, though not yet clear, were now flowing in their wonted channel, i. 8. 67.

CephisiuSj -ii, m., the son of the Cephisus, Narcissus. Ce- pkisius jam addiderat unum annum ad ter quinos, the son of the

CEP ^02 CER

Cephisu?, i. e. Narcis?us, had now added one to thrice five years, i. e. was now sixteen years old, iii. 5. 13.

Cephlsos, -i, m.. the Cephisus, now the Mauro Potamo. a river of Phocis in Greece, which rises near the city of Lilxa, where the ancients state that it rushed from the mountain with a noise reseniblint; the bellowing of a bull, flows on the northern side of Parnassus, and, after traversing the whole of Phocis, enters Boeotia, and loses its waters in the lake Copais. From the nume- rous sinuosities of its course, the Cephisus has been compared to a serpent. It is said to have been a special favourite of the Graces, who are from this circumstance called the goddesses of the river.

CerbereuSj -a, -um, adj., of, or relafinrj in Cerberus. Spu. mas Cerherei oris, foam from the mouth of Cerberus, iv. 11. I 6.

Cerberus, -i, 7??., Cerberus, a do^ who guarded the entrance to the infernal regions, to prevent the living from entering, and the dead from escaping. He is said to have been the son of Typhon and Echidna, and is generally represented as having three heads, though somemythologists assign to him a hundred. See Hercules. Cerealis, -e, udj., of, or relating to Ceres. Cerealia semina, the seeds of Ceies, i. e. grain, i. 4. 11.

Ceres, GX\%,f-, Ceres, the goddess of corn and husbandry, was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the sister of Jupiter and Pluto. She is said to have brought com from Sicily to Attica in the reign of Pandion, which she gave to Celeus (diss.), at Eleusis, and taught him the art of cultivating it. By Jupiter she had a daughter. Proserpine, who was carried off by Pluto while gathering flowers along with her attendant nymphs, on the plains of Henna, in Sicily, and became his wife. Ceres, who was deeply affected by the loss of her daughter, after searching for her all over Sicily, lighted two torches at Mount ^^^tna, and continued her search over the whole earth. She found her veil at the fountain Cyane (v. 8. 9.;, but the nymph was unable to communicate to her the fate of her daughter. This information she afterwards obi ained from Arethusa (v. 8. 44.), who, when passing along her subter- ranean channel, had seen Proserpine arrayed as queen in the do- minions of Pluto. Ceres immediately ascended to Jupiter, and demanded of him the restoration of her daughter. The king of the gods in vain attempted to sooth her grief, by representing to her the honour which had been conferred upon her daughter by being made the wife of his brother ; Ceres continusd inexorable, and Jupiter consented to her restoration, provided she hid not tasted any thing in the infernal regions. Siie accordingly went to Pluto, find demanded her daughter, but Ascalaphus having intimated that he had seen her pluck a pomegranate in the Elysian fields, and eat some of the seeds, she was found to have violated the condi- tions of her release. All, therefore, which Jupiter could grant was, that she should alternately remain six months in Hades with

CEY 203 CHE

Phito, and six in heaven with her mother. Ceres is represented V. ifh yellow hair, crowned with ears of corn, and holding in the one Iwind poppies, or ears of corn, and in the other a burning torch. Ceres is often used to signify corn, food : as, cura Cereris, a regard for food, iii. 6. 3b". See Cyane, Arethusa, Ascalaphus, and Proserpina.

Ceyx, -ycis, vi., Ceyx, a son of Lucifer, and king of Trachis, a town in Thessaly, w^ho was drowned while crossing the Mgean Sea, to consult the oracle of Apollo at Claros, in consequence of the melancholy fate of his brother Daedalion, and tlie misfortunes which followed it. His wife Halcyone, who had, with extreme re- luctance, consented to the voyage, was grieved at his absence, and incessantly importuned the gods for his return. At the request of Juno, Somnus sent his son Morpheus (diss.), who assumed the form and appearance of Ceyx, and intimated to Halcyone, in the voice of her husband, the melancholy catastrophe. He and his wife Halcyone, were changed into kingsfishers. See Daedalion and Halcyone.

Chaonius, -a., -urrij adj., of, or relating to Chaonia, a pro- vince of Epirus. Chaonius Molpeus, Molpeus from Chaonia, v. 1. 106.

Chaos^ n., Chaos, a name applied by the Greek poets to the rude and shapeless mass of matter which they supposed to exist be- fore the formation of the world. .According to Ovid, who has adopted the cosmogony of Hesiod, the Divine Being formed the universe out of this confused mass, by dividing it into the four elements, fire, or ether, air, earth, and water. This separation he eifected by causing the pure ether, or fire, to occupy the highest place ; the next place he assigned to the air, or almosphere, while the lowest were given to earth and water. The opinions which the ancients entertained of Chaos and of the creation of the world, were probably derived traditionally from the writings of Moses, and may be advantageously compared with the simple but sublime narrative of the sacred penman. C onfundimur in antiquum Chaos, we are thrown back into our ancient Chaos, i. e. into our former state of confusion, ii. 1. 299.

Charops, -opis, m-, Cliarops,^ Trojan, the son of Hippasus, who was slain by Ulysses.

Charybdis, -is, /!, Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool in the Straits of Messina, on the Sicilian coast, opposite to Scylla on the coast of Italy. Charybdisque inimica ratibus (dieitur) nuncsor- bere nunc reddere frehan , and Chary bdis, d^mgerous for ships, is said at one time to draw in the sea, at another time to send it forth, vii. 1. 63. See Scylla.

Chersidamas, -antis, m., Chersidamas, a Trojan killed by Ulysses.

CHI 204 CIN

Chius, - a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the island ofCeos, now Zea, one of the most considerable of the Cyclades, situate twelve miles south-east of the promontory of Sunium. It was said to have been once united to Euboea, from vrhich it was torn by an earthquake. The inhabitants were noted for their sobriety and modesty. Applicor ad oras Chice telluris, I am brought to the coasts of the Chian land, i. e. to Ceos, iii. 7. 87.

Chromis, -is, m., Chromis, a man who, at the marriage of Perseus (diss.), killed Emathion.

Chromius, -ii, m., Chromius, one of the companions of Sar- pedon, who was slain by Ulysses at Troy.

Chryse, -es., J'., Chrysa, a town on the western coast of Troas, in Asia .Alinor, where was the famous temple of Apollo Smintheus (diss. ) This city was taken by Achilles during the Trojan war, xiii. 1. 174.

Cilicia, -x.J"., Cilicia, a province in the south-east of Asia Minor, lying opposite to the island of Cyprus. It was bounded on the north by the range of Taurus, which separated it from Phry- gia and Cappadocia, on the east by Mount Amanus, which sepa- rated it from Syria, on the south by the Mediterranean, and on the west by Pamphylia. The western part of the province was called Cilicia Trachea, from the mountainous and i xigged charac- ter of the country ; and the eastern portion obtained the name of Cilicia Campestris, because it was more level and fertile. One of the most important towns of Cilicia was Tarsus, Tersoos, the na- tive city of St Paul, and the rival of Alexandria and Athens, as a school of philosophy and the polite arts. Tarsus, which is called Tarshish in the Bible, was famed at a remote period for the expert- ness of its seamen, who appear to have been the chief merchants in the early ages of the world. Their ships, which were built for distant voyages, were lai-ger and stronger than those in ordinary use, and are believed to have obtained for large ships of burden the name which is given to them m Scripttire, " ships of Tarshish."

Cilix, -\c\^,adj., of, or relating to Cilicia, Cilician.

Cimmerii, -orum, m., the Cimmerii, a people near Lake Avernus, in Campania, represented by the poets as dwelling in deep caverns, into which no imy of the sun ever penetrated. IJence the fable of Cimmerian darkness. Neai- this people Ovid places the abode of the god Somnus, xi. 10. 183. See Avernus.

Cinyps, -y^pis, & Cinyphus, -i, m., the Cinyps, now the Khahan, a small river in the north of Africa, which falls into th< sea between the Syrtes . The country through which it flowed was remarkable for its fertility.

Cinyphius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the Cinyps hence, Libyan, African. Cinypfiivm Jubam, African Juba XV. 9. 11.

CIT 205 COR

Cithseron, -onis, }7l.,C%A<B/-on, now jE/a^et/, avange of moun- tains separating Boeotia from IMegaris and Attica, sacred to Bac- chus, and famous for the metamorphosis of Actseon, and the death of Pentheus (diss.) Ciiltceron natus ad sacra, Cithseron natu- rally adapted for the celebration of sacred rites, ii. 1. 223. Cithce- ron electus ad facienda sacra, Cithsevon selected for the celebra- tion of sacred rites, iii. 7. 192.

Clarius. -a, -ura, adj., of, or relating to Claros, Clarion. Ad Clarium Deum, to the Glarian God, i. e. Apollo, xi. 10. 4.

Claros, -i, _/., Claros, now Zilleh, a city of Ionia, in Asia Minor, famous for a temple and oracle of Apollo, and for a foun- tain whose waters inspired those who drank of them with pro- phetic fury. This city is said to have been built by Manto, a daughter of Tiresias, and early acquired celebrity as a place of di- vination. The tears which Manto shed over the misrortunes of her country formed a fountain, or rather lake, where she first founded the oracle. Considerable vestiges of the former greatness of Cla- res are still to be seen at Zilleh ; these consist of several sepul- chres, the prophetic fountain and cave, with marble steps leading down to it; also remains of a large temple, a theatre, and several churches. From Claros Apollo was called Clarius.

Clymene, -es, f., Clymene, the wife of Merops, king of -Ethiopia, and mother of Phaethon.

Clymene'iUS, -a, -um, adj.,, of, or relating to Clymene. Clymene'ia proles, the son of Clymene, i, e. Phaethon, ii. 1.19.

Clymcnus, -i, m., Clymenus, one of the companions of Phineus {diss.), who was slain by Odites.

Cceranos, -i, m,, Cceranos, one of the companions of Sarpe- don, who was slain by Ulysses.

Colchi, -orum, m.,the inhabitants of Colchis, the Colchians.

Colchis, -idis,y., Colchis, now Mingrelia, a country lying along the east coast of the Euxine Sea, celebrated in fable for the golden fleece, and the expedition undertaken to obtain it by the chief of the Grecian youth, under the command of Jason. See lason.

Colchus, -a, -um. anj., of, or relating to Colchis, Colchian. Colchu litora, the shores of Colchis, xiii. 1. 24.

Corinthus, -i,/., Corinth, the chief city of Achaia, and the capital of a small but wealthy district. It was situated on the isth- mus of the same name, having the Corinthian GuK on the ono side, and the Saronic Gulf on the other. Hence orta Bimari Corin- iho, sprung from Corinth situated between two seas, v. 6. 67. It existed under the name of Ephyre long before the siege of Troy, and, from the peculiar advantages of its situation, was considered as the key of the Peloponnesus. Corinth was the seat of opulence and of the arts while the rest of Greece was sunk in comparative

S

COR 206 CUR

obscurity and barbarism, and continued to maintain its rank among the Grecian cities till it was burnt by the Romans under Muminius, B. c. 146. During the conflagration all the metals in the city are said to have melted, and, mixing together, to have formed that va- luable composition known by the name of " Corinthian brass." This city was rebuilt by Julius Caesar a short time before his death.

Corycules, -um, /'., the Coryddes, the nymphs who inha- bited the Corycian cave, said by some to be the daughters of the river Plistus, and by others supposed to be the Muses. They were worshipped by Daucalion and Pyrrha when they went to consult the oracle on .Alount Parnassus. See Deucalion and Pyrrha.

Corycium (Antrum), tlie Corycian cave, a cave or grotto on Mount Parnassus, not far from Delphi, sacred to the Corycian nymphs and to the god Pan, and surpassing in extent every other tavern with which the ancients were acquainted. It was so lai-ge, that on the approa(-h of the Persians, the greater part of the in- habitants of Delphi took refuge in its capacious recess.

Crocale, -es,J^., Crocale, a Theban nymph, one of Diana's attendants.

Croto. & Croton, -onis, m. & /., Croto, now Cotrone, a celebrated city on th? Gulf of Tarentum, in the south of Italy, long the residence of Pythagoras, and the birthplace of Milo, the famous athlcta. Gr Ace. -ona. See Milo.

Cupldo, -inis, m., Cupid, the god of love, was the son of Venus, and her constant attendant. He is represented as a naked infant with wings, armed with a bow, and carrying a quiver full of arrows. Cupid possessed the power of inspiring with tlie tender passion whomsoever he chose, and through his influence Apollo was inflamed with love for Daphne, i. 10. 1 ., &c., and Pluto was in- stigated to carry off Proserpine, v. 6. 2(5., &c.

(Juralium. -ll, n-, coral, supposed by the ancients to be a sea-plant, which was soft while under water, but became hard when exposed to the atmosphere. According to Ovid, this hard- ness was firs', produced by Medusa's head, Perseus (diss.) having accidentally placed some twigs of the coral -plant under it, to pre- vent it from being injured by the sand on the beach, which were thereby converted into stone. The plant was afterwards propa- gated by the nymphs, who spread the seeds of it over every part of the ocean. Coral was well known to the ancients, but it wa.s reserved for the moderns to discover its real nature. It has been ascertained to be the nest of a certain species of worms, which have the same relation to coral that a snail has to its shell. As an or- nament black coral is most esteemed, but the red is also very highly prized. Coral is found in very great abundance in the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, in various parts of the Mediterranean, and «n the coast of Sumatra, kc. It grows on rock, and on any solid

CUR 207 CYC

submarins body, and it is necessary to its production that U should remain fixed in its place.

Cuiia, -X, ./!, a bvildlnff in which the senate met, the senate- house. Anciently there were only three places where the senate used to be held, two within the city, and the temple of Bellona without it. When curia simply is used in reference to Rome, it is generally intended to denote the Curia Hostilia, built by Tullus Hostilius. It is also put (xv. 9. 53.) for the Curia Pompeia, in which Julius Ca;sar was murdered. A. R. A. 7. See CsBiar.

Cyane, -es, ,/"., Cyane, a Sicilian nymph, one of the attend- ants of Proserpine, who upbraided Pluto when he carried off her mistress, and endeavoured to prevent him from taking her to the infernal regions. She was changed by the god into a fountain, or small lake, now called Pisma, a few miles from Syracuse, which becomes a stream, and falls into the Anapis. 'I'hrough this fountain Pluto disappeared with Proserpine. E^t <rquor medium Cyanex et Fiscea Arethusa, quod inchisum angus/is cornibus coit, there is a sea between Cyane and Piseean Are'.husa, which being enclosed between two promontories, is confined to a narrow space, v. 6. 69. Sec Ceres,_ and Anapis.

Cyanes, -arum,/i, the Cyanea:, now Pavorane, two small rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine Sea, knov\-n also by the name of Symplegades (the Dashers), which, according to the fable, floated about and crushed to pieces every vessel which passed the strait?, till iMinerva guided the ship Argo through, and fixed them lor ever. Monies qui dicuntur concurrere in mediis iindis, mountams which are said to clash together in the midst of the waves, vii. 1. 63.

Cyciades, -um,/., the Cyclades, now Dodtkanita, a group of islands in the ^'Egean Sea, so called because they surrounded the sacred island of Delos in the form of a circle. They were at first considered to be only twelve in number, but were afterwards in- creased to fifteen.

Cyclopes, -um, m., the Ci/clops, a race of giants, said to be the sons of Coelus and Terra, and to inhabit the east coast of Sicily, in the neighbourhood of Mount ^Etna. They were three in num- ber, Arges, Bi'ontes, and Steropes, with one eye in the middle of their forehead, whence their name, and are represented as the workmen of Vulcan, by whom they were employed in making thunderbolts for Jupiter (i. 7. 16.) They were destroyed by Apollo, because they had made the thunderbolts with which Jupiter killed his son iEsculapius. By some of the Greek poets they are re- presented as cannibals, an opinion which has been adopted by Ovid. Refene rilus Cyclopum, to revive the customs of the Cyclops, i. e. the eating of human flesh, xv. 2. 34. Telafabricata manibus Cy- clopum reponuntur^ the weapons fabricated by the hands of the Cyclops are laid aside, i. e. the thunderbolts, i. 7. 16.

CYC 208 D.ED

Cycnus, -i, m., Cyr.nus, the son of Sthenehis, and king of Ligiiria, who, for lamenting the death of his friend and relation Phaethon, was changed into a swan. Cycnus fit nova avu, Cycnus becomes a new bird, — is changed into a bird till then unknown, ii. 3. 11.

Cylla, -fE,./v Cylla, a town of the Troad, taken by Achilles, wit'K the assistance of Ulysses.

CyllSne, -es,J'., Cyllenc, now Zyria, a lofty mountain in the north-east of Arcadia, on the borders of Achaia, celebrated as the birthplace of Mercury, who had a temple on its summit.

Cyllenis, -idis, /"., of, or relating to Mercury, who was born on Mount Cyllene. Cyllenide harpe, with the falchion which he received from Mercury, v. 1. 119.

Cyilenius, -il, m., Cyllenhis, a name given to Mercury, be- rause he was bom on Mount Cyl'ene. Cylleniux dicturus talia. Mercury, when about to give utterance to such words as these, i. 13. 25.

Cyntnus. -l, w.. Cynthim, now Cintio, a mountain of con- siderable height, in the Island of Delos, on xvhich Apollo and Diana were born, and from which the former received the name of Cynthius, and the latter that of Cynthia.

Cyprius, -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to the Island of Cyprus, Cyprian.

Cyprus. _i, f.. Cyprus, a large island in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, ijing to the south of Cilicia, and to the west of Syria. It was celebrated in ancient times for the richness of its soil, and for its mineral treasures, particularly its copper mines, from which metal, according to some, the name is derived. It is celebrated in mythology as the birthplace of Venus, hence called Cypris, to whom the whole island was especially consecrated.

Cythera, -orum, n., Cythera, now Cerigo, an island in the .^gean Sea, near Cape Malea, a promontory of Laconia, particu- larly sacred to Venus, and to which she is said to have been con- veyed by a shellfish, immediately after she sprung from the foam of the sea. See Aphrodite.

Cytherea, -Sd.f., Cytherea, a name given to Venus from the Island of Cythera.

Cythnus, -i, /., Cylhnus, now Thermia, an island in the iEgean Sea, one of the Cyclades.

D

Daedalion, -oiiis, in., Dadalion, the son of Lucifer, and brother of Ceyx. He was so afflicted at the death of his daughter Chione, who was killed by Diana mth an arrow, that he threw

DAN 209 DAU

himself tVom the top of Parnassus, and was changed by Apollo into a hawk. See Ceyx.

Danae, -es, /!, Danae, the daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, and Eurydice. In consequence of a declaration of the oracle that he should be killed by the son of Danae, Acrisius confined her within a stone wall, or, according to others, in a brazen tower ; but even here Jupiter found admission to her in the form of a shower of gold, and she became the mother of Pei'seus (diss.) She and her son were, by the orders of her father, exposed on the sea in a slender bark, which was driven by the wind to the Island of Seri- phuK, where they were saved by some fishermen, and kindly treated by the king Polydectes. See Acrisius.

Danatiius, -a, -um, adj., cf, or relating to Danae. Danaeitia heros, the hero, the son of Danae, i. e. Perseus, v. 1. 1. Sea Acrisius.

Danai, -orum, m., the Greeks, who were so called from Da- naus, a king of Argos.

Danaus, -i, m., Danaus, the son of Belus, and twin-brother of i^gyptus, with whom he contended for the throne of Egypt. Being obliged to yield the kingdom to his brother, and dreading the effects of his revenge, he set sail with his fifty daughters in quest of a settlement, and at last established himself on the throne of Argos, in the Peloponnesus, about b. c. 1500. Sec Belus.

Danaus, -a, -urrij adj., of, or relating to Danaus, hence Grecian. Daiiaam rem, the inteiest of the Greeks, xiii. 1. 59. In Danaas classes, against the Grecian fleet, xiii. 1. 92.

Daphne, -es,J'., Daphne, a beautiful nymph, the daughter of the river Peneus, the Salembiia, of whom Apollo became ena- moured. Resolved to avoid the approaches of the god, she fl3d, and being closely pursxxed hy her admirer, she implored the assist- ance of her father, and v\as by his divine power changed into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with the laurel, and ordained that that tree should for ever be sacred to his divinity. Cupitque connuhia Daphnes visa?, and desii-es a marriage with Daphne when he had seen her, i. 10. 39.

Dardanius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Dardanus, Dardanian, Trojan. Dardunio rate, the Trojan prophet, i. e. Helenus, xiii. 1. 335. Quod solum restitt mthi de Dardanio Julo, vihich alone remains to me from the Trojan lulus, xv. 9. 23.

Daidanus, -i, ?«., Dardanus, the son of Jupiter and Electra, who, in consequence of having mui'dered his brother lasius to ob- tain the kingdom of Etruria, Tuscany, fled from Italy, and finally settled in Asia Minor. Hero he built the city Dardania, and was considered as the founder of the kingdom of Troy. From him Troy was called Dardania, and the Trojans Dardanidse.

Daulius, -a, -um, adj., Duulian, of, or relating to Daulis,

s2

DEL 210 DEL

now Duulia, a \ers ancient city of Phocis, celebrated as the scene of the tragic story of Philomela and Procne. Ceperat Datilia (arva) Pkoceaque arva Tlire'icin tnilite, had seized Daulis and the country of Phocis with Thracian soldiers, v. 4. 27.

Delius, -ii, ni., Delius, a name given to Apollo, from the island of Delos, in which he was born.

Delos, -\;f.i Delos, a celebrated island in the JSgean Sea, nearly in the centre of the Cyclades. This island is said to have formerly floated about the jEgean, and to have been fixed by Nep- tune as a I'esting-place for Latona, who here gave birth to Apollo and Diana. From the remotest times it seems to have been re- garded as peculiarly sacred. So early as the days of Homer it wis the great rendezvous of the lonians, who met there to celebrate their national festival. It contained a temple of Apollo, in which the god delivered oracles freefi'om any ambiguity or obscure mean- ing ; and so gi-eat was the veneration with which it was regarded, that the Persians, who profaned all the temples of Greece, offered no violence to the shrine of Apollo in Delos. After the Per- sian war, the Athenians established the treasm-y of the Greeks at Delos, where all meetings of the confederacy were subsequently held.

Delphi, -oriUTi, nu, Delphi, now Castri, one of the most celebrated cities of antiquity, was built in the form of an amphi- theatre, on the southern side of Mount Parnassus. The more an- cient name was Pythn, derived from the serpent Python, wliich was said to have been slain there by Apollo. Delphi was believed by the ancients to be the centre of the world, a fact which was said to have been proved by Jupiter, who let loose two eagles from op- posite quarters of the heavens, which there met and encountered each other. The oracle itself is said to have been discovered by accident. Some goats having strayed to the mouth of a cave, from which a gaseous vapour issued, were suddenly seized with con- vulsions, and the herdsmen likewise, on approaching the place to ascertain the cause, were affected in the same manner. The cir- cumstance was accordingly deemed supernatural, and the place was regarded with such reverence that a temple was soon after built in honour of Apollo. This temple was frequented by crowds from all parts of the world, an.\ious to supplicate the favour of the Pythian god. The priestess, who was called Pythia, sat on a sacred tripod, placed over the mouth of the cave, and, after being inspired by the prophetic vapour, pronounced her oracles in verse or prose ; if in the latter, they were immediately versified by the poets, who were always retained for that pui'pose. The priestess could only be consulted on certain days, and never oftener than once in a I month. There was, it appears, little difficulty in bribing or other- wise influencing the priestess, so as to obtain from her the answer j required. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle I

DEL 211 DEU

to make rich presents to the god, and hence the accumulated trea- sures of the temple became the source of frequent plunder. The goddess Tellus is said to have been the first who presided over the oracle of Delphi ; she was succeeded by Themis, v\'ho was con- sulted l)y Deucalion and Pyrrha as to the means by which the earth was to be repeopled. Recludam meos Delplios, I will ex- plain my doctrines, which are as true as the responses of the Delphic oracle, xv. 2. 86. See Deucahon.

Delpiiicus, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Delphi. Del- phica tellus, the land of Delphi, i. e. the city of Delphi and the adjoining district, i. 10. 64. Delpliica templa, the temple of Delphi, xi. 10. 5.

Dercetis, -is, /., Dercetis, the mother of Semiramis, called also Atergatis, a goddess worshipped by the Syrians and Assyrians, and by some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was repre- sented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of her body, and with the lower part of it terminating in the tail of a fish. Baby- lonia Deiceti, quam Pulcestini credunt celebrdsse stagna, fignrd versa, squamis velatitibus artus, Babylonian Dercetis, whom the Syrians believe to have inhabited the pools, vrith thy shape chang- ed, and with scales covering thy limbs, iv. 1. 45.

Deucalion, -onis, m., Deucalion, the son of Prometheus (iris.), who married Pyrrha, the daughter of his uncle Epimethcus (4 syl.) He settled in Thessaly, in the vicinity of Phthia, and afterwards extended his government over the whole of Lower Thes- saly. In his time there happened a great deluge, from which only himself and his wife Pyrrha were saved by means of a vessel, in which, by the advice of Prometheus, they took refuge. The ves- sel, after being tossed for nine days and as many nights, rested on Mount Parnassus, where they remained till the waters subsided. On consulting the oracle of Themis as to the means by which the human race was to be restored, they were told that this could be accomplished only by casting behind them the bones of their mo- ther. After some hesitation they agreed that this command re- ferred to the stones of the earth ; and accordingly the stones which were thrown by Deucalion became men, while those thrown by Pyrrha assumed the form of women. See Diluvium.

Deus, -i, m., a god, a deity. The Greeks and Romans en- tertained very vague and indistinct notions of the Divine Being. By the name God they did not mean an all-perfect being, eternal, infinite, omnipresent, and omnipotent ; among them the word only implied an excellent and superior nature, and, accordingly, the title . was applied to all beings of a rank or class higher and more perfect than men, especially to those who were supposed to be subordinate agents in the divine administration. Thus they believed that men might become gods after death, inasmuch as their souls might attain to a degree of excellence superior to that of which they were sus-

DIA 212 DIA

ceptible while in life. The gods of the Romans were very numerous, and were divided into Dii majorum gentium, or the Great Gods; and Dii minorum gentium, or the Inferiur Gods, in allusion to the division of the senators. The Dii majorum gentium included the ereat celestial deities, who were twelve in number, Jupiter, Juno, 3Iinerva or Palla», Vesta, Ceres, xSeptune, Venus, Vulcan. Mars, Jlercury, Apollo, and Diana ; and the Dii selecii, or select deities, of whom there were eight, .Saturn, Janus, Rhea or Ops, Pluto, Bacchus, SjI, Luna, and Genius. The Dii minorum gentium were of various kinds, and included the Dii indigctes, who were heroes, or men who had been doified for their virtue or merit, as Hercules, Castor and Pollux, &c. ; the Dii pleheii, or Semuues, as Pan, Faunus, Hymen, &c. To this class also belonged the Virtues and f'ices which the Romans personified, and to which they offered worship, as Pictas, Fortuna, Fama, &c. The gods are represented as of gigantic stature, with large limbs, and heavy bodies, to which Ovid alludes when, speaking of Phaethon, he says that the chariot of the sun was unsteady in consequence of being deprived of its usual burden {.•.olitd gravitate carebat) ; and their gait consis'ed of nn undulating graceful movement, by which they were distinguished from human beings. S/iecto cultum,far.i- emque gradum/jue, I examine his dress, and appearance, and gait, — these being the characteristics of divinity, iii. 7. 9J. Deus et melior natnra diremit lianc litem. God and a higher principle of nature put an end to this confusion (i. 1. 17-), i" allusion probably to the system of Anaxagoras, according to whom the elements of the material world existed from eternity, and were arranged in their present form by the Divine Mind (A/ens Divina), which per- vades all things. iSec Deo de plebe, nor one of the inferior deities, one of the Dii ple'eii, i. 11. 2S. Summe Deum, greatest of the gods, i. e. Jupiter, ii. 1. 2S0.

Dia, -{£,_/"., Dia, one of the ancient names of the island of i^axos. See Naxos.

Diana, -ae.y., Diana, the daughter of Jupiter and Latona, was born at the same birth with Apollo, in the Island of Delos. She obtained permission from her father to live in perpetual ceU- bacv (i. 10. 36.), and was therefore regarded as the protectress of virgins. She was the goddess of woods and hunting, and, shunnin» the society of men, she devoted herself to the chase, accompanied by a number of chosen attendants. She is represented as a beau- tiful virgin, somewhat masculine in appearance, with her clothe» girt up (hence cincta riiu Diana, girt after the fashion of Diana, i. 13. 7 ; and sacra succincta Diuncc, sacred to the high-girt Diana, lii. 2. 26.), her legs bare, and her feet covered with buskins. On her shoulder she carries a quiver, and is taller by the head than any of her attendant nymphs (iii. 2. 62.). Diana was supposed to be the same as Luna, the moon, and Proserpina or Hecate, and from thit

Die 213 DIL

circumstance she was called Triformis. Nee forma nocturncB Dianm potest unquam esse par aut eadem, nor can the form of the noc- turnsJ Diana, i. e. the rnoon, ever be alike or the same, xv. 2. 137. From statues being erected to her at the junction of three roads, she was called Trivia. She received also other names from the places where she v. as chiefly worshipped, as Delia from Delos, Cynthia from RIount Cyiithus, &c. The most famous of her tem- ples was that at Ephesos, which was considered as one of the seven wonders of the world.

DictffiUS, -a, -uni, adj., of, or relaiing to Dicte, a mountain ia the eastern part of Crete, Dictaan, Cretan. Tenehat Dictaa rura, had reached the Dicteean fields, i. e. Crete, iii. ] . 2.

Dictys, -yos, m., Dictys, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed by Bacchus into dolphins.

Dies, -iei, m. &Lf., a day. The Romans considered the day either as civil or natural. The civil day extended from midnight to midnight, and was divided into the following portions : — 1 . Media nox ; 2. Medics noctis inclinatio, or de medid node ; 3. Gallicinium, cock-crowing; 4. Canticinium, the time when the cock gives over crowing ; 5. Diluculum, the dawn ; 6. Mane, the morning ; 7. .tntemeridiamnn tempus, the forenoon ; 8. Meridies, noon, or mid-day ; 9. Teynpus pomeridianum, afternoon; 10. Salts occasMs, sunset ; 11. Vespei a, the eyening; 12. CrepuscHlum, the twilight; 13. Prt'ma^a.r, when candles were lighted; \4. Concu. bianox, or c .nciiiiurn, bedtime; 15. Intempesta nox, far on in the night ; 16. Inclinatio ad mediam noctem, di'awing towards midnight. The natural day was from the rising to the setting of the sun, and was dividrd into twelve hours, which varied in length at the different seasons. At the equinoxes the Roman hours would answer to our own in the following manner : —

Roman, i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. si. xii. British, vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Days among the Romans were distinguished into three general di- visions, the Dies festi, Dies profesti, and Dies intercisi. The Dies festi, holy days, were consecrated to rehgious purposes; the Dies profesti were given to the common business of life ; and the Dies inte/cisi were half-holidays, divided between sacred and ordinary occupations.

Diluvium, -11, ?i., a deluge, an inundation of water. Tra- ditions of the great flood by which God punished the wickedness of the primitive world prevailed among all the nations of antiquity, and even those which modern discovery has made known to us, have been found to possess an indistinct knowledge of the same awful event. The traditions which prevail ia these countries are some- times whimsical indeed in the circumstances, but are nevertheless decided as to the fact. To this traditional knowledge, blended

DIN 214 DIO

with mythological details by the active fancy of the Greeks, we are indebted for the accounts of the deluges by which their country was said to have been inundated. Of these five are enumerated by the Greek writers, the two mo>t remarkable of which took place in the times of Op 'ges and Deucalion. By the first, which is said to have happened about B.C. 1764, Bocotia and Attica were so completely destroyed that they lay waste for 200 years. The flood of Deuca- lion, said to have happened about u. c. 1.54S, is that which has been embellished in so interesting a manner by Ovid, i. 7 and 8. From the manner in which this event is mentioned by the early Greek writers, and the allusions made to it by those who immediately fol- lowed them, there seems to be little reason to doubt that it origi- nated in a tradition of the great deluge, altered by the Greeks, and placed by them in the time of Deucalion, whom they regarded as the founder of their nation. The later writers represent it as losal, and as confined to Thessaly and the adjoining country on the south. In proportion as we advance towards authors who approach nearer our own times, we find circumstances of detail added, which more resemble those related by Moses. Thus Apollodorus gives to Deu- calion a great chest as a means of safety ; Plutarch speaks of the pigeons, by which he sought to ascertain whether the waters had re- tired ; and Lucian, of the animals of every kind which he had taken with him, facts obviously borrowed from the Scripture narrative. According to Ovid, Deucalion and Pyrrha, who .ilone survived the general catastrophe, made their escape in a small boat, which at last rested on Jlount Parnassus. Here they consulted the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair the loss of the human race by throwing behind them the bones of their mother, an injunction which, upon consideration, they discovered to refer to the stones of the earth. Accordingly, the stones thrown by Deucalion be- came men, and those thrown by Pyrrha became women. The whole of Ovid's description may be advantageously compared with the narrative of Moses. See Deucalion. Pyrrha, and Lycaon.

Dindymus, -i, 7??., & Dindyma, -oruni. «., Dindymus, now Kapndag, a mountain of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on which Cybele had a temple, and from which she is supposed to have ob- tained the name of Dindymene.

Diomedes, -is, m., Diomedcs, the son of Tydeus (diss.), king of .Stolia, and one of the bravest of the Greeks at the siege of Troy. He fought with Hector and jEneas, and by his bravery in the field obtained great mibtary glory. Along with Ulysses he carried oflF the Palladium from the temple of Alinerva, mur- dered Rhesus, king of Thrace, and got possession of his horses. After the taking of Troy he settled in Apulia, a district in the south of Italy, and there built the town of Arpi. From his father he obtained the name Tydides. \i/iil est Biomede remnto, in the absence of Diomedes, or, except in conjunction with Diomedes, he

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is nothing, xiii. 1. 100. Major pars sit Diomcdis in Hlis, let HiO' raedes have the larger share of them, xiii. 1. 102. See Ulysses.

Diomedeus, -a, -um, '"^'•j of, or relating to Diomedes. jEneas fugerat Diomedeos enses, .^neas had escaped the sword of Diomedes, xv. 9. 62.

Dirce, -es,J', Dirce, now Dirthe, a fountain near Thebes, in Bosotia, sacred to the Muses, and from which Pindar is sometimes called the Dircaean swan. According to the fable, Dirce was the wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, and was changed by the gods into a fountain, on account of her cruelty.

Dis, (litis, m., the god Pluto, the son of Saturn and Ops, and brother of Jupiter and Neptune. On the division of Saturn's kingdom among his three sons, he obtained as his share the king- dom of hell, and thereby became god of the infernal regions. His wife was Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, whom he carried off while gathering ilowers on the plains of Henna, in Sicily. Inania regna magni iJitis, the shadowy dominions of great Pluto, iv. 11. 96. Percussit Ditem in cor liamatd arundine, struck Pluto on the breast with a bai-bed arrow, v. 6. 44. See Ceres and Pro- serpina.

Divus, -i, m., a god. See Deus.

Dolon, -onis, m., Dolon, a Trojan, the son of Eumedes, who undertook to explore the Grecian camp, on promise of receiving the chariot and horses of Achilles, but was seized by Ulysses ana Diomedes. In the hope of saving his life, he disclosed to them the situation and plans of his countrymen, but was put to death by Diomedes as a traitor. Iiiterimo Dolona de Phrygiu gente ausum eadem, qua: nos, I kill Dolon, a man of the Phrygian nation, who attempted the same thing as myself, i. e. to enter as a spy the ene- my's camp, xiii. 1. 244. Here Ulysses claims the merit of killing Dolon. Gr. Ace. -ona.

Dorceus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Quick -sight, or Doe- catcher, the name of one of Actseon's dogs.

Doris, -idis, /!, Doris, a sea-goddess, the daughter of Oce- anus, and Tethys. She became the wife of her brother Nereus (diss.), by whom she had fifty daughters, who are called Nereides. Doi'is is often used for the sea itself. Gr. Ace. -ida. See Nereides. Dromas, -a.(iis,f., Eunner, the name ot one oi Actteon's dogs. DryadeSj -um, /., the Dryads, nymphs who presided over the woods. The name was derived from the Greek word S^wj, which properly denoted an oak, but which also signified any tree. Sec Nympha.

Dulichius, -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to Dulichium, aii island in the Ionian Sea, at the mouth of the Achelous, which formed part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Hence it is applied con- temptuously to Ulysses by Ajax. Neque Dulichius vertex sub

ECH 216 ELE

easside A chillis feret tanta pondera, neither will the head of the Dulichian, i. e. Ulysses, when under the helmet of Achilles, be able to bear so great a weight, xiii. 1. 107.

E.

EcViidna, -S.yi, Ecludna, a celebrated monster in the infer- nal regions, the daughter of Chrysaor, and mother of Cerberus, the Lernean Hydra, &c. Tisiphone used the poison of Echidna, when sent by Juno, to afflict Athamas with madness, iv. 11. 86. She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of the body, but as a serpent below the waist.

Echion, -onis, m., Echion, one of the men who sprung from the serpent's teeth which were sown by Cadmus, and. one of the five who survived the others. He assbted Cadmus in building Thebes, and received for his services his daughter Agave in mar- riage, by whom he had a son, Pentheus (disx. ) ; hence Nativi Echione, the son of Echion, i. e. Pentheus, iii. 7. 16. .See Cadmus.

Echionides, -te, m., the son of Echion, i. e. Pentheus. Fen- tketis Echionides, Pentheus the son of Echion, iii. 7. .3.

Echo, -us, /"., Echo, a nymph remarkable for her loquacity, the daughter of .\er and Tellus. She was one of the attendants of Juno, and, for conniving at the immoral practices of Jupiter, was deprived by her of the power of narration, and permitted only to utter the last part of sentences which she had heard. She fell in love with Narcissus, and, on being slighted by him, pined away and was changed into a stone, which retained the power of reverberat- ing sounds. I'ocalis ni/mphe, resonahilis Echo, qutt nee didicit reticere locjuenti nee ipsa loqui prior, the talkative nymph, resound- ing Echo, who has neither learned to keep silent when another speaks, nor to speak first herself, iii. 5. 1 y.

Electrum, -i, «., Amber, a carbonaceous mineral, found in Greenland, Prussia, France, Switzerland, and some other coun- tries. The greater portion of it is brought from the southern coasts of the Baltic, where it is thrown up between Konigsberg and Me- mel. It is found in rounded masses, varying from the size of coarse sand to that of a man's hand. It is tasteless, and without smell, except when pounded or heated, when it emits a fragrant odour. It is susceptible of a good pohsh, and when rubbed, becomes highly electrical. The subject of the origin of amber has been much dis-p cussed. The ancients, according to Tacitus, believed it to be : resinous substance, exuded from trees ; and the investigations o!J modem chemisti have tended to confirm this opinion. It differj from resins in some of its properties, yet agrees with them in st many others, that it may without impropriety be referred to them I Amber was highly prized by the Romans, who used it for orna J ments. and was considered equal in value to it^ weight in goidl

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According to Ovid, amber was first produced from the tears shed by the sisters of Phaethon, on the banks of the Eridanus, for the melancholy fate of their brother (See Eridanus) Electrum was also applied to a precious metal^ consisting of gold, with a fifth part of silver.

Eleleus {tris-), -ei, & -eos, m-, Eleleus, a sxirname of Bacchus, derived from iXiXtv, the cry uttered by the Bacchanalians while celebrating his orgies.

Elementa, -oium, n., Elements, the first or constituent prin- ciples, or minutest parts of any thing. In popular language, /ire, air, earth, and water, are called the four elements, because it was formerly supposed that these are the simple bodies of which the world is composed. Later discoveries prove air, earth, and water to be compound bodies, and fire to be only the extrication of light and heat during combustion.

EleUS, -a, -um, orlj-, of, or relating to Elis. Elis, -is, & idis,_/!, Elis, a province of the Peloponnesus, having Achaia on the north, Arcadia on the east, Messenia on the south, and the Ionian Sea on the west. Its chief cities were Elis and Pisa. ' In this province also was the plain of Olympia on the Alpheus, so famous for the celebration of the Olympic games. These games were instituted at a very early period, and after being long neglected, were revived b. c. 776, and celebrated at tne end of every four years.

Emathia, -se, /1, Emathia, the most ancient name given to Macedonia by the Greek writers denoting, in its limited sense, a district of country lying to the north of the Gvlf of Salonica, in which were the cities of Edessa and Pella, but frequently applied to the whole of JMacedonia.

Eraathides, -\xm,f., the Pierides, the daughters of Pierus, king of Emathia. See Pierides.

Emathion, -onis, m., EmatMon, an old man killed by Chro- mis at the marriage of Perseus (diss.).

Emathius, -a, -um adj., of, or relating to Emathia, Ema- thian, Macedonian. Vel hos cedamits Eniathiis campis ad ni- vosos Paonns, or let us resign the Macedonian plains as far as the snowy Paeonians, i. e. the Pseonians situate among the mountains, v. 5. 20. Philippi iterum madefacti (erunt) Emathia ccede, Philippi shall again be drenched with Thessalian blood, xv. 9. 80. Enipeus {tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., the Enipeus, now the Gura, a river of Thessaly, which rises in Mount Othrys, and after joining the Apidanus, falls into the Peneus.

Ennomos, -i, m., Ennomos, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. Eous, -i, m., Eons (the morning), the name of one of the horses of the sun.

EPA 218 ERT

Kpaphus, -i, VI., Epaphus, the son of Jupiter Ammon and lo, was king of Egypt, and the founder of Memphis, and of some other cities in that country. His dispute with Phaethon respect- ing his birth, was the cause of the latter asking from his father the management of his chariot for a day. See Phaethon.

EphyrCj -es,/"., Ephyre, the ancient name of Corinth. See Corinthus.

Epimethis, -idis,/, the daughter of Epimetheus (4 syL), a name applied to Pyrrha. See Pyrrha.

Epopeus {tris.), -ei, m., Epopeus (the person whose duty it was to give time to the rowers), one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed by Bacchus into dolphins. Epopeus hortatur ani- mornm, Epopeus who cheers their spirits, iii. 7. 109.

Erebus, -i, m., Erebus (darkness), an infernal deity, the son of Chaos, and brother and husband of Nox, by whom he had Fa- tum, Senectus, ^lors, Somnus, &c.

Eridanus, -i, m., the Eridanu.^, the name given by the Greeks to the stream into whicli Phaethon fell when killed by Jupiter, and which received the amber tears shed by his sorrowing sisters. As the Greeks added no local marks by which its identity with any particular river could be certified, it has by some geographers been supposed to refer to the Reddaune, a small stream which falls into the Baltic near Dautzic ; while others maintain that it was an an- cient name of the Rhine. The more general opinion refers it to the Po ; and as it seems more than probable that the north of Italy did formerly produce amber, there does not appear to be any good reason for depriving the Po of the honour which it has held so long. The Eridanus of Ovid is undoubtedly the Po. See Padus.

Erinnys, -yos,f.y a Fury. The Erinnyes, called also Furia, or Dir<r, and Eumenides, were infernal deities, three in number, Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera ; according to some, the daughters of Juno, and according to others, of Acheron and Nox, or of Pluto and Proserpine. They were supposed to be the ministers of the gods in executing vengeance, and to be employed by them in pu- nishing the guilty on earth, and also in the internal regions ; and are therefore characterized as stern and inexorable. They are represented with snakes on their head instead of hair, and having a scourge in the right hand, and a torch in the left, in order to in- crease the terror of their punishments. Their attendants were Grief,! Fear, Terror, and Madness. They were probably the personifica- tion of the disquietude and anxiety of an evil conscience. Erinnys is frequently used to signify rage, fury. Fera Erinnys regnat, tmi cruel Furies reign, — to be considered here not as the goddesses o revenge, but as the instigators of men to acts of cruelty, i. 6. 79 Ohjecit horriferam Erinnyn oculis animoqne Argolicm peUicis pre^entfd a dreadful Fury to the eyes and mind of the Greciai

ERY 219 EUP

mistress, i. 13. 37. Infelix Erinnys obs'iiit ohseditque aditiim, the baneful Fury stood in the way, and blocked up the passage, iv. 11. 7.5. ■ Eryclna, -ije, f., Erycina, a name given to Venus from Mount Eryx. Erycina residens suo monte, Erycina sitting on her mountain, i. e. on Mount Eryx, v. 6. 23. See Eryx and Venus.

Erymanthus, -i, m., Erymantkus, now called Olonos, a mountain chain in the north-west angle of Arcadia, in the Pelo- ponnesus, celebrated in fable as the haunt of the savage boar killed by Hercules. Also a river of the same name, now the Dogana, which rises in this mountain, flows near the town of Psophis, and joins the Alpheus on the borders of Elis. See Hercules.

JEryx, -icis, m., Eryx, one of the companions of Phineus (diss.), whom Perseus (diss.) changed into stone by showing him the head of the Gorgon MedQsa.

Eryx, -icis, m., Eryx, now St Julian, a mountain in the north-west of Sicily, on the summit of which was the famous tem- ple of Venus, and from which the goddess received the name of Erycina.

Ethemon, -onis, m.. Eihcmon, a native of Nabataja, in Ara- bia, who, in attempting to kill Perseus (diss. ) at his marriage with Andromeda, struck at him with his sword, which was shivered against a pillar, and a part of it transfixed his own throat.

Eubcea, -iu, /., Eubcea, now Egripo, or Negropont, a large and celebrated island in the Archipelago, lying along the east coast of Greece, from which it is separated by a narrow strait called the Euripus. Over this strait a bridge has been thrown, connecting the island with the mainland. It is said to have derived its name from the passage of lo, who here gave birth to Epaphus. This island was exceedingly rich and fertile, and contained mines of copper and iron. From it the Athenians derived their chief supplies, so that, when their enemies wished to starve them, their first step was to take possession of Euboea. It is the largest island in the Archipelago after Crete, its greatest length being ninety- three miles, and its average breadth about ten. The principal town was Chalcis.

Euboicus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Eubcea. Eutoi- cam Aulidem, Aulis a city opposite to Euboea, xiii. 1. 182.

Euippe, -es,f., Euippe, a native of Pseonia, in Macedonia, and mother of the Pierides. See Pierides.

Euphorbus, -i, m., Euphorbus, the son of Fanthous, a Tro- jan of distinguished bravery. He was the first that wo\inded Pa- troclus when he appeared before Troy in the arms of Achilles, and was himself afterwards killed by Menelaus. The Grecian hero, after his return from Troy, suspended the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, who affirmed that his soul had at a former period animated the body of the Trojan, and

EUP 220 FAT

still recollected many of the exploits which he had then performed, pretended to prove the truth of the doctrine of metempsychosis, by pointing out the shield of Euphorbus in the temple at Argos.

Euphrates, -is, »»-, the ^iz/j/jra/e*-, one of the most important rivers in Asia, has two distinct sources, both bearing the same name, the northern one rising in Anti-Taurus in Armenia, not far from the borders of Pontus, and the southern one in Mount Abus, or Ararat. These two streams unite near the town of Sinerva, in Asia Jlinor, and form a great river, which, after separating Asia Minor from Armenia, and Syria from ^lesopotamia, enters Baby- lonia, and, \initing its waters with those of the Tigris, flows into the Persian Gulf. Its general direction is south-east, and its total length is somewhat more than 1 ,500 miles. On its banks stood the famous city Babylon. See Babylon.

Europa, -ae,^, Europa, the daughter of Ag(3nor, king of Phoenicia, and sister of Cadmus. Her extraordinary beauty at- tracted the admiration of Jupiter, who transformed himself into a hull of surprising whiteness, and mingled with her father's bullocks. Europa, who was gathering flowers in a meadow near the sea- .<hore, was attracted by the beauty of the bull, and, encouraged by his gentleness, ventured to caress him, and at last had the courage to mount on his back. The god taking advantage of her situation, approached the beach, and appearing at first only to put the soles of his feet in the water, afterwards plunged into the sea, and car- ried his prize to Crete. Here he assumed his real form, declared his passion fur Europa, and had by her three sons, Minos, Sarpe- don, and Rhadamanthus. From her Europe is said to have de- rived its name. In this fable, of which various explanations have been offered, there is probably an allusion to the settlement of Phoenician colonies on the coast of Europe'.

Eurotas, -ae, m., the Eurotas, now the Eure, or Basilico Potamo, rises in Arcadia, a little to the south-west of Tegea. After running for a short distance it loses itself under ground, and reappears on the borders of Laconia. It now becomes a consider- able stream, flows past Sparta, and empties itself into the Sinus Laconicus, the Guff of Kolokythia.

Eur us, -i. m., the east wind. See Ventus.

Eurypylus -i, m., Eurypylus, the son of Euoemon, from Ormenium, a city of Thessaly, who accompanied Agamemnon to the Trojan war with forty ships.

Evan, -antis, m., Evan, a surname of Bacchus, derived from ivav, an exclamation used by the Bacchanalians.

F. Fatura, -i, n.. the order and series of things appointed by the god-,/a<e, destiny. Fata signifies also the three inexorable deities, the Fates. A. R. A. 229. See Pare».

FAU 2^1 OAL

Faunus, -i, m., a Faun. The Fa^wt were certain deities sup- posed to preside over the fields. They were not endowed with immortality, but were believed to die after having attained to a very advanced age. They are represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of a goat, while the rest of the body was human. The poets have assigned to ihem two horns, and have encircled their head with a wreath of pine leaves.

Fax, faciSj f., a torch, which the ancients usually made of pine, or some other resinous wood, or of wood smeared with unc- tuous matter. From the circumstance of torches being used at weddings to light the bride home, fax is often employed to denote marriage, A. R. A. 413. See Taeda.

Forum, -i, n., tJie market-place, a place in Rome to which the people constantly resorted, where they walked, &c. The Forum Itomamcm was a large oblong open space, 705 feet long, and 470 feet wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, formed by Romiilus, and surrounded with porticos, shops, and buildings by Tarquinius Priscus. Here the assemblies of the people were usually held, justice was administered, and public business trans- acted. There was only one forum during the RepubUc ; Julius Caesar added another, Augustus, a third, a fourth was begun by Domitian and finished by Nerva. But the most splendid forum was that of Trajan, which he adorned with the spoils he had taken in war. Forun is sometimes used to denote a court of justice, and in this sense it is apphed by Ovid to the court of law in the infernal regions, iv. 11. 29. A. R. A. 490.

Gallia, -se, f., Gaul. Ancient Gaul, or Gallia Transalplna, was bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic, on the south by the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean, and on the east by the Rhine from its source to the sea, which separated it from Germany, It thus contained, in addition to the modern kingdom of France, the small county of Nice, the western half of Switzerland, and those parts of Germany and the Netherlands which lie to the west and south of the Rhine. It was called Gallia Transalpina, or Ulterior, in contradistinction to the northern part of Italy, which obtained the name of Gallia Cisalplna, or Citerior. Gallia was originally divided among three great nations, the Celtse, Belgse, and Aquitani. The Celt« inhabited the middle of the country, and were separated from their northern neighbours, the Belgae, by the Seine, the Marne, and the Vosges Mountains, and from the Aquitani on the south by the Garonne. The Celtse also possessed the south-eastern part of Gaul, which was first conquered by the Romans, and to which they gave the name of Provincia, whence the modern Provence.

GAL 222 GNO

GalliCUS, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Gaul, Gallic. Galliciis canis, a Gallic dog, — a species of greyhound, i. 10. 82.

Ganges, -is, /.';., the Ganges, a great river in India, which divided that country, as known to the ancients, into India intra Gangem, or India west of the Ganges, and India extra Gangem, or India east of the Ganges. It has its source in the vast moun- tains of Tibet, flows in a south-eastern direction, and, after a course of 1 ,650 miles, falls into the Gangeticus Sinus, the Bay of Bengal. It is regarded by the natives with the most superstitious veneration, and pilgrims travel from the remotest parts of India to taste its waters, and even for the purpose of perishing in its stream. See India.

Gargaphie,. -es. f., Gargaphie, a valley with a fountain of the same name, not far fi-om Platsea, in Boeotia, where Actaeon acci- dentally saw Diana bathing, in consequence of which he was changed into a stag. See Actaeon.

Gigas, -antis. m., a (,iant. The Gigantes, or giants, are said by some mythologists to have sprung from the blood of Coelus, when wounded by his son Saturn, and by others to have been the sons of Coelus and Terra, whom Terra produced from indignation at the defeat and imprisonment of the Titans by Jupiter. They were of enormous size and prodigious strength, with snakes instead of feet, and were furnished each with a hundred hands. Ovid, ■who confounds the two fables of the Titans and the Giants, states that they attempted to dethrone Jupiter, and endeavoured to reach heaven by piling mountains upon each other, Pelion upon Ossa, and these two upon Olympus. The gods, alarmed by so formidable enemies, fled into Egypt, and assumed the? shape of different ani. mals to save themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter at last col- lected his forces, attacked them with his thunderbolts, drove some of them to Tartarus, and buried others under burning moun- t.iins. The chief of the giants were Epialtes, Typhoeus {tris. ) (v. 5. 28.), JEgiBon, Briareus (tris.), Tityos (iv. 11. -12.), and En- celadus. The scene of the battle is called Phlegra, or the Phlegrean plains, which some place in Thessaly, some in Thrace, and others in Macedonia, in the peninsula of Pallene. The fable probably alludes to some great convulsion of nature, by which !Mount Ossa was separated from Olympus at the gorge of Tempe, and the waters which, till that time, had covered the plain of Thessaly, found a passage to the sea by the river Peneus. Gr. Ace. -anta k -antas.

Gnossius, -a, -una, adj., of, or relating to Gncssus, Gnossian, Cretan.

Gnossus, -i, /!, Cnossus, now Macritichos, the capital of Crete, was situate in the northern part of the island, east from Cape Dium, artd about two miles inland. It owed all its splen- dour to ^linos, who fixed his residence there ; it was hither that Daedalus fled from Athens and here he is said to have con-

GOR '■^23 GRM

structed the celebrated labyrinth which contained the Minotaur It was also famed for the adventure of Theseus (diss.) and Ariadne. See Theseus.

Gorgo, -OUiSjf-, a Gorgon. The Gorgons were the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, and were three in number, Stheno, Eu- ryale, and Medusa, of whom the last alone was mortal. They are described as having their hair entwined with serpents, with teeth as large as those of swine, brazen hands, and golden wings, and as having the power of converting into stones those on whom they fixed their eyes. According to Ovid, the Gorgons were three in num- ber, and of these Medusa alone had serpents in her hair ; and this, he states, proceeded from the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple she had gratified the passion of Neptune, who was ena- moured of her beautiful locks. Perseus (diss.), in his famous ex- pedition, arrived first at the abode of the Phorcydes, got possession of their common eye and tooth, and refused to restore them unless they directed him to the abode of the nymphs (iv. 16. 24.). The abode of the Gorgons has been variously placed by diiferent authors. Ovid, following the more generally received opinion, represents them as living in the interior of Africa, towanls the extreme west, near the gardens of the Hesperides. Gorgo, in the singular, is generally applied to Medusa, as being the most celebrated. Perseus superator anguicoma Gorgonis, Perseus, the slayer of the snake-haired Gorgon, i. e. of Medusa, iv. 14. 37. Concrevit Gorgone conspectd saxo ohorto, grew stiff at the sight of the Gor- gon, in consequence of the stone growing upon him. v. 1. 145, See Perseus, Medusa, and Phorcydes.

Gorgoneus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the Gorgons, CruentcB gutta Gorgonei capitis cecidere, drops of blood from the Gorgon's head fell down, iv. 13. 15. G ,rgoneas domos, the abode of the Gorgons, iv. 16. 27. Gorgoneum crinem, the hair of the Gorgons, iv. 15. 49. Gorgoneis viribus, by the power of the Gorgon's head, v. 1. 139.

Gradlvus, -i, m., G/aditJMS, a surname of Mars. Et Gradi- ve genitor invicti Quirini, and thou, O Mars, the father of the invincible Quirinus, xv. 9. 119. See Mars.

Graecia, -ae, f., Greece, a celebrated country of Europe, and the source of modern civilisation. The original name of the country was Hellas, the more modern designation having never been applied to it by the ancient inhabitants. The name Grsecia was given to it by the Romans, from the Graeci, an inconsiderable tribe in Epirus, with whom, owing to their proximity, they were first acquainted. Ancient Greece, in its most extended sense, was bounded on the north by Macedonia and Illyria, on the east by the jEgean Sea, on the south by the Mediterranean, and on the west by the Ionian Sea, and was divided into Thessalia, Epirus, Grsecia Propria, and the Peloponnesus, the last two of which were subdivided into

GRA ii24 HJEM

various provinces. It thus comprehended the modem kingdom vf Greece, with parts of Rumelia and Albania. 'So country in Europe, with the esception of Switzerland, is so mountainous in its whole extent as Greece; it is traversed in every direction by several ridges, some of which nearly attain the height of perpetual conge- lation, and the intervening valleys are beautified by numerous mountain-streams.

Grail, -omm, m., the Greeks, the inhabitants of Greece.

Graius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Greece, Grecian.

Gyarus, -l, /., Gyarus, now Ghioura, one of the Cyclades, lying to the south of Aiidros, off the coast of Attica. It is a bar- ren rock, the inhabitauts of which were so poor, that they petitioned Augustus for a diminution of their taxes, which amounted to 1 50 drachmas (£4 : 16: 10^), stating that they were unable to raise more than 100. In later times it was used by the Romans as a place of banishment for their state criminals.

H.

Haemonia, -ae, ./"., Hamonia, an ancient name of Thessaly, now part of Roumelia. Thessaly was bounded on the north by Macedonia, on the west by Eplrus, on the south by Graecia Pro- pria, and on the east by the .^gean Sea. Next to Boeocia it was the most fertile part of Greece, and abounded in corn, wine, and oil. The inhabitants were wealthy, but notorious for their vices, and proverbial for their treachery. They were also remarkably superstitious, and much addicted to witchcraft, incantations, and the study of magic. The ancients believed that Thessaly was once covered with water, till some convulsion of nature opened a pas- sage for the river Peneus, by rending Ossa from Olympus. See Gigas.

Haemonius. -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Havioyiia, Thessalian. Hamonios arcun, the ThessaUanbows, i. e. the con- stellation Sagittarius, into which Chiron, a Thessalian centaur was said to have been changed, ii. 1. 81. Per tot Hamonias et tot Acha'idas urbes, through so many cities of Thessaly and Achaia, V. 6. 13. Hcemonit jtivenis, of the Thessalian youth, i. e. of Ja- son, vii. 1. 132. In Hamoniam urbem. to a city of Thessaly, i. e. to Trachis, a city in Thessaly, of which Ceyx was king, xi. 10. 243.

Hsemus, -i, m,, Htemus, now called Emineh Dagh, or Bal- kan, a lofty r.inge of mountains which stretches round the north of Thrace, in a direction nearly parallel to the coast of the ^gean. The ancients regarded this range of mountains as one of the highest with which they were acquainted, and asserted, that from its summit the Euxine, the Hadriatic, the Danube, and the Alps, could be seen. Modern discovery has ascertained that the

HAL 225 HAll

elevation cannot be considerable, as no summit of the chain is covered with perpetual snow. The name is said in fable to have been derived from Hfemus, a king of Thrace.

Halcyone, -es, ,/'., Halcyone, the daughter of jEoIus, king of the wmds, and wife of Ceyx (See Ceyx). She was with dif- ficulty prevailed upon to consent to her husband's visit to the oracle at Claros, and spent her time in lamenting his absence, and in supplicating the gods for his safe and speedy return. At length Juno, sympathizing with her grief, entreated Somuus to apprize her of the death of her husband. The god of sleep despatched Mor- pheus {diss.), who assumed the form of Ceyx, and placing him- self by her bedside, intimated to her, in the voice of her husband, his melancholy fate. In the morning she repaired to the sea-shore, and turning her eyes in the direction of Claros, discovered a body floating on the waters, which, when it approached nearer, she as- certained to be that of hei husband. She then threw herself into the sea, and, by the compassion of the gods, the wife and husband were changed into birds, which bore her name — Halcyones, kings- fishers. The ancients believed that the Halcyones built their nests on the sea, constructed in such a way that they floated on its sur- face, and that during the time of incubation the waters remained calm and serene. The name Halcyon days is applied to seven days before and as many after the winter solstice.

Halius, -ii, m., Halius, one of the companions of Sarpedon, who was slain by Ulysses.

Hamadryades, -um, /., the Hamadryads, certain nymphs of the woods, who were supposed to come into existence when a tree was planted, and to die when it perished. See Nympha.

Harmonia, -ae, f., Harmonia, the daughter of Mars and Venus. She married Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, and was changed into a serpent along with her husband. See Cadmus.

Harpalos, -i, m., Snap, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Harpatos distinctus (secundum) nigrum froyitem ah aibo medio. Snap with his black face marked by a white stripe down the mid- dle, iii. 2. 91 .

Harpyia {tris')., -ae, f., Ravener, the name of one of ActaBon's dogs.

Harpyiae {trix.), -arum, /., the Harpies, represented by Homer as goddesses who presided over the storms. By later poets they are described as winged monsters, having the face of a virgin, the body of a vulture, and their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. They were the daughters of Thaumas and Electra, three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Ceteno, and were sent by the gods to toi-ment Phineus {diss.), king of Thrace, for his cruelty to his children (See Phineus). They carried off whatever food was placed upon his table, or so defiled it by their filth that it could not

HEB 226 HEL

be eaten. Here they were found bj' the Argonauts, during their famous expedition, when they went to consult Phineus, and on con- dition of being assisted by his advice, Zethes and Calais expelled them from his dominions, and drove them to the islands called StrophSdes, where thev were found by ^neas in his voyage froni Troy.

Hebrus -i. m., the Hebrux, now the Maritza, the principal river of Thrace, rises in the angle formed by the mountains Sco- niius, HEem\is, and Rhodope, flows in a south-easterly direction, and after a course of 280 miles, enters the JEgean Sea at .lEnos, opposite the island Samothrace. The Hebrus is associated in fable with the interesting and pathetic story of Orpheus (diss.) and Eurydice.

Hecate, -es, /, Hecate, the daughter of Perses, king of Tau- rica, and Asteria, the sister of Latijna. By the older my thologists she appears to have been regarded as a distinct goddess, and held in high estimation. She was aftervrards confounded with Proser- pina, was invoked as the goddess of the infernal regions, and be- came the patroness of magic and incantations. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Proserpine or Hecate in hell. Hence she was said to have three bodies, and is called Tnformis Dea (vii. 1. 93.). Hecate is represented with three faces, those of a horse, a dog, and a sow. Offerings of dogs, lambs, and honey, were made to her in the highways and cross roads, whence she obtained the name of Trivia. See Proserpina.

Hector, -oris, m., Heclnr, tlie eldest son of Priam and He- cuba, and the illustrious leader of the Trojans during the famous siege. In the many battles which took place under the walls of Troy, he signalized himself by his bravery beyond all his country- men, and showed how well qualified he was to discharge the im- portant office with which they had introsted him. Taking ad- vantage of the absence of Achilles, be approached the camp of the Greeks, and attempted to set fire to their ships, but was compelled to retire without effecting his purpose (xiii. 1.7.). After many of his enemies had fallen by his sword, he was defeated and slain by Achilles. The Grecian chief gratified his revenge by fastening the body of his brave opponent to his chariot, and dragging it in triumph thrice round the walls of Troy He afterwards restored it to Priam on receiving a large ransom. Gr. Ace. -ora. See Achilles.

Hectoreus^ -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Hector. Hec- toreis jiammis, to the fire brought by Hector, i. e. the fire with which ne attempted to burn the Grecian fleet, xiii. 1. 7.

Helena, -ae, /., Helen, the daughter of Tyndarus and Leda, and wife of Menelaus. According to the fable, Leda having been visited by Jupiter in the form of a swan, laid two eggs, from the one of which Castor and Clytemnestra were produced, and from the other Pollux and Helen. The first two were considered mor-

HEL 227 HKL

tal as the children of Tyndarus, and the others immortal, as the oifspring of Jupiter. Helen, from her infancy, was remarkable for her beauty, and, at the age of ten, was carried off by Theseus {diss.), but was brought back by her brothers Castor and Pollux, who discovered the place of her concealment at Aphidnae in Attica. When arrived at years of maturity, she was sought in marriage by nearly all the most distinguished of the Grecian princes, as the two Ajaces, Ulysses, Patroclus, Menelaus, Philoctetes, &c. Tyn- darus was alarmed at the number of her suitors, and being ap- prehensive that the preference of one would bring upon him the displeasure of all the rest, prevailed upon them to bind themselves by an oath to abide by the decision of the princess, and unite in defending her if any attempt were made to cai'ry her off from the arms of her husband. The rivals consented, and Helen decided in favour of Menelaus (See Menelaus). Soon after Paris, who had obtained from Venus the promise of the most beautiful woman of his age, at her instigation went to Sparta, and during the absence of her husband induced Helen to accompany him to Troy. The injured husband called upon the Grecian princes to fulfil their oath, and they collecting their forces encamped before that ancient city, and took it after a siege of ten years. After the death of Paris, she married his brother Deiphobus, whom she is accused of betray- ing to her former husband for the purpose of regaining his favour. Menelaus received her with kindness, and after wandering for eight years returned with her to Sparta. See Menelaus and Paris. Helenus, -i, m., Helenus, one of the sons of Priam and He- cuba, who was celebrated for his skill in divination. In consequence of Helen being given in marriage to Deiphobus in preference to himself on the death of Paris, he quitted Troy, and retired to Mount Ida, where he was taken prisoner by Ulysses (xiii 1. 93 ). Induced by the entreaties of the Greeks, or the fear of punishment, he revealed to them the secret that Troy could not be taken while it remained in possession of the Palladium. After various adventures he became the husband of Andromache, the wife of Hector, and also king of Chaonia, in Eplrus. From his know- ledge of futuri y he is called Durdanius vates, xiii. 1. 335.

Heliades, -um, /, the Heliades, the daughters of Sol and Clymene, and the sisters of Phaethon. According to Ovid, they were three in number, the eldest of whom was Phaethusa, and one of the others Lampetie. After four months of excessive grief for the death of their brother, they were changed into poplar or alder trees, on the banks of the Eridanus, and the tears which they shed were converted into amber. The fable obviously alludes to the origin of amber, which the ancients believed to be a resinous sub- stance exuded from the bark of trees, an opinion which has been confirmed by the investigations of modern chemists. See Electrum.

Helicon, -onis, m., Helicon, now Zagora. a mountain in

HEN 228 HEK

the south-west of Boeotia. on the borders of Phocis, famous as the abode of Apollo and the Muses, who are thence called Heliconiades. On its summit, which is nearly as high as Parnassus, was the grove of the Muses, adorned with several statues; and a little below were the fountains Aganippe and Hippocrene. Virginejis Helicon, Hehcon frequented by the muse;, who were all unmarried, ii. 1. 29, and v 4 5. Deas colentes Helicona vicise, that the godi desses who inhabit Helicon, i.e. the Muses, were victorious, v. 12 2.

Henna, -x, /., Henna, now Castio Giovanni, an ancient town in the centre of Sicily, the principal seat of tr.e worship of Ceres. The adjoining country was remarkable for its fertility, and on the plains of Henna Proserpine was amusing herself in collect- ing flowers when she was carried off by Pluto, and became queen of the infernal regions. See Ceres and Proserpina.

Hennaeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Henna. Hand proo/l a Hennceis mcenibiis est lacus alttt aqua, nomine Fergus, not far from the walls of Henna is a lake of deep water, by name Pergus, V. 6. 45. See Pergus.

Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, a celebrated Grecian hero, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, the wife of Amphitryon, king of Argos. Jupiter having decreed that the first-born of the descend- ants of Perseus Cdisf.-.) should reign over Mycenae, Juno, who was the enemy of all the children of her husband by other females, retarded the birth of Hercules, so that Eurystheus (tris. ), the son of Sthenelus and iS'icippe, was born first, and Hercules consequently became subject to him. The queen of the gods then attempted to destroy the infant, and for this purpose sent two serpents to kill him in the cradle ; but Hercules, though only eight months old, caught the monsters by the throat and strangled them. He was early in- structed in the liberal arts, and, like most of his illustrious con- temporaries, was the pupil of the Centaur Chiron, under whose tuition he became the most brave and accomplished hero of his age. When still a young man, he is said to have been accosted in a solitary place by l^irtne and Pleasure, under female forms, who both tried, by everv argument, to obtain the preference ; but, after serious reflection, lie chose Virtue. The hatred of Juno followed Hercules through life. At her instigation his cousin Eurystheus imposed upon him twelve difficult enterprises, commonly called the Twelve Labours of Hercules. The gods sympathized with him in the hardships which he was doomed to undergo, and armed him completely for his task. He received a coat of armour and a helmet from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Pveptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vul- can a golden cuirass, a brazen buskin, and, according to some writers, a celebrated club of brass. The twelve labours of Hercules were, — 1. He killed a large Hon which infested the wood of Nemea in Argolis ; 2. He killed the Hydra or water-snake, of the Lake

HER 229 HER

of Lerna, in Argolis, which had seven, some say fifty, some an hun- dred heads. These heads he first attempted to demolish with his clab, but- finding that two sprung up for every one which was re- moved, he burnt the root of the- head with a hot iron, and by this means succeeded. He then dipped his arrows in its gall, which rendered the wounds which he inflicted incurable. 3. He took alive, and brought to Eiu-ystheus, a stag sacred to Diana, famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and its brazen feet. 4. He caught alive a wild boar which ravaged the neighbom-hood of Erymanthus. 5. He cleaned in one day the stables of Augeas, king of Elis, in which 3000 oxen had been confined for thirty-nine years. 6. He killed the carnivorous birds, Stynqthalldes, which in- fested the lake Stymphalus, in Arcadia. 7. He brought alive to the Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull, which ravaged the island of Crete. 8. He brought to Eurystheus the four mares of Dio- medes, king of Thrace, which fed on human flesh. 9. He took a beautiful girdle from Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. 10. He slew the giant Geryon, king of Gades, and carried off his cattle which fed on human flesh. 11. He killed the dragon which kept the golden apples of the Hesperides, near Moimt Atlas, in Africa, and brought the apples to Eurystheus. 12. He dragged the dog Cerberus fi'om the infernal regions. Besides the Twelve Labours, Hercules performed many other exploits which are famous in an- cient mythology. He assisted Jupiter in his war against the giants. At the request- of Atlas, he supported the heavens on his shoulders. He cleared Africa of wild beasts, then passed into Spain, subdued it, and fixed two pillars, or mountains, one on each side of the straits, called Abyla and Calpe. He accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition to Colchis, and on his way delivered Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, from a sea-monster to which she was exposed. He slew the giant Antaeus in Libya ; he strangled the robber Cacus, and shot the eagle which preyed upon the liver of Prometheus {tris. ). For attempting to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi, he was compelled by the gods to be- come the slave of Omphale, queen of Lydia, who, from admiration of his wonderful exploits, subsequently married him. Hercules had several other wives, the most celebrated of whom vvas Dejanira, daughter of (Eneus (diss.), king of Calydon in ^Etolia. While on a journey with her, he was stopped by the river Evenus. then swollen with rain. He intrusted Dejanira to the Centaur Nessus, who offered to convey her safely across, while be followed by swim- ming, but being alarmed by the cries of his wife, whom Nessus attempted to carry ofl^, he shot an arrow and mortally wounded him. Nessus, when expiring, gave Dejanira his tunic, besmeared with blood, and infected with poison, telling her that it had the power of reclaiming a husband from illicit amours. Some time after he carried off lole, the daughter of Eurytus, king of CEcha- ha, who accompanied him to Mount ffita, where he went to offer

U

IlER 230 HIP

a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. Having neglected to provide him- self with a proper dress, he despatched his servant to ask one frnni Dejanira, who, in a fit of jealousy, sent him the poisoned robe which she had received from Nessus. This had no soonor touched his skin than he felt the poison diffuse itself through his veins, and, racked by the increasing torment, he caused a funeral pile to be erected, and spreading over it the skin of the Nemean lion, he laid himself on it as on a couch, leaning his head on his club, and then ordered the fire to be applied. Jupiter observing the melancholy scene from heaven, raised to the skies the immortal parts of the hero.

Herculeus, -a. -urn. adj., of, or relating to Hercules, Her- culean. Similes Hercuh-is (lacertis), equal in strength to the arms of Hercules, xv. 2. 172.

Hesperides, -um, /., the Hefperides (^Western MaicL), nymphs who possessed a garden in which grew the golden apples given by Jupiter to Juno on the day of their marriage. The gar- den was intrusted to the care of a dragon, called Ladon. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of these apples, which he accomplished by killing the dragon The garden of the Hesperides is placed by Hesiod " beyond the illustrious Ocean," but is more generally said to have been in Africa, near Mount Atlas.. T he Hesperides were the daughters of Hesperus, and were three in number, or, according to others, four. The apples were, a> some suppose, the pomegranates of Spain and Africa, a fruit an- ciently unknown in Greece, and navigators may have invested them with all their wonders to excite admiration.

Hesperius, -a, -um. adj.. of, or relating to Hesperus, Hes- perian, li eiiern. Hesperios amnes, the western rivers, i. e. the Rhine, the Rhone, and the Po. ii. 1. 268. Cvnstitit in Hesperio orhe. regnis Atlantis, halted in the western part of the world, in the kingdom of Atlas, iv. 12. 23.

Hesperus, -l, m., Hesperus, the evening star, the name given to the planet Venus when it follows the sun, and appears some time after sunset ; but when it precedes the sun it i? called Lucifer. Hesperus is frequently used to signify the west. See Lucifer.

Hippocrene, -es, /., Hippocrene, a fountain near the top of Mount Helicon in Bceotia, sacred to the Muses. It Ls said to have first risen from the ground when struck by the foot of the horse Pegasus, whence it was called 'iTr-eu xf*)»», the horse's fountain, (v. 4. 13.) See Pegasus.

Hippotades, -se, ni., /he grandson of Hippotes, i.e. jEolus, king of the vrinds. iEolus was the son of Jupiter and Scgesta, the daughter of Hippotes, a Trojan, whence he is called Hippota- des. He is represented by the poets as keeping the winds confined in a rave in i^olia (the Lipari Tilands), of which he was king.

HOR 231 IAS

Hei-e he is said to have given to Ulysses in a bag all the winds which could obstruct him in his return to Ithaca. See Ulysses.

Horse, -aram,J^., the Horce, or Hours, three goddesses^, the daughters of Jupiter and Themis, who presid3d over the seasons. They were the servants of Sol, yoked his chariot, and stood before the gates of heaven, ready to o;5en them when the god proceeded on his diurnal course. Iinpeiat velocibus Horis jungere equos, he orders the swift Hours to yoke the horses, ii. 1. 118.

Hyades, -um.y., the Hyades, seven stars in the head of the Bull, whose rising with the sun portended rain. According to the fable they were the daughters of Atlas and .'Ethra, and were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, that they pined away and died. After death they were changed into stars, and derived their name from their brother. The Latins called them Suciilae, swine, because they were so ignorant of the Greek language that they believed the Greek name tabe derived from v;, a sotv.

Hyale^ -es, f., Hyale, a nymph in the train of Diana,

Hyanteus, & Hyantius^ -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to the Hyantes, an ancient name of the Boeotians, which they derived from a king Hyas, — hence Bceotian. Hyantea Aganippe, the Boeotian Aganippe, v. 5. 19. Hyantius, the Boeotian youth, i. e. Actaeon, iii. 2. 17.

Hylactor, -oris, m., Barker, the name of one of Action's dogs.

Hylaeus, -i, m., Woodman, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Hymen, -inis, & Hymenasus, -i. in., Hymen, and Hymen- aus, the god of marriage, the son of Apollo and the muse Calli- ope, or of Bacchus and Venus. He is represented by the poets as crowned with flowers, particularly with marjoram, and holding in his hand a burning torch. Hymen was supposed to be always present at nuptials, otherwise the matrimonial connexions were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful calamities.

Hypseus (c?m.), -ei, & -eos, m., i7?/;7«ews, a man who killed Prothoenor, and was himself slain by Lyncides at the marriage of Perseus (diss.).

I.

Tacchus, -i, m., lacchus, a name of Bacchus, probably de- rived from la, an exclamation of joy. See Bacchus.

lapetionides, -ae, m., the son of Japefus, a patronymic ap- plied to Atlas. See Atlas.

lapetUS, -i, w., Japetus, one of the Titans, the son of Ura- nus and Terra. He married his sister Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Prometheus (tris.), Epimetheus (4 syl.), and Menoetius. Satus lapeto, the son of Japetus, i. e, Prometheus, i. 2. 51.

lason, -onis, m., Jason, the hero of the Argonautic expedi-

IAS 232 IBI

tion, was the son of ^son, king of lolcos, in Thessaly, ana of Alcimede. When /Eson was obliged to yield to the superior power of his brother Pelias, and was driven from his kingdom, Jason, who was still in infancy, was secretly conveyed by his mother to a village on ]Mount Pelion, and there intrusted to the care of the Centaur Chiron, by whom he was instructed in the art of war. After he had attained the age of twenty, he went to lolcos, in obedience to the command of an oracle, to claim the rights of hi- family. He appeared in the market-place, clothed in the skin of a leopard, and armed with two javelins, and with his long unihorn locks waving on his back. Pelias had been warned by the oracle to beware of a man who should appear with one foot shod and the other uncovered, and Jason having accidentally entered in this garb, the fears of Pelias were immediately excited. He boldly demanded the kingdom which Jupiter had given to his father ; but Pelias prevailed upon him to proceed to Colchis, to get possession of the golden fleece, promising, on his return, to resign the kingdom in his favour. Jason agreed to the conditions, procured a fifty-oar^d galley, to which he gave the name of Argo, and, on consulting tnc oracle, was directed to invite the greatest heroes of the age to share in the glories and dangers of the voyage. The bravest of the Grecian youth speedily assembled, among whom were Orpheus (diss.), Zetes and Calais, Castor and Pollux, Telamon and Peleus [diss.). Hercules, Theseus (diss.), Laertes, iEsculapius, Polyphemus, and others, to the number of fifty. After offering sacrifices to Jupiter, the Waves and Winds, kc, they sailed from the harbour of lolcos, met with many curious adventures, and arrived in safety at Colchis, on the east coast of the Black Sea. Jason lost no time in informinir king /Eetes of the cause of his visit, and in requesting him to re- sign the golden fleece. To this he procured the king's consent on tHe following conditions : — He was to force to the yoke two brazen - footed bulls, whose nostrils breathed flames, to plough with them a piece of land, and sow in it the serpent's teeth which JEetes pos- •essed, to whom Minerva had given one-half of those which Cad- mus sowed at Thebes. These teeth were to produce armed men, ready to attack him. He was, besides, to kill a sleepless dragi^n «■hich guarded the fleece. This task, which at first appeared t(. him insurmormtable, he was enabled to accomplish by means of Medea, the king's daughter, who had conceived a sudden af- fection for him, and proffered her aid if he would swear to marry her and take her with him to Greece. By her assistance h fulfilled the conditions, to the astonishment of .^etes and h. subjects, got possession of the golden fleece, and returned to Im native country, accompanied by Medea, whom he afterwards mar- ried. The ship Argo was changed into a star, and the fleece was suspended in the temple of the gods. See Nephele and iMedea.

Ibis, -is, & -idis.^, the ibis, an Egyptian bird resembling a stork. It was held sacred by the ancient Egyptians, either because

ICE 233 ILL

It devoured the serpents which infested the country, or because the marking of its plumage resembled one of the phases of the sun, or because it appeared with the rising of the Nile.

Icelos, -i, m., Icelos, one of the sons of the god Sommis, who possessed the power of assuming the shape of wild beasts, birds, and serpents. He was called Icelos by the gods, and Phobetor by mortals.

Ichnobates, -se, Vl., Tracer, the name of one of Actaeou'"; dogs.

Ida, -ae, & Ide^ -es, f., Ida, now Kaz Dag, or Ida, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in the Troad, in Mysia, where Paris was exposed, and where he adjudged the prize of beauty to Venus, in the contest of the three goddesses respecting the golden apple. Its highest peak was called Gargara, and af- forded an extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent coun- tries. For this reason it is said by Homer to have been the resort of the gods during the siege of Troy. Gr. Ace. -an. See Paris.

Idas, -ae, m., Idas, a man who was accidentally killed by a javelin at the marriage of Perseus {disn.).

Idomeneus (4 syl.), -ei, & -eos, m., Idomeneus, the son of Deucalion, king of Crete, and grandson of Minos. He accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war with 90 ships, and distinguished him- self greatly by his valour during the siege. Being overtaken by a storm on his retui-n from Troy, he vowed to sacrifice to 'Neptune whatever creature first presented itself to him on his arrival at Crete. This proved to be his son, whom, in fulfilment of the vow, he immediately sacrificed. The inhumanity and rashness of the act rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left the island, and landing on the coast of Italy, founded three cities in Apulia.

Ignigena, -ae, 'm.,Ignigena (born in fire, son of fire), a name given to Bacchus, in allusion to the fable of his mother having been destroyed by lightning before his birth.

Iliacus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Ilium, Trojan. Mittor audax orator ad Ilianas arces, I am sent a fearless envov to the Trojan city, xiii. 1. 196.

Ilium, -il, 7J., Ilium, Troy, a name given to Troy from Ilus, one of its early kings. Ilium seems to denote that part of the city where the fortifications lay, and Troja the parts built round about them, as several cities are divided into the old and new town. See Troja.

Illyricum, -i, n., Illyrxcum, caUed also Illyris and lUyria, an extensive country lying on the north-east coast of the Hadriatic, and extending from the small river Arsia and the Julian Alps, which separated it from Italy, to the river Dnlo. Towards the north it touched on Noricum and Pannonia, and towards the east on Moesia

u2

ILL 23J IND

and Macedonia. It thus comprehended part of the Austrian pro- vinces of lUyria and Croatia, the whole of Ddlmatia, and part of Turkey.

lllyricus, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to l/li/ncum, Jlly- rian. Conligit lUyricos fines cum profugci conjtigc, reached the country of lUyricum with his wife in exile, iv. 12. 6.

Inachldes, -S, m., a descendant of Inachus, hence it is ap- plied (i. 14. 6.) to Epaphus, who was his grandson by lo. It is also used to signify an Argive, because Inachus was the founder of the kingdom of Argos, and in this sense is apphed to Perseus (diss.), iv. U. 58.

Inachis. -idos,^., the daughter of Inachu.<t, lo. VuUus Ina- cliidos, the appearance of the daughter of Inachus, i. e. lo, i. 11. 44.

Inachis, -idos, adj. , f-, of, or relating to Inachus. Inachidas ripas, the banks of the Inachus, i. 12. 16.

Inachus, -i, m., Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, and father of lo, who founded the kingdom of Argos, about e.g. K67. According to the fable, Inachus was, at his death, changed into a river of the same name, now called the Xera, of which he became the tutelary god. The source of this river was in Mount Lyrcaeus, on the confines of Arcadia ; but the poets, who delighted in fiction, imagined it to be a branch of a cognominal stream in Acarnania, which, after joining the Achelous, passed imder ground and re- appeared in ArgoUs. To this Ovid probably alludes, i. 11. 16. The Inachus flowed past the AcropoUs of Argos into the Gulf of Nauplia. It is usually dry (whence its modern name), but is sup- plied with casual floocU after heavy rains and the melting of snow on the neighbouring mountains.

India, -ae, /., India, an extensive country of Asia, the limits of which have not been accurately defined by ancient geographers. It was divided by the river Ganges into India intra Gangem, which corresponds pretty nearly with the modern Hiiidostan ; and In- dia extra Gangem, which included India beyond the Ganges, Tibet, Assam, and nearly the whole of the Birman Empire. It derived its name from the Indus, which formed its western bound- arv. The Greeks knew but little of India till the invasion of Al- exander the Great. The fabled expeditions which Bacchus and Hercules are said to have undertaken against it were invented, after they had attained a considerable knowledge of the country, by the later poets to flatter the vanity of the IMacedonian hero. India was reckoned by the ancients among the most opulent of all the coun- tries of Asia. Its elephants were especially famed for their size and strength, and were much preferred to those of Africa ; it was also celebrated for its tigers and serpents, the last of which were mafcnified bv the historians of Alexander into an enormous size.

IND 235 ION

The productions of this country which were most highly valued were its perfumes, precious stones, gold, and ebony ; there is also some slight mention made of its indigo and sugar-cane. Quern de- belluta India colebat, whom conquered India worshipped, iv. 13. 2.

Indus, -i, m., an inhabitant of India, an Indian. Indos positos sub sidereis ignibus, the Indians placed under the violent heat of the sun, i. 14. 31.

Ino, -US, _/"., Ino, the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, and maternal aunt and nurse of Bacchus. In consequence of her cruel treatment of her step- children Phryxus and Helle, her husband was rendered frantic by Juno, and imagining Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps", pursued them and killed her son Learchus. Ino, to escape from his fury, threw herself and her son Melicerta into the sea between Megara and the Isthmus of Corinth, and was changed by Neptune into a sea-deity, called by the Greeks Leucothee, and Matuta by the Romans. See Athamas.

Inous, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Ino. Inoo ruptu, by the grasp of Ino, iii. 7. 212.

lo, -US,/"., lo, the daughter of Inachus, king of Argos. Her beauty attracted the notice of Jupiter, who, to conceal his amour from Juno, changed his mistress into a beautiful cow. The queen of the gods perceiving the fraud, commended the beauty of the animal, and asked her as a present from her husband, a request with which he reluctantly complied. Juno committed her to the care of Argus, a shepherd with a hundred eyes (See Argns), whose vigilance subjected her to the greatest miseries. After she had been released by Mercury from the thraldom of her keeper, Juno, whose resentment was implacable, sent one of the Furies in the shape of a gadfly to torment her. Pursued by the Fury, she wandered over the greatest part of the earth, till she stopped at last on the banks of the Nile, and being, by the command of Jupi- ter, restored to her former shape, ga,ve birth to Epaphus, married Osiris, king of the country, and became an Egyptian goddess, under the name of Isis.

lolciacus, -a. -um, adj., of, or relating to lolcos, now Boritza, a powerful and ancient city in the south of Thessaly, si- tuate at the head of the Pelasgicus Sinus, the Gulf of Volo, and celebrated as the birth-place of Jason. Victor tetigit cum conjnge lolciacos partus, victoriously reached with his wife the harbour of lolcos, vii. ]. 168.

lOPxium, -ii, n., the Ionian Sea, a name given to that part of the Mediterranean which washed the western shores of Greece, and lay between that country and Italy. The statements of the ancient writers respecting the situation and extent of the Ionian Sea are very uncertain. The name seems to have originally in-

IPH 2o6 ISM

eluded the whole of the Hadriatic. and to have extended to the south of the Peloponnesus ; but that part of it to the north of the Acroceraunian promontory was generally called by the Greeks lonius Sinus. The origin of the name is also involved in un- certainty.

Iphigenlaj -ac, J"., Ipkigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. While the combined forces of the Greeks were assembling at Aulis, previous to settmg sail for Troy, Agamemnon accidentally killed a favourite stag of Diana, and the goddess iu revenge detained the fleet in the harbour by contrary winds. On consulting the oracle, the Greeks were informed that they must propitiate the gods by sacrificing Iphigenia to the offended goddess. Her father, struck with horror at the response, sternly refused his consent, and issued orders to the generals, each to conduct his troops home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and pre- vailed upon Agamemnon to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. At their request Ulysses repaired to Mycenae, and persuaded Clytemnestra to intrust Iphigenia to his care, on pretence that her father had espoused her to Achilles. When the princess arrived at Aulis, and saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice, she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father ; but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas raised the knife in his hand, but as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly vanished, and a beautiful stag appeared in her place for the sacrifice. This interposition of the goddess animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became favo»irable, and the combined fleets sailed from the harbour of Aulis.

Iphitldes, -ae, r»., the son of Iphitns, a patronymic applied to Caeranos, xiii. 1. 257.

Ins, -IS, f., Iris, the daughter of Thaumas and Electra, was the goddess of the rainbow, and the messenger of the gods, particularly of Juno (nuntia Jtmoyiis, i. 7. 27.). She is represented by Ovid (xi. 10. 180.) as executing the orders of Juno, decked in robes of a thousand colours. Iris is frequently used to denote the rainbow it- self, and was believed by the ancients to possess the power of rais- ing water from the earth to the clouds. Hence she is described (i. 7. 28.) as supplying them with water to deluge the world. The seven colours of the rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

IsmariuSj -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Ismarus, Isma. riun ; used also as a general term, Thracian. J smarios {amnes ) , the Thracian rivers, ii. 1. 257.

Ismarus, -i, m., {Plur. -a, -orum, n.,) Ismarus. a town and mountain of Thrace, near the mouth of the Hebrus. The ad- joining country was famous for producing good wine.

Ismenides, -um,f., the Theban women, a name given to

ISM 237 IXl

tbem from the river Israeuus. Inmenides colunt sancUis aras, the Theban ladies honour the sacred altars, iii. 7. 223.

Ismenis, -idos, adj-.f., of, or relating to the Ismenus ; hence TlieLan. Ismenis CrocaJe dociior illis, the Theban nympli Cro- cale being more skilful than they, iii. 2. 39.

Ismenos, -l, m., the Ismenus, a small stream in Boeotia, which flows past Thebes, and falls into the Euripus. Modern travellers state that it contains no water except after heavy rain, when it be- comes a torrent. According to the fable, Ismenus was the son of the river Asopus by Metope.

Ister, -trij m., the Damihe, the largest river in flermany, and in Europe, has its source in RIons Abnoba, the Black Forest, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, and after a course of 1,700 miles, generally in a south-easterly direction, enters the Pontus EuxTnus, the Black Sea, by several mouths. The Danube, after leaving Baden, flows through Wirtemberg, Bavaria, the Archduchy of Austria, and Hungary, enters the Turkish dominions at Belgrade, and in the rest of its course separates Walachia from Bulgaria. It receives in its course sixty navigable rivers, the largest of which is the Inn, and 120 smaller streams. The name Ister is said to have been applied to this river in the lower part of its course, after its junction with the Save ; but where the one name commenced and the other terminated is very uncertain. The two names are fre- quently confoanded, or used indifferently, the Greeks generally calling the river Ister, and the Latins, Danubius.

Ithaca^ -?&,f., Ithaca, or Teaki, a celebrated island in the Ionian Sea, off^ the coast of Acarnania, forming part of the king- dom of TJlysses. This island, which lies five miles due south of Leucadia, is of inconsiderable extent, and derives all its celebrity from the praises bestowed upon it by Homer. Ithaca is one of the seven Ionian Islands.

Ithacus, -i, m., a native of Ithaca, the Ithacan, i. e. Ulysses, a name contemptuously applied to him by Ajax, xiii. ] . 98. and 103.

lulus, -i, m., Ivlus, a surname of Ascanius, the son of ^Eneas and Creusa. He accompanied his father in his flight from Troy, shared in the dangers of the voyage, and, after his arrival in Italy, contributed by his valour to the success of the wai- which ^neas waged against the Latins. He succeeded his father in the king- dom of Latinus, and built Alba Longa, to which he transferred the seat of government. Here his descendants reigned upwards of 400 years, till the building of Rome. Romulus traced his descent from Ascanius.

Ixion, -onis, m., Ixicn, the son of Phlegyas, and king of the Lapithae, a savage tribe in the south of Thessaly. Ixion was ad- mitted to the-society of the gods in Olympus, where he fell in love with Juno To punish his audacity, Jupiter sent a cloud in the form

JUB 238 JUN

of his queen, which was embraced by Ixion, and pi-oduced the Centaurs. The king of the gods was so enraged at his conduct that he banished him from heaven, struck him with his thunder, and ordered IMercury to tie him to a four-spoked wheel in hell, which contmually whirls round. Ixion vohilur, et sequitttrqne fugitque se, Ixion turns on his wheel, and both follows and flies from him- self, iv. 11. 46.

Jllba. -se, m., Juha, a king of Numidia, part of Maurita- nia, Algiers, and part of Morocco. In the civil war between Csesar and Pompey, he espoused the cause of the latter, and gained a great victory over Curio, who commanded Caesar's forces in Africa. After the battle of Pharsalia he joined his forces with those of Scipio, and being defeated by Caesar in a battle at Thapsus (b. c. 46.), caused himself to be put to death by Petreius, one of his companions in misfortune.

Juliu.<;, -ii, m., Julius, the praenomen of the Julian gens, the most celebrated of whom was Caius Julius Caesar, the Dictator. Dicus Julius, the deified Julius, i. e. Julius Caesar, xv. 9. 98. See Caesar.

Juno, -onis, /^, Juno, the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the sister and wife of Jupiter. After her birth she was reared by Oceanus and Tethys, and had the seasons as her attendants. When Jupiter attained the sovereignty of the world, Juno shared in his honours, and became queen of the gods. Her character was dis- tinguished bv, matronly dijnitv and strict correctness of conduct. She could ill brook the infidelities of her husband, and persecuted his mistresses with relentless hatred. Her severity to lo, Semele, and Latona, is frequently mentioned by mythological writers, ^nd her resentment doomed HercGles to undergo his famous labours. In Homei" Jupiter is represented ns sometimes punishing her for her acts of opposition to him. On one occasion, when she had raised a storm, which drove Hercules out of his course at sea, Ju- piter suspended her from heaven, tying a heavy anvil to her feet, and when her son Vulcan approached to assist her, he took him by the foot and threw him down to the earth (See Vulcanus). Juno was believed to preside over marriage, and was the patroness and protectress of married women. She was the mother of Mars. Hebe, and Vulcan. The reason of her hostility to the Trojans, of whom she is represented as the implacable enemy, is not stated by Homer ; but later poets ascribe it to the decision of Paris, in assigning the golden apple to Venus in preference to herself (See Paris). The worship of Juno was universal. Her principal temples were at Argos, Samos, and Carthage ; Sparta and Mycenae were also places dear to her. Ewe-lambs and swine were the oflFerings presented on her altaj-s ; and the dittany, the poppy, and the lily, were her favourite

J UN 2.39 .rap

flowers. Among birds, the hawt, the goose, and particularly the peacock, were sacred to her (See Argus). She is represented sitting on a throne, holding in one hand a pomegranate, the emblem of fecundity, and in the other a sceptre, with a cuckoo on its summit.

Junonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Juno. Jvnoniiis custos, the keeper appointed by Juno, i. e. Argus, i. 12. 54.

Jupiter, Jovis, 711., Jupiter, the most celebrated of all the gods of the ancients, was the son of Saturn and Ops. His mother saved him from the cruel voracity of her husband (See Saturnus), and intrusted him to the care of the Corybantes, by whom he was reared in a cave in Mount Ida, in Crete, and fed on the milk of the goat Amalthaea, or, according to others, on honey. When grown up he drove his father from heaven, and divided the empire of the world with his brothers. For himself he reserved heaifen and earth, to Neptune he allotted the sea and the waters, and to Pluto the infernal regions. He was not, however, allowed to retain his dominions undisturbed. The Titans undertook to destroy him as he had done his father, declared war against him, and, by piling mountains on each other, endeavoured to ascend to heaven (see Gigas) ; but the king of the gods assailed them with his thunder, and asserted his supremacy . The character of Jupiter possesses none of the purity for which Juno was distinguished. He was the slave of vicious pleasures ; and every species of disguise was employed by him to accomplish his object. He transformed himself into a satyr to enjoy Antiope, into a buU to carry off Europa, into a swan to allure Leda, into a shower of gold to corrupt Danae, and into seve- ral other forms to gratify his passions. He had Bacchus by Semele, and Mercury by Maia. The worship of Jupiter was extensively diffused over the ancient world, and different names were assigned to him in the various places where his worship was estabhshed. At Carthage he was called Ammon, in Egypt Serapis, at Athens the Olympian Jupiter, and at Rome Capitolinus, who was the guardian and benefactor of the Romans. The most famous tem- ple of this god was at Olympia, in Elis, where, every fourth year, the Olympic games were celebrated in honour of him (See Elis). His great oracle was in an oak grove at Dodona in Epirus, where, from a very early period, his priests announced his will and futu- rity. The eagle was his favourite bird, and the oak his favourite tree. He is represented as the model of dignity and majesty of mien ; his countenance grave but mild ; and is seated on a throne, grasping his sceptre and the thunder. The eagle is standing be- side the throne. Jupiter is frequently used to signify the air, or s/ii/. Mundus erat sub Jove, the world was under the govern- ment of Jupiter, i. 4. 2. Natus Jove, the son of Jupiter, i. e. Mercury, i. 12. 49.

LAB 240 LAE

t.

Labros, -i, m., Worrier, the name of one of Actaeon's do. Ldbros (natus) Dicteeo patre, sed Laconide matre, Worrier bi .. of a Cretan dog, but of a Laconian bitch, iii. 2. 93.

Lachne, -es, /., Wool-hair, or Shag, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Lachne hirsuta corpore. Wool-hair, a rous bodied bitch, iii. 2. 9i.

Lacon, -onis, m., Lacon, or Spartan, the name of one ui Actaeon's dogs.

Laconia, S,/-, Laconia, sometimes called Lacedsraon, ce- lebrated as the kingdom of Menelaus, was the largest province of the Peloponnesus, and occupied the south-east corner of the pen- insula. To the west it bordered on Messenia, to the north on Arcadia and Argolis, and on the east and south it was bounded by the sea. Laconia was a rugged and mountainous country, natu- rally barren, and diflScult of culture. The inhabitants were dis- tinguished for their courage and intrepidity, their love of liberty, and their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their youth to labour and hardship, and were taught by their laws to regard war as their profession. The capital of the country was Lacedaemon, or Sparta. See Sparta.

Laconis, -idis. "dj., of, or relating to Laconia, Lacedtento. nian. Spartan. Nati Laconide matre, bred fi"om a Spartan bitcb, iii. 2. 93.

Lactea Via, the Milky Way, is the name given by Ovid to the great road leading to the palace of Jupiter in Olympus, on the two sides of which he places the habitations of the other gods. This white luminous track, which appears to encompass the heavens like a girdle, is said to have been formed by the milk which feU from Juno's bresLat when the infant Herciiles was applied to it by Jupiter while she was asleep. It is now called the Galaxy, from a Greek word signifying milk. The luminous appearance has been ascer- tained to be occasioned by a multitude of stars, so small as not to be distinguished by the naked eye.

Ladon, -onis, m., the Ladon, a sandy stream of Arcadia, which falls into the Alpheus. On its banks the nymph Syrinx was changed into a reed. See Sjrrinx.

Ladon, -onis, m., Ladon, or Harrier, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Ladon gerens suhstricta ilia, Ladon having a thin or lank belly, iii. 2. C6.

Lslaps -apis, m., Storm, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs,

Laertes, -ae, m., Laertes, a king of Ithaca, was the son ol Arcesius, and husband of Anticlea. Anticlea, at the time of hei marriage is said to have been pregnant by Sisyphus (xiii. 1. 32.) and eight months after gave birth to Ulysses. Laertes, however,

L AE 241 LEM

reared the child as his own son, and, at an early period of life, resip;ned the kingdom in his favour. He assisted in killing the Calydonian boar, and accompanied Jason in his famous expedition.

Laertiades, -se, m., the son of Laertes, a name given to Ulysses from his supposed father. Precaris La'irtiadce, qucB me- ruit, wishest to the son of Laertes, i. e. Ulysses, what he deserves, xiii. 1. 48.

Laertius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Laertes. Laer- tius heros, the hero, the son of Laertes, i. e. Ulysses, xiii. 1. 124.

Lampetie, -e^,/., Lampetie, a daughter of Sol, one of the sisters of Phaethon, who, after the death of her brother, was changed into a poplar tree. See Heliades.

Latinus, -a, -um, adj., of. or relating to Latium, Latin, Roman. Mittit gestanda Latinis nuribus, sends to be worn by the Latin ladies, ii. 2. 42.

Latium, -ii, n., Latium, a small district of Italy, on the left bank of the Tiber, where that river falls into the Mediterranean. The limits of Latium were at first very circumscribed, but were afterwards extended over a considerable tract of country. To the west and north it bordered on Etruria, and the country inhabited by the Sabini, ^qui, and Marsi ; to the east, on Campania ; and on the south, it was washed by the Tuscan Sea. The name is said to have been derived from lateo, because Saturn concealed himself there from the pursuit of his son Jupiter ; but others deduce it from Latinus, a king of the country. Here Ascanius founded Alba Longa, and, 400 years later, Roniiilus laid the foundation of Rome. See lulus and Roma.

Latins, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Latium, Latin, Ro- man. Tu aderis Latiis ducihus, thou shalt attend upon, shalt adorn the Roman generals, i. 10. 109.

Latona, -se, /i Latona, a daughter of Coeus and Phoebe, and one of the wives of Jupiter, by vc hom she had Apollo and Diana. Juno, who was jealous of her husband's amours, sent the serpent Python to persecute Latona, having previously bound Terra by an oath not to give her a place on which to bring forth. Neptune at length had compassion on her, and by a stroke of his trident made the island of Delos stationary, where she gave birth to her children under a palm-tree. From his mother, Apollo is called Latous ; and Diana, Latois, and Latonia.

Latonia, -ae,yi, Diana, the daughter of Latona.

Learchus, -l, m., Learchus, the son of Athamas and Ino, whom his father in a fit of madness killed by dashing him against a rock, iv. 11. 103. See Athamas and Ino.

Lemnos, -i,f., Lemnos, now Stalimene, a fertile island in the northern part of the jEgean Sea, .35 miles to the south-east of the promontory formed by Mount Athos, and at an equal distance from

X

LT:N 242 LET

the mouth of the Hellespont. This island was sacred to Vulcan, and is said to have received him when he was thrown from heaven l)y Jupiter (See Jupiter). Here, accordingly, the forges of the god of fire were pl.iced, — a fable which probably derived its origin from the volcanic character of the island, in the north-eastern part of which was Mons IMosychlos, the oldest volcano known to the Greeks. In the forum of .AJyrina, a town on the west coast, w as the famous status of an ox, on which the ancients atfirin that Mount .^thos threw a shadow at the time of the solstice (See Athos). The priests of Lemnos were famous for the cure of wound*, on which account Philoctetes was left there by the Greeks on their way to Troy (xiii. 1. 46.). The efficacy of their skill depended, it is said on a species of red earth found in the island, called Lcni ■ nian earth, which was considered by the ancients a sovereign remedy against poison and the bites of serpents. The medicinal qualities of this earth are still valued highly by the Turks and the modern Greeks. See Philoctetes and Vulcanus.

Lenseus, -i, m., Lenceus, a surname of Bacchus, derived frotn X'/ivor, a wine-press. Et cum Lenao consilor genialis uvm, and along with Lenaeus, the planter of the genial grape, iv. 1.14.

Leo, -onis, m., the Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac, deriving its name, it is said, from the Nemcan lion, which, after being killed by Hercules, was changed into a constellation. Ora violenti Leonif, the mo .th of the fierce lion, ii. 1. 81. See Zodiacus.

Lerna, -je, ./'., Lema, or Muloi, a lake near Argos, in the Peloponnesus, celebrated for the fable of the Hydra slain there by Hercules. Adjoining the lake were rich pastures. Pascua Lerna:, the pasture- grounds of Lerna, i. 11 . 30. See Hercules.

Lesbos, -\,f., Lesbos, now Mytilene, an island in the iEgean Sea, off the coast of Mysia, in Asia Minor. Lesbos was very fer- tile, and the wine which it produced was much esteemed by the an- cients. The Lesbians were celebrated for their musical skill, wliich was accounted for by the fable that the head of Orpheus (Uiis.) after descending the Hebrus, floated to the shores of this island. The general character of the people was so dissipated that the epithet Lesbian was frequently applied to licentious extravagance. Mytilene, the capital, was a noble and splendid city, and was a long time celebrated for its commerce and learning. This island gave birth to Alcaeus, Sappho, Theophrastus, and to others who are distingfuished in Grecian history.

Lethaeus, -a, -um, a(/J., of, or relating to Lethe; also caus- ing forgetfulness, or deep. Postijuam sparsit hnnc gramine Lethcei sucni, after she had sprinkled him with herbs of Lcthsean juice, i. e. with the juice of herbs which produced sleep, and caused forgetfulness, vii. 1. 152.

Lethe, -es^f., Lethe, a river in the infernal regions, of which

LEU 243 LIAI

the shades of the dead were made to drink for the purpose of obli- terating all recollection of the past. Rivus aqua Lethes, a branch of the river Lethe, — a stream whose waters had the power of pro- ducing forgetfulness, xi. 10. 194.

Leucon, -oniSj m., White, the name of one of Acteeon's dogs.

LeuCOthee, -es.,/'., Leucoihee, the name given to Ino, the wife of Athamas, after she had been changed into a sea-goddess by Neptune. See Athamas and Ino.

Liber, -eri, m., Liber, a name given to Bacchus from liber (free), because wine frees the mind from cares. Novus Liber, a new, a hitherto unknown god, Bacchus, iii. 7. 10.

LibyCUS, -a, -um, ad)-, of, or relating to Libya, Libyan, African. Quum victor penderet super Libycas arenas, while the conqueror, i. e. Perseus, was suspended over the Libyan sands, iv. 13. 14.

Libye, -es,""/., Libya, a name applied by the ancients, in a re- stricted sense, to that part of the north of Africa which lies be- tween Egypt and the Syrtis Major, the Gulf of Sidra, but fre- quently employed by them to denote the whole of Africa. Libya comprehended the provinces of Marmarica and Cyrenaica, and in- cluded the modern country of Barca, with parts of Tripoli, and the Sahara. According to Ovid (ii. 1. 237.), the black colour of the Africans was produced by the conflagration of Phaethon, during which the blood was drawn to the surface of the body.

Libys, -yos, adj. m., of, or relating to Libya, Libyan, African.

Libys, -yoSj m., Libys, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed by Bacchus into dolphins.

Ligures, -um, m., theii,habitantsof Liguria,the Ligurians.

Liguria, -^,f-, Ligtaia, a country in the north-west of Italy, which extended along the Sinus Ligusticus, the Gulf of Genoa, from the boundary of Gaul, to the small river Macra, which sepa^ rated it from Etruria ; on the north it was bounded by the Po and Cisalpine Gaul. Liguria contained the modern territory of Genoa, that part of Piedmont which is south of the Po, and part of the Duchy of Parma.

Lilybffium, -i, n., Lilyb<£um, now Cape Boeo, a promontory which forms the western extremity of the Island of Sicily, 80 miles distant from Cape Bon in Africa. According to Ovid (v. 6. 11.), when Typhoeus (tris.) was struck by the thunderbolt of Jupiter, and placed under Sicily, his legs were buried under this promontory.

Limnate, -es, f., Limnate, a water-nymph, the daughter of the Ganges, and the mother of Athis. Limnate edita flumine Gauge, Limnate the daughter of the river Ganges, v. 1. 47.

LIR 244 LYC

Linope, -eR,f.,Liriope, the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and mother of Nareissus. by the river Cephlsus. Cariila Liriope, the grey-eyed Liriope, iii. 5. 4.

Lucifer, -eri, m., Lucifer (the light-brinffpr), the mominff- ftar, the name given to the planet Venus when it appears in the morning before the sun ; but when it follows the sun, and appears «ome time after its setting, it is called Hesperus. According to the fable, Lucifer was the son of Aurora, and the father of Ceyx and Daedalion. Dum Lucifer ecocet ignes Aurorm, till the morning- star should call out the fires of Aurora, iv. 13. 26. Quum Lucifer exit clarus albo equo, when the morning star rises bright on his white horse, xv. 2. 130. See Hesperus.

Luclna, -X. f., Lndna (she who brings to light), the goddess who was believed to preside over childbirth. Lucina is supposed by some to be a name of Juno, and by others a name of Diana.

Luna, -ae.y., Luna, the goddess of the moon, is by some mythologists said to be the same with Diana (See Diana). By others she is said to have been the daughter of Hyperion and Thia, and to ride in a chariot drawn by horses, ii. 1. 208. Luna had a temple at Rome on Mount Aventine. Qualia cornua divi- dufB LnntB iinuanfur, just as the horns of the half-moon are bent, iii. 7. 172.

Lyasus, -i, m., Lyctus (who frees from care), a surname of Bacchus, probably derived from Xvu, I fre?. Lyseus is frequently used to signify wine.

Lycabas, -ae, m., Ly cabas, an Assyrian who was killed by Perseus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda. Also, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus.

Lycaeus, -i, m., Lycaus, now Diaforti, a mountain in Arca- dia, where the Arcadians pretended that Jupiter was born, and where an altar was erected to that god. It was also sacred to Pan, who had a temple there. The rites performed in honour of him were called Lyca:a, and being carried by Evander to Latium, were there solemnized under the name of Lupercalia. Pineta gelidi Lyccei, the pine groves of cold Lycffius, i. 6. 55.

LycseUS, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to LyciEus. Pan videt hanc redeuntem Lycceo colic. Pan sees her r.turning from Mount Lycaeus, i. 13. 10.

Lycaon, -onis, m., Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus and Jleli- boea, and king of Arcadia. He was noted for his cruelty, and had fifty sons, who, like himself, were impious and cruel. Jupiter, to satisfy himself of the truth of the reports which he had heard, visited Arcadia, and reached at twilight the palace of the king. The common people paid homage to his divinity, but Lycaon re- solved to put it to the test. He first attempted to murder the god, and failing in this he killed a hostage, mixed his flesh with

LYC 245 LYR

that of the victims, and set it before his guest. The god, in in- dignation and horror at the barbarous act, destroyed the house with lightning, and changed Lycaon himself into a wolf. The deluge of Deucalion, which shortly afterwards occurred, is said to have been occasioned by the impiety of Lycaon and his sons. See Diluvium.

Lycaonius, -a,, -uni, adj., of, or relating to Lycaon.

Lycia, -se, /"., Lycia, a small district in the south of Asia Minor, which adjoined Caria on the west, Phrygia on the north, PamphyUa on the east, and was washed by the sea on the south. The Lycians, under the command of Sarpedon, assisted Priam m the siege of Troy.

Lycisce, -es, f., Wolf, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Lycius, -a., -um, adj., of, or relating to Lycia, Lycian.

Lycorilias, -aSj m., the Lycormas, now the Fidari, a rapid river in the east of ^Etolia, whose sands were of a golden colour, whence it is called Flavus Lycormai, the Yellow Lycormas. It veas afterwards called Evenus, from Evenus, a son of Mars, and king of the country, who threw himself into it.

Lycurgus, -i, JW., Lycurgus, the son of Dryas, and king of the Edones, in Thrace. He opposed the introduction of the wor- ship of Bacchus into his kingdom, and caused the vines to be de- stroyed. For this contempt of his divinity he was infuriated by Bacchus, and taking in his hand an axe for the purpose of cutting down some vines, he killed his wife and his son, and cut himself in the foot ; hence he is called by Ovid Bipenniferiim Lycurgum, the axe-bearing Lycurgus, iv. 1. 22. He was afterwards put to death by his subjects, vrho had been informed by the oracle that they should not taste wine while Lycurgus was alive.

Lyncides, -se, m., Lyncides, an Ethiopian, who killed Hyp- seus (diss.) at the marriage of Perseus {diss.) and Andromeda. Petit gladio pectora Lyricidce, strikes with his sword the breast of Lyncides, v. L 128.

Lyrceus, -i, m., Lyrcens, a mountain of Argolis, on the borders of Arcadia, whence the river Inachus derived its soiu^ce.

Lyrceus, -a, -Um, adj., of, or relating to Lyrceus, Lyrcean. Lyrcea arvu consita arboribiis, the fields of Lyrceus planted with trees, i. 11. 31.

Lyrnesius, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Lymesus. Lyr- nesia mania procubuisse solo, that the walls of Lymesus were levelled with the ground, xiii. 1. 176.

Lymesus, -\,f., Lymesus, a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, which was taken by Achilles during the Trojan war. The female captive Briseis was assigned to Achilles as part of the spoil, and the dispute which arose between him and Agamraenon respecting thi*

x2

M^A 246 MAN

flare, vtas the cause of the prolongation of the famous siege. See Achil'.es

.AI.

Mffiandros, -i, ni., the Mieander, now the Mendere. a river of Asia Minor, which rises in the western part of Phrvgia, formed the boundary between Lydia and Caria, and, after a western course of 180 miles, falls into the Mfic-Mi Sea, south of the island of Samos. The Maeander is celebrated for its innumerable windmgs, from which all sinuosities have received the name Mmanders ; it flows through a rich fertile country, and carries down with it so much mud as to have completely changed the face of the country towards its mouth, rendering those cities inland which once stood upon the seashore. The windings of this river are said to have furnished Daedalus with the first idea of his famous labyrinth. Mceandros qui ludit in recurcatis vndis, the Mseander which sports in his winding stream, ii. 1. 246.

Msnalus, -i, m., {Plur. -a, drum, n.), Msnalus, now Roino, one of the most celebrated mountains of Arcadia, in the south-eastern part of the province, was sacred to Pan, and con- sidered the favourite haunt of that rural deity. Its height is considerable ; it is covered with pine-trees, and intersected by glens and valleys, which are watered by numerous rivulets. Its woods were the retreat of bears, wild boars, and other animals of the chace. Manala horrenda latehria ferarum, Maenalus dreadful for the dens of wild beasts, i. fj. 54.

Maeonia, -ae, ^/1, Maonia, called also Lydia, a district in the west of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Mysia, on the east by Phrygia, on the south by Caria, and on the west by the ^Egean Sea. The Lydians were anciently brave and warlike, and were accounted the best horsemen in the world. They are said to have been the first who coined gold and silver, and exhibited public games.

IMseonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relaiing to Mcconia, Mao- nian. Qua celehrdrant carmine Maonias ripas, which had made famous by their songs the banks of the Mseonian river, i. e. the Cayster, a river in Maeonia, ii. 1. 252. Vertere AIcBonios nautas immergereque pelago, to transform the Maeonian sailors, and plunge them into the sea. i. e. the Tuscan sailors who carried off Bacchus from the island of Ceos, iv. 11. !'. The Tuscans were called Maeonians, because, at a very early period, some Lydians were said to have been driven from their country by famine, and to have set- tled in that part of Italy which was afterwards called Etruria.

Manes, -ium, m., departed spirits, the spirits of the dead. " According to the Roman poets, every man possessed a three- fold soul, which, after the dissolution of the body, resolved itselt into the manes, the anima, or spiritus, and the umbra, to each o?

MAR 247 MAR

which a different place was assigned. The manes descended into the infernal regions, to inhabit either Tartarus or Elysium " The former was believed to be the abode of the wicked, the latter that of the good. " The anima ascended to the skies to mingle with the gods, while the umbra hovered around the tomb, as if unwil- ling to quit its connexion with the body, of which it was the icraith, or shadow." The Manes were also worshipped as gods, and were objects of great terror to the ancients. The beneficent Alanes were called Lares, and watched over and protected the families of their descendants ; while those which were believed to be hurtful were denominated Larvae, or Lemur ei. They were supposed to be offended if expiatory offerings were withheld from them, and the greatest care was therefore taken to propitiate them. Blood was believed to be the most acceptable offering ; various animals, especially such as the deceased had been fond of, and in ancient times captives or slaves, were slaughtered at the funeral pile, and thrown into it. The warrior vowed to procure rest for the soul of his departed friend by the slaughter of his enemies, and thousands of gladiators were compelled to murder each other in the amphi- theatre at Rome to appease the manes of the noble Romans. To desecrate ^he ashes or bones of the dead was regarded by the Ro- mans as a heinous crimi', and an oath by the Manes was peculiarly sacred. Manes is also used to denote the abode of the dead, the infernal i-egionn. Jn antra propiora Manibus, into the caves which are near the abode of the Manes, i. e. Tartarus, ii. ]. 303. A^ovique ^ fanes, and the manes recently arrived, iv. 11. 23.

Mars^ -lis, m-, Mars, the god of war, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. Ovid, following a later mythology, makes him the son of Juno alone, who conceived him by touching a flower presented to her by the goddess Flora. During the Trojan war Mars inte- rested himself on the side of the Trojans, encountered Diomedes in battle, and was wounded by the Grecian hero, and driven from the field through the assistance of Minerva. This god was wor- shipped with particular veneration by the Romans, as the supposed father of Romiilus, their founder, and by the Thracians, among whom he was supposed to reside. His priests were caUed Salii, and were intrusted with the care of the sacred shield (anale), which was said to have fallen from heaven in the time of Numa. Mars is represented with a fierce and warlike appearance, armed with a helmet, a shield, and a spear, riding in a chariot drawn by two horses, to which the poets have given the names of Fear and Terror. His usual attendants were the goddess of Discord, and Bellona, the goddess of war. Among animals, the horse and wolf were sacred to him ; and among birds, the magpie and vulture. The dog-grass vras sacred to him, because it is said to grow in places fit for fields of battle, or where the ground has been stained with human blood. Mars was the father of Harmoniaby Venus, iii. 2. 2. Suo Martf, in battle with each other, iii. 1. 123. Sine Marte, without a

MAR 248 MED

struggle, iii. 7. 30. Conveitit Ulurlem depulsum a se, diverted the battle from himself, and turned it, &c., vii. 1. 140. Quantum ego valeo feroci Marte, as much as I excel in fierce warfare, xiii. 1. 11. Aec ulla copia aperti Alartis, and no opportunity was given us of open warfare, xiii. 1. 208.

Martius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Mars, sacred to Mars, martial. 3Iarlius unguis, a serpent sacred to Mars, iii. 1. 32.

Mavors, -tis, in., Mavors, a different form of Mars.

Mavortius. -a, -um, udj., of, or relating to Mars, sacred to Mars. Mavortia proles, ye offspring of Mars, — sprung from the teeth of the serpent sacred to Mars, iii. 7- 21

^ledea, -ae, ./"., ^Vedea, the daughter of iiletes, king of Colchis, was famous for her skill in enchantment and magic. When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, his lofty bearing, and the intrepid nature of his enterprise, captivated the heart of Medea, and to her efforts he and his companions were chiefly indebted for their safety. She furnished him with a saWe to rub his body, which rendered him invulnerable by fire and steel ; and by follow- ing her directions, he succeeded in yoking the bulls, in despatching the armed men who sprung from the serpent's teeth, and in kill- ing the dragon which guarded the golden fleece. After her ar- rival at lolcos, she restored yEson to youth by her magic power, although, from the infirmities of age, he had been unable to parti- cipate in the rejoicings which took place on the return of his son. This sudden change in iEson astonished the inhabitants of lolcos ; and the daughters of Pelias entreated her to perform the same ser- Tice to their father. Medea, wishing to revenge the injuries which Jason had suffered from Pehas, increased their curiosity, and, by cutting to pieces an old ram, and converting it in their presence into a young lamb, determined them to try the same experiment on their father's body. They accordingly killed him, and boiled his flesh in a caldron, but as Medea refused to fulfil her promise, he thus perished by a miserable death. This action so much irritated the people of lolcos, that Medea and her husband fled to Corinth to avoid their resentment. See lason.

Medon -ontis, m., Medon, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus.

Medusa, -X,f., Medusa, the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She was celebrated for her personal charms, and particularly for the beauty of her locks. jSeptune became enamoured of her, and ob- tained her favours in the temple of Minerva. This desecration of her temple so provoked the goddess, that she changed her beauti- ful hair into serpents. Perseus (diss. ) cut off Medusa's head, with which, in consequence of its possessing the power of converting into stone any object on which it looked, he performed many cele-

MED 249 MEN

bratfd exploits. The blood which flowed from the wound is said to have produced the numerous serpents with which Africa abounds, and also Pegasus, the winged horse of the Muses. According to Ovid (iv. 14. 83.), coral was first produced by the head of Medusa being laid by Perseus on some marine plants which were on the beach. The head of Medusa was placed by the conqueror on the aegis of Minerva, which he had used in the expedition. See Perseus, Gorge, and Cuvalium.

Medusaeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Medusa. Quern dura nngula Meduscei prcepetis riipit, which the hard hoof of the winged horse that sprung from the blood of Medusa broke open, i. e. the fountain Hippocrene, q. v., v. 4. 8. Victm cedite Medu- scBofonte, do you, if defeated, yield to us Medusa's fountain, i. e. Hippocrene, v. 5. 19. See Hippocrene.

Melampus, -odis, m., Blackfoot, the name of one of Actaj- on's dogs. Melampus Spartand gente, Blackfoot of a Spartan breed, iii. 2. 78.

Melanchsetes, -a;, m., Blackhair, the name of one of Ac- taeon's dogs.

Melarieus (tris.), -ei, & -ecs, ni., Black, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

MelantllUSj -i, m., Melanthus, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus.

iSIelas, -anis, & -anos, m., the Melas {the Black river). Several rivers of this name occur in ancient geography. That mentioned by Ovid (ii. 1. 247.), was probably a river in Thrace, now called the Cavatcha, which gave the name of Alelanes Sinus, the GulfofSaros, to the north eastern comer of the jEgean Sea, into which it fell. The epithet Mygdonius, which he applies to it, refers to 3Iygdonia, a province of Macedonia, which originally in- cluded a considerable portion of Thrace. Some critics have sup- posed that Ovid here alluded to the Koremoz, or Karasou, a river of Cappadocia, in Asia Minor, which rises on the northern side of Mount Argasus, and flows eastward into the Euphrates.

Melicerta, -ae, m., Melicerta, the son of Athamas and Ino. When his father, in a fit of phrensy, was preparing to kill him by dashing him against a rock, as he had done his brother Learchus, Ino fled, with her son in her arms, and in this state threw herself into the sea. Neptune, pitying their misfortunes, changed them into sea-deities. Melicerta was called Palaemon by the Greeks, and Portumnus by the Latins. See Athamas and Ino.

Menelaus, -i. m., MeneZaus, the younger of the sons of Atreus {diss.), and brother of Agamemnon. On the death of Atreus, Menelaus and Agamemnon fled to the court of (Eneus {diss. ), king of Calydonia, where they were treated with paternal kindness. They afterwards presented themselves at Sparta, among the other Gre-

MEN 250 MEN

cian princes who solicited the hand of the beautiful Helen, and the youthful princess being allowed to gratify her choice, selected Me- nelaus, his rivals having previously Ijound themselves by an oath to protect her against any person who should attempt to carry her off from her lawful husband. Tyndiirus soon after resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and INIenelaus became king of Sparta, where he lived for three years, with every appearance of conjugal happiness. In the end of the third year, Paris, who had received from Venus the promise of the most beautiful woman in the world, arrived at Sparta for the purpose of carrying off Helen ; and Menelaus, who was ignorant of the intentions of his guest, being under the neces- sity of going to Crete, afforded him an opportunity of effecting his purpose. Menelaus did not quietly submit to this indignity. He reminded the Grecian chiefs of their oath to protect his wife, and called upon them to avenge the injury which had been done to him. Accompanied by Ulysses, he went to Troy to demand her restora- tion, and this being refused by Priam, a numerous armament was immediately assembled, with which they laid siege to Troy. During the war, Menelaus behaved with great bravery, and but for the interposition of Venus, would have inflicted merited vengeance upon Paris by killing him in battle. In the tenth year of the war, Helen is said to have obtained the forgiveness of her husband by betraying into his hands De'iphobus, whom she had married after the death of Paris. Menelaus having thus recovered his wife, re- turned with her to Sparta after a voyage of eight years, and spent the remainder of his life in the greatest happiness. See Atridae, Agamemnon, and Helena.

Mensis, -is, m., a month. Romulus called the first of the ten months into which he divided the year Martius, March, from Mars, his reputed father ; the second Aprilis, April, from ape- rio, because the trees and flowers then open their buds ; the third Maius, May, from Maia, the mother of Mercury ; and the fourth Junius, June, from the goddess Juno. The others were named from their number, Quintilis, Sextllis, September, < )ct6ber, No- vember, December. Quintilis wa.s afterwards called Julius, from Julius Caesar, and Sextilis was named Augustus, in honour of the emperor Augustus. Julius Caesar, when assigning the number of days to the several months, ordered that the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh months, that is January, March, May, July, September, and November, should have each thirty-one days, and the other months thirty, excepting February, which, in com- j men years, should have twenty-nine, but every fourth year thirty days. This order was interrupted to gratify the vanity of Augus- i tus, by giving to the month bearing his name as many days as July, which was named after his predecessor. A day was accordingly taken from February and given to August ; and in order that three months of thirty -one days might not come together, September and

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November were reduced to thirty days, and thirty-one were given to October and December. The Romans divided their months into three parts, by Kalends, Nones, and Ides. The first day of each month was called Kalendcb, from a priest calling out (calandj) to the people that it was new moon ; the fifth day Nonce, because, counting inclusively, the Nones were nine days from the Ides ; the thirteenth Idus, the Ides, from the obsolete verb iduare, because the Ides nearly divided the month. In March, May, July, and October, the Nones fell on the seventh, and the Ides on the fifteenth. The other days were numbered in reference to these divisions, — thus, in January the first day was called the Kalends ; the second was then viewed with reference to the approaching Nones, and was denominated the foia-th hefore the Nones ,• the third was called the third before the Nones ; the day after the Nones was the eighth be- fore the Ides ; the day after the Ides, the nineteenth before the Kalends of February. The day before each of the principal divi- sions was called Pridie ; thus the fourth was denominated Pridie Nonas, the day before the Nones. See Annus and Dies.

Mercurius, -ii, m., Mercury, called by the Greeks Hermes, was the son of Jupiter and JMaia, one of the daughters of Atlas. He was born on the top of Cyllene, a mountain in the north of Arcadia, from which he obtained the name Cyllenius, i. 13. 25. According to the later mythologists, Mercury was the messenger of the gods and particularly of Jupiter, the god of commerce, of wrestling, and all the exercises of the palaestra ; of eloquence, of thieving, in short of every thing relating to gain or requiring art and ingenuity. His name, according to Festus, is derived a mercibus. because he was considered by the Romans as the god of merchandise. On the day of his birth he gave an early proof of his dexterity and craft by stealing fifty of the cows of Admetus, king of Pherae, wi.ich had been placed under the care of Apollo. While on his way to Thessaly, he met a tortoise, which he instantly killed, took out the flesh, adapted reeds and strings to the shell, and formed from it the lyre, on which he immediately played with perfect skill. This lyre he afterwards gave to Apollo to appease his anger for the theft which he had committed, and received in return the caduceiei--, or staff, which he used in conducting the souls of the dead to the infernal regions He was fr<quently employed by the king of the gods to aid him in his amours, and was set to watch over the jea- lousy and intrigues of Juno. By his orders he killed Argus, and liberated lo, i. 12. (See Argusj. Mercury is usually represented with a cloak neatly arranged on his person, with his petasus, or winged hat, and the talariu, or wings, at his heels, i. 12. 47., &c. In his hand he bears his caduceus, or staff, with two serpents en- twined round it, which possessed the power of producing sleep (i, 12. 48.), and is armed with a short sword, called harpe (i. 13. 2y.^, which he lent to Perseus (diss.). Statues of Mercury, square

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pillars with a rudely carved head on them, were erected where seve- ral roads met, to point out the way, because he was considered the god of travellers. The animals sacred to him were the dog, the goat, and the cock.

Meriones, -•£, m., Meriunes, the son of Molus, a Cretan prince, and iNJelphis. He was the friend_and charioteer of Idome- neus (4 syL ) king of Crete, and one of the bravest of the Greeks at the siege of Troy ; hence he is said by Homer to be equal in courage to Mars.

Merops, -opis, jn., Merops, a king of .Ethiopia, the husband of Clymene, and the supposed father of Phaethon. To mortify the vanity of Phaethon, Kpaphus reproached him with his spurious descent, as being the son of Merops, and not, as he pretended, the son of Sol, i. 14. 4., &c. Cupiens did {&.i\is) Meropis, wishing to be called the son of Merops, ii. 1. 184. S^e Phaethon.

Milon, -onis, m., MUo, a celebrated athleta, was a native of Crotona, in the south of Italy, and one of the disciples of Pytha- goras. He was a man of prodigious strength, which he had partly increased by early accustoming himself to carry the greatest bur- dens, and by cultivating athletic exercises, to which the inhabitants of Crotona paid great attention. Remarkable instances of his strength are recorded by the ancient writers. He killed a bull with only his hand, and carried it away ; and on another occasion he astonished the assembled multitudes at Olvmpia by entering the " stadium with a live ox on his shoulders. He was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and six times at Olyrapia. On presenting himself a seventh time, no one was found bold enough to enter the lists with him. To his uncommon strength Pythago- ras and his scholars were on one occasion indebted for their safety. The pillar which supported the roof of the school suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and al- lowed the philosopher and his disciples time to escape. Confidence in his stiength, however, at last proved fatal to him. When tra- velUng alone through a wood he observed a tree which had been cleft by wedges, and attempting with his hands and feet to tear it asunder, the wedges fell out, and the divided parts violently closing upon his hands, fastened him to the spot, where he became the prey of wild beasts. Milon senior jlet, Milo, now an old man, weeps, XV. 2. 170.

Mimas, -antis, »n., Mima , now Karahurun, a high moun- tain in the peninsula of Erythrae, in Lydia, a province on the west coast of Asia Minor. This mountain was full of wild beasts, and covered with wood, and from it the Bacchanals, who celebrated their orgies there, were called Mimallonides.

Minerva, -se,/, Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, of war, of the arts and sciences, of the useful arts, and of industry. She is said to have sprung, full-grown and. completely armed, from the

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brain of Jupiter, upon the skull of that god being split by Vulcan with a stroke of his axe. In consequence of her wisdom she was immediately admitted into the number of the gods, and occupied the place next to Jupiter. She disputed with Neptune the honour of giving a name to the city which had been built by Cecrops, upon which it was agreed, that whichsoever of them produced what was most useful to mankind, should have the preference. Neptune, with a stroke of his trident, produced a horse ; and iMi- nerva caused an olive to spring from the ground. The latter was judged the most useful as being the symbol of peace, and Minerva gave to the city the name of Athense, from her Greek name Afrivr,, and became the tutelary goddess of the place. She obtained from her father permission to live in a state of celibacy (v. 6. 35.), and refused to unite herself with Vulcan, though earnestly solicited by the god of fire. She assisted the gods in the war against the giants, changed Arachne into a spider, deprived Tiresias of sight (See Tiresias), and changed Medusa's beautiful locks into snakes (iv. 15. 49.). As goddess of war she is opposed to Mars, the wild war-god, and is the patroness of just and scientific warfare; hence she espoused the cause of the Greeks at the siege of Troy, and as- sisted them against the Trojans. She is said to have been the first to discover oil? and the method of working in wool, and was therefore in - voked as the patroness of spinning, painting, embroidery, weaving, &c. The worship of Minerva prevailed over all Greece, and was also extensively cultivated in Italy. Her favourite city was Athens, where she had a splendid temple on the citadel, called the Parthe- non, in allusion to her celibacy ; and in Rome, her temple was under the same roof with that of Jupiter, on the Capitol (SeeCapitolium). Minerva is represented with a serious and thoughtful countenance, large and steady eyes, with her hair hanging in ringlets on her shoulders, a helmet on her head, a long tunic and mantle, and bearing on her breast, or on her arm, her aegis, with the head of the Gorgon on its centre. The owl among birds, and the olive among trees, were sacred to her. Minerva is frequently used to denote the various parts of female industry. Turhantes fesia in- tempestivd Minerva, profaning the festival by ill-timed industry, i. e. by weaving, iv. 1. 33. Penetrate signuni Phrygian Minerva, the statue of the Phrygian Minerva placed in the interior of her temple, i. e. the Palladium, q. v. xiii. 1. 337. Fatale aignum Mi' nerval, the fatal statue of Minerva, i. e. the Palladium, on which the fate of Troy depended, xiii. 1. 361.

Minyse, -aXMra, ni., the MinycB, a name given to the Argo- nauts, because, according to Hyginus, the mothers of most or of many of them were daughters of Minyas ; or because Alcimede, the mother of Jason, was a daughter of JMinyas. But the reason why this appellation was given to them has not been clearly ascertained. Miiiyce jam secabant fretum Pagasad pvppe, the

MIN 254 MOL

Argonauts were now cutting the sea in a ship from Pagasae, vii. 1. 1. See lason.

Minyas, -ae, m., Minyas, a king of Thessaly, whose daughter Alcimede was the mother of Jason ; also a son of Orchomenos, and father of Alcithoe, Leucouoe, and Arsippe, who from him were called Minyekles.

Minyeias, -adiS; /'., a daughter of Minyas. Minyeias Al- citho[', Alcithoi', the daughter of Minyas, iv. 1. 1.

Minyeldes, -um,/., the daughters of Minyas. The Miny- eides refused to recognise the divinity oif Bacchus, ridiculed his^ orgies, and were transformed by the god into bats. It is diflBcuU to determine who the Minyeides were, as the patron)Tnic is ap- plicable to the daughters, granddaughters, or even more remote descendants of Minyas. Under Minyas they have been stated to be his daiighters. They were three in number, and of these Ovid mentions two, Alcithoe and Leuconoe. The third is called by Plutarch, Aristippe, and by .lElian, Arsippe, a variation which has probably been occasioned by the carelessness of the copyists. Triplices Minyeides, the three daughters of Minyas, iv. 11. 10.

Minyeius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Minyas. Miny- eia proles, the offspring of Minyas, i. e. his three daughters, iv. 10. 1. See Minyeides.

Mithridates, -is, m., Mithridates, surnamed Euputer, and also the Great, was king of Pontus, a coimtry in the north-east of Asia Minor, and one of the most remarkable men of the age in which he lived. He was distinguished for his cruelty and bound- less ambition ; and suspecting that the retainers of his court had a design upon his life, he fortified his constitution against poison by drinking antidotes, which, according to the Laiin writers, rendered him invulnerable even by the most active poisons. His career was one of extraordmary success, attended by reverses not less signal. He is said to have conquered twenty-four nations, whose different languages he spoke with the same ease and fluency as his own. After proving one of the most formidable enemies which the Ro- mans at any period of their history encountered, he was obliged at last to yield to the superior power of Pompey, and finding himself deserted by his troops, he attempted to stab himself. FaiUng to accomplish his object, he requested a Gaul to repeat the blow, and died about B. c. 64.

^lithridateus, -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to Mithridates. Pontum tumentem Milhridateis nominibtis, Pontus proud of the name of Mithridates, xv. 9. 11.

Mnemcilides, -Uin, J"., the j\Inemonides, a name given to the Muses, as being the daughters of Mnemosyne, the goddess of mem.ory. Gr. Ace. -das. See Musse.

Molcssis, -idis,y., Molossis, a district in the south-east of

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F'pirus, having the Ambracius Sinus, the Gulf of Arta, on the south, Thessaly on the east, and Thesprotia on the north. In this country was the river Acheron (See Acheron), and Dodona, the most ancient oracle in Greece, and inferior in celebrity only to the shrine of Apollo at Delphi (See Jupiter). Molossis was famous for its dogs, which were called Molossi by the Romans.

Molossus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Molossis, Molos- sian. De Molossd gente, from the country of the Molossi, i. 6. 6i.

Molpcus (c?wj.), -ei, & -eos, m., i¥oZ/)eMs, one of the com- panions of Phineus (dws. ), who was wounded in the leg by Per- seus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda. He was a native of Chaonia. See Chaonia.

Morpheus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Morpheus, a son of the god Somnus, and god of dreams, deriving his name from the Greek word fio^tpri, form, from the phantastic images presented in dreams. He could assume only the human form, and could imitate with ex- actness the persons, gestures, and words of mankind. He was sent to Halcyone, at the request of Juno, in the form of her hus- band, to intimate to her his untimely death. Morpheus, along with Icelos and Phantasos, held the highest rank among the sons of Somnus, and were sent only to kings and generals. He is usually represented in a recumbent posture, crowned with poppies. Morphea artifcem simulator emque figura, Morpheus a skilful artist, and one who could assume any shape, xi. 10. 226. Gr, Ace. -ea. See Halcyone.

MulcTber, -eris, & -eri, m., Muldber, a surname given to Vulcan from mulceo, because fire softens iron and makes it ductile. Mulciber is represented by Ovid as the constructor of the palace of the sun, ii. 1. See Vulcanus.

Musae, -arum, f., the Muses, virgin-goddesses, who were sup- posed to preside over poetry, music, and all the liberal arts. Homer does not mention in the Iliad the number of the Muses. The opi- nion more generally received is that of Hesiod, who makes them nine, the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosvne, the goddess of memory. The names of the Muses are. Calliope, Clio, Melpo- mene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsichore, Urania, Thalia, and Polym- nia. Pieria in Macedonia is said to have been the birthplace of the Muses, and they received various names from mountains, grot- toes, and wells, chiefly in that country, and in Thessaly and Boeo- tia, such as Pimpla, Pindus, Helicon, Hippocrene, Aganippe, Libethrus, Parnassus, Castalia, and the Corycian cave. From these they received the names of Pimpliades, Heliconides, Hippo- crenides, Libethrides, &c. The Muses, like the other gods and goddesses, possessed the power of inflicting summary punishments upon those who insulted their divinity or attempted to encroach

MUT 25t> NAB

upon their prerogative. The Pierides, tho nins daughters of Pierus, proud of their number, challenged them to sing ; and the Muses, though unwilling to contend with singers so inferior, did not decline the contest. The Nymphs were chosen as judges. One of the Pierides sang the war of the gods and giants, and stu- diously exalted the giants and depressed the gods. Calliope was chosen by her sisters to rajjly, and sang the story of the rape of Proserpine, and of Ceres searching for her all over the world. The Nymphs decided in favour of the Aluses ; and when their advor.-;a- ries, dissatisfied at the award, vented their rage in abusive lan- guage, the goddesses exerted their divine power, and changed them into magpies (v. 5.). See also v. iv. See Pierides.

]Mutina, -ae, /"., Mutina, now ^Todena, a Roman colonial city in Cisalpine Gaul, often mentioned in history, and particularly during the stormy period which intervened between the death of Cassar and the reign of Augustus. Mutina was situated in a fertile plain, near the Scultenna, now the Panaro, one of the southern tributaries of the Po. It sustained a severe siege against the troops of Antony fa. c. 43. ). Decimus Brutus, who defeaded the place, being apprized of the approach of Hirtius and Pansa, by means of carrier pigeons, made an obstinate defence; and Antony, after being defeated in two battles by these generals, assisted by Octa- vianus, was forced to raise the siege. Maenia MutincB ohsesxoe auspiciis illius victa petent pacem, the city of Mutina, besieged under his auspices, being conquered, shall sue for peace — in allu- sion probably to the siege by Antony, and the general subjugation of Italy by Augustus, xv. 9. 78.

Mycale, -es,/",, Mycale, now Sanson, a chain of mountains in Lydia, a province in Asia Minor, which extends for some dis- tance along the right bank of the Maeander towards the east, and to the west runs out into the sea, opposite to the island of Samos. It was celebrated for the Panionium, or solemn assembly of the Ionian states, which was held in a temple situate at its foot ; and also for the great victory gained by the Greeks over the Persians (b. c. 479.), the same day that Mardoniiu was defeated at Platseae.

Mygdonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Mygdonia, Mygdonian, Thracian. See Melas.

Nabataea, ■•!E,J'., Nabatcea, a name given to the north-western portion of Arabia, which touched upon Egypt and Syria. Its ca- pital was Petra, from which the country is more commonly called Arabia Petraea. The principal tribe was the Nabataei, who are supposed to have derived their name from Nebaioth, the son of Ishmael. The Nabataei were a very powerful people, and acquired coRsiderable importance by transporting the merchandise of the southern country through their territory to the Mediterranean.

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Nabataeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or belongitig to Nabatcea, Na- batcean, eastern. Nabatcea regno, the country of Nabataea, i. e. Arabia, 1. 2. 30. NdbatcBus Etiiemon, Ethemon from Nabataea, i. e. ft-ora Arabia, v. 1. 106.

Naias, - adis, & -ados, JT, a Naid, used for any nymph, i. 13. 3.^

Naides, -um, /., the Naids, certain inferior deities, or water- nymphs, who presided over rivers, brooks, and springs. The ]N aides generally inhabited the country, and frequented the woods or meadows near the stream over which they presided, and were held in great veneration by the ancients. Their name appears to be derived from vanv, to flow. They are represented as young and beautiful virgins, each bearing an urn, from which flows a stream of water. Sacrifices of goats and lambs were offered to them, with libations of wine, honey, and oil. They sometimes received offer- ings of milk, fruit, and flowers. Naides is also applied to the daughters of the river- gods. Naides, the Naids, i. e. the other daughters of Inachus, i. 12. 18. Sorores Naides planxere, his sisters the Naids beat their breasts, i. e. the daughters of the Cephisus, iii. 6. 105.

Nais, -idis, & -idos, /., a Naid, or water-nymph, who in- habited an island in the Red Sea, and turned into fishes all those who approached her residence. She was herself turned into a fish by Apollo, iv. 1. 61^

Nape, -es, _/"., Forester, the name of one of Actseon's dogs.

Narcissus, -i, m., Narcissus, the son of the river Cephisus and the nymph Liriope. He was a youth of remarkable beauty, and the gods being consulted respecting the length of his life, re- plied that he would live until he should see himself, iii. 5. 10. He shghted many of the nymphs of the country who courted him, and caused Echo to pine away till she became a mere sound, by refusing to bestow upon her his affections (See Echo). Returning one day fatigued from the chase, he stopped to quench his thirst at a clear fountain, and seeing his shadow in the water, became so much ena- moured of it, that he languished and died. The gods, in compas- sion for his fate, changed him into a flower, which bears his name.

Naupliades, se, m., NaupUades, the son of Nauplius, a patronymic applied to Palamedes from his father NaupUus. Nau- pliades retexit commenta timidi aninii, the son of Nauplius, i. e. Palamedes, laid open the devices of his cowardly soul, xiii. 1. 38. See Palamedes.

Naxos, & Naxus, -i,/., Naxus, now Naxia, an island iii the Mgean Sea, the largest and most fertile of the Cyclades, lies to the south of Delos, and is about sixty miles in circumference. It was anciently called Dia, Dionysias, Strongyle, &c., and re- ceived the name by which it is most generally known from Naxus,

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Iha leader of a colony of Cariins, who settled there. Naxus was famous among the ancients for the excellence of its wine, which, modern traveller? state, still retains its pristine celebrity. The plains and valleys produce oil, cotton, silk, wheat, and barley, and the higher grounds afford pasture for cattle. Naxos was the favourite residence of Bacchus, and it was to this island that he requested to be conveyed when he was found asleep by the Tuscan pirates on the coast of Ceos, iii. 7. 126. The ruins of his temple are still visible on the south coast, and various relics attest the prevalence of his worship. Its modern inhabitants amount to 10,800, and are said to maintain the character of ^devoted votaries of Bacchus.

NebrophonOSj -i, m., KiU-buck, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Nephele, -es,^f., Nephele, the first wife of Athamas, king of Boeotia, and mother of Phryxus and Helle. She was divorced by her husband on pretence of being subject to fits of insanity, but really to enable him to marry Ino, the daughter of Cadmus. Ino became jealous of JN'ephele, and resolved to destroy her children, because, by their seniority, they were entitled to their father's throne in preference to her own. To save them from this cala- mity, Nephele procured from Neptune a celebrated ram, on whose back they effected their escape to Colchis. It was to obtain the fleece of this ram, that Jason and his companions undertook their famous expedition. See Athamas and lason.

Neptunus, -i, m.. Neptune, the god of the sea, was the son of Saturn and Ops, and the brother of Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. His mother, as soon as he was born, concealed him in a sheep-fold in Arcadia, and deceived his father by substituting a colt, which the voracious god devoiired instead of his son. When the kingdom of Satui'n was divided among his sons, the sea was assigned to Neptune as his portion ; but this being deemed by him not equiva- lent to the empire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter had reserved for himself, he formed a conspiracy with the other gods to dethrone his brother. The conspiracy, however, was detected, and Nep- tune was condemned to build the walls of Troy for Laomedon. In the same spirit of contention, he disputed with Minerva the honoiir of giving a name to the city which was built by Cecrops (See Minerva), and also for the honour of being worshipped at Troezene ; and with Apollo he had a dispute for possession of the isthmus of Corinth. Neptune married Amphitrite, by whom he had Triton (See Triton). By Phoenlce he had Proteus (diss.) (See Pro- teus); by Canace, Nereus (diss.); and by Thesea, Phorcys (See Phorcys). The worship of Neptune was established in almost every part of the ancient world, and the Libyans in particular re- garded him as the fir^t and greatest of the gods. The Greeks celebrated the Isthmian games in honour of him ; and among the

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Pomans, the Consualia were observed with thegrea-test solemnity. As god of the sea, Neptune enjoyed more power than any of the other ffods except Jupiter. He not only held the ocean, rivers, and fountains, under liis control, but could also cause earthquakes at his pleasure, and raise islands from the bottom of the sea with a stroke of his trident. Besides his residence on Olympus, Neptune had a splendid palace beneath the sea at .^gae, a small town on the east coast of Euboea. He is represented, like Jupiter, with a serene and majestic countenance, with a trident in his right hand, and a dolphin in his left, seated in a large shell drawn by sea-horses, and attended by the sea-gods, Palseraon, Glaucus, and Ptorcys, and the goddesses Thetis, Melita, and Panopsea, besides a long train of tritons and sea-nymphs. The bull and the horse were sa- crificed on his altars ; and the Roman soothsayers always offered to him the gall of the victims, which in taste resembles the bitter- ness of the sea-water.

Nereides, -um,/., the Nereids, sea-nymphs, the daughters of Nereus (diss.), and Doris. They were fifty in number, and their duty was to attend on the more powerful sea-deities, and to execute the orders of Neptune. The best-known of them are Amphitrite, Thetis, Galatea, Cymothoe, &c. The Nereids, like all other female deities, were conceived to be of a beautiful form, with a skin of delicate whiteness, and long flowing hair. They are represented sitting on dolphins, and holding Neptune's trident in their hands. Altars were erected to them on the seashore, where offerings of milk, oil, and honey, and sometimes the flesh of goats, were presented to them. Grave numen Nereidum, the enraged majesty of the Nereids, v. 1. 17.

NereiuSj -a,, -um, adj., of, or relating to Nereus, or the sea. Genitrix Nere'ia preescia venturi leti, his mother, i. e. Thetis, a daughter of Nereus, foreseeing the death that would be- fall him, xiii. 1. 162. See Thetis.

Nereus {diss.^, -ei, & -eOS, in.. Nereus, a sea-deity, the son of Pontus and Terra, who married Doris, and had by her fifty daughters, called Nereides (See Nereides). Nereus was distin- guished for his knowledge, and his love of truth and justice ; the gift of prophecy was also assigned to him. When Hercules went in quest of the apples of the Hesperides, he was directed by the nymph» to consult Nereus. He found the god asleep, and seized him. Nereus, on awaking, endeavoured to escape by changing himself into a variety of forms, but was obliged to instruct the hero how to proceed, before he would release him (See Hercules). He was generally represented as an old man, with a long beard, and hair of an azure colour. Nereus is often put for the sea : as, Quct Nereus circumsonat totum trbem, where the sea roars around the whole world, i. 6. 25.

Nestor, -oris, m., Nestor, the son of Neleus (diss.) and

ML 260 KIL

Chloris, and king of Pylos, a town on the west coast of Messenia, in the Peloponnesus. He early distinguished himself by his bra- very in the field, and participated in all the remarkable events of his time. He was present at tlie battle between the Centaurs and Lapithffi, which took place at the marriage of Pirithous, and also at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. As king of Pylos, he led his subjects to the Trojan war, where he acquired great celebrity by his eloquence, wisdom, justice, and uncommon prudence. His character, as drawn by Homer, is the most perfect of all his heroes. After the Trojan war, Nestor returned to Greece, where he en- joyed, in the basom of his family, the peace and tranquillity neces- sary for his advanced age. The time and manner of his death are unknown. He is said to have lived three ages, — a period which, by some, is computed at 300 years ; and by others, with greater probability, at ninety.

Nileus {diss.), -ei, & eos, m., Nileus, an .Slgyptian, who pretended to be the son of the river- god JS'ilus, and who bore on his shield a representation of that river. He was changed into stone by Perseus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda.

Nilus, -i, m., the Nile the river of Egypt, was the longest river with which the ancients were acquainted. It rises about 23 degrees south of the Mediterranean, from two sources, the more eastern of which, called by the ancients Astapus, now Bahr-el. Azergue, or the Blue River, was that visited by Bruce, the British traveller. The western branch, now called Bahr-el-Abiad, or the White River, is much more important, and, from its being the true Nile, preserved among the ancients the original name Nilus. Of the latter source, the ancients, like the moderns, knew but lit- tle ; and, from the proverbial expression, " NiU caput quaerere," which they used to express an impossible or difficult undertaking, they appear to have considered the discovery of it impracticable. Ptolemy says, that it rises in the Mountains of the Moon, a lofty chain which crosses the interior of Africa, from east to west ; and modern discoveries go far to confirm the truth of his conjecture. These two streams unite in Nubia, about the 18th degree of north latitude, and the river keeping a course nearly due north, loses itself in the Mediterranean. Its length may be estimated at 2,700 miles. The Nile, in ancient times, fell into the Mediterranean by seven mouths; (hence Nilus discretns inseptem ostia, the Nile di- vided into seven mouths, v. ,'. 31.) ; but of these two only now remain, the O.^tium Bolbitinum, whieh enters the sea near the modern town of Rosetta ; and the Ostium Phatniticum, which dis- charges its waters near Damietta. These two streams encompass 1 the celebrated Delta. Of the other five scarcely any distinct ves- tiges are now traceable. The most interesting phenomenon con- nected with the Nile is its annual inundation, upon which Egypt entirely depend' for its boasted fertility. The river begins to

NIN 2G1 JVUM

swell about the summer solstice, and continues gradually to rise till the autumnal equinox, when it overflows its banks and covers the whole valley. It remains stationary for some time, and then gra- dually subsides till towards the winter solstice, when it has again reached its ordinary level, which it maintains till the summer of the succeeding year. The cause of this inundation, which the ancients in vain endeavoured to discover by conjecture, has of late years been ascertained to arise from the rains which fall in the tro - pical regions from June to September. When the inundation has retired, the whole soil is found covered with a thick black slime, in which the principles of vegetation are fully contained, and to which Ovid alludes, i. 9. 10., &c. The average i-ise of the Nile was, in ancient times, and still is, sixteen cubits, or twenty-four feet. Septemfluus Nilus, the seven-streamed Nile, i. e. which divides itself into seven mouths, i. 9. 8. Nile, restabas ultimns immenso lahori, you, O Nile, remained as the farthest boundary of her long wandering, i. 13. 40. Nilus fugit perterritus in extremum orhem, the Nile tied in alarm to the most remote part of the world, ii. 1. 254. Perseptemfluajiuminapapyriferi Nili, through the seven streams of the Nile which produces the papyrus, xv. 9. 9. See jEgyptus.

Ninus, -i, m., Ninus, the son of Belus, who built the city Nineveh, and founded the Assyrian monarchy, about b. c. 2059. He extended his conquests from Egypt to the extremities of India and Bactriana, and reigned 62 years. He is probably the same with Ninus, the son of Nimrod, who enlarged and beautified the city Babylon, and who was succeeded in the government by his wife Semiramis. See Babylon.

Noemon, -onis, m., Noemon, one of the companions of Sar- pedon, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr. Ace. -ona.

Nonacrinus, -a, -um, adj. of, or relating to Nonacris,SL dis- trict and town (now Naukria) of Arcadia, Arcadian. Inter Hama- dryadas Nonacrinas, among the Hamadryads of Nonacris, i. e. the Arcadian Nymphs, i. 13. 2.

Notus, -i, m.. the south wind, wliich is represented by the ancients as exceedingly stormy, and as producmg violent rains. Jupiter employed this wind when he resolved to bring the deluge upon the earth, i. 7. 21. Notus denotes the same wind as Auster,

<7. V.

Numidae, -arunij m., the inhabitants of Numu'lia, the Nu- midiuns.

Numidia, -ae, /"., Numidia, a country in the north of Africa, comprehending the modern province of Algiers, and the south-' western part of Tunis. The Numidians were a hardy and athletic race of warriors, and remarkable for the practice of attacking their enemies by night ; they rode without either saddle or bridle. Nu-

.VYC 2G2 02 B A

inidia was the kingdom of ^Masinissa, Jugurtha, and tlie elder and youns^er Juba. See Juba.

Nyctelius, -ii, m., Nyctelius, a surname applied to Bacchus, because his orgies were celebrated by night. The name is derived from vv%, night, and ri\ieo, I accomplish.

Nympha,. -as, & Nymphe, -es, f., a nymph, a young wo- man. The nymphcc were certain female deities, who were sup- posed to c-njoy longevity, but not to be immortal. They were divided into two classes, the Nymphs of the land and the Nymphs of the sea. The nymphs of the land were the Oreades, who pre- sided over mountains ; the N'apacB, who presided over valleys ; the Dryades and the Hamad/ yades (q. v. ), who presided over forests and groves. The sea-nymphs were the Oceanitidcs, or nymphs of the ocean; the Nereides ((/. v.), or nymphs of the sea; the Naides {q. v. ), or nymphs of the fountains ; and the LimtiiSdes, or nymphs of the lakes. The nymphs were worshipped by the an- cients, but not with the same solemnity as the superior deities. They had no temples, and the only offerings presented to them were milk, honey, and oil, and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. They are represented as young and beautiful virgins.

Nyseus {dins.), -ei, & -eos, m., Nyseus, a surname given to Bacchus from Nysa, a town or mountain in India, where he is said to have been brought up and educated. See Bacchus.

O.

Odltes. -ae, ???., Odites, one of the chiefs of the Cephenes, who was killed by Clymenus, at the marriage of Perseus (diss. ) and Andromeda. Odites was next in rank to the king. Odites primus Cephennm post regem, Odites, first of the iEthiopians, and next to the king in rank, v. ). 82. See Cephenes.

CEagrius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to (Eagrus, a king of Thrace, who, by some mythologists, is said to have been the fa- ther of Orpheus {diss.) ; hence Thracian ; relating to Orpheus, Orphean. Hcemus nondum CEagrius, Haemus not yet celebrated on account of the death of Orpheus, or, not yet under the govern- ment of (Eagrus, ii. 1. 219.

(Ebalius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to (Ebalus, a king of Sparta, or Lacedaemon, and the father of Hyacinthus ; hence Spartan, Lacedamonian. Hyacinthus was a youth of extraordi- nary beauty, and was at the same time the favourite of Apollo and Zephyrus, the latter of whom he incensed by his coldness and indifference. Zephyrus resolved to punish his rival, and accord- ingly, when Apollo and his favourite were playing at quoits, he blew the quoit, as soon as it had been thrown by Hyacinthus, back upon his head, and killed him by the blow. Apollo changed him after death into a flower of the same name, on which jT

CKTA 263 OLY

was inscribed the interjection a/, expressive of his sorrow. A si- milar honour was conferred upon Ajax, xiii. 1. 398. From CEba- lus, Sparta obtained the name of (Ebalia. Qui priusinattis-fuerat de CEbalio vulnere, which had formerly sprung from the wound of the Spartan youth, i. e. Hyacinthus, the son of CEbalus, xiii. 1. 396. See Ajax.

OEta, -ae, & (Etc, -es, m., &/., (Eta, now Katavothra Vouno, a range of mountains in the south of Thessaly, bordering on Doris, Phocis, and the Opuntian Locrians, so lofty that the ancients feigned that the sun, moon, and stars set behind it. Here Hercules, unable to endure the pain inflicted by Dejanira's poisoned tunic, is said to have erected a large funeral- pile, on which his mortal parts were consumed (See Hercules). (Eta was a spur of Pindus, and extended eastward to the Malaic Gulf, and the celebrated defile of Therraopyla;.

CEtseus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Mount (Eta, CEta- an, and because the chain of CEta was in the south of Thessaly, Thessalian. Phocis separat Aonios ah CEtceis arvis, Phocis se- parates the Aonians, i. e. the Boeotians, from the ffitaean fields, i. e. from Thessaly, i. 8. 1.

OleniuS: -a, -um, adj.., of , or relating to OZewM.T, a city in the south-west of ^Etoha, Olenian. AmalthKa, the goat which is said to have suckled Jupiter while in the Dictsean cave in Crete, ' was kept for some time at Olenos; hence the epithet Olenia is applied by Ovid to the constellation of the goat, into which Am- althaea was changed by Jupiter. Pluviale sidus Olenia capella, the rainy constellation of the Olenian goat, i. e. of Amalthsea, iii. 7. 84.

Olympus, -i, m., Oli/mpvs, now Elymho, a lofty mountain in the north of Thessaly, forming the eastern extremity of the Cambunian range, which separated that country from Macedonia. Olympus was famous in Grecian mythology from the fable of the giants, who attempted to reach heaven by piling Pelion and Ossa upon it (See Gigas) ; and was supposed by the ancients to be so lofty as to exceed the flight of birds, and to touch the heavens with its summit ; hence they made it the court of Jupiter and the resi- dence of the gods. The calmness and serenity which reigned on its summit were never broken, neither clouds nor wind ever interrupted the perpetual spring. Modern travellers dwell with admiration on the colossal magnificence of Olympus, which seems to rise at once from the sea, and to hide its snowy head among the clouds. The oak, the beech, and the plane-tree, are seen in great abundance along the base and skirts of the mountain ; and towards the sum- mit of the first ridge forests of pine spread themselves along the acclivities, still preserving that character which is so often alluded to by the ancient poets. The top, which reaches an elevation of

OPH 264 ORO

6250 feet, is covered with snow during nearly the whole year. Olympus is very often used to signify heaven: as, Delahor snmmo Olympo, I descend from the top of Olympus, i. e. from heaven, i. 6. 50. Rector vasti Olympi quoque, the king of the vast Olym- pus even, i. e. Jupiter, the king cf heaven, ii. 1 . 60.

Opheltes, -fe, m., Ophehes, the chief of the crew of Tuscan pirates, who seized Bacchus when asleep on the coast of the island of Ceo£, and when carrying him off were changed by the god into dolphins.

Oresitrophos. -i, m., Mountain-reared, or Rover, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Oresitrophos lutsit in armo. Rover fixed upon his shoulder, iii. 2. 103.

Oribasus. -i, m.. Mountain-ranger, the name of one of -Ac- taeon's dogs.

Orion, -onis, & -onis, m., Orion, a celebrated giant who sprung from the urme of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. Accord- ing to the fable, these three gods, while travelling in Bsotia, were hospitably entertained by Hyrieus (<rii. \ a peasant of the country, who, on discovering their divinity, welcomed them with the volun- tary sacrifice of an ox. The gods, pleased with his piety, promised to grant him whatever he should ask, and the old man, who had lately lost his wife, and had come under a promise to her not to marry again, requested, that, as he was childless, he might have a son without a second marriage. The gods consented, and ordered him to bury in the earth the skin of the ox he had sacrificed, into which they had all three made water. At the end of nine months, Hyrieus dug up the skin, and found it to contain a beautiful child, whom he named Urion, as indicative of his origin. Orion attained a gigantic stature, and soon acquired great fame. He was rendered blind by CEnopion, king of Chios, whose daughter he sought in mai'riage, but recovered his sight by visiting the temple of the sun. He was taken by Diana as one of her companions, and was killed by the bite of a scorpion, sent by Tellus to punish him for his pride. According to others, he was killed by the arrows of Diana for of- fering violence to one of her nymphs ; or, as Horace says, to the goddess herself. After his death he was changed into a constella- tion. Xilidum ensem Orionis, the bright sword of Orion, — the constellation of Orion consisted of seventeen stars, and was sup- posed to resemble a man holding a sword, xiii. 1. 294.

Orontes, -ae, & -is, m-, the Or antes, now the Aaszy, a river in Syria, which rises in the angle formed by Mount Libanus. and Anti- Libanus and after a northerly course of 225 miles, enters the Mediterranean, opposite to the island of Cyprus. It is said to have been formerly called Tj'phon, from a giant of that name, who being struck by the thunderbolts of Jupiter, sought refuge under the fiarth, which caused the bursting forth of the river. It was also

ORP 265 • PAD

called Axius by the Greeks. The Orontes is a large and rapid river in winter, but a very small stream in summer.

Orphne, -es, f., Orphne (darkness), a nymph of the infernal regions, and mother of Ascalaphus by Acheron.

Ortygia, -se,/., Ortygia, a small island in the Bay of Syra- cuse, on which the Corinthian colony under Archias first settled, B. c. 732, when they founded Syracuse. It afterwards formed one of the four parts of that great city. In this island was the cele- brated fountain Arethiisa. See Syracusae and Arethusa.

Ortygius, -a, -urns (^dj- ■> Ortygian, of, or relaiing to Orly- gia, one of the ancient names of Delos, the island on which Apollo and Diana were born. Colehat Ortygiam deam studiis ipsdque virginitate, she imitated the Ortygian goddess, i. e. Diana, in her pursuits (hunting, &c.), and even in her virginity, i. 13. 6. See Delos, Apollo, and Diana.

0?sa, -ae, /., sometimes m., Osaa, now Kissovo, a lofty mountain in Thessaly, on the right bank of the Peneus, which extends along the coast of Magnesia. Ossa was supposed to have been once joined to Olympus, but to have been separated from it by an earthquake, which, according to the fabulous account, hap- pened about B. c. 1885. Between these two mountains lay the famous vale of Tempe, Around Ossa was the residence of the Lapithae. See (Jlympus and Tempe.

Othrys, -yos, m., Othrys, now known by the names oi Hd- lovo and Gura, a range of mountains in Thessaly, which, branch- ing off from the chain of Pindus, closed the great plain of Thessaljr to the south, and divided the waters which flowed northwards into the Peneus, from those received by the Sperchius. This moun- tain is celebrated in antiquity as the residence of the Centaurs.

P.

Pachynum, -i, n., & Pachynus, -i, /., Pachynwn, now Cape Passaro, a promontory at the south-eastern corner of Sicily, under which, according to Ovid, the left hand of the giant Typh5- eus {tris.) was buried by Jupiter. Lava (subjecta est) tibi, Pachyne, his left hand was placed under you, Pachynum, v. 6. 11 .

PaduSj -i, m., the Po, called anciently Eridanus and Bodincus, the largest river in Italy, rises in Mount Viso, in the range of the Maritime Alps, flows eastward through the great plain of Lom- bardy, and after a course of 370 miles, enters the Hadriatic by seven mouths, about thirty miles south of Venice. It receives in its course the waters of more than thirty rivers from the Alps and Apennines, and is navigable for nearly 250 miles from its mouth. The Po is famous as the scene of Phaethon's death, and the meta- morphosis of his sisters into poplar trees. Its sands were said to be mixed with gold dust, and were therefore carefully examined by the natives. See Phaethon and Eridanus.

Z

PiEA • 266 PAL

Pa?an, -anis, m., Paan (a phydcian), a name given to Apollo

as pod of physic.

Paeones, -um. ni., the Paonef, or Paonians, the inhabitants of Paeonia, a name which appears to have included the greater part of Macedonia, and even a considerable portion of what is more properly called Thrace ; extending along the coast of the JEgein Sea as far as the Euxine. It was more strictly applied to the northern part of that country, in the neighbourhood of Mount Scardus, and towards the borders of Illyria. Nirosos Pceonas, the snowy i a;o- nians, i.e. the Paeonians inhabiting the lofty mountains, v. 5. 20. Paeonis, -Idis,. adj., of, or relating to Paoniu; also a Pceo- nian woman. Euippe Paonis, Euippe from Peeonia, a Paeonian woman, v. 5. 10. See Paeones.

Pagasa, -ee, & Pagasae, -aruin, J"., PagastB, now known as the Castle of Volo, a town in the south-east of Thessaly, situate near the north-east corner of the Pagasaeus Sinus, the Gulf of Volo, from which the Gulf received its ancient name. Here the ship .Argo was built, and from this harbour the Argonauts set sail for Colchis. See lason.

Pagasseus, -a, -Uin, adj., of or relating to Pagasa, Pagas- a-an. Intravit Colcha litora Pagasced carina, entered the shores of Colchis in a Pagassean ship, i. e. sailed with Jason in the Argo- uautic expedition, xiii. 1. 24. See vii. 1. 1.

Palsemon, -onis. m., Palcemon, a sea-deity. His original name wa.s JNIelicerta, but he assumed the name of Palaemon when he was changed into a god by Neptune. Dixit Deum Palaemona cum matre Leucothee, called him the god Palaemon, and his mo- ther the goddess Leucothee, iv. 11. 127. Gr. Ace. -ona. See Melicerta.

Palaestlna, se.f., Palestine, or the Holy [.and, a country in Asia, which derived its name from the Philistaei, or Philistines, who inhabited the coast. It was bounded on the north by Phoe- nicia and Syria, on the east and south by Arabia, and on the west by the Mediterranean. This country possesses a sacred interest as the promised inheritance of the seed of Abraham, and as the scene of the birth, sufferings, and death of our blessed Saviour. At the time of the events recorded in the iS'ew Testament Palaestlna was divided into five principal parts, — Galilaea, Samaria, and Judaea, on the west of the Jordan ; and fiatanaea or Bashan, and Persa, on the east. The fertility is described by Moses in the most glow- ing terms, and the small portions of the country which are now under cultivation bear ample testimony to its great natural re • sources. Palaestlna, in later times, formed a part of the province of Syria, and is used by Ovid to denote that country.

Palaestini, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Palestine, the Sy- rians, iv. I. 46. See Palaestlna

PAL 267 PAI

Palaniecles, -is, m., Palamedes, a Grecian chief, the son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, and Clymene. He was sent by the Grecian princes to bring Ulysses to the camp, when the crafty king attempted to avoid going to the Trojan war by pretending insanity, and imposed on his friends by often yoking different animals to the plough, and sowing suit instead of barley. Palamedes soon dis- covered the cheat. He found that his only reason for pretending insanity was his unwillingness to be separated from Penelope, whom he had lately married ; and to put the truth of his suspicion to the test, he took Telemachus, whom Penelope had recently born, and laid him before his father's plough. Ulysses turned the plough in a different direction to avoid his child, and having thus shown that he was not insane, was obliged to drop the disguise, and to join his countrymen in their expedition against Troy (xiii. 1. 39.). He resolved, however, to be revenged on Palamedes, and embraced every opportunity to thwart and distress him. When all other means failed, he bribed one of his servants to dig a hole in his master's tent (xiii. 1 . 60.), and there conceal a large sum of money furnished by himself. He afterwards forged a letter from Priam to Palamedes, in which the king urged him to deliver the Grecian army into his hands, in fulfilment of the terms agreed to when he received the money. This letter, by another stratagem of Ulysses, came into the hands of the Grecian chiefs, and Palamedes was summoned before them : his solemn protestations of innocence were in vain, the money was discovered in his tent, and the accusation was supposed to be thereby proved. He was accordingly found guilty, and stoned to death. Palamedes is said to have completed the Greek alphabet of Cadmus ; and to him is likewise ascribed the invention of dice and backgammon, and the introduction of some important improvements in the art of war. Gr. Ace. -en. See Ulysses.

Palatium, -ii, n., a palace, the residence of a monarch or prince. The term palatium is said to have derived its origin from the Mons Palatinus, the Palatine Alount, where Evander resided when .lEneas landed in Italy, and on which Romiilus founded the city Rome. Here Augustus had his house, and also the succeed- ing emperors. From this circumstance Palatium came to signify the residence of the emperor, and is applied by Ovid to the palace of Jupiter. Palatia magni cceli, the palace of great heaven, i. 6. 14.

Palici, -orum, 7n., the Palici, twin-brothers, and the sons of Jupiter by the nymph Thalia, or, according to jEschylus, by jEtna. The-nymph having become pregnant by Jupiter, is said to have implored his protection against the resentment of Juno, and to have been, at her own request, concealed by the god in the bowels of the earth. When the time of her delivery arrived, the earth opened and gave birth to two children, who received the name Palici, from the Greek words raX/v rixun, because they re-

V.\L 268 PAL

turned to the light of i)ay . They afterwards received divine honours Irom the Sicilians, and had several lakes or pools of great depth which were considered sacred to them. At the town of Palica, now Palagonia, on a cognominal lake, in the south-east division of the island, they had a temple and an oracle, which was consulted on great emergencies, and rendered the truest and most unequivo- cal answers. It was usual for those who had controversies or quarrels to decide, to swear by this lake, and those who violated their oath were immediately punished in a supernatural manner, while those whose oaths were sincere departed unhurt. From the circumstance of some of the Sicilian lakes being sacred to the Pa- lici, Ovid uses Stagna Palicorum for the lakes of Sicily generally. Stuffna Palicorum olentia sulftire, ferventia ruptd terra, the pools of the Palici, i. e. the lakes of Sicily, smelling of sulphur, and boiling up where the earth had burst open, v. 6. 65.

Palladium, -ii, n., the Palladium, an image or statue of Pallas at Troy, which was said to have fallen from heaven in the reign of llus, the grandfather of Priam. Ilus, after building the city which he had been ordered by the oracle to found, prayed to Ju- piter to give him a sign, and the following day found the Palladium lying before his tent. The image was three cubits, or, according to some, three ells long, with its legs joined, holding in one hand an elevated spear, and in the other a distaff and spindle. This miraculous event excited great surprise among the inhabitants, and on consulting the oracle of Apollo, they were informed that the city should remain uninjured so long as it contained the sacred symbol. It was accordingly preserved with the greatest care in the temple of Minerva, on the citadel. The ancient writers give different accounts of the materials of which the Palladium was made, but agree as to the fact, that on it depended the preservation of Troy- Of this the Greeks, during the Trojan war, were well aware, and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it (siii. 1. 99. and 345.). They effected their object, it is said, by the assistance of Helenus, who betrayed his country in revenge for an injury which he believed was done to him, when Helen, on the death of Paris, was given in marriage to his brother De'iphobus in preference to himself (See Helenus). Some authors, however, maintain that the true Palladium was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only one of the statues of similar shape and size, which had been placed near it to deceive any sacri- legioiis persons who might attempt to steal it. According to them the Palladium was safely conveyed from Troy to Italy by ^neas, and was preserved by the Romans with the greatest veneration in the temple of Vesta. On it was supposed to depend the destiny of Rome, and several others were made exactly like it to prevent it from being stolen. See Vesta.

Pallantias. -adis. /., the daughter of Pallas, a name given

PAL 269 PAN

to Aurora, who, by some mythologists, was said to be the daughter of Pallas. This patronyinic probably denotes the cousin or relation of Pallas, Hyperion the father of Aurora, and Crius the father of Pallas, being brothers, the sons of Crelus and Terra. Quum Pallantias prcevia luci inficit orbem tradendum Phabo, when the daughter, or cousin of Pallas, i. e. Aurora, who precedes the light, tinges the world which she is to deliver up to Phoebus, xv. 2. 131.

Pallas, - adis, & -ados,/., Pallas, a name given to JNIinerva as the goddess of war. This name, which is very often employed by the poets, is probably derived from the Greek ^raXXw, 1 brandish a spear ; or from waXXa|, a maiden, in allusion to the promise of celibacy which the goddess obtained from her father (v. 6. 35.}. Cum rapid Pallade, and the stealing of the Palladium, xiii. 1. 99. Gr. Ace. -ada. See Minerva and Palladium.

PamphagUS, -i, m., Glutton, the name of one of Actseon's dogs.

Pan, Pailis, m., Pan, was the god of the mountains, of shepherds, and of cattle. The parentage of this god is much dis- puted by mythologists. He is said to be the son of Mercury and the nymph Dryops, of Jupiter and Thymbris, and of Mercury and Penelope, whose love he gained under the form of a goat, as she was tending, in her youth, the flocks of her father on Mount Taygetus. The worship of this god seems to have been at first confined to Arcadia, where he gave oracles on Mount Lycaeus, but was afterwards extended over the rest of Greece. His festivals, called by the Greeks Lycaea, were brought into Italy by Evander, and were celebrated at Rome under the name of Lupercalia. Pan is said to have taught Apollo the art of prophecy, and to have been the inventor of the pipe consisting of seven reeds, which he called Syrinx, in honour of a beautiful nymph of the same name to whom he offered violence, and who was changed into a reed (See Sy- rinx). The worship of Pan is supposed to have been introduced from Egypt, where he was held in the greatest veneration. The ancients had two modes of representing this god. By some artists he was represented with horns, with a ruddy face, a flat nose, his legs and thighs rough with hair, and having the taU and feet of a goat. By others he is portrayed as a young man with short horns on his forehead, bearing his crook and his syrinx, and is either naked or clad in a light cloak.

PanopCj -es,/, Panope, now Agios Blasios, a town of Pho- cis, in Greece. Arva Panopes, the fields of Panope, iii. 1. 19.

Panthoides, -se, ni., the son of Punthous, a patronymic ap- pUed to Euphorbus ; and also to Pythagoras, who, in proof of his doctrine of the transmigration of souls, pretended that his soul had animated the body of Euphorbus. See Euphorbus and Py- thagoras.

z2

PAN 270 PAR

PanlhoUS, -i, m., Panthous, a son of Othrys, who was the father of Euphorbus, and priest of Apollo in the citadel of Troy.

Pares, -arum,/., the Parca, or Fates, powerful goddesses who were believed to preside over the life and death of mankind. They were thi-ee in number, Clutho, Lachesis, and Atropos, and were the daughters of Erebus and Nox, or of Jupiter and Themis. Their Roman names were Nona, Decinia, and ^lorta. The Fates were invested with unlimited power, and even Jupiter himself could not annul or modify their decrees. As the arbiters of life and death, they divided out to men whatever good or evil befell them in the world, which they were believed to do by spinning. When they intended a long or happy life to any man, they were supposed to spin a white thread, and if the contrary, a black one. Clotho held the distaff, Lachesis spun the thread, and .\tropos cut it. These offices are well expressed in the foUovving verse : —

Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat.

The worship of the Fates prevailed extensively over Greece and Italy, and resembled that of the Furies ( See Erinnys). They were represented as three old women, with chaplets made of wool, and were covered with a white robe. One of them held a distaff, another a spindle, and the third was armed with scissors. The number was probably suggested by the past, the present, and the future, which, according to Apuleius, they were said to denote.

Paris, -idis, m., Paris, called also ^/exander, one of the sons of Priam and Hecuba. His mother, during her pregnancy, dreamed that she had given birth to a torch, and the soothsayers, on being consulted, declared that the future child would prove the destruc- tion of his countrj^ To prevent the evil which this prediction threatened, Priam ordered one of his slaves to destroy the child as soon as he was born. The slave, at the request of Hecuba, exposed him on Mount Ida, where he was kindly treated by the shepherds, and reared by them as one of their own sons. Paris, though educated among shepherds, gave early proofs of courage and intre- piditv, and by his prudence and discretion, acquired ^reat celebrity in settling disputes. He was frequently called upon to act as judge, and was appointed by the gods to decide the famous dispute between Juno, Venus, and ^linerva, respecting the golden apple (See Peleus). The goddesses accordingly appeared before him, each anxious to obtain the prize. Juno promised him a kingdom, Minerva wisdom, and Venus the most beautiful woman of her day. The youthful shepherd decided in favour of the goddess of love, and thereby brought the resentment of her competitors upon his family and country. By the skill which he displayed in manly exercises, he afterwards attracted the notice of Priam, and being recognised as his son, was acknowledged as one of the princes of Troy. On pretence of redeeming his aunt Hesione whom Hercules (See Her-

PAR 271 PEG

cules) had given in marriage to Telamoii, he equipped a fleet, and sailing from Troy, landed at Sparta, where he was hospitably en- tertained by Menelaus (See Menelaus). The real object of bis voyage was to get possession of Helen, whom Venus had promised to him, and, in the absence of her husband, who was obliged to go to Crete, Paris prevailed upon her to elope with him, and brought her to Troy. During the siege of Troy by the Greeks, which fol- lowed soon after, Paris displayed but little courage, and would have fallen in single combat with Menelaus, had not Venus inter- fered and rescued him from his antagonist. He killed Achilles in the temple of Apollo, where the Grecian hero had gone to receive the hand of his sister Polyxena, and is said to have himself fallen by the hand of Pyrrhus or Philoctetes. Gr. Ace. -in.

Parius, -a, -um, (idj., of, or relating to Pares, Parian. Pa- res, now Faro, is an island in the »^gean Sea, one of the Cyclades, and highly celebrated for its excellent marble. The Parian marble is of a beautiful white colour, hardens by exposure to the atmosphere, and consequently possesses the power cf resisting decomposition through a series of ages. Ut signuia fonnatum e Pario marmore, hke a statue made of Parian marble, iii. 6. 18.

Parnassius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relatiiig to Parnassus. Parnassia Themis, Themis who dwelt on Mount Parnassus, iv. 13. 40. Petehamus Parnasnia tenipla, we were makmg for the temples (of Apollo and Bacchus) on Mount Parnassus, v. 4. 29.

Parnassus, -i, ra., Parnassus, now Lyakoura, a mountain in Phocis, which extends from the country of the Locri Ozolae in a north-easterly direction through Phocis, and joins the chain of CEta. Parnassus is the highest mountain in central Greece, and is covered with snow during the greater part of the year. This mountain has attained a high degree of classic celebrity in con- nexion with the oracle of Apollo, and the worship of the Muses. Parnassus was remarkable for its two summits (hence called Biceps Parnassus, the two-topped Parnassus, ii. 1. 221.), the one of which was sacred to Apollo and Diana^ and the other to Bacchus. From these elevated crags the Delphians hurled culprits and sacri- legious criminals, and in this manner the unfortunate jEsop was barbarously murdered. In this mountain was the Corycian cave (See Corycium), the Castalian fount descended from the chasm be- tween the two summits (See Castalius), and on the southern side, towards its base, was situate the celebrated city of Delphi. Hi mons dunbus verticibus arduus petit astra, nomine Parnassus, there a mountain with two tops rises aloft towards the stars, by name Parnassus, i. 8. 4. Umbrosd arce Parnassi, on the shady top of Parnassus, i. 10. 16. See Delphi.

Patara and Patarasus. See page 324.

Pegasus, -i, m., Pegasus, a winged horse or monster, said to have been the son of Neptune and Medusa, or to have sprang.

PEL 272 PEL

along with his brother Clirysaor, from the blood of the Gorgon, when her head was cut off by Perseus (diss.). According to Hesiod, he received his name from being born near the sources {■Tfiyai) of the sea. He was caught by Bellerophon while drinking at the fountain Pirene in Corinth, and, by the stroke of his hoof, produced the fountain on Mount Helicon, called Hippocrene. He became the favourite horse of the Muses, and was used by Belle- rophon in conquering the Chiraaera. Bellerophon afterwards at- tempted to fly to heaven on his winged steed, but being thrown down, Pegasus continued his flight, and was placed by Jupiter among the constellations. Gr. Ace. -on.

Pelasgi, -orum, m., the Pelasgi, an Asiatic race who, at a very early period, established themselves in Greece, subsequently in Italy, and probably in other parts of Europe. From the nume- rous settlements which they formed in Greece, the inhabitants of that country are often, by the Latin poets, called Pelasgi. From them, too, the Peloponnesus was called Pelasgia, and a district of Thessaly, Pelasgiotis.

PelasgUS, -a, -um, udj., of, or relating to the Pelasgi, Pe- lasgian, Grecian

Peleus {diss.), -ei,& -eOS, m., Peleus, the son of .^acus and Endeis, and the grandson of Jupiter. Having been accessory, along svith Telamon, to the mtirder of his brother Phocus, he re- tired, according to Ovid, to the court of Ceyx, king of Trachis, in Thessaly, and after being purified of his murder, married Thetis, one of the Nereids, by whom he had Achilles, who was called after his father, Pelldes. The nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were celebrated with the greatest solemnity, and were attended by all the gods and goddesses, who made each of them very valuable presents. The goddess of Discord was the only one of t^e deities who had not been honoured with an invitation, and punished the neglect by throwing into the midst of the assembly a golden apple, with the inscription Detur pulchriori. This apple afterwards excited the rivalry of Juno, Mmerva, and Venus. See Paris.

Pelias^ -adis, adj., of, or relating to Mount Pelion. Pelicui hasta, the spear cut from Mount Pelion, i. e. the spear of Achilles, xiii. 1. 109.

Pelion, -ii, «., Pelion, now Plesnid, a chain of mountains on the south-east coast of Thessaly, whose principal summit rises be- hind lolcos and Ormenium, and extends from the southern extre- mity of the lake Boebeis, where it unites with one of the ramifica- tions of Ossa, to the extreme promontory of Magnesia. Pelion is famous in the wars of the gods and giants (See Olympus), and as the ancient abode of the Centaurs, before they were expelled by the Laplthse. The cave of the celebrated Chiron occupied the highest point of the mountain. Pelion, like the other mountains of Thessaly, is covered with forests of pine, oak, chesn\it, and

PEL 27;3 PEN

bci^ch, and produced the huge spear of Achilles, and the timber of which the ship Argo was built. Excussit Pelion Ossa: subjecto, threw dowu Pelion from Ossa, which was placed under it, i. 5. 5. Pella, -se, /., Pella, now AUahkilisavi, one of the most ancit-nt and celebrated cities of jMacedonia, was situate on a lake formed by the river Ludias, 120 stadia from its mouth. Pella was the birth- place of Philip and his son Alexander the Great, and from their time was the constant residence of the kings of Macedonia. Under the Romans, Pella was made the chief city of the third region of Macedonia.

Pellaeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or reJatmg to Pella, Pellccnn. Dives Pieros genuit has in Pellais arvis, rich Pieros begot them in the fields of Pella, i. e. in Macedonia, v. 5. 9.

Pelorus, -i, to., & Pelorum^ -i, n., Pelorum, now Cape Pe- loro, or Faro, one of the three great promontories of Sicily, and forming the north-east corner of the island, said , to have received its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which conveyed Han- nibal from Italy, whom he murdered there, under the impression that he had been deceived by him. On this cape was a celebrated temple of Neptune, and under it, according to Ovid, the right hand of the giant .Typhoeus (tris.) was buried when he was killed by the thun. derbolts of Jupiter. See Typhoeus.

Penates^ -um, & -ium, m., the Penates, certain inferior deities among the Romans, who presided over houses and the do- mestic affairs of families, and were supposed to be the dispensers of wealth and prosperity. Every master of a family was at liberty to choose his Penates, and accordingly Jupiter and the other supe- rior gods were often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. The Penates were either public, as presiding over a country or city, or private as presiding over a particular family. Their images were made of wax, ivory, or silver, according to the affluence of the worshipper, and were kept in the innermost part of the house, which was called penetralia, and offerings of wine, incense, and fruits, were there presented to them. The Penates were of divine origin, and differed in this respect from the Lares, who were human. Penates is frequently used to denote a house, i. 6. 12.

Peneis, -idos, /., the daughter of the Peneus, a patronymic ap- plied to Daphne, who was changed into a laurel to escape from the pursuit of Apollo. Deus fixit hoc in nymphd Peneide, the god fixed the latter in the nymph, the daughter of the Peneus, i. 10. 21. Nympha, Pene'i, O nymph, daughter of the Peneus, i. 10. 62. Voc. -e'i.

Peneis, -idos, adj., uf, or relating to the Peneus. Spectans

Penexdas undas, looking upon the waters of the Peneus, i. 10. 93.

Peneius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the Peneus.

PEN 274 PEN

Daphne Penei'a (fuit) primus amor Phcebi, Daphne the daughter of the Peneus was the first love of Phcebus, i. 10. 1. Pene'ia (puella), the daughter of the Peneus, i. e. Daphne, i. 10. 74.

Peneus, & Peneos, -i, m.,the Peneus, now the Salembria, a river of Thessaly which rises in Blount Pindus near the sources of the Achelous, and after a winding course of 1 10 miles through the middle of the great Thessalian plain, during which it receives the waters of several tributaries, empties itself into the AigeAn Sea a Uttle below Tempe. The Peneus is celebrated for the fable of Daphne, who is said to have been changed into a laurel on its banks when pursued by Apollo, a tradition arising from the great number of laurels which grow near the river. The plain of Thessaly is supposed to have been originally a lake, till an earthquake separated Ossa from Olympus, opened an outlet for the Peneus, and formed the beautiful vale of Tempe. This tradition was preserved in the name Arases (from aox<r7w, I strike), which is also given to the Peneus. Ovid describes the Pen .us as flowing through the vale of Tempe with great rapidity, dashing from rock to rock, covering the trees on its banks with spray, and stunning the neighbourhood with its noise ; while modern travellers represent it as a smooth and tranquil stream. See Hsmonia and Tempe.

Pentheus {diss.), -ei, & -eos. ??z., Pentheus, a king of Thebes, the son of Echion and Agave, and grandson of Cadmus. Notwithstanding the warnings of the prophet Tiresias, he refused to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus, and persisted in opposing the introduction of his worship into his kingdom. When the Theban women, disregarding his prohibition, left the city to cele- brate the orgies of the new god, Pentheus, contrary to the advice of his grandfather, ordered his servants to seize the god ; and Bac- chus, who had assumed the form of Acoetes, allowed himself to be taken and brought before the king (See Acoetes). The story ol the Tuscan pirates, which he related, did not alter the resolution of Pentheus ; he ordered the god to be imprisoned and instantly pul to death as an impostor. While preparations were making t( carry his orders into execution, the doors of the prison opened ol their own accord, and allowed Bacchus to escape, which still far- ther irritated the king. Bacchus resolved to punish his impiety, anc inspired him with an ardent desire of witnessing the celebratioi of his orgies. Pentheus accordingly concealed himself in a grow on Mount Cithaeron, from which he could see the ceremonies unob served. Here his curiosity soon proved fatal to him ; he was sea by the Bacchanals, who all rushed upon him. His mother wa the first who attacked him, her example was instantly followed bj his two sisters, Tno and Autonoe, and his body was torn to pieces Mater prima violavit suum Penthea thyrso misso, his mother firs' wounded her son Pentheus by throwing the thyrsus at him, iii. 7 202. See Agave. Gr. Ace. -ea.

PEN 275 PER

PentheUS, -a, -uni, adj., of, or relating to Pentheus. Fen- thed cade, by the murder of Pentheus, iv. 11. J4.

Pergamus, -i, m,, more frequently Pergaina, -6runi,.«.) the citadel of Troy, often used for the city Troy. It was situated in the highest part of the city, and contained the temple of Mi- nerva, in which the Palladium was deposited. See Troja.

Pergus, -i, rn., Pergux, now Goridan, a lake in Sicily, on the edge of which the town of Henna was situate. Pergus was reckoned the Umbilicus of Sicily, being midway between Gela and the northern coast, and nearly so between the promontories Lily- baeum and Pelorum. See Henna.

Perseis, -idos^/., the davghter of Perses, a patronymic ap- plied to Hecate. Hecates Perse'idos, of Hecate the daughter of Perses, vii. 1. 74. See Hecate.

Persephone, -es,f., Persephone, the Greek name of Proser- pine. Ostendit zonam Persephones in summis U7idis, showed Proserpine's girdle on the surface of her waters, v. 8. 9. Gr. Ace. -en.

Perseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Perseus, was the son of Jupiter and Danae, whom the king of the gods is said to have im- pregnated by means of a shower of gold. Acrisius, who had been warned by the oracle that he should be killed by this daughter's son, finding that the means which he had taken to prevent her from becoming a mother were unsuccessful, ordered her and the infant to be put into a chest, and exposed on the sea ( See Acrisius and Danae). By the direction of Jupiter, this slender boat was conveyed to the island Seriphus, where the mother and her child were found by a fisherman named Dictys, and carried to Polydectes the king. They were treated with kindness, and Perseus was in- trusted to the care of the priests of JMinerva. The spirit and manly daring displayed by the youth greatly alarmed the king, who intended to force a marriage with Danae, and he accordingly re. solved to get quit of him by a stratagem. He invited his fi-iends, and among them Perseus, to a splendid entertainment, specifying as a condition, that his guests should each present him with a beau- tiful horse. Perseus attended, and, acknowledging his inability to make the requisite present, promised to bring to the king the head of the Gorgon Medusa, The offer was doubly acceptable to the king, as it removed him from his court, and the difficulty of the enterprise rendered it highly probable that he would perish in the attempt. The gods, however, had compassion on his innocence. Pluto furnished him with a helmet, which rendered him invisible ; Mmerva gave him her buckler, which reflected the images of objects like a looking- glass; and from IMercury he received the <aZa;ja, and a harpe or falchion. Thus armed, he set out on his expedition, and traversing the air arrived at the abode of the Gorgons. The

PER 276 PER

surrounding ground afforded numerous proofs of the power of the Gorgons, but his celestial armour enabled him to approach them without molestation. He found them asleep, and with one stroke of his falchion severed the head of IMedusa from her body, and bore it off in triumoh (See Gorgo). The conqueror now commenced his return, and from the blood which dropped from Medusa's head sprung the winged horse Pegasus (See Pejasus), and his brother Chrysaor, and also the innumerable serpents which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Africa. He arrived at sunset at the palace of Atlas king of Mauritania, and announcing himself as the son of Jupiter, claimed his hospitality. This the king not only refused but even offered violence to his person. Perseus finding himself unequal to his powerful enemy, showed him the head of the Gorgon, and instantly chanjied him into a mountain (See Atlas)j Next morning he resumed his flight, and on reaching the coasts of Ethiopia, discovered the naked Andromeda cxpo.sed to a sea- monster (See Andromeda). The beauty of the princess, and her imminent danger, roused his sympathy, and he offered to her father Cepheus (d/s*-.), to deliver her from death on condition of reociving her in marriage. Cepheus consented, and Perseus, poising himseff in the air, darted like an eagle upon the monster as lie was advanc- ing to seize his prey, plunged his dagger into the right shoulder, and destroyed it. The nuptials were then celebrated amidst great rejoicings; but Phineus (diss.), to whom Andromeda had been previously betrothed, entered the palace with a number of armed men, and attempted to carry off the princess (See Phineus). The father and mother of Andromeda interfered, but in vain ; a bloody battle ensued, in which Perseus must have fallen had he not de- fended himself \vith the head of Medusa. Warning his friends ol its fatal power, he turned it towards his enemies and converted them into stones. Soon after this memorable adventure, Persens returned to Seriphas, and arrived at the very moment when his mother had fled for refuge to the altar of Minerva, to avoid the pursuit of Polydectes. Hy the aid of Medusa's head he changed the king and his associates into stones, and placed his friend and preserver Dictys on the throne. He now restored to the gods tht armour with which they had furnished him, and presented the head of Medusa to Minerva, to whose assistance and protection he wa: chieflv indebted for liis success, and the goddess placed it in th( middle of her shield. Soon after this he returned with his wife aoc mother to the Peloponnesus, and went to Larissa to attendfunera games which king Teutamias was celebrating in honour of bi father. While displaying his skill in throwing the quoit, he acci- dentally killed an old man, who was discovered to be his grand father Acrisiiis, and thus fulfilled the prediction of the oracle JPcrsea, quern JDanae conceperat pulvio auro, esse (fihum) Jovit that Perseus, whom Danae had conceived from a shower of gold was the son of Jupiter, iv. 13. 7. Perseus natus Jove et iU6

PER ^77 PHA

giiam claiisam Jnpiter implevit fecundo muro, Perseus, the son of Jupiter, and of her whom, when shut up in prison, Jupiter impreg- nated with a shower of fruitful gold, iv. 14. 35. Gr. Ace. -ea.

Persis, -idoSj_/!j Persia, a small but celebrated country in Asia, was bounded on the east by Carmania, on the north by Me- dia, on the west by Susiana, on the south by the Sinus Persicus, the Persian Gulf, and corresponded generally with the modern pro- vince of Fars. Prior to the time of Cyrus, it is called Elam in the Bible, from Elam, the son of Shem, who settled there : subse- quently to the reign of Cyrus, the name Persia or Paras, is also found in Holy Writ. Its principal river was Choaspes, the Kenah, the waters of which were so pure, that the kings of Persia would drink of no other ; and on it was situate Siisa, now Sus, the capi- tal, called in Scripture Shushan. This was Persia in its limited sense, or Persis Propria, and is not to be confounded with the mighty Persian empire founded by Cyrus, which extended from the Indus to the Mediterranean, and from the Caspian and Euxine Seas to the Persian Gulf and the Ocean. The name is said in fable to have been derived from Perses, the son of Perseus {diss. ) and Andromeda, who settled there. Gr. Ace. -ida.

Phaetlion, -ontis, m., Phaethon (aldning), an ^Ethiopian, the son of Phcebus or Sol and Clymene. He was honoured by the attention of Venus, and intrusted by her with the care of oae of her temples. To check his vanity, Epaphus, the son of Jupiter, disputed his celestial origin, alleging that his mother Clymene had deceived him in pretending that he was the son of Sol. At her instigation he visited the palace of the Sun, and finding the god willing to bear testimony to his parentage, extracted from him an unwary oath that he would grant him whatever he asked. The ambitious youth instantly demanded permission to drive his chariot for one day. Sol, who was aware of the consequences, remon« strated, but to no purpose. Phaethon persisted, and the god, bound by his oath, which was inviolable, reluctantly committed the reins to his hands, warning him of the dangers of the road, and in- structing him how to avoid them. Phaethon mounted the chariot, and grasped the reins ; the fiery horses sprung forward, but soon finding that they were not directed by the well-known hand, they left the beaten tract, guided only by their own impetuosity. Phae- thon repented when too late of his rashness ; the world was set on fire, and a total conflagration would have ensued, had not Jupiter at the prayer of Tellus launched his thunder, and hurled the terri- fied youth from his seat. His body fell into the Eridanus, and being found by the nymphs of the place, was honoured with a de- cent burial. Phaethon satus Sole, Phaethon, the son of Sol, i. 14. 4. Gr. Ace. -onta. See Eridanus and Heliades.

Phaethusa, -^,f., Phaethusa {shining), one of the sisters

2 A

PHA -78 PQl

of Phaethon, who was changed into a poplar tree, on the banks of the Po. E quis Phai'lhusa maxima sororum, of whom Phaethusa the eldest of the sister?, ii. 2. 22. See Heliades.

Phantasos, -i, m., Phanlasos, one of the sons of Somnus, who had the power of assuming the form of inanimate objects. £st etiam tertius dicersce artis Phantasos, there is also a third pos- sessing skill of a different kind, uaraelj', Phanlasos, xi. ]0. 2.33.

Pharsalia, -se.J"., P/iarsa/i'a, a large plain in Thessaly adjoin- ing the town of Pharsalus, famed for the great battle fought there between Julius Ca;sar and Pompey (e. c. 48), which consummated the downfal of the senatorial party, and obtained for the former the empire of the world. Phnrsali i sentiet ilium, PharsaUa shall feel his power, xv. 9, ~9. See Pharsalus.

Pharsalus, -i,/-, sometimes m., Pharsalus, now Sataldye or Pharsala, a town of Phthiotis, the southern divbion of Thes- saly, situate near the river Enipeus (tris.), not far from its junc- tion with the Apidanus, one of the tributaries of the Peneus.

Phasis, -idis, & -idos, m.. the Pha>is, now the Phaz, a calm and gentle river in Colchis, which rises in the mountains of Arme- nia, and flows westward into the Black Sea, famous for the expe- dition of the Argonauts, who entered it after a long and perilous voyage. The Phasis was remarkable for the beautiful birdj which frequented its banks, some of which are said to have been brought by the Argonauts to Greece, and called ^curiayn, whence phea- sants, after the name of the river. Rapidas undas limosi Phasi- dos, the rapid waters of the shmy Hhasis, vii. 1. 6.

Phiale, -es,f., Phiale, a nymph, one of the attendants of Diina.

Philippi, -drum, »n., PhiUppi, now Filibah, a town in the eastern part of Macedonia, opposite to the island of Thasos, which was founded by the Thasians, and by them called Crenides, from being surrounded by numerous springs. Phihp, king of Macidon, subsequently increased it, and named it Phihppi after himself. Philippi is celebrated in history, from the great victory gained there by Antony and Octavianus over the forces of Brutus and Cassius (b. c. 42), by which the repubUcan party was completely subdued, the two leaders, Brutus and Cassius, each falling by his own hand. It is rendered still more interesting from being the first place in Europe where the gospel was preached by St Paul (a. n. 50), and from the church to which he addi-essed one of his epistles.

Philoctetes, -iE, m., Philoctetes, the son of Pceas, king of Meliboea, in Thessaly, and the friend and companion of HercQles. Mu set fire to the funeral pile by which the hero of the twelve la- bours was consumed on Mount CEta. and received from him the

PHI 279 PHI

arrows which had been dipped in the blood of the Hydra, under a solemn promise not to discover the place where his ashes were de- posited (See Hercules). After performing the last ofEces to Her- cules he returned to Meliboea, and subsequently visited Sparta, where he became one of the suitors of Helen. He embarked along with the other Grecian princes in the expedition against Troy ; but in con- sequence of the offensive smoU from a wound in his foot, occasioned by the bite of a serpent, or by the fall of one of the poisoned ar- rows, he was, at the instigation of Ulysses, left on the island of Lemnos (siii. 1. 46.). This wound is ascribed by some mytholo- gists to a violation of his oath in discovering to the Greeks the place where Hercules was buried. Here he was allowed to remain till the death of Achilles in the tenth year of the war, and sup- ported himself by shooting birds. At last the Greeks, finding that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules, sent Ulysses and Diomedes to bring him to the camp. Philoctetes, re- collecting the bad treatment which he had received from the Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, at first refused to accom- pany them, but was at last persuaded by the manes of Hercules to repair to the camp, where he would be cured of his wound, and put an end to the war. He accordingly obeyed, and being restored to his former health by Machaon, killed many of the Trojans, and among others Paris, with the poisoned arrows. On the conclusion of the war he settled in Italy, and built a town in Calabria, to which he gave the name of Petilia, now Strongoli.

Phineus {diss.'), -ei, & -eos^ m., PMneus, a son of Belus, and brother of Cepheus (diss.) king of ..'Ethiopia, to whom his niece Andromeda was betrothed before her father was compelled to expose her to a sea-monster to appease the wrath of Neptune. From this perilous situation Andromeda was rescued by Perseus {diss.), and given in marriage to her deliverer. Phineus persisted in asserting his claim, and with a number of armed attendants, made an unsuccessful attempt to carry off the princess during the celebration of the marriage- ceremony. The interference of Ce- pheus was in vain ; a violent struggle ensued, in which Phineus and his companions either fell by the sword, or were changed into stones by means of the Gorgon's head. Phineus himself was changed into stone in the humiliating posture in which he was praying for his life. .See Cepheus, Andromeda and Perseus.

Phineus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Phineus, a son of Agenor or Neptune, and king of Thrace, or as some mythologists main- tain, of Arcadia, was celebrated for his skill in augury. He mar- ried Cleopatra, the daughter of Boreas, by whom he had two sons. After the death of Cleopatra he married Idaea, the daughter of Dardanus. Jealous of her step- children, Idsea mahgned them to their father, who believing the slander, deprived his sons of sight. To punish him for this act of cruelty, the gods struck him bUnd,

PHf. 280 PHCE

and sent the Harpies (See Harpyiae) to torment him by carrying off his food or rendering it unfit for use. The Argonauts came to consult him about their future course, and he promised to direct them on condition of their delivering him from the Harpies, which his two brothers-in-law, Zethes and Calais undertook to do. Phineus being freed from his tormentors, instructed the Argo- nauts in the nature of their future -voyage, and by his directions they succeeded in passing between the Symplegades (See Cyaneae), and landed in safety on the shores of Colchis. See lason.

Phlegethon, -ontis, in., Phhgethon {burning), one of the rivers in the infernal regions, deriving its name from the Greek verb (pxiyifia, to burn.

Phlegethontis, -idis, adj.,/., of, or relating to Phlegethon. Sparsum caput Phlegethontide lymphd vertit in rostrum et plu- mas et grandia lumina, sprinkling his head with water from Phle- gethon, she changed it into a beak and feathers and large eyes, v. 8.83.

Phlegon, -ontis, m., Phlegon (burning), the name of one of the horses of the Sun, derived from the Greek verb (p^tyu, to burn.

PhlegyaSj-arum, m.. the Phlegya-, a powerful predatory tribe from Thrace, who settled in Boeofia, in the vicinity of Orchome- nos. Under the command of Phorbas they plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and rendered the oracle of the god inaccessi- ble. In consequence of their sacrilegious conduct they were de- stroyed by lightning, earthquakes, and pestilence. Profamis Phor- bas cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica templa mvia, the profane Phorbas and the Phlegyae rendered the temple of Delphi inaccessi- ble, xi. 10. 5.

Phobetor, -oris, m., Phobetor (the terrifier), one of the sons of the god Somnus, who was called by the gods Icelos. Mortale vulgus nominaf Phobetora, the race of mortals call him Phobetor, xi. 10. 231. Gr. Ace. -ora. See Icelos.

Phoceus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Phocis. Phocea runt, the country of Phocis, v. 4. 27.

Phocis, -idis, & -idos,/., P/iom, a district of Greece, bounded on the east by Boeotia, on the north by the Locri, on the west by Doris and the Locri Ozolae, and on the south by the Corinthian Gulf. The most interesting feature of Phocis is Mount Parnas- <-«s (See Parnassus), with the city of Delphi (See Delphi), famous for the oracle of Apollo. Towards the Corinthian Gulf was the plain of Crissa, where the Pythian games were celebrated in ho- nour of Apollo. See Pythia.

Phoebe, -es.f., Photbe, the sister of Phoebus ; a name given to Diana, as indicative of her brightness. jEmJila innuptce Phcebes, an imitator of the unmarried Diana, i. 10. 25. This name is also appHed to her as goddess of the moon, i. 1.7.

PHiE- 281 PHO

PhoebeUS, a, -um, adj., of, or relatimj to Phoebus. Jus. sa7n Phcebeis sortibus, by order of the oracle of Apollo, iii. 1. 130. Phabeos ignes, the fires of Phoebus, i. e. the Sun, v. 6. 49.

Phoebus, -i, r??., Phabus, aname given to Apollo, or the Sun, expressive of his brightness, and of his vivifyino; influence. Litoia jacentia sub utroque Phcebo, the shores lying under both suns, the rising and setting sun, i. e. the east and west, i. 8. 26. Repercusso Phcebo, by reflecting the rays of the sun, ii. 1. 110. Phoebus dik- tat idem utrdque terra, Phoabus is equally distant from both lands, i. e. from the east and west, iii. 2. 21. Draconem prcebentem liventia terga Phcebo, a snake turning up his livid back to the sun, iv. 14. 53.

Phcenices, -una, 7n., the Phoenicians, the inhabitants of Phoenicia. Gr. Ace. -as.

Phcenicia, -3e,J^, Phoenicia, a small tract of country in Asia- tic Turkey, between Mount Libanus and the sea, corresponding \vith the modern Pachalic of Acre, and the southern part of the Pachalic of Tripoli. It extended from the river Cherseus (diss.) on the south to the Eleutheros on the north ; being bounded on the north and east by Syria, and on the south by Palestine. The name, according to some etymologists, was derived from the num- ber oi palm-trees (tpoivixi;) which grew in the country, while others deduce it from Phoenix, the son of Agenor, who, like his brothers Cadmus and Cilix, went in quest of his sister Europa, and being unsuccessful, settled there. The principal cities were Sidon and Tyre, which are frequently mentioned in Scripture. The Phoeni- cians were distinguished among the ancients for commercial enter- prise ; they sent out colonies to all parts of the Mediterranean, and visited for the purposes of trade the Cassiterides (See Britannia), and the western coasts of Africa. Tliey were the first who in- vented arithmetic, and steered ships by the stars ; and, according to the Greeks, Cadmus, a Phoenician, was the inventor of letters. They excelled all the nations of antiquity in ingenuity, and in their elegant and beautiful manufactures ; and so great was their fame in the time of Solomon, that he employed Tyrian artists to super- intend the building of his magnificent templa. See Sidon and Tyrus.

Phorbas, -antis, m., Phorbas, the leader of the Phlegyte, who plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and rendered the ap- proach to it inaccessible, and is therefore denominated by Ovid profanus. He is described as a fierce and cruel robber, who com- pelled all whom he met to fight with him, and put to death those whom he defeated. He even ventured to challenge the gods, and was defeated and killed by Apollo. See Phlegyee.

Phorcydes, -um, f, the Phorcydes, the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, and sisters and guardians of the Gorgons. They were gray-haired(yoa;a()from their birth, and thereby obtained the name

2 A 2

PHO 282 PHR

Gr^K. The accounts which the ancient mythologists have i:ivrn of the Gorgons and the Graese are very confused and contradictory. They appear to be often spoken of as the same persons, and the ilofcription which some poets have given of the one, is applied by other poets to the other. It seems, however, to have been the general opinion that the Graeae were only two in number, Pe- phredo and Enyo, and that they had only one eye and one tooth, which they used by turns. Of these Perseus (diss.) contrived to get possession while they were passed from the one to the other, and consented to restore them only on condition of their directing him to the abode of the Gorgons "(iv. 15. 24.). Geminas sorores Phorcydas, partitas iisum unius himinis, two sisters, daughters of Phorcys, who shared between them the use of one eye, iv. 15. 22. Gr. Ace. -das.

Phorcynis, -:dis, & -idos,/., the danphier of I'horcys, i. e. T^Iedusa. ' Imponit ora Medusa Phorcynidos, lays upon them the head of Medusa, the daughter of Phorcys, iv. 14.81. Or. Ace. -ida.

Pliorcus, -i, & Phorcys, -yos, m., Phorcys, a son of Nep- tune, or of Pontus and Terra, who is said to have been king of Corsica and Sardinia. He was defeated in battle by Atlas, king of Mauritania, and being afterwards dro^vned, was worshipped by his subjects as a sea-deity. He married his sister Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons and the Phorcydes, or Graeae.

Phoronis, -Idis, & -idos,y., PAoroKjs, a patronymic applied to lo, from Phoroneus (tris.), who, according to some mytholo- gists, was the father, and, according to others, the son of Inachus. See lo and Inachus.

Phrygia, -ae, /1, Phrygia, a province in the interior of Asia Minor, of which the natural limits were very irregular. To the north it bordered on Bith)-nia and Galatia ; to the east, on Galatia and Cappadocia ; to the south, on Cilicia, Pisidia, and Lycia ; and to the west, on Caria, Lydia, and Jlysia. The name is supposed by some critics to bo derived from the Greek verb (f!ouya, to broil, and to allude to the volcanic or burnt-up appearance presented by the surface of the country. The Phrygians were remarkable in an early age for the high state of civilisation to which they had at- tained; they are said to have invented the pipe of reeds, and all sorts of needle-work, and to have brought music and dancing to such perfection, that they were copied even by the Greeks. Their chief deity was Cybele, whose festivals they observed with the greatest solemnity. This country possesses a sacred interest in connexion with the early propagation of Christianity. It contained the city Hierapolis, where was a Christian church, which is alluded to by St Paul ; Laodicea, one of the seven churches mentioned in the Revelation of St John ; and Colossae, to the church of which St Paul addressed one of his epistles. The name of Phrygia

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Minor was also given to a district of Mysia, the chief city of which was Troja. See Troja.

Phrygius, ~a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Phrygia, Phry. gian, Trojan. Ad Phrygias arces, to the Phrygian towers, i.e. to the towers of Troy, xiii. 1 . 44. De Phrygidgente, of the Phry- gian or Trojan nation, xiii. 1. 244.

Phryx, -ygis, m., a Phrygian, a Trojan. Phryges, the Trojans, xiii. 1. 389.

Phryxeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Phryxus. Pos. cunt Phryxea vellera, demand the fleece brought by Phryxus, vii. 1. 7.

Phryxus, ~i, m-, Phryxus, the son of Athamas, king of Thebes, and Nephele, who, to avoid the cruel persecution of his stepmother Ino, fled, along with his sister Helle, on a ram with a golden fleece, which was furnished by Neptune, at the request of Nephele, intending to go to ..Eetes, king of Colchis. The ram car- ried them through the air, and Helle becoming giddy from fear, fell into the strait, which was afterwards called from her Helles-Pon- tvs, the Sea of Helle, now the Hellespont, or Dardanelles. Phryxus continued his flight, and arrived at Colchis, where he was hospitably entertained by .(Eetes, whose daughter, Chalciope, was given to him in marriage. According to the directions which he had received from his mother, Phryxus sacrificed the ram to Mars, and gave the golden fleece to ^etes, who nailed it to an oak in the grove of Mars. Here it was guarded by bulls which breathed fire, and by a dragon which never slept, and continued suspended till the ar- rival of Jason and the Argonauts. jEetes at first treated Phryxus with kindness, but afterwards killed him for the sake of the golden fleece, because he was told by an oracle that he should enjoy the kingdom so long as it remained in his possession. Sec Atharaas, Ipo and lason.

Phthia, - ae, /., Phthia, a district of Phthiotis, the southern part of Thessaly, which extended from the Pagasaean Gulf to IMount Pindus. Phthia was the native country of Achilles, and here his father Peleus (diss.) reigned during the Trojan war. Ac- cording to some geographers, Phthia was the principal city of Phthiotis. (Arma) feranivr Phthiam Scyronve, let the arms (of Achilles) be conveyed to Phthia, i. e. to his father Peleus, or to Scyros, i. e. to his son Pyrrhas, xiii. 1. 156. See Pyrrhus.

Pierides, -um, /., the Pierides, the daughters of Pierus, king of Macedonia. They were nine in number, and cultivated music. Jealous of the superior reputation of the Muses, they challenged them to a contest, and being defeated were changed into magpies, V. 12. The muses are sometimes called Pierides. See Musae.

Pieros, & Pierus, -i, ?n., Pierus, a rich king of Macedonia

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or Thessaly, who married Euippe, and had by her the Pierides. See Pierides.

Pindus, -i, m., Pindas, or Agrafu, a lofty range of moun- tains, which forms the trunk of various branches in Jlacedonia, and enters Greece at the sources of the Peneus, separating the waters which fall into the Ionian Sea from those streams which discharge themselves into the ^gean. Pindus nearly divides the continent from north to south, forming the boundary between Thessaly and Epirus, and, after throwing off the various branches of Othrys, Qita, and Coras, loses itself in the heights of Parnassus and Helicon. Pindus was one of the favourite haunts of the Muses. Some of the heights reach an elevation of 6000 or 7000 feet. Effusus ah imo Pindo, issuing from the bottom of Pindus, i. 11. 3.

Pirenis, -Mis, &-icIos, adj.,f., of, or relating to Plrene, a fountain near Corinth, which derived its name from a nymph so called, who was said to iiave dissolved into tears at the death of her daughter Cenchrea, accidentally slain by Diana. This foun- tain was sacred to the Muses, and is stated to have possessed the property of tempering the Corinthian brass when plunged red hot into the stream. Ephyre (quaerit) Pirenidas undas, Corinth be- wails the loss of ttie waters of Pirene, ii. 1. 240.

Pisa, -se,/., Pisa, a city of Elis, in the Peloponnesus, situate on the left bank of the Alpheus. Pisa was the city of Pelops, and for- merly disputed with Elis the presidency of the Olympic games. Tradition assigned its foundation to Pisus, a grandson of iKolus; but as no trace of it remained, its very existence was questioned in later ages.

PisaeuS; -a, -um, adj., of, or relafvi/j to Pisa, Piscean. Piscea: Arethusce, Arethusa from Pisa, a city of Elis, v. 6. 69. See Arethusa.

Pleias, -adis & -ados, /., one of the Pleiades, or one of the Seven Stars. The Pleiades (4 syl.), were the seven daugh- ters of Atlas and Pleione (4 st/l.), one of the Oceanides, who, after death, were changed into a constellation, and placed in the back of the bull, the second sign of the zodiac. The name Pleiades is said to be derived from tXhv, to sail, because that constellation shows the time most favourable for navigation, which is in spring ; and from this circumstance the Latins applied to it the name f^ergilia, from ver. Quern lucida Ple'ias enixa est, whom the bright Pleias (Maia) brought forth, i. e. Mercury, i. 12. 45.

Poeantiades, -se, m.,the son of Pveas,i. e.VhxXocteiei. Quod Vulcania Lemncs habet Paantiaden, because Lemnos, sacred to Vulcan, contains the son of Poeas, xiii. 1. 313.

Poeantius, -a, -um., adj., of or relating to, or proceeding from P.cas, Ptean. Lemnos non haheret te, Paeantia proles, the

PCEA 285 POM

island of Lcmnos would not contain thee, O son of Pceas, xiii. 1. 45.

Pceas, -antis, nu, Paus, the father of Philoctetes, who is said to have been one of the Argonauts. G?-. Ace. -anta.

Poemenis, -idis, & -idos.J'-, Shepherdess, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Pclus, -1, m., a pole, the end of the axle round which the wheel turns. In geography the poles are the extremities of the axis on which the earth performs its diurnal revolution ; and be- cause the one is always pointing northward and the other south- ward, the former is called the North Pole, and the latter the South Pole. The North Pole is called the Arctic, because it points to the constellation of the Great and Little Bears (Ajxra;) ; and the South Pole is called the Antarctic, because it is opposite («vt/) the Arctic. Pulus is often used by the poets to signify heaven. Australem polum, the South or Antarctic Pole, ii. 1. 131. Gla- ciali polo, the icy or North Pole, ii. 1. 173. See Axis.

Polycrates, -is, m., Polycrates, who was king of Samos at the tinie -^hen Pythagoras returned from his travels with the in- tention of establishing his school of philosophy in his native island. But the government of Polycrates and his brothers was so offensive to the philosopher that he left Samos and retired to Italy. Poly- crates is celebrated among the ancients for his extraordinary good fortune. His prosperity was such that he is said never to have met with any cross accident. To put this to the test he was in- duced to throw a valuable ring into the sea, and soon after found it in the entrails of a fish which was sent to him. He was at last murdered by Oroetes, the Persian governor of Magnesia.

Pompeius {tris.) (Sextus), •!, m., Sextus Pompeius,w&s the youngest son of Pompey the Great. After the battle of Mun- da (b. c. 45), which nearly extinguished the hopes of the repub- lican party, and in which his brother Cneius was slain, S. Pompey supported himself for some time in Spain by joining a party of rob- bers, and collected a considerable force even in the lifetime of Csesar. The death of the Dictator opened up to him a new and a more cheering prospect ; and had he possessed the prudence and sagacity of his father, he might probably have rendered himself as great and formidable. Being ranked by the Triumvirs among the assassins of Caesar, he took possession of Sicily, where he was soon joined by a large number of those who had been proscribed, and waged war with Augustus and Antony so successfully, that they were obliged to conclude a peace with him on very advantageous terms. By these he secured for himself and his followers an immunity from the proscription, and permission to return to Rome. On this oc- casion Octavianus and Antony supped with Sextus on board his ship. During the entertainment, j\lenas, one of his captains, pro- posed to Sextus that he should murder his guests and make hiva-

PON 286 PRO

self master of the Roman empira ; but Sextus refused, observing that it was unbecoming the son of Pompey to act with such dupli- <:ity. This friendly meeting, however, was not productive of any permanent advantages. Sextus could not brook a superior ; he soon after commenced hostilities, and though he had it in his power on several occasions to vanquish his adversaries, he did not avail himself of the opportunities. Confidence in his superior force by sea at last proved fatal to him. Having been entirely defeated by Augustus in a sea-engagement near Sicily, chiefly by the abilities of Agrippa (xv. 9. 81.), he took refuge with Antony, and was killed by one of his generals in the 40th year of his age (b. c. 35.).

PontUS, -i., m., Pontus, a province in the north-east of Aaa Minor, bounded on the west by Paphlagonia and Galatia ; on the south, by Cappadocia ; on the east, by Armenia and Colchis ; and on the north, by the Euxine. The name of Pontus was first ap- plied by the Greeks to the whole tract of country along the south- ern shores of the Euxine, but was afterwards limited to the pro- vince above described. The most remarkable king of Pontus was Mithridates the Great, whose anibitious designs upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, of which he had been deprived by the Romans, in- volved him in a war with the latter people, which ended in his de- feat and death. See Mithridates.

Priamides, -se, m., ason, or descendant of Priam. Helenum Priamiden, Helenus, the son of Priam, xiii. 1. 99.

Priamus, -i., m-, Priam, the son of Laomedon, and the last king of Troy. His proper name, it is said, was Podarces, but having been taken by Hercules at the conquest of Troy (See Her- cules), he was ransomed by his sister Hesione, and assumed the name of Priam, from •r^iaucci, 1 purchase. He was placed by Hercules on the throne of Troy, and had fifty sons, seventeen of whom were bom by Hecuba, the daughter of Cisseus (diss.), a neighbouring prince. Of his children by Hecuba, the most cele- brated were Hector, Helenus, Paris, Polyxena, &c. Priam sur- vived the death of most of his sons, who fell in defence of their native city, and was himself cruelly murdered by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, at the altar of Jupiter, during the night on which Troy was taken by the Greeks. See Pyrrhus.

Prometheus (tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., Prometheus, the son of lapetus and Clymene, and brother of Atlas and Epimethcus (4 st/l.). Prometheus is said to have made a man of clay, and to have animated him by fire which he stole from the chariot of the sun with the assistance of Minerva. Jupiter, provoked at his im- piety, ordered Vulcan to make a woman of the same material, which Minerva animated, and the other gods and goddesses gave her presents; — Venus, beauty ; Apollo, music; Mercury, eloquence, &o., whence she was called Pandora {all-gift). Jupiter gave her a

PRO 287 PSE

box, requesting her to present it to the man who married her. She first took it to Prometheus, but he, suspecting some concealed mischief, refused it. She next went to Epiraetheus, who was less cautious, took the box, opened it, and from it proceeded all the diseases and plagues which have since infested the human race, Hope alone remaining at the bottom. Prometheus, for his impiecy, was chained to one of the summits of Mount Caucasus, where a vulture preyed upon his liver for a thousand years, till he was released by Hercules. Prometheus was the father of Deucalion. See Deucalion.

Promethldes, -ae, m., the son of Prometheus, i. e. Deucalion. See Deucalion.

Proserpina, -ae, /., Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres by Jupiter, and wife of Pluto, who carried her oflF while gatherinn; flowers along with her attendant nymphs on the plains of Henna in Sicily (See Ceres). As queen of the infernal regions, Proserpine presided over the death of mankind, and in the opinion of the an- cients, no one could die, unless either the goddess herself, or her minister Atropos, cut off a lock of hair from his head. In conse- quence of this belief it was usual to cut off a lock of hair from the deceased, and strew it at the door of the house, as an offering to Proserpine. Proserpine is represented seated on a throne along with Pluto. This goddess is sometimes confounded with Hecate. Proserpina repetet ccelum, Proserpine shall return to heaven, v. 8. 69. iSee Hecate.

Proteus {diss.), -ei, k. -eos_, m., Proteus, a sea-deity, the son of Neptune and Phcenice, or, according to others, of Oceanus and Tethys. He received from Neptune the gift of prophecy, and was often consulted by those who wished to obtain a knowledge of futurity. He possessed the power of changing his shape at plea- sure (hence he is called Ambiguutn Protea, shape-changing Pro- teus, ii. 1. !).) : and was therefore very difficult of access. Proteus usually resided in the Carpathian Sea, where, like the rest of the sea-deities, he is represented as reposing himself on the shore. It was necessary for the person who consulted him to take him by surprise and bind him, otherwise he made his escape by assuming different forms. Proteus is represented by Virgil and Horace aj the keeper of Neptune's sea calves.

Prothoenor, -oris, m., Prothoi-nor, a man who was killed by H}-pseus {diss.) at the marriage of Perseus ((i/ss.). Gr. Ace. -ora.

Prytanis, -is, m., Prytanis, one of the companions of Sar- pedon, king of Lycia, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr. Ace. -in.

Psecas, -adiSj & -ados,/., Psecas {a dr.p}, a nymph in the train of Diana.

PSO 288 PYR

Psophalcus, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Psophis, now Tripotamia, a town of Arcadia, situate near the source of the Erymanthus. Cum Psophuico Erymantho, with the Eryman- thus, which flows past Psophis, ii. 1. 244.

Pterelas, -se. m., Swiftwing, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. PtereJas utilis pedibus, Swift-wing, dexterous with his feet, iii. 2. 82.

Pylius, -a, -Um., adj., of, or relating to Pylos, Pylian. /Equaverit Pylios annos, shall have equalled the age of the Pyhan sage, i. p. Nestor, xv. 9. 94.

Pylos, & Pylus, ~hf., Pylos. There were three towns of this name in the Peloponnesus, for all of which claims have been advanced for the honour of giving birth to Nestor. One of them was situate in Elis at the ifoot of Mount Pholoe, near the La- don, a tributary of the Peneus ; another in Triphylia, the south- ern division of Elis, the claim? of which are supported by Strabo. Pylos of Triphylia, now Biskini, is placed by this geographer at a distance of thirty stadia from the coast, towards the source of the small river Amathus. The third, which was in Messenia, and is now called Old Navarino, was placed at the northern entrance of the Gvlf of yavarino, and was celebrated at a later period for the brilliant successes obtained there by the Athenians in the Pe- loponnesian war. The maritime situation of this Pylos accords better with Homer's description of the Nelean city, than either of the two already mentioned.

Pyramus, i, m., PyTumus, a youth of Babylon, who became enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin, living in a contiguous house. After their interviews had been prohibited by their pa- rents, they continued to express their mutual passion throiigh a chink in the wall which separated the houses. They agreed to e'ude by night the vigilance of their friends, and to meet under a white mulberry tree at the tomb of Ninus, without the walls of Babylon. Thisbe arrived first at the appointed place, but being alarmed by the sudden appearance of a lioness, took refuge in a neighbouring cave. As she fled, she dropped her veil, which the lioness found and besmeared with blood. Pyramus, who arrived soon after, found the veil, and concluding that his mistress had been torn in pieces, stabbed himself with his sword. Thisbe, when her fears vanished, returned from the cave, and finding her lovei in the agonies of death, fell upon the sword, which was still reekJ ing with his blood. The mulberry tree, according to Ovid, waJ stained with the blood of the lovers, and ever after bore fruit of i| bloody colour.

Pyreneus (tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., Pyreneus, a Thracian| who had seized on Daulia and Phocis. He saw the Muses goiiu to tlie temple on Parnassus (v. 4. 29.), and feigning great respect

PYR 289 PYT

invited them to take shelter under his roof from an approaching storm. The Muses accepted the invitation, and when the tempest was over were about to depart; but their host closed his doors, and prepared to offer them violence. The goddesses taking wing flew off; and Pyreneus attempting to follow them through the air was dashed in pieces on the ground.

Pyroeis, -ends, m., Pyroeis {fiery), the name of one of the horses of the sun. t

Pyrrha, -ae,/, Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus (4 s'/l.) and Pandora, and the wife of Deucalion, who, along with her husband, restored the human race after the deluge. See Deucalioij and Diluvium,

Pyrrhus, -i, m., Pyrrhus, a son of Achilles by Deidamla, the daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. He was called Pyrrhus, from the yellow colour of his hair, and Neoptolemus {new soldier), because he was brought to Troy when very young, towards the conclusion of the famous siege, in consequence of a prediction of Calchas, that the city could not be taken without him. At Troy he signalized himself by his valour and cruelty ; he killed Polites, one of the sons of Priam, and with the same sword mur- dered the aged king, who had taken refuge at the altar of Jupiter. By the advice of Helenus, he was the last of the Greeks who left Troy, and thereby escaped the storm to which Ulysses, Ajax, and the other chiefs were exposed. He afterwards settled in Epirus, and took with him Andromache, the wife of Hector, whom he sub- sequently gave in marriage to Helenus.

Pythagoras, -se, m., Py</ia^oras, a distinguished philosopher, who is said to have been born at Samos, about b. c. 5S6. The history of Pythagoras, beyond that of any other of the ancient phi- losophers, is enveloped in fable and mystery. The place, as well as the time of his birth, was much disputed by the writers of an- tiquity. His father, Mnesarchus, was a person of distinction ; and Pythagoras therefore received the education most calculated to en- lighten his mind and invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries, he was early made acquainted with poetry and music, — devoted him- self to the study of eloquence and astronomy, and in his eighteenth year obtained the prize for wrestling at the Olympic games. After acquiring this disti.:ction in his native island, he resolved to visit foreign countries in quest of knowledge, and went to Egypt, at that time the school of philosophy and science. He was there received vvith great kindness by Amasis the king, and remained twenty-two years, during which time he became deeply versed in the science and mysteries of the Egyptian priesthood. Leaving Egypt he proceeded to Babylon, where he became acquainted with the learning and phi- losophy of the east, and returned to Samos in his sixtieth year. Being desirous that his fellow-citizens should reap the benefit of his travels and studies, he attempted to establish a school for their in-

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struction in the elements of science. Displeased, according to Ovid (xv. 2. 61.), with the tyranny of Polycrates, he retired from the island in disjjust, passed over into Italy, and settled at Croto, a city on the Bay of Tarentum, where he opened a school with gfreat success. He also taufrht his doctrines in many other cities of Italy, and ob- tained numerous disciplos, who held him in a degree "of respect little short of adoration. lie was not, however, allowed to prose- ^cnte his labours unmolested. The spirit of innovation which he displayed excited against him powerful enemies, whose hostility proved fatal to him in his eightieth year. Pythagoras was the first who assumed the name of Philosopher, or lover of wisdom. He seems to have been fully aware of the sanctity which new opinions derive from mystery, and the means which he employed to re- commend his doctrines, unquestionably rank him among impos- tors. He admitted no disciple without a careful investigation into his previous character, and an examination of his features and exter- nal appearance. " Upon all his auditors he imposed silence for a cer- tain time ; those who were talkative were obliged to listen for five years, while those who possessed a natural taciturnity were allowed to speak after a probation of two years. They were also obliged to abstain from animal food, and from beans. In imitation of the Egyptian priests, whose doctrines he had imbibed, he adopted the symbolical method of instruction, and in this veiled manner treated of God and the human soul, and delivered many precepts relating to the conduct of life, political as well as civil. He also . made considerable advances in the arts and sciences, particularly in music, arithmetic, and geometry. To him is ascribed the discovery Lif the musical chords, and the construction of the common multi- plication-table. In astronomy, Pythagoras made great progress, and is even believed to have been possessed of the true idea of the solar system, which, after a long interval, was revived by Coperni- cus, and has since been fully established by JVewton. The most famous of his doctrines was that of the metempgyckoiis, or trans- migration of souls ; which he probably derived from the Egyptian priests. In proof of this doctrine, he professed to remember tLe various bodies which his soul had animated before it entered the son of Mnesarchus. He recollected having been first JEthalides, the son of Mercury, then Euphorbus (See Euphorbus), then Pyrrhus of Deles, and at last Pythagoras.

Pythia, -oruni, n., the Pythian games. These games were celebrated on the plain of Crissa near Delphi, in honour of Apollo, and are said to have been instituted by the god himself to comme- morate his victory over the serpent Python. They were originally celebrated once in nine years, but afterwards every fifth year. The contests consisted of running, leaping, wresthng, boxing, and throwing the discus or quoit, which, from their number, were called Pentathlon. The place where these contests were exhibited was called stadium, and the reward bestoved uoon the victor was a

PYT 291 QUI

crown or wreath of laurel. The other solemn games of Greece were the Olympic, the Isthmian, and the Nemean. Dictos Py- thia de nomine doiniti serpentis, called Pythia, from the name of the serpent which he had killed, i. 9. 32.

Python, -onis, m., Python, a celebrated serpent, said to have sprung from the mud and stagnant waters which remained on the sur- face of the earth after the deluge (i. 9. 23, &c.). This serpent was employed by Juno to persecute Latona before the birth of Apollo and Diana, and having afterwards taken refuge in Mount Parnassus^ was there killed by Apollo, who in consequence received the name of Pythius, and instituted the Pythian Games to commemorate his victory. Stravimus tumidum Pythona innumeris sagittis, I killed the swollen Python with innumerable arrows, i. 10. 9. Gr. Ace. -ona. See Latona and Pythia.

Q.

QuirlnuSj -i, m., Quirinus, a name applied by the Romans to Romulus, their first king, after his deification ; derived either from Quiris, a Sabine term for a spear, or from Cures, a Sabine city. Romulus was the son of the god Mars and Ilia or Rhea Sylvia, the daughter of Numitor, king of Alba Longa. Amulius, the brother of Numitor, dispossessed him of his kingdom, and, to deprive him of all hopes of offspring, put his sons to death, and forced his daughter Ilia to become a Vestal virgin (See Vesta). Ilia, however, became pregnant, and endeavoured to palliate her offence by alleging that it was by Mars, the god of war. She gave birth to two sons, whom Amulius ordered to be thrown into the Tiber, and herself to be cast into prison, or put to death. The river happened at the time to have overflowed its banks, and the servants to whom the cruel task was intrusted being unable to reach the current, the vessel in which the infants were exposed was left on dry ground when the water subsided. Here they were suckled by a she-wolf till they were found by Faustiilus the king's shepherd, who carried them to his cottage, and brought them up as his own children, giving them the names of Romulus and Remus. The twins, after spending eighteen years among the shepherds, were made acquainted with their real origin, put Amulius to death, and restored their grandfather Numitor to the throne. Joined by a number of their former companions they resolved to build a city, where their boyhood had been spent, and founded Rome on Mount Aventinus on the 21st of April B. c. 753. To determine which of them should give name to the new city they had recourse to omens, and these being declared in favour of Romulus, he called it Roma, and assumed the government. He now adopted various means to increase the number of his subjects ; he opened an asylum for fugitives from the neighbouring tribes, received all who were willing to join his standard, and also extended his territories by conquest. Elated by his success he became tyrannical, and after a reign of

RHA 292 RHE

38 years, disappeared while employed in reviewing his army. It was commonly believed that he was translated to heaven, and his superstitious subjects acting upon this belief, deemed him worthy of divine honours, and ranked him among the gods, under the title of Quirinus. Populo Qiiinni, to the people of Quirinus, j. e. to the Romans, xv. 9. 12.

R.

Rhamnusia, -ae, /., Rhamnusia, a name given to the god- dess Nemesis, from Rhaninus, now Evreo Castro, a town in Attica, where she was worshipped, and where she had a temple with a co- lossal statue of Parian marble by Phidias. Nemesis was one of the infernal deities, the daughter of Nox, and was regarded as the god- dess of impartial justice, who dealt out to each individual according to his deserts; and also as the goddess of just and equitable ven- geance, who chastised and humbled the proud and insolent trans- gressor. Hence she was invoked to punish Narcissus for his inso- lence and pride (iii. 6.). The temple of this goddess at Rhamnus is said to have been built of the marble which the Persians brought with them to the plain of Marathon, to commemorate their expected victory.

Rhanis, -idis, & -idos./., Rhanis, a nymph in the train of Diana.

Rhenus, -i, m., the Rhine, a large river which rises in Swit- zerland, a little to the east of Mount St Gothard, and flows north- ■ east through the Grisons to the Lacus Brigantinus, the Lake of Constance. From this its course is due west to Basil, where it lakes a northerly direction, and becomes the boundary between France and Germany, and afterwards between the latter country and Belgium. It then crosses Rhenish Prussia, and enters Hol- land ; on the borders of which country it sends off a large stream on the left, called the Vahalis, or Waal, which flows west and joins the Jlaese. A few miles farther north it throws off another branch on the right, called the Flevo, or Flevum, the Issel, which flows north, joins the Old Issel from Germany, and enters the Zuyder Zee. At Wyck it throws off a third branch, called the Helium, or Leek, which joins the Maese above Rotter- dam. The river being thus nearly drained of its waters loses itself in the sand on the west coast. The Rhine formerly entered the North Sea by two mouths, and hence it is called Bicornis by Vir- gil. Of these the southern one was that of the Alarse, then called Helium Ostium ; the northern was that which is now called the Old Rhine. To these a third was subsequently added, which en- tered the sea between the islands VUeland and Schelling. This last was effected by the canal of Drusus, which united the Rhine and the Issel. In progress of time the sea made rapid inroads round tins new mouth of the Rhine, till at last it covered the adjoining

RHR 293 ROM

country, and formed the great inlet now known as the Zvyder Zee. The course of the Rhine is estimated at 830 miles.

RhesuSj -1, m., Rhesus, a king of Thrace, the son of Eioneiis (4 syl. ), or, according to others, of Strymon, by the Muse Euterpe, who came to assist the Trojans during the famous siege. His ar- rival was expected with great impatience, on account of the pre- diction of an ancient oracle, that Troy could not be taken if the horses of Rhesus tasted the grass on the plains of Troy, or drank of the waters of the Xanthus. The Greeks, who were aware of the oracle, resolved, if possible, to prevent its fulfilment, and com- missioned Ulysses and Diomedes to intercept him. Rhesus reached Troy late in the evening after the gates were shut, and was obliged to remain all night in front of the city. The Grecian chiefs entered his tent, killed the Thracian king, got possession of his horses, and carried them in triumph to their camp. Peiii tentoria Rhesi, I went to the tent of Rhesus, xiii. 1. 249.

Rhodanus, -i, m., the Rhone, a large and rapid river which rises in Mount St Got/iard, not far from the source of the Rhine, and flows westward to the Lacus Lemanus, the Lake of Geneva. Reappearing at the town of Geneva, it turns to the south, and forms the boundary between Savoy and France. After entering France it receives the Arar, or Saone, at Lyons, maintains a south- erly course, and discharges itself by three mouths into the Sinus Gallicus, the Gulf of Lyons. The western mouth was called Os- tium Hispaniense, from its being next to Spain ; to the east of it was the Ostium Metapinum; the third and largest was the Ostium Massilioticum, so called from its being nearest to Massilia, Mar- seilles. This last is now the main arm of the river, and therefore preserves the appellation of the Rhone. The length of the Rhone is 540 miles, during which it falls 5,400 feet.

Rhodope, -es, f., Rhodope, now Despoto Dag, a lofty range of mountains in Thrace, which detaches itself from Mount Sco- mius at its jimction with Haemus, and extends through the western and southern parts of that country. Rhodope was the birthplace of Mars, and, according to the fable, received its name from Rho- dope, the wife of Haemus, king of Thrace, who was changed into this mountain for presuming to rival Juno. Rhodope tandem cari- tura nivibus, Rhodope, destined at length to be relieved of its snow, ii. 1. 222. Gr. Ace. -en.

Rhcetus. -i, m., Rhcetus, one of the companions of Phineis (diss.), who was killed by Perseus {diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda. Cuspis non irrita adhcesit fronte Rhati, the spear taking effect stuck in the. forehead of Rhoetus, v. i. 38.

Roma, -32, J'., Rome, the metropolis of Italy, and once the mistress of the world, was situate in Latium, on the left bank of the Tiber, fifteen miles from its mouth. The question respecting the origin of Rome and the name of its founder has been fro-

2b 2

ROM 294 ROM

quently agitated, and still remains undecided. According to the po- pular account it was founded by Romulus (See Quirinus) on the Pa- latine hill on the 21st of April b. c. 753, and 431 years after the destruction of Troy. The form of the city was at first square, its extent Email, and the adjoining territory very circumscribed. But that it was a city of some consequence when Romu^is dictated its laws seems evident from the pomp and royalty with which ue was then surrounded. The succeeding kings added to the extent and beauty of the city, till, in the reign of Servius,Tullius, it included the seven hills on the left bank of the Tiber, as well as the Janiculum, on the opposite side of the river. From its position Rome obtained the epithet Septicollis. The seven hills were : Palatinus in the centre, with Quirinalis on the north ; Viminahs, Esquilinus, and Coelius, on the east; Aventinus on the south ; and Capitolinus on the west. The city at this time was divided into four regions; the Suburana, Esquilina, CoUina, and Palatlna ; it had 37 gates, the circuit of the walls being about 60 stadi:i. This extent of Rome continued with but little alteration tiU the time of the emperor Aurelian, who included the Campus Martius, a large plain lying between the Tiber and the Quirinal and Capitoiine Hills, and added to it in various quarters till its circumference amounted to fifteen miles. The houses of the Romans are supposed to have been at first merely cottages thatched with straw. The burning of the city by the Gaub (a. u. 364) afforded an opportunity of rebuilding it in a more solid and commodious manner ; but the ne- cessary haste prevented due attention from being paid to the regula- rity of the streets. It was in the time of Augustus that Rome was first adorned with splendid buildings ; hence that emperor wsed to boast that he had found it of brick, but should leave it of mar- ble. Some of the most remarkable places in Rome were, the Ca- pitol (See Capitolium), and Tarpeian Rock on the Capitoiine Hill ; the Palace of Augustus on the Palatine ; the Forum (See Forum), between the Palatine and Capitoiine hills ; eastward, the Coliseum, or Amphitheatre of Vespasian ; and between the Pala- tine and Aventine hills, the Circus Maximus. Besides these, Rome was adorned with numerous temples, public baths, and magnificent aqueducts, by which water was brought into the city from a great distance. Among the works of public utiUty in Rome none seem to have excited greater admiration in the ancients themselves, than the Cloaca, or sewers. The largest of these, called the Cloaca Max- ima, was intended to carry ofiF the water which stagnated in the low grounds near the Forum, with the other impurities of the city. It was begun by Tarquinius Priscus, and finished by Tanjuinius .Superbus.

Romanus, -a, -um, adj., of, or belonging to the Romans, Roman. Romanum nomen, the Roman name, the Roman em- pire, i. 6. 39. Quaque Romana poteniia patet domitis terris, wherever the Roman power extends over the subjugated world.

SAG 295 SAT

XV. 9. 133. Romani duds, of the Roman general, i. e. Antonr, XV. 9. 82.

Sagittarius, -ii, m., the archer, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. According to the fable, the Centaur Chiron vpas wounded in the knee by Hercules with one of his poisoned arrows. The hero immediately ran to the assistance of his preceptor, but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of excruciating pains, Chiron entreated Jupiter to deprive him of immortahty. The king of the gods listened to his prayers, and placed him among the constella- tions under the name of Sagittarius. See Haemonius and Zodiacus.

Samius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the island of Sa. vios, Samian. Also as a Sub., a native of Samos, a Samian. Samius ortu, a Samian by birth, viz., Pythagoras, xv. 2. 1. See Pythagoras.

Samos, -i, yi) Samos, now Samo, an island in the .^gean .Sea, which lies off the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, and is divided from the promontory of Mycale by a narrow channel. Samos is about sixty miles in circumference, and was famous for the wor- ship of Juno, who was said to have been born in the island, and for a magnificent temple of this goddess, which was a noted asylum for offenders. To Samos is likewise assigned the honour of having given birth to Pythagoras. This island was anciently proverbial for its fertility, the fineness of the climate, and the purity of the atmosphere. Its chief town was Samos, now Megali Chora.

Sarpedon, -onis, m., Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter by Lao- damia, the daughter of Bellerophon. He became king of Lycia, and, accompanied by a select party of his subjects, went to assist Priam during the siege of Troy. After killing many of the Greeks, he was himself wounded by Tlepolemus, king of Rhodes, and slain by Patroclus. Ulysses boasts (xiii. 1. 255, &c.), that he had killed many of the companions of Sarpedon. There was another hero of the same name who was the son of Jupiter and Europa, and the brother of ./Eacus and Rhadaraanthus. Quid referam agmina Lycii Sarpedonis devastata meo ferro, why should I men- tion the troops of Sarpedon, king of Lycia, which were destroyed by my .sword ? xiii. 1. 255.

Saturnia, -ae, /!, the daughter of Saturn, i. e. Juno. See Juno.

Saturnius, -ii, m., a son of Satwn. It is applied to Pluto, V. 6. 80.

Saturnius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Saturn, Saturnian. Saturnius pater, the Saturnian father, i. e. Jupiter, i. 6. I. jSa- turnia Juno, Juno, the daughter of Saturn, iv. 11. 33.

SatumuSj -i, m., Saturn, the youngest son of Coelus, or Ura-

SAT 296 SAT

nus [heaven) and Terra (earth). At the request of his mother he mutilated his father by means of a scythe with which she fur- nished him. He then occupied the chief place among the Titans, or children of Heaven and Earth, and married his sister Rhea, or Ops. His elder brother Titan ceded to him the crown on condi- tion that he should rear no male offspring. He is therefore said to have devoured all his sons till the birth of Jupiter, when Rhea deceived her husband by substituting a stone, which the voracious god devoured instead of him. By a similar artifice she saved Neptune and Pluto (See Jupiter and Neptunus). Titan being in- formed that the male children of Saturn were preserved and edu- cated privately, made war upon him, dethroned him, and put him in prison along with Rhea. Jupiter, who was now grown up to manhood, collected a body of Cretans, defeated Titan and his sons, liberated his parents, and replaced his father on the throne. Sa- turn, not long after, forgetting the kind services of his son, con- spired against him ; but Jupiter, assisted by his brothers, Neptune and Pluto, banished his father, and divided his dominions (v. 6. 28.). He assigned the sea to Neptune, the infernal regions to Pluto, and reserved the heavens and earth to himself. Saturn being thus expelled from his kingdom wandered over many countries in quest of a settlement, and at last arrived in Italy, where he was kindly received by Janus, king of the country, who admitted him to a share of the government. Here the god employed him- self in civilizing the barbarous inhabitants, by teaching them agri- culture and the libaial arts ; and from the happiness which these improvements produced, his reign obtained the name of the golden age. From him Italy was called Saturnia, and the district where he settled Latium, because he concealed himself (latuit) there. After Saturn disappeared from the earth, Janus instituted, in honour of him, a festival, called Saturnulia, which was afterwards cele- brated by the Romans with great pomp in the middle of December. The Saturnalia were at first confined to one day, then extended to three, and, in the time of the emperors, to five. The utmost liberty prevailed during the celebration ; all was mirth and festivity ; friends tent presents to each other; no war was proclaim"d, no criminal executed ; slaves were permitted to jest with their masters, and were even waited on at table by them. This last circumstance was probably founded on the original equality which was supposed to exist among men in the reign of Saturn. Saturn is the god of time, and is usually represented as an old man. holding in his right hand a scythe with a serpent, which bites its own tail, an emblem of time and of the revolution of the year. In his left hand he holds a child, which he raises up to his head, as if on the point of devouring it.

Satyrus, -i, m., a Satyr. The Satyrs were a sort of rural deities, represented with human bodies, but with the legs and feet of a goat, short horns on their forehead, and their bodies covered

SCO 297 SCY

with hair. They chiefly attended on Bacchus, were remarkable for their nimbleness, cunning, loquacity, and amorous dispositions, and were said to inhabit the vfoods, fields, and mountains. As rural deities they received offerings of the first fruits of every thing.

Scorpios, & ScorpiuSj -ii., m., the Scorpion, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, between Libra and Sagittarius, which was said to have occupied the space afterwards assigned to two con- stellations. Hence Ovid says, Uhi Scorpios concavaf brachia in geminos arcus, et porrigit membra in spatium duorum signo- rum, where the scorpion bends his claws in a double curve, and stretches his body over the space of two constellations, i. e. over the space which was afterwards occupied by the Scoi-pion and Libra, ii. 1. 195. According to the fable, Orion, a famous hunter, had excited the anger of Tellus, by boasting that there was no ani- mal which he could not kill ; the goddess, to punish his vanity, sent a scorpion, by the bite of which he died ; and Jupiter honoured the courage of the serpent by changing it into a constellation. Scor- pion curvantem brachia longo circuitu, the scorpion bending his claws in an extended curve, ii. 1. 83. Gr. Ace. -on. See Orion.

Scylla, -86,./"., Scylla, a rocky promontory on the Italian side of the Strait of fllessina, opposite to the whirlpool Charybdis, on the coast of Sicily. Scylla, according to the fable, was the beautiful daughter of Phorcys, or of Typho, and the friend and companion of the Nereids. The sea-god Glaucus saw and fell in love with her ; and being rejected in his suit,applied to Circe to exercise her magi- cal arts in his favour. Circe wished him to transfer his affections to herself; and filled with rage at his refusal, poured the juice of some poisonous herbs into the fountain in which Scylla was ac- customed to bathe, and thus transformed her into a monster with twelve feet, six long necks, with a terrific head and three rows of close-set teeth on each. Alarmed by this sudden metamorphosis, Scylla threw herself into that part of the sea which separates Italy from Sicily, and was changed into rocks, which were deemed by the ancients very dangerous to sailors. During a storm the waves are described as roaring dreadfully when dashed against the points and cavities of the rocks, and to this circumstance is probably to be ascribed the fable of the dogs with which some of the ancient poets have encircled her waist. Rapax Scylla cincta savis cani- bus (dicitur) latrare Siculo prqfundo, ravenous Scylla encompassed with furious dogs is said to bark in the Sicilian Sea, vii. 1 . 65. See Charybdis.

ScyroSj & Scyrus^ -i)/-? Scyros, now Skyro, an island in the iE}gean Sea, which lies to the east of Euboea, and has a town of the same name. Lycomedes was king of this island when Achilles concealed himself there, to escape going to the Trojan war. Scyros was celebrated for a superior breed of goats, and also for its wine and

SCy 298 SEM

marble, which were held in high estimation. The circumference of

the island is about sixty miles. See Achilles.

Scythia, -ae, J'., Scythia, a name applied by the more early authors to the northern part of the earth, comprehending that im- mi?nse tract of country which extends from Scandinavia, the Da- H'abe and the Vistula, to the most easterly limits of the known world. The greater part of this country was altogether unknown to the ancients, and the northern portion of it was believed by them to be uninhabitable from its extreme coldness. In this general sense Scythia is employed by Ovid, i. 2. 33. and ii. 1. 224. Scythia, as defined by ancient geographers, was bounded on the west by Sar- matia Asiatica, on the east by Serica, on the south by the Persian provinces and India, and on the north by the unknown regions, it was divided by Blount Iraaus, a branch of the Altaian Moun- tains, into Scythia intra Imaum on the north, which corresponded generally with Independent Tartary ; and Scythia extra Imaum, which corresponded with the modern province of Mongolia. The Scythians were divided into numerous tribes ; they possessed no towns, but led a wandering life ; they inured themselves to labour and fatigue, and are represented by some authors as living on hu- man flesh, and drinking the blood of their enemies. According to other accounts they lived on milk, and clothed themselves with the skins of their cattle ; they despised money, and instinctively prac- tised that philosophy and virtue which among other nations were the result of long-continued civilisation. They were remarkable for the great veneration which they paid to their kings.

Seraele, -es,f., Semele, the daughter of Cadmiis and Harmo- nia, who attracted the notice of Jupiter and became pregnant by him. While she was in this condition Jupiter pledged himself to prove his afiFection for her by granting her whatever she should ask ; and Juno, ever jealous of her husband's amours, assuming the form of her nurse Beroe, urged her to request the king of the gods to come to her in the same majesty as he approached his queen. Jupiter reluctantly complied with her request, and Semele, unable to bear his presence, was reduced to ashes. The child, however, was saved from the flames, and was placed in the thigh of Jupiter till the regular period of his birth arrived. See Bacchus.

Semelelus, -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to Semele. Se- meleia proles, the son of Semele, i. e. Bacchus, iii. 7. 10. v. 5. 36.

Semideus, -i, m., a demi-god, a name applied to those heroes, one of whose parents was immortal, and the other mortal ; and to those who were deified on account of their bravery and virtues : as Pan, Hercules, Romulus, &c.

Serairamis, -is, & -u\\s,f., Semiramis, a celebrated queen of Assyria, was the daughter of the goddess Dercetis by an Assyrian youth. She first married Menon, the governor of Nineveh, and accompanied him to the siege of Bactra. The prudence and

SEN 299 SEW

valour which she there displayed, and also her uncommon beauty, attracted the notice of king Ninus, who conceiving a strong affec- tion for her, offered to her husband his daughter in exchange. The less powerful husband, who tenderly loved her, refused ; and when the king added threats to entreaties, he hung himself to avoid the consequences. The only obstacle being thus removed, Ninus mar- ried Semiramis, and at his death bequeathed to her his crown. Being now at liberty to prosecute her schemes of ambition, she ex- tended her empire over Egypt, and a great part of Libya and Ethiopia. Some of the ancient writers represent her as the founder of Babylon ; but according to others she merely enlarged and beautified it, and surrounded it with a wall of bricks (iv. 2. 4. ). Her reign was distinguished by all the gorgeousness of eastern splendour, and her schemes of conquest and of internal improve- ment were on a magnificent scale. Her character was stained by some of the grossest vices ; she is even accused of the murder of her husband, and her death by the hand of her own son is repre- sented a.s a matter of necessity. She is supposed to have lived about B. c. 1965. According to the fabulous account, Semiramis was changed into a dove after her death, and received divine ho- nours in Assyria. Ubi Semiramis dicitur cin.visse altam urberti coctilibus muris, where Semiramis is said to have siurounded the lofty city (Babylon) with walls of brick, iv. 2. 4. See Babylon and Ninus.

SenatUSj -us, m., the Senate, the chief council of state among the Romans. The senate was instituted by Romfilus, to assist him in the government of the republic. It consisted at first of 100 members ; three were nominated by each tribe, and three by each curia. To these ninety -nine Romulus himself added one, to pre- side at their deliberations, and to take charge of the city in hLs aosence. The members of this body were called senators on ac- count of their age (senes), sxiApatres, from the paternal care which they exercised over the state. To the number of senators elected by Romulus another hundred was chosen from the Sabines when that people were admitted into the city, and Tarquinius Priscus added a hundred more. This number of 300 continued with little variation till the time of Sylla, who increased it ; but how many he added is uncertain. It appears there were at least above 400. In the time of Julius Caesar the number of senators was increased to 900, and after his death to 1000. Augustus reduced the number to 600. The power of choosing the senators belonged at first to the kings, and after their expulsion, to the consuls and military tribunes. From the year of the city 310, it was vested in the censors, who had also the power of degrading any member who had either behaved him- self imworthily, or allowed his fortune to fall below the requisite qualification. The senators wore originally chosen only from the Patricians, but afterwards also from the Plebeians. The candidate must have previously passed through the inferior offices of Quaestor,

SEP 300 SIC

Tribune of the people, Edile, Praetor, and Consul. The neces- sary qualification waa the possession of property to the amount of 80,000 sesterces, or £6458 : 6 : 8. The place where the senate met was called Curia. Medid sede Senatus, in the centre of the senate-house, xv. 9. 99. See Curia.

Septemtrio, -onis, & Septemtriones, -uin, m., properly seven plough oxen; hence, on account of some supposed resem- blance, the seven stars at the north pole, in the Greater Bear, otherwise called Charles' Wain. Septemtrio is frequently used to signify the north, as in i. 2 33. See Tnones.

Serlphos, & Serlphus, -i,/., Seriphus, now Serpho, a bar- ren rocky island in the JEgean Sea, one of the Cyclades, lying south-east of Cythnus, and about thirty-six miles in circumference. Danae was said to have been here cast on shore ; and the poets attempted to account for the steep and rugged character of the mountains by the fable of Perseus {diss.), who is said to have changed the king of the island into stone, to revenge the wrongs which had been offered to his mother. It was used by the Romans as a place of banishment for state criminals. Circumdata cavd nube desrrit Seriphon, hid in a hollow cloud, she abandons Seri- phus, V. 4. 2. Gr. Ace. -on. See Danae and Perseus.

Serpens, -tis, C, the Serpent, a constellation between the two Bears, near the North Pole. Serpens qua posiia est jroxima glaciali polo, the serpent which was situate very near the icv pole, ii. 1. 173.

Sicania, -£E, f., Sicania, a name given to Sicily from the Sicani, a people who passed over from Italy and took possession of the island, and is used by the poets as synonymous with Sicilia. Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, is separated from Italy by the Fretum Siculum, the Strait of Messina, and was sup- posed by the ancients to have been once joined to it. From its triangular shape, it was called at a very early period Trinacria (See Trinacria), and Triquetra, and, owing to its great fertility, has been styled the granary of the Romans. Its length is 150 miles, with an average breadth of 70; its extent 10,500 square miles. The surface of the island is diversified by mountains and fertile plains. The most celebrated of the mountains ate .^tna, the fabled forge of Vulcan, and the residence of the Cyclops (See ./Etna and Cyclopes), and Eryx famous for the temple of Venus (See Eryx). According to Ovid, the giant Typhoeus {tris.) was buried under Sicily (See Typhoeus). In the interior was the plain of Henna, where Proserpine was carried off by Pluto (See i Henna). The principal cities were Zancle, or Messana, Leontini, SyracQsae, Agrigentum, Drepanum, and Paiiormus. The inhabi- tants of Sicily were so much addicted to luxury, that the expres- . sion SiculcB mensa became proverbial ; and the richness of their I coantrv rendered it an object of ambition to the Roman governors.

SIC 301 SIL

Sicelis, -idis, & -idqg. adj., f., of, or relating to Sicily, Sicilian. Sicelidas Nymplias, the Sicilian nymphs, v. 6. 72. Gr. Ace. -as.

Siculus, -a, -um, udj., of, or relating to Sicily, Sicilian. Cautus ambibat fundamina SiculcB terrtB, cautiously went round, or surveyed the foundations of the island of Sicily, v. 6. 21 . Mag- num nomen superabitur Siculis undis, a great name' (Sextus Pompey) shall be defeated in the Sicilian Sea, xv. 9. 81.

Sicyon, -onis, /., Sicyon, now Basilico, the capital of Sicyo- nia, a small district of Achaia, to the west of Conuthia. Sicyon was one of the most ancient cities of Greece, and existed long be- fore the arrival of Pelops in the peninsida. It was famous for its olives. See Achaia.

Sicyonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Sicyon, Sicyo- nian. Sicyonius Ladon, Ladon from Sicyon, iii. 2. !'6.

Sidon, -onis, f., Sidon, now, Sayda, the most ancient and important city of Phoenicia, and the greatest maritime city in the ancient world, was situate about twenty-four miles north of Tyre. Moses informs us that this city was built by Sidon, the eldest son of Canaan ; and from Joshua we learn that it was rich and power- ful when the Israehtes took possession of the Promised Land. The inhabitants rendered themselves very famous by their manufactures of glass and fine linen, and working of metals, as well as by their purple dye. They were also celebrated for their skill in arith- metic, astronomy, and commercial affairs ; but were considered artful, avaricious, and dishonest in their intercourse with other nations.

Sidonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Sidon, Sidonian ; also Phcenician. Sidonius hnspes habuit hos comites operis, the Sidonian stranger, i. e. Cadmus, had these as assistants in the work, iii. 1. 129. SidonicB comites, her Sidonian companions, iv. 11. 12S.

SigeiUS, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Sighim, now Cape Je7iishehr, a promontory of the Troad, in Asia Minor, forming, with the opposite point Mastusia, in Thrace, the entrance to the Hellespont. Sigeum is celebrated in ancient history as the place where the Greeks, in their war against the Trojans, drew up their ships, and where the greater part of the battles between them were fought. Here Achilles, Patroclus, and Antilochus were buried, and their tombs are supposed to be marked at the present day by three large mounds of earth. The tomb of Achilles was succes- sively visited by Alexander, Julius Ca;sar, and Germanicus.

Silentes, -um, & -ium, m., the silent shades, the souls of the departed. Sedes Silentum, the abodes of the dead, xv. 9. 28. Umbras Silentum, the shades of the dead, xv. 9. 53.

Silvanus, -i, m., Silvanus, a rural deity, who presided over woods and boundaries. He is usually represented as an old man,

2c

SIM 302 SIS

Learing a cypress plucked up by the roots. Offerings of milk were presented to him. In i. 6. 31. SiVcani 'is used as a. general term for woodland deities, and the Silvans are classed along with the Fauns and Satyrs. See Faunus.

Simois, -entis, m., the Shnois, now the Mendere, the ri.-er of Troy, rises in Mount Ida, and after a tortuous course of forty- five miles, enters the Hellespont, a little to the north of the pro- montory of Sigeura. A few miles from its mouth it is joined by a small brook, scarcely ten miles long, which is supposed to be the famous river Xanthus, or Scamander (See Xanthus). The Simois is celebrated by Homer, and by most of the ancient poets. It had regular sacrifices offered it, and was believed to possess the power of improving female beauty. Hence the three goddesses are said to have bathed in it prior to their appearance before Paris, and also the Trojan virsiins at stated periods, jinte Simois fluet retro, sooner shall the Simois flow back to its source, xiii. 1. 324.

Siren, -enis,_/.. a Siren. The Sirens were the daughters of the Achelous and the Muse Melpomene, and were said to have the form of a woman above the waist, and the rest of the body like that of a bird. They were sea-nymphs, two in number, Aglaiopheme (clear-voice), and Thlexiepeia {magic -speech}. They inhabited the Sirenusa, three small rocky islands on the south of Italy, and, with their melodious voices so charmed those who were sailing by, that they forgot home and every thing relating to it, and abode there till their bones lay whitening on the strand. By the direc- tions of Circe, Ulysses stopped the ears of his companions with wax, and caused himself to bs tied to the mast, and thus was the only person who heard the song of the Sirens and escaped. Dis- appointed at the escape of Ulysses, they threw themselves into the sea and were drowned. According to Ovid (v. 9. "., &c.), the Sirens were so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that they prayed the gods to give them wings, that they might seek her in the sea as well as by land, — a request with which the gods coin- plied. Sirenes, eratis ruixtcB in numero comitum, were you. Sirens, mixed with the number of her attendants, or were you of the num- ber of her attendants ? v. 9. 5.

Sisyphius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Sisi/phus. Cre- tus Sisyphio sanguine, he who is sprung from the blood of Sisy- phus, i. e. Ulysses, who, it was alleged, was the son of Sisyphus, xiii. 1. 32. See Ulysses.

Sisy^phos, & Sis5'phus, -i. m., Sisgphis, one of the sons of .(Eolus. king of Thessaly (See ^Eolus), was the most crafty prince of the heroic age. He was the founder of Ephv're (See Ephyre), and married Merope, the daughter of Atlas, by whom he had four sons. The cunning of Sisyphus was proverbial, and he did not fail to employ it in acts of deception and robbery. He was the friend of the famous robber AutoKcus, who was so pleased with his superior

SOL 303 SC3i

dexterity, that he allowed his daughter, Ant'clea, who was soon afterwards to be married to Laertes (See Laertes), to associate with him. Sisyphus was ultimately condemned in the infernal regions to roll to the top of a hill a large stone, which no sooner reached the summit than it rolled down again to the plain. Various causes are assigned for this never-ending punishment. According to some, it was inflicted upon him for having betrayed the secrets of the gods ; while others state that it was for having given information to Asopus of Jupiter having carried off his daughter jEgina. Another account is, that Sisyphus, when dying, charged his wife to leave his body unburied, and, on complaining to Pluto of her unkindness, obtained permission to return to the light to upbraid her with her conduct. But when he found himself again in his own house, he refused to leave it, until Mercury reduced him to obedience ; and Pluto, onhis return, condemnedhim to roUthe large stone. Sisyphe, aut petis ant urges &axuin ruitwum, Sisyphus, you either fetch or push up the stone, which will immediately tumble dowrn, iv. 11 . 45.

Sol, soils, m. , Sol, the god of the sun, frequently regarded as the same deity with Phoebus, or Apollo. He dwelt on the eastern side of the earth, from which he passed across the sky in a chariot drawn by four horses (ii. 1. 153.). Homer does not mention how Sol returned from west to east ; but according to some of the later poets, he and his horses were received into a golden basin or cup (Ssira;), which carried them diiring the night along the ocean- stream round the earth, to the place whence he was to set out again in the morning. Ovid (ii. 1. 1., &c.) has given a most splendid description of the palace of Sol, in which he sat enthroned in state, surrounded by the Days, Months, Years, Seasons, Ages, and Houis. Sol was the father of many children. By Clymene h« had Phaetnon, whose tragical story is related by Ovid, ii. 1. Dtim Sol est altissimvs medio orbe, while the sun is at the highest in the middle of his course, i. 11. 25. Sol jain altissimns fecerat exiguas umbras, the sun being now at his greatest height had made the shadows small, iii. 1. 50. Sol distahat ex cequo utrdquemata, the sun was equally distant from both terminations of his course, i. e. from the east and west, lii. 2. 15. Qui solet esse color nubi- hns infectis ab ictu adversi Solis, which is usually the colour of the clouds when tinged by the rays of the setting sun, iii. 2. 63.

Somnus, -l, m., Somnus, the god of sleep, was one of the in- fernal deities, the son of Erebus and Nox, and the brother of Death. His palace, according to Ovid (xi. 10. 183, &c.), was a cave near the Cimmerii, which the rays of the sun never penetrated, and the profound silence of which was never broken by any sound. The entrance to it was covered with poppies, and other plants, which produced sleep. Here the lazy god lay fast asleep on a couch, sur- rounded by his thousand sons, whose duty it was to prevent him from being disturbed by any noise. Est p'ope Cimmerios spe-

SPA 304 STY

lunca longo recessu, domjis et j enetralia ignavi Somni, there is near the Cimmerii a cave with a deep recess, the palace and sanc- tuary of the drowsy Somnus, xi. 10. 183. Sumne, placidissrme Deorum, Somnu», thou gentlest of the gods, xi. 10. 214. See Cimmerii.

Sparta, -X,f., Sj arta, or Lacedamon, the capital of Laconia, was situate in an extensive plain, on the right bank of the Eurotas, at the distance of about thirty miles from its mouth. Sparta was at first an inconsiderable place, but gradually increased in strength and importance till it disputed with Athens the sovereignty of Greece. It continued without walls during the most flourishing period of its history, Lycurgus having taught his countrymen that the real defence of a town was solely in the valour of its citizens. Sparta is said to have derived its name from Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, and wife of Lacedaemon. See Laconia.

Spartanus, -a, -urn, cdj., of, or relating to Sparta, S;:ar- ian, Lacedarnonian. S-.artandgente, of Spartan breed, iii. 2. 78.

Spercheis, -Idis, adj.,f., of, or relating to the Sperchiui. Sj.erche'ides rifce, the banks of tne Sperchius, ii. 1. 250.

Spercheos, & Sperchius, -i, m., the Si.erchius, now the Ellada, a river of Thessaly, which rises in Mount Tyrophrestus, now Klytzos, the southern part of Pindus, flows eastward through the valley formed by the ranges of Othrys and CEta, and falls into the Maliacus Sinus, the Gulf of Zeitoun. On account of the ra- pidity of its cm-rent it received its name from the Greek verb ff-rifix,^i)i, to hasten. From its banks being covered with poplars, it is called by Ovid j opulifer, poplar-bearing, i. 11. 12.

Stelles, -is, m., Stelles, a boy who was changed by Ceres into a newt or evet, v. 7. The goddess, during her search for her daughter, had arrived in the evening at a cottage, and on asking of an old woman something to drink, was ridiculed by the boy.

Stheneleius, - a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Sthenelusy a king of Liguria, who was the father of Cycnus. Cycnus Sthene- leia proles, Cycnus, the son of Sthenelus, ii. 3. 1. See Cycnus.

Sticte, -es, _/"., Spotted, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Strymon, -onis, m., the Strymon, now the Stroma, a river in the eastern part of Macedonia, which rises in Mount Scomius, and after a course of 165 miles, falls into a part of the jEgean Sea, to which it gave the name of Strymonicus Sinus, the GulfofCon- iessa. This river anciently formed the boundary between Mace- donia and Thrace.

Stygius, -a., -um, adj., of, or relating to the Styx, Stygian. Juro per infera flumina, lahentia sub terras Stygio luco, 1 swear by the infernal river which flows under the earth along the Sty- gfian grove, i. ti. 27. Stygias paliides, the Stygian marshes, i. e. the Styx, i. 13. 49. Juravimus Stygias undas, I have sworn by

STY 305 SYR

the waters of the Styx, ii. 1. 101. Niger halitus qui exit Stygio ore, the horrid breath which issues from his hideous mouth, iii. I 75. Demittite corpora cruciata diris tormentis Stygias nocti, send down his body after it has been racked by cruel tortures, to Stygian darkness, i. e. to the infernal regions, iii. 7. 1 85. Quod ducit ad Sli/giam urbem, which leads to the infernal city, i.e. the re- sidence of Pluto, iv. 11. 22. Stygio gurgite, in my Stygian chan- nel, i. e. in my channel under ground, v. 8. 43. Stggius bubo, the Stygian, or unlucky owl, xv. 9. 47.

Styx, StygiSj m., the Styx, a celebrated river in the infernal regions, round which it was said to flow nine times. The gods held the Styx in great veneration, and an oath by its waters was deemed by them unalterable. If any of the gods violated their oath, Jupiter compelled them to drink of the waters of the -Styx, and banished them from the celestial table for nine years, after which time they were restored to their former privileges. Across this river the souls of the dead were supposed to be conveyed by Charon in his boat ; and as the ancients believed that the souls of the unburied were either excluded from Tartarus, or at least were compelled to wander for 100 years along the banks of the river before they were admitted, they dreaded no kind of death so much as shipwreck. A small coin was put into the mouth of the de- ceased to enable him to pay Charon for his freight. This fable is said to have taken its rise from the Sfyx, now the Mauronero, a small rapid torrent in the north of Arcadia, which falls into the Crathis. The waters of this stream were said to be poisonous, and to possess the property of dissolving metals and other hard substances exposed to their action. See Tartarus.

Superi, -orum, m., the gods above, the celestial deifies, as opposed to inferi, the infernal gods. Numine Superorum, by the will of the gods, i. 8. 99. Rector Superum, the king of the gods, i. 12. 44.

Syracusse, -arum, ./"., Syracuse, a celebrated city on the east coast of Sicily, founded about b. c. 732, by a Corinthian colony under Archias. The name was originally derived from the marsh Syraco, now // Pancano, lying along the right bank of the Ana- pis (See Anapis). The colonists settled first on the island Orty- gia (See Ortygia), in which was the famous fountain Arethiisa (See Arethusa). The city Syracuse, in its most flourishing state, extended 22 miles in circumference, and was divided into four dis- tricts ; Ortygia, Acradina, Tycha, and Neapolis, to which a fifth, called Epipolee, was afterwards added. Syracuse was supposed to be the largest city then in existence ; the inhabitants were wealthy and powerful, and though subject to tyrants, extended their influence over many dependent states. It fell into the hands of the Romans under the consul Marcellus, after a siege of three years, b. c. 212.

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Archiraedes the geometrician, and the poets Theocritus and Epi- charmus, were natives of Syracuse.

Syrinx, -ingis, y., Si/rinx, a Naid of Nonacris, in Arcadia, who was devoted to the service of Diana. As he was returning one day from the chase, and passing ?.[ount Lycaeus, Pan became enamoured of her ; but when he attempted to address her, she fled. The god pursued : Syrinx reached the river Ladon, and, unable to cross it, implored the aid of her sister-nymphs, who changed her into a reed. While Pan stood sighing at .his disappointment, the wind began to agitate- the reeds and produced a low musical sound. The god, taking the hint, cut seven of the reeds, and formed from them his syrinx or pastoral pipe. Gr. Ace. -inga.

T.

Tffida, -ae, y., a torch, a flamheau ; and bocause torches were used at marriages among the Romans, taeda came to signify a wedding, or marriage. The bride was taken apparently by force from the arms of her mother, or nearest relation, and conducted to her husband's house in the evening. Three boys, whose pirents were aUve, attended her; two of them supporting her by tlic arm, and the third bearing a torch of pine or thorn before her. Five other torches called/aces nuptiales (the nuptial torches) were also carried before her. For the different forms of marriage see A.R. A. 399.

Tsenarius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Tctiiarus, or Cape Matapan. Tanariiis Eurotas, the Eurotas near Cape Taenarus, ii. i. 247.

Tsenarus, -\,f-, Tanams, now Cape Matapan, & promon- tory in the south of Laconia, the most southern point of the Pelo- pormesus, famous for a temple of Neptune, which was accounted an inviolable asylum. Near it was a cave emitting a black and un- wholesome vapour, said to be the entrance to the infernal regions, through which Hercules dragged up Cerberus. Here too was a statue of Arion seateJ on a dolphin. Tsenarus became latterly fa- mous for its marble, which the Romans held in the highest esteem.

TagUS, -i, WJ.; the Tagus, or Tajo, the largest river in Spain, rises in Mons Idubeda among the Celtiberi, and after a western course of 530 miles through the middle of the peninsula, falls into the Atlantic below Lisbon. The sands of the Tagus produced grains of gold and precious stones, ii. 1. 251.

Tanais, -is, m., the Tanaix, now the Don, a large river of Europe, which rises in the Riphaei Montes, the Valdai hills, in the government of Tula in Russia, and after a south-westerly course of 1260 miles falls into the Palus Maedtis, the Sea of Azoph. This river separated in ancient times European and Asiatic Sarmatia, and in modern times forms, in the lowest part of its cc'irse, the boundary between Europe and Asia.

TAN 307 TAR

Tantalus, -i, m., Tantalus, a son of Jupiter, and king of Phrygia. By Dione, one of the Atlantides, he was the father of Niobe, Pelops, &c. Being a particular favourite of the gods, he was admitted to their banquet?, and fed on nectar and ambrosia at their table ; but elated by his good fortune he divulged their se- crets, and stole some of the divine food, which he distributed among his friends. To punish him for this offence Jupiter con- demned him to perpetual hunger and thirst in the infernal regions. He was placed standing up to the chin in a lake, but when he at- tempted to drink, the water ran oflr, leaving the ground dry at his feet. Over his head was suspended a bough loaded with delicious fruit, which, when he essayed to seize it, was carried away by a sudden blast of wind. By the later mythologists he is placed with a stone hanging over his head, which threatens every moment to crush him to pieces. Other causes are assigned for this punish- ment. At an entertainment which he gave to the gods he is said to have killed and served up his son Pelops, for the purpose of trying their divinity, and thereby to have incurred their displea- sure. NullcB aqiKB deprendinitur tibi, Tantale, arbosque, qiUB itnminet, effugit, you catch no water, Tantalus, and the tree which hangs over you escapes from your grasp, iv. 11. 43.

Tarpeius {tris.\ -a, -um^ <^<]j-> of, or relating to the Mons Tarpeius, a name given to the eminence afcerwards called the Capitoline hill, from Tarpeia, by whose treachery the Sabines were admitted into the city. The name is more commonly re- stricted to the Tarpeian rock, a precipice on the Capitoline hill down which condemned criminals were thrown. Qui tenes Tar- peius arces, who occupiest the Capitol, or the temple on the Tar- peian, or Capitoline hill, xv. 9. 122. See Pioma, and CapitoHum. Tartarus, -i, m., Plur. Tartara, -orum, n., Tartarus, that part of the infernal regions which was assigned to the wicked; frequently used to signify the whole of the infernal re- gions. The kingdom of Pluto is represented by Homer as being under the earth, and is described as dreary, dark, and cheerless. The dead, unhappy, and wretched, without distinction of good or evil, age or rank, wander about there, conversing of their former state on earth. Some few, enemies of the gods, as Sisyphus, Ti- tyus, Tantalus, are punished for their crimes, but not apart from the rest of the dead. In process of time, when the ideas of the Greeks had been enlarged by communication with foreign coun- tries, the lower world underwent a total change. It was divided into two regions : Tartarus, the place of punishment for the vsicked ; and Elysium, the place of reward for the good. A stream called the Styx (See Styx) encompassed it, over which the dead, on paying their passage-money, were ferried by Charon ; the three-headed dog Cerberus guarded the entrance ; and three judges, Minos, .fliacus, and Rhadamanthus, investigated the cha-

TAU 308 TKL

racters of the dead, and allotted to each his place of bliss or of pain. A river called Lethe (oblivion) was added, of which the dead were forced ro drink, for the purpose of obliterating all recollection of the past. The latter idea of the infernal regions was adopted by the Latin poets. Tellus icla fecit viam in Tartara, the ground being struck, opened a passage to Tartarus, v. 6. 83. Nee mitte me indeploratum sub inania Tartara, nor send me, nor allow me to go, unlamentcd to shadowy Tartarus, xi. 10. 261. See Manes.

Taurus, -i, m., Taurus, now Ramadan Oglu, or Kurin, a chain of mountains in Asia Minor, which, commencing at the Sa- crum Promontorium, Cape Chiledonia, and the southern parts of Lycia, stretches in a north-easterly direction through Pisidia, Isauria, and Cappadocia, till it is intersected by the Euphrates. According to Strabo it extends much farther, as that geographer connects it with the great Indian ridge of Imuus, or Emodius, now Himalaya. Taurus was sometimes applied by the ancients to all the ranges of mountains between the Slediterranean and Persia.

Taurus, -i, m., the constellation of the Bull, one of the twelve sig^s of the zodiac. Per cornua adversi Tauri, through the horns of the opposite bull,^as the direction of Phaethon was westward, the Bull, whose head is towards the east, would be di- rectly opposite to him, ii. 1 . 80. See Zodiacus.

Taygete, -es,/, Taygete, one of the Pleiades (4 syl.), the seven daughters of Atlas, who formed the constellation of that name in the back of the BuU. In iii. 7. 85. Taygete is used for the constellation Pleiades. Gr. Ace. -en. See Pleias.

Telamon, -onis, m., Te/amo», the son of iEacus and Endeis, and brother of Peleus (diss.). Having been guilty, along with Peleus, of the accidental murder of his brother Phocus, he left his native country, and sailed to Salamis, where he soon after married Glauce, the daughter of the king, and on the death of his father- in-law succeeded to the throne. He accompanied Jason in his ex- pedition to Colchis, and assisted Hercules in taking Troy. As a reward for his services, Hercules gave him in marriage Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon. Telamon was the father of Teucer and Ajax. Creatus Telamone, qui sub forti Hercule cepit Tro- jana mcenia, being the son of Telamon, who, under the brave Her- cules, took the city of Troy, xiii. 1. 22. Satus Telamone, the son of Telamon, i. e. Ajax, xiii. 1. 123.

Telamoniades, -ae, ni., the son of Telamon, a patronymic applied to Ajax, xiii. 1. 231.

Telamonius, -ii, m., the son of Telamon, i. e. Ajax. Tela- monius iinpendit nihil sanguinis, the son of Telamon has spent none of his blood, xiii. 1. 266.

Telephus, -i, tn., Tele/ htis. the son of Hercules by Auge, daughter of Aleus (tris.), king of Arcadia. He was exposed on

TEL 309 TEN

Mount Parthenius by order of his grandfather, and suckled by a hind, till he was found by some shepherds. He was afterwards presented to Teuthras, king of Mysia, who educated him as his son and successor in the kingdom. He married one of the daughters of Priam, and assisted the Trojans in their attempts to repel the Greeks when they landed on his coast. In a violent struggle which ensued he would have been successful had not Bacchus, who pro- tected the Greeks, caused a vine to spring f cm the ground, which entangled his feet and caused him to fall. Achilles, taking advan- tage of this accident, rushed upon him, and inflicted a deadly wound with his spear. According to the oracle this wound could be cured only by the spear which inflicted it. Application was made to Achilles, but in vain : the hero refused, till Ulysses, who knew that Troy could not be taken without one of the sons of Hercules, wishing to make Telephus the friend of the Greeks, persuaded Achilles to comply with the injunctions of the oracle. With the consent of Hercules, he made a poultice for the wound from the rust of the spear, which effected the cure. To this Ulysses alludes, xiii. 1. 172. From gratitude for this service, Telephus joined the Greeks and fought against his father-in-law.

Tellus, -Oris,/., Tellus, the goddess of the earth, the most ancient of all the divinities after Chaos, and the wife of Coelus. Tellus was the same goddess as Rhea, Cybele, Bona Dea, &c., and, as mother of all things, is represented with the various em- blems of fecundity. Tellus is frequently used by the poets to de- note the earth itself. Nee Tellus pendebat in circumfuso aire, nor was the earth suspended in the surrounding atmosphere, i. I. 8. Alma Tellus, ut etat circumdata ponto, bountiful Tellus, surrounded as she was by the sea, ii. 1. 272.

Tempe, n. (Plur. & indecl.), Tem,.e, now Tsampas, a beautiful vale in Thessaly, often alluded to by the ancient writers, who seem to have vied with each other in ascribing to it every fea- ture necessary to constitute perfect beauty. Tempe is a romantic defile, having Slount Olympus on the north, and Ossa on the south, of difficult access, and about five Roman miles in length, its least breadth being about 100 yards. The river Peneus is said by Ovid (i. 11. 3., &c.), to rush through it with great violence; while mo- dern travellers describe it as a calm and gentle stream. The limits of Tempe are, by some geographers, extended over the whole of the great plain of Thessaly. The name, from the Greek verb riuvu, to cut, is supposed to allude to the convulsion of nature, by which Ossa was separated from Olympus, and a passage formed for the waters of the Peneus. See Peneus.

Tenedos, -i, f., Tenedos, a small and fertile island in the iEgean Sea, off the coast of Troas, and about twelve miles south- west of the promontory of Sigeum. 'i'enedos was especially sacred to Apollo (i. 10. 65.), and became famous during the Trojan war

TER 310 THE

a= the place to which the Greeks retired, in order to make the Trojans beUeve that they had returned home without finishing the .«■ipge. The earthenware made here was held in high estimation.

Terra, -ae.y., the earth; sometimes used by the poets to sig- nify the goddess of the earth. See Tellus.

Tethys, -yos, /., Tethys, a sea-goddess, the daughter of Cflelus and Terra. She married her brother Oceanus, by whom she was the mother of the Nile, Alpheus, and the other principal rivers of the universe. As mother of Titan, or the Sun, she is called by Ovid (ii. 1. 156.) the grandmother of Phaethon. Tethys is often used by the poets to denote the sea, ii. 1. 69.

Teucer, -cri, m., Teucer, a son of Telamon, king of Salamis. by Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon. As one of the suitors of Helen, he accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he distinguished himself by his valour and intrepidity. When he re- turned from the famous siege, his father refused to allow him to land, because he had not avenged the injury done to his brother Ajax by the Grecian chiefs, in adjudging to Ulysses the armour of Achilles. Not disheartened by the severity of his father, he retired to Cyprus, where he built a town which he called Salamis, after his native city. \ec Teucer est minus isto patrvelis Achilli, nor is Teucer less a cousin to Achilles than he, xiii. 1. 157. See Ajax.

Teuthrant^US, -a; -um, adj., of, or relating to Teuthras. a king of Mysia, from whom a district of that countrj- obtained the name of Teuthrania. Hence it came to signify Mysian, belonging to Mysia. Teuthranteus Caicus, the Caicus in Mysia, ii. 1. 243.

Thaumantias, -adis, & Thaumantis, •idis,f., the daugh- ter of Tharimas, patronymics applied to Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, fi-om her father Thaumas. Iris Thaumantias lustravil roratis aquis. Iris the daughter of Thaumas sprinkled with drip- ping waters, iv. 11. 63.

Thaumas, -antis, m., Thaumas, a son of Pontus and Terra, and father of the Harpies and Iris. See Harpyiae and Iris.

Thebae, -arum,/., Thebes, or Thiva, the capital of Boeotia, and one of the most ancient and celebrated cities of Greece, was situate on the small river Ismemis, a little to the north of the Asopus. It was founded by Cadmus (See Cadmus), and called from him Cadmea, an appellation which was afterwards confined to the citadel only, but he afterwards called it Thebae from the great Egyptian city. The walls of Thebes were built by Amphion and Zethus by the music of the lyre. Thebes was famous for its seven gates, and for the siege of the seven chiefs in support of the claims of Polynices. The Thebans participated in the dulness and stu- pidity which has been ascribed to the rest of the Boeotians, though Pc'lopidas and Pindar form illustrious exceptions. This city reached

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its highest reputation under Epaminondas ; it was rased to the ground by Alexander, who spared the house and family of Pindar, from admiration of the poet. See Bceotia.

Thebas, -arum, /:, Thebes, a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, which was taken and destroyed by Achilles during the Trojan war. Qvod ThehcB cecidere, meurn est, that Thebes fell, or was taken, is due to me, xiii. 1. 173.

Themis, -idis, & -idos, /., Themis, was the daughter of Ccelus and Terra, and one of the wives of Jupiter, by whom she was the mother of Peace, Order, Justice, the Fates, and the Sea- sons. Her oracle on Mount Parnassus was famous in the time of Deucalion, who consulted it after the flood, and was instructed by it how to repair the loss of the human race, i. 8. 9., &c. The- mis is said to have succeeded her mother in the possession of the Pythian oracle, and to have voluntarily resigned it to her sister Phoebe, who gave it as a present to Apollo. Fatidicam Themht, prophetic Themis, 1.8. 9. Gr. Ace. -in. Foe. -i. See Deu- calion.

Theridamas, -antis, ?«., Tamer of wild beasts, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Thermodon, -ontis, W., the Thermodon, now the Thenneh, a river of Pontus, in Asia Minor, which flowed through the dis- trict of Themiscyra, the residence of the Amazons, and fell into the Black Sea. It was one of the twelve labours of Hercules to obtain for Eurystheus (Jris.) the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Am- azons.

Theron, -cntis, jn.,^M?ifer, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Thersites, -ae, m., Thersites was the most deformed and ugly of the Greeks who went to Troy. He was remarkable for his sarcasm and bitter invective, and took pleasure in opposing the schemes of the other chiefs, and in holding up their opinions and plans to ridicule. In stating his own sentiments he employed the most irritating and offensive language. Ulysses claims the merit of having on one occasion punished him for his insolence (xiii. 1. 233.). He was killed by Achilles with a blow of his fist, because he laughed at that hero for mourning the death of Penthesilea, the queen of the Amazons, whom he had slain in battle.

Thescelus, -i, m., Thesnelus, one of the companions of Phi- neus {diss.), who was changed into stone by Perseus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda.

Theseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Theseus, king of Athens, was the son of ^Egeus {diss.) and .(Ethra, daughter of Pittheus {diss. ), king of Troezene. Theseus is one of the most distinguished characters in Grecian mythology, and in the boldness and danger- ous character of his adventures, may be considered as the Atheni.in counterpart of the Theban Hercules. From circumstances which

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need not be mentioned, he was educated at the court of his ma- ternal grandfather, till he reached the years of manhood. He was then sent by his mother to the court of jEgeus, and being acknow- ledged by the king as his son, took his place as heir to the throne. On his way to Athens he slew several robbers who infested the intervening country, and on his arrival narrowly escaped being poisoned by his stepmother ^ledea. He relieved bis father's court of the Pallantides, who were anxiously waiting for the death of the aged monarch to seize upon the government, and exhibited in chains to thi- astonished eyes of the Athenians the famous Cretan bull which had long infested the plain of Marathon. He next pre- vailed upon his father (See /Egeus) to allow him to go to Crete as one of the youths whom he was bound to furnish annually as a tri- bute to Minos. Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, who was present when the Athenian youths and maidens were exhibited before him, became deeply enamoured of Theseus, by whom her love was speedily returned. She furnished him with a clue of thread, which enabled him to penetrate in safety the windings of the labyrinth, till he came to the place where the Minotaur lay, whom he caught by the hair and slew ; and having, according to promise, carried off Ariadne and her sister Phsdra, returned in safety to his native country. Theseus was also a sharer in the dangers of the Caly- donian hunt, sailed with Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and aided his friend Pirithous and the Lapithse in their conflict with the Centaurs. The friendship between Theseus and Pirithous was of a most intimate nature, and led them to aid each other in every project. They together carried oflF Helen, the daughter of Tynda- rus, when a child of but ten years (See Helena), and made an at- tempt to deprive Pluto of his queen. They descended for this purpose to the infernal regions; but Pluto, knowing their design, seized them, and placed them on an enchanted rock ; where they were detained till Hercules passing by in his descent for Cerberus, freed Theseus, hut was by a divine intimation prevented from aid- ing his friend. The invasion of Attica by Castor and Pollux, to avenge the carrying off of their sister, compelled Theseus at last to go into exile. He retired to the court of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, and there met his death, either by accident, or by the treachery of his host. He ascended with Lycomedes a lofty rock to take a view of the island, and either fell or was pushed oif by his rompanion, and lost his life by the fall.

Thespias, -adis, adj.,/., of, or relating to Thespia, Thes- pian. Thapiee, now Eremo Castro, wa.s a town of considerabL" antiquity in l>oeotia, at the foot of Mount Helicon, especially sa- cred to the Pluses, and where festivals were celebrated in honour of them. Hence Thespiadex DeiE, ye Thespian goddesses, i. e. ye Muses, V. 5. 17.

Thisbe, -es, f., Thishe, a young woman of Babylon who was

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beloved by Pyvaiuus. Quam Babylonia Thishe vidit procul ad radios lunce, which Babylonian Thisbe saw at a distance by the rays of the moon, iv. 2. 45. See Pyramus.

Thoon, -onis, m., Thoon, one of the companions of Sarpe- don, king of Lycia, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr. Ace. -ona.

Thous, -i, m,, Swift, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Thracia, -SSjJ"-, Thrace, now Rumelia, an extensive country in Europe, bounded on the north by Mount Haemus, which sepa- rated it from Mcesia; on the east, by the Black Sea and the Bos- porus Thracius, the Straits of Constantinople ; on the south by the Propontis, the Sea of Marmora ; and on the west by the river Nestus, Mesto, which separated it from Macedonia. Thracia is said to have received its name from Thrax, a son of Mars ; but the later Greek writers regarded it as derived from Tea^na, j-ovgh, as indicative of the rugged t-nd mountainous character of the country. The Thracians were a cruel, though brave and warlike people, whence Mars was said to have been born in their country, and to have resided among them ; they were also much addicted to drinking. The numerous Greek colonies, which were subsequently established on the coast, imparted to them a considerable degree of civilisation.

Threicius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Thrace, Thru- dan.

ThusCUS, -a, -um, adj., Tuscan, of, or relating to Etruria, now Tuscany, a district of Italy, which was said to have been in- habited by a Pelasgic colony from Lydia in Asia Minor; hence the adjective is used to signify Lydian. Ab Thuscd urbe, from a Lydian city, iii. 7. 114.

Thyoneus (Jris.), -ei, & -eos, m., TAyonews, a name given to Bacchus from the Greek verb 6uuv, to rage.

Thybris, -idis, m., the Tiber, or Tevere, a river in Italy which rises in the Apennines, flows southward, separating Etruria from Umbria, the country of the Sabini, and Latium, and after a course of 215 miles, during which it receives more than forty tri- butaries, enters the Tuscan Sea, fifteen miles below Rome. It was originally called Albiila, and took the name of Thybris or Ti- beris, from a king of Alba, who was drowned in it. Thybrinque, ctii potentia rerum promissa fuit, and the Tiber, to which the go- vernment of the world was promised, i. e. on whose banks Rome was to be built, which was destined to possess the government of the world, ii. I. 259. Gr. Ace. -in.

Tigris, -idis, m., Tiger, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs.

Tiresias, -se, m., Tiresias, a celebrated Theban prophef, the son of Everus and Chariclo, of the race of Udaeus, one of the men who sprung from the teeth of the serpent. He is said to have

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lived to a great age, and to have witnessed the greater part of the mythological history of Thebes. At an early period of life he was deprived of sight, and to his blindness he was indebted for the gift which raised him to celebrity among his countrymen. Various ac- counts of the cause of his blindness are given. By some it is ascribed to his having seen iMinerva bathing ; and by others to his having divulged to mankind the secrets of the gods. Ilesiod relates that Tiresias happening to see two serpents in close union on Mount Cyllene, struck them with his staff, and was suddenly changed into a woman. In this state he continued for seven years ; at the end of which period he saw the same serpents in a similar position, and on striking them a second time recovered his original sex. On one occasion Jupiter and Juno referred to him the deci- sion of a dispute, for which his previous transformation seemed to have qualified him. His decision was unfavourable to Juno, and the goddess in anger afflicted him with blindness. Jupiter, unable to undo the acts of his queen, gave him in compensation the power of foreseeing future events. Liriope, the mother of Narcissus, con- sulted Tiresias as to the fate of her son, and as the truth of his prediction was verified by the event, he was afterwards rendered famous as a prophet, iii. 5. 3.

Tisiphone, -es,/., Tisiphone, one of the three Furies, of whom a graphic description is given by Ovid, i v. II. 66., &c. See Krinnvs.

Titan, -ani?, & Titanus, -i, m., Titan, the son of Coelus and Terra, and the elder brother of Saturn, in whose favour he re- signed his kingdom on condition that he would not rear any male offspring (See Saturnus). Titan was one of a numerous family who are known by the name of Titans, or Titanides. The most celebrated of theie were Briareus (tris.), Hyperion, lapetus, Oceanus, Saturnus, Rhea, Themis, Tethys, &c., who, with their descendants, were included under the general name of Titans. The war which Titan along with his brother and sous waged against Saturn for the recovery of his kingdom, is known in my- thology as the war of the Titans ; and should not be confounded with the war of the giants, which was directed against Jupiter. Titan is also used by the poets as synonymous with Sol, the god of the sun, i. 1 6., ii. 1. lib. See Saturnus, and Jupiter.

Titania, -m-,f., Titania, a name applied to Diana, as Titan is to Sol. Diim Titania ibi perluitur solitd lympha, while Diana is bathing there in her usual water, iii. 2. 43. It is also ap- plied (i. 8. 83.) to Pyrrha, because she was the grand-daughter of lapetus, who was one of the Titans. See Titan.

Tityos, & Tityus. -i, in., Tityns, the son of Jupiter by Elara, the daughter of Orchomenus. To protect her from the re- sentment of Juno, Jupiter hid Elara in the bowels of the eartli, where sh« gave birth to Tityus, who from this circumstance v as

TMO 315 TRI

said to be the son of Terra. Tityus happened to see Latona as she was going to Delphi, and attempted to offer her violence ; but the goddess called to her children for aid, and he soon fell by the ar- rows of Apollo. He was placed in the infernal regions, where vul- tures continually preyed upon his liver, which grew again as fast as it was devoured. He is here represented as covering nine acres of ground. Tityos prcebebat viscei-a lanianda, eratque distentus novemjugeribus, Tityus was giving his entrails to be devoured hy the vultures, and was stretched over a space of nine acres, iv. 11. 42.

Tmolus, -i, m-, Tmolus, now Buz Dag, a mountain of Lydia, in Asia Minor, celebrated by the ancients for its vines, safiron, and odoriferous flowers. Th» air of the mountain was so salubrious that the inhabitants were said to live to a very advanced age.

Tonans, -antis, m., the 7 hunderer, a name applied to Jupi- ter as the god of Thunder. Tecta mugni Tonantis, the palace of the great Thunderer, i. 6. 8.

Trachinius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to TracMs, Tra- chiniqn. Trachinia pitppis ipsa qvbque agitur his vicibus, the Trachinian ship itself too is subjected to these changes, xi. 10. 93.

TrachiSj & Trachiu, inis, f., Trachis, a town in the south of Thessaly, giving its name to Trachinia, the surrounding district, of which Ceyx was king. The name, according to Herodotus, was derived from roa^v;, rough, and was applied to it in consequence of the mountainous character of the country. To this town Her- ciiles retired after having committed an involuntary murder. In the immediate neighbourhood was the strong town Heraclea Tra- chinia. Herculea. Trachine, in Herculean Trachis, i. e. in Trachis, afterwards called Heraclea. Ovid has here been guilty of an ana- chronism, as the fact alluded to took place before the death of Her- cules, xi. 10. 218.

Trinacria, -se, & Trinacris, -idis, & -idos, /., Trina- cria, & Trinacris, names applied to the island of Sicily from its three promontories {r^ti; aK^ai), Pelorum, Pachynum, and Lily- boeum, q. v. Vasta insula Trinacris injecta est giganteis mem- bris, the vast island (of Sicily) was placed upon the limbs of the giant, i. e. Typhoeus, v. 6. 7.

Triones, -um, m., the Triones, a name given to the two con. stellations, the Greater and Lesser Bear, at the North Pole, be- cause their stars seem to be in the form of a chariot with three oxen yoked to it. Turn primum gelidi Triones caluere radiis, then for the first time the cold Triones were vrarmed by the rays of the sun, ii. 1. 171.

Triton, -onis, in., Triton, a sea deity, the son of Neptune and Amphitrite. Triton became powerful among the deities of the sea, and was the attendant and trumpeter of Neptune. His trum- pet was a conch-shell, and Ovid (i. 8. 23., &c.) gives a very fine

TRI 316 TRI

flescription of his sounding the retreat to the waters which covered the earth in the flood of Deucalion. In the upper part of his body he resembled a, man, in the lower a fish. The upper part of his body is represented as standing out of the water ; hence the expres- sion Exstantem su/rn profundum, i. 8. 19. Canorum Tritona, the musical Triton, — in allusion to his office, ii. 1. 8. Gr. Ace. -ona.

Tritonia, -a?, & Tritonis, -Tdis, & -iilos, f., Tritonia, and Tritonis, names given to Minerva from a Cretan word t^itui, sig- nifying the head, because she was said to have sprung from the head of Jupiter (See Minerva). From the same word she was called by the Greeks rg/Toysvs/a {head-sprung). According to some mytho- logists Minerva received this name from Tritonis, a small lake near the Syrtis Minor in Africa, vrhere she first showed her- self to mankind. In memory of this event, there was an annual feast held there, during which the most beautiful woman in the country was clothed like Pallas, with a mural crown on her head, and drawn round the city in triumph. Monitn Tritonidis, by the advice of Minerva, i. e. wisely, prudently, iii. ). 127.

TriumphuSj -i, m., a triumph, the solemn and magnificent entrance of a general into Rome after having gained an import- ant victory. A triumph was the highest military honour which could be obtained in the Roman state, and had its origin at Rome, from Romulus carrying the arms of Acron, king of the Csenincn- ses, in procession to the Capitol. The following are the conditions on which a triumph could be legally granted : it was necessary that the general should give intimation to the senate of the victory ; that he should appear at the head of his army before Rome, for no per- son invested with military command could enter the city ; that he should prove to the senate assembled in the temple of Bellona, that in a legitimate war with foreigners he had slain at least 6000 of the enemy in one battle, and had thereby extended the limits of the empire. If the triumph was granted, the general was allowed to enter the city without divesting himself of his command. The triumphal procession, commencing from the Campus Martius, went along the Via Triumphalis, through the most public places of the city to the Capitol, where the general offered a sacrifice to Jupiter Capitolinus. The procession was headed by a choir of mu- sicians, one of whom exhibited many laughable gestures as if in derision of the enemy. Then followed the victims intended for sacrifice, and a long train of persons carrying perfumes. The spoils and booty taken from the enemy were also exhibited, and representations of cities and battles. To these succeeded the Gene- ral, clad in a purple toga, embroidered with gold, and a variegated tunic, wearing a crown of laurel on his head, and holding in his right hand a laurel branch. He bore in his left hand an ivory sceptre with an eagle on the top, and was seated in a triumphal

TRO 317 TUR

chariot, adorned with golJ and ivory, and drawn by four white horses. The procession was closed by the victorious army, who sung their own praises and those of their general, often exclaiming lo trium- jjhe, in which all the citizens joined. A triumph often continued for several days.

Troes, -um, m., the Trojans, the inhabit ants of Troy.

Troja, -3S, /., Troy, the capital of Troas, in Asia Minor, a city which has been immortalized by the poetry of Homer and Vii-gil, was situate in a plain on a small eminence, a few miles from the mouth of the Hellespont, and between the two rivers Simois and Scamander. Its site is supposed to be now occupied by the village of Bunarbashi ; but the lapse of time has not only oblite- rated every trace of the city, but has also effected such changes in the face of the country as to render it impossible to ascertain its exact position. The city was said to have been built by Dardanus, the first king of the country, who called it Dardania (See Darda- nus), and to have received the names of Troja and Ilium from his two successors Tros and Ilus (See Ilium). The citadel was called Pergamus(See Pergamus). The Trojan war, to which allusion is so frequently made by the classical writers, was undertaken by the Greeks to recover Helen, whom Paris, the son of Priam, had carried off from her husband Menelaus. The Greeks collected ' a fleet of lit 6 ships, containing probably about 100,000 men, and appointed Agamemnon their commander-in-chief. The Trojan forces were more numerous, as Priam was assisted not only by the neighbouring princes of Asia Minor, but also by the Thracians, As- syrians, and ^Ethiopians. The siege was maintained with valour and intrepidity for ten years, at the end of which time the city was taken either by treachery or stratagem (See jEneas and Antenor). The city itself was destroyed, and the inhabitants were either put to the sword or carried away by the conquerors. Troy was taken, B. c. 1184, and 431 years before the building of Rome. Trojam captam, Troy as good as taken, xiii. 1. 226. See Helena, Paris, and Menelaus.

TrojanuSj -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Troy, Trojan. Qui cepit Trojana mosnia subj'orti Hercule, who took Troy under the valiant Hercules, i. e. who assisted Hercules in taking Troy, xiii. 1. 23. Troy is said to have been taken by Hercules in the time of Laomedon, in consequence of that king refusing to pay to him and to Neptime the sum for which they had agreed to build the walls (See Telamon). Trojanafata, the fate, or destiny of Troy, xiii. 1. 336. Tempore Trojam belli, in the time of the Trojan war. The Trojan war was begun b. c. 1 194, and ended b. c. 1164, XV. 2. 101.

1 urnuSj -i, m., Tumus, the son of Daunus and Venilia, was king of the Rutuli, a people of Latium, at the time when jEneas arrived in Italy. Lavinia, the daughter of king Latinus, had been

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TYD 318 TYR

betrothed to him before the arrival of the Trojan fugitives, aiid Tur- nus taking it amiss that a stranger should be preferred to him, en- deavoured to assert his claim by arms. His efforts, though sup- ported by great courage, wore unsuccessful ; he was defeated, and at last slain in single combat by .lEneas. He is represented by Virgil as a man of dauntless bravery, and uncommon strength.

'I'ydldeSj -te, /;?., Tydides, the son of Tydeiis, a patronymic applied to Diomedes, from his father Tydeus (diss.). See Diomedes.

Tyndaris, -idis, & -idos, /., Tynduris, the daughter of Tyndarns, a patronymic applied to Helen from Tyndarus, the hus- band of Leda. See Helena.

Typhoeus (iris.), -ei, & -ecs, 7n., Typhoeus, called also Typhon, a giant of prodigious size, the offspring of Tartarus and Terra. His stature overtopped the mountains ; his head was said to touch the stars ; one hand extended to the east, the other to the west ; his legs and feet were coils of snakes ; fire darted from his mouth and eyes. Immediately after his birth he made war upon heaven to avenge the death of his brothers the giants, and hurled glowing rocks, with loud cries and hissing. The gods, in terror, fled into Egypt ; and when he pursued them thither, changed themselves into various animals to escape his fury. Jupiter at last resumed courage, struck Typhoeus with his thunderbolts, and buried him under Sicily (v. 6. 7, &c.), his hands being kept down by the promontories Pelorum andPachfnum, his feet by Lilybaeum, while .^tna pressed upon his head. 7'yphoea emissnm de imd sedeterrce fecisse metum Ccelitibas, that Typhoeus sent (by his mother) from the lowest depths of the eai-th caused fear to the gods, v. 5. 28. Terrigenam Typhoea, the earth-born Typhoeus, v. 6. 32. Gr. Ace. -oea.

Tyrius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Tyre, Tyrian ; also purp/e-colvured, jurple. Profecti Tyrid gente, the men who had come from the Tyrian nation, the Phoenicians, iii. 1. ;6. Indu' tus Tyriam chlamydem, clad in a Tyrian, or purple cloak, v. 1 . 51 .

Tyros, & Tyius, -\,f-, Tyre, now Soor, a maritime city of Phoenicia, twenty-four miles south of Sidon. Tyre, though a very ancient city, was a colony of Sidon, whence, in Scripture, it is called her daughter. In process of time it became a very large, rich, and populous city, powerful at sea, and the rival of Sidon ; its inhabitants were famed for their wealth and extensive com. mcrce, as well as for their manufactures of fine linen, and their beautiful purple dye. According to the prediction of the Hebrew prophets, Tyre was attacked by Nebuchadnezzar, and taken after a siege of thirteen years. In consequence of this, tlie inhabitants, considering themselves insecure, removed to a small island, three stadia from the shore, where they built a new city, and secured it b/ defensive works on all sides. It was, however, attacked by

TYR 319 ULY

Alexander, who took and burned it b. c. 332, after a siege of seven months. Both the second capture of the city, and the extraordi- nary mode in which it was accomplished, had been foretold in Scripture.

Tyrrhenus, -a, -um, adj., Tyrrhenian, or Tuscan; of, or relating to Etruria, a district of Italy, said to have been inhabited by a Pelasgic colony from Lydia, in Asia IMinor. Tyrrhend geute, of the Tuscan nation, iii. 7. 66. See Thuscus,

U.

Ulyxes, & Ulysses, -is, m., Ulysses, the son of Laertes and Anticlea, was king of Ithaca, Teaki, and Dulichium, two smal islands off the coast of Aeharnania, in Greece. Sisyphus is said by some to have enjoyed the favours of Anticlea previous to her marriage, and to have been the father of Ulysses ; and in this way they have attempted to account for his great address and ingenuity. Hence Ulysses is derisively called by Ajax the son of Sisyphus (xiii. 1. 32.). Like all the Grecian princes who were his contempora- ries, he became one of the suitors of Helen ; and by his advice, Tyndarus was induced to leave to the princess herself the choice of a husband (See Helena). Having married Penelope, the daughter of Icarius of Sparta, he returned with her to Ithaca, and soon after received the kingdom from his father, who resigned it in his favour (See Laertes). His connubial happiness was soon interrupted. In common with the other suitors of Helen, he had engaged to pro- tect the rights of her husband, and was therefore summoned to join his countrymen in their expedition against Troy. To avoid the painful separation from Penelope, he pretended to be insane, yoked a horse and bull together, and ploughed the sea-shore, where he sowed salt instead of corn. Palamedes, who was sent for this purpose by the Greeks, detected the imposture, and forced Ulysses to accompany him to the camp. This detection he basely revenged at Troy, by accomplishing the death of Palamedes as a traitor (See Palamedes). Ulysses, during the war, distinguished himself above all the Greeks, by his prudence, wisdom, and craftiness, and was em - ployed by them in every measure which required skill and dexterity in the management. His sagacity in council was not less conspicuous than his valour in the field. The services which he rendered to his countrymen were numerous and important. He persuaded Cly- temnestra to send her daughter Iphigenia along with him to Aulis ( See Iphigenia) ; he forced Achilles from his concealment in the Island of Scyros ( See Achilles) ; in company with Diomedes, he slew Rhesus, king of Thrace, and got possession of his horses (See Rhesus); carried off the Palladium from the citadel of Troy (See Palladium) ; and prevailed upon Philoctetes to leave the Island of Lemnos ( See Philoctetes). On the accomplishment of each of these measures, the fate of Troy depended. For his eminent services he was universally applauded by the Greeks, and rewarded with

URA 320 YEN

the anns of Achilles, for which he disputed with Ajax (See Ajax). After the destruction of Troy, Ulysses was driven for ten years over raanv seas, and visited various countries before he returned to his native island. He first sailed to the country of the Cicones, in Thrace, and took and plundered their town Ismarus ; next to the Lotophagi (the lotus-eaters), in Africa; he then reached the country of the Cyclops, in Sicily, and lost six of his companions, who were devoured bv Polyphemus. The crafcy prince intoxicated the king, pierced out his eye, and made his escape writh the rest of his crew. He then visited ^-Eolia, where he was kindly received by .£61us the king, from whom he received enclosed in a bag all the winds which could obstruct his return to Ithaca. But the cu- riosity of his companions had nearly proved fatal to him. Suppos- ing that the bag contained gold, they opened it while Ulysses was asleep, when the winds rushed out and destroyed the whole fleet ex- cept the ship which carried their commander. After spending some time with Circe, he visited the infernal regions ; passed unhurt the islands of the Sirens (See Siren), and by the assistance of the gods reached Ithaca after an absence of twenty years. His adventures are related in the Odyssey of Homer, of which he is the hero. Gr. Ace. -en.

Urania, -ae, & Uranie, -es, J*., Urania, the name of one of the Muses. See Musae.

V.

VentUS, -i, m., the wind. The (Finds are represented by Homer as gods, and had sacrifices offered to them by the Athenians, as to deities intent on the destruction of mankind by continually causing storms and earthquakes. They are said to be the sons of Astraeus and Aurora. In the Odyssey, and in the .^neid, they are placed under the control of »^61us as their king, who keeps them confined in a cave in JJoUa ( See .^Eolus). The later poets and artists furnished them with wings to indicate their velocity. The ancients observed only four winds, called fenti Cardinules, be- cause they blew from the four cardinal points. Homer enumerates no more ; and Ovid (i. 2. 30., &c.), in imitation of him, mentions the same number. Intermediate winds were afterwards added, first one, and then two, between each of the Fcnti Cardinules. The twelve winds were, — Boreas, the north wind, Aquilo, Corns ; Subsolanus, the east wind, Vulturnus, Eurus ; Auster, the south wind, Noius, Africus ; Favonius, the west wind, Zephjrus, Cir- cius. The points of the compass have, in modern times, been in- creased to thirty-two.

Venus, -eris,yi, Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, was the daughter of Jupiter by the nymph Dione. By some myiholo- gists she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea near the Island of Cythera, to which she was wafted by the Zephyrs, and

VES 321 \-ES

received on the shore by the Seasons (See Aphrodite). She was the wife of Vulcan, aud the mother of Cupid and ^neas. Venus was worshipped with particular devotion at Paphos and Amathus, in Cyprus ; on Mount Eryx, in Sicily ; and at Cnidus, in Caria. She was represented by the ancients in various forms. The rose, myrtle, and apple, were sacred to her ; and among birds, the dove, swan, and sparrow were her favourites.

Vesta^ -ie,J'., Vesta, the name of two goddesses in ancient mythology, the one the mother of the gods, often confounded with Cybele, Rhea, and Tellus ; and the other the daughter of Saturn and Rhea, and therefore the sister ot Ceres and Juno. The cha- racter and ofiSce of these goddesses have not been clearly defined by writers either on Greek or Roman mythology. The Vesta C'EiTTta ) of the Greeks presided over the domestic hearth, the sym- bol of social union, and had libations of wine poured out to her at the beginning and end of banquets. The Vesta of the Romans, though identical in name and offic." with the former, does not ap- pear to have been borrowed from the Greeks, as her worship is by all testimony carried back to the earliest period of the state. Her mysteries are said to have been introduced into Italy by .^neas ; and Kuma built her a temple at Rome, which no male was permitted to enter. In this sanctuary was deposited the Palladium, the sacred emblem of the perpetuity of the empire ( See Palladium), and a fire was kept continually burning on her altar. The temple of Vesta was round, probably in allusion to the form of the earth, of whicli she was considered the goddess, but contained no statue. She was represented in a long flowing robe, with a veil on her head, holding in the one hand a lamp, and in the other a javelin, or sometimes a Palladium. The temple of Vesta was placed under the care of the Vestal Virgins, an order of priestesses derived ori- ginally from Alba, and first instituted at Rome by Numa. They were at first four in number, but either Tarquinius Priscus, or Servius Tullius, increased it to six, and this number continued till the priesthood was abolished in the age of Theodosius the Great. They were originally chosen by the kings, and after their expulsion by the Pontifex Maximus, who selected twenty girls between the ages of six and sixteen, not tainted by any bodily defect, and whose parents were free born and still living, from whom the vacancies were supplied, either voluntarily or by lot. The Vestal virgins were bound to their ministry for thirty years ; for the first ten they were em- ployed in learning the sacred rites, for the next ten in performing them, and for the last ten in instructing the younger virgins. Their duty consisted in keeping the sacred fire always burning, in guard- ing the Palladium, and in offering sacrifices for the prosperity of the state. If they neglected the sacred fire, they were punished by scourging ; and if they violated their vow of chastity they were buried alive. The privileges of the Vestals were very great : they

VUL 522 VUL

had the uncontrolled disposal of their property ; the right of mak- ing a will ; of freeing a criminal from punishment if they met him accidentally ; the prsetors and consuls went out of the way, and lowered the fasces if they met them in the street ; and from the time of Augustus they were honoured with a particular seat in the theatre. They wore a long white rohe, bordered with purple, and had their heads decorated with fillets.

Vulcanius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Vulcan. Vul- cania munera, the gift of Vulcan, i. e. the chariot of the sun, which was made by Vulcan, ii. 1. 106. Vvlcania Lemnos, Lem- nos sacred to Vulcan, xiii. 1. ol3. See Lemnos.

Vulcanus, -i, m., Vvlcun, the god of fire, and the patron of all artists who worked metals, was the son of Jupiter and Juno ; or, according to others, of Juno alone. His mother, disgusted with his deformities, threw him from Olympus, when he was received by the Ocean-nymphs Thetis and Eurynome, and concealed by them in a cavern for nine years. At the end of this period he seems to have returned to Olympus, for we find him in the Iliad firmly fixed there and all the houses, ornaments, and arms of the gods were the work of his hands. On one occasion, when Jupiter pu- nished Juno for disobedience, Vulcan interfered, and was thrown from Olympus by his father. His descent to the earth occupied nine days, and he alighted at last on the Island of Lemnos, where he was hospitably received by the inhabitants. His leg was broken by the fall, and he ever after continued lame of one foot. He fixed his residence in the island, and there estabhshed forges, in which all sorts of metals were wrought ; and communicated to the inha- bitants a knowledge of the useful arts. As the geographical know- ledge of the ancients advanced, JEtm, Lipari, and all other places where there was subterraneous fire, were regarded as the forges of Vulcan, and the Cyclops were associated with him as his assistants. The various articles made by Vulcan are numerous. Among the most celebrated of these were the golden cup, in which the god of the sun, with his horses and chariot were carried round the earth every night (See Sol) ; the armour which Achilles wore in the latter part of the Trojan war ; and the arms which he made for .lEneas at the request of Venus. Vulcan made an attempt to gain the affections of Minerva, but she having obtained from her father permission to remain in a state of celibacy, refused to receive his addresses, and the deformed god married Venus the goddess of beauty. The worship of Vulcan was extensively established, particularly in Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome. He is usually represented in a ihort tunic, with a serious countenance and muscular form, stand- ing at his anvil with hammer and tongs, and sometimes with a pointed cap on his head Vulcanus is frequently used by the poets to signify /zre. Effiant Vulcanum adamanteis naribus, blowout fire from their adamantine nostrils, vii. 1. 101.

XAN 323 ZON

X.

Xanthus, -i, m., the Xanthus, now the Bunarhashi, a small brook scarcely ten miles long, which joins the Simoi's a few miles from its mouth. It still retains the character given to it by Homer ; its waters are pure and transparent ; its borders are covered with flowers : and willows, date-trees, ash -trees, and reeds, are yet to be seen on its banks, and eels are still caught in its channel. On account of the beauty and copiousness of its stream, divine honours were paid to the Xanthus by the Trojans. According to Homer, this stream was called Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by men ; and was said to have been set on fire by Vulcan during the siege of Troy. Hence Ovid says, Xanthnsque arsurus iterum, and the Xanthus destined to be set on fire a second time, i.e. by Vul- can at the request of Juno, during the siege of Troy, ii. 1. 245. See Simois and Troja.

Z.

Zephyrus, -i, m., the west wind. See Ventus.

Zethes, -SG, m-, Zethes, the son of Boreas, and brother of Ca- lais. See Calais.

Zodiacus, -i, m., the Zodiac, a broad circle or belt surround- ing the heavens, within which the apparent motion of the sun, moon, and all the greater planets is confined. The middle part of it, which is called the Ecliptic, is that great circle, round which the sun appears to move in the course of a year. The Ecliptic has been divided by astronomers into twelve equal parts called Signs, which have received the following names from the constellations through which it passes : Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces. The celestial equator crosses the Ecliptic obliquely in the first degrees of Aries and Libra, two of its points exactly opposite to each other, thus placing the first six Signs in the northern, and the other six in the southern hemisphere (ii. 1. 18.). These constellations were fancied by the ancients to represent certain things, and were there- fore called Signs, and because the things so represented are most of them i^&i^icc, or animals, hence the whole tract is styled the Zodiac, and the figures themselves are called the Signs of the Zodiac. The Ecliptic derived its name from the circumstance that eclipses {ixXii-^/us) can only happen when the planets are either in or near this line. The Zodiac extends nine degrees on either side of the Ecliptic. The division of the firmament into constellations seems to have been coeval with the knowledge of astronomy. The con- stellations are mentioned occasionally in Scripture as well as by Homer, Hesiod, and most of the profane authors whose works have come down to modern times.

Zona, -'£, f-, a girdle, or belt. The celestial sphere has been

ZON y24 ZON

divided by astronomers into five broad belts {zona), and these di- visions are also supposed to be transferred to the earth, or terres- trial sphere (i. 2. 17.). The Zones divide the eai-th with respect to the various degrees of heat and cold ; viz., one Torrid, two Tempe- rate, and two Frigid. The Torrid Zone lies between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, extends twenty-three degrees and a half on each side of the Equator, and derives its name from its excessive heat. The ancients believed that the Torrid Zone was more ele- vated than the rest of the earth, and therefore so scorched by the rays of the sun as to be rendered uninhabitable (i. 2. 18.). The two Temperate Zones lie between the Tropics and the Polar circles, one on each side of the Torrid Zone, and are called Tern- perate because they are not subject to the excessive heat of the Torrid Zone, nor to the excessive cold of the Fri^d Zones (i. 2. 20.). The two Frigid Zones lie between the Polar circles and the Poles, and are so called from the excessive cold to which they are subject. They were believed by the ancients to be perpetually covered with deep snow (i. 2. 19.), and therefore almost incapable of being inhabited by man.

Patara, oriim, n. Patara, a town of Lvcia, in Asia Minor, situate on the coast, near the mouth of the Xanthus. The town was adorned with several temples, the most celebrated of which was that of the Lvcian Apollo, which was very ancient, and second only to that of Delphi. Here the god was said to give oracles during the six winter months, and received from it the name of P<itara;ns. The name Patara is derived by some from Pat.'rus, a son of Apollo, while Phny affirms that it was more anciently called Satyros.

Pataraeus, a, um, adj. of, or relating to Patara, Patarean. rataraoa regie servit mihi,the city Patara is subject to me. i. 10. 65.

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Marglne terranun porrexerat- Amphx- trite, i. 1. 10.

Persidaque, et radiis juga subdita- matu- tinis, i. 2. 31.

Deerat ad- hue, et quod dominari in cetera posset, i. 2. 46.

Perque liiemes aestusque et inaequa- Ids au- tumnos, i. 4. 5.

Faurii- que Satjjr- ique et monticol- a Sil- vani, i. 6. 31.

O u(i- nam possem populos reparare patemis, i. 8. 51.

i^'ilus, et antique sua flumina reddidit- alveo, i. 9. 8.

Inter Hamadryadas celeberrima- Nona- crinas, i. 13. 2.

Et gemitu et lacrimis et luctiso- no mu- gitu, i. 13. 44.

Aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer- Apen- ninus, ii. 1. 226.

Et celer Ismeno? cum Psophal- co ErS- mantbo, ii. I. 244.

IMygdonlusque JNIelas et Taenari- us Eu- rotas, ii. 1 . 247.

Nubibns esse solet aut purpure- a Au- rorae, iii. 2. 54.

Verba locus, dictoque Va- Ze, Vale- inquit et Echo, iii. 6. 100.

Vulgus- que procer- esque ignota ad sacra feruntur, iii. 7. 20.

Interi- tt at- vos pro fama ^'incite vestra, iii. 7. 36.

Hasissem, quam- vu a- mens, in fune retentus, iii. 7. 118.

Pictarumque jacent fera corpora- ] anther- arum, iii. 7. 159.

Telas- que cala- thosque infectaque pensa reponunt, iv. 1. 10.

Thuraque dant, Bacchucnque vocant Bromiumque Ly- ceum- que.

iv. 1.11. Jactari quos cernis in- lonl- o tm- menso, iv. 11. 120. Tempiis, A- tla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro, iv. 13. 41. Perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra fer- arum- que, iv. 15. 28. Silvaram lucos circumspicit- antt- quarum, v. 4. 16. Fonte Medusaeo et Hyante- 5 Affa- nippe, v. 5. 19. Est medium Cyanes et Pisae- cb Are- thusae, v. 6. 69. Sidera- que ten- tique nocent ; avidaeque volucres, v. 8. 23. Dentibus horrendus, custos erat arboris- aurea, vii. 1. 151. Heros ^soni- us poti- tur ; spolioque superbus, vii. 1. 156. Aptarique suis pinum jubet- arnia- mentis, xi. 10. 47. Spe poti- tur tandem, laudisque accensus amore, xi. 10. 118. Cffiranon Iphitiden, et Alastora- que Chromi- umque, xiii. ]. 257. Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemona- que Prutan- inque, xiii. 1.

258. A'os animo. Quantoque ratem qui temperat- anteit, xiii. 1 . 366.

TUE END.

Printed by Oliver & Boyd, Tweeddale Court, High Street» Ediiiburgfa.

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